J. L. Speranza – “Così bella implicatura, Grice!”

 

J. L. Speranza – “Così bella implicatura, Grice!” (c) J. L. Speranza. Questo documento è reso disponibile in accesso pubblico per lettura e consultazione. È tuttavia vietata la riproduzione, totale o parziale, nonché la diffusione, la trascrizione, l’adattamento o la pubblicazione in qualunque forma e con qualunque mezzo (cartaceo, digitale, elettronico o altro), senza previa autorizzazione dell’autore. Sono incoraggiate citazioni e riprese brevi a fini di studio, discussione e critica, purché accompagnate da chiara e corretta attribuzione all’autore e al progetto Il Gruppo di Gioco di H. P. Grice. L’autore è lieto che la parola “Griceiana” (après Fodor) circoli anche presso i più sospettosi—perfino, chissà, tra gli Anti‑Grice—purché circoli con nome, fonte e buona educazione.

 

This study is not “about” Grice so much as an act of learned ventriloquism: a sustained feat of conversational scholarship in which J. L. Speranza makes Grice speak again—sometimes in English, sometimes in Italian, often in that third register the project loves best, Latinised intimacy (Vadum Boum included). It is scholarship with the pulse of theatre: quoting, parodying, reconstructing, and then—at the last moment—doing the one thing Grice prized above system, a well-timed inplicatura. The range is unapologetically wide (Bononia and the Reno, the Sorbonne and the Seine, Vadum Boum and the confluence of Isis and Cherwell), but the method is its real charm: convivial, exacting, and funny in more than one key—English humour meeting Italian humour not as translation but as cousinship. The enterprise’s originality lies in its governing conceit: that Grice’s “theory of conversation” is best recovered not by embalming it into a diagram, but by letting it live—less a ghost-in-the-machine than a voice-in-the-room: disputing, teaching, teasing, correcting, and (always) crossing from what is said to what is meant. If you want a piece of work that makes rationality feel less like a schema and more like a civilisation—running, with classical stubbornness, from AETERNA ROMA through Bononia to that marshy utilitarian ford where oxen and undergraduates alike learn to cross—this is it. J. L. Speranza is the founder, together with A. M. Ghersi, of Il gruppo di gioco di H. P. Grice: a “play group” whose name has been hunted, re-hunted, and never quite domesticated—since “gruppo di gioco” never fully satisfies as a rendering of Grice’s plagroup (which certain heretics would have as Lady Ann Strawson’s invention). This study irradiates from the group’s verbali: minutes that keep multiplying, not praeter necessitatem but by the very logic of convivial inquiry, as the circle expands. From those records, the project follows Grice’s own method—treating the illustrious dead as if they were great and living—while keeping a straight face only long enough to smuggle in the oxen, the ford, and the old academic joke that one crosses into learning by crossing water. Bononia to Sorbonne to Vadum Boum: the route is classical, the tone is playful, and the implicatures do most of the heavy lifting.

 

These pages by Speranza do not so much interpret Grice as put him back into circulation. It is scholarship by way of conversazione: exacting without solemnity, erudite without ceremonial stiffness, and comic without slackness. Speranza’s great trick is to treat “implicature” not as a laboratory instrument but as a civil art—the craft by which intelligence keeps its manners. Hence the method: not a diagram, not a monument, but a running talk, full of perfectly timed feints, staged exchanges, and the occasional Latin password that functions less as ornament than as proof of membership.What emerges is not commentary but a scene: conversation as the natural habitat of reason, where what is said matters chiefly for what is responsibly left unsaid. The prose moves with unusual ease across registers—Oxford English, Italian philosophical cadence, and a deliberately familiar Latin—because in this project languages are working tools, not decorative flags. Grice is not systematized here; he is frequented. The result is a Grice who feels alive, mobile, and unexpectedly European: moving (with the book’s own topographical wit) from Roma to Bononia to Sorbona to Vadum Boum, as if the history of philosophy were best tracked not by monuments but by crossings. The scale is part of the argument. By refusing the modern division of labour—classicist here, philosopher there—Speranza writes in the older, unembarrassed style in which philology, ethics, institutional history, and the small comic discipline of talk belong to one continuous education. Even the mock imprints and private “circulations” do not dilute the seriousness; they are the seriousness, in Grice’s key: a reminder that philosophy is a practice of company, not merely a warehouse of results. If Grice taught that rationality shows its character in how we speak, this work demonstrates the lesson at scale—serious because it knows how to be light, and light because it takes conversation seriously as a shared rational practice. A rare service, and rarer still in this tone: reason is not only demonstrated; it is exercised, together. Part II begins without an “introduction” because, by then, the reader has already been trained by Part I to hear what is going on. The verbali therefore start where conversation starts: with a name, a remark, an Italian utterance in quotation marks, and then the exchange itself. I do not title the individual entries. Chapter-headers and subsection labels belong to editors, not to interlocutors; they are not things a philosopher says. If this sometimes feels abrupt, that is part of the point: the book prefers the immediacy of talk to the bureaucratic comfort of signage. The order (alphabetical) is merely a way of keeping the minutes findable; it is not a claim about philosophical hierarchy, and it is not meant to intrude between the voice and what it manages—often by leaving things unsaid. P. J. W., Griceiana (Hilary Term Issue).

 

Speranza has pulled off the unclubabbly clubbable: he gives Grice not merely a circle, but a history. What once took shape in the intimacy of the Play Group now opens outward, acquiring depth, accent, and ancestry. Under Speranza’s guidance, Grice is heard conversing not only with the denizens of the Boum Vadum—Oxford at the moment the oxen pass from Town into Gown—but with Europe entire: in the Sorbonne’s Gallic cadences, in the Italian of Bononia, and finally along the many roads that lead to Rome. Rome here is not paraded as the cradle of civilisation (Athens keeps that honor), but as the cradle of Western civilisation—“a very good idea,” as Gandhi once put it. The result is a Grice who moves with ease among languages and traditions, engaging the intricacies, the entanglements, and indeed the implicaturae—Sidonius’s and his own—that shaped not only a theory, but a philosophical soul. From Notes from the Margins of Serious Books, T.R.S.

 

 

 

The diversions are .. what is called a conversazione, full of I cannot tell what.  GRAY. William Mason, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Mr. Gray, Section II. York: A. Ward, 1775. For he might have been a Russian, a French or Turk, or Prussian, or perhaps Italian, but in spite of all temptatiosn to belong to other nations he remains an Englishman. Pinafore. What is the good of a book without pictures or conversations? Arriving at Corpus for my first Trinity, I found Vadus Boum in an illuminated margin – a Latinisation of our surroundings far more exquisite than its heavy, bovine ancestry. To speak plainly is a vice I have managed to avoid; naming the city is a mere cartographic chore, while invoking it through a mediæval glossary is a sacrament of initiation into the Lit. Hum. circle. Such delightful pedantry, found in the fringes of a syllabus, sparked a mirth that has never left me – proving that one is the only truly educated when one can make a geographical fact look like a classical epiphany. H. P. Grice.

 

 

PART I: SECTION I: GRICE: TORNA A BALONEY Setting the conversational scene: Bologna, Sorbonne, Vadum Boum..From the pages of an imagined diary—Grice’s earliest musings as a young scholar at Corpus—I trace the ancient thread binding Europe’s foremost centers of learning, each cradled by its own river, each shaped by the subtle flux of water and thought. In Bononia, the Faculty of Arts, later known as Philosophia, rose beside the gentle flow of the Reno, whose waters carry the memory of medieval disputations and echo the voices of scholars through arcaded porticos. The Reno, less famous than the rivers that grace other seats of learning, nonetheless deserves praise for its quiet persistence: its banks, lined with chestnut and willow, offered respite and inspiration to those who first navigated the grammar and logic of scholastic inquiry. By contrast, Paris’s Sorbonne stands sentinel to the Seine, a river as much a symbol of intellectual ferment as of metropolitan grandeur, its currents swirling past the Chancellerie and the cloisters, bearing the weight of centuries of philosophical disputations and revolutionary tumult. At Vadum Boum—the place never named, but ever present—a pair of rivers, Isis and Cherwell, converge in tranquil murmurs, their confluence a mirror to the entwined traditions of dialectic and dialogue. Through these waterways, continuity is sustained: the Reno’s modest song, the Seine’s ceaseless tide, and the Isis and Cherwell’s reflective course mark the passage of academic generations, linking Bononia’s original Faculty of Arts to the living conversation that persists at Vadum Boum. Thus, in these rivers, we find not merely boundaries, but the symbolic lifeblood of philosophical tradition itself. The Reno and Roman Bononia The establishment of Bononia—now Bologna—by the Romans is a tale that transcends the mere displacement of ancient, so-called barbarian inhabitants. Rather than dwelling upon the legacy of those who came before, Roman Bononia found its identity in the profound sanctity and learning associated with its waters, particularly the Reno. The Romans, famed for their respect for natural phenomena, recognised in the Reno a site not just for sustenance, but for communion with the sacred and the erudite. The waters coursing through Bononia thus became the lifeblood of scholarship, carrying forward an intellectual tradition that persists to this day. Sacred Waters and Erudition From its earliest days, Bononia’s riverbanks were more than geographical features—they served as sanctuaries for reflection, learning, and ritual. The Reno was celebrated not merely as a source of life, but as a vessel for wisdom, its currents echoing the rhythm of scholarly pursuit. Roman engineers and settlers constructed their city with an eye towards the harmonious integration of civic and spiritual life, understanding that the waters would sustain both body and mind. The university which would arise centuries later inherited this reverence, its scholars ever mindful of the sacredness imbued in the city's aqueous foundations. Monsieur Sorbonne and the Reverence for the Seine A parallel may be drawn to the intellectual genesis of Paris, where Monsieur Sorbonne established his collegiate institution by the Seine. Here, too, the river was not only a physical presence but a spiritual and scholarly force. The Seine’s waters, winding through the heart of Paris, were revered for their proximity to sites of learning and devotion, much as the Reno was in Bononia. The founding of the Sorbonne signified an alliance between sacred nature and scholarly ambition, its scholars gazing upon the Seine as both muse and mentor in their academic journey. Foundation of Vadum Boum (1218) and River Symbolism Oxford, or Vadum Boum, founded in the early thirteenth century and often referenced in relation to the year 1218, stands amidst the Isis and Cherwell rivers. Echoing Bononia’s reverence for the Reno and Sorbonne’s for the Seine, the waters of Oxford were woven into the city’s scholarly fabric. The act of crossing these rivers became emblematic of the university’s pursuit of knowledge, the rivers themselves serving as boundaries between the familiar and the unknown, the mundane and the profound. The foundation of Vadum Boum is thus inseparable from the symbolic and literal presence of its waters, which shaped the rhythms of academic life and the aspirations of its denizens. Oxen, Pupils, and the Journey to Knowledge The imagery of oxen traversing the Isis and Cherwell is more than a rustic detail; it reflects the steadfastness of the typical pupil at Oxford, or Vadum Boum. These beasts, reliable in their journey to the riverbank, mirror the determination of scholars who approach the waters of learning with resolve. Yet, the adage holds true—one may lead a pupil to water, but cannot compel them to drink. The rivers at Oxford, as at the Seine and Reno, may beckon with promises of wisdom, but the act of learning remains a personal endeavour. The rivers thus stand as silent witnesses to both the possibility and the limits of education, their sacredness inviting, but never forcing, intellectual engagement. Waters as Sites of Learning The rivers of Bononia, Paris, and Oxford are more than geographic markers—they are central participants in the traditions of learning and reverence that shaped their respective universities. The Romans, Monsieur Sorbonne, and the founders of Vadum Boum all understood the symbolic and spiritual significance of their waters, recognising them as sites where erudition takes root. Whether it is the Reno, the Seine, or the Isis and Cherwell, these rivers serve as enduring reminders that, while the journey to knowledge may be guided, its fulfilment ultimately depends upon the scholar’s own willingness to drink from the wellspring of wisdom. Suppose someone would ask – as someone would – you to provide an ‘abstract’ for this. Grice never liked the term ‘abstract.’ Not because it is too abstract, but because it is not abstract enough. In the many abstracts that I have submitted for my publications – and for whose Grice never submitted one – I always found myself finding the page too short! In any case, an abstract would read as something as per the following pessage. In this study, J. L. Speranza engages with his all-time mentor, the Oxford English philosopher H. P. Grice. Speranza has been fascinated by only TWO features of Grice’s philosophy: conversation and reason, which Speranza combines as ‘conversational reason’. To the pedants, and rightly so, who would object to ‘conversational’ as an apt epithet to ‘reason,’ Grice would have an answer: ‘the hoot.’ It is true that ‘reason’ does not quite get qualified by ‘conversational’ – but then, it doesn’t get qualified by ‘pure’ either. At Oxford, ‘pure alcohol’ belongs only to the lowest strata of the social spectrum. The emphasis on conversation is biblical, as when Adam conversed with his spare rib – to ‘converse’ involves Eve – which Italian philosophers are always too ready as call ‘il intersoggetivo.’ Italian still keeps some features of the old Latin neutre. So what they mean is INTER-SUBJECTIVVM. Grice never dealt with it. He deals profusely with the SUBJECTIVVM and how the SUBJECTIVVM is never good enough to become the OBJECTIVVM unless it’s through Grice’s last and final public appearance: the third Carus Lecture, which transubstantiated Grice from a human to the person that he still is. So by qualifying things as ‘conversational,’ when in a free spirit mood – conversational implicature, conversational maxim, conversational category, conversational move, conversational rule, conversational game, conversation – he knew what he was talking about. He allowed that Hyslop might have been right when – in the pages of “Analysis” no less – Hyslop challenged Grice with just existing “without an audience.” Grice responded, but the audience was gone! I hope you enjoy the notes! What further distinguishes Speranza’s Grice is the insistence that he be approached not only as a theorist but as a practiced man of form: cricket and chess, bridge and piano, philosophy as one discipline among others, governed by timing, rules, improvisation, and cultivated nerve. Speranza understands—because he shares it—that this was not ornament but method. Grice’s talk of games was never metaphorical padding: it came from a life lived between clubs, messes, common rooms, and instruments, where the active and the speculative were never cleanly divided. That background gives Speranza’s interlocutors their tonal authority. They speak from within a Literae Humaniores inheritance that assumes bodily skill and historical imagination as prerequisites of intelligence. The soldierly and naval contrast—Speranza from the army, Grice from the navy—is not biographical trivia but temperamental calibration: manoeuvre, strategy, patience, and disciplined risk recur not only in anecdotes but in philosophical stance. The Roman obsession is telling here. Roma is not merely cited; it functions as a lived horizon—aeterna Roma not as slogan but as continuity. Italians who thought in Latin, and later in Italian, appear not as linguistic curiosities but as Griceian figures avant la lettre, already practised in the civil art of implication. In Speranza’s hands Grice’s Europe coheres as a single conversational field, where sport, service, language, and philosophy remain mutually intelligible activities, governed by the same demands of honour, measure, and wit.

— A. C. E., Marginalia Humanitatis

From the pages of Griceiana, we read: “Speranza has made his window very clear. His is a comparative approach, grounded in extensive explorations of the marshy Boum Vadum—as he likes to call Oxford—and now consciously turning back, or torna a Baloney, to Bononia, as he prefers to name it. The limitation of this window is deliberate and entirely reasonable. Speranza excludes Bononia-related philosophers whose views would not have been available in print by 1967, Grice’s final year at Oxford. The rationale is transparent. Any comparative account of Boum Vadum and Bononia, insofar as it bears on matters Griceian, must focus on a determinate stretch of time: the 1930s, which saw Grice welcomed to Oxford and appointed tutorial fellow at St John’s; the 1940s, when he also assumed the role of university lecturer; the 1950s; and the 1960s up to his departure in 1967. This temporal breadth gives Speranza ample scope for the comparisons he wants to draw. If conversational dissociations emerge between the two traditions, they are shown to be deliberate—cases in which neither side was really listening to the other. This, in turn, allows Speranza to concentrate on what he calls the ‘palaeo-Griceians’: figures such as Abba, and others of that generation, whose work forms the most pertinent background to a genuinely Griceian comparison.” What Speranza has achieved here is something rarer than commentary and more useful than exegesis: he has produced, in effect, a modern conversation book of the old English sort, the kind an Edwardian country gentleman might once have picked up at Hatchards before setting off for London or the Continent, not to memorise phrases but to acquire a feel for how educated talk is actually conducted among civilised minds. Like those manuals—often pompously titled in Italian or French to flatter the reader into complicity—Speranza’s work does not instruct by rules but by example, staging conversations in which one learns, almost unawares, how to listen, how to respond, how to let implication do the work of argument. His imaginative ventriloquism, making Grice converse with Italian philosophers who would never brave the damp of Vadum Boum, supplies precisely the kind of social and intellectual orientation such a traveller needs: not a map, but a knack; not doctrine, but tone. The result is a civil manual of reason in motion, teaching by convivial practice how philosophical intelligence lives in dialogue, timing, and the arts of saying less than one means—an education in manners of mind worthy of any grand tour, whether taken once in a lifetime or, like Sir Cecil Vyse’s, every autumn. —P.J.W., Griceiana

Etc etc etc

Goodbye, St. John’s Dorm  St John’s. Day out of duty, I get married.  One does not, on such a day, expect to feel any affection for a staircase. Yet I found myself making a small pilgrimage back to my old set in College, not out of sentimentality in the usual lachrymose sense, but because it seemed the decent thing to do: to go and look once more at the room in which I had slept as if sleeping were an academic exercise, to take stock of the place that had, in its quiet way, housed an unreasonable amount of thinking. The room itself had always struck me as a kind of disciplined compromise between comfort and penitence. Stone in the bones of it; wood in the furniture; and a persistent sense that whatever warmth one enjoyed had to be actively produced—by coal, by kettle, by the improbable optimism of a lamp. The bed was narrow, as beds in colleges are narrow: not so much a bed as a reminder that one is not meant to luxuriate. It had been pushed against the wall, and it had that quality of being both temporary and permanent, like a camp one has inhabited for years. A chair that squeaked when you leaned back, as if it objected to reflection. A table scarred by cups and books and the occasional desperate jab of a pen. And the window—there is always a window in these matters, because Oxford never lets you forget that you are indoors on purpose. Mine looked out on a slice of court, sky above it, and the sort of tree that performs its seasons with a decorum one almost comes to resent. I stood there and did not do anything melodramatic. I did not pat the bed, or salute the wardrobe, or talk to the walls. Still, I found that the room was full—full, not of ghosts, but of familiar positions: where the books had been stacked when I was pretending to be tidy; where I used to drop my gown; where I would sit, absurdly late, rehearsing a line of argument I ought to have left alone. And then, uninvited, the tutorial years came back: those long afternoons and evenings in which one is meant to “teach” but in fact learns how another mind moves. I can see Flew, eager and combative, turning every question into an occasion for a thesis, as if a tutorial were a platform and not a conversation. A bright boy, with a taste for the quick knock-out; one had to slow him down, not to tame him, but to make him hear the difference between winning a point and understanding it. Strawson, by contrast, already had that air of being quietly certain that he would end up disagreeing with you, but that the disagreement would be civilized. He had the habit of taking an example—some harmless phrase, some bit of ordinary English—and worrying it into a metaphysical claim with the calm of a man folding a napkin. With him, one had always to watch for the moment when the ordinary slid into the portentous, not because it was illegitimate, but because it was so easy. I remembered the peculiar rhythm of those days: sleeping in the middle of them, as if I were on night duty with the Navy still in my bones; waking, thinking I was late, and discovering it was only time itself being slow; then rising to do what Oxford requires—put on a tie, say something definite, and pretend that the definiteness is not, nine times out of ten, a polite fiction. In those rooms one learns that the life of the mind depends on small material things: the angle of a chair, the draught from a window, the fact that the bed is too short for one’s legs. Even a philosopher, however incorporeal his topic, is not exempt from being a body. And now I was to leave it. Not in disgrace, not in triumph, but because the terms of the arrangement had changed. I had married; I was no longer to be a resident as if I were still a student of my own habits. The oddity is that one feels, at that moment, both relieved and oddly displaced. The college room has never been “home,” and yet it has been the nearest thing to it. One has lived with parents, then boarded, then lodged, then occupied, but always under someone else’s roof, someone else’s rules, someone else’s assumptions about what sort of person one is meant to be. The new arrangement, though, is nice. We are moving to Belsyre. It sounded, when first said, like a place one ought to have read about rather than lived in. A name with too much air in it. But it would be ours—at least, ours in the only sense Oxford ever really permits: ours by permission, ours by connection, ours because the College owns the ground and parcels out its favours as if they were simply sensible allocations. I took one last look at the window, at the bed, at the stubborn table, and thought: well, that’s that. There are worse endings than leaving a room because you’ve acquired a wife. And if one must change one’s abode, it is as well to do it not by force but by a kind of domestic logic. Welcome, North Oxford  The War is over. Before St John’s, I get to settle at Belsyre. Welcome, North Oxford.  I had known Oxford for years, of course, but mostly in the way one knows a theatre from backstage: quads, passages, staircases, and rooms that belong to somebody else. North Oxford was different. It had streets that behaved like streets, houses that behaved like houses, and a sense that the University, for once, was not the whole town but merely one presence among others. The architecture pleased me at once: not grand in the college manner, not ecclesiastical, but confident—Victorian in that peculiar way: solid, a little self-satisfied, and faintly theatrical without admitting it. Belsyre itself felt like a small world arranged with an eye to both privacy and proximity. A court, properly speaking: an enclosed shape that keeps the noise out and the sense of belonging in. There is a rhythm to a court that one doesn’t get in a mere row of houses. You come in, you turn, you find your corner, and suddenly you are inside something. The effect is oddly collegiate, though without the medieval piety. One could call it domestic monasticism, if one were feeling mischievous. We were given a corner, and the corner had what matters most in Oxford: a good window. You can forgive many faults in a room if it gives you light and a view. I had plans immediately—of course one does. There would be space for the piano; and the piano, if it has space, makes the room behave differently. It is not merely an instrument; it is furniture with intentions. It insists that the room is a place where something may be done that is not reading. North Oxford is not, as people sometimes say, “quite a contrast” with Birmingham; not in the crude sense. Birmingham has its own kinds of dignity. But North Oxford is a world of its own, and it is a world designed for a particular sort of inhabitant: the don with a family, the professional mind with a domestic perimeter. One is not merely tolerated there; one is expected. It is not “Oxford proper,” not the medieval huddle where everything seems to have been built against rain and enemies, but a later extension—more spacious, more regular, as if the city had exhaled and decided to become comfortable. And then there is the walk. I am tall, and I have always looked as if I am in a hurry even when I am not. From Belsyre to St John’s is a matter of ten minutes if one does not dawdle, and I seldom dawdle. Woodstock Road running down and becoming St Giles, that long approach with its steady perspective, its sense of being both a route and a small daily ritual. Over the decades, that walk would become a kind of metronome. You set out. You arrive. You return. The body learns it; the mind uses it. One thinks better in motion than one cares to admit. On the way back, the Lamb and Flag is conveniently placed for what one might call a recalibration. A pint is not, strictly speaking, a philosophical instrument, but it is astonishing what a little noise, a little warmth, and a little human talk can do to one’s sense of proportion. The Colleges encourage you to imagine that every question is ultimate; the pub reminds you that most questions are survivable. As for Belsyre itself, it had an atmosphere that suited me. Not merely “pleasant,” which is too vague, but composed. One could feel that it had been built with a purpose: to accommodate dons, to keep them near enough to the Colleges to be useful, but far enough away to let them pretend to have private lives. The ground had belonged to St John’s, as so much in Oxford does when you follow the ownership far enough back. That too is part of the point: one’s house is not merely a house; it is a continuation of one’s collegiate attachment, translated into bricks and leases. One lives, in effect, in one’s connection. We were, in time, to become a family in the ordinary sense. The children—born in London, but soon Oxford children in their habits—played in the North Oxford streets and gardens as if that were the natural fate of childhood. There was school, Oxford High School, the routines and friendships that make a place real. One becomes, without noticing it, the “family type,” which at Oxford is a kind of category: the don who goes home rather than lingering in College, the man who has to think about meals and bedtime as well as seminars. For someone who had spent so long living under other people’s roofs—parents, then schools, then colleges—it was, in its way, a novelty: having one’s place, having an abode that was not merely assigned but inhabited. It also taught one something, if one was paying attention, about the way philosophers arrange their lives. It is a kind of ordinary-language lesson in practice: the way private life gets institutionalised, turned into a pattern, made into something that looks inevitable. Austin, for instance, preferred the quiet of the countryside, the garden, the distance. That was his style: remote, controlled, a world curated to his own tempo. Mine was more urban. Not London-urban, of course, but Oxford-urban: close enough to walk to College, close enough to be in the stream, close enough to have the city’s small conveniences without having to surrender to it. In that sense, Belsyre was not just an address; it was the first real settling. After years of rooms—some beloved, some merely endured—this was the first abode that belonged, in the only sense that matters, to my married life. And so, in 1945, with the War finished and the city resuming its peculiar peacetime seriousness, I found myself doing something I had not quite done before: living, not merely lodging; inhabiting, not merely occupying; and discovering that a ten-minute walk, repeated enough times, can become part of one’s philosophy without ever once appearing in a paper. On the well-documented grandeur (St John’s and the rest) It is one of Oxford’s mildest vices that she makes it so easy for her inhabitants to become architectural snobs. Yet one can hardly be blamed. The grand architecture of St John’s is not merely “there”; it has been described, measured, argued over, and set into print until the place itself begins to feel like an illustration in a book that one happens to be living inside. One is as documented, in one’s earlier abodes, as one is lodged: Merton, Corpus, Clifton, even that Harborne “Sandown” on Lordswood Road, with its Birmingham confidence and its domestic piano, are all the sorts of places that invite the antiquarian to take notes, and sometimes do. Oxford, however, is peculiarly spoiled for this sort of documentation. It possesses, as it were, a second skin of guidebooks. When one says “the Oxford Schools” one is really gesturing to a whole literature which teaches you to see the place in a particular way: to treat stone as if it were grammar, and a quad as if it were an argument. One could, with a little decency, offer a small shelf of the obvious. For the city and its major buildings, the standard reference in my younger days was surely Pevsner’s Oxfordshire volume, which taught an entire generation how to look, and how to sound as if they had always known what they were looking at. And for Oxford as a built thing, in photographs rather than judgments, Osbert Lancaster’s affectionate picture of the place was a kind of antidote to mere piety. If one wanted the older, documentary voice, one went to the Victoria County History, where the stones are allowed to speak as documents. And if one wanted Oxford’s own account of itself, one took up the old history by Salter, which has that municipal thoroughness that the University always pretends not to need. Select bibliography (all comfortably pre-1967; most of it “classic” rather than fashionable) Nikolaus Pevsner, Oxfordshire (The Buildings of England), Penguin Books, 1954.  Osbert Lancaster, Homes Sweet Homes, John Murray, 1939. (A very English guide to seeing architecture without genuflecting.) H. E. Salter, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1936. Victoria County History: Oxfordshire, various volumes (early 20th century onwards). [books.google.com] Editorial 2: Belsyre Court revisited (a St John’s project, modern Oxford’s first “big block of flats”) If St John’s itself is over-described, Belsyre is under-remembered—though it is no less a St John’s gesture. One learns, living in Oxford, that the Colleges are not merely places of learning; they are landlords with long memories. North Oxford, in particular, has St John’s in its soil, and Belsyre Court belongs to that estate logic: a College development, practical and slightly ambitious, aimed at housing and income, but executed with enough architectural self-respect to make the thing more than a utilitarian box. Belsyre Court stands on Woodstock Road, at the corner by Observatory Street, and it announces itself not by medieval stone but by a more modern confidence: brick, bulk, and a deliberate front. It is not “Victorian” in date, strictly speaking, but it speaks in a late-echo of Victorian manners: a Jacobethan dress, Tudor arches where you might expect plain lintels, and a grandly performative colonnade to the shops along Woodstock Road. It was planned as mixed use—flats above, commerce below—and the court form is real enough: a U-shaped block with a courtyard opening off Observatory Street, giving that enclosed, inward-facing Oxford comfort while still presenting a public face to the main road. [en.wikipedia.org], [britishlis...ings.co.uk] The dates matter, because they make the building a small signal of Oxford changing its habits. The scheme was selected in 1932; the final design (after an earlier proposal was rejected) was by Ernest R. Barrow; and the building went up in 1936. It has four storeys, with an attic and a semi-basement; and, in its own local mythology, it is sometimes described as Oxford’s first “large block of flats.” [en.wikipedia.org], [britishlis...ings.co.uk] One could still call it, without pretence, “a flat at the Belsyre.” That is exactly the point: it is Oxford learning to speak in a new domestic register. Not everybody had a right to it; it belonged to the College’s dispensation, not to the open market. And because it was, in effect, a shared building rather than a private house, one can imagine certain domestic arts needing to acquire manners. A piano, for instance, is not abolished by communal living, but it is educated by it; walls are excellent tutors. As for lifts: one does not expect lifts in the Oxford of the thirties as one expects staircases; but the building has indeed been a candidate for later practical updates, and it is easy enough to suppose that modern passenger lifts arrived later as the building’s “mansion block” life continued. [group-savvy.co.uk] If you want a convenient, factual pointer on Belsyre itself, the listing description is unusually rich (materials, plan, façade, shopfronts, balconies), and it confirms the essential points: the 1936 date, Barrow as architect, the U-plan with courtyard, the four storeys plus attic and semi-basement, and the Woodstock Road colonnade over the shop parade. [britishlis...ings.co.uk], [historicen...and.org.uk] Select bibliography for Belsyre Court and North Oxford context (not all pre-1967, but the best “about Belsyre” is later) Peter Howard and Helena Webster, Oxford: An Architectural Guide, Ellipsis London, 1999 (entry on Belsyre Court).  Ann Spokes Symonds, The Changing Faces of North Oxford, Vol. Two, Robert Boyd Publications, 1998.  Historic England listing entry for Belsyre Court (technical description of plan, materials, elevations).  British Listed Buildings: Belsyre Court (mirrors listing text). [en.wikipedia.org] [historicen...and.org.uk] [britishlis...ings.co.uk] Donald Russell at the Belsyre (a neighbour in the court, and a classical reminder) One more advantage of that court-life, which an Oxford man learns to treat as accidental until it becomes routine, was the neighbourliness of minds. In the late forties a new Fellow arrived at St John’s who, if one did not know him, one might have mistaken for a man designed to disprove the post-war theory that youth must be noisy. Donald Russell, a classicist, precise in speech, economical in manner, and (as the phrase goes) “a prominent” one. He lived in the same Court at Belsyre, in a flat of his own, and for years the building had the agreeable effect of making St John’s feel slightly enlarged—extended, as it were, into Woodstock Road. People in Oxford talk about Colleges “owning” North Oxford; Belsyre was one of the few places where one felt the ownership translated into actual proximity: you might meet your colleague not only in Hall or High Table, but on a stair or in the little yard, with a key in your hand and a parcel under your arm. It was easy, then, to imagine a small exchange between us as we walked back from College, not because our subjects were identical (they were not), but because both of us had been shaped by the same educational machinery: Literae Humaniores, that Oxford contrivance by which you learn Greek and Latin for years and then are told, at the end, that you are also a philosopher. Russell: You philosophers are always escaping into “language” as if it were a neutral territory. Grice: It is neutral only in the sense that the enemy is everywhere. Besides, I do not escape into it; I return to it. One cannot quarrel with metaphysics all day without needing a well-lit room in which to recover one’s wits. Russell: Still, it is a curious development. One comes up to Oxford to do Classics, and then finds oneself required to have opinions about mind, knowledge, and the rest. Grice: Oxford always does this. It gives you a scholarship in something respectable—Classics, say—then it smuggles philosophy in through the back gate and calls it “Greats.” It made me. I came because I had a Classics scholarship. Clifton prepared classicists; it did not, as far as I recall, prepare “philosophers.” A philosophy scholarship would have sounded—what?—positively revolutionary, if not plain anarchic. Russell (a little ruefully): Yes. One can feel guilty for admitting it, but it is true. “Scholarship in Philosophy” would have sounded like a contradiction in terms. As if the point of philosophy were to be properly funded. Grice: Or properly supervised. But Classics—Classics you may supervise. You may insist on a text, a line, a construction, a word. It teaches one a certain kind of seriousness. Even when one ends up talking about “meaning,” one still has the old habit of asking what the Greek is doing, what the Latin is doing—what the sentence is doing, rather than what one feels about it. Russell: And it teaches restraint. One cannot bully a text indefinitely; it resists. Grice: Quite. Whereas an undergraduate may be bullied for years and still show up for tutorials. By this point we would have reached the Court and its familiar arrangement: the entrance off Woodstock Road, the inward turn, the quiet that arrives as soon as the street noise is shut out. I would have thought, not without amusement, that Oxford had discovered a modern way of reproducing the cloister without pretending to be medieval about it: a court for dons, flats rather than staircases, privacy achieved by adjacency. A strange compromise, but a workable one. And if one had a piano, one learned—without resentment—that one also had neighbours. (Backing you can cite, if you want it later) Donald Russell is documented as a long-time Fellow of St John’s College and as living at Belsyre Court; one tribute explicitly mentions collaborators “pilgrimag[ing] … to his flat at Belsyre Court.”  St John’s College has a memorial page for Donald Russell and related materials. [edizionica...i.unive.it] [sjc.ox.ac.uk], [sjc.ox.ac.uk] A small “Russell shelf” (for the nice bibliographic touch) If you want to drop in a couple of titles as “Russell’s books,” here are safe, well-known ones (with publication details you can refine later to match your house style): D. A. Russell, Longinus: On the Sublime (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1964).  D. A. Russell, Plutarch (Duckworth, London, 1972).  D. A. Russell and M. Winterbottom, Ancient Literary Criticism: The Principal Texts in New Translations (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1972). [sjc.ox.ac.uk] If you tell me roughly what year you want the “walk-back” dialogue set (late 1940s vs early 1950s), I can tune the talk so it sounds like two recently demobbed Oxford men (quietly war-shaped) rather than two settled senior figures—without changing your existing editorial text. From Sandown to Belsyre: it is the sort of trajectory that makes one distrust one’s own biography. Sandown—my mother’s Birmingham baptism into the mild snobberies of naming: an inland villa borrowing its sea-air from the Isle of Wight, as if a syllable could do the work of a holiday. Sandown says: we may be in Harborne, but we are thinking seaward. Then Oxford, and after the wedding—after the polite expulsion from the college room that had been “home” only by academic licence—the address becomes Belsyre. One hears it and immediately begins doing what Oxford trains you to do: not to ask what it means, but to ask what it is trying to make you think it means. “Bel air” suggests itself, absurdly—French drifting into an English mouth as if North Oxford had been zoned by Versailles. But Oxford does not do French unless it can do it as a joke, and if it is a joke it is usually on the hearer. So one suspects an English archaism: belsire—a “fair sire,” a “grandfather,” an ancestor. A word that sounds like genealogy with its hat on. [wehd.com], [merriam-webster.com] And then the deeper Oxford trick: Belsyre is not only a word; it is a name. St John’s, which owned the ground and therefore owned the privilege of naming it, had once had a President called Alexander Belsyre—a founding-era figure, not exactly heroic, but undeniably ancestral. So the building’s title can be heard in three registers at once: as a proper noun, as an archaic common noun, and as a faintly comic faux-French. Oxford likes names that can be glossed without being settled. [sjc.ox.ac.uk] That is the difference between Sandown and Belsyre. Sandown is aspiration: a provincial household sending itself postcards from the coast. Belsyre is incorporation: Oxford reminding you that your domestic life is still being lived on College land, under a name that whispers “ancestor” as if the lease were hereditary. The implicature is almost too neat: you have moved out of the College, but you have not moved out of the College. So one begins to wonder—am I a country gentleman, or what? A man who names his house after seaside echoes; then a man whose house is named after somebody else’s ancestor. It is the same vanity in two costumes: first, self-bestowed; then, institutionally bestowed, which is the more dangerous kind because it feels like destiny. And this is why the Belsyre (we do not say “Court”; that is understood) is such an Oxford address. It is not merely where you live. It is a small lesson in how Oxford makes place-names do social work: turning bricks into lineage, and a marriage into a change of metaphysics. Belsyre, 1952 (Blame it on Timothy) Belsyre, 1952. Blame it on Timothy. “So for the birthday invitations,” he says, with the grave practicality of the very young, “I just have to write Belsyre?” “Yes,” my wife says. “Belsyre. That will do.” I add—because I cannot resist improving what already works—“You can add Alexander Belsyre.” This produces the right sort of silence: the silence which means, conversationally, Father is being clever again and will shortly be a nuisance. It would, of course, look like an insult on an envelope. It would scare, not so much the children—who are fearless and illiterate in equal measure—as their parents, who are literate and therefore cautious. There are forms of wit that are socially expensive, and address-lines are one of them. Karen, who has inherited my appetite for improper questions, intervenes. “Who was Alexander Belsyre, father?” “Tomorrow,” I say; which is my standard way of postponing a lecture while sounding as if I have scheduled it. (The implicature, in a house, is always that “tomorrow” means “when I can’t wriggle out of it.”) So today I do the required browsing in the old volumes—the kind of browsing one does in Oxford when one is trying to make a name behave like a description. I begin with the expectation of dignity. One expects an “Alexander Belsyre” to be a benefactor, a builder, a scholar, possibly a martyr—some figure whose name may properly be stamped on brick and rent. And I find instead the Oxford truth: the first President of St John’s, appointed in the Founder’s charter, was deprived of office for theft and perjury. The Founder himself, Sir Thomas White, later set down the story in a letter: a loan of £60 “in custody for the College’s use,” which Belsyre later tried to reduce to £40 by offering to swear it, obligingly, before witnesses. The Founder had kept a record of the payment—Oxford’s oldest maxim is that paper beats piety—and the President was promptly “removyd and dysplacyd,” and the Fellows were commanded never again to admit him to any office, room, annuity, or fellowship. [sjc.ox.ac.uk], [en.wikipedia.org] [sjc.ox.ac.uk] It gets better in the way only College history can be better. The man retires to Hanborough and becomes, in the official phrasing, “an old wealthy and stubborn recusant,” confined within two miles, like a philosopher being restricted to his own examples. He dies in 1567. [sjc.ox.ac.uk], [british-hi...tory.ac.uk] [en.wikipedia.org], [sjc.ox.ac.uk] Which means that our address—Belsyre—does not quite mean “bel air,” and not even securely “belsire” in the dictionary sense, but rather: St John’s ancestry, with a moral attached. The building sits on St John’s land, and St John’s has named it, in effect, after one of its earliest “ancestors”; but it has picked an ancestor with the sort of instructive blemish Oxford privately enjoys. You live under the wings of your College, yes—but the wings belong to a man who couldn’t be trusted with a loan. At tea, Karen waits for the promised “tomorrow,” which has arrived early. “Well?” she says. “Who was he?” “A warning,” I say. “A President.” “A President of what?” “Of St John’s. The first. He began by being appointed in a charter and ended by being dismissed for financial imagination. Oxford has always had a taste for moral pedagogy disguised as architecture.” [sjc.ox.ac.uk], [en.wikipedia.org] Timothy, who has been listening with the severity of someone who suspects adults of unnecessary plot, asks the only sensible question. “So I shouldn’t write it on the invitations?” “No,” I say. “Write Belsyre. That is quite enough ancestry for a child’s party.” “And what does Belsyre mean?” Karen persists. “Does it mean bel sire?” “It means,” I say, “that you can move from Sandown to Belsyre and begin to wonder whether you are a country gentleman or only a tenant with delusions. Sandown was our own little seaside echo; Belsyre is Oxford’s echo of itself. Sandown is aspiration; Belsyre is incorporation. One name is chosen to make a house sound like a holiday; the other is chosen to make a flat sound like a lineage.” My wife looks at me with the look that cancels a paragraph. “So,” she says, “you’ll address the envelopes?” “I will,” I say. “Responsibility, not commentary.” Which is how I end up, pen in hand, writing Belsyre—and not writing Alexander Belsyre—and feeling, absurdly, that this is what it means to be domesticated by a College: you learn exactly how much history is socially tolerable in a postcode. I am fully ashamed that I did not know the man was a thief until prompted by a conversational move. One likes to think one’s ignorance has at least the decency to remain private; but conversation has the irritating habit of turning ignorance into homework. And now I see the whole spectacle again, as if the city had been waiting for me to catch up: those afternoons when I would ramble up the Woodstock Road and find, at the corner by Observatory Road, that odd thing going up—brick by brick, with a seriousness that looked almost ecclesiastical until one noticed the shopfronts. “What will this be?” I recall asking a mason, as if masons were the natural custodians of urban teleology. “Belsyre,” was the answer. It all comes back. At the time I thought he meant Belisario—Donizetti—because the ear, when it is young, is always over-eager to turn Oxford into opera. I carried the misunderstanding back to Corpus and repeated it at dinner, and was corrected with that particular cruelty undergraduates reserve for one another: not a blunt “no,” but an elaborate explanation that makes your mistake feel like a defect of character. It was all in the news then—not in the Oxford Gazette (this was extra-mural, a Town matter, not a Gown one), but in the Town’s own press, which treated St John’s as a landlord first and a College only second. The gist, as I remember it, was that the Governing Body of St John’s had decided it was high time to give Belsyre some credit; and the insinuation—one could almost hear it between the lines—was that a man may be disgraced, and yet still be “ancestral,” and ancestry in Oxford is a currency of its own. The College version, when I finally hunted it down, was better because it was older and therefore more shameless. Sir Thomas White’s letter is the sort of thing that makes you grateful for archives: it does not moralise; it records. A President, a sum of money, a proposed oath, and then the verdict in that hard Tudor English which has the virtue of sounding like a door being shut: promptly “removyd and dysplacyd,” and the Fellows were commanded never again to admit him to any office, room, annuity, or fellowship. There is something magnificently Oxford about the permanence of that sentence: it is an attempt to legislate a man out of the future. And yet—here is the joke the College has played on itself, or perhaps on us—we live in Belsyre. The command persists, in a fashion: he is not to be admitted to any room, and so he is admitted to all of them, in the only way Oxford reliably admits the dead—by naming the building and letting the living carry the syllables up the staircase. The building itself, in my memory, had the air of a compromise pretending to be a style: that North Oxford grandeur which is not quite grandeur but knows the gestures. A mansion block that wants to look like a manor; a set of flats wearing a façade like an academic gown. Barrow’s hand—Barrow was the architect, I later learned—managed the trick Oxford always wants: modern convenience dressed as ancestral continuity. A courtyard to make it feel collegiate; a parade of shops to make it pay; and enough mock‑Tudor rhetoric—gables, brickwork, that slightly over-confident domestic medievalism—to reassure suburbia that it is not merely suburban but historic by implication. It would have been too much, of course, to build it in a truly honest modern style. Honesty in architecture is like candour in conversation: admired in principle, punished in practice. The other detail, once learned, is the one Oxford makes you live with. Belsyre—the man—retires to Hanborough, not far away, and dies in 1567. It is absurdly close: close enough that the mind wants to turn it into a walk, and therefore into a ritual. A monument at Hanborough within reach of my own daily route—my tall, gangly figure going down and up again, morning and evening, from 1942 onwards, as if I were commuting between my domestic annex and the College’s main body, between the living institution and its dead presidency. One cannot be sure one ever passed the stone that marks him; but one can be sure that Oxford intended the proximity to mean something, because Oxford always intends proximity to mean something. And then—because one is weak—one begins to relish the College’s choice in retrospect. If you must live under an ancestor’s name, better a compromised ancestor than a saint: a thief is at least human, and human beings are what philosophy is supposed to be about. “First President” is a splendid title, far better than “first Cistercian,” and I confess I never took a liking to White. White owns moral philosophy here in his own pious way, and I have had enough of moral philosophy as property: first Ross while I was at Corpus; then Paton with his Kantian severity; and then Austin taking over and making morality sound like a branch of etiquette—until, at last, one begins to dream of a chair that would tell the truth in its title. But of course one cannot have the Belsyre Chair of Immoral Philosophy. That would be too explicit; and Oxford prefers its jokes to remain implicatures. It is enough that we live at the Belsyre, four of us—more than four would not be company but a veritable crowd—and that the very address performs the quiet Oxford lesson: you can be “removyd and dysplacyd,” and still have the last word, provided the last word is a name. And so Timothy writes “Belsyre” on his invitations and never suspects that he is inviting his classmates under the wings of a President who was forbidden, by statute, to have any room at all. The birthday party was appropriately noisy, and I enjoyed watching Tim’s friends play outside—in the heart of the Belsyre, where the building’s inward court performs its little Oxford trick: it makes a crowd sound like company. Over tea, with the little beasts (all elbows, crumbs, and sudden treaties), Tim screams aloud: “Father, tell my friends about the twenty!” “The twenty what?” “The twenty quid.” He was referring to the parchment I had been reciting to him the day before, while he painstakingly wrote: “Please come to my birthday party not too late for early high tea. 14 Belsyre.” The phrase that had lodged in his pure heart was not “removyd and dysplacyd,” but the arithmetic: a loan of £60 “in custody for the College’s use,” which Belsyre later tried to reduce to £40 by offering to swear it, obligingly, before witnesses. “Tried to?” Tim asks now, in front of his guests, with the relish of a child who has discovered that history contains cliff-hangers. “Did he succeed?” My wife intervenes at once, because wives are the natural enemies of suspense. “He did,” she says. “At least for long enough to make it worth writing about.” “So it’s a twenty-quid business,” I say—making it Cockney on purpose, because she dislikes the Cockneyism and because nothing livens up a children’s party like a small domestic skirmish about register. Karen, ever the metaphysician, adds: “But twenty pounds then wasn’t what it is now.” “Then what?” Tim asks, with the air of a follower of McTaggart who suspects that time is a confidence-trick. “How much was it?” “Somewhere in the old days,” my wife says, which is what one says when one wants a historian without wishing to admit it. “Where is your uncle when you need him,” she adds—meaning W. S. Watson, the family historian, who lived at the Belsyre until he decamped, in 1966, to St Andrews (the only place in Britain where one can move north and still feel one is moving into more Latin). “In 1566,” I say with manufactured authority, because nothing is so soothing at a party as a father pretending to have consulted ledgers rather than memory. “That is the year of White’s letter, and that is the year of the twenty.” “And twenty pounds in 1566,” Karen insists, “is not twenty pounds today.” I decide—fatally—to give “the exact conversion,” because philosophers are always tempted by numbers, as if numbers could settle what conversation only manages. “On a simple inflation-style calculator,” I begin, “you can check the change in the value of money back to the thirteenth century.” The official sort—Bank of England does it, if one likes a seal on one’s arithmetic. And the National Archives has a Tudor-oriented converter for precisely this kind of classroom question. [bankofengland.co.uk] [nationalar...ves.gov.uk] But then I have to admit what every historian knows and every child suspects: that Tudor sums do not convert cleanly into modern ones, because the thing you are converting is not merely currency but a whole way of living. £20 is not a “note”; it is a capacity: wages, rent, grain, labour, obligation. Tim’s friends stare at me with the look children reserve for adults who are turning cake into pedagogy. So I retreat to a Gricean truth: the moral doesn’t require a precise figure. “It was enough,” I say, “for Sir Thomas White to treat it as a serious theft, not a clerical error. If it had been trifling, Oxford would have smiled and called it a misunderstanding. Instead it wrote ‘removyd and dysplacyd’ and meant it.” “And so he was a thief,” Tim concludes, pleased at the clarity. “A veritable one,” I say. “And the sad thing is that he seems not to have had a companion with whom to share honesty—only witnesses with whom to share an oath.” My wife gives me the look that indicates I am once again near the boundary between wit and bad taste. Karen, however, saves me by asking the only question that matters at a children’s party: “Can we go back outside?” And thus the twenty pounds—large enough to unmake a President, but not large enough to hold a courtyard’s attention—returns to its proper status in family life: an anecdote, briefly useful, promptly outplayed. “Belsyre” (1946): Grice, newly back, writing to Mother. I came up to Oxford again—“up” only by habit of speech, for geographically it is nothing of the sort—after the Admiralty and the war-work in Whitehall, and it felt at once familiar and slightly indecent, like putting on an old gown after you’ve been wearing uniform long enough to forget you ever owned anything that flapped. There is a particular kind of hush Oxford manages after a national noise. London, for all its stoicism, is always audible. Oxford, by contrast, can seem to be listening to itself. In 1946 she was resuming her pre-war mannerisms—tutorials, tea, committees, the endless pretence that the world is kept in being by footnotes—yet one could still feel the war as a draught moving under the door. The first practical fact of my return was domestic, and in Oxford the domestic is always institutional. Having married in 1942, I could not go on living in St John’s as if I were still a bachelor attached to a staircase. A college will tolerate almost anything in a young man—lateness, eccentricity, even metaphysics—but it grows abruptly literal about wives. So St John’s did the Oxford thing: it removed me from the College, and then immediately re‑attached me to it by other means. We were placed at Belsyre Court, the great block a short walk away, so that I might be properly married and still, as it were, properly collegiate. The walk is the point. If you are a don, you want to be close enough to the College that your legs can do the commuting without your mind treating it as travel. Belsyre is about ten minutes on foot, and the route has that pleasing Oxford continuity: St Giles’ running into Woodstock Road, the city pretending not to change as it changes its name. One walks down, or up, depending on one’s moral temperament, and arrives at St John’s almost before one has finished thinking one’s first thought. That matters more than people admit: philosophy is not done in the abstract; it is done by bodies with habits. Belsyre, from the street, makes a show of itself. Along Woodstock Road there is the Tuscan colonnade—simple columns, plain capitals, a kind of understated classical gesture—fronting a parade of shops.  But the important point, for those who live there, is that you do not really enter from the road at all. The building’s official address is on Woodstock Road (nowadays it is recorded as 57 Woodstock Road), yet the residential entrance is tucked away into the inner world of the block, facing the quieter side, off Observatory Street, into the courtyard. [britishlis...ings.co.uk], [en.wikipedia.org] [historicen...and.org.uk], [en.wikipedia.org], [search.savills.com] That architectural decision always pleased me. It is, if you like, an implicature in brick: the public face for the town, the private face for the residents. One step off Woodstock Road and the traffic is suddenly a rumour rather than a fact. You are inside a U‑shaped court—brick with stone dressings, “Jacobethan” in the local idiom—built in 1936 and, by Oxford standards, practically futuristic. [britishlis...ings.co.uk], [en.wikipedia.org], [historicen...and.org.uk] Inside, the building behaves less like a row of rooms and more like a little system. There were shops and offices at the lower level—famously the Inland Revenue had a presence there for years—so one had the faintly comic experience of living above bureaucracy.  You could buy something trivial at street level and, a few steps later, remember that the state was also upstairs, counting. Oxford has always been good at that: reminding you that the life of the mind is housed by the life of accountancy. [en.wikipedia.org], [britishlis...ings.co.uk] And then there were the lifts. I mention lifts because an Oxford man of my generation did not “expect” them; one expected stairs, draughts, and the moral improvement of effort. Yet Belsyre had lifts, and not merely one.  In a block like that, the lift is not a convenience only; it is a social device. You see your neighbours without having to admit you are seeing them. You share a small box of silence and then disperse, grateful, into your separate lives. [britishlis...ings.co.uk], [en.wikipedia.org] Our own part of the building had a further peculiarity which I rather liked: the segmentation. The wings do not run into one another by long corridors; each section is, in effect, semi‑detached from the others on the upper floors. It is a way of giving privacy to a block, like giving each household a small fiction of being alone. In our own landing, we had the blessing of not being crowded: one neighbour, and that was enough society for a week. We were in Flat 25—a fine position—and it suited us in the way a well-chosen Oxford lodging always suits: by being a compromise that works. The flat was the right size for a young family (and became, as you say, more “ideal” once the children arrived). There were several bedrooms and a sitting‑room that, thanks to the windows, had a kind of collegiate air without the collegiate austerity. The windows were the moral centre of it. The grander ones looked not to Woodstock Road—thank goodness—but toward the quieter side. The mullioned arrangement, the slightly old-fashioned leaded patterning, made the light fall as if it had been filtered by tradition. It gave one the impression of living in something older than it was, which is exactly what Oxford likes you to feel. And yet the building’s “luxury,” such as it was, was not really spaciousness in the country‑house sense. It was functional modernity: warmth that arrived without ceremony, the sort of heating that made the winter less of a philosophical test; and those practical services which, once you have them, you become embarrassed to have lived without. The waste disposal system meant one did not live by bins and bags; one lived by gravity and chutes—civilisation expressed as an engineering shortcut. When the children came, the court itself became part of the flat. They could play in the courtyard, in sight but not in danger, or we could take them out to the University Parks, just along, where Oxford lets children behave as if the world were made for them. That, too, is a difference between a college room and a family dwelling: the space outside begins to matter. A staircase at St John’s gives you stone and echoes. Belsyre gave us a little patch of managed outdoors and the luxury of being ordinary. What I liked most, if I am honest, was the balance between closeness and retreat. One could be in College quickly—close enough to be useful, close enough to be visible—without having to live inside the College’s own perpetual conversation. Marriage changes one’s appetite for common rooms. One still likes company; one merely prefers to choose it. It also throws one’s colleagues’ arrangements into relief. Some of the others—those I thought of as the “Play Group,” in that loose sense of a circle of talk rather than a club with rules—were not so centrally placed. H. L. A. Hart was more in the middle of things, nearer the law; Stuart Hampshire was nearer the Parks for a time; P. F. Strawson later acquired a North Oxford villa with garden and all the accompanying inconveniences (I always thought the absence of central heating a kind of self-imposed moralism). The Warnocks, too, did the villa life off the Woodstock Road area, which meant gardens and, again, the practical nuisance of an older domestic machinery. Pears and Urmson were, as you say, separate animals altogether—Pears with his entomological obsessions and Urmson up in Headington, more properly suburban. My own arrangement—flat, rented, modern—was a different species: what one might call the professional rental at the higher end, designed for people who wanted North Oxford’s prestige without North Oxford’s detached-house chores. In a city where the past is often worn as proof of virtue, there is something quietly radical about being comfortable on purpose. If you want the “house behind the man,” as you put it, this is it: not grandeur, not romance, but a kind of engineered suitability. After Whitehall and war-work, that suitability felt almost like a moral good. One had done enough improvising. It was time, in 1946, to live somewhere that did not require courage to be warm. Wednesday, 3 October 1954 I have been turning the whole business over in my head since yesterday evening, and I find that what stays with one is not the words—one never quite remembers one’s own words—but the sequence of small practicalities by which a thing is made to happen. We had agreed, Pears, Strawson, and I, to go up to London for the Third Programme. The title, “Metaphysics”, is on the listings; and I am told it sits there still in the Genome archive, though one does not find, in the public records, the detail that would satisfy an archivist with a taste for the merely technical: which room, which engineer, which particular studio. Broadcasting House was the place, Portland Place; and in those years the talk was nearly always done in one of the little talks studios, the kind built for three voices and not much else—usually in the third- or fourth-floor series, the sort of room that is called 3B or 4B when it is being spoken of by someone who works there. If you want the exact designation, you would have to consult the As Broadcast logs or the Daily Programme Records, and those are not in the public eye but in the physical files at Caversham, at the BBC Written Archives Centre, where the old handwriting and the technical notes still govern one’s curiosity. We went by train, of course; that is what Oxford academics did, and it was, in a mild way, part of the point. There is a way in which these broadcasts were treated, by those who arranged them, as an extension of Oxford life by other means: the same three men, the same sort of talk, merely transplanted to a room in London with a clock and a red light. The producer, Anna Kallin, gave that impression strongly. She had the gift—so I am told, and it seems right—of taking dense academic philosophy and making it behave on the wireless. Born in St Petersburg, educated in Germany and France, and then in London; and in her office in Broadcasting House she managed a surprising proportion of what the BBC thought worth broadcasting in philosophy. We arrived at Paddington, and then came the small decision that always feels, in retrospect, like a philosophical problem only because it had to be made under time pressure: Tube or taxi. One can be austere about these things, and claim one ought to take the Underground; but one is also carrying oneself, and one’s papers, and one’s nerves. We took a taxi. The route is short enough, Paddington to Oxford Circus, and you arrive at Broadcasting House as if you have done nothing but shift register—from the compartment to the studio—without the indignities of stairs and crowds. Kallin received us with a practised warmth: businesslike, not gushing, the kind of welcome that tells you you are expected and that you are also not to become precious about it. Then the lift, then the third floor, then the corridor that feels, like all corridors in such buildings, as if it were designed to discourage loitering. The studio itself was as I had imagined it would be: small, controlled, and made for voices. It is a curious thing to be placed in a room where the whole purpose is that you should sound at ease. The talk was half an hour, and the hour—10.15 p.m.—gave it the air of something meant for people who were willing to stay up to listen to metaphysics. I knew, unhelpfully, that my wife would have the wireless on at Belsyre Court, in North Oxford, and that she would be listening for a voice that, in ordinary life, she heard without amplification. That knowledge does not steady a man; it merely adds a second audience, imagined but sharp. There is a habit among some colleagues, former students, and the more glib historians of philosophy, of treating me as if I could not speak to save my life. The oddity is that this broadcast is precisely the counterexample: whatever one thinks of my manner, one does not get invited to the Third Programme at that hour, with Pears and Strawson, unless one is, at least for that moment, taken to be worth hearing. If one wants a moral, it is that reputations are often made from the wrong evidence. As for the substance, it was what the title promised: the nature of metaphysics, and whether it is anything more than a respectable way of producing nonsense. We name-dropped as philosophers do when they are trying to give a radio audience both landmarks and reassurance: Aristotle and Kant, certainly, but also John Wisdom, Carnap, and Collingwood. The Wisdom point, the one that stays with me now, is the thought that metaphysics may be nonsense and yet an interesting nonsense—interesting not because it is true, but because it reveals the temptations of the mind and the mischief of language. I cannot now swear which sentence was mine and which was another’s; the talk, at least as I remember it, was conversational in tone, and conversation has the peculiar property of making ownership hard to assign. That difficulty becomes more pronounced because the thing did not remain only a talk. It was, later, edited and published—1957—appearing in Pears’s The Nature of Metaphysics, with Macmillan. The printed version reads as if it were one continuous passage, and I should not be surprised if Pears, with an editor’s instinct, merged and smoothed so that the seams no longer show. On the page, one is tempted to imagine a single authorial voice, and that is almost certainly false. The broadcast had three voices; the publication has, in effect, one. There were reviews, too. One of the small consolations of doing something on the wireless is that it can be heard by people who are not doing it, and sometimes they write in a way that reminds you that an audience exists. I have been told that Radio Times carried a notice by a member of the audience who liked it and found it informative. That is the sort of sentence that sounds trivial until one recalls how much of metaphysics is conducted as if the only relevant hearers were already initiated. If someone were to ask me, now, which studio it was, I should say: one of the small talks studios, almost certainly on the third or fourth floor, the kind used for intimate multi-speaker discussion. If someone insisted on the number, I should send them to Caversham. If someone asked what I said, I should offer them the printed text and then warn them, gently, that it will not tell them who said what. And if someone asked whether I was nervous, I should answer, more honestly than is fashionable, that I was, slightly; not because the topic was difficult, but because the business of sounding like oneself into a microphone is always a little odd, and because I knew that, in Belsyre Court, the wireless would be on. I was demobilised in 1945, and I remember the oddness of it more vividly than I remember any single day at sea. One is returned to civilian life not by a philosophical argument, but by a piece of paper, a signature, and the feeling that one is suddenly permitted to have ordinary plans again. The war, which some people insisted on calling “phoney” in its opening phase, had never felt phoney to those of us who had to stand watches and keep accounts of what might happen next. It had a particular habit of making time feel both repetitive and discontinuous: the same duties, the same routines, punctuated by alarms and shifts in circumstance that left you, afterwards, surprised by your own calm. By the end I was in London, not in uniform but in a suit, as a civilian intelligence officer at the Admiralty, working in the Naval Intelligence Division from 1942 to 1945. It is an odd status, that of the civilian specialist: close enough to the machinery of war to feel responsible, distant enough from the ordinary marks of service to feel, sometimes, as if one is borrowing seriousness from others. Like many Oxford men recruited for whatever “logical and linguistic skills” the state suddenly discovers it values, I worked among people for whom language had become an instrument, sometimes almost a weapon, and whose patience for metaphysical niceties had been cured by events. My address in those years is not the sort of thing that becomes public record, and in truth the point is less the number on the door than the pattern of life. Most civilian staff travelled in daily, and many worked the gruelling rhythm of long shifts, with twelve hours on duty followed by twenty-four hours off, as if the body could be treated as a replaceable part. There were also the arrangements for those who could not be permitted to disappear during heavy bombing or long night watches. Behind the main Admiralty building, the Citadel, the windowless bomb-proof concrete block, existed for work that could not be interrupted. It was, above all, operational space, but it was also the sort of place where, when one had to stay, one stayed: basic bunk accommodation for essential personnel, and the kind of air that makes you understand why people become superstitious about daylight. I was not commuting in the way some did. The sensible thing, for someone in my position, was to keep “digs” in London, a small flat in Marylebone within easy distance of Whitehall, close enough to walk when the streets allowed it, and close enough that one did not have to gamble each morning on transport and timing. Oxford remained, for weekends or periods of leave, a base of sorts, but not by a daily rhythm. One does not do Admiralty hours and then jaunt back to a college staircase as if nothing has changed. And yet, as always in Oxford, the personal and the institutional interfered. I had been a Resident Fellow at St John’s when war broke out. When I married Kathleen Watson in 1942, that changed the most immediate arrangements. Colleges are good at benevolence, provided it is properly administered. Marriage meant I could not go on living in College in the old way, and we moved into Belsyre, on St John’s land in North Oxford, which gave one the curious sensation of leaving the College by a door that led straight back into College property. I knew, later, that she would have the wireless on and be listening; in those years I also knew that the domestic arrangements continued, somehow, even when one’s work was conducted in places built to withstand bombs. If I begin with Whitehall, it is only because memory likes to proceed from the last piece of a sequence to the first. Before the Admiralty years there was the earlier part, the part in the North Atlantic theatre of operations, 1940 to 1942, when I held a junior rank as a commissioned officer in the RNVR, the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. The “Volunteer” in the title always amused me, even at the time, because it had the air of a relic from an older England, when volunteering was a social gesture rather than an administrative category. By the time we were in it, volunteering had become a word whose history was no longer quite its meaning. Some men had choices of a sort, some had conscientious objections and paid for them socially, and some, like Geach, took a different line altogether; but the general drift was that the country had decided what it needed and then found a vocabulary to make it sound optional. Those sea years are confirmed in records, but the public accounts do not give the name of my ship. That is perhaps just as well, because one’s relationship to a ship is not the relationship one has to a house. It is closer, in some ways, to the relationship one has to an instrument: a thing you learn to trust because your life is staked on its reliability. In recalling her, I find myself referring to her as “she”, with the old naval superstition, and thinking of her less by name than by what she did: the cold routines, the sense of convoy and exposure, the long intervals in which nothing happens except that you continue to be there, and the sudden intervals in which everything changes at once. If I am to be honest, those years made me suspicious of the way people talk about “experience” as if it were a single thing. There is the experience of action, and there is the experience of endurance, and they do not teach the same lessons. On active duty, one learns that an order is a kind of speech act with consequences that do not wait for the listener to have grasped the fine structure of what was meant. Later, in intelligence work, one learns that the fine structure is sometimes exactly what matters, because what is said and what is meant can come apart in ways that are not merely academic. What strikes me now, looking back from the point of demobilisation, is the continuity of certain habits under different costumes. On the ship I was in uniform and the hierarchy was visible. At the Admiralty I was in business attire, a suit, and the hierarchy was hidden behind doors, offices, and access. But in both settings, one lived by forms: timings, routines, the assumption that people mean to be understood, and the equally important assumption that people sometimes mean to be misunderstood. For an Oxford man who had been trained to believe that the smallest differences in phrasing might signal the largest differences in thought, the war provided a brutal education in when that training is a help and when it is merely a mannerism. And then, suddenly, it ended. Demobilisation did not feel like triumph; it felt like release into a life that one had to learn again. Oxford was there, as if it had been waiting, and it resumed its habits with an almost indecent steadiness. One went back to tutorials and committees and talk, and yet the war had left, in the background, a sense of what “seriousness” can mean when it is not merely academic. One last thing, because it matters for how people imagine the period. The Admiralty years were not spent as some sort of romantic espionage. They were spent in the nerve centre of Whitehall, with work that was often tedious, frequently pressured, and always governed by the assumption that a mistake might not remain merely a mistake. That atmosphere has a moral effect. It makes one impatient with pompous vagueness, and it makes one grateful for clarity, even when clarity is unflattering. If any of my later insistence on stating conditions, specifying intentions, and tracing what follows from what has its roots outside Oxford, some of it is there: in offices without windows, in long shifts, in the habit of treating language not as decoration but as a form of disciplined action. The Walk When I speak of “the Walk” I mean something embarrassingly short, the sort of journey which, if you describe it at all, sounds like boasting about having crossed the Rubicon when you have merely crossed a carpet. Corpus was my alma mater; later I moved, skipping Rossall for present purposes, to Merton; and the comedy is that I barely moved at all. One might call it a relocation by implicature. Both colleges sit on Merton Street. In the modern manner one can even write down the address in the way the Post Office now likes it: Merton Street, Oxford OX1 4JF. In the old days, of course, no one needed to write the last part. One did not say OX1 4JF, any more than one said that the Bodleian is made of stone. One simply said Corpus, or Merton, and let the rest be inferred. Oxford is a place in which most geography is carried by presupposition. The physical fact is simple enough. Merton and Corpus are essentially neighbours, and the walk between them is, in ordinary time, two minutes. If you step out from Corpus onto Merton Street and head west along the same road, you arrive at Merton with scarcely enough time to regret the decision. There is even Rossall in between, which is to say that one can pass through the interval and yet retain the feeling of having stayed put. The joke writes itself, and I confess I enjoyed it in a way that was, if you like, Griceian. Before, I was at Corpus on Merton; now I am at Merton on Merton. It pleased me not because it was witty, but because it showed something about how Oxford works. Oxford is a small pocket of space disguised as a vast institution. One “moves” from college to college, and the movement is made to sound like a change of world, when in fact it may be the merest adjustment of one’s daily route. In my case, skipping Rossall, I remained in the same tiny patch of the University as I moved from being a Scholar to holding a senior scholarship. One’s intellectual life may shift profoundly, but one’s feet are still on the same paving stones. In those days, nobody said “Merton Street” unless there was a practical reason to say it. One did not usually need the street-name because the college-name did the work, and did it more politely. If you said “Corpus” you implicated the location without ever stating it, and that seemed the right level of explicitness for the place. To say “Corpus, Merton Street” would have sounded faintly like saying “my hand, at the end of my arm.” True, but pedantic, and pedantry in Oxford is supposed to be of the learned sort, not the municipal. Besides, even “Merton Street” is a bit of a misnomer if you stare at it too hard. It does not mean what a newcomer thinks it means. It does not mean that Corpus is in some simple geometrical way “on” Merton Street, as if the college were a shopfront and the street were its shelf. It means, more subtly, that the main entrance faces the street; and that is a different spatial consideration altogether. One could almost drag Kant into it, if one wanted to be silly: not the thing-in-itself of the college’s physical spread, but the orientation under which it is presented to a passer-by. Oxford is full of such distinctions, and it trains you to live by them without calling them by name. So the Walk became, for me, a small emblem. It is one of the ways Oxford teaches you that what matters is not always the distance traversed, but the way in which you describe the traversal. The facts are modest: two minutes, one street, one direction, west along Merton Street. The philosophical amusement is immodest: I changed colleges while barely changing my position, and I acquired, in the process, a private joke about being at Merton on Merton instead of Corpus on Merton. And the larger moral, if one insists on a moral, is that Oxford permits, and even encourages, a life in which much is left unsaid and yet perfectly understood. Grice and the Flick When I was President of the Oxford Film Society I learned, among other things, that one can be intensely serious about something that is, in the end, a beam of light thrown at a screen in the dark. Oxford has a special talent for investing diversions with a moral air, and I confess I did not resist the temptation. We spoke of film as an art form rather than as mass entertainment, and in the same breath behaved exactly like a small club of undergraduates and young dons who wanted an excuse to sit together on a Sunday evening and feel superior to ordinary people who went to the pictures without programme notes. The centre of gravity for us was the Scala on Walton Street. It was the right sort of place for what we called, with a straight face, “unusual” films: foreign films, French films, the sort of thing that arrived with a reputation and required, in return, a little reverence. Oxford in those days did not have many venues devoted to international and experimental cinema; the Scala, for our purposes, was the natural habitat. I used to walk up from St John’s to Walton Street with the sense of doing a small pilgrimage: out of the Colleges’ stone seriousness and into a different darkness, one that pretended to be purely recreational but was, for us, another arena of instruction. The Society’s rhythm followed the academic year as if it had been designed to do so. Term-time screenings, one major screening a week, typically on Sunday evenings or Monday afternoons during the eight weeks of Michaelmas, Hilary, and Trinity. The arrangement suited Oxford’s habits: you could lecture, dine, and then be educated again at the Scala, all without admitting that you were seeking relief. As President I was responsible for selecting the repertoire and for writing the programme notes. The notes were supposed to be helpful, but I suspect they were often dense, because I was incapable, then as now, of letting a simple thing remain simple if it offered itself as an example. We did not merely watch films. We behaved as if we were studying them. We held “film study” sessions and social gatherings for members, often in my rooms at St John’s, where coffee, cigarettes, and argument combined into a format Oxford understands instinctively. I would sometimes offer an introduction at the screening and then, afterwards, try to steer the post-screening talk away from the merely evaluative, the “good” and “bad,” and toward the question that really interested me: what was meant, as opposed to what was merely shown. That distinction, which later took on a technical life in my work, was already there as a habit. Film makes you conscious of it because the director is always doing things to you without announcing that he is doing them. My tastes were, as people would say, continental, though I was not above laughing at myself for it. French poetic realism appealed to me, and I was a significant admirer of Renoir. I was happiest when we screened La Grande Illusion and La Règle du Jeu, because in Renoir the dialogue and the social context carry a great deal of the work. Characters say one thing and mean another, and the audience is expected to know, with very little overt instruction, how to take it. That seemed to me not merely dramatic but philosophically instructive: a lesson in how meaning is recovered from context, and in how a speaker can rely on an audience to do more than decode words. Then there was Soviet montage. Eisenstein, and Potemkin in particular, gave us a different sort of “language”: not the language of dialogue and social nuance, but the technical language of editing. The cuts do the talking. Meaning is built not by what is in a single frame but by what is placed next to what. I used to encourage members to notice that this is a kind of inference: one shot plus another shot yields something third, and the third thing is not strictly present in either. It is a way of making an audience supply what is not shown. We also leaned on early German expressionism, with films like Caligari. Here the interest is not in what anyone says, because speech is not the vehicle; the visual atmosphere does the work. It is a reminder that communication is not, in the first instance, verbal. One can convey attitude, threat, irony, and even a kind of metaphysics by line, shadow, and distortion. If one were already suspicious of any theory that makes language the whole of meaning, Caligari was a corrective. And yet, despite the continental seriousness, I had a deep respect for Chaplin. If one wants evidence that complex human emotion and social critique can be communicated with minimal dialogue, Chaplin provides it. I used to think of him as a demonstration that what matters is not the quantity of words but the control of expectation. You show the audience one thing, you invite them to anticipate another, and then you deliver a third. If one wanted a precursor to the thought that we often mean more than we say, or mean something other than the literal content, it is there in Chaplin’s timing and in the way he recruits the audience’s assumptions. The programme notes were my particular vice. I would try, dutifully, to guide the audience toward what to look for, but also to suggest that the real work is done by the viewer’s own inferences. I rather liked pointing out where a film violates an expectation deliberately, because those violations are often the places where the meaning lives. People think “communication” is what is explicitly stated; film, by being so often silent about its own strategy, teaches you the opposite. I had my private favourites too, the kind that do not quite fit the Society’s official self-image. My all-time favourite was The Secret Agent, and second to it The Third Man. I knew perfectly well that neither could be defended as pure avant-garde art; they are entertainments of a high order, and they work because they understand how to make an audience collaborate. I also had the sort of preferences that sound, when confessed, either sentimental or unserious, and perhaps they are both. My favourite female star was Norma Shearer. Ray Bolger, improbably, remained a favourite male star. If you want a philosophical moral from that, you can have it: one’s tastes do not form a consistent system, and any theory that pretends they do is bound to be false. What I remember most clearly is not the administrative work but the small moments after a screening, when a member said something in discussion that revealed they had seen what I hoped they would see, or had seen something I had missed. Those were the gratifying occasions, because they showed that the audience was not passive. Film, at its best, is a cooperative venture between director and viewer; the director supplies cues, the viewer supplies conclusions. That is why I sometimes think of those Scala evenings as part of my education in what later became my official business. In philosophy one talks about inference and intention and understanding as if they were abstract relations. In the cinema you watch them happen, quietly, in real time, in the dark, with a roomful of people who are all making the same leap and then laughing at the same moment, as if they had been told what to do, when in fact they were only invited. Bridge If someone were to insist on describing me with a pair of epithets, I should hope they would at least choose ones that do not quarrel. I have sometimes wondered what a newspaper might do with a life that contains, on the one hand, professional philosophy, and on the other, a steady devotion to games which are not quite games and not quite studies: cricket, chess, and bridge. The point is not that these diversions are decorations; the point is that they are continuous with the habits one needs to do philosophy without falling into mere rhetoric. Bridge, in Oxford, is not “somewhere” in the way a pavilion is somewhere. It is everywhere and nowhere, like the better kind of talk. It lives in Senior Common Rooms, and therefore in a certain kind of evening, after Hall, when the air shifts from official conviviality to the more serious business of competition conducted under manners. At St John’s, as in other colleges, bridge is a staple of high-table social life, partly because it is genuinely interesting and partly because it allows one to be intensely calculating while still appearing civil. One can say “Two hearts” in the tone of passing the salt, and yet one is, in effect, placing a thesis before an audience that must respond. I played within those circles, and also through Oxfordshire county affiliations, as one does if one cannot help making one’s hobbies slightly organised. Friends were kind enough to say that my precision carried over into my play. I took that as a compliment, though it has the faint sting of suggesting that I was incapable of being imprecise even when being imprecise might have been more charming. But bridge rewards a certain sort of exactness, not the fussy exactness of pedantry, but the practical exactness of inference: what is the most reasonable story about your partner’s hand, given what has been said and given what has not been said. That is why I preferred bridge to poker. Poker is all too often a contest in theatricality, and the charm of it lies in the licence to mislead. Bridge, at least in its respectable forms, is more above-board. Deception exists, of course, but it is tightly bounded: in contract bridge, one is constrained by partnership, by disclosure norms, and by the fact that the aim is not to mesmerise an opponent into a mistake but to coordinate with an ally under rules that forbid the more vulgar methods. Poker flatters the solitary bluffer. Bridge flatters the cooperative strategist. It also matters which bridge one means. People speak as if bridge were one thing, but the heart of it, for a serious player, is auction bridge as it developed into contract bridge: the bidding as a coded conversation, the play of the hand as a test of that conversation, and then the post-mortem as the only honest philosophy most men will tolerate at midnight. The “auction” part is what makes it intellectually addictive: each bid is both a move and a message, and the message is designed to be understood by one person in particular, with the rest of the table listening in and yet not entitled to share the understanding. That asymmetry is delicious. If one wants to be mischievous, one can say that bridge is a seminar in implicature for people who would never attend a seminar in implicature. The bid means what it says under the conventions, and yet it very often means more than it says, because it is produced under pressures of relevance, economy, and strategy. One does not state everything; one cannot. One relies on the partner to infer. One relies, too, on the partner to recognise that one is relying on him to infer. This is not a metaphor imported into my philosophy; it is the same form of life appearing under different lighting. Bridge sat, for me, alongside cricket and chess as a trio of competitive hobbies I kept up throughout my life. Cricket was the public one, the one that makes you look less like a don and more like a creature with muscles. I was, by the accounts people like to repeat, an extremely effective and prolific opening batsman for the Oxfordshire county team and for the Demijohns cricket club. Chess was the solitary counterpart: quiet, exacting, and merciless about consequence. I have been called a good chess player, which is the sort of praise that sounds larger than it is and yet is not easy to earn. And then there was music, too, not competitive but disciplined: the piano, the steady reminder that timing is not a metaphor. What I liked about bridge, in the end, was the peculiar combination of severity and sociability. It is serious without being solemn. It is competitive without being brutish. It demands a kind of rational nerve: you must make a bid before you can possibly know everything you would like to know, and you must then live with the obligations you have created. That, too, has its philosophical analogue. And if, one day, someone were to write a line about me that tried to hold together the professional and the amateur without embarrassment, I should not mind if it sounded something like “professional philosopher and amateur cricketer.” It would leave out bridge and chess and the piano, certainly; but perhaps the implicature would be that these, too, belonged to the same person, and belonged there without apology. A bit about cricket If you want to know where cricket lived for me in Oxford, you must begin not with a pavilion but with a walk. I used to leave Belsyre and make my way up toward the St John’s sports ground on Woodstock Road. It is the sort of fifteen-minute walk that Oxford makes you believe is both nothing and everything: nothing, because one can do it without thinking; everything, because one does, in fact, think while doing it. By the time I arrived, I had often already rehearsed the first over in my head, and perhaps a remark or two I would later wish I had not made. The Demijohns Cricket Club, in due course, played its home matches at those St John’s sports grounds in North Oxford. The club’s existence had, as these things do, a story that the club itself found irresistible, and I was not immune to the pleasure of the joke embedded in its name. Demijohns. Not Johns, but demi-Johns: an alumni club, a half-step away from the full institutional identity, as if we were admitting, with a wink, that once you have left the College you remain attached to it by a kind of diluted essence. Oxford is rich in such half-memberships. They are how it keeps hold of you while pretending to let you go. Before the Demijohns there were the Barnacles. I was a founder member, and the description of us as “well-mannered but viciously competitive academics” is accurate enough to sting. One might suppose that academics, being devoted to reason, would not take games seriously. In fact, it is precisely because we take reason seriously that we take games seriously. A game is a system in which a man’s excuses can be tested. Cricket has the additional charm that it allows an Englishman to be ruthless while still looking gentlemanly, which is a talent we have elevated into a civic virtue. We were, of course, amateurs. What else. The word “amateur” in English sport is a complicated piece of moral furniture, rather like the word “volunteer” in the RNVR: it carries the ghost of an older world inside it. One sometimes feels obliged to speak as if amateurism were a form of purity, rather than merely the condition of not being paid. I used to amuse myself, when the mood struck, by saying something like: I may be Grice, but I am not Grace. One ought not to lean too hard on the pun, because W. G. Grace is a proper noun so large it crushes jokes by its mere weight. Also, he was a doctor, which makes the amateur-professional distinction look even more like a category mistake. But the pun still has its place: it announces, quickly, that one is not about to pretend to be a hero of Lord’s while standing in a muddy corner of Oxfordshire with an ageing bat. The Barnacles had their own mythology, including their motto. Victory is sweet, yes, but the full sentiment, as it was sometimes quoted, was that victory was no substitute for personal success. That is a very Oxonian compromise: you are permitted to want to win, provided you are also permitted to claim that something else mattered more. It is the same manoeuvre, in another costume, that philosophers use when they claim they are not arguing to win, only to clarify. We clarified ferociously. The Barnacles’ fixtures were centred, notoriously, on Richmond Green in Surrey. A historic ground, and a rather beautiful one, with cricket played there since at least the seventeenth century. But to get there from Oxford requires what one might call a commitment to the idea of cricket that borders on the metaphysical. It is quite a commute, and I remember thinking, more than once, that there is something faintly indecent about travelling that far for a match and then claiming, afterwards, that you were merely “playing a game.” Still, we went, and we preserved the tradition of wandering academic matches, the faintly comic town-and-gown echo, with future Vice-Chancellors and ambassadors behaving like boys because the ball had been bowled. After the war I became, as people say, a stalwart. That phrase always makes me picture a post rather than a person. But I did become central to the side, and the leadership I provided was later described, with some justice, as despotic. Cricket tempts a man to despotism because the smallest tactical decisions feel like moral judgments. Set the field wrong and you have not merely made an error; you have betrayed a theory of the batsman. Then came 1957 and a shift of emphasis. The Demijohns were conceived as an alumni club for St John’s, and my playing for the College side that season became, in effect, the catalyst for making the Demijohns a formal club rather than a notion. It is one of Oxford’s habits that the things it cares about begin as informal arrangements and then acquire committees once everyone has agreed they matter. The move from Barnacles to Demijohns was not a repudiation of one and an embrace of the other; it was the reorientation of the same appetite toward a club that was, in its way, more local and therefore more plausibly attached to daily life. People sometimes repeat, with a kind of relish, that I was an “extremely effective and prolific” opening batsman. The sentence is flattering, and it also sounds like a description of a factory. But it catches something true about opening: it is a position in which one must begin, before one can possibly know what sort of day it will be. There is a philosophical lesson there, if one insists on seeing it. The opener has to commit himself under uncertainty, which is precisely what philosophers like to pretend they never do. My love of the game, if I am honest, did not come from Harborne. My mother’s Sandown, her private school, her rather purposeful domestic empire, and my father’s music, did not encourage cricket in the way Clifton did. Cricket at Clifton arrived at exactly the psychologically suitable moment, if one wants to be grand about it: the age at which a boy discovers that his limbs have intentions of their own and can be trained into something that looks like competence. I remember being mildly surprised, later, by how early children could play with real seriousness, as if the game had always been waiting in them for the chance to emerge. Cricket also taught me something that later turned out to matter for philosophy: the way rules and practices interlock. A game can have written laws and still depend, for its reality, on a body of shared understanding that is not written down. That is why an American arriving with baseball in his head can be “taught” cricket only by being initiated into a practice, not merely handed a rulebook. Morton White, arriving at Oxford from Harvard, knowing baseball, needed precisely that sort of initiation; and I confess I enjoyed, perhaps too much, educating him into what counted as cricket and what did not. There is always a temptation, for an Oxford philosopher, to treat any such task as conceptual analysis with grass and pads. This is where Austin’s habits overlapped with mine, though we differed about almost everything else. He had his “linguistic botany,” his way of asking, over lunch and as if it were nothing, what the difference was between playing cricket well, playing cricket properly, playing cricket correctly, not playing cricket, barely playing cricket. It is a small taxonomy, but it reveals the deeper point: the English use of “cricket” is not just about sport; it is also about propriety. That’s no cricket, as the proverb goes, is not a report about bats and balls at all. It is an accusation that someone has violated the expectations that make a cooperative practice possible. If you want to force it into my later vocabulary, you can say it is an allegation that the other party has stopped being an “honest chap,” stopped playing by the maxims that keep the enterprise civil. And yes, there is all that English piety about the game, the thought that cricket makes the Englishman, that it is character in motion. Whether that is true or merely a story we tell to dignify a pastime, I leave open. It is certainly the case that cricket was one of the ways I kept a trio of competitive disciplines alive: cricket, chess, bridge. Each has its own logic, its own timing, its own form of nerve. Cricket’s nerve is public and slow. Chess’s nerve is silent and merciless. Bridge’s nerve is cooperative and coded. Between them, they kept me from becoming the sort of philosopher who believes thought occurs only at a desk. A special accommodation: the last day as a resident fellow My last day as a resident fellow had the odd air of a minor abdication. One does not, in Oxford, resign a room in the way one resigns an office. One gives it up as one gives up a habit. Yet the room had been, for years, not merely somewhere I slept, but a small institutional accommodation of a certain kind of life: the fellow sleeping, the tutor sleeping, as if the teaching itself required that one’s body be stored on the premises. It has, as you say, a medieval ring to it, and not only because of stone and staircases. It belongs to that old masculine understanding, half pact and half presupposition, that the college is built for bachelors and that wives must be placed elsewhere, outside the walls, like a new jurisdiction. I had been appointed Lecturer at St John’s in 1938, and elected to a full fellowship and tutorship in 1939. In those years, to be unmarried and to live in College was not merely permitted; it was the standard arrangement. One rose, one crossed a quad, one found one’s pupils, and the day began as if it were designed to keep thinking in motion. Even my mother’s preference for the French in domestic matters found its way into this, because I had been trained to say déjeuner, and not break-fast, which always struck her as a vulgar term, too bodily, too direct, as if one were proud of having been hungry. So one would go to breakfast, of course, and perhaps one would even say breakfast among friends; but in my head the day still began with déjeuner, as if a modest French word could civilise an English appetite. I remember the convenience of it with a kind of mild disbelief. You wake in a room owned by the College, in a bed that belongs to the institution in the same way as the chair and the table belong to it, and within minutes you are in the stream of Oxford life. Cross the quad, and there is a pupil waiting with a thesis, or a provocation, or simply the fear of being found out. One has no commute, and therefore no excuse, which is probably why the arrangement suited Oxford: it removed the intermediate space in which one might have grown human. Some of the people one met, in that close way, were themselves resident. Flew, for instance, with his eagerness to turn every question into a punch and every punch into a conclusion. Strawson too, who had, even then, the air of a man who would one day systematise the ordinary and then defend it as if it were under attack. It is easy to forget how much of philosophical temperament shows itself not in papers but in breakfast-room talk. There was one morning, or a cluster of mornings compressed into one by memory, when we were all, for some reason, discussing a noise from the night before. One of those sounds that Oxford produces occasionally, to remind you that it is still a town and not merely a set of quads and syllabuses. Someone had heard what was described, with the seriousness of the young, as a big bang. Flew, naturally, tried at once to turn it into evidence for something. I made a joke in poor taste about the Martyrs’ Memorial outside St Giles, as if the statues had finally grown tired of their pedestal and decided to wake up and make a point. Strawson, in his way, said he had thought it was a Boojum, which is exactly the sort of thing he would say: a way of refusing the ordinary explanation without committing himself to a better one. Flew then remarked, with the tone of someone filing an objection, that anything not easily categorisable was a Boojum for Strawson. This struck me as almost right, and also as the sort of remark that proves the point it makes: the impulse to classify, to treat the unplaced as a special case rather than as a nuisance. It is this life, this collegiate intimacy of voice and footstep, that one gives up when one ceases to be resident. And I did cease, because in 1942 I married Kathleen Watson, and marriage, in Oxford, is the moment at which the College’s benevolence becomes spatial. You are no longer stored on the premises. Your domestic life shifts, officially and materially, outside the walls. The phrase outside the college walls has always amused me, because it suggests that the walls are a metaphysical boundary and not merely masonry. But the boundary is real enough in its social effects. One moves, as Alexander Belsyre once moved for different reasons, into a life that is still collegiate in its permissions and ownership, but no longer collegiate in its nightly discipline. So the last day had a peculiar double feeling. Relief, because the resident arrangement, however convenient, carries with it a faint air of being perpetually on duty. And displacement, because one is leaving a form of life that has been taken, until that moment, as the natural one. I remember looking at the room, not sentimentally, but with the practical attention one gives to a place one is about to vacate: the bed, the desk, the chair, the window, the familiar corners where books accumulate as if by intention. One does not say goodbye to a room in Oxford. One merely stops being there. But the room has, in its quiet way, trained you: not only how to sleep under institutional supervision, but how to live in a world where conversation begins before you have properly left your staircase. After that, the rhythms change. One is still a fellow and a tutor, but one is no longer a fellow sleeping. One has acquired a private home, and with it a different sort of punctuality. One is still in Oxford; one is merely at a slight distance, as if the College has moved you from the centre of its grammar into a subordinate clause. A free life Michaelmas Term, Corpus Oxford has always prided itself on an avowed dislike of discipline, and as a young man I found that dislike unusually congenial. I did not have “mandatory classes” in the modern sense, or way, of a rigid professor-led timetable that holds you by the elbow and marches you from room to room. One was required to do Literae Humaniores, of course, and the requirements were real enough; but they were requirements of reading, writing, and turning up to the one thing Oxford could not pretend was optional: the tutorial. For the first two years, the phase we called Moderations, the centre of gravity was Greek and Latin language and literature. There were lectures, and one was certainly expected, as a scholar, to attend the ones relevant to the papers; but “expected” in Oxford is a soft word, which means that if you did not attend, you had better produce the sort of essay that makes people stop asking whether you attended. My real appointments were with a text and with a tutor. In those days the College had classical scholars whose names were not mere names to us. Clark, for instance, the Corpus Christi Professor of Latin during my first years, represented the stern, grammatical side of the education: the sense that one cannot talk about “meaning” until one has learned what a case-ending does. Then later, in my final year at Corpus, Eduard Fraenkel arrived, and his presence was massive. “Massive” is a word I use with caution, but it is the only one that fits. He made Classics feel, not like a school subject, but like an intellectual weather system. When one moved from Mods into Greats, the curriculum shifted in the obvious way: less pure language-and-literature drill, more ancient history and philosophy. It is at this point that people who have not been through it begin to imagine that Oxford suddenly becomes “philosophical” in a modern sense. In fact, it remains classical in its bones; it simply turns out that once you have been trained to take a sentence apart, you are then invited to take an argument apart, which is a natural cruelty. Hardie was my primary philosophy tutor, and I have always thought myself fortunate in that. I say so without ceremony because it is one of the few purely lucky facts in an intellectual life: who happens to teach you at the moment you are teachable. But I was not taught by Hardie alone. On the historical side of Greats, I had instruction from Lepper, an Ancient History tutor at Corpus who supervised that side of the degree. That division of labour was itself a lesson. One learns that “philosophy” is not a free-floating cloud; it is tethered to what people actually did, believed, legislated, fought over, and wrote down in ways that were not intended to amuse modern dons. The central mechanism of the whole business, the thing that made it feel like a free life, was the tutorial system. A tutorial is the one place where Oxford’s dislike of discipline becomes, paradoxically, a form of discipline. You can avoid lectures, you can pretend you have been “reading around,” you can cultivate the illusion of self-direction. But you cannot avoid a tutor who expects an essay, expects you to read it, and expects you to defend it. The freedom is real, but it is freedom under weekly judgment. Sometimes those tutorials were one-on-one; sometimes they were in pairs, and the pair-work had its own peculiar comedy. I remember, in particular, the tutorials with Shropshire, because in the pair arrangement one often ended up defending the other man’s essay and then watching him defend yours, which produced a sort of intellectual ventriloquism. Hardie, of course, encouraged this lunacy, because it made one do what matters: not merely announce a view, but test it in opposition. Shropshire once produced, with the confidence of a man who has read one too many arguments for immortality, the thesis that the immortality of the soul could be “proved” by the case of a chicken running for half an hour after its head had been severed. It was wonderfully wrong in the way undergraduate metaphysics is wrong: energetically, inventively, and with a certain moral boldness. Hardie, instead of crushing it at once, made us work with it. I remember finding myself, to my own surprise, defending the chicken, not because I believed in it, but because the exercise revealed something I would later care about more than chickens: the difference between evidence, explanation, and mere rhetorical insistence. The lectures, meanwhile, hovered in the background as optional aids, especially for the Final Honour School. One went to lectures on Aristotle and Plato because one would be examined on Aristotle and Plato, and because it is part of the Oxford bargain that you will not be spoon-fed but you will be supplied with spoons. Still, the feeling remained that lectures were accessories and tutorials were the engine. You could, with enough nerve and enough reading, live largely by your own arrangements and then submit yourself, once a week, to the small ordeal of a tutor’s attention. That is why I call it a free life: not because it lacked demands, but because the demands were of the sort that did not require one to be marched. If I sound as if I am praising Oxford, I am not doing so without irony. This “free life” had its own coercions: the tyranny of weekly performance, the unspoken competition among scholars, the way one learns to treat one’s own mind as a tool that must deliver on schedule. But it did have one genuine grace. It trained you early to think in conversation: to write for an audience of one or two, to anticipate objections, to distinguish what you have actually said from what you have merely allowed your reader to infer. If I later became preoccupied with how people get from what is said to what is meant, it was not because I had been locked in a seminar room. It was because I had been made, once a week, to sit down opposite a tutor and discover that the life of the mind in Oxford is not principally a life of lectures; it is a life of having to answer. The Grice–Thomson seminars: a farewell at the station, 1963 I remember the day I said goodbye to Thomson at the station because the station is one of the few Oxford places that will not pretend it is timeless. Colleges have the talent of making departures look like minor variations on dinner; a railway platform insists on the vulgar truth that someone is leaving, that he will not be at High Table next week, and that whatever one meant to say must either be said now or be left to implication, which is generally what Oxford prefers. It was 1963, and he was leaving his permanent position. He had been at Oxford since 1956, which made him, in the old Austinian chronology, a late-comer to the play group. He arrived after some of the noisier inventions had already acquired the status of tradition. But he was not late to the work. He had the right combination of seriousness and impatience: the ability to take an argument as an argument, and the refusal to let it hide inside a slogan. We had run joint seminars, he and I, on the philosophy of action, and sometimes, by extension, on what one might call philosophical psychology. I always preferred that phrase to the more fashionable label philosophy of mind, because philosophy of mind sounds as if the mind were a thing, a locale, a museum-piece one might tour. Action, by contrast, drags you back to what people actually do, to the grammar of verbs, and to the fact that a rational creature is one whose doings can be asked for and defended. Pears overlapped with this too. There was a certain practical economy in the arrangement: by concentrating on action and on the psychology implicit in action, we managed to avoid being sucked into the grand, foggy debates that gather around mind as if mind were a public monument. We stayed close to the verbs. We stayed close, in particular, to the sorts of verbs that make trouble because they look innocent. Try became our small obsession for a term. Not because the English language needs more attention from Oxford philosophers, but because try sits exactly where responsibility sits: between intention and accomplishment, between what one meant to bring about and what, in the world, actually happened. It is also the verb that makes moral language tolerable. A man can fail and still deserve credit if he tried. A man can succeed and still be criticised if he succeeded without trying, that is, if he succeeded by accident. Try is a moral hinge disguised as a commonplace. I had been playing, in those years, with the formulation of what I later called maxims, though I did not yet talk as if I were legislating etiquette for the world. One of the formulations, as Thomson liked to needle me about, was my habit of putting a certain exhortation in the form: try to make your contribution one that is true. It has the air of decency rather than the air of logic. It is not “do not lie” dressed up. It is a different creature. Thomson’s objection, delivered with that quiet aggressiveness of his, was always the same shape. Isn’t that just a verbose way of saying do not say what you believe to be false. Isn’t the latter entailed by the former. In which case, why not keep the thing clean. And I would answer, as I did that day at the station, that there is no entailment at all. Not because I wanted to be perverse, though I admit perversion has its pleasures, but because the difference matters. Try is not an operator that forces a conclusion; it is an imperative, and an imperative is a demand on character, not a description of logical space. One can be ordered to avoid procrastination; one cannot be ordered to conjoin veracity with omniscience. Try acknowledges that men are finite, inattentive, hurried, and often incompetent; it asks for effort in the direction of truth, not for an impossible guarantee. Thomson would grin at that and say something like: so you are making room for error while keeping the moral sting. Exactly. I am trying to describe what an honest chap does, not to define truthfulness as if it were a theorem. The moral demand is real, but it is not the demand that one never be wrong. It is the demand that one not treat being right as optional. We used to stage the point in seminar with the sort of examples that make undergraduates laugh and then, if you are lucky, make them uneasy. A man says the meeting is on Tuesday when it is in fact on Wednesday. Has he violated anything. If he had checked his diary, he would have got it right. If he merely guessed, he has done something culpable. Try, in the relevant sense, is the difference between the mistake that is merely human and the mistake that is negligent. So when he left, I found myself thinking that our seminars had been, among other things, a way of keeping philosophy tethered. We had not been inventing a theory of mind out of whole cloth. We had been looking at the place where a person’s words commit him, where intention meets performance, where excuses begin, and where responsibility ends. On the platform we did the normal Oxford thing: we did not say much. We spoke of practicalities. What train. What connection. Whether he had time for tea. The ordinary apparatus by which men avoid sentiment without abolishing it. But the talk had its own implicature: that we had enjoyed the work, that we had taken one another seriously, and that Oxford would feel slightly less argumentative without him. Just before he stepped into the carriage he said, half as a joke and half as a provocation, that I ought to admit that my try-maxim was really just Kant in a softer hat. I told him, as the guard began to look irritated, that Kant gives you imperatives without mercy, whereas try is what you say when you still want people to speak to you afterwards. Then the train moved, and Thomson became, in the unromantic way trains manage it, smaller, and then absent. It is an odd thing, seeing someone go whom you have spent weeks quarrelling with in public. A joint seminar is a kind of licensed intimacy: you disagree under rules, you discover exactly where the other man will refuse to budge, and you learn to value the refusal. When he was gone, I felt, briefly, as if Oxford had lost not a colleague, but a certain kind of resistance, the sort that keeps one honest. A little chess Chess, for me, belonged to the same private province as the piano: a serious engagement, lifelong, disciplined, and yet conducted without the public apparatus that Oxford likes to wrap round its enthusiasms. I do not mean that I played badly. On the contrary, people who knew had the kindness, or the irritation, to say that I played at a very high level of accomplishment. But there is, in Oxford, a difference between being good at something and being seen to be good at it. My competitive energy, when I wanted witnesses, went into cricket and bridge. Those games have their proper circles, their fixtures, their county-level affiliations, their polite theatres of display. Chess, by contrast, I kept largely out of clubs, out of competitions, and out of the sort of record that later becomes “evidence.” This has sometimes puzzled people. They assume that if a man plays well he must wish to test himself formally. But chess is already formal enough. It does not need a committee to make it serious. Indeed one of its pleasures is that it can be played in the Senior Common Room at St John’s with no more ceremony than a pot of tea and the quiet agreement that, for the next hour or two, the world may be postponed. I remember, particularly, long games with George Richardson in the SCR. They were long not because we were slow, though we were, but because neither of us liked a move made merely to keep the hand busy. In cricket you must sometimes play defensively in order to survive; in chess, “defence” can become a kind of moral posture, a refusal to offer anything cheaply. Richardson had that posture. I admired it and I also wanted to break it, which is the correct combination for an enjoyable opponent. There is a peculiar honesty in chess that suits a philosopher. In conversation one can retreat into tone, insinuation, a convenient vagueness; in chess there is nothing to hide behind except the position, and the position does not flatter you. If you have overlooked something, the board will not allow you to say that you meant something else. One can, of course, make a speculative move, a sacrifice, a feint; but one must pay for it in the same currency in which one spends. It is not like academic life, where people sometimes finance their errors with reputations. I think that is why chess appealed to me in the same way the piano did. Both demand a kind of sustained attention, a willingness to stay with a line longer than is comfortable, and a tolerance for the fact that the best outcome is often not an outcome at all but a kind of correctness. With the piano, correctness is not enough, but it is the foundation. With chess, correctness is almost the whole of it; style comes only after you have stopped blundering. I did, of course, steal chess for philosophy whenever I could. I used it in the Yog and Zog paradox, because chess offers a readily intelligible model of a rule-governed practice in which “knowing what to do” and “being able to do it” come apart in illuminating ways. You can know the rules and still be hopeless. You can have the capacity to make legal moves without having the faintest idea how to play. And you can also, more interestingly, play “properly” by some lights and yet not play “well,” which is precisely the sort of distinction Oxford philosophers are trained to enjoy. It also gave me a ready contrast with my more public games. Cricket has weather, temperament, nerves in the open air, and the curious English business of calling an obviously competitive impulse “sportsmanship.” Bridge has partnership, inference, and the discipline of signalling under conventions. Chess is the solitary version of that discipline: inference without an ally, strategy without a partner to rescue you, responsibility without a scapegoat. If one wants a crude slogan, chess is where I went when I wanted to be corrected by something that does not speak. And yet I never wanted it to become my “thing” in the public sense. Oxford is full of men whose hobbies become part of their identity in a way that makes conversation tiresome. I did not want to be that. It was enough that, on some evenings, after Hall, with the board set out in the SCR and Richardson opposite, I could sit down and be reminded, quietly, that there are practices in which what is meant is exactly what is done, and where the only implicature is the one you draw, too late, from your own previous move. The Birmingham firm, and the call I did not, as a boy, think of my father as “from Brum.” One does not, inside a household, use the city as a predicate of one’s parent. He was simply my father; and Birmingham was simply the air one lived in, the colour of the sky when the weather was bad, the steady undertone of industry that made even quiet streets feel as if something were always being made just out of sight. Only later did I acquire the habit of thinking of him in the more sociological way: Herbert Grice, a man of business, with a small manufacturing concern in Birmingham, in that long local tradition of small-ware making, what people sometimes call, with a mixture of pride and condescension, the “toy” trade. Not toys, of course, but the small metal components without which larger machines are merely aspirations: screws, buckles, fittings, tiny bits of hardware that allow something grand to hold together. If Oxford has a taste for system, Birmingham has a taste for parts; and I came to think that my own later obsession with the small mechanisms of conversation was, in an unromantic sense, a continuation of my father’s world by other means. His firm specialised in precision rather than weight. He did not cast great iron shapes. He dealt in small-scale components for engineering and industrial use, things made to fit, things that do their work by being exact. The business prospered during the Great War. That is a phrase I learned to handle with caution, because “prosperity” in wartime has a moral aftertaste. But the fact is plain enough: military contracts, the demand for precision parts, the vast appetite of munitions and machinery, made Birmingham hum, and made certain small firms, my father’s among them, thrive. Then came the post-war slump, the collapse of demand, the narrowing of contracts, the abrupt shift from necessity to peacetime parsimony. His business struggled and failed. I do not say this with melodrama. Failure in business, like failure in argument, is often a slow thing punctuated by sudden moments: a customer lost, an order cancelled, a bill that arrives as if it were a verdict. I grew up, in other words, with an early sense that the world can change without asking one’s permission, and that respectability is a fragile arrangement sustained by invoices. What stayed with me, and what I only understood fully when I grew older, was the combination in my father of industriousness and a certain helplessness before “the market,” that abstraction which behaves like fate while pretending to be merely arithmetic. He made good things, precise things, small things that mattered. And then the demand for them vanished. If one wants a philosophical moral, it is there: the world is not obliged to reward competence. I was at Oxford when my father died. I believe it was 1935. The mode of learning the fact was itself a lesson in how news travels through different worlds. Oxford likes letters, notices, memorial services timed to term. Birmingham does not. Birmingham rings. The telephone call came from Mother. She had, even then, the schoolmistress’s talent for making a sentence do a great deal of work without fuss. She did not begin with preliminaries. She did not provide a narrative. She simply told me what had happened, as one tells a fact one must tell. And then, after the bare statement, came the peculiar silence that follows a death when the speaker is too practical to indulge grief theatrically, and the listener is too far away to do anything but listen. I remember thinking, absurdly, that I ought to say something intelligent, or at least something correct. But correctness is a poor instrument for filial loss. What I actually said was probably banal, perhaps even clumsy. One does not, at twenty-something, possess the right words for the death of one’s father; and besides, my mother would have distrusted “the right words” in this context, as if rhetoric were a form of evasion. What struck me afterwards, walking back through Oxford, was the contrast between the solidity of College stone and the fragility of the life that had produced me. Oxford trains you to treat the mind as if it were self-subsisting, as if one’s education floated above one’s origins. Yet my education had been paid for, in part, by a Birmingham business that made small metal parts, by a prosperity that arrived because of the Great War, and by a collapse that followed because the peace did not require those parts in the same quantities. My father’s life was not an ornament to mine; it was the condition of it. If I allow myself a little salt, it is this. Oxford men like to imagine that commerce is vulgar and thought is pure. But the purest thought I have ever encountered still depends on somebody, somewhere, making the screws. If you want to pin down the “actual suburb” of Birmingham for Herbert Grice beyond “Brum,” tell me what you already have (you’ve mentioned Edgbaston and Harborne in your other material), and I will keep the narration consistent with those addresses while keeping uncertainty as uncertainty. Harborne, before Clifton I grew up with the sense that Birmingham did not consist of one Birmingham, but of several, laid side by side, each with its own air of certainty. A street could be only a street, and yet it could also be an argument about status. I learned this not by being taught it, but by hearing it, in the way one hears the weather. We were in Harborne by the time I could properly notice such things, in that detached villa at the beginning of Lordswood Road, with the name Sandown—my mother’s little act of nomination, a seaside word transplanted inland, as if a syllable could provide the light that Birmingham’s sky occasionally withheld. The house had the sort of garden that makes a child feel, wrongly, that the family owns the world in all directions. I did not then think of it as “affluent”; I thought of it as simply there, like a fact of nature. Only later did I understand that such a house, detached, with space around it, was itself a kind of conclusion someone had drawn, and paid for. But before Harborne, I have always thought there had been Edgbaston. I say “thought” because family geography is rarely preserved with the care of an archivist. It is preserved as talk, as a handful of names repeated with a confidence that exceeds their evidential basis. And then, just to make the child’s mind properly restless, someone later tells you it was “Kings—something,” and you are left to decide whether you are being offered a correction or merely another variety of the same family mythology. If it was Edgbaston, then the difference was real enough. Edgbaston had, in my young imagination, the air of a Birmingham that was trying not to be Birmingham: broader roads, more trees, a manner of quiet that suggests money without having to mention it. Harborne, by contrast, was not inferior, but it was different: less of the grand self-conscious suburb, more of a place where people were, so to speak, actually living rather than merely residing. My father, who could be reserved to a fault, would sometimes mention this difference as one mentions, reluctantly, that one has noticed a thing at all. I remember an evening when I must have been still small enough to be permitted to hover, but old enough to ask questions that annoyed. We were walking—my mother, my father, myself, and in the background the household chorus: Aunt Matilda, who had that extra note of presence an aunt can have, and my younger brother Derek, who had the advantage of being younger and therefore allowed to interrupt without having to justify it. My mother, Mabel, would have been brisk, not unkind, but always with the schoolmistress’s sense that a child’s curiosity is something to be managed rather than indulged. “Why is it different over there?” I asked, pointing in some vague direction that I could not possibly have mapped. My father did not answer at once. He had that Birmingham caution about speaking too plainly of money, as if money might overhear and take offence. But he did answer, eventually, and when he did it was with an unexpected directness. “Edgbaston is different,” he said, as if pronouncing a name were itself sufficient explanation. “And why,” I persisted, “is it different?” My mother, impatient with metaphysics at street level, said something about trees, about bigger gardens, about the fact that some people like quiet. My father, who normally let my mother do the explaining, surprised me by adding, “It’s not just the gardens. It’s who thinks they live there.” That was as far as he would go, and it was far enough. It is an extraordinarily compact piece of sociology for a man of his type, and it stuck with me because it does not merely describe a suburb; it describes the self-description that comes with it. A place is not only a place. It is also the story people tell about themselves by living there. Aunt Matilda, hearing this, said something that sounded to me then like a joke and later like a warning: “Different stamps,” she said, with a little sniff, as if the post itself were part of the moral order. My brother Derek, delighted by anything that made adults look silly, immediately seized on “different postcodes” as if it were a magic phrase, even though in those days the modern fetish for postcodes had not yet taken hold of the national imagination. Still, the idea was clear enough even without the alphanumerics: the mail knows where you are, and it treats you accordingly. In truth, the move to Lordswood Road cannot be explained by the Great War, because it was before it. I was born in March 1913 at that address, which means that whatever prosperity or confidence was involved in the villa came from earlier success, earlier expectation, the firm doing well enough already for my parents to behave as if they had earned a little space and air. The war later may have swollen the business, and the slump later may have ruined it; but the decision to live at Sandown was made in that peculiar pre-war moment when middle-class ambition still sounded, to itself, like stability. I have always disliked the expression “the cream of the crop,” partly because it turns human arrangements into dairy, and partly because it implies that one’s position is a natural secretion rather than a social construction. But it is true that Lordswood Road, and the villa, and the garden, were the epitome of what a certain kind of Birmingham family could aim at: comfortable, respectable, and very far indeed from the manorial fantasy my mother might have read about and then dismissed as vulgar. We were not landed; we were not aristocratic; we were, if one insists on such labels, middle class, in the sense that we had education, industry, and the continuing fear of losing both. My father’s business was not the romance of iron and smoke; it was the more exacting, and less visible, business of small metal components, the sort of work that requires precision and is rewarded, when it is rewarded, by contracts no one sees. My mother taught, and then later ran her own little educational enterprise in the house. Between them, they manufactured two things: parts and pupils. Both are forms of precision, and both depend, in the end, on other people’s demands. When I later lived in Oxford, at Belsyre, I sometimes thought of Sandown, not with nostalgia, but with a kind of astonishment at the domestic geometry. Sandown had garden everywhere, as if the house were a point and the greenery were an argument spread around it. Belsyre had an inner court, a managed inwardness, and beyond it the University Parks, which served, conveniently, as somebody else’s garden. One could take the children there and say, in that Oxford way, that the space is practically ours, provided we mind the cars. Automobiles, my grandmother would have called them, as if a longer word could slow them down. This, I think, is the honest moral of it. One’s childhood persuades one that a detached house with a garden is normal. One’s adulthood teaches one that it was contingent: a moment in the family’s fortune, a brief success in a longer argument with the world. And Birmingham, with its Edgbaston and its Harborne and its Kings-whatever-it-was, taught me early what Oxford later confirmed in a different register: that people live not only in places, but in the implications of places, and that the implications are often what do the real work. Tomorrow is the grand day Tomorrow is the grand day, Father said, which in our household was already a form of promise, because Father did not speak like that unless he meant to produce an effect. He was not, by temperament, a man of announcements. When my mother announced, it was because an announcement was part of the curriculum of the house; when my father announced, it was because he had decided—quietly, earlier—that the thing would be done, and that we children were to be carried along with it. He had taken the trouble to be cheerful at supper without making a point of it, which was, for him, the nearest approach to exuberance. Derek, who was then about seven and full of questions that were not so much questions as interruptions, immediately asked, Grand? Like Grandmother? and Father replied, Not that sort of grand, which, as far as Derek was concerned, answered nothing at all and therefore encouraged him to continue. Mother listened with that particular look she had when she suspected that Father was about to do something improvised. Improvisation was, in her eyes, a vice—unless it was musical, in which case it was a virtue. Still, she did not object. Instead she began, at once, to prepare, and preparation in Mother’s hands meant a basket. I did not yet understand that the basket was her way of making an excursion respectable: an outing becomes, by the mere presence of sandwiches wrapped properly, not a wandering but an expedition. The day has arrived We left after church. That is to say, after the social ritual that made the day feel licensed. Father would not have described it so, but I was already learning that English life is full of permissions one never states, and that one’s best clue to what is permitted is what people do immediately after they have been seen doing something proper. Mother stood at the door of Sandown—our villa with its seaside name stranded in Harborne—and watched us in the way mothers watch two small boys as if they were embarking for the Cape. She adjusted Derek’s collar with the brisk tenderness of someone correcting a pupil, handed Father the basket as if handing over responsibility itself, and said, Mind the roads. Mind the cars, she added, and then, as if she felt the word too short for the threat it named, corrected herself: the automobiles. That was her way. She liked her nouns to be full-sized, as if length were a form of safety. Father said, We shall, which, in his mouth, did not mean that we shall in the manner of a promise; it meant, more practically, that he had heard her and intended to proceed as he had already decided. The implicature, which I did not yet have the vocabulary for but which I nevertheless recovered, was: we shall mind them just enough to satisfy you, and not enough to spoil the day. We set off from Lordswood Road, Derek in front for a moment until Father touched his shoulder—not harshly, merely placing a hand there as a governor—and brought him back into line. There were rules to walking with Father. The first was that you walked at his pace, which was neither hurried nor slow but persistent, as if the body had been designed for getting somewhere and the mind for thinking on the way. The second was that you did not run unless you had been told to run, and you were almost never told to run. Our destination, Father said, was Kings Heath. Derek said, Which King? Father said, A king, and did not elaborate, which was his standard method for dealing with questions that were meant to be jokes. Derek persisted, because persistence is a form of genius in the young. Was it King George? Is it where he goes when he’s tired? Father said, It’s called Kings Heath because it’s called Kings Heath, and I could hear, even then, the mild irritation that arrived when a child demanded that a name behave like a definition. But I was curious too, though more quietly. Kings Heath had been mentioned in the family as “where Father came from,” or “where we were before,” or “that side,” and these phrases, by their vagueness, made it irresistible. It suggested an earlier life of Father’s, a previous Birmingham, a Birmingham behind our Birmingham. Father was from Brum, yes; but Brum in his mouth was never a single place. There were districts, and there were movements between districts, and those movements had meanings one did not declare. As we walked, I asked—carefully, because I was learning when a question would be answered and when it would merely be endured—whether Kings Heath was like Edgbaston. Father did not answer at once. We passed a corner where the air changed slightly, as if the houses had made a collective decision about their own respectability. He glanced in the direction of Edgbaston, though “direction” in Birmingham is not a compass matter but a social one, and said, Edgbaston is different. Different how, Derek demanded, delighted that I had asked something and could now be blamed for it. Father said, Different in the way a place is different when people think it is different. This was one of Father’s rare philosophical moments, and it pleased me so much that I almost missed its sting. He was not praising Edgbaston; he was describing it as a kind of collective self-advertisement. I began, then, to notice the difference he meant. Edgbaston, when you approached it, seemed to have more space and less hurry. Kings Heath—when, later, we neared it—had a busier air, not worse, but less self-conscious. I did not have the vocabulary of class at nine, but I had the beginnings of the sense that place is never merely place. We walked on. Mother’s basket thumped softly against Father’s leg as he carried it, a steady reminder that we were not merely wandering but provisioned. Derek began, after a while, to ask about the fish. What fish are we catching? Father said, Fish. What kind? Father said, The kind that will be foolish enough to take what we offer it. That, again, was Father: refusing to make a plan explicit while still implying that he had one. I recovered, from his tone, that the fish was not the point; the point was to be out, to walk, to make a day of it without having to say so. We were not, as Derek seemed to imagine, going to the Avon. Children will attach themselves to famous names, and the Avon has that sort of fame, partly because of Shakespeare and partly because it sounds like a river in a story. But Birmingham’s water is not Shakespearean; it is practical. We found, in Kings Heath, a small stream, a rivulet, and Father treated it as if it were enough. One does not need the Avon to fish, he said, which meant: you do not need grandeur in order to do a thing properly. He had, in his pocket, a tin with hooks and line, and in another pocket, folded paper and string, and Derek asked, Where’s the rod? and Father said, We’re not in a catalogue, which I took to be a joke about Mother’s taste for ordering things properly and Father’s taste for making do. We found a spot where the bank allowed a boy to crouch without sliding in, and Father produced worms. Derek recoiled theatrically, because at seven the body is an instrument for expressing disgust. Worms are for birds, he said, which was both true and irrelevant. Father said, Worms are for fish, too. I asked, Do they bite? Father said, Fish bite. Worms are bitten. We are the intermediary. This line struck me as important, though I could not yet say why. It has, in it, the beginnings of a lesson about agency that later philosophy merely makes complicated. The worm does not mean to attract the fish; the fish does not mean to be caught; Father means to catch; we boys mean to assist; and the whole business works only because the fish recovers, from what is presented, a conclusion it wants: that there is food. It is a small system of intentions and misintentions, and I was, without knowing it, being trained. Father set about threading the worm with a seriousness that made the thing seem, for a moment, surgical. Derek watched, fascinated and horrified, and kept asking questions that were really demands for reassurance. Does it hurt the worm? Father said, It isn’t enjoying it. Is that a yes? Father said, Derek, and there it was: his way of ending a line of inquiry without having to argue. We cast our lines into the water—“cast” is the grand word for what we did, which was to drop bait into a stream and then stare at it as if staring were an active contribution. Father made us sit, and sitting still was, for Derek, an athletic trial. He began to narrate the water as if it were obliged to entertain him. There’s nothing happening, he said. Father said, That is happening. I remember looking at Father then and thinking that he meant more than he was saying. He meant that patience is itself a practice. He meant that if you are unable to sit still, you are unable to do certain things in life, and that those things—fishing, thinking, waiting for business to recover, waiting for a contract—are not optional. After a time, my float moved. It was a small movement, perhaps only the stream teasing me, but Father leaned in and said, Wait, which meant: do not act on the first sign; let the thing commit itself. Derek, unable to bear suspense, shouted, Pull! and Father said, Quiet, as if “quiet” were not a moral demand but a practical one. Then the tug came, unmistakable, and Father said, Now, and I pulled, and for a moment there was resistance and then a small flash of life in the water, and then a fish lay on the bank, flicking, astonished by the air. It was not a grand fish. It was, to my childhood eye, a triumph. A small silver thing, perhaps a roach, perhaps something similar, and Father named it with the calm authority of someone who does not need to be sure to sound sure. I later learned that naming a fish is not always easy, and that people who fish argue about species with the same zeal that dons argue about categories. But the name did not matter then. What mattered was that the fish existed, that it had come from the water into my world, and that I had done it by following Father’s instructions. Derek immediately wanted to hold it and then immediately did not want to hold it. It’s slimy, he complained, which was, in effect, a philosophical objection to the world’s refusal to be tidy. Father said, Fish are fish. Derek asked, Can we take it home? Father looked at the fish and then at the basket. Mother will love that, he said, and in the dryness of his voice I heard the implicature: your mother will not love that, and you know she will not love that, and I am inviting you to notice this without making me say it. We returned the fish to the water, and Father did it in a way that made it seem not like surrender but like decency. He was, for all his reserve, not cruel. He liked to win, but he liked to win under rules that were partly his and partly inherited. We ate then, because the basket demanded it. Mother had prepared sandwiches with the care of a woman who believed that hunger should be met by well-made things. Tuna, perhaps, or something similar, wrapped properly, with an apple each, and a small bottle of something to drink. Derek ate and talked at the same time, which alarmed Father in a way that only half appeared as fatherly concern. He said, Don’t choke, which meant: do not ruin the outing by creating a crisis. I asked Father, when we were eating, whether Kings Heath was where he had lived. He said, Once, yes. Was it better than Harborne? He paused, and in that pause he did what he often did: he allowed silence to do the work of preventing a false comparison. Then he said, It was different. Different how? Different in the way that a place is different when you have less, he said, and then, as if he regretted having said even that much, added, Eat your sandwich. It was, for him, quite a confession. It implied that Harborne—Lordswood Road, Sandown, the garden—was the product of having more. It implied, too, that “more” can be temporary, and that one ought not to build one’s confidence on it. I recovered these implications later, when the world taught them with less gentleness. On the walk back, Derek began to complain about his boots. He had collected, in his wellingtons, what children always collect: sand, mud, the contents of the world. Each step made a small wet sound, as if the day had acquired a percussion accompaniment. Father said, Take it out when we get home. Take what out? All of it, Father said. Every grain. Your mother will know if you don’t. This, again, was Father mocking Mother without challenging her. He treated her standards as inevitable and therefore as a kind of natural law. He did not say, Your mother is fastidious; he said, Your mother will know, which implied: she has a kind of omniscience about dirt, and it is best not to test it. As Sandown came back into view—our detached house, our garden, the feeling of space that a child mistakes for permanence—I felt, oddly, older. Not by a year, but by a day. I had seen Father in his “old country,” Kings Heath, and I had seen him become, for a few hours, less reserved, less purely practical. He had taken us not merely to catch a fish but to give us a piece of his own past without having to narrate it. Mother was at the door, as if she had not moved. She looked first at our hands and then at our boots, because mothers know where evidence appears. Father handed her the basket and said, Good walk, and she said, I should think so, and then, without looking at him, said, Wipe your boots. Father turned to Derek and me and said, You heard her. Derek said, But we did wipe them. Mother said, You wiped them in your head. Father’s mouth moved slightly, which in him was laughter. And in that moment I understood something I have since spent far too long theorising: that much of family life proceeds by implicature, that the uttered sentence is often merely the handle by which one moves the rest, and that the smallest misunderstandings—Derek’s sincere belief that wiping had occurred—are not trivial errors but natural by-products of a system in which people rely on what is understood rather than what is said. 1962 Seminar on Reason: necessity, and the roach  Today’s topic is “necessity.” How many do we need? Potts, who has the disconcerting habit of treating my rhetorical questions as if they were invitations to display arithmetic talent, said, “Five?” and looked pleased with himself, as if he had found the correct number of angels for the head of a pin. I ignored that. One must, in seminars, ignore some things not because they are false but because they are too quickly true. We do not, I said, need to postulate more necessities than are necessary—if that does not kill Ockham, or Occam, as I have sometimes preferred, having once passed by Ockham and finding it looked less like a razor and more like a village. The principle is plain enough: do not multiply entities beyond need. But I have always suspected that people who quote it most loudly have not yet decided what counts as an entity. Still, we can begin with the obvious. A fish needs a gill. It would be perverse to deny it. Yet I do not think we are thereby justified in invoking an ichthyological necessity. At that point I stopped. Potts thought, quite rightly in his own terms, that I had paused in order to recalibrate my next implicature. He began, with that eager half-smile that undergraduates adopt when they anticipate a joke they intend to remember, to lean forward. But I was not recalibrating anything. The phrase ichthyological necessity had brought back, with the indecency of memory, a different scene altogether: not a seminar room but a stream; not an Oxford audience but my father and Derek; not the necessity of the modal logicians but the necessity of bait and patience. It is astonishing how little is required to transport one. One ill-chosen adjective can open a door that has been closed for fifty years. It was a roach. I heard the sentence in my head as if my father had spoken it again, not as a piece of biological classification but as a small act of authority. Derek, of course, had wanted a perch—more dramatic, that—because younger brothers always prefer drama to accuracy. And I could hear my father’s dry concession to Derek’s appetite for names: as long as it’s not stickleback, right, Derek?—the joke being that stickleback sounded, to Derek’s ear, like an insult and therefore like something one ought to avoid. “Sir,” Potts said, bringing me back into the room with an admirable combination of respect and impatience, “you were talking about ichthyological necessity.” Ah, yes. I had, strictly speaking, been talking about not needing them. I did not say this, but I could feel the room waiting for me to say it in the form in which I had begun: we don’t need them. And the trouble is that I did mean we don’t need them, and I also meant—sadly, oh so sadly—we do. For in one sense we do not need to call it “ichthyological necessity” at all. The fish needs the gill; the roach needs water; that is quite enough for any decent person and for most biologists. But the philosopher is not always a decent person. The philosopher is sometimes a man who has noticed that the word “needs” does different work in different mouths, and that if you do not keep the work distinct you end up with metaphysics where you only wanted supper. So I said, as evenly as I could, that we do not need them—meaning: we do not need a new realm of necessities with fish in it, a fresh department of modal facts patrolled by gills. But that we do need, on the other hand, to account for what we are doing when we say “needs” at all: whether we are reporting a requirement of biology, a requirement of convention, a requirement of reason, or a requirement merely of my patience in a seminar. Potts looked disappointed, because my answer did not allow him to keep “Five?” as a foothold. Still, the moment had done its work. It had reminded me, in public, of something I prefer to keep private: that philosophy is rarely an enterprise of pure thought. It is a trade in recollections and habits, in old voices and small scenes, in words that drag their histories behind them. I had used fish as a philosophical example, and the fish had answered back by bringing my father into the room. That, too, is a kind of necessity, though not one any of us will ever succeed in classifying. He was caught in the grip of a vice There are offices at Oxford that make a man feel older, and offices that make him feel ridiculous. Vice-President is of the second sort, though it does not admit it openly. The word is the problem. One cannot be made Vice-President without, for at least one instant, hearing “vice” as vice, pronounced vi-ce, and experiencing the brief moral panic of a man who has always tried to keep his vices private and his virtues unadvertised. It happened in [YEAR], and it lasted one year, which is exactly as long as a College will trust a philosopher with anything that involves menus, ceremonial timing, and other people’s wives. The President at the time was [PRESIDENT’S NAME], and the arrangement was, so to speak, a partnership: he presided; I viced. Vote for Willoughby-Grice, someone said once, to my face, as if we were standing for Parliament rather than arranging the annual feast. I noted, in silence, that this already contains its own irony: one can vote for a President, but the Vice-President is never quite voted for; he is acquired, like a symptom. The position is largely social and administrative. One is responsible for organising and running College events, including the great annual feast, and for emitting, at the right moments, the right phrases. The phrases matter more than the acts. In that year I developed a particular affection for good morning and good evening, because they are useful precisely because they do not commit you to anything beyond the fact that you have noticed someone’s presence. In a College, noticing is half the administration. There is also dress. Vice-presidential work is one of the few Oxford activities in which the intellect is not merely irrelevant but positively in the way. The body is required, the tie is required, and the College expects you to look as if you were born knowing which fork is for what. I was, in that year, more often than I care to remember, decked out in white tie and tails for ceremonies which looked medieval until you noticed the electric light. I did not dislike it, exactly. I disliked, rather, the fact that I did not dislike it. This, too, is a vice: finding oneself comfortable in costume. My professional work, meanwhile, continued with its usual indifference to costume. A philosopher’s work is never done. One tutors Potts; one untutors Potts the next week, by which I mean letting him live with all the mistakes in his paper long enough to see that they are mistakes. A tutor cannot break a heart that will never be mended. Or, more fairly, a tutor cannot mend a heart by breaking it. Yet tutoring requires, daily, the small cruelty of insisting that a clever boy’s cleverness is not yet clarity. And then, on top of that, vice. The grip of the vice, the grip of the vyse. I liked the sound of it, and I did indeed find myself thinking, as I so often do, that disambiguation is always a moral problem disguised as a linguistic one. Vice, in the sense of office, is a supplement: it stands in, it deputises, it substitutes. Vice, in the other sense, is what one does when one is not being watched, or when one is being watched by people who approve. The two senses are not, of course, the same. But Oxford enjoys names that force you to perform the distinction. What made the year genuinely comic was that it coincided with entertaining Quine. The New World had sent us, as it liked to imagine, its most important contribution to philosophy as we know it; and he arrived, with his courteous severity, as if he had come to inspect the logical health of the old country. He does not like a dogma. Indeed he does not like two dogmas, and he had had the bad manners to say so in print, which Americans can do with a cheerfulness that Englishmen reserve for cricket. I confess I do like a dogma. I even like an underdogma, if one must. Dogmas at least have the decency to tell you where they stand. Quine’s talent was to keep moving the furniture while insisting that he was merely doing housekeeping. There is a particular kind of Oxford scene I remember from that period. The day has been spent in the proper work: tutorials, letters, decisions that pretend to be intellectual but are actually logistical. Then comes the ceremonial evening: the feast, the procession of people who want to be acknowledged, the small disasters that must be prevented before they become anecdotes. Somewhere in the midst of this, Quine is introduced, and one has to manage the double task: to make him feel welcomed without making him feel flattered, and to keep him from noticing that most of the evening is not about ideas at all but about sequence, precedence, and being seen in the right place at the right time. He asked me, at one point, whether Oxford took these offices seriously. I answered, truthfully, that Oxford takes everything seriously provided it can do so without saying it is serious. The Vice-Presidency has no point, which I like. A position with no point gives one room to fluctuate, as they say at Cambridge—oops, I meant the other place. Yet it has a function, and Oxford likes functions that are not advertised as such. One is to keep the machinery from grinding. Another is to absorb minor shocks. A third is to allow the President to remain presidential by ensuring that somebody else has handled the petty. And philosophically—since I cannot keep my hands off even this—there is a lesson in what Vice does and does not do to one’s ordinary identity as a Fellow and Tutor. Vice-presidentship never cancels the implicature of tutorial fellow. It does not enhance it either. It simply adds a new layer of what is expected of you, and expectations, as I later came to insist, are where much of meaning lives. A man in white tie says good evening, and the utterance is not merely a greeting; it carries, by convention, a whole apparatus of: I am on duty; you are being welcomed; behave. If one wants a punchline, it is the one Oxford provides automatically. In that year I learned that the administrative life is not the enemy of philosophy; it is its natural habitat, because it is made of talk that must work. One cannot, at the annual feast, indulge in the luxury of saying something obscure and then explaining what one meant. The explanation arrives too late. In College life, as in conversation, you are judged not by the meanings you privately intended, but by the effects you publicly achieved. And so, for one year, I was caught in the grip of a vice, and discovered that it is possible to serve an institution by doing very little, provided one does it at the right time, in the right clothes, with the right words, and with a face that implies—without ever stating—that everything is under control. 1950, or thereabouts: Dummett, and the cruelty of being an examiner I do not know what I am doing there. I mean: I know what I do in tutorials. I know what it is to sit opposite a young man and help him discover, painfully, that his cleverness is not yet clarity. That is an honourable cruelty, because it is done in private and it leaves room for recovery. But examining is different. Examining has the air of public necessity, and I have never been convinced that necessity is a moral excuse. Today it was poor old M. A. E. Dummett, and it was his BPhil viva voce. The very phrase already puts me in a bad temper. Viva voce: living voice. As if the voice were what is being tested, rather than the mind. And why should philosophy be cut short in this way—behind Phil, as it were—when the BA was, for my generation, the real ordeal? Why invent a new kind of finish, and then congratulate ourselves for having made the finish more specialised and therefore, apparently, more serious? I have always distrusted the English appetite for new examinations. It is one of the ways we smuggle discipline into a culture that insists it despises discipline. What makes it worse is the gossip. Dummett is now telling everybody—and every soul, I should add, because the exaggeration seems almost theological—that I spent a significant portion of the exam on a single obscure point of logic. Significant is, in this context, one of those words that means nothing while pretending to mean a lot. It gives the speaker permission to enlarge without having to count. He tells it as if it were a grueling intellectual marathon. An hour-long examination reduced to one point, and that point pressed until it broke. He says it exemplified my impossibly high standards. I suppose a standard has to fly high, unless one is mourning someone and lowering it to half-mast. Banner, standard, flag: all those things are designed to be seen, which is precisely the problem with standards. People think a standard is a decoration. It is not. It is a demand. Still, the story is not entirely false. I did, in fact, read his thesis—at least up to that point. There is a pun there, and I am not proud of enjoying it. But the more relevant point is this: I did not question him on that point in order to catch him out with trivia. I questioned him because it was not trivia. It was the point on which his argument did most of its work while pretending to do none of it. A good thesis always has a place where everything turns on something the author has treated as if it were merely technical. I have a particular way, which students experience as terrifying and which I experience as the only honest method. I do not tell the examinee where the flaw is. I wait. I let him hear himself. I let the silence do what kindness cannot. I have always thought it indecent to correct a man before he has had the chance to correct himself. This is taken as sadism. It is, in my mind, a form of respect. If you can find the flaw, you deserve to keep your dignity; if I supply it, you keep my dignity and lose your own. So yes, I pressed Dummett. I pushed his line until it reached its breaking point—not to break him, but to see whether he could see where it broke. The distinction matters, though students do not believe it does. There is also the Austin complication. Austin never liked Dummett, which is not to say he “disliked” him in any vulgar sense, for Oxford is too civilised to admit dislike as a permissible attitude towards a colleague. But Austin certainly did not invite him to the Saturday mornings. That is how Oxford expresses antipathy: not by hostility, but by omission. I, for my part, did not share Austin’s allergy. Dummett had a mind, and it would have been illegal, immoral, and indecent—especially for a member of Boum Vadum—to deny that one to him merely because his manner irritated the local gods. Still, I can already hear the future. Dummett will later dwell on this viva in an interview—Cogito, perhaps—and he will date it to 1950, and he will describe the experience with the relish of a man retelling a near-death encounter. He will say I spent nearly the entire hour on a single technical point of logic he had raised. He will present himself as having survived something. And I cannot entirely begrudge him the narrative. Philosophy, for the young, is partly a sport of survival. What I do begrudge is the moral he draws: that my standards were impossibly high. They were not impossibly high. They were simply not negotiable. A finished thought is not a thought that has been written down; it is a thought that can withstand pressure without silently changing its shape. Most thoughts fail that test. Mine do too, which is why I do not like examinations: they invite the fiction that “finished” is an attainable status rather than a temporary illusion. Later that week Wrigley of Trinity came to me for advice, full of that hopeful earnestness which is both charming and fatal. He said he was studying Wittgenstein and wanted to move appropriately to Frege, as if philosophers were stations on a rail line. My plan, he said, is to base my research on one single book: Dummett’s Frege: The Philosophy of Language. Have you read it, Grice? I looked up, and I felt my eyes open a little too widely, which is what happens when one has been asked, in earnest, a question to which one wants to give an impolite answer. Then I turned to my usual persona and said, No. And I hope I won’t. This sounded crueler than I intended. What I meant, or what I should have meant, was: do not build your mind on one book, especially not on a book written by a man who can turn an hour-long viva into one point of logic and then remember the point forever. But Wrigley heard only the surface: an insult to Dummett, or a dismissal of Frege, or both. That is what happens in Oxford. One utters a sentence; other people supply the melodrama. Perhaps the real confession, if I am to make one, is this. I do not enjoy examining. I enjoy thinking. I enjoy teaching, when it is really teaching. Examining is neither. It is judgement in costume. And even when one is being just, one cannot help feeling that one has been enlisted into a ritual whose main function is to produce stories, which will then be repeated, with the point always altered, until everyone believes that the examination was about cruelty rather than about logic. Yet I suppose the students need their marathons. They need their dragons. And if I happen to have been cast, in Dummett’s later mythology, as a dragon of logic, I can only say that the dragon was not trying to eat him. The dragon was trying to see whether he could stand still and think. St John’s, 1962. On windbags, silence, and the quantification of “most” Today we examine a rare case: a violation of Relation. I begin with Harborne, because Harborne is where I first learned that what people say is very often not what they are doing. Teatime, and the domestic stage set: Mother, Father, Aunt Matilda. I must have been nine or so, old enough to be appalled properly, and young enough still to be naive about how families survive. Aunt Matilda, with the confidence of the uninterruptible, was talking. One could never accuse her of lack of content, only of excess of it. At some point she paused for breath, and I, for reasons I can’t now reconstruct except by blaming my own Midlander appetite for bluntness, said: She is a windbag. The silence that followed was not merely a silence. It was a communal intake of air. The silence was, as it were, moral. Mother, without looking at me, said to Father: The weather has been lovely for this time of year. It is a perfect move. In my technical use of ordinary language, I shall call it a gaffe—mine, not hers. I had produced an utterance that, though perhaps true, was a violation not of Quality but of every social maxim that keeps tea from becoming civil war. Mother’s reply was not a denial, not a rebuke, not even a correction. It was an act of swift re-routing. She shifted the talk to meteorology, which is the natural refuge of the English when decency is threatened. The weather is always relevant if relevance is construed broadly enough, and Mother construed it broadly because she wanted to save the occasion. I tell this story in the seminar because it shows something Quinton seems not to understand: that silence, too, is a move, and that sometimes the most relevant thing you can do is to pretend to be irrelevant until the danger passes. At this point Potts, thorny as ever, brought me back from Harborne to St John’s. Of course there are silences, he said, and then he stopped. And what? I asked. And, after a silence, he said again, and there are silences. What do you mean? I asked, though I already knew he meant: I have been reading the gossip. Well, Potts said, Quinton is making such fuss about your silences. What do you mean? I asked, because it is useful, when a man reports gossip, to make him do it properly. During his examination, Potts said. Remember. I’ll quote Quinton verbatim, as per the Oxford Gazette. Perhaps it will come as no surprise that Mr Grice spent most of the two and a half hour session of A. M. Quinton’s examination in silence. The Gazette always takes the examinee’s side, and rightly so. Go on. But, Potts continued, Quinton adds, the fragments of conversation were excellent. I confess I enjoyed that. It is not a compliment exactly, but it is the nearest Oxford will come to admiration without feeling it has surrendered. It also contains two small outrages. Pleoretics, is that what Altham is calling it in the other place, après Geach? Potts asked. What? I said. Quinton’s inaccuracies, Potts replied, with the air of a man who thinks he is defending me by attacking the reporter’s quantifiers. Spent most of the… How can you quantify, for Frege’s sake, most? And fragments? I thought that applied to Heraclitus the obscure. To which I could not resist, and did not resist, the couplet about Heraclitus being dead and the bitter news to hear and bitter tears to shed—though I was immediately ashamed, because verse is the quickest way to look as if one has stopped thinking. Potts, carried away now, ended as if waving a handkerchief to his own A. M. Quinton: For Death, he taketh all away, but them he cannot take. This produced, again, silence; but it was not the Harborne silence of moral dismay. It was the St John’s silence of men deciding whether they have just witnessed wit or nonsense, and whether the correct response is laughter or footnotes. So I said what ought to have been obvious from the start. Quinton’s complaint is the complaint of someone who thinks examination is meant to be a performance. I have never believed that. Silence in an examination is not absence; it is pressure. If you answer too quickly you deprive the candidate of the chance to see what he has done. If you speak too much you turn the viva into a lecture and the candidate into a stenographer. And as for most: most is not a number. It is a manoeuvre. Quinton is using it to say, in a socially acceptable way, that he found the experience intolerable. He wants sympathy without having to ask for it. That is why he says most, and not ninety minutes, and why he says fragments, and not sentences. The vocabulary of imprecision is often the vocabulary of pain. Potts looked faintly disappointed that I had made the point without leaving him a further target. He wanted to prosecute most as if it were a technical error. I was telling him it was, in fact, a social success. If you want a rule, I said, it is this. Harborne taught it before Oxford systematised it. When someone says She is a windbag, and everyone goes silent, the correct conversational response is very often: The weather has been lovely for this time of year. And Quinton, whether he knows it or not, is saying the same thing in reverse. He is saying: The examination was a windbag, and I survived it. Being my duty to welcome P. M. S. Hacker to St John’s, as replacement for J. D. Mabbott, I find myself realising, with a faint mixture of pride and irritation, how much of a house (or is it a club?) this St John’s is. [HPGRICELAC...SAZIONEv76 | Word] My love, of course, remains with Corpus, my alma mater; and my two years at Merton were not half-sad either. Still, St John’s had welcomed me first as Lecturer in 1938, while I was still a Senior Scholar at Merton, and then, in due course, made me Tutorial Fellow in Philosophy, “to take the burden off the shoulders,” as the Gazette put it, of good old Mabbott. [HPGRICELAC...SAZIONEv76 | Word] So now, with a certain pleasing symmetry, it is Hacker who comes to my rescue. I do not mean rescue in any melodramatic sense; Oxford has never permitted melodrama except under the disguise of Latin tags and architectural piety. But the fact remains: colleges do not merely replace men, they redistribute the work, and then pretend that the redistribution is a natural fact like rain. [HPGRICELAC...SAZIONEv76 | Word] St John’s, by 1966, had come to maintain a distinguished cohort of tutorial fellows across disciplines, and this is what I mean by house or club. The place has the air of a society whose membership is recorded in lists, but whose real continuity lies in habits: the way people speak at High Table; the way they complain; the way they carry their learning as if it were simply manners. Unlike the more medieval Bononia, St John’s does its corporateness with a modern smoothness: no guilds, no oaths, just elections, minutes, and a steady, quiet assumption that the college will go on. [HPGRICELAC...SAZIONEv76 | Word] In Philosophy the chief figure, other than myself (and, in an historical sense, before myself), was of course Mabbott: moral and political philosophy, fellow and tutor, later President, and always—whatever his office—unmistakably the man who could make an undergraduate feel that a “moral intuition” was something you had to pay rent on. [HPGRICELAC...SAZIONEv76 | Word] In History I must mention Watson; how could I not? And Howard Colvin, elected a Fellow in 1948, a distinguished architectural historian who served as tutor in modern history. Architectural history is, by its nature, the study of what people built when they thought they were building for eternity; Oxford makes it easy to confuse that with what we are doing when we teach for eight weeks at a stretch. [HPGRICELAC...SAZIONEv76 | Word] Then there is Keith Thomas, who joined as Fellow and tutor in modern history in 1955, representing that newer sort of historian who can make superstition sound like a social practice rather than a regrettable lapse. [HPGRICELAC...SAZIONEv76 | Word] Classics, as always at Oxford, was a cornerstone, and it overlaps with ancient history in the way that Oxford subjects always overlap: not by admitting they do, but by quietly sharing the same people. A. N. Sherwin-White, a major figure in Roman history, had been Fellow and tutor in ancient history from 1937. [HPGRICELAC...SAZIONEv76 | Word] And Donald Russell, whom I see at Belsyre, has been Fellow and tutor since 1948: Greek and Latin literature, a leading scholar, and a man who can make one feel, merely by the economy of his speech, that verbosity is a vice. [HPGRICELAC...SAZIONEv76 | Word] While many colleges shared lecturers for the rarer languages, St John’s contrived, in the major European ones, to look self-sufficient. W. G. Moore, for instance, was Fellow and tutor in Modern Languages (specifically French): the sort of appointment that allows a college to feel cosmopolitan while still remaining stubbornly internal. [HPGRICELAC...SAZIONEv76 | Word] History, again, had its own backbone in R. W. Southern, Fellow and tutor from 1937 to 1961: a medievalist, and therefore a man uniquely placed to remind the rest of us that the university is older than our current quarrels and will probably outlast them. [HPGRICELAC...SAZIONEv76 | Word] And then, of course, the sciences. Roger Elliott joined as a tutorial fellow in physics in 1957, a sign (some would call it an omen) of the college’s growing strength in the sciences. I have sometimes called scientism a devil; but as long as the devil confines himself to St John’s, and behaves like a tutorial fellow, he remains—one must concede—benign enough. [HPGRICELAC...SAZIONEv76 | Word] Lewis Carroll called it Laughing, as opposed to Grief, and he was right to put the emphasis where Oxford never quite manages to: on the sound a college makes when it is pleased with itself. St John’s, for all its piety in stone, has always had a particular laugh for Classics, and Latin in particular; it laughs, not because it thinks the subject funny, but because it finds the subject reassuring. If you have Latin, you have a spine; if you have a spine, you can afford a little smugness. The Latin at St John’s in my time was, in practice, watched over by Donald Russell, who was brought in with an explicit intention: to strengthen the college’s Latin provision, as if Latin were a kind of plumbing and Oxford feared a leak. Russell was the central figure for Latin, and the irony that pleased the college was that he was, by temper and training, a brilliant Greek scholar. But the election to the fellowship in 1948 was, as the story went, because the college judged there was a longer future in Latin. Greek is glory; Latin is governance. Greek may be the language of gods and tragedians; Latin is the language in which Oxford writes its minutes, and minutes, in the end, run the world. That, at least, is what Oxford likes to think. Russell taught both Latin and Greek language and literature, and he kept alive the essential craft that separates the merely educated from the properly trained: Latin verse composition. The point of verse composition is not that anyone expects you to become Ovid; it is that, once you have tried to turn your own thought into a Latin hexameter, you stop believing, forever, that language is a transparent medium. You learn that expression has joints, and that the joints bite back. That is a lesson which philosophy, in its more modern moods, tries to forget, and which the Classics, like a stern aunt, insists you remember. When I first arrived, the senior classics fellow was Colin Roberts, a specialist in Greek papyrology, and I saw him rarely. The papyrologist is, by nature, a man whose companions are fragments; and there is something in that that makes one either sociable out of hunger or solitary out of habit. Roberts was the one who invited Russell to apply for the vacancy in 1948, which is exactly the sort of thing Oxford loves: a quiet act of recruitment that later becomes a legend, because it allows the college to say it chose well without ever looking like it was trying. Then there was A. N. Sherwin-White. Officially he was ancient history; in practice he lived much of his life inside Latin sources. His work on Roman governmental practice and on the letters of Pliny the Younger meant that, even when he was not teaching “language,” he was inhabiting it: the Latin text as evidence, as institution, as a record of how a world arranged itself. The ordinary division between “language tutor” and “historian” always looks neat on paper; in Classics it is always a fiction, because the language is the archive. As for my own Latin, it began almost at Harborne, and then years of Clifton did what Clifton does: made the classics feel like discipline rather than decoration. Greek and Latin were, in a more literal sense than most people admit, the excuse by which I got to be the scholar, not the commoner, at Corpus. They also provided the most absurd continuity of my early life: they followed me into the interruption called Rossall, where I found myself teaching Classics while my own walk from Corpus to Merton was, temporarily, postponed by the need to earn bread. What fascinated me, then and later, was the verbal structure. That is why I would so often remind my philosophy pupils of things they thought they had escaped: the optative, for instance, which the Greeks had, and the Romans thought they had, and which English manages to gesture at only by a mixture of auxiliaries and hope. The moral, if one must have one, is not that Latin and Greek are “useful.” The moral is that they make you attentive to form. And form, in the end, is where many philosophical confusions begin and where, if you are lucky, some of them end. [GRICECONVERSAZIONE3 | Word] Mabbott and I were, professionally speaking, a married couple without the romance and without the legal protections. Because we shared responsibility for all the philosophy tutees, our lives were braided together in the most Oxford way: not by intimacy, but by timetable. We would have the same names on our lists, and the same boys on our sofas, and the same essays—sometimes the very same essay—crossing the same small distance from staircase to staircase. Take Strawson, for instance. The young Strawson was, in effect, tutored by both of us; and that is the right phrase, because it captures what Oxford does to a mind: it tutors you, it does not merely teach you. You see the same pupil under two different lights. With Mabbott he would be brought to heel by moral philosophy and political seriousness; with me he would be tempted, or punished, into logic, epistemology, and the history that makes our modern cleverness look rather parochial. The upshot was that the boy’s mind became a kind of shared property, which is the nearest Oxford gets to communism. We saw each other daily, because Oxford is engineered for collision. The SCR is built so that you cannot avoid colleagues without looking like you are avoiding them, which is socially more costly than most people can bear. High Table is worse: it gives avoidance a ceremonial stage and therefore turns it into scandal. So Mabbott and I met as a matter of architectural necessity. We exchanged the same small civilities, the same complaints about pupils who write too much and read too little, the same jokes about the University’s capacity to re-invent boredom as tradition. And beneath it, always, was the operational fact: we were the two men holding philosophy together at St John’s, and St John’s expected the holding to be invisible. As to numbers, people now ask for averages as if a college ran on statistics rather than habit. There is no single published “average” for our period that one can cite without blushing; but it is perfectly reasonable to say that, in the years I shared the work with Mabbott, I carried something like twelve to fifteen tutees per term, and that this was not heroism but normality. A college’s Greats and PPE cohort across the three years might be, in rough terms, twenty-five to thirty men at a time; divide by two tutorial fellows in philosophy and you get the familiar arithmetic of exhaustion. The figures are not exact, but the burden is. And the burden expresses itself in hours. Oxford tutors are always teaching, even when they are not teaching. If you count only the formal meetings, you might get something like eighteen to twenty-two hours a week in term, and much of that in the standard format: two-on-one, which means that fifteen tutees becomes eight or so sessions, with the rest of one’s hours swallowed by preparation, reading, collections, and the endless pastoral work that nobody admits is work until it is missing. In the two-on-one, incidentally, the social chemistry matters. At Corpus, in my own day, Shropshire became my best friend largely because we were forced to disagree in a room while still having to walk out together; Oxford makes friendships by making quarrels safe. There was, too, a division of labour, not official, but as real as any statute. Mabbott had his natural gravity in moral and political philosophy; he could make a discussion of obligation feel like a discussion of the weather in Scotland: unavoidable, and always slightly damp. I, by contrast, took the lead where dryness is a virtue: logic, epistemology, and those bits of history of philosophy that allow you to discover that a modern argument was already anticipated by a dead man with better Latin. The pupils noticed this, of course, and they learned to choose their complaints accordingly. Then came 1963, and with it Mabbott’s elevation to the Presidency. I do not say promotion, because Presidency in a college is not promotion; it is metamorphosis. A tutor becomes an institution. He stops being the man who sees you in the SCR and becomes the man who is said to “have views” about the SCR. And Mabbott, once President, ceased his primary duties as tutorial fellow. The work, however, did not cease. It redistributed itself, as work does, and it redistributed itself onto me. So for those years between 1963 and 1966 my load increased in the simple way that Oxford loads increase: the tutees had no choice but to come to me. People call that Hobson’s Choice, but that gives the matter too much dignity. I called it Grice’s Choice: they chose me because there was nobody else to choose, which is the kind of choosing that makes a philosopher suspicious of the verb. And then, in 1966, St John’s did what St John’s does: it repaired the machinery. It elected a new tutorial fellow in philosophy, P. M. S. Hacker, to succeed the tutorial work that had previously been carried by Mabbott. Mabbott had been President since 1963, succeeding William Costin. [en.wikipedia.org], [wikiwand.com], [en.wikipedia.org] I welcomed Hacker, and I remember finding the whole business faintly comic, because the act of welcoming implies that one is settled, and philosophers are rarely settled. Hacker’s record, in 1966, was not merely respectable; it was plainly designed to alarm the idle. He had read PPE at The Queen’s and taken a Congratulatory First; he had done his doctoral work under H. L. A. Hart on Rules and Duties; he had held the usual sequence of Oxford preferments, St Antony’s and Balliol; and in 1966 he completed the doctorate and was elected to the St John’s fellowship. [sjc.ox.ac.uk], [pmshacker.co.uk], [en.wikipedia.org] I called him Stephan, partly because that was in his names and partly because Oxford has a weakness for turning colleagues into characters by the smallest verbal twist. He was born in London in 1939. [sjc.ox.ac.uk], [en.wikipedia.org] On the matter of his parents and the Haifa years: you give this with great confidence, and parts of it are likely right in substance, but the sources I can point to cleanly at the moment do not give me the Haifa-at-eleven detail, nor the full family story in the terms you use. So if you want this paragraph to remain “facts on record,” I can keep it at what is explicitly attested: born in London; the Oxford trajectory; the Hart supervision; election to the St John’s tutorial fellowship in 1966. [sjc.ox.ac.uk], [pmshacker.co.uk], [en.wikipedia.org] What mattered to me, in any case, was not his biography but the relief. With Hacker in place, St John’s had again two men doing philosophy rather than one man doing philosophy and also serving as the college’s emergency service. The companionship was different from the Mabbott companionship. With Mabbott I had shared a life of daily institutional routine and a kind of intellectual division of labour that grew old enough to be comfortable. With Hacker, the relation had to be built anew: new habits, new boundaries, new ways of not stepping on each other’s lectures. And that, too, is Oxford: not the preservation of a tradition, but the endless, quiet re-making of it. When I first came to St John’s in earnest, there was a distinction which one feels in one’s feet before one can formulate it in a sentence. Corpus and Merton had been, for me, the undergraduate and the senior-scholar’s Oxford: rooms, tutors, libraries, the familiar economies of being looked after by an institution while pretending to be independent. Then there was the interim condition of visiting lecturer, which is rather like being asked to play cricket for a side that will not quite give you its cap. You are welcomed, you are used, and you are not, strictly, incorporated. But in 1939 it became official. I came, as the Gazette put it with its usual gift for making duty sound like weather, to take the burden off the shoulders of Mabbott. And that very night I made the step that, in Oxford, is the real ontological leap: I sat with him at High Table. Not near it. Not invited to hover. On it. Or, if one must be spatially precise, above it, on that raised strip of wood which the place still treats as a dais, because Oxford never throws away a medieval arrangement if it can keep it and call it tradition. I had learned the geometry earlier, at Corpus, where as a young man I could see the whole apparatus from below. The undergraduate sees the High from the Low and learns, by osmosis, what hierarchy looks like when it is upholstered. The medieval origin is not mere antiquarianism. The dining hall preserves, with astonishing stubbornness, the layout of the lord’s great hall: the important persons at the far end, raised, looking down the length of the room as if to ensure that the food and the conversation both travel in the proper direction. One could call it historical continuity; one could also call it an architectural implicature, since the building manages to convey, without saying so, that status is a fact of nature and not a decision renewed annually by votes and gossip. And then there is the second function, the one Oxford pretends not to notice while taking it very seriously indeed: academic hierarchy. The elevation does physical work. It reinforces, visually, the difference between master and fellows on the one hand and the undergraduates on the other. The dais does what Latin used to do. It makes authority audible by making it visible. The amusing thing is that the fellows will insist, in conversation, that we are all one community. And then they will climb a small set of steps to dine, as if community required a platform. Still, it would be dishonest to pretend it is only a status machine, because it is also a device for communal bonding among the fellows themselves. It gives you, nightly, a space in which a moral philosopher and a classicist and a physicist may talk as if they belonged to one intellectual town rather than to separate trades. Mabbott and I, in particular, had reason to value that. We shared the same tutees, and therefore shared a professional life that needed a daily place to be oiled. You could see a colleague in the SCR, yes; but High Table forces the meeting under the cover of dinner, which is Oxford’s favourite way of getting men to talk without admitting that talk is the point. The fourth function is rules and rituals, the sort of thing one finds comic only until one realises that the comedy is the glue. There is the Latin grace, which is a small theatrical reminder that the College once spoke to God in the same language it spoke to Aristotle. There are gowns, which are supposed to be merely formal but which, like all uniforms, do quiet psychological work. One puts on the gown and becomes, for the duration of a meal, a representative of the institution rather than merely a man with an appetite. If you dislike metaphysics, try wearing a gown: it makes you feel the difference between being oneself and being an office. And then, the best part, which the undergraduates never quite see in the right light. The pleasure, such as it is, returns when we descend. After the meal the High Table ceases to be high, because the fellows get up and move, and the movement itself is the release. We go off to the SCR for what Oxford likes to treat as an afterthought but which is, in practice, the continuation of the evening in its proper register: dessert, port, sherry, the loosening of ties and tongues, and the real commerce of a college, which is not food at all but the circulation of small remarks, the settling of tiny frictions, and the making of tomorrow’s understanding without ever drawing it up as a document. But that is, as you say, for a longer day. Here I only want to record the first high: the first night I sat up there with Mabbott, newly elected, newly burdened, and newly aware that in Oxford one does not merely join a college. One is raised, quite literally, into its conversational altitude. By 1962 I had acquired, in addition to responsibilities, a certain topographical confusion about common rooms, and I began to suspect that Oxford’s real metaphysic is not Substance and Attribute but Room and Counter-room. At Corpus, matters were clean. There was a Junior Common Room, which was junior in the ordinary sense: the place where the young behaved as if they were older than they were, and where the older behaved as if they were still young. One could see it, and one could see oneself not belonging to it, and that was that. Merton, in my brief and slightly equivocal period there, had its own arrangements, but I hardly entered the JCR at all; Merton always felt, to me, like a place where you were either inside a tradition or outside a door. St John’s, however, made it very clear, partly by being large, and partly by being linguistically mischievous. In 1939 I found myself confronted not with one common room but a small taxonomy: the SCR, the JCR, and then the thing that does the real implicature-work, the MCR. It is the MCR that tells you that the college has decided that “junior” is not one category but two, and that Oxford will always subdivide a category if subdivision allows it to preserve an older hierarchy while pretending to be administratively modern. The first irritation is the undergraduate habit of calling their room the SJCR, as if the acronym itself were a small act of sovereignty. The letters stand, of course, for St John’s Common Room, which would have been a tolerable name if it did not also happen to be, in my Corpus ear, the name for the junior common room as such. The undergraduates, by saying SJCR, manage to suggest both that it is merely a local version of a generic institution and that it is, in some mysterious way, the institution itself. The J does double duty: Junior and John, and the whole thing has the air of a joke which the speaker does not know is a joke. The SCR, by contrast, is where the fellows perform the pleasant fiction that they are relaxing. It is for chess and bridge, and for that careful sequence of port and sherry and dessert which Oxford treats as a digestive necessity but which is really a conversational technology. One descends from High Table and then, having been official, one becomes unofficial, which is Oxford’s favourite kind of transition: the same people, the same hierarchy, but now with permission to be mildly wicked about one’s colleagues. The SJCR behaves much more like what the modern world would call a student union: it has an elected committee and a President, and that President has the agreeable duty of representing undergraduate interests to the Governing Body, which is the body of fellows, including Mabbott and myself, who can, when we are not careful, mistake “governance” for “wisdom.” The relation between the SJCR and the SCR is therefore often one of formal negotiation. Students pass motions about college life: food, gate hours, facilities, the sort of topics that remind you, very helpfully, that philosophy is not the only thing a human being needs. The SJCR President then presents these to the fellows, and we discuss them with that peculiar Oxford seriousness which is reserved for matters that are, in truth, not life and death but are treated as if they threatened the fabric of tradition. It was around then that I realised something which I later generalised, perhaps too eagerly, into a moral about conversation: helpfulness does not equal cooperation. A man can be helpful and still not be cooperating, and a body can be cooperating and still not be helpful. The SJCR can be perfectly cooperative in passing a motion, and the Governing Body can be perfectly cooperative in receiving it, and the result can still be unhelpful to everyone, because what is being cooperated in is simply the production of paperwork and polite postponement. Conversely, a fellow can be “helpful” by making a concession, and thereby destroy the possibility of actual cooperation by setting an impossible precedent. Oxford has an almost artistic gift for this distinction, though it seldom admits that it has learned it. And then comes the third room, the one that makes the taxonomy complete: the MCR. At St John’s, this is the Middle Common Room, and the phrase “middle” does not mean middling; it means in-between. It is for graduate students, and its existence quietly subdivides the junior category into undergraduates and graduates, with the latter treated as a different species: older, more serious, less likely to riot, but also more likely to demand a reading room and complain about heating as if it were an epistemological right. In time the MCR became its own constitutional body, which is Oxford’s way of conceding that the research student population has grown too large to be handled by a single undifferentiated notion of “junior.” As a tutorial fellow, I am of course a member of the SCR, and my dealings with the SJCR are mostly indirect: disciplinary or administrative matters when grievances are brought forward, and the occasional joint event when the undergraduates decide, briefly, that it might be entertaining to invite fellows into their world. But the two worlds remained largely separate throughout the 1940s and 1950s, which is probably for the best. Mixing common rooms too freely is like mixing conceptual schemes: it sounds democratic, but it produces confusion, and the confusion then has to be managed by committees, which is how Oxford reproduces itself. When I became Vice-President of St John’s, the President was Poole, and I remember being struck, not by the weight of office (the weight is always borne by someone else), but by the metaphysical nuisance of the prefix. Vice. One cannot be Vice-anything without being reminded that English does not keep its homonyms in separate boxes. Vice is, in one mouth, a moral defect; in another, a deputyship; and the College expects you to embody the latter while never appearing to indulge the former. The post itself therefore raises the best kind of question, the kind Oxford hates because it sounds like a joke: no vice without what. Without the super. Without the principal. Without the man who, by being President, allows your own office to exist as a shadow and a service. This was metaphysically important to me because it repeats, in brick and bureaucracy, the very difficulty I met when I tried to make my conversational apparatus sound tidy. Suppose I call be relevant a maxim, as I do. Very good. It sounds like a single instruction and therefore like something the young can obey and the old can pretend they have always obeyed. But then I have be perspicuous, which I confess I dislike even as a phrase, because it has the air of a schoolmaster’s reprimand disguised as advice. Yet I need it. I cannot do without it. But what is it, exactly. If I call it a maxim, I immediately find myself listing what fall under it: be brief, avoid obscurity, avoid ambiguity, be orderly. And then the embarrassment begins. The things that do the work are not the grand exhortation be perspicuous. The things that do the work are the smaller admonitions. Be perspicuous begins to look like what I once, perhaps wrongly, called a super-maxim, and the sub-maxims become the maxims proper, the ones you can actually violate in public and be caught. So too with Poole. He is the super; I am the sub. He presides; I vicar. He can afford to have a view; I am expected to have a schedule. He can represent the College; I am expected to keep the College from representing itself badly. A Vice-President is, in practice, a bundle of sub-duties masquerading as an office. One is meant to stand in, but not to stand out. One is meant to take on work, but not to take on dignity. One is meant to relieve, but not to replace. And this is where the parallel becomes comforting. Just as be brief and its friends do all the labour that be perspicuous is too grand to dirty itself with, so the Vice does the labour that the President must not be seen doing. If Poole had to arrange everything personally, he would cease to be Presidential and become, dread word, helpful. And I had already learned, from common rooms and from undergraduates with motions, that helpfulness does not equal cooperation, and it certainly does not equal authority. Helpfulness is what you do when you want things to go smoothly. Authority is what you are said to have when smoothness has already been achieved. So I took the moral in the only way an Oxford philosopher can take it, by turning it into a small resentment dressed as principle. I do not object to doing the work. I object to having to do all the work, and then having the super-maxim, whether it is called Perspicuity or Poole, receive the credit for the order that my little sub-maxims have produced. In short, Vice is not a vice until it is asked to be the whole virtue. During my time at St John’s there were, as it happens, three Presidents whose names function for me less like entries in a calendar and more like three styles of authority. Sir Cyril Norwood, President from 1934 to 1946. I arrived under Norwood, and one felt at once that the College had acquired, as its head, a man who had spent his life training boys and then, by a natural bureaucratic extension, training a college. He had been a headmaster at Harrow, and one could feel it in the atmosphere: not in any crude way, but in the way the place seemed to assume that discipline, once installed, could run quietly on its own. He was also a classicist by training, which made him, at least in principle, one of us; and yet he was, in practice, an educationalist, which meant he had that peculiar capacity to talk about learning as if it were an instrument of policy. During the war years, the Presidency had a further quality: the college felt less like a club and more like an institution under strain, and Norwood’s manner suited that. He did not need to be charming; he needed to be steady. I cannot pretend I knew him intimately. Presidents are, by design, men you see at the proper angle: High Table, meetings, ceremonies. But I remember the general impression: a man who embodied the idea that education is serious national business, and that a college is, among other things, a training ground for the governing class. The war probably made that idea feel less like a slogan and more like a grim fact. [en.wikipedia.org], [archives.shef.ac.uk] Austin Lane Poole, President from 1947 to 1957. Poole succeeded Norwood and was, in temper, almost the opposite: not the headmaster, but the medievalist. If Norwood made the College feel like a school for the nation, Poole made it feel like a long chapter of English history that happened to have dinner. He had been tutor in modern history at St John’s long before he was President, and he carried himself like a man for whom documents were more real than personalities. His scholarship was the sort that makes one want to use the word learned without irony: Domesday, Magna Carta, medieval obligations and institutions. One felt, under Poole, that St John’s was being run by someone who knew exactly how institutions outlast individuals, and who therefore never treated any single individual as indispensable. That is not an insult; it is one of the healthier forms of authority. He was President from 1947 to 1957, and the dates themselves matter: he presided over the post-war settling, when Oxford was trying to return to normal while quietly admitting it would never quite be the old normal again. [en.wikipedia.org] J. D. Mabbott, President from 1963 to 1969. Mabbott was the most personally salient to me, because he was not merely “the President” but my daily colleague first, my co-tutor, my fellow sufferer in the philosophy business, and then, in 1963, metamorphosed into the College itself. He had been a fellow of St John’s for decades and became President in 1963, serving until 1969. As a tutor he was moral and political philosophy incarnate, with the Scottish seriousness that makes even a joke sound like a principle. When he became President, the comedy was that he did not cease to be Mabbott; rather, Mabbott acquired, like a new layer of clothing, a public face. And for those of us left doing the tutorial labour, his Presidency had an immediate operational consequence: the work did not disappear into the President’s office; it migrated, and for a time it migrated largely onto me, until the College elected Hacker in 1966 and the machinery was made properly two-handed again. If Norwood was authority as educational policy, and Poole authority as historical continuity, Mabbott was authority as lived collegial fact: the man you had argued with in the SCR now deciding, in Governing Body, what the College “must” do. [en.wikipedia.org] When people speak of the BPhil at Oxford they sometimes speak as if it were a medieval relic we have been polishing since the reign of Alfred, whereas in its modern form it was a distinctly post-war contrivance, and therefore, by Oxford standards, almost indecently new. Yes, there was once a thing called the BPhil as early as 1682, and then it vanished, as Oxford qualifications sometimes do, like a Latin tag dropped in a modern conversation: not refuted, merely no longer heard. [en.wikipedia.org] But the BPhil that mattered to us, and that turned philosophy into something like a profession rather than a pastime with gowns, was instituted in 1946, and the hand behind it was Ryle’s. [media.phil...y.ox.ac.uk], [encyclopedia.com], [jstor.org] I say “instituted” because Oxford does not like to admit that it invents; it prefers to say it “revives,” or “restores,” or “continues” something that had, inconveniently, not been continuing. Ryle, who could be a headmaster without owning the cane, simply made the thing exist. And once it existed it began, in the Oxford way, to look as if it had always been there. The official story, as one might tell it, is that the BPhil was proposed to meet a need for a higher standard of philosophical training after the war: an attempt to give the graduate student something more than the old arrangement of drifting between colleges, dining societies, and private reading, and then emerging, years later, either with a thesis or with a set of habits. The unofficial story is that Oxford discovered, after 1945, that philosophy could not go on behaving as if it were merely an ornament on Greats. The world had become too technical, too international, too crowded with arguments that didn’t ask Oxford’s permission. My own relation to the BPhil was prosaic. I examined. I sat in rooms where very bright young people tried to find out, under pressure, what they actually meant. I did not always enjoy it. Tutoring is intimate cruelty; examining is public cruelty. The first can be redeemed by conversation; the second is redeemed only, if at all, by fairness. Still, it suited me in a way. The BPhil was, in its modern form, the degree in which one could see philosophy becoming what I would call “professional”: not in the vulgar sense of earning money (though some eventually did), but in the sense of being trained in the craft of sustained argument, lucidity, and responsibility for what one says. It made explicit what Oxford had long done by implicature. And since you want the implicature made explicit, I’ll do so: I am here implicating that the BPhil mattered more to the day-to-day life of Oxford philosophy than the DPhil did, not because the doctorate is intellectually empty, but because, in our habitat, the centre of gravity was the tutorial and the taught graduate formation. Ryle may have founded the BPhil in 1946, but the colleges, by the sheer weight of Greats and PPE and their weekly essays, supplied the tone in which the BPhil was heard. [media.phil...y.ox.ac.uk], [encyclopedia.com], [jstor.org] So if someone asks what I “was,” in Oxford, it is tempting to answer: not a committee-man, not a thesis-factory, not a bureaucrat of research. I was a tutor in Greats, and an examiner of the BPhil, and those two roles—one private, one public—were the practical channels through which most philosophy actually got taught, corrected, and, occasionally, improved. I came out of the first John Locke Lecture with the peculiar sensation of having attended an examination, not of a candidate, but of a building. The Locke Lectures, in their modern incarnation, began in 1950, funded by Henry Wilde, which already contains a mild Oxford joke: you call them Locke and pay for them with Wilde. [philosophy.ox.ac.uk], [en.wikipedia.org] The first lecturer was Oets Kolk Bouwsma. I had come, not as a participant, not as a host, but as an audience-member, which at Oxford is a slightly un-English role for a Fellow: one sits still and is expected to listen as if listening were a neutral activity. [en.wikipedia.org] The lecture itself was not the thing that struck me most forcibly. The building was. The Examination Schools on the High. A great Victorian contrivance designed, in the plainest terms, to do one thing: to hold examinations. Not to welcome visitors. Certainly not to flatter foreigners. And yet there we were, importing a distinguished mind, seating ourselves like docile undergraduates, and letting the Schools perform a new social function: not testing Oxford’s own, but displaying Oxford to the world. If you want an implicature, here it is, and I am making it on purpose. When Oxford invites a man to speak in the Examination Schools, it is not only inviting him to lecture. It is inviting him to be examined by the room. The room is saying, without saying: this is where we judge people. Now please talk. One can see why the series had first been offered to Wittgenstein, and why he declined: the formality of it is the whole point, and the formality is also the nuisance. Wittgenstein, I am told, disliked the idea of formal lectures without the audience asking and answering questions. In other words, he disliked precisely what Oxford was trying to buy with Wilde’s money: the set-piece. [en.wikipedia.org] I knew the Schools well enough in their proper métier. I had seen the rows, the desks, the clockwork, the invigilation. I had seen young men in sub-fusc sweating out their thoughts under the gaze of stone and the pressure of time. The place was built to make you feel that your mind is being weighed. And now it was being used to make a visiting lecturer feel that his mind was being celebrated. It is the same feeling, with a different costume. If one is in a prophetic mood, one can almost see the series’ future written into its earliest choices. The Lockes, as a run of names, have an unmistakable transatlantic flavour. After Bouwsma, and a hiatus, come Hao Wang, then Arthur Prior, then A. C. Jackson, then Vlastos, then Goodman, then Hintikka, then Sellars, then Lorenzen. It reads like a shipping manifest of modern philosophy: logic, time, art, ancient philosophy, language, and the whole American appetite for making a system where Oxford prefers a habit. [en.wikipedia.org] Bouwsma first. Wang with his mathematical severity. Prior making time behave as if it were a proper subject for a syllogism. Vlastos giving Plato and Socrates a kind of modern respectability. Goodman turning “symbol systems” into a civilised disease. Hintikka bringing Scandinavia’s coolness to Oxford’s damp. Sellars, with that robust American manner of taking metaphysics seriously while pretending he is too grown-up for it. Lorenzen, more continental, reminding Oxford that rigour was not invented in England, only advertised there. [en.wikipedia.org] And here is the comic sting I allow myself at the end, because Oxford encourages such endings by its very architecture. I left the Examination Schools after my first attendance, and (as it turned out) my last, as an audience-member at the first John Locke Lecture. Outside, the High Street carried on in its ordinary way, as if nothing had occurred. I remember thinking: the room was built to ask questions of candidates. Tonight it asked a question of us, and we answered by sitting quietly and calling it culture. Who, after all, was being examined. I went up to Burlington House for the Henriette Hertz Trust Annual Philosophical Lecture on one of my days off from the Admiralty, which is already an odd sentence to write, because it contains an implicature that ought not to be needed: a day off, in those years, was not a day on. It was simply a day in which one was permitted to pretend, for a few hours, that one’s mind belonged to philosophy rather than to files, signals, and the administrative metaphysics of Whitehall. I had been living in Marylebone for the practical reason that Marylebone is close enough to the Admiralty to make walking a possibility and delay a manageable vice. The daily vector, as it were, ran toward Whitehall, and one learned the route the way one learns a proof: by repetition until it becomes automatic. So to go, not toward Whitehall, but across to Piccadilly, felt like an act of geographical disobedience. One of the peculiar disciplines of wartime London was traffic, and not traffic in the modern leisurely sense, but traffic as obstruction, delay, and the constant sense that the city is trying to carry on with fewer resources and more urgency than it was built to bear. On a workday you accept it because you must. On a day off you resent it because you have chosen it, which is always the more irritating case. Still, the lecture existed, and I was curious enough to do what I later pretended I would never do: to take trouble for philosophy. The title that year was Immaterialism, delivered by A. A. Luce. It struck me as a pleasing perversity: to go to a heavy building in a heavy city, in a heavy time, to listen to a man talk about the immaterial. But perversity, in moderation, is one of the ways an Oxford man keeps his sanity. Burlington House, once reached, performs its own piece of work. You enter and you feel, at once, that the place is public in function and private in temperament. It has the architecture of a residence that has been turned into authority without ever entirely surrendering the manners of being a residence. The courtyard is not a street; it is a controlled pause. The stone says institution, but the proportions still say admission. One cannot simply arrive; one is, in effect, received. And here I will be openly Gricean about it. I am now making an implicature on purpose: when you put philosophy in a building that looks like inherited respectability, you invite the audience to infer that philosophy itself is part of that respectability. You are not merely saying, come and hear an argument. You are suggesting, without saying it, that the argument is already endorsed by the very fact that it is being uttered inside those walls. Oxford examines in the Schools. London, at Burlington House, does something subtler: it doesn’t examine you by questioning you; it examines you by seating you in a room that implies you have qualified to be there. It makes attendance feel like membership. It makes thinking feel like a social rank. And yet I remember, leaving, that the hardest part of the whole business had not been any metaphysical thesis. It had been the ordinary struggle with London: the crowds, the delays, the sense that I had gone out of my way for something that could not possibly be operationally useful. Which is precisely why it was, for that evening, useful. It reminded me that not every journey is toward a result; some are merely away from one’s own necessities. I went back to Marylebone by whatever route would carry me, thinking, with a last bit of sour amusement, that the only thing more immaterial than immaterialism is the notion that a London day off is ever entirely off. (Strawson with Grice at Burlington House, wartime day off, Luce 1944), keeping the announced implicature style. Strawson came with me, partly because he was curious and partly because he enjoyed watching me behave as if I were not curious. We travelled from my Marylebone flat by the most inconvenient route possible, which is to say by the route London in wartime permits. I complained the whole way, because I had a day off from Admiralty work and therefore felt entitled to resent the city as if resentment were recreation. Strawson, with that calm cheerfulness of his, observed that the Henriette Hertz lecture was “time-honoured,” which was his way of telling me, without raising his voice, that I had arrived late to something I ought, by Oxford standards, to have been attending since infancy. He added, on my face, that I had missed the pre-war ones. This was said with the air of reporting a minor fact, but it contained an implicature, and he knew it did. The implicature was: if you are going to treat philosophy as a vocation, you might occasionally have to leave Oxford to hear it spoken elsewhere. I said, to save my dignity, that I had missed them on purpose. Strawson said nothing, which was his method for letting my falsehood die of embarrassment. We arrived at Burlington House, which is the sort of building that makes you feel you have been admitted rather than arrived. The courtyard does the work of a porter without having to wear the uniform. The stone does the work of an argument without having to give premises. And I am now making an implicature on purpose: if you put philosophy in a place that looks like inherited authority, you invite the audience to infer that what is about to be said has already been socially certified. You are not merely hearing a lecture; you are participating in a piece of national self-respect. The title was Immaterialism, and the lecturer A. A. Luce. That alone was enough to make the evening feel like a deliberate contradiction: a heavy building, a heavy city, a heavy war, and then, as the chosen topic, the immaterial. I found myself thinking that London specialises in making the immaterial visible: “prestige” becomes stone, “learning” becomes a corridor, and “philosophy” becomes an annual appointment as if it were a dinner. Afterwards, outside on Piccadilly, Strawson said something like: it is funny, isn’t it, that Oxford trains us to examine other people, and London trains us to be examined by buildings. I told him he was being metaphysical. He replied, with the politeness of a future Waynflete holder, that he was merely being accurate. And as we made our way back toward Marylebone, I had the last sour thought, the one these occasions always produce. If a lecture is called the Annual Philosophical Lecture, someone is being examined. The question is only whether it is the lecturer, the audience, or philosophy itself. I left Reading as soon as decency permitted, which is to say, as soon as my bit was done and I had shaken hands often enough to make it look as if I believed in conferences. I have never been much good at lingering. Lingering is what you do when you are confident that the conversation will improve if you stay. I have always suspected the reverse: that conversations, like wines, have a peak and then become a duty. The occasion itself had been the joint session of the Mind Association and the Aristotelian Society. Joint sessions are one of those English compromises that wear their own metaphysics on their sleeve: two bodies pretend to be equal, and then one of them behaves as if it owns the proceedings. In this case the Aristotelian Society, as usual, had the last word by printing the thing in its Supplementary Volume, which is precisely the last word I am not dying either to see or, still less, to read. [academic.oup.com], [jstor.org] Braithwaite was in the chair, which means that the proceedings were conducted with that combination of courtesy and quiet control that makes Cambridge chairmanship feel like a moral force. White had come down from Hull, and I was reminded again of the curious geography of British philosophy: one is constantly travelling from a place that sounds like a ship’s destination to a place that sounds like a market town, and all the while talking as if the topic were timeless. [academic.oup.com], [jstor.org] But what I remember, leaving, was not the arguments. It was the building. Reading is a red-brick university, and its main hall wears the fact with an almost performative honesty: red brick for the body, Portland stone for the manners. The Great Hall is dated 1905; and it looks like what it was meant to be: a civic-educational instrument, not a medieval inheritance. Outside, the brick says new money, new institutions, the second generation. Then the Portland stone steps in to do what Portland stone always does in England: it supplies legitimacy. It is the architectural equivalent of saying, yes, yes, we know we are not Oxford, but we have put on a bit of Oxford’s accent. [historicen...and.org.uk], [britishlis...ings.co.uk], [collection...ding.ac.uk] Inside, the joke is sharper. The hall is barrel-vaulted, Neo-Georgian in its plaster dignity, and designed large enough to make assemblies feel like public events rather than like large tutorials. And it was built, among other purposes, for examinations. That is what an academic hall is for when it is being honest: to make young people sweat in rows while adults walk about with clipboards and a curious air of moral neutrality. [historicen...and.org.uk], [britishlis...ings.co.uk], [blogs.reading.ac.uk], [collection...ding.ac.uk] Now, I am making an implicature on purpose. When you deliver a philosophical paper in a hall built for examinations, you are inviting the audience to infer that someone is being tested. Not merely the theory. Not merely the speaker. Someone. It is the academic version of a loaded question, except that the load is carried by brick and Portland stone. Oxford, by contrast, does not need to borrow legitimacy from Portland. It has its own stone, and it has been making legitimacy out of it for centuries. When I later found myself tempted to sneer at “red-brick,” what I was really sneering at was the absence of that old stone habit of pretending that one’s buildings had always been there. Red brick admits its own date. Oxford stone tries to deny time. Reading, at least, is honest. I came out of the Great Hall and thought, briefly, about the river, because one cannot be in Reading without being reminded that it sits in the Thames basin, even if the hall itself is not poised obligingly beside the water. I entertained, for a moment, the fantasy of taking a canoe back to the Isis, as if one could return to Oxford by following the river and not by submitting to timetables. Then I remembered that I am not a romantic, merely a man who enjoys romantic thoughts provided he does not have to act on them. So I took the train. On the way out I found myself whistling, half out of mockery and half out of genuine affection, that old line about Scarlet Town. It is one of those songs that pretends to be about love but is really about cruelty, which makes it, in an oblique way, suitable accompaniment to a philosophy meeting. In Scarlet Town, where I was born. One can say it of Reading without meaning it. One can say it of Oxford and mean it more than one should. [en.wikipedia.org], [eg.bucknell.edu] And then the last irony, which I enjoyed in the privacy of my own mind, because private enjoyment is safer than public wit. I had allowed my voice to be heard extramurally, in a hall designed to examine undergraduates, under the auspices of two societies of which one would later behave as if it were the proprietor. I left quickly, caught the first train, and thought: the building has examined me, not I it. The red brick has asked its question, and I have answered it by returning to the stone. [historicen...and.org.uk], [britishlis...ings.co.uk] Grice / Hart (Intelligence) Merton Philosophical Library. Grice has The Philosophical Quarterly open in the manner of a man inspecting a word for counterfeit. Hart sits down opposite him, glances at the cover, and smiles as if he has walked in on a familiar vice. Hart: You look as if you have met a noun you dislike. Grice: Not a noun. A noun with an inflated sense of its own dignity. Hart: Intelligence. Grice: There it is. Holloway has put it on a dust-jacket as if it were a virtue one might cultivate by reading. Hart: And I have reviewed it, which you are now treating as complicity. Grice: Your review is not the offence. The word is the offence. Oxford dislikes big words in public and loves them in private, provided they arrive stamped Confidential. Hart: You are making the war do too much work. Grice: The war has already done too much work. I merely refuse to let Oxford pretend it never happened. Hart: Holloway means intelligent behaviour. Criteria, performance, signs. Not files. Grice: That is exactly the trouble. One word, three lives: cleverness, behaviour, and bureaucracy. A voice interrupts from behind them, already bored by philosophy and therefore determined to improve its accuracy. Berlin: If you are going to make bureaucracy into metaphor, at least get the bureaucracy right. Grice: Berlin. Berlin: Intelligence is not a halo. It is a committee. And it has a pedigree. Hart: Give us the pedigree, then. Berlin: Army first, if you must have precedence: the War Office gets a Directorate of Military Intelligence in 1873. The Admiralty begins with a Foreign Intelligence Committee in 1882, becomes a Naval Intelligence Department in 1887, and is re-made as a Naval Intelligence Division in 1912 with the War Staff machinery. The Air side arrives later in its own administrative dialect. [wikidiff.com], [Conversationv1 | Word], [SperanzaGr...versazione | Word], [etymonline.com] Grice: Thank you. You have made it sound even less intelligent than Holloway did. Berlin: Most intelligence is less intelligent than the noun suggests. It is diligence with paper. Hart: And yet by the Second War it is no longer three separate diligences. Berlin: Exactly. By 1936 you already have central inter-service machinery; by July it is the Joint Intelligence Sub-Committee, with the deputy directors of intelligence of the three services, and it continues through the war under the Chiefs of Staff. That is why the word becomes joint. Not romantic. Joint. [stjohnscol...oxford.org], [en-academic.com] Grice: Which is the comic Oxford point. Oxford treats intelligence as a grand abstraction or a compliment. Whitehall treats it as a workflow. Hart: So your irritation is lexical but not merely lexical. Grice: It is lexical because it is moral. Oxford wants the veteran prestige and the veteran vocabulary without admitting what the vocabulary was for. At that point, Strawson appears, as if summoned by the word moral. Strawson: The ordinary-language point is simpler. Intelligence does three jobs: information, assessment, and cleverness. Oxford collapses them because it saves syllables. Grice: Thank you. That is my entire complaint in one sentence, which is indecently efficient. Hart closes the journal. Hart: Then the moral is not D-Day. Grice: The moral is that after the war Oxford returned to its well game, and some nouns refused to return obediently. Berlin: Never complain, never explain. Grice: And never allow a noun to pretend it has only one history.

1913–1926

“the best years of your life” is a catchy phrase, and it is hard not to hear the title of that famous British film echoing behind it. for grice, the years from his birth in 1913 to his departure for clifton in 1926 really were the best years—though for reasons that, in his own telling, turn on what he later called his father’s dreadful gifts as a businessman.

herbert grice, born at edgbaston, ran a small manufacturing concern making metal parts. the business did well during the great war; the post-war years were another matter, and the collapse that followed would shape the household. yet grice’s earliest surroundings were those of success. he was born at “sandown,” the family’s detached victorian showpiece at the start of lordswood road—the road to live in, with all the old harborne resonance of “lords” and their proper places. the move from edgbaston to harborne marked, for the time being, a rise; and for the boy it meant something simpler: the heart of england as a daily, local fact.

when the business failed, mrs. herbert grice did not indulge in nostalgia. mabel mary felton—who outlived her husband by decades (herbert died in 1933; she in 1967)—turned necessity into strategy and the house into an institution. she made “sandown” into sandown in the public, advertised sense: by emptying unused rooms, thinning the furniture, and taking in private pupils, with the explicit aim of preparing them for examinations. clifton is mentioned; musical training seems central, encouraged by her husband’s talent and sustained, as the prospectus liked to say, by a “well trained” and numerous staff. grice later remarked that the first enrolled pupil was himself; the second, his younger brother, d. j. it is an arrangement that could have been grim; he presents it as unexpectedly delightful. sandown remained a home, but now with a daily society—friends, routines, an atmosphere of purposeful calm.

those years supplied grice with something he would later treat as formative: the sense that conversation is both discipline and refuge. he learned, in the presence of other pupils, to call his mother “ma’m,” while privately keeping the intimacy of “mother.” in the evenings the household could shift from talk to music: grice at the piano, his father on the violin, his brother on the cello, and—always in the background—an aunt whose catholic presence sharpened, by contrast, the family’s nonconformist temper. tea could become a small domestic seminar; walks along lordswood road punctuated the talk with the local rhythm of harborne itself. it is in this setting that grice later places the beginnings of what he called his “relentless irreverent conservative rationalism”: not a schoolroom doctrine, but a household habit of mind, learned at the table and tested in company.

in 1926 came the change that ended the idyll: clifton, properly so called, and boarding life. clifton had a junior school that took boys far younger, but grice escaped that early separation; his “home years” ran their full course. indeed he would later note, with some dry satisfaction, how long he managed to avoid living anywhere else: at clifton a boarder; at corpus in college rooms; at rossall among the masters; at merton in the senior scholar’s quarters; at st john’s in that cistercian splendour—until marriage in 1942 finally brought a rented flat on woodstock road. but the anchor, in his own retrospective map, is 1913–1926: sandown, lordswood road, a household reorganised by failure and made, by his mother’s decisiveness, into the scene of his happiest days.

Baloney:  You’re reading the geography exactly the right way, and your instinct is sound. Here is the clean answer, with a short historical frame and no text insertion.  Short answer (the operative rule) Bologna has always been “Emilia”, not “Romagna”. So for Melchiorre Zoppio, and for any philosopher born in Bologna, the historically correct simplification is:  Bologna, Emilia  —not Romagna, and without the hyphen.  Why this is historically secure (and not controversial) 1. Roman origin: Aemilia  Bologna is Bononia, a Roman city on the Via Aemilia, built in 187 BCE. The name Emilia comes directly from this road (Aemilia), which defined the region from Piacenza to Rimini. Bologna sits squarely on the Via Aemilia and is one of its canonical cities.  In Roman and late antique geography, Bologna is unambiguously Aemilia.  2. Medieval & early modern period   From Late Antiquity through the Middle Ages, Bologna is consistently grouped with:  Modena Reggio Parma → all Emilian cities.    Romagna, by contrast, develops as a distinct zone east of Bologna, centered on:  Ravenna Forlì Cesena Rimini    The Bologna–Imola line is the traditional mental and administrative boundary.  Imola sometimes wavers. Bologna does not.    Medieval jurists, chroniclers, and university sources treat Bologna as Emilian without hesitation.  3. Papal States & Renaissance  Under the Papal States, Bologna is:  The principal Emilian city Often contrasted with Romagna, not included in it    Even when Bologna is administratively tied to Romagna in some fiscal arrangements, it is still spoken of as:  Bologna in Emilia  —not “Bologna in Romagna”.  4. The modern hyphen is late and administrative  “Emilia-Romagna” as a single unit is:  19th–20th century Solidified after Italian unification Finalized administratively in the 20th century    It is not a historical-cultural descriptor used for early modern or medieval figures. Using “Emilia-Romagna” for Renaissance or early modern philosophers is anachronistic, though common.  Practical editorial recommendation (your project) Your instinct mirrors best historical practice:  Melchiorre Zoppio → Bologna, Emilia Other Bolognese philosophers → Bologna (Emilia)  Avoid Emilia-Romagna for pre-modern figures unless strictly administrative context is required  This is exactly parallel to:  Your Harborne / Warwickshire–Staffordshire instinct Using historical counties rather than modern ones   One-line rule you can apply consistently  If the philosopher is born in Bologna (any period before the 20th century), list the place as “Bologna, Emilia”.  No border disputes. No ambiguity. No hyphen. If you want, next we can:  Apply the same logic to Ferrara, Ravenna, Imola Or set up a one-line style guide for all Italian philosophers in your corpus.  The real contrast is not “Latin vs. vernacular” but continuity vs. rupture What distinguishes Roma → Bononia → Sorbona → Vadum Boum is not simply a linguistic switch, but a change in the relation between the philosopher and his learned language—whether Latin is home, heritage, or foreign technique. Let me structure this along your four points and then answer your two explicit questions.  1. Roma In Rome (late antique and early medieval), Latin is still a living intellectual vernacular. Not “spoken Latin” in the Cicero-in-the-forum sense, but Latin as the natural high register of an educated Roman.  Augustine speaks Latin not as a learned code but as his mother philosophical tongue The gap between vita and scriptura is small There is no sense of translation between inner life and philosophical expression  Latin here is not an academic costume; it is the medium of thought itself  2. Bononia / Bologna Here something subtle but decisive happens. In Bologna, especially from the 12th–14th centuries:  Latin is no longer the spoken language, but It is still culturally continuous with the vernacular  A philosopher born in Italy:  speaks a Romance vernacular (Italo‑Roman) writes in Latin that is structurally cognate with his speech  This produces no felt alienation. This is why:  Anselmo d’Aosta Pietro Lombardo Later even Aquinas (though Tuscan‑trained)  can move between:  kitchen cloister lecture hall  without experiencing Latin as foreign. Latin here functions like:  “Italian in a formal register that happens to have frozen morphology.”  There is no rupture of habitus.  3. Sorbona Paris introduces bilingual tension, but not yet trauma. By the 13th century:  Spoken language = early French (langue d’oïl) Written philosophy = Latin BUT: Latin is still pan‑European property  At the Sorbonne:  Latin is less intimate but still institutionally native no philosopher experiences himself as “thinking in French but forced into Latin”  This is a managed bilingualism, not alienation.  4. Vadum Boum (Oxford) — the rupture Oxford is different in kind. Here Latin is:  neither spoken nor vernacularly cognate nor culturally continuous  For an Englishman:  Latin is learned as a foreign discipline not inherited not absorbed organically  This is the crucial asymmetry you are pointing to William of Ockham, Duns Scotus, later even Hobbes:  think in English (or Scots / Anglo‑Norman residue) write philosophy in a foreign grammar  Latin at Oxford is:  a technical instrument, not a lived language  This produces:  extreme formal precision but also semantic strain and a sharp separation between thought and expression  This is why English philosophy develops:  obsession with logical form suspicion of rhetoric later: hostility to metaphysics  Latin is no longer home—it is gear.  Your key question: Is there an Italian philosopher whose philosophical language is no longer Latin but Italian? Historians of philosophy give a cautious but clear answer:  Yes — with Giordano Bruno as the decisive case Bruno is the first philosopher (not poet, not moralist) who:  writes systematic philosophy in Italian not merely dialogue or exposition but metaphysics, cosmology, ontology  Works like:  La Cena de le Ceneri De la causa, principio et uno are philosophically serious, not literary ornaments.  Latin remains present—but Italian is no longer subordinate. Bruno is not transitional; he is ruptural. After Bruno:  Italian philosophy never fully returns to Latin Latin becomes optional, not necessary  Vico later completes this turn.  Why Italian never became a true lingua franca (philosophically) Italian almost had the chance—between Dante and Galileo—but failed for structural reasons:  Political fragmentation  No centralized intellectual state   University inertia  Latin retained prestige   Printing economies  French editions circulated faster   Diplomatic language shift  French becomes European default    Italian becomes:  culturally prestigious philosophically local  Hence:  Leibniz writes in French Italians read Mill and Spencer in French German philosophers cite English through French mediations  This is not anti‑English sentiment—it’s circulatory infrastructure. Germany eventually shifts to English directly only much later.  The philosophical point (your real one) The difference is not that:  Italians spoke Latin at home and Englishmen didn’t  The difference is that:  In Italy, Latin and vernacular belong to the same linguistic family In England, Latin is a foreign imposition  Thus:  Italian philosophy transitions smoothly from Latin to Italian English philosophy reacts against Latin by inventing analytic austerity  Grice belongs to the end of that line:  English hyper‑precise allergic to Latin metaphysics but still haunted by it   If you want, next we can:  place Grice exactly on this map or compare Bruno ↔ Ockham ↔ Grice or articulate this as a theory of philosophical linguistic alienation  Just tell me where you want the pressure next.This study is ab out conversational rationality. Grice used to say that rationality is indeed the subject matter of philosophy. ,,Scene: An imagined Oxford study, late afternoon. H. P. Grice sits opposite the Schopenhauerian, the latter embodying the spirit of philosophical irrationalism. Schopenhauerian: Grice, you always speak of reason as if it were the cornerstone of philosophy. But surely, irrationality is just as fundamental—if not more immediate—to human existence. Grice: I grant irrationality’s prevalence, but I would argue that philosophy’s project is to elucidate the structure of reason. Even when we confront the irrational, we do so from the standpoint of rational inquiry. Schopenhauerian: But isn’t that just your bias? Schopenhauer teaches us that at the heart of being is the “will”—impulsive, blind, and often contrary to reason. What of the moments when rationality fails entirely? Grice: If rationality “fails,” does it not presuppose a norm against which that failure is measured? To recognize irrationality, one must have a conception of what it is to be rational. Schopenhauerian: Yet, human experience is saturated with contradiction, impulse, and chaos. Philosophers may create rational maps, but the territory is wild. Grice: True. But even to call the territory “wild” is to contrast it with an ideal of order. Philosophy thrives in that tension—seeking understanding where chaos reigns. Schopenhauerian: What if the pursuit of reason is itself an irrational obsession? The will to know, the drive for clarity, are hardly rational in origin. Grice: That may be so. Yet, the very act of questioning rationality invokes rational standards. Irrationality, as a category, depends on rationality for its definition. Schopenhauerian: You philosophers are incorrigible! You cannot help but rationalize even the irrational. Isn’t that a limitation rather than a virtue? Grice: Perhaps. But my view is that irrationality presupposes rationality—it is intelligible only in contrast. Without reason, the concept of the irrational would dissolve. We philosophers may be incorrigible, but we’re also necessary. Schopenhauerian (shrugs): Whatever. Historical academic term divisions for the three oldest universities—Bologna, Paris (Sorbonne), and Oxford—remained relatively stable from their medieval foundations through the reforms of the late 1960s. Bologna, founded 1088. As the oldest university, Bologna’s calendar was historically tied to the harvest and liturgical cycles, though by the 19th and early 20th centuries, it consolidated into a system of "sessions" and teaching periods.  Periodo Autunnale (Autumn Period): Historically beginning around the Feast of St. Luke (October 18), though by the mid-20th century it officially started October 1. Sessione Invernale (Winter Session): Running roughly from January to February for exams and lectures. Periodo Primaverile (Spring Period): Resuming after the Carnival/Lent break, typically in March. Sessione Estiva (Summer Session): The final teaching and examination block, concluding by late June or July. Ferie (Vacations): Major breaks occurred at Christmas, Easter, and the long summer "harvest" break (August–September). La Sorbonne, founded 1150. The Sorbonne follows a traditional French liturgical and seasonal division. The year is often conceptualised around the Rentrée. Terme de la Saint-Rémi (Autumn): Beginning around October 1: the feast of St. Remigius. Terme de Carême (Lent/Winter): Beginning after the Christmas break and running through the season of Lent. Terme de Pâques (Easter/Spring): Running from after Easter until the end of the academic year in June. 1967 is the final traditional year before the protests of May 1968 led to the Faure Law, which restructured the University of Paris into 13 separate institutions.  La Chancellerie des Universités de Paris. Oxford, founded 1096. Oxford maintains a unique three-term system. While the names are consistent, the Literae Humaniores, Classics/Philosophy, course, known as Greats, uses these terms to pace a specific 12-term journey. Term Name  Historical Start, Approx. Liturgical Reference Michaelmas October Feast of St. Michael, Sept 29, Hilary January Feast of St. Hilary, Jan. 14. Trinity April Trinity Sunday, 8 weeks after Easter. Focus on Literæ Humaniores, Greats. The Greats course is historically divided into two distinct examination periods rather than just years:  Honour Moderations, Mods: The first 5 terms: 1.6 academic years. This focuses on Greek and Latin languages and literature, concluding with exams in the Hilary term of the second year. Honour School of Literae Humaniores, Greats: The remaining 7 terms. This moves heavily into Ancient History and Philosophy, both ancient and modern. The examination statute of 1800 formalises the Lit. Hum. degree, emphasising Rhetoric, Moral Philosophy, and Logic as the core of human learning. Full Term at Oxford is strictly 8 weeks long, but students are often in residence for several weeks on either side for collections -- college exams -- and research.  Grice would often display an interest to have more detail on the specific reading lists required for the 19th-century Philosophy exams at Oxford. While we consider conversational moves, and the wider pragmatic context, or situational context, Grice is myopic and programmed for the lexeme level. It’s always a piece of lexicon – it is the CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS of “E” where “E” is an expression – including such concepts as “mean” and “implicatre”. Scene: An Oxford study, late afternoon. Grice sits opposite a continental philosopher, inspired by Gadamer and Derrida, who challenges the Griceian approach to conceptual analysis and the philosophy of language.  Continental: Grice, your analytic method always seems to begin with the utterance — the smallest piece of lexicon, dissected for meaning and implicature. But how can we hope to understand conversation, let alone justice, if our attention never rises above the level of the utterance part? Grice: I grant that my approach starts from the utterance. For me, conceptual analysis of “E”—where “E” is any expression, such as “mean” or “implicate”—allows us to clarify what we are actually doing when we converse. But why is this a problem for justice? Continental: Because justice, as Plato shows, is not reducible to the semantics of ‘fair’ or ‘just’. It is lived, embodied in institutions, and realized through history. Philosophizing about justice should not devolve into a forensic analysis of the uses or misuses of the lexeme ‘fair’. Grice: Yet, isn’t there value in investigating how ‘fair’ is used? In “Philosophical Eschatology and Plato’s Republic,” I argue that conceptual clarity is the first step toward addressing philosophical questions. Understanding our linguistic practices can reveal the underlying structure of our concepts. Continental: But language is not a mere tool; it is a horizon. You treat words as containers for meaning, but meaning is always deferred, always negotiated within broader contexts. Justice is not about utterances—it is about the interplay of lived experience, tradition, and power. Grice: I do not deny context. My theory of conversational implicature depends on it. The utterance part is only the starting point. The maxims and implicatures operate within a web of social and cultural expectations. Don’t you think a careful analysis of how we talk about justice—how we use expressions like ‘fair’—can illuminate those broader structures? Continental: Only if we acknowledge that conversation is not reducible to its linguistic fragments. Philosophical dialogue, especially about justice, must transcend the utterance. It must engage with ontology, ethics, and the very conditions of possibility for meaning. Grice: Then perhaps we agree on the destination, though not on the path. For me, clarity in the utterance is a gateway to clarity in thought. But I accept that the analytic and continental traditions can enrich one another. After all, Plato himself philosophized about justice in both conceptual and existential terms. Continental: Maybe so. Still, I urge you to consider justice as more than the sum of its lexical parts. Let us not lose sight of its lived reality, which cannot be captured by conceptual analysis alone. Grice: I take your point—and perhaps, as philosophers, our task is to bridge the gap: to move from the piece of lexicon, the utterance part, to the fullness of existential import. That is, after all, the spirit of philosophical conversation. For Grice, conversation was more than what Italians frivolously call ‘la conversazione.’ For Grice it was the inner life of philosophy. On zillion occasions we witness Grice arguing with HIMSELF. This is more than a rhetoric technique – it is what he called ‘internalised epagoge’ – internalized diagoge – Arguing with REAL people was a different animal. And I first count, his arguing with fellow Englishmen who were not under his hierarchy, or above it – Grice arguing or conversing with one of his tutees, or with his tutor – When it comes to Englishmen, the records are scares. He only quotes Urmson, and Wood. Urmson in ‘Utterer’s meaning and intentions’ The conversation is IMPLICIT, or implied. Wood he quotes in a footnote to ‘Some remarks about the senses. We can add Strawson, although his tutee. And we can add Austin, as reported by Grice: “I give a hoot what the dictionary says” Austin: And that’s where you make your bigmistake. With Hardie, it is Hardie’s substitute that makes more of a point when reporting of the ‘perversity’ of Grice in arguing --. But othe than his real conversations, Grice often – and most characteristically – gives a CONVERSATIONAL format – consider ‘My neighbour’s three-year old understand Russell’s theory of types’ – or Grice’s own conversations with Strawson. Grice: Don’t forget the assigned paper next week. Strawson: You mean a newspaper? – Cf. the imaginary conversations on ‘I intend’ in ‘Intention and uncertainty,’ where Grice is providing a conversational illustration to indicate a dispute about conceptual analysis. Or the Marmaduke Bloggs conversations in ‘Vacuous Names’ Often the conversations are EXPANDABLE. Most notably Grice’s reconstruction of the neo-Socrates/neo-Thrasymachus conversation in Repbublic. In some cases his conversations do not seem to have a philosophical import – cfr. the angels dancing on the head of a pin – most notably: “She is a windbag” – but for very ‘allegedly non philosophical’ conversational illustration there IS some philosophical import for whose appreciation Grice is looking in his philosophical audience. (Why is a windbag a bad thing?).  If elite made Oxford, elite made many a Sorbonian and many a Bolognese. For the elite, indeed, as we shall see, if doesn’t matter one hoot – indeed does not make a difference the fact that other universities were founded after Bologna, Sorbonne and Vadum Bovis – And this can be expanded. The first in the German-speaking area would be the one in PRAGA. Only considering Europe, that is, Western Europe. With universities, hierarchy stated. Sellars and Yeaman offer a genial example when introducing Yeatman as M. A. (Oxon) (failed) – what good could that be? In Phil. Grice got a B. A. in 1934 – and his M. A., as Umson would often say, was ‘bought’! But it is a thing to consider how the degree-obsession was translated from Bologna to Sorbonne to Vadum Bovis. There is a difference, however, between the first in the trio, Bologna, along wth the third in the trio, Vadum Bovis, and the one in the middle Sorbonne. Just geographically speaking, they involved “A TRIP” which was different in each case: the late afternoon train on Friday. For the Roman elite who attended Bologna in 1088, the place was the palazzo in Rome. And the trip was to Bologna was made only shorter from the VILLA the Roman elite had in the countryside. For Vadum Bovis, an analogous situation held. The London elite in 1215, when Oxford was founded, could attend Oxford – Town and Country was held, and the TRIP was made shorter if from the ‘stately home’ in the Home Counties – which Oxon. is sometimes considered as being. With the middle in the trio, Sorbonna, no such LUCK! The Parisian elite did not have but to cross the Seine to attend the Latin Quarter. A map illustrates this better. While there would be two dots for Bologna and Vadum Boum, for Sorbonne there is only a double circled dot: the site of the university is where you LIVE. In the mid-20th century, 1938–1967, a scholar completing a  B.A. in Literae Humaniores (colloquially known as "Greats") at the University of Oxford faced a final oral examination called a viva voce. This examination was conducted in the Schools Building by a panel of typically two or three examiners (dons from colleges other than the student's own) dressed in formal academic sub-fusc. Nature of the Conversation The viva served two primary purposes: Classification: To determine the class of the degree (First, Second, or Third) for candidates on the "borderline" between two grades. Verification: To ensure the candidate actually wrote the papers they submitted and to test their ability to think on their feet under pressure. While a student's own tutor might be present, they strictly remained a silent observer with voice but not vote, meaning they could not influence the final grading or intervene in the questioning.  University of Oxford University of Oxford Example Viva Voce, June 1966. The following is a conversation between a candidate and two examiners focusing on the Greats philosophy papers: Ancient Philosophy, Plato/Aristotle, and Modern Philosophy, typically Descartes to Kant or Logic/Epistemology.  Candidate: Julian Thorne (Balliol) Examiner 1, E1: A senior Aristotelian scholar Examiner 2, E2: a younger philosopher influenced by Linguistic Analysis  E1: A funny thing is that the bibliography in a viva almost always underdetermines the candidate. Yet you suggested in your paper on the Nicomachean Ethics that Aristotle’s prohairesis (choice) is not equivalent to the modern notion of 'will.' Could you elaborate on why you find the translation 'will' misleading? Thorne: Certainly. Aristotle seems more concerned with the rational desire following deliberation. The 'will' as an autonomous, independent faculty—as we see in post-Kantian thought—doesn't quite fit the Greek framework where action is the direct conclusion of a practical syllogism. E1: But if it is merely a conclusion of a syllogism, how do we account for akrasia (weakness of will)? Does the syllogism simply fail to fire? Thorne: Exactly. As Aristotle suggests in Book VII, the 'major premise' of the universal may be present, but the 'minor premise' of the particular is obscured by passion, meaning the knowledge is possessed but not used. E2: Let’s shift to your Modern Philosophy paper. You wrote quite a defense of Berkeley’s idealism. Do you truly believe that 'to be is to be perceived,' or is that just a clever maneuver to avoid the problems of Lockean substance? Thorne: I think Berkeley is right that the 'material substance' Locke describes is a 'something-I-know-not-what.' If we can only know ideas, then asserting a mind-independent world behind them is a leap that logic doesn't strictly require. " E2: "If a tree falls in the Quad and no one is there, does it make a sound? Or more pointedly, does the tree even exist?" Thorne: "Berkeley would argue it exists in the mind of God. However, from a contemporary linguistic perspective, one might say the question is a category mistake—we are using the language of 'objects' while denying the conditions for their use. E1: "Back to Plato. In the Republic, you were critical of the 'Third Man' argument. Do you believe Plato successfully answered his own critique in the Parmenides? Thorne: I don't believe he answered it definitively. The theory of Forms requires a participation that is difficult to define without falling into an infinite regress, though I think the 'Late' dialogues show he was moving toward a more sophisticated, perhaps categorical, understanding of the Forms. Outcome: The examiners confer briefly. Because Thorne defended his "First-class" marks in the written papers with such poise, he is awarded a First Class Honours. Grice would often display an interest to see a list of typical philosophy essay topics from the 1960s Greats curriculum? Oxford Viva Voce for H. P. Grice (Literae Humaniores, 1935). A Staged Examination with Professor R. G. Bury and Professor W. D. Ross Introduction: The Context of the 1935 Oxford Viva Voce. In 1935, Oxford’s Literae Humaniores ("Greats") degree culminated in a rigorous viva voce examination. For H. P. Grice, this oral defense was conducted in the Examination Schools, presided over by two of the period’s most eminent classicists and philosophers. Professor R. G. Bury (1869–1951), renowned for his translations of Plato, served as Examiner 1. Examiner 2, replacing the anachronistic Urmson, is here appropriately cast as Professor W. D. Ross (1877–1971), the White’s Professor of Moral Philosophy and a leading authority on Aristotle and ethics. The following dialogue reconstructs a plausible sequence of questions and responses, faithful to the academic and intellectual climate of 1935 Oxford. Cast of Characters. H. P. Grice — Candidate. Professor R. G. Bury (E1) — Examiner 1, classicist and translator of Plato. Professor W. D. Ross (E2) — Examiner 2, White’s Professor of Moral Philosophy, Aristotelian scholar. Professor W. F. R. Hardie — Chair of Examiners (present, interjects only at the opening and close). The Dialogue.  Hardie: Mister Grice, you are here to defend your work in the Schools of Literae Humaniores. Professor Bury will begin. Bury: Let us consider Plato’s Republic. In your written papers, you address the analogy of the divided line. Would you clarify the role of the 'dianoetic' faculties in the ascent to knowledge?  Grice: Certainly, Professor Bury. Plato distinguishes between 'noesis,' the highest form of understanding, and 'dianoia,' which operates within the realm of hypotheses. The dianoetic faculty, as exercised in mathematics, prepares the soul for direct apprehension of the Forms, yet remains distinct from dialectical reasoning proper. Bury: How, then, would you relate the divided line to the cave allegory? Grice: Both serve to illustrate the gradations of cognitive states. The cave allegory dramatizes the movement from opinion to knowledge, paralleling the divided line’s ascent from eikasia to noesis. The philosopher’s liberation from the cave represents the dialectician’s passage to the contemplation of the Good. Ross: Mister Grice, let us turn to Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics. You have written on the distinction between phronesis and sophia. How do you construe the relationship between practical and theoretical wisdom in Aristotle? Grice: Professor Ross, for Aristotle, sophia concerns contemplation of eternal truths, while phronesis is oriented toward the contingent particulars of action. They are distinct yet related: the good man possesses both, but their ends differ—sophia aims at truth, phronesis at right action. Ross: Is there, in your view, a hierarchy between the two? Does Aristotle privilege one? Grice: He does privilege sophia in the highest sense, as theoria is the fulfillment of human nature. Yet, he acknowledges that phronesis is indispensable for the good life, for it governs the ethical virtues in the polis. Bury: Returning to Plato, do you find his account of justice in the Republic compatible with Aristotle’s doctrine of the mean? Grice: Plato’s justice is a harmony of the soul’s parts, each performing its function. Aristotle’s mean is a rational determination relative to us. While their frameworks differ, both stress the centrality of rational order in the virtuous life. Ross: Allow me to press you on the concept of intention. In your essay on moral responsibility, you refer to the agent’s 'practical syllogism.' How does this relate to Aristotle’s account of voluntary action? Grice:  The practical syllogism explicates how deliberation yields action: the agent reasons from a universal to a particular, culminating in choice. For Aristotle, voluntariness requires knowledge and absence of external compulsion; intention is the rational principle guiding action. Bury: Let us consider the pre-Socratics. What, in your estimation, is the philosophical significance of Parmenides’ critique of change? Grice: Parmenides inaugurates the metaphysical inquiry into being, denying the reality of becoming. His challenge compels subsequent thinkers, notably Plato and Aristotle, to reconcile the phenomena of change with the unity of being, thus shaping the trajectory of Western ontology. Ross: A final question, Mister Grice. In light of our discussion, do you regard the dialectical method as primarily destructive or constructive? Grice: Dialectic is both: it exposes contradictions in received views (the elenchus) and, in its positive aspect, seeks the articulation of first principles. For Plato and Aristotle, dialectic is the engine of philosophical progress. Hardie: Thank you, Mister Grice. The examiners will confer.  Grice completed his Literae Humaniores with distinction, receiving a First Class degree. His subsequent career at Oxford established him as a central figure in analytic philosophy, especially in the philosophy of language and mind. The viva of 1935, under the scrutiny of Professors Bury and Ross, marked the beginning of Grice’s enduring intellectual legacy. In 1966, the  Oxford viva voce for Literae Humaniores("Greats") was a brief, formal oral defense held in the Examination Schools. Candidates wore "sub-fusc" (academic dress) and faced two examiners who used the viva primarily to decide "borderline" cases between degree classes (e.g., a 2:1 or a 1st).  Below is a reconstructed 10-move dialogue adapted to the academic styles of Bologna (Italy) and the Sorbonne (France) during that era. 1. Bologna: L'Esame di Laurea (Italiano) In 1960s Bologna, the tone was rigorous and lecture-based, often focusing on historical-textual philology and the candidate's ability to "reproduce" complex arguments.  Commissario 1: Prego, si sieda. Cominciamo dalla sua tesi su Platone. Qual è il nucleo ontologico del 'Sofista'? Studente: Il nucleo risiede nel 'parricidio' di Parmenide, dove Platone ammette che il non-essere, in certo modo, è. Commissario 2: Intervengo. Come si concilia questo con la dottrina delle Idee espressa nella Repubblica? Studente: Nella Repubblica le Idee sono statiche; nel Sofista la 'comunicazione tra i generi' introduce una dinamicità necessaria alla dialettica. Commissario 1: Lei cita la dialettica. Mi analizzi il passaggio dalla dihaeresis alla sintesi formale. Studente: La dihaeresis divide il genere in specie finché non si isola l'essenza cercata, evitando di 'spezzare' la realtà in modo arbitrario. Commissario 2: Passiamo alla logica moderna. Cosa resta di Aristotele nel calcolo dei predicati di primo ordine? Studente: Resta la struttura soggetto-predicato, ma la logica moderna sostituisce la sostanza con la funzione variabile. Commissario 1: Bene. Un'ultima precisione sull'etica nicomachea: la differenza tra phronesis e sophia? Studente: La sophia riguarda le verità eterne; la phronesis è la saggezza pratica diretta all'azione umana contingente.  Sorbonne: Le Grand Oral, Français. The French style is characterised by "explication de texte" and a focus on Cartesian clarity, often influenced by the impending structuralist wave.  Examinateur 1 : Monsieur, nous avons lu vos écrits. Commençons par Descartes. Quelle est la fonction du Malin Génie ?"  Étudiant : C'est un outil hyperbolique pour porter le doute à son paroxysme, afin d'atteindre une certitude indubitable. Examinateur 2 : Pourtant, dans votre essai, vous liez cela à la perception sensible chez Aristote. Expliquez ce lien. Étudiant : Chez Aristote, le sens ne trompe pas sur son objet propre, tandis que chez Descartes, tout le sensible est suspecté. Examinateur 1 : Revenons au texte. Commentez la notion de 'substance' dans l'Éthique de Spinoza. Étudiant : La substance est ce qui est en soi et est conçu par soi ; elle exclut toute pluralité réelle au profit d'une unité divine. Examinateur 2 : Et la liberté ? Est-elle possible dans ce système de nécessité absolue ? Étudiant : La liberté n'est pas le libre arbitre, mais la compréhension de la nécessité qui nous détermine. Examinateur 1 : Une question de logique : la distinction de Kant entre jugements analytiques et synthétiques a-t-elle encore un sens ? Étudiant : Pour Kant, elle fonde la possibilité de la métaphysique comme science, bien que remise en cause par l'empirisme logique. Examinateur 2 : Très bien. Nous en avons terminé. Veuillez attendre les délibérations."  Grice would often display an interest to have a breakdown for the specific "Gobbets" (textual commentaries) used in the Oxford exam. In the mid-20th century, the perception of the Oxford  DPhil (Doctor of Philosophy) as "un-English" or "stuffy" stemmed from a deep-rooted belief that the Literae Humaniores (Classics, or "Greats") BA was the ultimate intellectual achievement. To seek a doctorate after mastering the "Greats" was often seen as redundant, pedantic, or a sign of having failed to secure a high-enough honors grade to begin a career immediately.    Quora Quora  +3 The Prestige of the Oxford MA vs. the DPhil The "True" Oxford Degree: The BA in Literae Humaniores was considered the university's core traditional degree. Following ancient custom, a BA holder could "promote" their degree to an MA (Oxon) after seven years (21 terms) simply by paying a fee and maintaining good standing. Ranking Hierarchy: Within Oxford’s internal precedence, the MA actually outranked the DPhil. The DPhil was a relatively "modern" 1917 innovation designed largely to attract international (primarily American) students who required a formal research degree for their domestic careers. Professional Stigma: In Arts subjects, there was a lingering sentiment that "the DPhil is only for people who don’t get Firsts" (the highest undergraduate honors). For a "true Oxonian," the rigorous four-year BA was seen as sufficient proof of elite intelligence; further specialized research was viewed as narrow and "overqualified" for the well-rounded gentleman-scholar. Parallels with Bologna and the Sorbonne While Oxford viewed the doctorate with suspicion, the historical trajectory of the University of Bologna and the Sorbonne was markedly different: The Continental Doctorate: Unlike Oxford, where the BA was the terminal goal for the elite, Bologna and the Sorbonne were founded on the "Magister" and "Doctor" system as the standard for professional practice in Law, Medicine, and Theology. Professional vs. Liberal Education: Bologna/Sorbonne: These institutions viewed the doctorate as a licentia docendi. It was a practical, professional qualification required to enter the guilds of masters. Oxford: Maintained a "liberal education" model where the goal was to cultivate the mind of a governing elite. Specialized research (the DPhil) felt more like the narrow "Germanic" or "American" style of education, which was at odds with the English ideal of the versatile amateur. Bologna Process Modernization: Ironically, the recent Bologna Process has since standardized these degrees across Europe, forcing the very "comparable degree structures" that 20th-century Oxford traditionalists once resisted as "un-English".  Pressbooks.pub Pressbooks.pub  +4 Would you like to know more about how the Norrington Table or college-specific traditions reinforced this undergraduate-first culture? Bononia – Sorbona – Vadum Boum. This study is meant for the classicist – by which we mean someone like Grice or me who has earned a Lit. Hum. – those of us who look back at Rome as inspiration – and not so much as a personal inspiration, but as knowledgeable that it was Rome, and its language, which later naturally evolved into Italan, as the cradle of WESTERN civilization. I have taken the trouble to spend some time with my amanuensis on the NAME INDEX – since it is indeed the helping aid to look for a philosopher as AN INDIVIDUALITY, rather than as merely peppering a greater Griceian point in context. I have also taken some time in compiling with my amanuensis the BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES. Each individual philosopher is correlated to a major publication --: in all cases, the collocation ‘Grice e [FOLLOWED BY SURNAME OF PHILOSOPHER]’ will get you there! When listing each publication by H. P. Grice we will precede that by HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS. E. g. Who was talking of ‘personal identity’ in such specific collocation before Grice in 1941 – our focus will be the Continental tradition, such as in sprang for Europe’s oldest universities (which pre-dated Grice’s Oxford) in this order: BOLOGNA (1088) and, if the need is felt, SORBONNE, 1167, to mark the ‘migration’ of Western civilization from the South to the ‘Barbaric North’ and even across the Channel. So we can see the Historical Antecedents as covering what I call ‘Bologna and beyond’ – where the ‘beyond’ not only points to Grice’s Oxford, but to those cultural and philosophical manifestations that pre-dated the institution of the university.  The institution of the university – of BOLOGNA (1088) will be central in our assessment of Grice in one major respect: the UNITY of Grice’s thought as springing from the UNIVERSITAS in a very specific way. Grice had to deal with TWO professors at Oxford: the Waynflete professor of METAPHYSICAL PHILOSOPHY (a chair that will eventually be occupied by his former tutee at St. John’s) AND the White professor of MORAL PHILOSOPHY (indeed, occupied by the Master of the kindergartens – J. L. Austin, and which, after a brief interim by Kneale, will be occupied by a prominent (if shy) member of the play group with whom Grice has a lot of common: R. M. Hare. (The pre-Austin days of the chair also influenced Grice). This idea of two chairs as all that the philosopher needs is still a valid one. The old idea that there was a PHILOSOPHIA NATURALIS, and not just the Waynflete professor of META-PHYSICAL PHILOSOPHY, sounds silly in hindsight. I know I would HARDLY – and Grice would hardly ever gained his scholarship to Oxford – to study ‘natural’ philosophy! Physics and such Grice and I regard as blue-collar.  It is easy to interpret the FOUR PARTS of our study as follows. PART ONE includes THE MODE; PART TWO: any application of the model that we render relevant; PART THREE: what Grice calls the THEORY THEORY; PART FOUR: not so much the retrospetti of the tile of this, but the PROSPETTI. Moving from the medieval heart of continental Europe toward the edges of the Anglosphere, a classicist witnesses a physical thinning of the  "Classical Stratigraphy" that once defined higher education.  1. Bologna: The Dense Nucleus In Bologna, the Alma Mater Studiorum (1088) is inseparable from the Roman soil it sits on. Here, the density of interest is absolute. The classicist doesn't just study Roman Law; they walk over the Roman street grid (the decumanus) to reach the Archiginnasio. The environment is a literal palimpsest where medieval porticos rest on Roman foundations. The "site" and the "classroom" are functionally the same, offering an unbroken physical lineage of Latinity. 2. Paris (Sorbonne): The Scholastic Layer As you move northwest to the Sorbonne, 1257, the density shifts from archaeological to intellectual-urban. In the Latin Quarter, the classical interest is "built-in" but more curated. You have the Arènes de Lutèce and the Thermes de Cluny nearby, but the sites begin to feel like "islands" within a burgeoning medieval and modern city. The connection to the classics remains heavy through the weight of Aristotelian scholasticism, yet the immediate physical density of the Roman world starts to give way to the French Gothic. 3. Oxford: The Curated Periphery By the time you reach Oxford, c. 1096, you have crossed the limes of the old empire. The density of "original" classical sites—ruins and inscriptions in their primary context—drops significantly. Instead, Oxford offers a reconstructed density. The interest here is found in the Ashmolean Museum, the neoclassical facades of the Clarendon Building, and the Bodleian’s manuscripts. It is a "Classicism of the Mind." The landscape isn't inherently Roman; it is a green, English countryside transformed by Humanism into a "New Athens." The classicist in situ at Oxford isn't looking down at Roman pavement, but up at 17th-century interpretations of Vitruvian ideals. The Narrative Arc The journey is one of evaporation. You begin in Italy, where the classics are a tangible environment; you pass through Paris, where they are a civic framework; and you end in Oxford, where they are a distilled aesthetic. The "density" moves from the earth to the library. Would you like to focus on a specific architectural style or curriculum shift that defines this transition across these three cities? Grice at Oxford – sine specia aeternitatis -- NEGATION AND PRIVATION. There can be few drier pieces than ‘Negation and Privation’ that he designed for who knows.  But Grice’s examples are interesting.  Grice had obviously been reading Gallie – another Corpus Christi victim, who fared better under Hardie, since both (Hardie and Gallie) were scots – while Grice could NOT be more of a Midlander --, who was discussing the philosophical idiocy of ‘I am hearing a noise’ without caring to provide even a conversational context for it. So as in much that follows is the conversational illustration that should precede the contribution of the piece to the larger theory of conversation. FATHER. Did you do this? SON: ‘I’ didn’t do anything. The self is an illusion. Yes, Grice is concerned with the ‘I’ explicitly in “Personal identity.” In “Negation and Privation” he is delving deeper into the logical form of an individual conversational move. Not because he feels like it, but because it was part of the required syllabus of dead philosophers: yes, Locke. He happened to have met Woozley who was editing Reid, which helped. In Grice’s ‘Negation and privation, then it is indeed NOT ‘I am hearing a noise’ that takes centre stage, but the antonym, as per: A: Are you hearing a noise? B: No. Or, i. e. Grice is NOT hearing a noise.  In fact Grice goes to provide a most curious taxonomy.  Having not yet considered the implicatures behind an utterance like ‘It is raining’ or the parenthetical that one can add to it, ‘I guess’ (alla Urmson), Grice distinguishes two families of examples involving ‘not’ – as he will discuss two families of examples, enlargable into a three-family bunch to include ‘hybrid’ psycho-somatical cases – and the two families of ‘natural meaning’ and ‘non-natural’ meaning in ‘Meaning – his taxonomies of significance in ‘Utterer’s meaning, sentence-meaning, and word-meaning, would not necessarily prove dichotomic – but we shall consider the point at the stage in which it occurs. In ‘Pivation and negation’ two examples are provided for each member of the (mutually exclusive? Gice apparently believes so), i. e. between a conversational move like  ‘The pillar box is not green’  and a conversational move of the EXPLICITLY psycho-logical format: ‘I am not hearing a noise.’  The good thing, though, is that, by the end of this short typescript, Grice has aptly unified both types of utterance under one single logical form:  A is B.  Or more technically,  A is not B.  Grice’s point, as it will be in ‘Personal identity’, is his ELIMINATIBILITY point – “not” and “I” can be ELIMINATED. He is more cautious when it comes to ‘meaning’ only because J. M. Rowntree, of Oxford, made the point, and Grice feels like distinguishing between types of analysis: there’s REDUCTIVE non-eliminationist (non reductionist) analysis, which is the only type of analysis that counts, as it provides one item preceding the symbol introduced by the Italian logician Re: “=_def.”.  Grice indeed uses that symbolism in ‘Meaning’ – e. g. in Way of Words.  A REDUCTIONIST analysis is eminiativist when it is value-oriented, and the analysit is thinking his reduced version is an improvement over the non-reduced version. When it comes to ‘not,’ Grice has not been introduced to the advantages of ‘linguistic botany,’ as Austin would call it. Indeed, neither had Schaffer. When Shaffer introduced ‘p/q’ to read ‘p is incompatible with q’ Shaffer goes on to define ‘~’ in terms of ‘/’: p/p =def ~p.  By this time, =def was aptly replaced by the equivalcence -> <-  And Grice indeed refers to the Shaffer – and other strokes –when attempting to provide the rationale for ‘not’ in “Indicative Conditionals” later on in his career.  In “Negation and Privation,” he just feels content with the idea of having replaced ‘not’ by a longer phrase involving ‘incompatibility.’ There is none of the formal operators with which he will become later engaged. No “~,” or anything.  What Grice is at is, thus, an analysis of “A is not B” that does not mention “not.”  Grice is getting familiar during the Merton tenureship with the ‘analysis’ of propositions – never ‘sentences.’  After all, phenomenalists (as Grice calls them but does not name them)– the only philosophers who were alive at Oxford – were claiming to be providing noumenal utterances in phenomenal terms, so Grice thought the way was open.  Grice concludes ‘Negation and privation’ by providing an analysis of the problematic “A is not B” in terms, then, of incompatibility.  And, not involved in linguistic botany, he disregards the fact that ‘incompatibility’ already includes ‘non’, as Cicero would have it, in the ‘in-’ but then Shaffer was proposing p/p as the first thing to do in logic so who cared? What’s good for Shaffer is good for Grice, if not Cicero – sems to be the philosophy behind Grice’s moneuvre.  But what sort of incompatibility is behind ‘A is not B’ – now used to represent both the apathetic (or propositional-attitude-free) ‘The pillar box is not green’ and the strictly introspective “I, viz. Grice, am NOT hearing a noise”? Grice’s empiricist tradition, which accompanied him his long life through – once an empiricist always an empiricist – shows off.  It is the incompatibility, Grice states, of all HIS MENTAL states – no talk of ‘psychic’ – plain ‘mental’ states and acts.  If Grice is sure that he is aware or conscious that none of his mental states include a reference to ‘A is B,’ he is justified in uttering ‘A is not B,’ which is merely short, in logical terms, or in terms of the logical construction of ‘A is not B’ – which does not include ‘not,’ but ‘incompatibible with all my mental states.’ If a seminar on ‘Negative propositions’ followed, and ‘~’ is inded the first operator listed in ‘Logic and Conversation’s list of seven -- ~, &, V, ->, (x), (Ex), and ix – he will attempt a pirotological justification at a later stage in ‘Method in philosophical psychology,’ and indeed in his ‘Prejudices and predilections, which become the life and opinions of H. P. Grice’ where he attempts to reconstruct what he there calls the Fregean Sinn of ‘~’ – (In his view, Grice, having spent decades in linguistic botany, grants that if a concept has an analogue within the gamut of expressions which the philosopher is required to list at the start of his enterprise in conceptual analysis, his reconstruction will be such. If there is NO analogue, it will not be a ‘re-construction’ but a ‘construction’ simpliciter – Trust Grice to gives ‘constructionalism’ its worth! These were eventful years for Grice – he was free from Hardie – or strictly, by graniting him a B. A. Oxford was FREEING him from Hardie --, and free from the Logical-Lane constraints of Merton, and he was happy to accept the offer for a lectureship at St. John’s – his interim classics mastership at Rossall having proven a failure, not so much for the schoolboys but for himself.  SENIOR SCHOLAR This is a reimagined conversation between  H.P. (Paul) Grice and his mother, Mabel, on a Tuesday in May 1935, shortly after the announcement of the Harmsworth Senior Scholarship at Merton College, Oxford.   Grice: Mother? It’s Paul. I have some rather marvelous news from the college.  Mrs. Grice: Paul! You sounds breathless. Is everything quite alright?  Grice: More than alright. I’ve been elected a Harmsworth Scholar at Merton for the next two years.  Mrs. Grice: Oh, Paul! That’s a monumental achievement. Your father will be so pleased.  Grice: It means I can stay on, focus on my research, and perhaps begin some proper tutoring.  Mrs. Grice: Two more years... that seems such a long time to stay tucked away in those grey stone walls.  Grice: It’s where the work is, Mother. It’s where the ideas are finally starting to click into place.  Mrs. Grice: I suppose. But I worry, Paul. Oxford has a way of changing a boy’s soul.  Grice: Changing? I’m the same person I was when I left Clifton.  Mrs. Grice: Are you? You’re surrounded by such high-minded people. I fear you’re growing apart from us.  Grice: That’s not fair. I’m simply finding a way to say exactly what I mean.  Mrs. Grice: But that’s just it. You’re learning a language we don’t speak back home in Harborne.  Grice: It’s still English, Mother. Just... perhaps a more scrutinized version of it.  Mrs. Grice: I feel as though one day I shall call, and I won’t understand a single word you say.  Grice: You will understand. "Shall" implies a simple future, but "will" implies a certainty of heart.  Mrs. Grice: Don’t you start with your logic on me! I taught you your letters at the kitchen table.  Grice: I haven't forgotten. You gave me the seeds of everything I’m doing now.  Mrs. Grice: I only wanted you to have good English and a bit of common sense.  Grice: And you gave me both. My entire philosophy is really just trying to map out that common sense.  Mrs. Grice: And the humor? You were such a funny boy. Don’t let those Dons bleach that out of you.  Grice: Impossible. Oxford is the funniest place on earth, though usually by accident.  Mrs. Grice: Just promise me, Paul. Don't let the Scholarship become a wall between us.  Grice: I promise. The more I study how people communicate, the more I realize how much I owe to our talks.  Mrs. Grice: I shall hold you to that. Paul: You will hold me to it, Mother. I’ll never grow apart from you; the roots you planted go far too deep for that.  In retrospect, Grice would often like to adjust the philosophical tone of Paul's dialogue to better reflect his later theories on conversational implicature. In 1935, after graduating with First Class Honours in  Literae Humaniores from Corpus Christi, H.P. Grice spent a year teaching at Rossall School before returning to Oxford to take up a Harmsworth Senior Scholarship at Merton College. His mother, Mabel Felton Grice—a schoolmistress who had homeschooled Paul and his brother in Birmingham—maintained a significant influence over his early intellectual development.  Below is the reconstruction of their pivotal 1935 conversation. Date: September 14, 1935 Location: A public house telephone in Lancashire to the Grice family home in Harborne, Birmingham.  Grice: Hello? Mother? It’s Paul.  Mother: Paul! How lovely. We’ve been waiting by the instrument. How is the weather in the North?  Grice: Grey as a slate, but I have news that might brighten the room. Mother: Do tell, dear. Is it about the Merton application? Paul: It is. I’ve just had word—I’ve been elected a Harmsworth Senior Scholar.  Mother: Oh, Paul! A Harmsworth! At Merton!  Paul: Yes, it means two years of research. I shall be returning to Oxford for good this time. Mother: Two years... that is a long commitment, Paul. A prestigious one.  Paul: It’s a chance to really dig into the logic of how we speak, Mother. Mother: I suppose those "bright intelligences" at Merton will keep you quite busy. Paul: They will. The library there is unparalleled; I’ll likely live among the manuscripts. Mother: That is what worries me. Oxford has a way of swallowing a young man’s soul. Paul: Swallowing? It’s just a college, Mother, not a leviathan. Mother: You speak of logic and manuscripts, but you speak less and less of Harborne. Paul: I am only four hours away by train. Mother: Distance isn't measured in miles, Paul. You’re growing apart from the common sense we taught you here. Paul: I’m merely refining it. Philosophy is just common sense with a more difficult vocabulary. Mother: I fear you shall forget the simple goodness of a Birmingham afternoon. Paul: I will never forget it, Mother. I promise.  Mother: "Will," Paul? You mean you shall never forget it.  Paul: (Laughing) Still the schoolmistress! You’re right—I shall not.  Mother: I didn't homeschool you to have you misuse the future tense with your own mother.  Paul: It was an intentional emphasis, I assure you. A matter of resolve, not just futurity.  Mother: Just see that you keep your resolve to visit. Don't let those scholars change who you are. Paul: They won't. The seeds of good English and your particular humour are far too deep for Merton to dig up. I will—I mean, I shall—be home for Christmas.  In retrospect, Grice would often like to explore how Grice’s theory of conversational maxims might have been influenced by these early family debates. Indeed, a resident of  Harborne, Birmingham, would almost never refer to Oxford as "the North." Geographically and culturally, Oxford is firmly in the South, and for a Brummie, heading to Oxford is distinctly a trip "down" or at least "across," certainly not "up" to the North.  Below is a reconstructed phone conversation from August 1935, after Paul Grice received his first-class honors and was elected as a Harmsworth Senior Scholar at Merton College. The conversation highlights his mother Mabel’sconcern and her "affectionate" correction of his grammar—a trait born from her years as a schoolmistress and his early home-schooling. The Harmsworth Call: August 14, 1935 Paul: Mother? It’s Paul. I’m calling from the post office. Mabel: Paul, dear! I was just thinking of you. Is everything quite all right? Paul: Better than all right. I’ve just had the news from Merton. Mabel: The Senior Scholarship? Paul: Precisely. I’ve been elected a Harmsworth Scholar. Two years, Mother. Mabel: Oh, Paul! That is wonderful news. Your father will be so pleased—he’s with his cello, but he’ll be thrilled. Paul: It means I can stay on. Two more years of the "dissenting rationalism" Father likes so much. Mabel: And two more years away from Harborne. Paul: It’s only Oxford, Mother. It isn’t as if I’ve moved to the North. Mabel: To me, it feels like another world entirely. You’re becoming so... Oxford. Paul: I’m only becoming a philosopher. It’s what you and the aunties prepared me for with all those debates. Mabel: We prepared you for life, Paul. I worry these colleges will swallow you whole. Paul: They won't. I'm still the same boy who lost at chess to you in the parlor. Mabel: Are you? You sound more like a textbook every time we speak. Paul: That’s just the "logic of conversation," Mother. I’m learning how people actually mean what they say. Mabel: Well, I mean what I say when I say I miss having you at the table. Paul: I know. But this scholarship is a great honor. It’s the path I must take. Mabel: I suppose. But don’t let those clever friends of yours make you forget where you learned your vowels. Paul: I wouldn’t dream of it. The seeds you sowed are quite deep-rooted. Mabel: Just promise me you won’t grow so far apart that we become strangers, Paul. Paul: Mother, I shall never abandon you or the home you made for us. Mabel: (Affectionately) "Will," Paul. You will never abandon me. Paul: (Chuckling) You’re right. In the first person, "will" expresses the determination, doesn't it? Mabel: Exactly. "Shall" is mere futurity; "will" is a promise from the heart. You see? I haven't lost my touch. Paul: You never will, Mother. I promise—it will never happen. Would you like to explore more about Grice’s early years in Harborne or his specific transition into the Oxford philosophical scene of the 1930s? Governing Body Meeting, St. John’s College, Oxford – March 1938 Chair (Dr. Mabbott): Gentlemen, thank you for assembling. Let us proceed to the first item: the proposed appointment of Mr. Herbert Paul Grice as tutorial fellow in philosophy. Dr. Richardson: I move that we consider Grice’s candidacy. His credentials from Corpus are exemplary, and his work on negation has drawn favorable comment from Hardie. Dr. Pemberton: Before we proceed, is there any correspondence or evidence of his teaching style? I value scholarship, but we must not overlook pedagogical temperament. Ms. Addersley: I have observed Grice in informal tutorials—he exhibits patience and wit. His students report intellectual stimulation, if not always punctuality. Prof. Linton: I am less concerned with wit and more with rigor. Does he show commitment to the curriculum, or is he inclined toward philosophical digression? Dr. Cawthorne: Digressions, perhaps, but always purposeful. His analysis of Locke’s ideas exhibits humility and depth. He has a knack for inspiring serious inquiry. Mr. Harrington: I must object, though not on grounds of pedagogy. It has come to my attention Grice is notorious for not returning library books. Our shelves dwindle as his own grow. Dr. Mabbott: Ah, the classic library conundrum. Is this substantiated, or merely rumor? Mr. Harrington: I have, myself, been deprived of Broad’s Mind and the World for six weeks, only to discover it on Grice’s desk. Prof. Linton: The borrowing habits of dons are legendary. Would you deny appointment to a philosopher for excessive devotion to source material? Ms. Addersley: Perhaps we ought to consider a gentle reminder upon appointment—returning books is, after all, an act of philosophical charity. Dr. Pemberton: If scholarship is the issue, Grice’s contributions outweigh any temporary absences of Broad from the library. Dr. Cawthorne: Besides, Grice’s reading of Locke, inspired by such “borrowings,” has deepened his intellectual humility and rigor—a virtue seldom found in abundance. Mr. Harrington: I concede, though I warn: Broad’s volume returns with marginalia. Grice is not content merely to borrow; he annotates. Dr. Richardson: Better annotated than lost, I say. Let us not quibble. We stand to gain a philosopher who brings clarity to meaning and identity. Prof. Linton: On merit, Grice is deserving. His analysis of conversational logic aligns perfectly with the tutorial tradition of St. John’s. Ms. Addersley: Shall we put the matter to vote? I propose acceptance, with a caveat for library etiquette. Chair (Dr. Mabbott): All those in favor of appointing Mr. Grice as tutorial fellow, signify by raising your hand.(Hands rise; Mr. Harrington’s ascends last, but with a wry smile.) Chair (Dr. Mabbott): The motion carries. Let it be recorded: Mr. Grice is to be appointed, pending a gentle admonition about returning books. Oxford’s shelves may rest easier. Dr. Richardson: Let us hope Grice’s next annotation reads: “Returned on time, with thanks.” Chair (Dr. Mabbott): Indeed. Meeting adjourned. Gentlemen, to the Senior Common Room—where books are returned, or at least, discussed. OLD LADY: That sounds like splitting hairs. GRICE: It is. But hairs, unlike pillar boxes, sometimes matter. OLD LADY: Still—books. You philosophers always have a book ready when you’ve finished a quarrel. GRICE: A quarrel is only a conversation with its gloves off. But no—this is not a book, not for me. It was a seminar. A weekly penance. OLD LADY: A seminar on what? GRICE: On the senses—on seeing, and seeming, and all the rest of the domestic torment. Austin ran it. Or rather, “J. Austin” ran it. OLD LADY: Just “J.”? That’s very unfriendly. GRICE: Friendly to Oxford. He signed the circulars as “J. Austin”—not “J. L. Austin”—because the title of the topic wanted the joke. One letter more and you murder the pun. OLD LADY: What was the title, then, that needed so much protection? GRICE: Here—look. (He rummages, producing a folded sheet as if it were proof.) An Oxford notice. (Stage direction.) He hands her the crinkled Gazette listing seminars. One entry reads, in severe type: “J. Austin, Sense and Sensibilia.” Beneath it, smaller: “Assistant Lecturer: G. J. Warnock.” OLD LADY (peering): Sens… i… bil… ia. Sens-i-bil-ia. GRICE: That’s Oxford for you. It isn’t a novel; it was a seminar-title. And Warnock—there—was the Irishman who kept dragging the rest of us back from Austin’s stuffiness to what you might call the homely questions: what it is to see a thing, and what it is to say that it merely seems. OLD LADY: So you wouldn’t have bothered with all this—seeing and seeming—if it weren’t for the Irishman? GRICE: I should like to deny it, but I can’t. I had no appetite for the philosophy of perception until Warnock discovered that I was, as he put it, “cosier” than Austin to lecture beside. And once one has been made to talk about “seeming,” one ends—tomorrow, for example—talking about a pillar box that seems red. OLD LADY: Well. If Oxford can make a joke out of a seminar notice, I don’t envy the pillar box. EVENING TRAIN TO CAMBRIDGE (1961) (Stage direction.) Evening, 1961. The Bletchley line: a train out of Oxford toward Cambridge, with the habitual rattle of compartments and the resigned smell of wool, coal, and tea. GRICE sits with a folder marked “Causal Theory” (tomorrow’s talk), pretending to read and failing. Opposite him an OLD LADY, brisk, curious, and quite unafraid of strangers, knits with the concentration of someone who has seen more metaphysics than she will ever admit. OLD LADY (after a long look): You look educated. GRICE: That is a dangerous compliment on a train. It makes one responsible for one’s luggage. OLD LADY: I meant it kindly. You’ve got the look of a man who has read too much and slept too little. GRICE: Then I am guilty as charged. OLD LADY: Are you going to Cambridge? GRICE: I am. Tomorrow, unfortunately, I must talk there. OLD LADY: Talk about what? GRICE (lifting the folder as if it were a shield): A thing called the “Causal Theory”—of perception. OLD LADY: That sounds like a great deal of trouble for something you do every day. You look, you see, you get on with it. GRICE: Philosophy is largely the art of refusing to “get on with it.” OLD LADY: And what do you do in this talk—make people feel foolish? GRICE: I try not to. I try to make as few moves as possible—minimum moves, you might say—so that the foolishness, if it appears, can be assigned accurately. (Stage direction.) The train passes a platform where a pillar box stands under a lamp, briefly perfect, briefly ridiculous, then gone. OLD LADY (nodding toward the window): Did you see that pillar box? GRICE: Fastly. Yes. OLD LADY: Well—what colour was it? GRICE: Red. OLD LADY: And did it seem red? GRICE: It did. It was red and it seemed red. OLD LADY: Is that philosophy, then? Saying the same thing twice? GRICE: Not the same thing—two things that look the same in a hurry. Cambridge is full of people who will insist the hurry is the whole point. OLD LADY: It sounds like a quarrel about words. GRICE: A quarrel about words that masquerades as a quarrel about the world. Either way, one ends up—if one is unlucky—splitting hairs. PERSONAL IDENTITY. Mind: A Quartery Journal of Psychology and Philosophy – repr. in J. R. Perry, Personal identity – published for the University of California Press at Berkeley. Referrred to in the entry on ‘Personal identity’ in Jonathan Edwards, The Encyclopedia of Philosophy; discussed at Oxford by a later generation of philosophers such as Quinton, and Parfit, and elsewhere – as by Rawls.  In ‘Personal identity,’ Grice feels confident enough to submit it to Mind, and the thing did get publish!  ‘Personal identity’ is a piece that will make little history.  It is not quoted in any bibliography. Well up to the year when Paul Edwards decided to edit an Encyclopaedia of Philosophy and had all different sorts of philosophers to provide entries for this or that. Under ‘Personal identity’ a reference to Grice is made.  The piece was discussed in the 1950s by Quinton, which more or less respected Grice, and later by Parfit, motivated by the Quinton treaetment – the piece by Grice being considered the stating point of that familiar thread that is common at Oxford – all members of the sub-facutly of philosophy having to read the same material so that they can collectively test their tutees and other scholars on them. A new popular exposure came when one of Grice’s pupils, J. R. Perry, having written his own dissertation on the topic, felt like asking permission to Grice to publish it for The University of California Press, based at Berkeley. Conversations? FATHER: Did you do this? SON: ‘I’ did not do anything. The self is an illusion.  The son, unlike Grice, is careful to use the scare quotes – which Grice omits when the year before he died, declared that ‘false information is no information’ – versus the more pedantic: “So-called false ‘information’ is no information!” (Scare quotes should be used, according to Stevenson, for Grice’s ‘Those spots ‘mean’ measles’” -- The son is not really right. This is Home’s position, that Grice quotes at length – The Scots cannot pronounce Home unless they spell it ‘Hume.’ Grice’s proposal is so convoluted that it hurts, and it would seem that it does not build on his theory of conversation.  And that is why his theory of conversation is here referred to as THE BACK-GROUND (Grice uses ‘conversation’ and a theory behind it, NOT to solve any problem concerning conversation as such, but to solve a PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEM – when conversation becomes a problem of its own, we have Grice as a SUBSTANTIVE philosopher of language providing a SUBSTANTIVE THEORY OF CONVERSATION – but that only as per ‘The causal theory’ – interlude, last fragment, and ‘Logic and Conversation’ (prolegomena, last fragment, and ‘Logic and conversation,’ mid section where he deals with ‘conversational irrespective of its topic.’ But the explorations in Grice’s “Personal identity” do feature large in what I here call THE BACK-GROUND OF THE BACK-GROUND, or the frame-work of the frame-work, strictly.  Grice dismisses not only Home, as he should – as he will discuss him again in “Hume on the vagaries of personal identity,” which he explored alongside with J. C. Haugerland – and the phrase, ‘the logical construction of…’ stuck with it.  As as matter of fact, ‘logical construction’ was hardly Grice’s invention.  Grice had taken the phrase of, and corresponding behind, ‘a logical construction of…’ from the lengthy essay  or volume– some of which Grice was not returning to the library – by C. D. Broad, the well-known philosophers from ‘The Other Place,’ as Oxonians put it, with some pompous title on Mind and the World.  So Grice is manages to dismiss Home, borrow (but never return) from Broad, and rebuff Gallie (his previous victim of Hardie at Corpus) in the proceeding.  For Gallie was saying, like the ‘Son’ in the conversation above, ‘that only the idiotic philosopher will refer to ‘I’ as a noun!” (It is not surprising that Gallie was a Scot – as a matter of course, it will be another Celtic philosopher – even more Celtic than Gallie was --: John Jones – who, as A. G. N. Flew aplty discovered – was having troubles with Grice’s treatment, not so much because Grice’s ‘I’ was irredeemably philosophical (as Gallie would have it) but because it was bad grammar. (As it turned out, in Jones’s responses to Flew, the problems arise when transatling Grice’s ‘Personal identity’ to WELSH (of all languages). In Welsh, the root for ‘same’ – and Grice is indeed dealing with the ‘same self’ rather than with ‘I” – ‘personal identity’ as being the time-relative identity or sameness of one single variable, ‘self’ along mnemonic states.  This corollary of a discussion started with Flew, now playing the role of the Englishman, feeling offended by a substantivation of ‘self’ – as in Gallie, ‘Is the self a substance,’ or Jones on Grice – Flew was arguing that ‘the self’ is an O. E. D. late citation for ‘self’ used by Anglo-Saxons NEVER in subject position, never mind predated by Peano’s iota operator: ‘the’ – whose self can it be but my own? The Welsh-born, Oxford-educated philosopher I am are referring to is John Robert Jones, who served as a Professor of Philosophy at Swansea and Balliol, Oxford (Dictionary of Welsh Biography). Jones’s polemic with A. G. N. Flew centered on the nature of personal identity and the "same self."  Jones argues against Flew’s purely physical or "serial" criteria for identity, drawing on the linguistic nuances of his native Welsh.  It’s all about the Linguistic Root: "Hunan" and "Same" – and their different offshoots of linguistic botanising in one language or ther other (similar criticism by Mundle, who taught in Wales, and criticized Grice for engaging in Anglo-linguistics, only).  The core of Jones's argument involves the Welsh word for “self,” “hunan,” and its etymological connection to the concept of sameness. The Root Connection:  In Welsh, “hunan,” “self,” is closely related to the idea of identity or being "one and the same." Cognate with English:  Jones highlights that the root of the Welsh “hunan” shares an Indo-European ancestor with the English adjective "same". The Welsh “hun” -- as in fy hun, "myself", literally, as Grice would have it ‘my + self’ -- is cognate with the Greek homos and the Old Norse samr, from which the English "same" is derived. Philosophical Significance. Jones uses this linguistic link to argue that "self" is NOT just a label for a collection of experiences, as Flew (Grice’s very first tutee ever at St. John’s) might suggest in a Humean "bundle theory" or serial theory), but is inherently tied to the concept of identity over time.  For Jones, the very language we use to describe ourselves, “hunan” embeds the metaphysical reality of being the "same self".  The Polemic with A. G. N. Flew. The debate typically appeared in academic journals such as Mind or Philosophy, where they clashed on the "Self in Sensory Cognition". Flew's Position: Focused on a serial theory of the self (as a an offshoof of his paradigm-case argument of the type Grice discusses in terms not of his tutee, but colleague Urmson) reducing identity to the relations between mental events or physical continuity. Jones's Counter:  Jones argues that the self is a persistent particular.  Jones believed that the unity of the self consists in the fact that various mental events belong to the "same self" because they are owned by a singular, persistent entity — a concept Jones feels is more naturally expressed in the Welsh linguistic structure than in the ‘atomized’ English philosophical tradition of H. P. Grice that is focused on the ‘ego’ of Cicero – ‘the pure ego theory of the self, in Broad’s taxonomy. Jones’s work, such as his essay "The Self in Sensory Cognition," remains a significant bridge between Continental phenomenology (influenced by Wittgenstein and Simone Weil) and Welsh cultural identity – and a slap on the face on Flew, when you go Griceian without respecting national boundaries! When warned about this Grice liked to look closer at specific articleswhere Jones and Flew exchanged these views, or explore more about Jones's later work on the "crisis of the Welsh language", but felt that his attention was soon directing elsewhere. Grice does not refer to “I” as a noun – it is a PRO-noun -- and grants with Gallie that dealing with ‘the self’ as a substance (or substantial, as our more classics-inclined tutee of Hardie  than Gallie was would putit) is a mistake.  Therefore, Grice’s target phrase, or ‘focus’ phrase is the less openly deictic personal pronoun, but the INDEFINITE, still ‘personal’, rather neutral, and less informative than usually required, “Someone.”  Having learned Grief and Laughing the right way, he was aware of Polyphemus’s answer to Ulysses: “Nobody did!” Aliquis, not aliquid.  It should be pointed out that the ‘one’ in ‘someone’ is considered ‘vulgar.’ To echo Paul McCaatney A: One is knocking at the door. B: Let him in. If it’s the Twins who are knocking, B just shifts to: B: Let THEM in. But then A gets properly corrected, alla Humpty-Dumpty: “I know one cannot, but perhaps two can! CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATION Alice: One cannot. Humpty-Dumpty: I know – sad. But two may! (Gardner found Humpty’s counter-move one of the saddest moves in the whole of the Lewis-Carroll books). The conversation: FATHER: Who did this? Did you? SON: ‘I’ didn’t do anything. The self is an illusion. FATHER: Well, SOME-ONE MUST have done it. Can the obdurate Humean son keep on conversing? Let’s try: FATHER: Who did this? SON: The dog. In this case, it’s not someone – it’s some THING. Grice refers to the distinction (aliquis/aliquid) when dealing with ‘meaning’ and allowing in ‘Prejudices and predilections: which become the life and opinions of H. P. Grice” – for something (and not just someone – say an amoeba) to MEAN that p, by some movement (or move) that the amoeba does. Second son Humean counterpart: FATHER: Who did this? You? SON: “I” didn’t do anything – the self is an illusion – and so is “Someone.” Gice finds ‘someone’ more acceptable, for his exegetical – strictly conceptual-analytic purposes -- than ‘I,’ and his final analysis is not one of personal identity in abstracto, about any THOUGHT or INTENTION – even though he had previously regaled us with  examples  so prone for conversational expansions – such as , “I have a toothache, I am thinking of Hitler, and I shall be fighting soon!.” Rather Grice presents it as as the analysis of  “Someone, viz. I” “is HEARING a noise.”  To Grice this specification of the analysandum makes perfect, if still in convoluted terms, in proper Lockean presuppositions.  The self may be an illusion, but it is a mnemonic illusion.  And Scottish philosopher Reid was just wrong in interloping with a tradition to which he did not belong – Oxford’s memorable empiricist tradition honouring Locke – the Locke Prize, the Locke Lectures, Reid being an allegedly englightened Scot -. And where Reid is wrong is in Reid dismissing the interlocking chains of Lockean mnemonic states, to which ‘personal identity’ reduces.  Locke’s obsession stayed for Grice for his whole life. Locke’s obsession was anthropological and ornithological. Grice’s idea of a necessity is ichtyological, rather. Locke was reporting a very unusual conversation between Prince Maurice, in Brazil, and his parrot. MAURICE: Are you hungry? PARROT: No. MAURICE. I’m surprised. Locke was arguing that ‘however ‘very intelligent, rational’ the parrot may converse like, the shape is not that of a man, so he is no man. It is in connection with ‘parrot’ and ‘man,’ that Locke, to avoid talk of ‘consciousness’ adds ‘PERSON.’ And the rest is Reidian history! It is interesting for the historian of philosophy – and Grice was the best historian for his philosophy – to evoke the motivations behind the publications and unpublications as they scanned the decades as they did with Grice.  1930s Grice is then ‘Negation and privation’ and we have expanded on the motivation – provided a conversational illustration and summarized what the contribution might be to his framework – his theory of conversation – and the framework of his framework – his metaphysics.The 1940s. start with an interest in ‘Personal identity,’ which we just have explored in those two respects.  We can summarise both ‘conversational moves’ in Grice’s philosophical game so far. In ‘Negation and privation,’ he provides a logical construction of ‘~’ in terms of incompatibility, without yet using ‘~’ as a formal operator at all which would have been made it clear to him that his ‘incompatibility’ DOES include a reference to ~ -- pace Shaffer. In ‘Personal identity,’ he proposes a reduction not of the pronoun ego but aliquis in menominc states. Both pices share the introspectivist philosophical pshcological foundation that honours a long Oxford tradition in the area since Stout had been appointed the first Wilde reader ever.  Grice sums up both analysis in terms that eventually reduce to the awareness of the self. Second-person or third-person variants are available, but not the ones that transpire in Grice’s final analyses of both notions.  When in his later ‘Post-war Oxford philosophy,’ Grice raises the question: what is your Oxonian point above it all?’ Grice alludes to the fact that a philosopher is primarily motivated by HIS OWN actual concerns with a particular concept. So we have to assume, for the sake of the argument, that Grice, for the sake of the argument, is personally involved in an elucidation of ‘not’ and ‘I.’ He was never so lucky. Later in his career he had to spend HOURS, and public hours of public discussions, too, in trying just to correct the views of, say, Anscombe (Grice’s “Reply to G. E. M. Anscombe”) or Davidson (“Davidson on intending”). The first, an Oxonian, whose female intuitions Grice did not share, the other not even Oxonian!  COMMON SENSE AND SCEPTICISM.  In a 1946 Oxford seminar on scepticism, H.P. Grice (St John’s) proposed that the philosophical sceptic falls into a self-contradiction by relying on communicative intentions that presuppose the very knowledge they deny. Supported by A.D. Woozley (All Souls), the discussion highlighted Grice’s developing "Theory of Meaning" as a "fatal" challenge to skeptical arguments. For a deeper look into the historical context and participants, visit All Souls College asc.ox.ac.uk and for an analysis of Grice’s philosophy, see the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy plato.stanford.edu.The 1940s (except ‘Personal Identity’ written before the war, only PUBLISHED in 1941) saw Grice landing on Oxford safe and sound – having spent the first phrase of the conflict – what Flanagan calls ‘the phoney war – in the north-atlantic theatre of operations as drafted by the Royal Navy –and the seoncd part in intelligence operations at the Admiralty in London. Back just when Oxofrd re-opened his gates (but never to those who had been conscious objectors, like Geach) continues for Grice with a piece with A. D. Woozley for a joint seminar at Oxford on ‘Common sense and scepticism’ which brings the topic of the sceptic attitude to ordinary language and life at large.  The sceptic had and still is a familiar figure with the Oxonian philosopher, since one can make fun of him, and even laugh at him. In 1946, Woozley and Grice knew what they found laughable in the sceptic. He just wasn’t speaking ordinary language. Ayer had already made pre-war in Languge and Logic clear that the sceptic regarded as a philosopher was engaged in nonsense. Grice never embraced Ayer’s metaphysical pessimism, but he was willing to give it a try. Ayer had grown more and more distant from Austin (they both had socialized, unlike Grice, in the Thursday evening meetings of the old play group (as Hampshire calls it) once Berlin had abandoned his humble quarters at Corpus, and was able to set ‘conversazioni’ at All Souls. By 1946, with Austin (but not Ayer – who had settled in London) back in Oxford, Grice had no option rather but to become a ‘disciple’ as he never was of this particular representative of a particular way of pratising ‘ordinary-language philosophy’ – the other being the more senior Ryle, to whom it had taken a phoney war to forget all that he revered pre-war Brentano and his kind – and a third one, which was circulating the view of whom Russell referred to in letter to his beloved Ottonel as ‘this Manchester engineer.’ Ripe with conversational illustdrations. Indeed, Grice’s piece is premonitory in that in it he incudes a bit of a rambling into what he sees as the self-contradictoin on the sceptical’s claim: SCEPTIC: So you do have two hands, but does not not prove the external world. MOORE. What does IT prove? SCEPTIC. Nothing really.  MOORE. I’m not convinced. It seems you are willing me to come to believe both p and ~p, which not only would be immoral of you, but illogical of me! ‘Common sense and scepticism’ is an essay by Grice that will prove forever  inspirational. It is typical of his procedure that he would keep a piece on his desk and never touch it again, or let anyone touch it again. So it was after his repriting it in Studies in the Way of Words that the piece has assumed legendary status – and the bracket that Grice added the day before he died, in 1997, and which reads: “(1946)” makes all the difference.  Grice is wiling his audience to know and realise that it was IMMEIDATELY after the phoney war that Grice was ready to keep engaging in the type of analysis – with more ‘professional resposnbilities’ since St. John’s was providing his bread and butter as tutorial fellow and Oxford herself was providing some more bread and some more butter with appointing him ‘University lecturer’ for the whole campus. ‘Common sense and scepticism’ (1946) is followed by Grice’s most famous piece, “Meaning”. Without his “Meaning,” there would have been no William James Lecture. Granted, there would still have been “Causal theory of perception” – Grice’s second most famous article – considering “Logic and conversation” as part (if not parcel) of the William James, and only published by Grice as harassed by Davidson and Harman! It is only too obvious to be true that ‘Meaning’ does build on Grice’s theory of conversation.  But mind, none of the examples he gives there are part of what he later has a a ‘talk exchange.’ None is linguistic, for that matter. The opening segment, as indeed ‘Common sense and scepticism’ based on specific ex abruptus by the sceptic – follows the regular patter on his ‘Negation and privation’ and ‘Personal identity.’ A list of usages is grouped in ‘families’ or categories – ‘negation related to sense percepta, privation related to introspection; psychological uses of ‘I’, somatic uses of ‘I’ – I was hit by a cricket bat yesterday -- --psycho-somatic uses of ‘I’ – I fell from the stairways’.THE CLICK (1947) Post-war Oxford, 1947. A public house near Austin’s college—near enough for him to treat it as an annex, far enough for Grice to pretend he has slipped the leash of St John’s. The talk begins, as so much Oxford talk does, in a minor key: with tutorial duties, pupils, and the small pomp of “loyalty.” It ends with what they will later call the Click: the moment Grice realises that his obligation, and therefore his audience, has just widened. Austin: You look too cheerful for a man with tutorials. Grice: Tutorials are fine and dandy. One acquires, if nothing else, a moral vocabulary: duty, patience, and that word you people use as if it were a virtue—loyalty. Austin: Your “loyalty to the tutee,” you mean—said with that tone as if you’d invented it. Grice: I grant the pomposity. But it is loyalty of a sort. When you’ve had tutees like Flew—who abbreviates his thoughts before he has them—or Strawson—who will one day argue with God about a definite description—you learn that the tutorial is not merely instruction; it is custodianship. Austin: And now they’ve made you a University Lecturer. Grice: Yes. The notice arrived as if it were a change of stationery rather than a change of life. Austin: Meaning—without anyone having to spell it out—that your lectures are open to the whole blessed university. Any member. Even the maid, I should think. Or the gardener—since you like botanics, Austin. Grice (after a pause): That’s the Click, then. One has been loyal to one’s tutee because one could see him. Now one is loyal to an audience one cannot even name. Austin: Don’t get mystical. It’s still only Oxford. But yes—your loyalty has broadened. From pupil to… what? Public. Grice: And the reference-point shifts. One begins—against one’s better judgement—to look at you for cues, as if you were a father-figure. If a father can only be two years older than oneself. Austin: Don’t be absurd. I’m barely older; I merely behave as if I were much older. Grice: In any case, I shan’t be joining files with Ryle. Too veritable ancient. With you, at least, one may be a colleague without feeling one has been adopted by a museum. Austin: Good. Museums are for dead languages. Now—what are you going to do with this new public of yours? Grice: What you and I always pretend we are not doing: teaching philosophy as if it mattered. Not merely to our respective colleges, but to the whole campus—studium generale, if you like. As if we were responsible for the whole of the Sorbonne; the whole of Bononia Alma Mater. Austin: Mind you: only the poor learn at Oxford anyway. The rest merely attend. Still—yes. The whole university. Not just your staircase at St John’s. Austin: And do remember what you are: a University Lecturer in philosophy, as well as a tutorial fellow in philosophy. Not cosmetics. Whole-time posts are a thing, Grice; don’t let them catch you behaving as if you’d been appointed to a department store. Grice: Titles have never frightened me. They only make me curious as to what they conceal. Austin: They conceal furniture. A “chair,” they call it—cathedra if you want to be medieval about it—an old wooden seat that has given us both “chair” and, in the mouths of men who like puns, “cheers.” But some chairs at Oxford are heavier than the wood: the Waynflete and the White. Two titles and you are no longer merely “a philosopher”; you become an office. Grice: Then I am content to remain, for now, a lecturer in philosophy. It has the advantage of not pretending I am more than I am. My tutees may chase chairs if they like. Strawson, for instance, will probably end up with one of those solemn seats and then spend the rest of his life trying to climb out of it. Grice: My only lasting nervousness is not about titles but about attendance. When it comes to my seminars, I shall always be wondering who will turn up. Austin: Then give a joint seminar. Or a trio. At least you’ll know your co-seminarist is coming. If the room is empty, you can still argue with each other—and call it method. Epilogue. The advice proved sound. In time they would indeed run joint sessions, and later even a trio—Austin, Grice, and Hare—over Aristotle’s Ethica Nicomachea, the safest text in Oxford for keeping tempers civil while disagreements remain total. But seminars by university lecturers were also nobody’s land: open to all, owned by none, and forever at the mercy of weather, dinner, and undergraduate fear. After Austin died, Grice largely stopped the joint experiments and ventured on his own—discovering, with a dry sort of comfort, that one is never entirely alone while one’s shadow keeps pace, “walking down the avenoo,” as the old ditty has it. He would sometimes murmur the phrase as if to test whether the rhyme could count as company. GRICE REFUSES ACCEPTANCE TO MIND ASSOCIATION (1947) Quinton: Grice, I’m told you’ve had a letter from the Mind Association. A civil little invitation, with the usual air of inevitability. Grice: Civil, yes. I do admire their stationery. It has that tone of a body that imagines it is the body. “We should be pleased to welcome you…”—as if I had been waiting outside their gates like a petitioner. Quinton: You’re being perverse. People join. They pay. They receive the journal. They attend the Joint Session. It’s the natural cycle of an English philosopher. Grice: Natural cycles are the province of the botanists. Philosophers are supposed to ask the wrong question in a clean voice. Mine is: who pays for these associations anyway? And why does the paying have to be dressed up as “membership,” as if it were some tribal initiation? Quinton: Sidgwick thought it necessary, didn’t he? Mind needed steady financial support; the Association was set up to see to it. That was the origin of the thing: 1900. Not mystery; bookkeeping. Grice: Exactly: bookkeeping. Yet they speak of it as if it were metaphysics. We cannot say, “Keep the journal afloat,” we must say, “Promote the study of philosophy.” As if philosophy were a municipal swimming-bath. Quinton: But you publish in Mind. Your “Personal Identity” was there. That’s hardly spitting in the soup. Grice: Publishing is not membership. Publishing is a transaction between author and editor, with the reader as the unconsulted third party. Membership is a sentimental apparatus: badges, lists, minutes, presidents, and the polite fiction that one has “joined” a thing larger than one’s work. Quinton: You say that now. Wait until you want an audience for something that isn’t quite a paper and isn’t quite a lecture. Associations are useful for that—rooms, timetables, a ready-made “we.” Grice: A ready-made “we” is precisely what I distrust. It tempts one to stop thinking in the first person. Besides, I have Oxford: I have a college, a faculty, a pub, and the occasional Saturday morning organised by Austin as if philosophy were a sport with rules and penalties. What more association does one require? Quinton: The Aristotelian Society, for a start. You’ll publish there too. They have an old seriousness about them; they don’t pretend to be a club for improving one’s soul. They are an institution for airing arguments. Grice: The Aristotelian Society at least has the decency to look like what it is: a place where papers are read and then attacked. The Mind Association feels different: it feels like a parish council for the journal, and yet somehow also like a spiritual home for “philosophy.” I mistrust anything that claims to be a home for philosophy. Homes produce warmth; philosophy requires draughts. Quinton: You’re overdoing the puritanism. The Joint Session is run with the Aristotelians; it’s become the main gathering. If you refuse membership you’re refusing, in effect, the public life of the subject. Grice: I refuse precisely the idea that philosophy has to have “a public life” in that institutional sense. Let philosophy have a public life by being done in public: lectures, papers, arguments, conversations that go on too long. But do not tell me that paying a subscription is a philosophical act. It is a postal act. And it produces, in return, a quarterly object—paper, ink, and the dangerous illusion that one is “keeping up.” Quinton: So you’ll decline? Grice: I have declined. Politely. I said: I shall continue to read Mind, and perhaps even to appear in it, but I do not wish to be enrolled. I do not want my name to function as a contribution to anyone’s list. I have enough lists in my life already—reading lists, tutorial lists, lists of things to say more clearly. I refuse a list whose purpose is to make philosophy look like a club. Epilogue (entered later, with a dryness that pretends not to be pleased with itself) Some years after, the Mind Association—always dutiful, always archivally correct—will credit, to its own credit, the fact that H. P. Grice was never a member. The irony is perfect: the Association whose purpose is to gather philosophers records, as a minor triumph, the man who chose not to be gathered. Oxford, meanwhile, continues its own small commerce in organs and outlets. There is Philosophy, the journal of the Royal Institute of Philosophy—public-minded, respectable, a little Sunday-best. There is Analysis, founded in the thirties as a place for short, sharp questions of detail, as if philosophy could be kept trim by editorial fiat; and there are always rumours of “societies” attached to journals, like barnacles to ships. Perhaps this is the moral: philosophy does not need associations in order to occur; but associations will always arise where philosophy occurs, because someone must pay for the paper, the postage, the hall, and the tea. The only remaining question—the only properly Gricean question—is whether the talk would have been better, or worse, had we admitted this in plain English.   PAUL: My dear Grice—welcome. Welcome, in the old formula, to the Aristotelian Society: London’s little machine for making philosophy public without making it vulgar.  GRICE: Very good of it, sir. I confess I am still deciding whether I have joined a Society or a postal service.  PAUL: Both, if we are honest; the post is how metaphysics travels. But do take the point: membership is not mere subscription; it is entry into an order—  GRICE: An order? I should have worn different socks. PAUL: Your socks will do. It is your mind we require—your willingness to be read, and then contradicted, in the presence of witnesses. GRICE: Witnesses I can abide. It is the minute-taking that troubles me. One never knows what will be recorded as having been “the view.”  PAUL: The minutes are charitable. They reduce our contradictions to a civil outline. Besides, the Society is older than most of our quarrels.  GRICE: Yes—older, and slightly mysterious. I had supposed it began among gentlemen with leisure and a taste for Aristotle.  PAUL: That is the self-flattering legend. In truth it began, as many English institutions do, among people who were not meant to have institutions at all.  GRICE: Among the redbricks?  PAUL: Precisely. The provinces. The smoky periphery. The “satanic mills,” if one insists on quoting Blake over supper. GRICE: That is rather cheering. It means the Society is not merely a London parlour trick, but an invention of those who had to carve out a room for thinking. PAUL: Quite so—and now London keeps the room, and we attempt to keep the thinking. Which brings me to the practicalities: your annual subscription.  GRICE: About that—St John’s is paying it.  PAUL: St John’s? Paying for your membership? That is magnificently collegiate.  GRICE: Magnificently, yes, and also convenient. I am not sure I could be trusted with a cheque for philosophy.  PAUL: Then you will at least accept the complimentary copies of the Proceedings. One likes to think the Society feeds its members. GRICE: It does, but I cannot store the feeding. I have no room. My rooms at St John’s are already a small siege of paper. PAUL: Surely St John’s has room— GRICE: I wouldn’t think St John’s has either. They are more into illuminated manuscripts—Cistercians, you know. Once a Cistercian, always a Cistercian. They will keep a twelfth-century initial; they will not thank you for my spare copies of the Proceedings. Evening Train to Cambridge, 1961: not a flashback but a small jump forward, like a page turned with the thumb kept in place. The last time Grice had been in anything like this mood, it had been in London, with the Aristotelian Society and a certain G. A. Paul—who, these days, seemed more a sailor than a philosopher, as if arguments were best answered by a change of tack and a length of rope. Grice could picture him now, not at a lectern but in oilskin, looking at the North Sea as if it were a better referee than any chairman. Alive or dead, at sea or on land, Paul persisted in Grice’s mind as the example of a man who could take “problem” and make it sound like “weather”: something you do not refute but navigate. Tomorrow Grice was to speak in Cambridge on “The causal theory of perception,” under the chairmanship of Braithwaite. He was staying overnight at A. C. Ewing’s: a hospitable house, a serious house, and, most importantly, a house where one could revise a paragraph without being interrupted by hotel plumbing. He had taken the evening train from Oxford toward Cambridge on the current line as it ran in 1961, with its changes and its pauses, and its official voice announcing each stop as if naming were a public duty. The compartment smelt of wool and coal-dust and that faint, resigned tea that travels on trains whether anyone has ordered it or not. Grice sat with his folder of notes, preparing to say “seems” in public. THE DIALOGUE An old lady sat down opposite him. She did it with the brisk certainty of someone who believes that empty seats are for bodies, not for silence. Old Lady: You seem like an educated person. Grice looked up as if the paper had spoken. Grice: That is an interesting verb to begin with. Old Lady: Is it? I meant it kindly. Grice: I don’t doubt that. It’s merely that “seem” makes a man answerable for what he has not quite claimed. Old Lady: Answerable? On a train? Grice: Especially on a train. Trains encourage conclusions. Old Lady: Well, you are reading like someone about to be examined. Grice: I am preparing for something worse: I’m giving a talk tomorrow in Cambridge. Old Lady: A talk. Grice: A symposium, if you like. On the causal theory of perception. Old Lady: That sounds like a long way of saying “seeing.” Grice: It is a long way of saying “seeing,” and a longer way of trying not to say “sense-data.” Old Lady: Who is in charge of this symposium? Grice: Braithwaite is chairing. Old Lady: Welsh, I assume. Grice: You assume boldly. Old Lady: One has to have some hobbies. Grice: Mine tend to be verbal. Old Lady: And what do you do, exactly, in a talk on seeing? Grice: I try to stop people rushing from what is said to what is supposed to be meant, without noticing the steps in between. Old Lady: You mean people jump to conclusions. Grice: Precisely. The train gathered itself, and the platform slid away as if the world were making room. Old Lady: So why did you get into all this? Seeing and seeming. Grice: I wouldn’t have, honestly, had it not been for Warnock. Old Lady: Warnock. Grice: An Irishman. He got tired of Austin’s stiffness, and of the whole business of Sense and Sensibilia. Old Lady: I read that and loved it. Grice: You did. Old Lady: I did. At least enough to know it was clever. Grice felt in his bag, found what he wanted, and offered her a folded notice as if it were a piece of evidence. Grice: Here. An older Oxford Gazette entry. “J. Austin, Sense and Sensibilia.” Below it: “Assistant Lecturer: G. J. Warnock.” Old Lady: Assistant lecturer. That means he did the running. Grice: Often. Old Lady: Clever, this Austin man. Grice: Indeed. Clever enough to make a man think he is only tidying language when he is really rearranging the furniture of the mind. Old Lady: And you prefer Warnock? Grice: I prefer that he pushed me into a corner where “seems” becomes unavoidable. Old Lady: “Seems” again. Grice: Always again. The train, at just that moment, passed close enough to a platform lamp for a pillar box to appear as if it had been placed there for an example. Old Lady: Look there. Grice: Yes? Old Lady: That pillar box. You see it. Grice: I see it. Old Lady: It seems red. Grice: It seems red. Old Lady: And it is red. Grice: And it is red. Old Lady: Then why not just say “It is red” and have done? Grice: Because “It seems red” can be true even when it is red, but it can invite a listener to think I am hedging. Old Lady: Hedging. Grice: Leaving myself an escape, linguistically. Old Lady: Or being fussy. Grice: That, too. Old Lady: If you said “It seems red” when it is plainly red, I would take you to be either doubtful or over-careful. Grice: Yes. And that “take you to be” is not the same as what the words strictly say. That gap is where my life goes. Old Lady: That sounds like splitting hairs. Grice: It is. But hairs, unlike pillar boxes, sometimes matter. Old Lady: Cambridge likes hairs, then. Grice: Cambridge likes anything that can be made to look like a proof. Old Lady: And you’re staying with someone there? Grice: Ewing. Old Lady: The name rings a bell. Grice: Bells are common in Cambridge. The official voice came on, clipped and indifferent, announcing the world in stages. Ticket Collector (loudspeaker): Next stop: Bletchley. Old Lady: Bletchley. That sounds like a place where secrets have been made to sit still. Grice: Or to move invisibly. Ticket Collector (loudspeaker): Next stop: Bedford. Old Lady: Are we going the long way? Grice: We are going the way that avoids London, which is not the same as being short. Ticket Collector (loudspeaker): Next stop: Sandy. Old Lady: Sandy. Honest name. Grice: Names often promise honesty they cannot guarantee. Ticket Collector (loudspeaker): Next stop: Cambridge. Grice glanced at his notes and then at the dark window, where his own reflection looked like a cautious witness. Grice: We seem to be getting there. Old Lady: Seeming indeed. Grice: But I am not. Old Lady: Not? Grice: I’m not getting off at Cambridge. Old Lady: But you just said— Grice: I said we seem to be getting there. That is compatible with my not getting there. Old Lady: That is the sort of thing that would drive a sensible person to the buffet. Grice: I don’t recommend philosophy to sensible people. The loudspeaker returned, as if to correct them both. Ticket Collector (loudspeaker): Next stop: Cambridge. Old Lady leaned forward slightly, as if listening for a different name underneath the official one, the way locals do. Old Lady: That’s me, then. Grice: Cambridge? Old Lady: Not Cambridge. The stop just before, when it comes. That’s me. Grice: Ah. Old Lady: You philosophers have too many destinations. Grice: We also have too many ways of arriving. There was a pause in which the train did what trains do: it travelled as if travel were an argument. Ticket Collector (loudspeaker): Next stop: Cambridge. Old Lady, still calm, still brisk, seemed amused by the repetition. Old Lady: He’s saying it as if it makes it true. Grice: Naming is a powerful superstition. Old Lady: Here we are. The train eased, slowed, and the voice at last provided the crucial correction the Old Lady had been waiting for. Ticket Collector (loudspeaker): Next stop: Shelford. Old Lady: That’s me, then. Grice watched her gather her bag with the ease of someone who does not need to justify her movements. Old Lady: You’ll get off at Cambridge and talk about “seems.” Grice: That is the plan. Old Lady: Well, I hope they listen better than you do. Grice: I listened. Old Lady: You listened and then corrected. Grice: That is, in my line, a form of listening. Old Lady: You seem very sure of yourself for a man who lives on “seems.” Grice: That may be the only way to survive it. She reached the door, then turned back with one last piece of ordinary precision. Old Lady: When I said “That’s me, then,” I didn’t mean “that’s me” as in “I resemble it.” Grice: No? Old Lady: I meant “that’s I.” Properly speaking. Grice paused, as if the train had stopped inside his head. Grice: By which she meant “that’s I,” he later noted—wondering, in his private pages, whether elucubrations was the word, and deciding that it seemed to be. Old Lady: There. You see? You can hear grammar when you want to. Grice: I can. I do. Old Lady: Good night, then. Grice: Good night. She stepped down at Shelford, and was gone into the platform light with the brisk vanishing of a person who has never mistaken town for gown. EPILOGUE From Shelford to Cambridge, the train went on without her; and Grice went on without the comfort of thinking she had been a mere oddity. He had spent years among men who mistook the refinement of gown for the monopoly of reason. Yet here was an old lady, with no jargon, no papers, no invitations, who had handled “seems” without ceremony: the compliment that begins with it, the inference it tempts, the way it invites a listener to supply doubt, and the way a speaker may cancel that supply without cancelling the sentence. And she had done something else, too: she had shown that “ordinary” competence includes the ability to move between what is correct, what is idiomatic, and what is socially effective—between “That’s me” and “That’s I”—without needing a theory before breakfast. He took out his notebook, not the tidy talk-notes, but the private place where a thought may live without a chairman. He wrote: Kant may be right that conversational reason is universal; and even if irrationality springs here and there, the cunning of conversational reason will take care of that. If you want, I can also tune the stop-list so the loudspeaker announces a longer chain (Oxford to Bletchley, Bletchley to Bedford, etc.) while keeping it plausibly 1961 and not over-precise about platform geography. Grice and Pears on the Meadow (1966) Invented date: Tuesday, 17 May 1966 Grice: The Meadow is doing its usual work—making one think one’s thoughts were always this slow. Pears: Slowness is the Meadow’s proof that urgency is mostly self-inflicted. Grice: Still, I confess to a private urgency. A letter arrived—curiously ceremonious. Pears: From where? Not the post office—your tone suggests a chancery. Grice: From the old Academy—at least, that is what my imagination insists on calling it. Pears: The old Academy? You mean the modern one, with committees and tea? Grice: Elected, apparently. FBA. I feel as if I’ve been placed in a row of portraits I have no right to join. Pears: Congratulations, Grice. Grice: Thank you. Now the difficulty: how to accept without becoming the sort of man who accepts. Pears: By continuing to be the sort of man who hesitates—only now with stationery to match. Grice: The phrase “Academy” leads one backward. I keep thinking not of London but of that grove outside Athens. Pears: Where the hero is not a Secretary but Hekademos, lurking behind the hedges like an etymology. Grice: Exactly. One wants to spell him out properly, to keep the ghosts satisfied: Ἑκαδήμος. Pears: Or, if we must be schoolmasters: Ἑ–κ–α–δ–ή–μ–ο–ς. A man made of letters, and therefore immortal. Grice: The irony is that the grove becomes “academia,” and then Cicero makes it Roman—turning place into programme. Pears: And eventually “Academy” becomes a badge, which the English wear as if it were a tie one cannot remove at dinner. Grice: Yet a badge can be a burden. It suggests a trust—something received, therefore something owed. Pears: Owed to whom? The living electors? The dead Athenians? Or the schoolboys who will misquote you? Grice: There is also, oddly, a woman in it: Henriette Hertz. Her name sits behind one of these obligations like a benefaction with a face. Pears: Henriette Hertz—the patron, the donor; the one who set aside money so that philosophers would have to speak in public. Grice: Yes. A trust, as you say: a little fund that insists that thought be made answerable to an audience. Pears: Then your election is not only a compliment; it is an instruction. You are to honour that trust by giving something worthy. Grice: Worthy—and not merely worthy in the sense of “suitable,” but in the sense that it does not flatter the institution by imitating its solemnity. Pears: So: speak as if you were back in the grove. Not the modern hall. Let the old Academy embarrass the new. Grice: Then I shall try to speak about what actually governs talk: intention, and the uncertainty that clings to it even when we are being careful. Epilogue. Grice did, in due course, honour Henriette Hertz’s trust: he delivered the Henriette Hertz lecture on Intention and Uncertainty, turning that ceremonial “Academy” occasion back into what mattered most to him—how, in conversation, we mean more than we can strictly guarantee. SEMINAR ON PEIRCE. 1947 In 1947, H.P. Grice opened his seminar on  Charles Sanders Peirce with a characteristically droll reassurance to the gathered Oxford dons and students. Sensing a collective trepidation toward the dense, sprawling terminology of American Pragmatism, he remarked:  Now, I know the very mention of Peirce can be rather daunting, but I assure you there is no cause for alarm. We shall not be lost in a sea of 'phaneron' or 'triadic relations' for long. My aim is to keep this inquiry as English as we can; to that end, we shall ground our feet firmly by sticking to good ol' Ogden’s The Meaning of Meaning, specifically the reprint of the Welby correspondence. It provides a much more sensible, domestic lens through which to view these transatlantic abstractions. Cheers from the crowd. The seminar apparently succeeded in its mission of linguistic domestication. Following the final session, P.F. Strawson published a glowing report in the Oxford University Gazette (March 12, 1948; Issue No. 2641), in which he praised his colleague's pedagogical alchemy: "Grice has performed a most remarkable service to the Faculty. Through a rigorous application of ordinary language analysis and a refusal to be bullied by exotic nomenclature, he has managed the impossible: he has turned Peirce into something almost English. One left the final meeting with the distinct impression that, had the American only spent a few more terms in a North Oxford drawing room, he might have been one of us after all." Would you like to explore the specific philosophical friction between Victoria Welby's "significs" and Peirce's semiotics that Grice likely highlighted? SEMINAR ON MEANING 1948 This historical recreation depicts an encounter between  Paul Grice and Alfred Cyril (A.C.) Ewing at The Angel and Greyhound pub near Magdalen College, Oxford, in May 1937.  Grice had recently read Ewing’s paper "Meaninglessness" published in Mind (1937), where Ewing critiqued the logical positivist verification principle. While Grice originally found the dense paper "meaningless" in its own right, he came to admire Ewing’s resistance to the "Viennese bombshells" dropped by A.J. Ayer in his 1936 book Language, Truth, and Logic. The Conversation . Grice: Ewing! I thought I spotted a Cambridge man wandering too close to the Cherwell. What brings you back to the old damp grounds of Magdalen? Ewing: Grice! A fleeting visit to see the President. It’s been a decade since I was a fellow here. The air feels... heavier than I remember. Grice: That’ll be the smog of verificationism. Pull up a stool. I’ve just finished your latest in Mind. Ewing: Ah, 'Meaninglessness.' I suspect it’s made me quite unpopular with the younger crowd in the Senior Common Rooms. Grice: "To be perfectly honest, Alfred, when I first waded through it, I found your account of 'meaninglessness' to be, well... essentially meaningless. Ewing: (Laughing softly) An occupational hazard of metaphysics, I suppose. Or perhaps just my prose.  Grice: No, I’ve recanted. I realized I was just being lazy. You’re actually trying to save us from that 'Oxonian outsider'—our friend Freddie Ayer. Ewing: Ayer... He treats philosophy like a demolition site. He’s brought those Viennese bombshells over and expects us to thank him for the rubble. Grice: He’s certainly made a bang. 1936 was the year Oxford decided that if you can’t poke it with a stick, you can’t talk about it. Ewing: It’s a bleak view. I remember happier days here before the war shadows and the linguistic purges. Grice: You mean when we could talk about 'The Good' without being told we were just clearing our throats or expressing a 'boo'? Ewing: Exactly. There was a certain dignity to our ignorance back then. Grice: I saw Freddie yesterday. He was laughing at the idea that your paper even had truth-conditions. I found myself quite annoyed on your behalf. Ewing: Freddie’s laughter is the loudest thing in Oxford these days. It’s a shame he’s so clever; it makes his errors more infectious. Grice: I told him he was missing the 'non-natural' point. I’m starting to think meaning isn't just about verification, but about what a fellow intends to do to his audience. Ewing: Intention? That sounds dangerously psychological for this climate, Paul. Grice: Perhaps. But better a mind with intentions than a world with only 'sense-data' and 'tautologies'. Ewing:  I appreciate the defense. I do miss the old Magdalen walks—discussing Kant without feeling like a criminal. Grice:  You’re always welcome to come back and be a criminal with me. We can start a 'meaningless' underground. Ewing: "The 'Society for the Preservation of Synthetic A Priori'? We’d be a small club. Grice: "Small but sturdy. I’ll quote you in my next seminar, Alfred. I’ll tell them Ewing says the word 'meaningless' is being used far too meaningfully by the positivists. Ewing: "If you do, make sure to emphasize the irony. They hate irony; it’s not 'verifiable'. Grice: "I shall. Another pint before you head back to the fens? Ewing: Please. Let’s drink to the days before the bombshells, when a philosopher could just be wrong without being told he was literally silent. Grice: To the old days, and to the 'meaningless' truth. Cheers, Alfred. In hindsight, Grice would often display an interest to explore how Grice later incorporated these specific Ewing critiques into his 1947 William James Lectures or his earlier seminars. SEMINAR WITH P. F. STRAWSON ON ‘MEANING, CATEGORIES, AND LOGICAL FORM.’ ..  ..THE OXFORD GAZETTE Vol. LXXXI — No. 2721 | Monday, 23 April 1951 REPORT FROM THE FACULTY OF LITERAE HUMANIORES: "Meaning, Categories, and Logical Form" By David Wiggins (Balliol)  The conclusion of this term’s seminar series—“Meaning, Categories, and Logical Form”—held in the Lower Lecture Room at the Philosophy Faculty, proved to be a revelatory exercise in collaborative analytic inquiry. The discussion was led by Mr. H. P. Grice (St. John’s) and Mr. P. F. Strawson (University), whose congenial rapport, tested over years of tutorial exchange, was delightfully evident throughout the proceedings. As a reviewer and participant, I found myself overwhelmed—in the most positive sense—by the intellectual generosity and precision on display.  Strawson opened his session by revisiting themes from his recent essays on body identification, drawing on the Banbury example (“Banbury is disinterested”) as a test case for the role of personal reference in logical form. Grice’s response, equal parts wit and rigor, was to question the necessity of Strawson’s attachment to bodily presence as a criterion for category membership. Grice’s objections, gently but effectively deployed, highlighted the risk of confusing the metaphysics of subjecthood with merely empirical concerns. “Banbury,” Grice remarked, “may be disinterested, but disinterestedness itself is neither embodied nor necessarily instantiated—what matters for logical form is the categorial status of the subject item, substantial or otherwise.”  The debate quickly ascended from the particulars of reference to the generalities of Platonic ontology. Grice, adopting the Platonist’s vantage, pressed the point that “Disinterestedness, never mind Banbury, does not exist”—at least, not in the sense that Banbury himself does. Strawson, undeterred, sought to rescue the pragmatic value of bodily identification, but Grice’s categorial precision steered the conversation back to the philosophical bedrock: the difference between substantial entities and abstract universals. The seminar thus embodied what Oxford philosophy does best—making fine distinctions, then testing their boundaries through ingenious examples and genial repartee.  As the hour drew to a close, I was struck by how Grice and Strawson, in their “obviously congenial” exchange, illuminated the intricate interdependence of meaning, category, and logical form. Their dialogue reminded all present that philosophy’s task is not only to clarify what is said but to interrogate what is presupposed—whether by Banbury, by the concept of disinterestedness, or by the Platonic appetite for abstract substance. The session ended with applause and animated discussion in the corridor, the kind that signals genuine intellectual advancement.  For my part, I remain convinced that the philosophical kinship between Grice and Strawson—rooted in reasoned dissent and mutual respect—sets an exemplary standard for how meaning and category should be investigated in the highest Oxonian tradition.— David Wiggins (Balliol College)  SEMINAR WITH G. J. WARNOCK ON THE PHILOSOPHY OF PERCEPTION ..OXFORD GAZETTE — Vol. XCI | Trinity Term | No. 3007 | Monday, 7 June 1965Philosophy of Perception: Grice and Warnock’s Joint SeminarA Brilliant Tour de Force—Paul Snowdon ReportsREPORT FROM THE FACULTY OF LITERAE HUMANIORES: "The Philosophy of Perception" By Paul Snowdon (Magdalen) The closing session of the joint seminar on the philosophy of perception, led by H. P. Grice (St John’s) and G. J. Warnock, proved to be a triumphant exercise in analytic rigor and dialectical brilliance. Held in the Upper Lecture Room on a sunlit Trinity Term afternoon, the gathering drew an audience of dons, fellows, and students eager to witness the final exchange between two of Oxford’s most formidable philosophical minds. Warnock opened the proceedings with a characteristically lucid summary of the concept of VISUM—his proposal to incorporate the "thing seen" as a central category in perceptual analysis. He argued that the visum, as the object of sight, should be the focal point of philosophical inquiry, urging the seminar to move beyond the traditional empiricist dichotomies between sense-data and physical objects. Grice, in reply, delivered what can only be described as a masterclass in philosophical criticism. With wit and precision, he challenged Warnock’s enthusiasm for the visum, contending that its hasty incorporation into the analytic framework was not only premature but conversationally irrelevant. Grice argued that the visum, while alluring as a theoretical construct, offers little to the actual business of philosophical conversation. “Philosophy,” Grice observed, “is the art of testing distinctions. To import the visum as a privileged category is to mistake the map for the territory and the conversational for the metaphysical.” The exchange quickly ascended from particulars to generalities. Warnock defended the pragmatic value of the visum, suggesting it could bridge the gap between phenomenology and ordinary language. Grice, undeterred, pressed the point that the conversational context remains paramount: “A philosopher’s task is not to multiply entities but to clarify what is said and meant, especially when what is ‘seen’ is so easily confused with what is ‘thought about.’ The visum, as a conversational move, is a distraction—an unnecessary detour in the landscape of perception.” As reviewer and participant, I was struck by Grice’s intellectual generosity and the ease with which he dismantled rushed judgments. His attacks on Warnock’s incorporation of the visum were not mere polemics; they were an invitation to consider the deep relevance of conversational analysis. Grice’s insistence that philosophical inquiry must begin with ordinary speech—what is actually said in conversation—served as a timely corrective to the seductive abstractions that sometimes threaten analytic clarity. The seminar concluded with animated discussion in the corridor, the kind that signals genuine intellectual advancement. Warnock, gracious in defeat, conceded that his visum might require further refinement if it is to withstand Grice’s conversational scrutiny. The assembled philosophers left the session with a renewed appreciation for the Oxonian tradition: philosophy as conversation, distinction, and the pursuit of clarity. In sum, Grice’s tour de force—his attacks on conversational irrelevance and his defense of analytic precision—set an exemplary standard for how perception should be discussed at Oxford. The session reminded all present that philosophical progress emerges not from the proliferation of theoretical categories, but from the rigorous testing of what can be said, meant, and understood in the course of conversation. — Paul Snowdon (Magdalen College) Scene: The Flag and Lamb, Oxford. Early evening. Grice and Warnock occupy a snug corner, pints in hand. The fire crackles, the conversation begins.  Grice (leaning forward, eyes twinkling): How CLEVER language is! Warnock (raising an eyebrow): Clever, Grice? Do you mean the words themselves, or is it we conversationalists who are meant to be clever? Grice (waving a hand): Oh, not clever in the sense of human cunning, Warnock. I mean—language itself, its devices, its subtleties! Warnock: But surely, language doesn't possess wit. It's we who deploy the wit, isn't it? Grice: That’s your literalism showing, Warnock! I’m not attributing consciousness to the lexicon. I’m struck by its capacity for nuance—how it enables meaning beyond mere mechanics. Warnock (smiling): So, when you say “clever,” you mean language allows us to be clever—if we wish? Grice: Not quite. Sometimes, language itself outpaces us. Take, for example, our preference for saying “I saw a cow” rather than “I saw a visum of a cow.” Isn’t that clever? Warnock: “Visum”—the thing seen, the philosophical abstraction. But why does English favor the ordinary “cow”? Grice: Because language refuses to be bogged down in abstraction unless abstraction is precisely what’s wanted. Our words cut to the chase—“cow,” not “visum.” Warnock (mulling): So, you’re saying the cleverness lies in linguistic economy? In what is left unsaid? Grice: Exactly! Language selects, discards, compresses. It chooses the cow and leaves the visum to philosophers. Warnock: But does this cleverness belong to language or to the conversationalists who use it? Grice: It’s a partnership. Language is a toolkit, but the tools themselves are ingenious. Consider the maxim of relation—“say what is relevant.” The cow wins, the visum loses. Warnock: Yet, if we were in a seminar, would “visum” ever get its moment in the sun? Grice: Only if we’re feeling pedantic. But in the pub, where linguistic cleverness thrives, “cow” is king. Warnock (grinning): So, cleverness is conversation’s natural habitat—is that your thesis? Grice: My thesis and my practice, Warnock. Observe: “I saw a cow”—full of implication, free of philosophical baggage! Warnock: And if someone were to ask, “Did you see the visum of the cow or the cow itself?”Grice (laughing): I’d say, “Don’t be silly! I saw the cow, and the cow saw me!” Warnock: You’d undermine the abstraction with ordinary wit. Grice: That’s what clever language does—keeps us grounded. And it’s why the seminar tomorrow will be lively, not laborious. Warnock (raising his glass): To clever language and ordinary cows! Oxford Gazette Report (signed: P.F. Strawson) The Faculty of Literæ Humaniores is pleased to record a recent anecdote from the Flag and Lamb, where Professors Grice and Warnock engaged in spirited debate concerning the wit of the English tongue. Grice’s exclamation—“How clever language is!”—set the tone for a discussion wherein literalism met its match and “visum” was routed by “cow.” Warnock, ever the champion of precision, pressed Grice on whether cleverness resides in words or in their wielders. Grice’s answer, characteristically pragmatic, celebrated linguistic economy: “Language itself selects, compresses, and enables us to mean more than we say.” The conversation, observed by several dons, concluded with mutual agreement that ordinary language—and ordinary cows—are cleverer than most philosophers suspect. The seminar that followed was, as expected, lively. — P. F. Strawson, University College  SEMINAR WITH J. L. AUSTIN ON ARISTOTLE’S CATEGORIES AND DE INTERPRETATIONE. THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY GAZETTE Vol. LXXXV — No. 2842 | Thursday, 16 June 1955 UNIVERSITY INTELLIGENCE Report on the Joint Seminar: Aristotle’s De Interpretatione and the Categories The Trinity Term has witnessed the conclusion of an exceptionally rigorous, if somewhat taxing, series of meetings conducted jointly by Professor J. L. Austin(White’s Professor of Moral Philosophy) and Mr. H. P. Grice of St John’s. The seminar, an official fixture of the Literae Humaniores curriculum, met each Tuesday afternoon in the New Bodleian. Attendance by candidates for the Honour School was, as custom dictates, effectively mandatory, though the atmosphere remained more of a lecture-duel than a collaborative colloquium. The sessions followed a strict alternating format. One week, Professor Austin would offer a granular, almost forensic reading of the Greek text; the following week, Mr. Grice would provide a "response" which frequently served as a total philosophical reconstruction of the preceding week's labour. The term opened on 26 April with Professor Austin’s treatment of Categories 1a1–15. His insistence on the nuances of paronyma was characteristic of his "Ordinary Language" precision. However, it was the transition to De Interpretatione that provided the term's intellectual friction. On 17 May, discussing Section 1 (16a1–8), Mr. Grice introduced what he termed his "Significatio-Innovation". While Austin remained tethered to a conservative philological account of symbola and semeia, Grice brilliantly re-cast Aristotle’s phantasmata not merely as "mental images," but as functional precursors to a logic of intentional communication. Grice’s departure from the traditional "mentalist" trap was refreshing. He argued that the relationship between symbola and the pathemata tes psychesshould be viewed through the lens of speaker-meaning, a move that seemed to irritate the White’s Professor, who preferred to remain within the "plain meaning of the words on the page." The pedagogy was strictly hierarchical; undergraduate contributions were, quite rightly, kept to a minimum to allow the principals room to maneuver. Nevertheless, during the session of 7 June (covering the definition of the verb in Chapter 3, 16b6–25), I found it necessary to intervene. I raised an objection regarding the temporal implications of the rhema, suggesting that Aristotle’s account of prossemainon chronon (signifying time in addition) failed to distinguish between tense and aspect in a way that might invalidate Mr. Grice’s proposed formalization. Mr. Grice’s rejoinder was swift and, I must admit, entirely satisfying: he suggested that the "additional signification" was not a semantic property of the verb-type, but a necessary condition of the propositional act. This distinction effectively silenced my concern and allowed the seminar to proceed to its conclusion in Section 4. While the "Austin-Grice Alternation" may have proved exhausting for the weaker sort of student, the synthesis of Austinian scrutiny and Gricean innovation has set a formidable standard for the Faculty. — J. L. Ackrill Should I draft a follow-up report focusing on Austin’s specific rebuttal to the "Significatio-Innovation" during the final week?This seminar is crucial for our current studies, because we shall see that most of the material in the text forms the backbone of much of the philosophy in so-called ‘Western Civilisation’ – as opposed to the Byzantine civilization of the Greeks. And the backbone with respect to the major Griceian themes of communication and conversation. As Boethius has commented on the text, the model of communication that Aristotle presents – in terms of ‘semeion,’ and ‘phantasmata’ is one that Grice adopted and never abandoned. With the extra classical element provided by classical rhetoric we find in Grice the elenents of the Western civilization – philosophy – as originated as part of a canon in Rome, and then translated to Bologna. Such a seminar as the one Austin and Grice offered at Oxford could be just unconceivable without the Bologna tradition of the studio generale, later translated to La Sorbonne, and, as the third oldest university – this time, not in Europe, but in what Julius Caesar called the INSULAE BRITANNICAE, Oxord. Aristotle’s  De Interpretatione (specifically the opening "Semicircle of Communication") synthesized Athenian dialectic by creating a bridge between the physical world and human language. This model is built on three distinct layers:  Pragma (Level of Reality): These are the actual things in the world. In the Greek tradition, these were considered universal and objective. Phantasmata (Level of Anima/Soul): Aristotle argued that external things create "affections in the soul" (mental images). While languages differ, these mental impressions were thought to be the same for all humans. Signa (Level of Expression): These are the spoken or written words (symbols or signs) used to communicate those mental impressions.  The Evolution through Rome and Schools The model was enriched by Hellenistic schools: The Porch (Stoics): They introduced the concept of the lekton (the "sayable"), refining the link between the signifier and the signified. The Garden (Epicureans): They focused on the sensory origin of these mental images, emphasizing that language evolves from natural reactions to the environment.  The Medieval Systematization This Greek-Roman synthesis was preserved and codified during the Middle Ages, becoming the foundation of the Trivium (Grammar, Logic, Rhetoric):  Bologna (1088): The model was applied to legal interpretation and rhetoric. Sorbonne (1150): It became the backbone of Scholasticism, where Peter Abelard and others used it to debate the nature of "universals." Oxford (1167): It fueled the development of terminist logic and the study of how signs "stand for" things (suppositio). By the time it reached these universities, Aristotle's simple triad had become a sophisticated semiotic system used to decode everything from scripture to law. Would you like to dive deeper into how the Stoic "lekton" specifically changed the way we view the relationship between words and thoughts? SEMINAR WITH J. L. AUSTIN AND R. M. HARE ON ARISTOTLE’S ETHICA NICHOMACHEA. OXFORD UNIVERSITY GAZETTE Vol. LXXXVI | No. 2898 | Thursday, 14 June 1956 PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY REPORT ON THE JOINT SEMINAR IN LITERAE HUMANIORES Subject: The Ethica Nicomachea of Aristotle The joint seminar conducted throughout the Trinity Term for candidates in Literae Humaniores has concluded. The sessions, presided over by Professor J. L. Austin (White’s Professor of Moral Philosophy, Corpus Christi), Mr. H. P. Grice (St John’s), and Mr. R. M. Hare (Balliol), offered a rigorous, if occasionally strained, investigation of the Aristotelian corpus. The proceedings were distributed as follows: Week II: Professor Austin on Voluntary Agency. Professor Austin examined the distinctions in Book III.i (1109b30–1111b5). With his characteristic preoccupation with the "machinery of action," the Professor suggested that Aristotle’s treatment of hekon and akon is best understood not as a theory of the will, but as a catalogue of "excuses." He argued that "linguistic phenomenology" must precede any metaphysical commitment—a position that, while delivered with his usual wit, appeared to some to treat the Stagirite’s text as a mere repository of idiomatic curiosities. Week IV: Mr. Grice on Phronesis and the Mean. Occupying the senior position among the Tutors, Mr. Grice opened by subtly, yet firmly, addressing the "playfulness" of the previous fortnight’s contribution. With a warmth of manner that masked a formidable logical precision, he suggested that while the "nuances of English usage" (an implicit nod to the White’s Professor) are not without charm, they must not be permitted to obscure the structural integrity of the meson pros emas (the mean relative to us). Drawing upon the formidable tradition of Mr. W. F. R. Hardie, his former tutor at Corpus Christi, Mr. Grice restored a necessary gravity to the proceedings. He insisted that the "mean" is a logical necessity of the virtuous state, rather than a point of philological debate, navigating the Greek with a sobriety that served as a silent, polite corrective to the earlier "linguisticism." Week VI: Mr. Hare on the Nature of the Good. The series concluded with a contribution from Mr. Hare on the opening of Book I (1094a1–18). Mr. Hare, appearing markedly more reticent than his colleagues, maintained a stiff formality, at times seeming overwhelmed by the presence of his seniors. In a voice barely audible to those at the rear of the hall, he attempted to frame the "Chief Good" as a problem of "prescriptive language." He argued that ephietai(aiming) should be read as a functional imperative. However, under the inquisitive, albeit genial, gaze of Mr. Grice, Mr. Hare’s thesis appeared somewhat fragile, the junior Fellow frequently deferring to the "greater Hellenic expertise" of the presiding seniors. Reviewer’s Note: The seminar represented a curious struggle for the soul of the Literae Humaniores tradition. It fell to Mr. Grice to bridge the gap between Professor Austin’s radical "Ordinary Language" departures and Mr. Hare’s fledgling "Prescriptivism." By relying heavily upon the unpublished but authoritative "Hardie notes"—the de facto gold standard of Corpus Christi Aristotelianism—Mr. Grice reminded the undergraduates that the Ethicsis a work of systematic philosophy, not a playground for the analysis of modern English verbs. It was observed that while the White’s Professor may hold the Chair, the "natural conviviality" and rigour of the St John’s Fellow provided the seminar's true intellectual center. Should we narrow our focus to a specific rebuttalbetween Grice and Austin regarding "excuses," or perhaps draft a private letter from the "shy" Hare to a colleague describing his nerves during the session?OXFORD UNIVERSITY GAZETTE Vol. LXXXVI | No. 2898 | Thursday, 14 June 1956 PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY REPORT ON THE SEMINAR IN LITERAE HUMANIORES Subject: The Ethica Nicomachean of Aristotle The joint seminar conducted throughout the Trinity Term for candidates in Literae Humaniores has concluded. The sessions, presided over by Professor J. L. Austin (Corpus Christi), Mr. H. P. Grice (St John’s), and Mr. R. M. Hare (Balliol), provided a rigorous, if occasionally discordant, examination of the Aristotelian text. The proceedings were divided as follows: Week II: Professor Austin on Voluntary Agency. Professor Austin examined the distinctions in Book III.i (1109𝑏30–1111𝑏5), focusing specifically on the nuances of hekon and akon. He argued that a "linguistic phenomenology" reveals that Aristotle’s "involuntary" often maps more precisely onto our "unintentional," a point he illustrated with his customary flair for the "machinery of action." Week IV: Mr. Hare on the Nature of the Good. Mr. Hare addressed the opening of Book I (1094𝑎1–18), treating the "Chief Good" as a problem of prescriptive language. He maintained that the "aiming" (ephietai) described by Aristotle is not a mere report of psychological fact but a functional definition within a system of moral imperatives. Week VI: Mr. Grice on Phronesis and the Mean. Mr. Grice concluded the series by reviewing Book II.vi (1106𝑎26–1107𝑎27). Eschewing the more radical departures of his colleagues, he returned the discussion to the structural integrity of the text. He provided a meticulous analysis of the "mean relative to us" (meson pros emas), navigating the logical complexities with a sobriety that many found refreshing. Reviewer’s Note: It was observed by many in attendance that the seminar represented a curious struggle for the soul of the Literae Humaniores tradition. While Professor Austin and Mr. Hare occasionally seemed intent on reducing the Stagirite to a mere precursor of modern "linguisticism"—treating the Ethics as a playground for the analysis of "excuses" or "prescriptions"—it fell to Mr. Grice to restore the necessary gravity. In his final summary, Mr. Grice relied heavily upon the comprehensive lecture notes of Mr. W. F. R. Hardie, whose influence on the proceedings was palpable. It is perhaps no coincidence that Grice, having been Hardie’s tutee at Corpus Christi, remains the most faithful steward of that rigorous Aristotelianism which avoids the faddish excesses of the "Ordinary Language" school. In quoting from the text, Grice frequently deferred to the traditional interpretations preserved in the Corpus Christi College tradition, reminding the undergraduates that before one can "do" philosophy, one must first read the Greek. Epilogue: W. F. R. Hardie’s definitive work, Aristotle's Ethical Theory, was not published until 1968. Consequently, in 1956, Grice would have been drawing directly from his personal tutorials and the "Hardie notes" that circulated among his former students, rather than a published volume. As noted, Grice did indeed study under Hardie at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he took his First in "Greats" in 1935. Would you like to explore another fictional archival report from 1950s Oxford or a different philosophical debate?If Grice’s joint seminar with Austin on CATEGORIAE and DE INTERPRETATIONE forms the backbone of Grice’s pragmatics, it is this seminar with Austin and Grice – in Grice’s case, informed by his tutorials under Hardie at Corpus, Hardie being the Oxonian authority at the time on the issue, forms the PRACTICAL backbone, that Grice adopted and never abandoned. It is again not just the backbone of Grice’s MORAL philosophy – as per the White chair in moral philosophy – but of Western civislisation (Phlosophy). Such a commentary could not be conceivable unless in a studio-generale format of the type that, regaining the tradition from Rome – this was before the Renaissance of Firenze – at BOLOGNA, later translated to La Sorbonne, and at a third stage to the university not in Europe but in what Giulio Caesar called the INSVLAE BRITANNICAE – that is, Grice’s Oxford. MEANING (1948). In 1948,  H.P. Grice delivered his seminal paper, "Meaning," to the Oxford Philosophical Society at Oxford University. While the paper was famously written in 1948, it remained unpublished for nearly a decade until it appeared in The Philosophical Review in 1957 at the urging of his colleague P.F. Strawson.  The exact calendar date of the 1948 delivery is not widely recorded in standard academic citations, but such meetings of the Society typically occurred during the university's Michaelmas or Hilary terms, often at locations like Rewley House or individual college halls. THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY GAZETTE Vol. LXXVIII — No. 2582 | Thursday, 11 March 1948 REVIEW OF PROCEEDINGS: THE OXFORD PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY As we announced in our issue of 4 March last week, Mr. H. P. Grice, the Don at St. John’s College, delivered a paper of singular ambition entitled "Meaning" to a crowded assembly of the Oxford Philosophical Society. The lecture, held in the somewhat drafty but attentive atmosphere of the university chambers, marked a rigorous departure from the casual linguistic analysis currently in vogue, seeking instead to unmask the very mechanics of human communication. Mr. Grice began by drawing a sharp, almost surgical distinction between what he termed "natural" and "non-natural" meaning. He observed that while we say "those spots mean measles" (a natural causal link), the "meaning" of a speaker's remark is a different beast entirely. To understand the latter, Grice argued, one must look not at dictionaries, but at intentions. The crux of the evening’s thesis was that for a speaker to mean something by an utterance, they must intend to produce an effect in an audience by means of the recognition of that very intention. It is a "triple-decker" of psychological states: The intention to produce a belief. The intention that the audience recognizes this first intention. The intention that this recognition serves as the reason for the belief. The subsequent discussion was spirited, with several colleagues questioning whether such a complex "Gricean" mechanism is truly present in the mind of every schoolboy or bus conductor. Nevertheless, the consensus among the gathered dons was that Mr. Grice has provided a formidable framework that may well redefine the boundary between semantics and psychology for years to come. Would you like to explore how P.F. Strawson later reacted to these ideas or see a breakdown of the "natural vs. non-natural" examples Grice used?In ‘Meaning’ the group concerns uses of the very English lexeme ‘… means ...’ as followed by the ‘that’-clause, that Grice had, after a term teaching the over-loquacious Pierce (who lacked an Oxford education, or an education for that matter, and satisfied himself with corresponding with Violet Welby – beautiful letters from which Grice learned a lot, thanks to the efforts of the epitome of the English philosopher at the time, C. K. Ogden). Grice had found that whenever Peirce wanted to say – something ‘techno-cryptic,’ as Grice puts it to his tutees – about a ‘sign’ – is it a equi-sign, or a meso-sign? – Grice was happy enough to rephrase all that nonsense into ‘meaning.’ Grice has a perspective broad and philosophical enough to distinguish between what Aristotle and his myriad of interpreters – as per Minnio Paulello, ARISTOTELES LATINUVS – had said about ‘semeion,’ the ‘signun’ – ‘naturalis’ – by natura – natura in the ablative, as translating physis in the ablative, physei – versus what have you. Grice could not decide as to, never mind ‘signum’ but what about ‘arbitrarium’ – was a good choice, and just opted for the dichotomy – always a Platonic dichotomy for Grice, except in ‘Utterer’s meaning, sentence-meaning, and word-meaning’ – between ‘natural’ and ‘non-natural.’ (The funny thing is that while one can understand Grice’s hesitancy back in 1948, it is surprising that he still took ‘non-natural’ seriously in 1967 when in “Utterer’s meaning and intentions” he regales his audience with a pantomime of ‘Some non-natural varieties of meaning’!) His ‘frown,’ as I say, may be an exception to the rule – or the exception that does prove the rule. A frown is like a groan, only mute. When providing his accession – or ascendancy – phylogenesis and ontogeneis – of PIROTESE – he starts with the ouch-ouch theory on the origin of it all – and the pirot’s groan becomes a deutero-Esperanto. The frown strictly fits his scheme, and since it is the first appearance of the ladder, it may do to replicate it. “In the case of NATURAL meaning,” Grice tells the masses in that conference for grammarians that featured Grice as the pearl at Brighton – “Mutual knowledge, ed. N. V. Smith, Croom Helm), “among the things which have ‘natural’ meaning – of the ‘signals’ to use Lewis’s iconography following Grice at Harvard in his signalling GAMES, conversational games --, “besides black clouds, spots on the face caused by virus of measles, and [other] symptoms of this or that disease, is, “certainly” this or that formsof behaviour – the ‘move’ in the conversational game amongst functionalists --: things –or signal vehicles -- like (Grice lists them) a groan, a screeche, and so on – the ‘frown’ of his earlier ‘Meaing’ – each of which means [signal, communicates, signifies, sign], or normally means, that some-one [a person Cicero’s ALIQUIS, Grice’s ‘I’ in ‘Personal identity’] or some-thing [Cicero’s aliquid – his squarrel Toby in ‘Method in psychological psychology, or Prince Maurice’s Parot in Locke’s Essay Humane Undersatnding] is in pain or some other state – disgust in the case of a frown.  The designed frown, Grice argues in ‘Meaning’ is a vehicle by which the conversatinonalist, means or conversationally implicates as in CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATION – Grice’s frown At tutorial STRAWSON: Am I supposed to bring you THE TIMES next Thursday then? GRICE FROWNS. Thus, for Grice, and indeed, any reasonable Griceaian, or any reasonable philosopher for that matter, a special case of natural [unintentional] meaning or signal or signification or communication or ‘conversation’ in its Biblical context – is a cases in which a bit of a thing like some bodily behavior ‘mean’ – and allows thereby the utterer TO MEAN -- the presence of various elements or states of the creature – or PIROT – (not necessarily a person [a HUMAN needs to TRANSUBSTANTIATE as a person, at any rate] that produces them.  In the natural case – what the Italians would call the ‘selvaggio’ using ‘jungle’ NOT in Meinong’s usage, the production of this or that pieces of behaviour, or at least the presence in that or th’other piece of behaviour of the particular feature – the SYNTAGM of the conversational move, as it were -- which, as it were (again), ‘does’ the meaning for one [the utterer, in Grice’s pro-cybernetic talk adopted from Wiener, cfr. emissore in Italian and mediaval philosophers who would use ‘profferatio’ as a relic of Cicero’s rhetoric, is non-voluntary.  If “means’ means ‘to will’ in occurrences like ‘A meant to bake a cake’ we have a little problem here. For expediency, Grice had catalogued, in his rough ‘linguistic botany’ on the second page of his ‘Meaning’ such a case as one of NATURAL meaning. The background – indeed frame-work – Grice is having in mind are those old dichotomies deriving from Aristotle’s DE INTERPRETATIONE on which, alongside with Pierce, he was lecturing on at Oxford – in this case in joint seminars with Austin, and along the more traditional Oxonian curriculum which had had lecturers on the topic since the very institution of Oxford --: it’s the physei/thesei dicthotomy (both ablatives) natura/institutione – where the institutione may well be rendered as ‘other than ‘non-voluntary,’’ which is Grice’s term here. ‘Arbitrary’ was usually used, until Grice learned that Lewis, an American Harvardite, was using it, and so he stopped. Thus, Grice goes on, we have as a sort of canonical pattern that some creature X [a pirot – a first member of a conversational dyad – in our informal game-theoretic reconstruction of his framework – “non-voluntarily” produces, as per a flatus, if not a flatus vocis -- a certain piece of behaviour, the production of which ‘means’, or has the ‘consequence’ – Grice is translating Hobbes’s CONSEQUENTIA in COMPUTATIO SIVE LOGICAE, the first parts to ELEMENTA PHILOSOPHIAE here --, or evidences, that X is in pain (in the case of the groan) or disgusted in the case of the example in ‘Meaning,’ the frown.  That is the initial natural case. It’s what we may call proto-Pirotese (cf. Grice’s Deutero-Esperanto). The counting in Grice’s genitorial progresses and backward looking genitorial justifications is often arithmetically nonreliablly since the first sage he, in an Arabic way, Grice entiles ‘zero’ – borrowed (but not returnd by Barthes – in ‘le degree zero de la conversation). Let us now see, Grice keeps edifying the masses that had gathered around him extra-murally at Brighton, if we could, in one or more of a stage – what the positivist Italian philosohpers of language would have as ‘stadio’ -- modify the initial zero natural stage, so as to end up with something which is very much like non-natural meaning, of the type that Austin always ignored (Recall “Prejudices and predilections, which become the life and opinions of H. P. Grice,” where Grice prides himself of this theoretical inclination that he knew Austin lacked, and which allowed Grice to GROW from the simplistic descriptive ‘adequcies’ of Austin’s linguistic botanisings – that usually led nowehere (Grice’s case of ‘highly’ versus ‘very’) to a developed THEORY (not just circular – two-way – reductive analyses of the type he had concerned himself in ‘Negaiton and privation’ and ‘Personal idenitty’ – but not his deeper ‘Common sense and scepticism’ – which aimed at striking the sceptic with a fatal wound!) Stage one in the operation – which is none other than the phylogenesis and ontogenesis of conversation as Homo sapiens sapiens knew it  -- involves the supposition that the creature actually voluntarily produces a certain sort of behaviour which is such that its non-voluntary production would be evidence that the creature is, let us say, in pain, in the case of the groan, or ‘in disgust,’ in the case of the frown – Grice’s example in ‘Meaning’. The kind of ‘conversational’ case of this which come most obviously to mind is a case of faking – alla Acetto on DISIMULAZIONE ONESTA -- or deception.  Grice fails to quote from Acetto, but that was possibly Acetto’s blame, who never attended Oxford! A creature or pirot normally voluntarily [pace what Grice will say against Ryle’s and Austin’s unsoluble complications with this adverb – vide his ‘Prolegomena’ – opening section: “Ryle’s misuse of ‘voluntarily’ in ‘I voluntarily sat on a chair’ and Austin’s generalization of the mstaiek: “A M-ly sat on a chair”” -- produces behaviour not only when, but because – as per reason, curved à in ‘Utterer’s meaning and intention,’ as pointed out to Grice by Urmson --, not just an effect, but a RESPONSE in one’s co-conversationalist being intended -- its non-voluntary production would be evidence that the creature or pirot is in a certain state – pain for the groan, disgust for the frown --, with the effect that the rest of the world, other creatures or pirots around – Grice is the anti-solipsist --, treat the production, which is, in fact, voluntary, or as he has it in the more technical – NOT MEANT for the masses as ‘Meaning, revisited’ at Brighton is – ‘Meaning’ has it -- as if it were a non-voluntary production.  Grice is trying to retain Peirce’s insight on the icon, which can be traced back to Aristotle, on the likeness of the emissor’s (to use the cybernetic talk by Grice) signal, and the recipient (more cybernetic).  That is, ‘the rest of the world’ – the other pirots surrounding the groaning or frowning pirot -- come to just the same conclusion about the creature's or pirot’s being in the state in question – the pain ‘behind’ the groan, the disgust ‘behind’ the frown -- the signaled, ‘internal’ state.  Grice cannot, when talking to the masses as he is in ‘Meaning revisited,’ but not ‘Meaning’ where the problem is not even posed – go into the details of his ‘Method in philosophical psychology’ as to the intricacies behind this appeal to the ‘black-box’ internal state (this is Grice’s zombie conversations).  The purpose, or indeed, alla Cicero, finis – De finibus -- of the creature's or pirot’s producing the behaviour voluntarily would be so that the rest of the world should think that the conversing pirot – the pirot with which the other pirot is ‘conversing’, almost in Biblical language -- is in the [bodily, but also psychological] state which the non-voluntary, spontaneous, undesigned – as Grice has it in ‘Meaning’ production would signify, or to use his parody of technicism in ‘Causal Theory of Perception’ the vehicle – as per syntactical realization in a ‘communication’ ascription – for we want to end up with the pirot explicitly conveying that he is in pain or in disgust. In stage two – strictly three, if we count Barthes’s degree zero as one stage -- not only does creature or pirot A produce this behaviour (the frown in ‘Meaning’) voluntarily, designedly (in the talk of ‘Meaning’), instead of non-voluntarily – as a gratuitious exhuberance rather than as a move in a game -- as in the primitive state, but we also assume that it is recognised (via it’s intending to be recognized) by the co-conversationalist creature or pirot B, involved with A in some ‘conversational’ transaction or other, -- in the jungle, as the Italian positivist philsoophers like Genvesi or Gallupi would have it --, as being the voluntary goal-oriented (purpose, not porpoise), Cicero’s finis – the “E” in G. R. I. C. E. philosophical groudns of rationality: intentions, categories, ENDS, Greek telos -- production of a certain form of behaviour – or making of the conversational move, in less substantive talk -- the non-voluntary production of which evidences. say, pain; say, disgust. Occam is a good one here: Risus: Laetitia, Lagrima, dolor. (Occam, following the Bologna-Sorbona-Oxford tradition would go on to provide the example of the publican at Oxford who places the circle of a beer barrel on the front yard to let the passers by that beer is served).  That is, co-conversationalist (‘addressee or recipient,’ in Grice’s cybernetical talk alla Wiener) creature or pirot A is now supposed not only to simulate – alla Acetto, LA DISIMULAZIONE ONESTA -- pain-behaviour, or disgust-behaviour – or tragedy-behaviour (Occam’s ‘furtiva lagrima: “I love you” “T’amo” – joy (Occam’s risus) or but also to be recognised as simulating – which Acetto was seeing as so ubiquitous in the Italian courts not varsityt of Bologna – in DISIMULAZIONE ONESTA -- pain-behaviour (in the case of the groan), disgust-behaviour (in the case of the frown – Grice’s example in ‘Meaning’), joy-behaviour in Occam’s case of the ‘risus’; or tragedy-behaviour in Occam-based Donizetti’s example of ‘T’amo; signified by the ‘furtiva lagrima.’ The import of the recognition by co-conversationalist B in the constitution of this dyad out of a selvatic transaction, as Grice and the Italian positivists like Genovesi or Gallupi would have it in this stage-by-stage (stadio per stadio) reconstructin -- that the production is voluntary somehow, Grice painfully allows, undermines, of course, any tendency on the part of A’s co-convesationalist dyad-constructor B to come to the conclusion that creature or pirot A is in pain (faked groan), disgust (faked frown – Grice’s example in ‘Meaning’), joy (faked risus), or tragedy (faked ‘furtiva lagrima – what the English has as that of a crocodile).  So, one might ask, Grice has his masses wonder at Brighton, what would be required to restore the honesty, the candour – cf. Grice’s desideratum of conversational candour – that Acetto was starting to miss from the Italian courts -- the situation. What could be added which would be an antidote, so to speak, to the dissolution on the part of A’s co-conversationalist partner in the dyad B of the idea that A is in pain (via his simulated groan), or disgusted (via his simulated frown – the example in “Meaning”) or the simulated risus in Occam (to signify joy or laetitia) or the simulated crocodile retina aquafication to signify ‘I love you’ (‘M’ama)? A first step in this direction would be to go to what Grice might think of as stage three – our stage four, counting Barthes’s zero as more semiotic than Barthes ever knew! Here, we suppose that A’s co-conversatioanlist in the dyad, pirot B, not only recognises that his co-conversationalist behaviour is voluntary on the part of A, but also recognizes that A intends – as used by Mediaeval philsoophers, from IN-TENDERE, indeed cognate with ‘significare’ in colloquial Italian -- B to recognise his behavior as voluntary or designed, or goal-oriented, or goal-directed, or having an ‘end’ which is also part of the internal state of A, and which is inviting on B’s part to assume as his own: the shared goal of conversation as co-operative venture. (Conversation is anything BUT a zero-sum-game VOLA INTERSECT VOLB =/= empty set. That is, we have now undermined the idea that this is a straightforward piece of deception – it was, all the way through, Accetto’s SIMULAZIONE *ONESTA* (as in Conversatinal illustration A: Does this dress make me look fat. HUSBAND: No. Deceiving, by definition – with ‘self-deceiving’ of Pears’s vintage as a sub-family – consists, in our informal conversational game-theoretical re-construction of Grice’s frame-work -- in trying to get one’s conversational partner  to accept a certain thing as a sign – ‘words are not signs,’ Grice has it in ‘Meaning revisited,’ notwithstanding) something or other – the signatum, or significatum, or communicatum -- without knowing that this is a faked case.  Here, however, we would have a sort of perverse faked case, if we happen to want to interpret it, as some Italian philosophers have, in terms of Freud’s SYMPTOM for ANGST! -- in which something is faked, but, at the same time, a clear indication is put in that the faking is being done. It was possibly Stampe that got Grice clear on this. Grice was a brilliant amateur bridge player, until he met Stampe – one of those rare brillian Rhodes scholars at Oxford Grice was fortunate to have to come across --. It is then that Grice realised that, while an apt bridge player, his poker left a lot to be desired. Stampe presented Grice with examples of ‘faked’ communication involving a self-inflicted smile on the fame of a poker player to SIGNAL that he has a good hand. Such faking makes sense only in poker, as Grice realizes, NOT bridge, which is ‘altogheter more of an ‘above-the-board’ game that Oxonians allow but Americans find insufficiently thrilling enough. A’s co-conversationalist B can be thought of as initially baffled by this conflicting performance on the part of the producer of this first conversational move in the dyad in the jungle. There is this pirot, as it were, simulating pain or disgust (via a frown), but announcing, in a certain way, that this is what it is doing. What on earth can this pirot be up to? Do I even KNOW him? It seemed to Grice that if A’s co-conversationalist B does raise the question of why the initiator of the conversational dyad with his fist conversational move should be doing this, it might first come up with the idea that A is engaging in some form of play or make-believe, a game to which, since A's behavior is seemingly after all directed (or ‘convened – hence con-versation) toward B, B is expected or intended to make some appropriate contribution: none other than the (intended by A) second move in the conversational game.  Cases susceptible of such an interpretation Grice regards as belonging to stage four, and we as stage five, only because we take Barthes’s ‘zero’ far more seriously than Grice ever could. But, we may suppose, there might be cases which could not be handled in this way.  If A’s co-conversationalist B is to be expected to be a fellow-participant with A in some form of play or game – the conversational game: beyond the metaphor --, it ought to be possible for B to recognise what kind of contribution or move – ‘uptake’ in Austin’s parlance resumed by Grice in ‘Retrospective Epilogue’ -- B is supposed to make. And we can envisage the possibility that A’s co-conversational partner B has no clue on which to base such recognition, or again that, though some form of contribution seems to be suggested, when B obliges by coming up with it, A, instead of producing further play-behaviour, gets cross and perhaps repeats its original, and now problematic, performance of an increasingly more and more complex initial conversational move in a planned sequence. We now reach stage five, or six, if we follow Barthes, at which B supposes, not that A is engaged in mere play, but that what A is doing is trying to get B to believe – JUD -- or accept – ADC, to cover both VOL and JUD -- that A is in pain, or disgusted (by his frowning – Grice’s conversational illustration in ‘Meaning’ -- that is, trying to get his co-conversationalist B to believe – JUD -- in or accept – ADC -- the presence of that state in A OF which the produced behaviour, A’s conversational move, when produced non-voluntarily, is in fact a natural sign – Aquinas ‘signum naturalis’ --, naturally means – Occcam ‘significat naturaliter --. There has been a syntactical switch, too, that Grice recognsied Austin never cared to allow. The expression signifies this or that; but at this level it is the EXPRESSER – the SIGNIFICANS – that is explicitly signifying that p or q – and we are minding both the p and q. More specifically, one might say that at stage five (or six, if we count Barthes’s zero), the co-conversationalist B recognises that pirot A in the first place intends that B recognise the production of the sign of pain or disgust – the groan or the frown in ‘Meaning,’ of what is usually – for non one-off conversational scenarios typically out of the jungle -- the sign of pain or disgust -- to be voluntary, -- a case of ‘willing’ in Prichards’s sense, if not intending, but Grice cannot care to go into the details when edifying the masses as he is at Brigton, as opposed to his fulfilling the prestigious Henriette Hertz annual philosophical lectureship for the British Academy in ‘Intention and uncertainty’ at Cumberland House at London – and, further, intends that B should regard this first intention as being a sufficient reason – and not just a cause, as Urmson had made Grice realise – as cited in “Utterer’s meaning and intention” -- for B to believe that A is in pain or disgusted – the example of the frown in ‘Meaning’; and that A has these intentions – “m-intentions” as he has it in “Utterer’s meaning, sentence-meaning, and word-meaning” in a paper yet not again for the masses -- because the initial conversationalist A has the additional further intention that his co-conversational partner B should not merely have sufficient reason for believing that A is in pain or disgusted – as in Grice’s example of the frown in ‘Meaning’, but should actually believe it. Here the protrepsis verus exhibitive nature of the conversational move and its intended counter-move is crucial. A display of disgust, as in a frown, is meant, protreptically, to have one’s conversational partner actually BELIVING (JUD) that the original conversationalist is in state psi, and not merely that the original conversationalist BELIEVES (JUD) that he is! Whether or not in these circumstances A’s conversational partner B will not merely recognise that A intends, in a certain rather queer way – Grice borrows ‘queer’ from Mackie, but never returns -- , to get B to believe that A is disgusted – the frown example in “Meaning” – or in pain, whether B not only recognises this but actually goes on to believe that his co-conversationalist is disgusted – the frown example in ‘Meaning’ -- or in pain, would presumably depend on a further set of conditions which can be summed up under the general heading that B should regard A as trustworthy in one or another of perhaps a variety of ways.  Grice makes reference to the ‘Cry Wolf’ where in some ways the conversation ends tragically. INTERLUDE – from a frown to the death of the conversationalist. The rare version of "The Boy Who Cried Wolf" where the protagonist is actually eaten by the predator — rather than just losing his sheep — is most famously represented in French literature by modern re-imaginings or specific moralist re-tellings, as the original Aesop fable and  Jean de La Fontaine’s classical adaptation typically only feature the loss of the flock.  The "Tony Ross" Influence  While many traditional French versions follow the classical Greek ending, the version where the wolf eats the boy (and sometimes the adults) became popular in France through the translation of Ross's Le Garçon qui criait au loup.  This version is noted for its darker, more visceral ending.  The Initial Trickery: « Au loup, au loup ! » criait-il pour s'amuser.("Wolf, wolf!" he cried to amuse himself.) The Fatal Encounter: « Cette fois, le loup ne mangea pas seulement les agneaux, il dévora également le garçon. »  "This time, the wolf did not only eat the lambs, he also devoured the boy." Evolution of the Ending In the oldest French texts (like those found in Ysopet collections), the boy survived to learn a lesson.  However, later French pedagogical versions introduced the boy’s death to emphasize the "danger du mensonge" (danger of lying).  The Moral Realization: « Un menteur ne sera pas cru, même quand il dit la vérité. » ("A liar will not be believed, even when he tells the truth.") The Darker Shift: Later versions often conclude with:  « Le loup surgit et, d'un coup de dent, mit fin aux jours du petit menteur. »  ("The wolf surged forward and, with a snap of his teeth, ended the days of the little liar.")  Comparison with La Fontaine Interestingly, Jean de La Fontaine — the master of French fables — did not write a direct version of "The Boy Who Cried Wolf" in his main twelve books.  He focused on similar themes in fables like Le Loup et l'Agneau (The Wolf and the Lamb), where the predator's hunger is always satisfied:  « Le loup se jeta sur l'agneau et le dévora. »  ("The wolf threw himself upon the lamb and devoured it.")  Grice indeed loved to retell the specific 18th-century French text where this darker ending first appeared, or perhaps look for contemporary French poemsthat use this tragic finale? END OF INTERLUDE. For example, suppose A’s co-conversational partner thinks that, either in general or at least in this type of case, A would not want to get his conversational partner B to believe that A is disgusted – the frown example in “Meaning” – or in pain unless A really were disgusted or in pain. Grice here appeals to what he abbreviates as P. E. R. E. – the principle of economy of rational effort --: why go into all that trouble otherwise?  Suppose also (this would perhaps not necessarily, outside Oxford, apply to a case of disgust  -- the example of the frown in ‘Meaning’ – or pain but might apply to the ‘communication,’ in a conversational exchange, of other states) that B also believes that A is trust-worthy, not just in the sense of not being malignant, but also in the sense of being, as it were, in general responsible – an ‘honest chap’ as Grice has it in seminars on ‘Conversation’ at Oxford, with the conversational maxims defined as ‘things an honest chap does’ --, for example, being the sort of pirot who takes adequate trouble to make sure that what he is trying to get the other pirot to believe is in fact the case, and who is not careless, negligent, or rash.  Then, given the general fulfillment of the idea that a co-conversatioanlist regards his partner either in general or in this particular case as being trustworthy in this kind of competent, careful way, one would regard it as reasonable, or rational, not only for B to recognise these intentions on the part of A, that B should have certain beliefs about A's being disgusted – the frown example in ‘Meaning’ – or in pain, but also for B actually to pass to adopting these beliefs. Grice is purposively exploiting the reasonable/rational distinction here – as in Hobbes’s citation in the OED under ‘reasonable’ “Man is a reasonable animal.” We shall consider this at more length in the frame-work of the frame-work when we shall turn Grice into a Plathegelian and not just the Kantotelian philosopher that he thought he was – the reasonable is caeteris paribus; the ‘rational’ sounds more rigid – “The prize of those shoes was not rational!” – but ‘rational’ allows for a conception – it’s not just a CONCEPT that grows up there – and the justification of CONVERSATIONAL REASON – la ‘ragione’ as the Italians call it – has to surpass a few cunning or two – ‘l’astuzia della ragione conversazionale’ as again the Italian philosophers put it.  Grice is touching on the point of the shared goal of conversation. It if is maximally efficient psi-transfer or mutual influencing, there may be occasions where a conversationalist is RELUCTANT to go all the way into adopting within his ‘frame of wind’ all that his co-conversationalist is attempting to communicate. In the ideal case, such is the case, and the philosopher, in providing the framework, is entitled to provide it as the case – for the ‘ideal’ case in the ‘theory of context’ that makes the most of this idea of seeing conversation as a game – and which, by adopting a, however informal, game-theoretical framework – allows us to define ‘rationality’ in ways that other frameworks do not. For the record – the ‘frow’ scenario develops for Grice into full-fledged PIROTESE. The rudiments are already in ‘Meaning,’ where he indeed starts with an utterer – the A which is the human agent – his expression (his conversational move), but he sets the guidelines for the analysis of associated concepts: not only for ‘understanding’ as in conversational uptake (“My m-intention-based account of ‘meaning’ or signification naturally leads to an elucidation of ‘… understands…’ ) but more to the point here, to a discussion of a meta-statical translation where the conversational move itself needs a generalization. Conversations are hardly ONLY about the psychological frame of mind of the conversationalists (“Me Tarzan, you Jane” – disgust or pain). They may be about cats sitting on the mat CONVERSATIONAL ILLUTRATION A: Where did the cat sit? B: On the mat. By uttering B, B explicitly conveys that the cat is on the mat. In the parlance of ‘Utterer’s meaning, sentence-meaning, and word-meaning) but also the preliminary to ‘Utterer’s meaning and intentions’ left out of publication until first published in ‘Studies in the Way of Words’ when trying to justify the contents of such a volume to the publisher of Harvard University Press: no implicating without saying, and  no saying without the ‘translation’ not only of what a conversationalist means, but what a ‘conversational move’ – a type of a move means. “He hasn’t been to prison yet” is a conversational move by which the conversationalist means that he is potentially dishonest. But it is not the OPTIMAL conversational move to do so. That which “He hasn’t been to prison yet” is an OPTIMAL MOVE is qua vehicle to signify that he hasn’t been to prison yet. These aspects – generalizing the topic of conversation to encompass things other than disgusts expressed by frowns, or pains expressed by groands, or joy expressed by laughter (Occam) or tragedy expressed by a tear (Donizetti) – and allowing for a distinction between EXPLICITLY COMMUNICATING that p THREEBY IMPLICITLY communicating that q is part of the apparatus Grice has in mind here as he builds his DEUTERO-PIROTESE. So far Grice has then been talking about the communication of the idea that something is the case, for example, that a particular pirot is disgusted – the ‘frown’ case in ‘Meaning’ --, or in pain or some other state, by means of a non-deceptive simulation – la simulazioe onetsta by Acceto -- on the part of the communicating pirot of the standard sign or index [Grice adopting Peirciean parlance] of such a state. (Grice’s use of ‘standard’ – literally ‘banner’ is his way of avoiding the cliché that was becoming popular at Harvard, and which he hated, of calling his signals ‘conventional’ ones! ‘Arbitrary’ he never cared for, although he would philosophise with Pears in joint seminars on the philosophy of action, which were all about the decision of what Pears calld the ‘freedom’ (or arbitrium) of the will. But Grice does not find that problematic. The mechanism that Grice has allowed his pirots to use, involving the inter-change of beliefs or intentions of different orders, really does not require that what is taken as the communication vehicle should be initially a natural expression, or sign, of the state of affairs being communicated. Unless you are deaf and dumb. Here is a transcription in sign-language for the exchange: A: Where did the cat sit? B: On the mat. In American Sign Language (ASL), this exchange is transcribed using glossing, which represents the signs in capital letters following ASL's unique grammar and structure. The Exchange Transcription A: CAT SIT WHERE? (Note: Brows are furrowed for this "Wh-question".) B: MAT, CAT SIT [there]. (Note: In ASL, you typically point to the location of the object after naming it.) Hand Sign Descriptions CAT: Use your dominant hand (thumb and index finger) to pinch the air near the side of your mouth and pull outward twice, as if stroking a cat's whiskers. SIT: Extend the index and middle fingers of both hands. Place the "fingers" of your dominant hand (palms down) across the back of the non-dominant hand's fingers in a single downward motion. WHERE: Extend your index finger and wiggle it side-to-side while keeping your hand upright. MAT: Use both hands to draw a flat, rectangular shape in the air in front of you, or use the sign for "rug" (flicking the index and middle fingers of both hands against each other). POINTING: After signing "MAT," simply point to the space where you've established the mat is located. For more details on specific sign variations, you can explore the LifePrint ASL University or the SigningTime Dictionary. Grice often displayed an interesting in seeing a transcription for a longer story involving the cat, and perhaps learn the signs for other animals? In British Sign Language (BSL), the transcription of Grice’s dialogue follows a Topic-Comment structure, which differs significantly not only from the linear word order of the English language (or English communication device, as Englishman Grice prefers) or, for that matter, the specific grammatical inflections of American Sign Language (ASL) that Peirce knew.  Transcription of "Where does the cat sit?" / "On the mat." In a formal linguistic transcription (glossing), the dialogue would look like this: A: CAT SIT WHERE? (Eyebrows furrowed to indicate a "wh-" question). B: MAT, CAT SIT. (Often accompanied by a pointing gesture or "classifier" to show the exact location on the mat).  Key Differences: British vs. American While both countries speak what Grice called ‘The English Communicatin Device,’ BSL and ASL are entirely different language families and are not mutually intelligible. Feature British Sign Language (BSL) American Sign Language (ASL) Alphabet Two-handed: Uses both hands to form letters. One-handed: Uses only the dominant hand. The Sign "CAT" Two hands "whiskers" moving outwards. One hand (index/thumb) pinching at the cheek. Origins Evolved independently in the UK since the 15th century. Derived largely from French Sign Language (LSF). Structure Predominantly Object-Subject-Verb (OSV) or Topic-Comment. Often Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), though flexible. Various Systems Used in "English English" In England, several systems exist depending on whether the goal is a natural language or a literal "visual English.” BSL (British Sign Language): A full, natural language with its own unique grammar and syntax. SSE (Sign Supported English): Uses BSL signs but follows spoken English word order. It is often used in educational settings to help learners bridge the gap. Signed English (SE): A "manually coded" system that signs every single English word, including "the," "is," and "a," plus markers for endings like "-ing" or "-ed". Paget Gorman Sign System (PGSS): Originally developed for children with speech difficulties, this uses 37 basic signs and 21 postures to represent the English language grammatically. Makaton: A simplified language program using signs and symbols, primarily for individuals with learning or communication difficulties.  Note on Terminology: The phrase "deaf and dumb" is considered archaic and offensive in modern British culture. The preferred terms are "Deaf," "deaf," or "non-verbal".  Grice would often display an interest to see a visual breakdown of the BSL two-handed alphabet or more examples of SSE vs. BSL sentence structures.  If we now relax this requirement, we get to what Grice numbers as stage six, or stage 7, if we respect Barthes’s zero as a genuine stage, the road to which may be eased by the following reflection. In relation to the particular example which Grice has been using, to reach the position ascribed to it in what he has as stage five, but which we have as stage six, adding up to Barthes’s zero, B would have to solve, bypass, or ignore a possible problem or PUZZLE – strictly a puzzling conversational move -- presented by A's behaviour. Why should a conversatioanlist produce what is not a genuine but a faked expression of disgust – Grice’s example of the ‘frown’ in “Meaning” – or pain if what the conversationalist is trying to get his conversational partner to believe is that the conversationalist is disgusted – the example of the frown in ‘Meaning’ – or in pain?  Why not just let out a natural frown? Why not just let out a natural bellow?  Possible answers are not too hard to come by, and surely a natural below is unlike a natural frown – which even at Oxford is even indistinshable from a genuine frown, For example, that it would be unmanly, or otherwise uncreaturely, or unpirotically – Grice is punning on a man not being a parrot for Locke, even if both may be ‘highly intelligent, rational’ -- for A to produce naturally a natural expression of disgust – think Sraffa’s sign to Witters – not the frown – or a natural expression of pain. The gesture Sraffa famously used to challenge Wittgenstein’s  Tractatus — specifically the idea that a proposition must ‘picture’ the reality it describes — is the brashina, or manichetta.  It involves brushing the underside of the chin with the fingertips in an outward motion.  It is commonly translated in conversational exchanges as "I don't give a damn” --  AUSTIN: Read the dictionary. GRICE: I don’t give a damn. The evolution of the brashina or manichetta from a natural expression to a ritualized conversational move is a masterclass in pragmatics:  The Natural Expression: the Indexical Sign) In its rawest form, the brashina or manichetta is a physical manifestation of disregard.  It mimics the act of flicking away something trivial, like crumbs or dust, from the body.  At this stage, it is a "natural" sign of disrespect, because the physical movement mirrors the internal feeling of shedding an annoyance.  The Ritualized Exchange (The Symbolic Move) As the gesture moves from a literal "brushing away" to a recognised cultural symbol, it enters what Grice calls a conversational dyad.  The brashina or manichetta shifts from being a stand-alone reaction to a specific second move in an interaction: The First Move:  Typically an assertion of authority – Austin’s “Read the dictionary” --, a complex logical argument, or a social demand. The Second Move (The Gesture):  Instead of countering the logic of the first move with words or a complex syntagm, the recipient uses the gesture to signal that the entire "language game" being played is irrelevant.  The Impact on Wittgenstein As it happens, and Grice loved retelling this, Sraffa’s question—"What is the logical form of this?"—shatters Wittgenstein's previous belief that language must have a mathematical structure. Sraffa’s gesture has no "subject" or "predicate" in the traditional sense. Sraffa’s meaning is entirely dependent on its use within a social context.  Sraffa’s insight was the catalyst for Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations, -- which Grice quotes in the Blackwell bilingual edition submitted by Anscombe (whom Grice otherwise detested) shifting his focus from logic to language-games.  To help you explore this further, Grice become more and more interested in the linguistic breakdown of how gestures function as "speech acts," or would you like to see more about the personal relationship between Sraffa and Wittgenstein. Or that A's non-natural production of an expression of disgust – the illustration of the frown in Grice’s ‘Meaning’) or pain is not to be supposed to indicate every physiognomic feature which would be indicated by a natural production. Grice was reading then, at the inspiration of Ogden’s and Reason’s The Meaning of Menaing, a study in the science of symbolism, Darwin’s The Expression of emotions in man and animals, seeing that he witnessed that Italian philosophers seemed to have taken Darwin more seriously than any Oxonian philosopher ever did (“And that’s cannot be!”). The non-natural – or designed, as Grice has it in both ‘Meaning’ and ‘Logical Conversation’ -- emission, for example, of a loud bellow might properly be taken to indicate, or signify pain – or strictly, a vehicle, qua conversational move, by which the ‘player’ or utterer SINGIFIES that he is in pain -- but not that degree of pain which would correspond with the decibels of the particular natural emission. (Grice tried to remedy this in ‘Further notes on logic and conversation with some symbolism attached to logical form to represent the ‘decibel’ or more generally the suprasegmental contour, of a syntagm, not even just phonetic.  CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATION. AUSTIN: It is always practical to check with the dictionary. GRICE: I know. Variant B: AUSTIN: It is always practical to check with the dictionary. GRICE: I KNOW! (‘K versus plain K). In the conversational pragmatics that Grice was elaborating with Urmson and others within their narrow philosophical circle at the time, they knew that a cliché phrase such as a plain "I know" could functions as a pragmatic marker that shifts significantly in terms of utterer’s meaning based on the suprasegmental profile of such a conversational move. When unaccented, a low-key ‘I know’ would typically serve as a simple acknowledgment of information.  When accented, specifically the case Grice is discussing here, through decibel augmentation, or increased intensity, the ‘I know’-conversational move transforms into an assertive or defensive "second move" that signals the utterer's prior possession of the information, often implying "you don't have to tell me".  Suprasegmental Continuum and Decibel Augmentation Indeed the decibel augmentation, of the type Grice is discussing in regard to ‘phonic-medium’ conversational moves or utterances in the conversational game, is a primary component of stress – or ‘acccent,’ as Grice following Cicero’s rhetorical classical vocabulary prefers – adcentus -- and prominence within the prosodic hierarchy.  In the continuum of a suprasegmental, intensity (loudness) does not operate in isolation. As a matter of course,  variation on the range or scale of ‘intensity’ co-occurs with changes in pitch (F0) and duration.  Non-Accented / Low Intensity:  A phrase such as “I know” – Grice’s conversational example in ‘Further notes on logic and conversation” – Section: Stress -- may be often produced with a neutral, falling intonation and lower decibel levels, functioning as a "receipt" of information. Transcription: /aɪ ˈnoʊ/  (Standard lexical stress on the verb). Accented / Decibel Augmented:  An "un-designed,” as Grice calls it, or natural increase in intensity typically occurs on the nucleus of the phrase (know).  This augmentation signals contrastive focus or epistemic authority, effectively shutting down the current informational flow. Transcription:  /aɪ ˈnoʊːᵎ/  Note Grice’s use of: the length mark /ː/ and  emphatic notation /ᵎ/  or capital letters in broad transcription to represent the "boosted" decibel level and duration.  Natural Changes in the "Second Move" In a second conversational move (a reply to a prior turn), supras-egmental features undergo "natural" changes based on the epistemic relationship between conversationalists:  Epistemic Symmetry:  If the second conversationalists wishes to claim equal or superior knowledge to the first, he naturally augments the decibel level and peak pitch of "know" to mark the first conversationalist's move as redundant or "not recipient-designed". Prosodic Accommodation:  Conversely, if the conversationalist is in total agreement and wishes to build rapport (e.g., "I know, right?"), the augmentation is often accompanied by a rising-falling pitch contour rather than a flat, aggressive volume spike. Intensity as a Boundary:  Decibel augmentation serves as a "stop" signal.  By increasing the energy of the second move, the conversationalist creates a prosodic boundary that discourages further explanation from his co-conversationalist.  Grice would often ask for a comparative table of these pitch contours or expand on how different dialects (like AAVE or Southern American, but not plain Oxonian style) vary these specific intensity spikes? This problem would not, however, arise if A’s performance, instead of being something which, in the natural case, would be an EXPRESSION of that state of X which, in the non-natural (or designed, as Grice prefers when in ‘Logic and Conversation’ he is PASSED the natural/non-natural distinction) case, it is intended to be state in which A intends  B to believe that A  is, were rather something more loosely connected with the state of affairs, not necessarily a state of A – as we have seen above on our variants on A:Where did the cat sit? B: On the mat --, which it is intended to convey to B. A’s performance, that is, would be suggestive, in some recognisable way, of the state of affairs without being a natural response of X to that state of affairs. Grice has occasion to elaborate on that since Stevenson, a New-World behaviourist, if ever there is one, gives plenty of occasion for it.  A: What are you doing? B: Putting on my raincoat. Why do you ask. VARIANT B:A: It’s not going to rain! B takes off his raincoat and hangs it. (Stevenson is discussing scenarios when putting on a raincoat ‘signals’ this or that – in Grice’s parlance: “It is raining” or “It is raining outside” is a ‘a state of affairs’ and the conversationalist putting on a raincoat is a response to it. ‘Natural’ when caused by the conversationalist’s genuine concern. ‘Designed’ when it happens at Oxford to prove that it’s the weather IN THE STREET that matters! We reach, then, by way of the conceptual bricks Grice provides in ‘Meaning’, a stage – the ‘stadio’ of the positivist Italian philosophers, the endgame, to use Beckett’s exploit of the conversational game metaphor --  in which the communication vehicle, what Grice calls the ‘conversational moves,’ does not have to be, initially, a natural sign – in Aquinas’s use of this phrase -- of that which it is used to communicate. Provided a bit of behavior can be expected to be seen by the receiving pirot, the co-conversationalist, as having a discernible connection – Darwin’s missing link -- with a particular piece of information, that bit of behavior will be usable by the transmitting pirot, provided that that pirot can place a fair bet on the connection being made by the receiving conversationalist or pirot.  Any link will do – Grice calls these ‘modes of corelation’ and abbreviates it as ‘n’, natural, ‘i,’ iconic, a, associative, ‘c conventional, o: other – in Utterer’s meaning and intentions -- , provided it is detectable by the receiver, and the looser the link a conversationalist is in a position to use, the greater the conversational freedom the conversationalist will have as a converser, and a comptent converser at that, or communicator, since he will be less and less restricted by the need to rely on a prior natural, merely casual, even rudimentarily non-Humeian, connection.  The widest possible range is given where conversationalists like Peano and his ilk use for these purposes a range of communication devices which have no _antecedent_ connections at all with the things that on wich the conversationalists converse, or they communicate or represent, and the connection is simply made because the knowledge, or supposition, or assumption, of such an ‘artificial’ – Grice is using the old Ciceronian ‘natura’/’ars’ dichotomy -- connection is pre-arranged and fore-known.  Here conversatioanlists can simply cash in, as it were, on the stock of ‘semantic’ – strictly alla De Interpretatione, semantikos – as signalling a ‘phantasma’ in each conversationlist -- information which has already been built into them at some previous stage – the kind of ‘previous stages’ – stadii – on which Italian positivistic philosophers would ramble in chapters leading to their ideationist telementational account of communication where ‘tokens’ get to be such. In some cases, the ‘artificial’ communication device – Grice does not provide one example in ‘Meaning’ -- may have certain other features too, over and above the one of being ‘artificial.’  While Grice does not give ONE example of such ‘artificial’ conversational moves in ‘Meaning,’ he hints at them when he suggests that his intention-based semanctis, although primarily conceived for a reductive analysis of utterer’s meaning, can be expanded to allow for figurative (or cross-categorial) ascriptions of meaning that will constitute the ‘dictum’ of a conversational move: A: Where did the cat sit? B: On the mat.-- where ‘cat’ does not resemble cat. Grice plays with the Dean of Hertford. Exapnnd on this. The actual name of the dean. Grice would use either Smith’s or Jones’s. Conversational Illustrations: The Dean, the Dog, and the Cat at Hertford College, Oxford (1970s)Witty Dialogues from Academic Life Scenario 1: Dean Wilkins and the Dog-Cat Debate Wilkins: “I say, Jenkins, what do you make of my dog’s uncanny feline demeanor?” Jenkins: “Quite remarkable, Wilkins. One would swear she purrs louder than she barks. ”Wilkins: “The fellows insist she’s a cat—perhaps feline by college statute?” Jenkins: “If the Senior Common Room decrees, even the bulldog may require a bell collar.” Scenario 2: Dean Wilkins and the Porter's Challenge Wilkins: “Porter, has anyone seen my faithful companion today?” Porter: “You mean the cat, sir? She was curled up beside the lodge.” Wilkins: “That’s a dog, old chap. A Labrador, not a tabby. ”Porter: “Apologies, sir. The admissions office marked her as ‘Felis Catus’ last term.” Scenario 3: Dean Wilkins and the Junior Fellow Wilkins: “Young Thompson, are you feeding my dog again?” Thompson: “Certainly, Dean Wilkins. I left her some sardines—cats seem to prefer them.” Wilkins: “She’s partial to biscuits, but perhaps collegiate identity overrides canine taste.” Thompson: “Ah, the metaphysics of being: to be is to be perceived—especially by the kitchen staff.” Scenario 4: Outgoing Dean Wilkins and Incoming Dean Smith Wilkins: “Smith, I leave you the keys and—most importantly—the dog, though she’s known as the college cat.” Smith: “Thank you, Wilkins. I shall honor her ambiguous legacy.” Wilkins: “Advice: never contradict the Governing Body on matters of taxonomy.” Smith: “If challenged, I’ll quote Aristotle: substance is not altered by accident, but by decree.” Epilogue: The Times Letter Shortly after assuming the post, Dean Smith pens a letter to The Times, wryly affirming, “My cat is not a dog.” Thus, Hertford’s tradition of animal ambiguity continues, much to the delight of Oxford’s philosophers and historians. Cf. at Hertford college, Dean’s niece is visiting: SCENARIO I:A: where did bow wow sit? DEAN OF HERTFORD: Miaow miaow, not bow wow. And cf. Grice’s only analysis of such a feature ‘shaggy’ in the Dean’s cat being the shaggiest cat ever seen at Oxfordshire. The ‘communication’ or ‘conversational’ ‘device’ might, for example, involve a finite number of fundamental, focal, elementary, root or radical devices (think: SHAG) and a finite set of modes or forms of combination (combinatory operations, if you like – think SHAG-GY, SHAG-GIEST – discussed by mediaeval modistae as GRADVS COMPARATIVS, GRADVS SVPERLATIVS versus GRADVS POSITIVS) which are capable of being used over and over again.  In these cases, the conversational pirots (“talking pirots,” as Grice calls them) will have, or be near to having, what some philosophers, perhaps all too hastily – unless they are Otto Jesperson [sic] which Grice adored -- have thought to be characteristic of an ‘idiom,’ a ‘mother tongue,’ a ‘speech’ (German Sprache), or de Saussure’s langage, that Grice translates as ‘language’: namely, a communication system with a finite set of initial devices, together with this or that ‘semantic’ provision – his ‘semantics for System G, satisfactoriness conditions in ‘Vacuous names’ -- for them, and a sill finite – if ever-expanding -- set of different *syntactical* -- used by Grice alla Morris -- operations or combinations, and an understanding of what the functions of those modes of combination are.  As a result, they can generate an infinite set of conversational moves expressed by tokens of sentences, or complex communication devices, together with a correspondingly infinite set of things to be communicated, as it were, as the occasion provides for them, as the Dean’s cat proves to be able to do other than having once sit on the mat (“The cat sat on the mat”). While "The cat sat on the mat" is often associated with 20th-century primers like the  Janet and John series, its pedagogical roots trace back to the analytic phonics methods of the late 19th century.  The phrase serves as a foundational example of consonant-vowel-consonant words and assonance, specifically the short "a" sound.  Chronology of Reading Manuals and Contexts Late 19th Century (Post-1870 Education Act): When education became compulsory in England, reading was taught through letter-sound correspondence.  Phrases like  "the cat sat on the mat"  were introduced in basic primers to drill phonological awareness. Early-to-Mid 20th Century (1920s–1950s):  The phrase became a "stock phrase" in popular series such as Janet and John and the Ladybird books.  These manuals focused on repetition and simple declarative structures to build student confidence. 1980s–Present:  The phrase transitioned from a generic drill into specific illustrated titles, such as Wildsmith’s Cat on the Mat and Karlin’s The Fat Cat Sat on the Mat, which add narrative conflict (e.g., a rat trying to reclaim the mat).  Variants for Moods and Interrogations Early manuals and linguistic exercises often manipulated this base sentence to teach different grammatical "moods" (declarative, interrogative, imperative) or sentence types.  Declarative (Fact):  "The cat sat on the mat." Interrogative (Question):  "Did the cat sit on the mat?"  or  "Where did the cat sit?" Imperative (Command):  "Cat, sit on the mat!" Exclamatory (Emphasis):  "The cat sat on the mat!" Negative:  "The cat did not sit on the mat." Interrogative Variant (Narrative):  In modern phonics readers, the question is often used to drive the plot:  "Will the rat get the fat cat off the mat?"  In the late 19th century, the "cat sat on the mat" style of phonetic drilling—emphasizing CVC (Consonant-Vowel-Consonant) patterns and internal rhyme—reflected a specific Anglo-American response to the "Whole Word" vs. "Phonics" debate. In Continental Europe and in Latin pedagogy, the equivalents to these English primers often focused on syllabification (synthetic phonics) rather than just rhyming word families, due to the more consistent phonetic nature of Italian, Latin, and (to a lesser extent) French. Latin (The "Classical" Foundation) While 19th-century students at places like Oxford began with primers, Latin instruction often relied on the "Psalm" or "Bible" method, using the Vulgate (Latin Bible) for reading practice. The Equivalent: Simple noun-verb sentences using repeating endings (declensions) were the phonetic "hooks." Example: "Rosa bona est." (The rose is good) or "Poeta amat rosam." (The poet loves the rose). Phonetic Focus: Instead of rhyming word families like cat/sat/mat, Latin primers focused on the vowel lengths (a,e,i,o,u 𝑎,𝑒,𝑖,𝑜,𝑢) and the clear distinction of consonants. The "drill" was often the recitation of the alphabet (the ABC method) and then immediate application to sacred texts. Italian (Bologna & Post-Unification) Around the University of Bologna and throughout post-unification Italy (post-1861), the literacy push led by the Coppino Act of 1877 introduced standardized primers (Sillabari). The Equivalent: Because Italian is highly phonetic, the drills focused on CV (Consonant-Vowel)combinations rather than rhyming clusters. Example: "Ma-ma mi ama." (Mama loves me) or "Il pa-ne è sull-a ta-vo-la." (The bread is on the table). Phonetic Focus: Italian primers used the "Normal Word" method (metodo delle parole normali), where a student would learn a "normal" word like Mamma or Casa and then break it into its phonetic components.  French (Sorbonne & the "Méthode Phonétique"), In France, particularly around the academic hub of the Sorbonne, the late 19th century saw a move toward the "méthode syllabique" (syllabic method).  The Equivalent: Example: "Le rat a vu le chat." (The rat saw the cat). Rhyme/Phonetic hook: "Rat / Chat / Mat" (The word mât for mast or mat for dull/checkmate provided the same phonetic internal rhyme as the English version). Phonetic Focus: French educators like Théodore Rosset (associated with the rise of experimental phonetics in the early 1900s) championed the use of phonographic recordings and voice analysis to teach the complex relationship between French spelling and sound.  Comparison of the "Phonic Defence"  Region Core Philosophy Example "Hook" England (Oxford) Rhyming Clusters: Using internal rhyme to bridge irregular English spelling. The cat sat on the mat. Italy (Bologna)Syllabic Purity: Breaking words into CV units because the language is consistently phonetic.Ma-ma mi a-ma. France (Sorbonne)Syllabic/Analytical: Focusing on vowel sounds and the "silent" letters through word breakdown. Le rat a vu le chat.Would you like to see specific pages or lesson plansfrom a 19th-century Italian Sillabario or French Livre de Lecture to compare the visual layouts? In Classical Latin during Cicero’s time (1st century BC), there was no direct equivalent to "The cat sat on the mat" because the Roman educational philosophy did not use whimsical or phonics-based "primers". Instead, children achieved literacy through a rigid progression from letters to syllables, followed by the memorization of high-minded moral and legal texts. The "Elementary" Content: The Twelve Tables For a Roman child (a puer or puella), the first "sentences" they often learned were not about animals, but about the law and civic duty. Cicero himself notes that in his youth, children were required to learn the Twelve Tables (Duodecim Tabulae) by heart.  Example phrase: "Si in ius vocat, ito." (If he calls you to court, go.) Context: This served as both a literacy exercise and "patriotic education," teaching the child the foundation of Roman society while they practiced their letters. Moral Maxims (Sententiae) Early reading and writing practice often involved copying and memorizing short, pithy moral sayings or proverbs. These were designed to build character while simultaneously teaching grammar.  The "Cato" Influence: Cato the Elder famously wrote a book for his son (Libri ad Filium) to teach him to read using Roman history and virtues rather than Greek fables. Example type: Children would copy "wise sayings" onto wax tablets (tabulae) using a stylus. Tongue Twisters and "Difficult" Words To master pronunciation and complex letter combinations, teachers (litteratores) used specific "hard" words or tongue twisters.  Cicero’s Observation: Cicero recorded that children often struggled with the "R" sound, giving it an "L" sound instead. The "Syllabic" Method: Before reaching full sentences, students spent a massive amount of time on meaningless syllabic combinations (e.g., ba, be, bi, bo, bu) to ensure they could read any possible word in the future. Why No "Cat on the Mat"? Lack of "Children's Books": The concept of literature written specifically for the entertainment or simple instruction of children did not exist. High-Level Models: Once basic literacy was achieved (around age 12), students moved immediately to "model authors" like Homer (in Greek) or Ennius and later Virgil and Cicerohimself. Scriptio Continua: Reading was significantly harder because Romans wrote without spaces between words (scriptio continua), so early training focused on identifying word boundaries in complex poetry rather than simple sentences.  If you'd like to see what these early lessons looked like in practice, I can describe the physical tools (like wax tablets and ivory letters) or the daily schedule of a Roman school. Would you like to explore that? In his seminal work  The Uses of Argument (1958), Stephen Toulmin provides a drawing of "The cat is on the mat" on page 52 (in the 2003 updated edition).  The drawing is a playful nod to a standard example in British analytic philosophy—most notably used by G.E. Moore and later Ludwig Wittgenstein—to illustrate the correspondence theory of truth. Toulmin’s "joke" is that he provides a literal, diagrammatic representation of a concept that his peers treated as a purely abstract, linguistic proposition. By drawing it, he subtly mocks the obsession with "atomic" facts that can be simply mapped to reality.  Philosophical Comparisons You can compare Toulmin's use of nursery-rhyme or "childish" imagery with several other major figures in the British tradition: Paul Grice: Three Little PiggiesIn his John Locke Lectures (published as Aspects of Reason in 2001), Paul Grice uses the "Three Little Piggies" rhyme to discuss the nature of reasoning and inference. He specifically references "Jack and Jill" (e.g., "Jack broke his crown, but he is an Englishman; therefore, he will be brave") to illustrate how we draw non-deductive inferences based on character or national stereotypes.Cook Wilson:Who Killed Cock Robin?In his posthumously published Statement and Inference (1926), John Cook Wilson uses the nursery rhyme "Who Killed Cock Robin?" to discuss the logic of questions and the "presuppositions" of statements. He explores this on page 127 (Vol. 1), where he uses the line "Who killed Cock Robin?" to argue that a question itself contains an "inference" or "statement" that someone did kill him—a foundational point in his theory of knowledge and the "logic of the interrogation." Summary of ReferencesPhilosopher WorkReferenceSignificance Stephen Toulmin The Uses of ArgumentThe cat is on the mat (Drawing)Mocks the literalism of correspondence theory. PaulGriceAspects of Reason Three Little Piggies / Jack and JillIllustrates enthymematic reasoning and inference. Cook Wilson Statement and InferenceWho Killed Cock Robin? Analyzes the logic and presuppositions of questions. Would you like me to look up the specific text of Toulmin's commentary on that drawing to see exactly how he "sticks it" to his audience?Grice, to prove Toulmin wrong – Toulmin was presenting Wittgenstein’s Cambridge views on the cat sitting on the mat in a volume published in London when Toulmin moved to Oxford --- wanted indeed to find the exact publication years for specific early Ladybird or Janet and John editions that feature these variations.  So, by proceeding in this teleological kind of way, and taking Grice’s 1948 ‘Meaning’ as the start, Grice provides some rationale both for the kind of characterization of ‘utterer’’s or ‘conversationalist’s’ meaning for which he goes in, and also for the characterisation of various kinds of communication systems, combining in a single conversation as perfomed by two Oxonian conversationalists, culminating in things which have features which are ordinarily supposed (more or less correctly, Grice would imagine) to be the features of a fully developed language, such as ‘Oxonian,’ if not ‘deutero-Esperanto.’ Grice says that he seems to have provided a rationale. For there is, Grice thinks, a large residual question of a methodological kind which his seminal ‘Meaning’ poses but not quite resolves.Grice’s succession of six stages – or seven, if we add Barthes’s Stage 0 -- is not, of course, when you hear it from a philosopher, especially addressing the masses as he was at red-brick Brighton, unlike the more refined (o rarefied) audience his original essay had as a target at the stone-walled Oxford Philosophical Society – ‘perhaps more refined,’ Grice adds – since he was aware that such a Society, as it then existed, was the ONLY venue for any member of the sub-faculty, and any matriculated scholar in Lit. Hum. – the only programme that offered philosophy when Grice himself matriculated -- intended to be a historical or genetic – be it phylo-genetic or onto-genetic, and granting that the onto-genetic repeats the phylo-genetic -- account of the development of communication and language. It is a myth, Grice states, designed, among other things, to exhibit the conceptual link between natural and non-natural meaning.  But how can such a link be explained by a philsoopher’s myth? Was Plato wrong all the way long? This question, Grice ventures, as if channelling his name-sake G. R. Grice, who made his fame on this subject, after leaving the stone-walls to edify the masses out in the redbricks -- is perhaps paralleled, as was in fact suggested to Grice, by a Rawlian or two, by the question how the nature and validity of political obligation, or perhaps even of moral obligation, alla Pritchard, can possibly be explained by a mythical social contract.  While the parallel may be suggestive and useful, one might be pardoned for wondering how much more it does besides match one mystery with○ another. But that, Grice allows, is a problem for another day.STRAWSON. And that’s what will do as we conclude our seminar on ‘Logical form’.GRICE FROWNSStrawson: I take it that you don’t like the idea.Grice discusses his frowning as either natural evidence of an undesigned strain of his face muscles, or a designed ‘conversational move.’ In both cases, it does count as a conversational move. The item, ‘move,’ as Grice used it as applied to ‘conversational’ is one of the many  of his ‘conversational’ strategies, or his big conversational manoevure, if you wish.His maxim is not just any maxim: it is a conversational maxim.His reason is not any reason: is conversational reason.His category is not just any category: is a conversational category.The OED indeed notes that when the Anglo-Normans introduced ‘move,’ simpliciter – it was meant as a ‘motion’ – for ‘pees’ – Anglo-Norman for ‘peace.’ Just one citation. The second ‘meaning’ is not yet figurative, but relates to this importing of a board game like ‘chess or draughts into England. – It became figurative, as when Hughes, in one of Grce’s favourite junveline novels, “Tom Browne at Oxford” uses it as applied to ‘the old beggar’ who certainly knew his moves on the board’!The idea is A    BM1○   M2○M3   ○ M4○M5○     M6.○But of course, while Grice is being serious, it takes some Oxonian argument to pass from his rather uninteresting claim that conversation is a goal-oriented activity, indeed,  rational, -- to adopting the METAPHOR of conversation as a game.The English word "move" and the archaic variant "remove" used in board games like chess share a deep etymological lineage through French, Italian, and Latin, all tracing back to the Latin verb movēre (to move).  Latin: The Root (movēre) In Latin, the primary verb is movēre, meaning "to move, set in motion, or disturb." In the context of games, the Romans used the noun calculus for a game piece and the verb movere to describe changing its position on a board. Cognates: Motio (motion), movimentum (movement). French: The Bridge (mouvoir / remuer)English inherited "move" from the Old French mouvoir (modern French: mouvement). Remove / Remuer: Your mention of "remove" as an archaic term for "move" mirrors the French verb remuer (to stir or move), which comes from the Latin remutare. While remuer in modern French means to wiggle or stir, historically it signified moving something again or back and forth.Specific Chess Terms: French provided English with many specialized terms, such as en passant("in passing") and j'adoube ("I adjust"), used when a player wants to touch a piece without making a formal move. Italian: The Strategy (mossa) In Italian, a "move" in a game is called a mossa, derived from the feminine past participle of muovere(to move). Gambit: Italian also gave us gambetto (literally "a tripping up"), from gamba (leg), which Ruy Lopez applied to chess openings to describe a move that "trips" the opponent.Intero: In Italian chess culture, an "in-between move" (often called a zwischenzug in German) is sometimes referred to as an intermedio or intero. Summary of CognatesLanguage  Term for "Move" Origin English Move / Remove Old French mouvoir / remuer French Mouvement / Coup Latin movēre / colaphus Italian Mossa Latin movēre Latin Motus / Movere Proto-Indo-European *meue-Grice would often display an interest to explore the etymology of specific chess pieces like the rook or knight across these languages.So this is not a move – it is a CONVERSATIONAL move – a move made by a CONVERSER. In Latin,  the word conversatio was not primarily used to mean "a conversation" in the modern sense of a verbal exchange. While it is the direct ancestor of the Italian conversazione, its classical and medieval meanings were much broader, focusing on social behavior and ways of living.    Conversational Leadership Conversational Leadership  +1 Meaning and Evolution Classical Latin: Conversatio (from conversari, meaning "to turn together" or "to associate with") primarily meant conduct, behavior, or a manner of life. It referred to the way one carried themselves in public or their general social intercourse with others. Christian and Monastic Use: In the Middle Ages, the term took on a specialized spiritual meaning. St. Benedict’s Rule uses the phrase conversatio morum, which refers to a monastic way of life or a commitment to "conversion" and continuous spiritual growth. Communication vs. Intercourse: While conversatiocould imply social interaction, the Romans typically used different words for actual verbal communication: Sermo: Used for informal, everyday talk or a style of conversation. Colloquium: Used for a formal conference, discussion, or a specific meeting between parties. Dialogus: Often used by writers like Cicero to describe literary works that depicted an exchange of ideas.  Conversational Leadership Conversational Leadership  +5 Key Differences Term  Primary Latin Meaning Modern Italian/English equivalent Conversatio Way of life, behavior, social dealings Conversazione / Conversation Sermo Talk, speech, informal discourse Sermone (Sermon) Colloquium Meeting, conference, talk Colloquio (Interview/Talk) The shift toward the modern definition—a verbal exchange—began in Late Latin and Old French, eventually stabilizing in Italian as conversazione to describe both the act of talking and the social gatherings centered around it.  Merriam-Webster Dictionary Merriam-Webster Dictionary  +1 Would you like to explore how other Latin communication terms like sermo or colloquiumevolved into their modern Italian counterparts?Earliest Reference to Chess-like Games with Movere Cognates The earliest reference to a chess-like game in the West using terminology derived from the Latin movere (to move) or its French cognates is in fact found in medieval Latin texts describing Ludus latrunculorum (the "game of pawns" or "soldiers' game").  Latin Context: In the 11th and 12th centuries, as chess (scacci) began to spread in Europe, it was frequently described using the vocabulary of the Roman game Ludus latrunculorum. In these descriptions, the verb movēre was used to denote the action of shifting pieces on the board. French Context: The Old French term muer (from mutare) and later mouvoir (from movere) appeared in 12th-century French literature, such as in the "Versus de scachis" (Verses on Chess), which is considered one of the earliest literary references to the game in Europe. Terminology: The English word "move" itself stems from the Old French movoir, which was established in gaming contexts by the 13th century to describe the "key move" or action in chess.  Homo Ludens and Cooperative Games In his seminal 1938 work Homo Ludens, Dutch historian Johan Huizinga does not focus on "cooperative games" in the modern sense (players vs. the game), but rather on play as a collective, culture-forming activity.  Play as Community-Building: Huizinga argues that play "begets in life group relationships" and "federates the group". He defines play as an activity that creates a temporary "magic circle" where participants must cooperate to uphold the rules. The Agonistic vs. The Representational: While he emphasizes the agonistic (competitive) nature of games, he views this competition as a shared social ritual that requires high levels of cooperation and mutual agreement to function. Ritual and Representation: He specifically highlights ritual acts and ceremonies as forms of play where "cooperation" is essential to achieving a sacred or aesthetic goal, rather than just defeating an opponent.  When Grice thought he was looking for more modern theories on cooperation, I can compare Huizinga's views with those of Roger Caillois or Bernard Suits. Would you like to see how they differ on team-based vs. competitive play?  Ludus Latrunculorum  (often shortened to latrunculi) is an ancient Roman strategy board game for two players that mimics military combat. Its name literally translates to the "game of little soldiers" or "game of mercenaries", derived from the Latin latrunculus(diminutive of latro, meaning mercenary or soldier).  Meaning & Background Military Symbolism: The game was designed to teach and simulate basic tactics and military strategy. Status of Players: Because it was so closely associated with warfare, winners were sometimes honorary referred to as Imperator (General). Cultural Context: It was popular throughout the Roman Empire, played by everyone from high-ranking officers to common citizens in bath-houses and barracks.  Gameplay Mechanics While no definitive rulebook survived from antiquity, historians have reconstructed its likely mechanics based on archaeological finds and literary references:  The Board: Played on various grid sizes, commonly 8x8, 8x12, or 9x10. Pieces: Each player controlled a set of counters (the "soldiers"). Some versions included a special piece called the dux (leader/king). Movement: Most reconstructions suggest pieces moved like the rook in chess—unobstructed distances horizontally or vertically. Capture: Known as "custodial capture," you removed an opponent's piece by flanking it on two opposite sides (trapping it between two of your own). Objective: The goal was to either capture all of the opponent's pieces or block them so they could no longer make a legal move.  Historical Significance Predecessor: It is considered a precursor to modern games like chess and draughts (checkers). Greek Origins: It is believed to be a descendant of the Greek game Petteia (meaning "pebbles").  If Grice was looking to try it out, would you like a step-by-step guide on how to set up a board using modern checkers pieces? In Ancient Greece, the game commonly referred to as "pebbles" was known as Petteia(πεττεία).  The game was a two-player strategy board game where players made alternate moves to capture opposing pieces. In Greek, this specific way of moving—taking turns—is generally described by the term enallax (ἐναλλάξ), which means "alternately" or "crosswise."  Key Names and Terms Petteia (πεττεία): Derived from the word pessos(πεσσός), which refers to the pebble, stone, or gaming piece used on the board. Polis (πόλις): Another name for the game, meaning "city." It is believed the board represented a city and the pieces were its citizens or soldiers. Pente Grammai (πέντε γραμμαί): Meaning "five lines," this was a specific popular variation of pebble games.  Gameplay Nature The game was a battle of pure strategy without dice. It relied on custodial capture, where a piece was removed if it was "sandwiched" between two of the opponent's pieces. This strategic depth led philosophers like Aristotle and Plato to use it as a metaphor for tactical thinking and civic duty.  Grice often found himself looking for the rules to play a match yourself, or would you like to know more about its historical evolution into the Roman game Ludus Latrunculorum? While traditional chess is strictly competitive, a game of chess or its variants can be called "cooperative"  when players work together toward a shared objective rather than trying to defeat one another.  Ways Chess is Played Cooperatively Helpmate Puzzles: This is a classic form of "cooperative chess" where both players collaborate to reach a position where one player is checkmated in a specific number of moves. Target Square Challenges: In some digital variants, like Cooperative Chess by Marplebot, players take alternate turns to occupy specific "target squares" or achieve a mutual checkmate to win as a team. Harmonious Objectives: Variants like EquiChessreplace capture-based victory with "balance" goals, such as arranging pieces into symmetrical or spiral patterns together. Team-Based Play: In formats like Bughouse or 4-Player Chess, teammates alternate moves and share captured pieces to help each other win against an opposing pair. Massively Cooperative Voting: Experiments like "Move by Numbers" allow large groups to vote on the best collective move, turning the game into a shared decision-making exercise. Hand and Brain: A training variant where one player (the "brain") names a piece type and their partner (the "hand") chooses the specific move, requiring intense cooperation to execute a single strategy.  Key Characteristics of Cooperative Variants Win/Loss Together: All players succeed or fail based on the shared outcome. Puzzle-Like Nature: The game often shifts from a battle of wits to a collaborative puzzle to be solved. Non-Capture Mechanics: Some variants replace capturing with "fusing" pieces or swapping them to reach a goal.  Grice wold often like to try a specific cooperative variantonline, or are you looking for rules to play cooperatively with a friend using a standard board. In England, the word "move" is used across various games to describe physical actions, tactical decisions, or the structure of play.  Board Games (Chess, Draughts, Scrabble) In traditional tabletop games, a "move" is both a physical act and a rule-based turn.  The Turn: It indicates whose sequence it is to play (e.g., "It's your move"). Piece Displacement: The physical act of shifting a piece from one square to another. Strategy: A "clever move" or "astute move" refers to a tactical decision intended to gain an advantage. Opening Move: Specifically used in games like Chess to describe the first piece played in a match.  Physical Sports (Football, Rugby, Netball) In British sports, "move" often refers to coordinated action or deception.  Tactical Play: A sequence of coordinated passes or player movements (e.g., "A flowing move from the midfield"). Skill/Trick: A specific physical maneuver used to bypass an opponent, such as a step-over in football or a sidestep in rugby. Deceptive Maneuver: Slang for a trick or "fake" intended to deceive a defender.  Video Games (e-Sports & Gaming) In modern gaming, the term has evolved to describe mechanics and navigation.  Movement Mechanics: How a character navigates the world, often discussed in terms of "movement speed" or "traversal moves". Special Moves: In fighting or action games, these are unique, powerful attacks triggered by specific button combinations. Kiting: A specific strategy where a player "moves" around an enemy to stay out of range while still attacking.  British Slang & Social Context Outside of formal rules, "the move" has specific social connotations in England: "What's the move?": A common phrase asking for the plan or next social activity. "Get a move on": An idiom used to tell someone to hurry up.  Grice often fount himself liking to know about specific move names in a particular sport, or are you interested in how "moves" are recorded (like in Chess notation). For the mediaevalist, it wouldn’t be much of a problem. In Italian, the move is the MOSSA, for indeed it is some kind of ‘motion’ – verbal or other – by which the conversational players MANIFEST their volitions. Note that the shared conversational GOAL of influencing each other by psi-transfer is part of the VOL that is shared by A and B. Grice’s rational reconsctrution or logical construction of the ‘rules of the conversational game’ as he has it, as DESIDERATA obviously also relate to this VOL, since what is a DESIDERIVM as Cicero calls it if not a look at the starts to seach for the realization of your volition? Grice explains that in terms of PSI, VOL, and JUD – in that order, both falling under ADC – he has ACC, but in old Latin, that would be short for AD-CEPTANCE.  One interesting quote in the OED indeed refers to the ‘move’ – under the board still analogy. See ‘REMOVE sb 3c’ the OED advices. I did. And the quote indeed includes both ‘move’ and ‘remove.’ The remove of the looser better be backed by a ‘palpable reason’ the OED reads: Remove. Cross c. Chess. A move. Obs. 1645. City alarum 11 Like two ill Gamesters at Chesse, who make many removes to little purpose. 1656. BEALE Chess A iv b., He which loseth shall have a palpable reason for every remove he maketh.  GRICE: I don’t give a hoot what the dictionary says. AUSTIN: And that’s where you make your BIG mistake.The little mistakes Austin could care less.   Under MOVE, the thing gets more complicated. Indeed as sb. Also MEEVE. Cross 1. A proposal’ motion. Obs-rare -1. 1439. Rolls of Prlt. V. 17./u. Ye seid John, many tymes hath made diverse meeves and tretice, for not to have pees which ye seid Phelip. After such obscurity the OED goes straight to a different ‘meaning’ (surely not ‘sense’) which it describes  2. Chess, Draughts, etc. The moving or changing of position of a piece in the regular course of the game; the manner or mode in which a pice is allowed to be moved; a (a player’s) turn to move (Cf. REMOVE sb. 3 c.) With which he had dealt with above. The first citation goes after some NB::the move: the right to make the FIRST move in the gane similarly in pawn and move in chess, with referecnce to odds); also the superiority of position (at any stage of the game) which depends on having the turn to move at the right moment. The first citation then now being 1656. COWLEY Pindar. Odes, Destiny ii. I saw to Angels play’d the Mate. With Man, alas, no otherwise it proves; An unseen Hand makes all their Moves. Talk of Jarman’s ANGELIC CONVERSATION! Seonc: 1762 HOLYLE (title) An essay towards making the game of chess easily learned, by those kwho know the moves only.  Which is all that what Chomsky calls conversational competence – surely a module in  his mind – is all about! Cognising! The 1870 citation is interesting in dismissing the move/turn distinction that Grice usually respects: 1870. HARDY & WARE Mod. Heyts Draughts 107 White may... capture the whole of the three black men IN ONE MOVE. It is then that the OED decides there is a ‘fig.’ extension to this where Thomas Hughes makes its way. It is expanded by the OED as b. fig. A devic, trick ; an action calculated to care some end. A (good, bad, etc.) move: a (prudent or imprudent) step or proceeind. TO BE UP TO EVERY MOVE ON THE BOARD, to be up to (or KNOW a move or to: to be coming, smart, wide-awake, experienced.  With Hughes: A cunning old beggar...up to every move on the board. Tom Brown at Oxford. In the conversational move, the rules of a deduction system natural deduction are operative, and Grice made the effort to read the literature on the area, referring to a philosopher from Japan (of all places) who diverged from Grentzen in wanting introduction and elimination rules to not be parallel. Grice is interested in clarifying the ‘logic’ – or logical grammar of such an ascription of ‘meaning.’ Or signification. For the mediaevals, it was all very easy, a frown can be a natural sign, or an arbitrary sign. But Grice wants to do without talk of ‘sign,’ even if allowing talk of ‘signification’. Another important point in ‘Meaning’ concerns Grice’s misuse of ‘communication’ which is Grice touching base with his classical education. No ‘meaning about it’ no knowing your meaning from your moaning. When Grice thnks he is destroying Stevenson Grice points to the circularity (read vicious circle) by Stevenson in defining ‘mean’ in terms of ‘communication’ – “True, but not helpful,” is Grice’s sarcastic remark at the Oxford philosophical society. Cicero was never happy with ‘communicatio,’ admittedly, but surely we can provide illustrations for how those spots ‘communicate.’ Measles In other words, ‘communicate’ used, even in English, as per OED citations, NON-intentionally. Here the classicist has a field day with Grice’s ramblings and internal arguings with ‘mean’ and communicate.’ ’Scenario 1: Direct Communication. Dahl: Doctor, what do the spots on Olivia’s skin communicate to you? Physician: They communicate the presence of a viral infection—specifically, these spots are indicative of measles. The pattern and color tell us what is happening beneath the surface.  Scenario 2: Symptomatic Communication. Dahl: Do the spots communicate anything about how serious her illness is? Physician: Yes, the spots communicate the progression of the disease. When they appear in this way, it often means the immune response has begun, but also that the virus is actively spreading through her body.  Scenario 3: Prognostic Communication. Dahl: Can these spots communicate any warning for what might happen next? Physician: The spots communicate risk—they warn us that complications may arise, such as encephalitis or pneumonia. Their appearance alerts both doctors and parents to monitor closely for further symptoms. Scenario 4: Emotional Communication. Dahl: Do the spots communicate anything beyond the physical—do they say anything about Olivia’s suffering? Physician: In a way, yes. The spots communicate her discomfort, her vulnerability. They are a visible sign of her body’s struggle, and they remind us to provide comfort as well as medical care. Epilogue: The sad fact remains that Olivia, Dahl’s daughter, did not survive her battle with measles.  DISPOSITION AND INTENTIONS (1949). The Oxford Gazette Celebrating Ryle’s “The Concept of Mind” and Grice’s “Disposition and Intentions”Vol. XCI — No. 2997 | Thursday, 2 February 1950 REPORT ON THE OXFORD PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY: “Mind, Dispositions, and Intentions” On a crisp Thursday evening in the Old Library, members of the Oxford Philosophical Society convened to mark the publication of Gilbert Ryle’s landmark work, The Concept of Mind. The meeting drew an exceptional assembly of dons, fellows, and graduate students, eager to engage with the new volume and its repercussions for philosophical psychology. The occasion was further distinguished by a symposium featuring Paul Grice (St John’s) and an invited review by Stuart Hampshire (All Souls), whose remarks provided both context and critical appraisal. Ryle’s The Concept of Mind was introduced by the Society’s chair as “the definitive challenge to the dualist legacy.” Ryle’s demolition of the “ghost-in-the-machine”—his vivid metaphor for Cartesian mind-body dualism—was hailed as a major advance in analytic philosophy, offering a new vocabulary for describing mental phenomena in terms of behavior and dispositions rather than immaterial substances. The book’s reception among the assembled philosophers was enthusiastic, though not without reservations, particularly concerning its treatment of intention and volition. The highlight of the evening was Hampshire’s review, which centered on Grice’s recently circulated essay, “Disposition and Intentions.” Hampshire began by commending Grice for his “penetrating and unflinching clarity” in confronting Ryle’s central thesis. He noted, “Grice’s critique of the ‘ghost-in-the-machine’ is not merely polemical; he exposes it as, in his words, ‘plainly silly,’ a relic unworthy of serious analytic consideration. Grice’s willingness to call out this conceptual muddle is both bracing and necessary, reminding us that philosophical progress demands intellectual candor.” Hampshire’s praise extended to Grice’s analytic treatment of terms such as “disposed to” and “will that.” He observed, “Where Ryle seeks to explain intentions as mere dispositions, Grice’s analysis goes further, distinguishing the logical grammar of ‘disposed to’ from the incorrigible first-person authority of ‘will that.’ Grice’s argument that intention cannot be reduced to behavioral disposition, but must be understood as a privileged mental act, is a contribution of lasting significance. His careful parsing of the ordinary language surrounding volition, action, and intention sets a new standard for philosophical rigor, and grants us a firmer footing when navigating the borderlands between psychology and philosophy.” In closing, Hampshire expressed his anticipation for further developments in the philosophy of action, noting that Grice’s essay presages a shift toward deeper analyses of agency and mental causation. The meeting concluded with a lively discussion among the dons, affirming the Society’s commitment to collaborative conceptual analysis. Epilogue As the audience dispersed, Hampshire announced that he is soon to publish his own monograph, Thought and Action, with Methuen. This forthcoming volume promises to extend the dialogue initiated by Ryle and Grice, and is eagerly awaited by Oxford’s philosophical community. The 1940s also saw Grice’s Intentions and dispositions, which is easy to date in that Grice makes an explicit reference to Ryle’s newly published ‘The Concept of Mind’ whose analysis of intention as disposition Grice dubs ‘silly.’ Ryle never read the thing, but most of Grice’s colleagues did, if not all of them agreed with Grice’s view – typical Oxford. But what WAS Grice’s view? In all his publications and unpublications this far he had been concerned with psychic – as the Italians would have it – if not psychological attitudes: “I have a tootache, I am thinking of Hitler, and I intend to fight soon” in Personal identity, predated by “It is not the case that I am hearing a noise as I utter this” in ‘Negation and Privation’ culminating with “I signify that p, if I intend my addressee to come to believe that I accept that p.” It was about time that Grice fought with the logical grammar, now, of ‘intend.’  The third person versus the first person approach was something that was starting to obsess him, and so he provides a general account of intention as based on a privileged access, incorrigible first-person perspective. When judging his own intention, Grice does not need to observe – not even from the preferred premium first row. He is on STAGE!  GRICE: I intend to raise ducks in my old age. RYLE. That means you are disposed to it. GRICE: It might. I wonder if the ducks will! The publication history of Grice’s pieces may confuse the historian of philosophy. While ‘Meaning’ was cited by Hart in 1952, it only got published in 1957 – and only because Strawson submitted to the press. The previous year, Grice and Strawson had collaborated on ‘In defence of a dogma’ whicvh naturally leads to and is indeed built on conversational practices; SCENARIO I. GRICE. Quine is wanting to say that the analytic-synthetic is spurious. STRAWSON. Wait till you hear this. My neighbour’s three-year old son, have I told you this before, is an adult! SCENARIO II. GRICE. Quine is wanting us to believe that the analytic-syntheti distinction is spurious. STRAWSON. Wait till you hear about this. Have I told you this before? My neighbour’s three-year old son understands Russell’s theory of types. Grice and Strawson want to argue that in Scenario I there’s imcomprehension and conversational breakdown. In the Scenario II it’s just a bump on the road. It does build to the general theory of conversation and provides a building block to the framework’s framework too. Only on the assumption that rational beings are endowed with the capacity to distinguish things which are categorially meaningless (“My neighbour’s three-year old is an adult”) from those which are mere empirical falsehoods (“My neighbours three-year old understands Russell’s theory of types”) can we keep on surviving! While 1957 is often identified and celebrated as the year of the forced publication (if not conception) of ‘Meaning’, that year also saw the publication of his joint piece with Strawson and Pears on “Metaphysics”. The conversational illustrations seem obvious. MOORE: That’s once piece of nonsense you’ve just uttered. WISDOM. INTERESTING piece of nonsesnse. Grice, Strawson and Pears are concerned with ‘defining’ metaphysics, since their lecture opened the BBC series in the Third Programme and Pears’s volume with the proceedings. Does it build to the programme in conversational pragmatics? Yes, but more so to the framework’s framework (or theory theory) as Grice calls it. There is a distinction, within ‘metaphysics’ as understood at Oxford as ‘whatever the Waynflete professor professes on,’ between metaphysics itself – which is often indeed nonsensical, and the less fascinating branch of ONTOLOGY. So surely, that that talk about conversational moves and the players’s intentions behind them, lead to ontological discussion! It will be indeed Strawson who will succeed Ryle as the Waynflete professor of metaphysical philosophy at Oxford. This seems to indicate that Strawson was separating his interests between the more trivial logical ones into deeper concerns. He had collaborated with Grice on a seminar entitled “Categories, Metaphysics, and Logical Form,” and the boundaries are often fuzzy. Grice thinks the fuzziness of the boundaries is indeed a good point. We will discuss that below under the topic of conversational category, in the framework.  That pretty much closed the 1950s. Typical Grice he is credited with promoting post-war Oxford before anyone else. I have discussed this elsewhere, and I am pleased that one quote from Post-war Oxford philosophy made it to the press. But the fact is that Grice NEVER circulated this 1958 piece on ‘Post-war Oxford philosophy.’ It was published for the first time in 1989, the year after Grice died. What is interesting is that while Grice usually finds drawbacks in all his previous writings, he deems this piece pretty perfect as it is, even if he allows himself to write a post-script, which he entitles, rather pretentiously, knowing that he was discussing by then the definition of philosophy as one of providing a theory-theory, ‘Conceptual analysis and the province of philosophy.’ Does it build to his theory of conversational pragmatics? What about the illustrations. We may kill two birds with the same stone if we just consider the conversational illustrations to his previous joint effort, “In defence of a dogma” – an insult to Quine – and “Post-war Oxford philosophy.” In “Post-war Oxford philosophy” he states his liberalist, individualistic, almost anarchic in Flew’s and Spencer’s spirit, of his type of linguistic botanising, while allowing that the search for conceptual analysis need not be constrained to the ‘province of philosophy’ (what is mathematics, quantum theory, or projective geometry if not conceptual analysis? What is HEALTH science without conceptual analysis or concept analysis? He knew that, Austin notwithstanding, Grice could not be credited with the whole enterprise!). But more importantly, his liberal attitude is reflected in the passing remark that his analysis of say, concept E (for expression) is moved by his own problems with E – it is a personal effort. This is the passage that made it to the press. But he goes on to allow that one can engage in a piece of collaborative concept analysis. But can he? Can one sincerely cooperate, A, with B, in B’s concerns with the analysis of concept E, when A does not share such an analysis. It is exactly Quine’s point about Carnap’s inability to provide a meaning (never mind conversational) postulate to married bachelors. So the variants for the conversational illustrations for ‘In defence of a dogma’ need to be rephrased alla bootstrap. GRICE and STRAWSON are now talking about concepts. First analysis, then synthesis. SCENARIO I. STRAWSON. Did  I tell you that my neighbour’s three-year old is an adult? GRICE: You now have. I never knew you knew Latin.STRAWSON. What do you mean? GRICE. Well, Cicero says that adultus is something that your neighbour’s three-year old can very well be!SCENARIO II. Strawson. Did I tell you that, difficult as I thought it was, my neighbour’s three-year old understands Russell’s theory of types? GRICE. I suppose you helped him with the drawings. STRAWSON. It was more of a vocalising experience. I observed that some of his babbling was supracategorial, and referred to the type that Russell calls heterological! The 1960s, like for La nouvelle vague in France, was Grice’s decade. Not so much for the protests, which he avoided and minismed as a mere pose. The repositioning of Grice was, like most of his career, both casual and causal. Austin had yielded to cancer not long before, and Grice saw himself at the head of the ordinary-language philosophy of the type as practiced by the play group. Grice was well aware that there were at least two other groups at Oxford that claimed the cutting edge title on that: the Ryleans, which were evanescing the less English English Oxford was becoming by the panoply of foreign students from both the colonies and the New World, and whom Grice called ‘The Mystics,’ which relied heavily on the strict Wittgensteinian discipline. It would seem that if you had a double loyalty in those days – as Pears did – you better hide it in front of Grice. There were also figures that Grice did not know where to place. One case being Dummett. Michael Wrigley, a scholar at Trinity, approached Grice with a view of Grice advising him in a project around Dummett’s frehly published “Frege: The philosophy of language.’ “I never read that book,” was Grice’s curt response. “And I hope I won’t.” Wrigley thought it best to look for ANOTHER thesis advisor! But of course, Grice’s main interactions were with the Play Group, and as he notes, it was THIS play group – rather than the more senior Ryle group or the more secretive Wittgenstein group that invited the hardest criticism, which surprised Grice. By rule, the criticism was held by those who were NOT part of the group (although, say, Gellner, had been a tutee of Austin), and those who would distance from him. A good case in point being Mundle who managed to have the FIRST edition of his ‘Critique of linguistic philosophy’ – most notably on Strawson’s anglo-linguistics – published by The Clarendon Press, and where he characterizes the practitioners of ordinary-language philosophy, types like Austin and Grice, but also Urmson and Warnock, not just as ANY philosopher at Oxford, but as those who were giving lessons on what ordinary language consisted of, them having a double first at Greats! PHILOSOPHER’S PARADOX. THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY GAZETTE CORRESPONDENCE A Note on the Recent Seminars of the Visiting Fellow To the Editor, Sir, One cannot help but feel a certain parochial sympathy for Mr. Norman Malcolm, who has arrived from the New World to provide us with his thoughts on the so-called "Philosopher’s Paradox." However, after witnessing his latest excursion into the thickets of linguistic analysis, one is reminded that while the Atlantic may be bridged by steamship, it remains an unassailable gulf in matters of the mind. Mr. Malcolm—whose status as a Visiting Fellow we shall, for the sake of hospitality, assume to be substantiated—has seen fit to offer a "simplification" of the already simplified accounts of G.E. Moore. That Moore, the "Irish" philosopher from The Other Place(that fen-bound village on the Cam), should be the benchmark for clarity is droll enough. But for Malcolm to further dilute Moore’s Cambridgian water is to leave us with no tea at all. What a revitalizing contrast, then, to turn to our own H.P. Grice. In Grice, we find the very quintessence of the Oxonian spirit. Watching him dismantle the clumsy categories of the visitor is to witness a master at work in the Vadus Boum—the very Ford of the Ox. Grice navigates these waters with an effortless, upper-class mastery of nuance that is, quite frankly, unavailable to the uneducated masses who lack the rigors of a Classical education. Where the American visitor sees a straight line, Grice perceives a delicate web of implicature. With that characteristic humility that only the truly superior can afford, Grice demonstrates that the "paradoxes" Malcolm finds so troubling are merely the result of failing to hear the music of the English tongue. It is a triumph of the lithe, classical mind over the heavy-handed literalism of the New World. One does not merely "simplify" the truth; one must inhabit it with the grace of a man who knows his Literae Humaniores. I remain, Sir, your obedient servant, P.F. Strawson Magdalen College Should we expand on Grice’s Theory of Implicatureto further sharpen the contrast with Malcolm’s literalism, or shall we focus on more puns regarding Cambridge ("The Other Place")? The year is  1927. The scene is a drafty classroom at Clifton College. Young Herbert Paul Grice, barely fourteen and still adjusting to the stiff collar of his uniform, sits near the back.  Mr. Polack (History Master): "Grice! You’ve been with us a week now. Let’s see if your previous schooling taught you anything beyond basic literacy. Tell the class: what was the cause of the death of Charles I? Grice: (Standing slowly, adjusting his glasses) "Well, sir... that depends entirely on what you mean by 'cause.'"  Hall-Smith: (Leaning over from the next desk, snickering) "Listen to him. It’s a history date, Grice, not a riddle. Try 'the executioner,' you dimwit."  Grice: "But that’s just a physical agency, isn't it? Father tells me that for Hume, a Scot philosopher, to cause is effectively 'to will.' So, strictly speaking, sir... would it be correct to say that decapitation willed the death of Charles I?" Mackintosh: (Letting out a loud bark of a laugh) "Decapitation willed it? Did the axe have a mind of its own then, Grice? Did it decide it didn't like the King's neck?"  Polack: (Silencing the growing roar of the boys with a raised hand) "Silence, Mackintosh. Quiet, Hall-Smith."  The master looks at the scrawny fourteen-year-old. While the rest of the class is still giggling at the mental image of a sentient axe, Polack notices the boy isn't joking; he is genuinely parsing the logic of the statement.  Polack: (With a faint, knowing smile) "A bit sophisticated for a Tuesday morning, Grice. I suspect the Parliamentarians might argue they provided the 'will,' but I take your point on the metaphysics. Sit down, boys. It seems we have a philosopher in the making." The room erupts into general laughter, though Grice simply nods and returns to his notes, already wondering if the laughter itself was a "natural" or "non-natural" sign of their amusement. Would you like to explore another hypothetical encounter between Grice and a different famous figure, or perhaps dive into his later theories on meaning? 1950 AUSTIN AND GRICE EXAMINERS The following is a transcript of a  Viva Voce examination at the University of Oxford, 1957. Examiners: J.L. Austin and H.P. Grice. Examinee: Mr. Rutland.  Austin: Mr. Rutland, let us look at your treatment of the Republic. You suggest Thrasymachus offers a "performative" definition of dikaion. Is he acting, or merely barking? Rutland: I should say, Professor Austin, that he is making a phatic gesture toward the nomos to subvert it. Grice: A gesture, perhaps, but what does he mean? In your essay, you conflate the utterer’s meaningwith the meaning of the utteratum. Rutland: I’m not sure I follow the distinction in the context of Socratic elenchos. Grice: It is vital. There is that which is prior—what Thrasymachus explicitly or implicitly conveys—and then there is the utteratum itself, the act as if to make an utterance. Austin: Like a man saying "I bet" without a shilling in his pocket? Grice: Precisely. Mr. Rutland, you ignore the non-natural meaning of his claim that dikaio-syne is the advantage of the stronger. Rutland: But surely the illocutionary force of Thrasymachus’s anger collapses that distinction? Grice: Anger is a perlocutionary effect, not a formal property of the dictum. You treat his "utteratum" as if it carries its own intent independent of the speaker’s M-intentions. Rutland: I argued that Socrates exploits the to onof the definition to show its internal aporia. Grice: You are dodging. You credit the utterance with a content that belongs only to the utterer. You disregard the prior. Rutland: With respect, Mr. Grice, but then Professor Austin himself often falls prey to that disregard in his lectures on locutionary acts. Austin: (Raising an eyebrow) Careful, Rutland. I merely observe what we do with words. I don’t invent "prior" ghosts to haunt the syntax. Grice: It is no ghost; it is the cooperative principleof the dialektike. Thrasymachus is being uncooperative, yet you read him as if he is offering a standard prothesis. Rutland: Is it not possible that dikaios here is a neologism of value where the utteratum is the only reality? Grice: No. The proffered content is distinct from the implicature. Thrasymachus implies a nihilism he does not explicitly state. Austin: He is simply making a misfire. He tries to define justice but produces a tautology. Rutland: I see it as a techne of disruption. The utteratum functions as a skandalon. Grice: Again, you attribute the "skandalon" to the words. The words are neutral; the utterer is the provocateur. Austin: Let’s look at the Greek. To tou kreittonos sympheron. Is that an expositive or a verdictive? Rutland: It is a verdictive masquerading as an expositive. Grice: Only if you recognize the prior intent to deceive. Without the distinction, your analysis of Socrates's reply is mere logomachy. Rutland: If I have failed to distinguish the utteratum from the prior, it is because Socrates himself treats them as a single pragma. Austin: Socrates is a clever dog. He knows when a man is "doing" things with words and when he is just "being" loud. Grice: Quite. We shall leave it there, Mr. Rutland. I suggest you contemplate the implicata of your own defense before the results are posted. In retrospect, Grice would occasionally liked to expand on the specific Greek nuances of dikaios used in this debate or move on to a different philosophical encounter, 1951 GRICE MEETS HOLLOWAY The High, Oxford. May 1952. Holloway: (Stopping abruptly) Ah, Hart. I see you’ve wandered up from University College. Brave of you to leave the safety of the statutes for the open air. Hart: Good morning, Holloway. I find the air on the High quite conducive to clarity, actually. Holloway: Clarity? For a lawyer, perhaps. But for the rest of us, it’s a bit crowded with... well, the uninitiated. Hart: If by uninitiated you mean those of us not born into the Literae Humaniores, I suppose I must plead guilty. Holloway: Exactly. There is a certain parochial rhythm to this place that an outsider—however brilliant at jurisprudence—might find difficult to catch. Hart: And yet, I find myself dancing to it. I’ve just finished a piece for the Philosophical Quarterly on your latest book. Holloway: (Eyes narrowing) Ah, the review. I read it. A bit clinical, wasn't it? You treated my prose like a brief for the defense. Hart: Accuracy isn't an assault, John. I merely wanted to pin down what you meant by "logical tone." Holloway: You pinned it like a butterfly. Quite dead. But there was a curious little footnote—you mentioned Grice. Hart: Ah, yes. Footnote 14, if memory serves. Holloway: You brought up his distinction regarding "meaning." Something about dark clouds meaning rain. Hart: It was a point about natural signs. Grice suggests that "those clouds mean rain" is fundamentally different from "those spots mean measles." Holloway: And then you added that peculiar rider: "But it won't rain." Hart: Precisely. One can say "Those clouds mean rain, but it won’t rain" without a logical contradiction. Holloway: (Chuckling) Spoken like a man who spends his days in chambers. If the clouds mean rain, Hart, the sky is doing the talking. Hart: But the sky doesn't intend anything. That is Grice’s point. A person means something; a cloud merely indicates. Holloway: You’re splitting hairs that don’t even have follicles. Why drag Paul into a critique of myaesthetics? Hart: Because your "logical tone" relies on a similar ambiguity. You confuse what a text indicates with what it intends. Holloway: Intention is for the courtroom, Herbert. In literature, the "dark cloud" is the thing itself. It doesn't need your permission to stay dry. Hart: But logic requires us to distinguish the sign from the event. Even an outsider can see when a category is being blurred. Holloway: There it is again. The lawyer’s need for a fence. You think that by citing Grice’s clouds, you’ve caught me in a storm. Hart: I think I’ve shown that your "tone" is a "natural sign" that often fails to deliver the "rain" of a solid argument. Holloway: (Waving a hand dismissively) You and Paul... you treat language like a laboratory. It’s a forest, Hart. Not a map. Hart: Even in a forest, John, it helps to know if the dampness is a metaphor or a downpour. Holloway: I shall leave you to your umbrellas and your footnotes. Give my regards to the Law Faculty—if they haven't mistaken you for a philosopher yet. Hart: (Smiling) They haven't. And according to you, they never will. Good day, Holloway. Epilogue: Merton Street, Ten Minutes Later. Holloway: Grice! Just ran into Hart. He’s obsessed with your clouds. Grice: (Pausing, Navy Cut in hand) Hart? He’s quite right to be. It’s the crux of non-natural meaning. Holloway: He says the clouds mean rain, but it won’t rain. It sounds like a bad forecast, not a philosophy. Grice: It’s about the factive nature of the statement, Holloway. If I say "He meant to help," he might have failed. But if the "spots mean measles," he has measles. Holloway: And the rain? Grice: If the clouds mean rain, and it doesn't rain, the clouds didn't actually "mean" it—they were just a misleading sign. Hart is trying to use my logic to show you’re a misleading sign. Holloway: (Scoffing) He’s a lawyer, Grice. He thinks truth is a verdict. Grice: And you think it’s an atmosphere. Personally, I’d just check the barometer. Grice would often display an interest to delve deeper into Grice’s 1948 paper on Meaning to see how he eventually formalized this "cloud" distinction? REPLY TO MISS ANSCOMBE. ..Oxford Philosophical Society Celebrates Anscombe’s Intention: A Report by D. F. Pears Grice’s Incisive Response and the Debate on Aristotle’s Practical Syllogism On a brisk evening in Hilary Term, the Oxford Philosophical Society convened in the Old Library to mark the publication of G. E. M. Anscombe’s landmark treatise, Intention. The gathering drew a distinguished assembly of dons and graduate scholars, all eager to engage with the philosophical ramifications of Anscombe’s work and its reception among Oxford’s analytic circle. The event was chaired by Professor R. M. Hare (Balliol), whose introductory remarks underscored the significance of Anscombe’s treatise in recasting the philosophy of action and intention for a new generation. The evening’s proceedings began with Anscombe herself offering a concise summary of her thesis. She emphasized the conceptual distinction between “intention in action” and “intention for the future,” presenting her now-famous analysis of “willing to” as a paradigm for understanding agency and practical reasoning. The atmosphere was one of respectful anticipation, as colleagues prepared to test the boundaries of Anscombe’s claims. The highlight of the session was the response delivered by H. P. Grice (St John’s), introduced by D. F. Pears as “Reply to Miss Anscombe.” Pears, in his capacity as reviewer and commentator, praised Grice’s incisiveness and clarity. “Mr. Grice’s critique,” Pears remarked, “is a model of philosophical rigor. He brings to bear both analytic precision and a critical acumen that challenges us to reconsider the very foundations of our understanding of intention.” Grice’s reply, Pears noted, was not merely a rebuttal of Anscombe’s thesis, but an interrogation of her philosophical stance—a stance toward which Grice has long exhibited a measured antipathy, rooted in his commitment to logical grammar and the incorrigibility of first-person authority. Grice’s critique centered on the interpretation of Aristotle’s practical syllogism. He argued that Anscombe’s rendering—her “willing to”—amounted to a travesty of Aristotle’s original intent. “Aristotle,” Grice declared, “did not invite us to see action as a mere concatenation of desires or volitions directed toward ‘willing to’ perform some act. Rather, he established the primacy of ‘willing-that’—as Prichard so forcefully articulated—where the agent wills that a particular state of affairs obtains.” Grice contended that Anscombe’s approach conflates the structure of practical reasoning with the grammar of intention, obscuring the logical distinction between an agent’s disposition and the act of willing a specific outcome. In Grice’s reading, the practical syllogism is not a matter of mere volitional readiness, but of rational commitment to a proposition, a “willing-that” which grounds both action and ethical deliberation. The intellectual impact of the evening was palpable. The exchange between Anscombe and Grice, moderated by Pears, illuminated the divergent philosophical traditions at play: Anscombe’s Wittgensteinian sensitivity to language and action, and Grice’s analytic insistence on logical form and intention. Pears concluded his report with a reflection on the ongoing debate: “The dialogue tonight has reminded us that philosophical progress emerges not from consensus, but from the rigorous testing of concepts. Miss Anscombe’s Intention will surely provoke further inquiry, but Mr. Grice’s reply has set a new standard for analytic engagement. The Society looks forward to the continuing conversation, confident that Oxford remains at the forefront of philosophical analysis.” IN DEFENSE OF A DOGMA (1956) In the historical context of 20th-century philosophy, Willard Van Orman Quine served as the  George Eastman Visiting Professor at Oxford during the 1953–1954 academic year. This year was pivotal, as it featured the famous debates between Quine’s radical holism and the "Ordinary Language" philosophy championed by Paul Grice and P. F. Strawson.  Below is an imagined report from the Oxford University Gazette documenting such a seminar. Oxford University Gazette Vol. LXXXIV | Thursday, 11 March 1954 | No. 2842 PROCEEDINGS IN THE FACULTY OF LITERAE HUMANIORES Special Seminar on ‘Meaning, Categories, and Logical Form’ The Faculty reports with considerable interest on the ongoing seminar series conducted by Mr. H. P. Grice (St. John’s) and Mr. P. F. Strawson (University). The recent session was distinguished by the attendance of the George Eastman Visiting Professor, W. V. Quine (Harvard), whose presence has provided a stimulating, if contentious, impetus to local logical inquiries. The proceedings opened with a formal acknowledgment of Professor Quine’s seminal contribution to the discipline, specifically his paper "Two Dogmas of Empiricism" (1951). The seminar chair praised the work for its "landmark" status in dismantling the rigid structures of logical positivism and for its bold advocacy of semantic holism. However, the cordiality of the introduction gave way to a rigorous dialectic. Mr. Grice and Mr. Strawson offered a sustained critique of the Professor’s rejection of the analytic-synthetic distinction. Their arguments centered on two primary objections: The Argument from Common Usage: It was maintained that the distinction between "analytic" truths (true by meaning) and "synthetic" truths (true by fact) is not merely a "dogma" but a functioning part of linguistic practice. To reject it, they argued, would require the abandonment of the very concept of "meaning". The Charge of Excessive Skepticism: The speakers contended that Professor Quine’s demand for a reductive definition of synonymy is an unreasonable standard. They suggested that the inability to provide a formal definition does not render a concept "illusory" or "senseless". The Professor, in a characteristic display of logical tenacity, remained unmoved, suggesting that the "web of belief" remains our only reliable epistemological map, wherein no statement is immune to revision. The session concluded with the acknowledgement that while the "dogmas" may be under siege, the defense offered by the Oxford faculty ensures the debate remains far from settled. Key Historical Notes The Issue Number: Based on the 1953/4 academic year falling under Volume 84, and the typical weekly publication schedule during term time, No. 2842 is a historically plausible issue number for a March 1954 edition. The Response: The arguments presented by Grice and Strawson in these seminars eventually formed the basis of their famous 1956 paper, “In Defense of a Dogma”. Would you like to explore the specific examples (such as the "neighbor's three-year-old child") that Grice and Strawson used to challenge Quine's logic? 1956 METAPHYSICS. This imagined conversation takes place on  March 22, 1957, at Thornton’s Bookshop on the High Street, Oxford. In this counter-historical timeline, R.G. Collingwood (the "last of the Oxford Idealists") has survived his strokes and is present to hear the BBC Third Programme broadcasts that were later compiled into David Pears' "The Nature of Metaphysics".  Grice: (Bowing slightly, voice hushed) Mister Collingwood, I had not expected to find the author of the Essay on Metaphysics browsing the logic shelves at Thornton’s. It is a profound honour. Collingwood: (Smiling thinly) Mister Grice, isn't it? I’ve followed your recent wireless talks for Pears. You "linguistic philosophers" usually treat my work like a museum piece—pretty to look at, but functionally dead. Grice: On the contrary, sir. I’ve found myself quoting your 1940 Essay more than my colleagues might find fashionable. Collingwood: (Raising an eyebrow) To what end? To show how I "misused" the word 'cause' or 'being'? Grice: (Causally humbled) No, to defend the very possibility of a systematic enquiry. In Pears' volume, I’ve tried to suggest that metaphysics is a "natural and inevitable pursuit". I find your "Absolute Presuppositions" far more robust than the current trends. RGC: Most of your lot think I’m just doing bad history or "historicized psychology". Grice: I disagree. I told the BBC audience that the philosopher’s task is to "disentangle the presuppositions of our thinking". I see your work as a methodology for that disentanglement, not mere anthropology. Collingwood: And how does that sit with your tutee, Strawson? His Introduction to Logical Theory is quite the talk of the Senior Common Rooms.  Grice: (Wryly) Strawson is... formidable. But I’ll confess to you here: I find your concept of a presupposition more compelling than his. Collingwood: Truly? Even with his "truth-value gaps" and "semantic conditions"? Grice: Strawson’s presupposition is purely ontological—a condition for a sentence to be true or false. It’s a mechanic of reference. Collingwood: And mine? Grice: Yours is a "heuristic principle of inquiry". It’s the "logical ground" that makes asking a question possible at all. Collingwood: You see the difference, then. For me, an "Absolute Presupposition" isn't a proposition that might be false; it’s the frame that allows us to have a science of nature or history. HPG: Precisely. Strawson wants to fix the plumbing of language. You want to map the foundations of the house. I prefer the foundational view. RGC: I must say, Grice, I appreciate this. Most "linguisticists" use my name only as a cautionary tale of "category mistakes." Grice: (Humbly) I’ve always felt that if we are to speak of "The Nature of Metaphysics," we must acknowledge those who actually did it. RGC: Your interest seems... genuine. Not just a bit of clever analysis to prove me "non-sensical" in the Ayerian fashion. HPG: Ayer is too quick to verify. I think your "metaphysics without ontology" is the only way to save the subject from the logical positivists. RGC: It requires a certain... humility of the intellect. To admit we stand on grounds we cannot prove. HPG: (Nodding) "Absolute presuppositions are not propositional answers to questions". I’ve taken that to heart in my own work on conversation.  Collingwood: (Amused) Do you presuppose your "Cooperative Principle," then? Grice: Perhaps I do. It’s the "logical ground" of our talk here in Thornton’s. RGC: Then perhaps there is hope for Oxford yet. Even if you hide your idealism under the cloak of "implicature." HPG: If the cloak is well-tailored, perhaps no one will notice the "Last Idealist" and the "Linguistic Philosopher" agree. RGC: (Tapping a book) I shan't tell Strawson if you don't. HPG: It’s a deal, Mr. Collingwood.  Collingwood: Good day, Grice. Don't let Pears edit out the best bits. Grice: I shall do my best, sir. (He waits for Collingwood to exit Thornton's before turning back to the shelves, visibly moved). Grice would often feel like exploring how Grice's "Cooperative Principle" functions as an Absolute Presuppositionof communication? Scene: Wisdom’s rooms, King’s College, Cambridge. An overcast afternoon in Lent Term, 1932. Tea is cooling in delicate cups. A pile of papers, mostly loosely organized, sits atop a well-worn copy of Russell’s The Problems of Philosophy. A young H.P. Grice (dressed formally, notebook in hand) sits opposite John Wisdom, who gestures him to a battered armchair. Grice: Thank you for receiving me, Mister Wisdom. I gather it’s most irregular—a man from Oxford haunting the courts of Cambridge. Wisdom: (Raises eyebrows, smiling.) Quite irregular, Mister Grice. We’re more accustomed to visitors from the provinces, not the Other Place. What brings you here—an outbreak of metaphysics? Grice: I confess, I have an appetite for metaphysics—if only to discover whether it’s real food or merely Cambridge air. Wisdom: (Stirring his tea.) Ah, but most here would say metaphysics is more like a soufflé—rises grandly, collapses beautifully, and leaves one wondering what’s been digested. Grice: So the stories are true. You really do call metaphysics “nonsense”—though, I hope, not the uninteresting sort. Wisdom: I do, indeed, Mr. Grice. I call it nonsense, but not to dismiss it—rather to praise its peculiar flavor. Of course, “nonsense” is a word that offends sensible men in Oxford. Grice: We’re fond of sense, it’s true. Yet I wonder—is your “nonsense” like Lewis Carroll’s, or more in the spirit of Wittgenstein’s “Tractatus”? Wisdom: More the latter. Carroll was a mathematician, after all. But my point, if I have one, is that there’s a difference between gibberish and nonsense that compels attention—what I call “interesting nonsense.” Grice: So you don’t mean mere verbal muddle—rather, a kind of nonsense that seduces the thoughtful man? Wisdom: Precisely. Metaphysics, at its best, is the kind of nonsense that gets under the skin; it’s the itch in a place logic cannot quite reach. Grice: And yet, if it’s nonsense, what compels us to pursue it? Why not simply dismiss the itch as imaginary? Wisdom: I sometimes think philosophers are like men who invent new rules for chess in hopes of discovering a new game—and then complain when the pieces refuse to obey. Grice: Oxford dons would say that’s simply playing with language. But take “The Absolute” or “Nothingness”—are these merely pieces moving in a game with no board? Wisdom: Not quite. The “board,” as you put it, is our life with words. The metaphysician draws a square in the air and insists it’s solid—then we test it with a stick. Grice: And sometimes, perhaps, the stick bends—or our hand passes straight through. Wisdom: Indeed. But these metaphysical questions—“Does the external world exist?” “Is time real?”—they are not nonsensical in the way “Green ideas sleep furiously” is. They disturb us because they unsettle the boundaries of our thought. Grice: So, the nonsense is not in the words alone, but in their attempt to do work our language does not normally perform. Wisdom: Yes. And by exploring the nonsense, we learn about the machinery of our language—what it can and cannot do. Grice: This sounds almost therapeutic. You would have philosophy cure itself by analyzing its own confusions. Wisdom: It’s not so much a cure as a form of intellectual gardening—pruning back the overgrowth, admiring the wildflowers, even if they’re weeds. Grice: (Leaning forward.) And what of meaning? Is there meaning in nonsense, or merely the appearance of it? Wisdom: Meaning is a subtle business. Sometimes meaning is found in the search—the attempt itself—even if the quarry is invisible. Grice: In Oxford, we might say the meaning is what the utterer intends and the audience recognizes—a cooperative venture. Here in Cambridge, is meaning more a matter of what the words do to us? Wisdom: (With a twinkle.) Well, Mr. Grice, in Cambridge we’re always a little suspicious of intentions, but never of provocations. If metaphysics provokes the right kind of perplexity, then perhaps it earns its keep. Grice: I’ll drink to that—a nonsense that is interesting, a perplexity worth our tea. Perhaps there’s hope for conversation between our “Other Places” yet. (They laugh. The wind rattles the window. Two philosophers—one from Oxford, one from Cambridge—pause, not entirely certain whether they have resolved anything, but quite sure the nonsense has been, for the afternoon at least, most interesting.) GRICE’S PLAY GROUP INSTITUTED. The date is  Saturday, January 18, 1958. This marks the first meeting of the Hilary Term, just months after J.L. Austin’s untimely passing in late 1957.  The setting is H.P. Grice’s rooms at St John’s College. The air is thick with pipe smoke and a palpable sense of transition. The Opening Monologue Grice: Gentlemen, please, find a perch. We are, as you notice, a man down—and what a man. With J.L. gone, the stewardship of these Saturday mornings falls, by a sort of weary gravity, to me. I am, after all, the eldest of this remains—if we discount G.A. Paul, though I suspect his mind is currently less occupied with the 'Other Minds' problem and more with the rigging of a dinghy on the coast. We shall continue exactly as he intended: a closed shop, by invitation only, for the tutorial fellows. We are here to do the work, not to perform for the galleries. I see Pears and Thomson have tucked themselves away in the corner; try to look inconspicuous, lads, we’ll treat you as students for the morning to keep your egos in check. Our mission remains the same: to protect the 'convivial approach' to linguistic precision. We must provide a necessary weight against the senior establishment—Ryle’s 'older gang' over at Waynflete—and, more pressingly, to ensure we don't all succumb to the mystical fog rolling in from the followers of 'Vitters' [Wittgenstein]. We aren't looking for 'the unsayable'; we are looking for what we actually mean when we open our mouths. Now, shall we see if we can finish what Austin started regarding the nuances of 'intention'?" Strawson: I suspect our first hurdle is whether 'meaning' can survive without Austin’s 'force.' Hampshire: Surely, Strawson, the force is in the doing, not just the saying. Urmson: But if we analyze the 'doing,' we risk falling back into Ryle’s behaviorism. Warnock: And we must avoid that; Ryle thinks a mental state is just a tendency to trip over one's own feet. Grice: (Grinning) Precisely. Let’s focus on the speaker’s intention to produce an effect. Pears: Is that a student-level question, or can I speak? Grice: Quiet, Pears. The adults are talking. Thomson: If the effect is purely cognitive, does the linguistic 'rule' even matter? Strawson: It matters if we want to be understood by anyone other than ourselves. Hampshire: The 'Vitters' crowd would say the rule is the game itself. Grice: But games have referees; language only has us, and we’re notoriously unreliable. Urmson: Austin used to say we should look at the dictionary. Warnock: The dictionary tells us what words were, not what we do with them now. Hampshire: If I intend for you to believe p𝑝, is that enough for me to have 'meant' p𝑝? Strawson: Only if I recognize your intention to make me believe it. Grice: Good. The recognition is the pivot. It’s reflexive. Pears: Like a mirror reflecting a mirror? Grice: Very poetic, David. Now back to your notes. Thomson: But what if I intend to deceive? Urmson: Then the 'force' of your statement is a lie, but the 'meaning' remains stable. Warnock: Stable? In Oxford? That’s a bold claim for Hilary Term. Hampshire: We need a logic for this—a logic of conversation that isn't just formal symbols. Strawson: A 'Natural Logic,' perhaps? Grice: Let’s not get ahead of ourselves. We shall build it brick by brick, as J.L. would. Urmson: Right then. Who’s for tea before we tackle the 'Implicature' of the kettle whistling? Grice wold often like to expand on Grice’s specific critiqueof the "Vitters" followers during this session. THE CAUSAL THEORY OF PERCEPTION (1961) This imagined conversation takes place in  Oxford in the late autumn of 1984, shortly before H. H. Price's death in November. Paul Grice, visiting from Berkeley, sits with his old mentor to reminisce on the era before "linguisticism"—the mid-century obsession with ordinary language—took over the sub-faculty.  Grice: It’s a bit chilling in here, Henry. Does the radiator still clank like a ghost in the machine, or have they modernized you? Price: "It is a stubborn old thing, Paul. Much like us. I find the cold keeps the mind from softening into that dreadful 'linguistic' mush we both spent so long navigating. Grice: A Welshman’s constitution, no doubt. The Anglo-Welsh Alliance holds strong even in the face of Berkeley’s relentless sunshine. Price: I must say, Grice, I was deeply moved—and quite surprised—to see you dedicated your 1961 Aristotelian Society session to my old chapter on the Causal Theory." Grice: "It was the only way to return to sanity. Everyone was so busy analyzing the 'logic' of 'look' and 'see' that they forgot there is a physical world actually hitting our retinas." Price: "You always did have a knack for finding the bridge between the conceptual and the causal. I thought my 1932 Perception had been buried by the Ryleans long ago." Grice: "Hardly. I used your 'Causal Theory' chapter as a battering ram against the phenomenalists. It’s the most honest piece of work on the subject." Price: "Appreciative as I am, I must ask: what on earth possessed you to drag my old 'sense-data' into the sixties?" Grice: "Because you weren't just playing with words, Henry. You were trying to explain how we actually connect to the chair we’re sitting on." Price: "Ah, the 'happier days.' Before the 'Oxford Philosophy' brand became a matter of policing grammar instead of chasing truth." Grice: "Exactly. But I’ve always wondered... what moved you to explore perception so deeply in the first place? You were a Wykeham Professor of Logic, and your later interests seemed so... otherworldly." Price: "You mean my 'spook-hunting' in parapsychology? One is allowed a hobby in retirement, Grice" Grice: But even then, perception is a messy, empirical field for a man of pure logic. Why that specific hill to die on?" Price: "Because if logic cannot account for the way a red patch appears to a mind, then logic is a hollow shell. I wanted to see the joints where the mind meets the matter.Grice: "It’s a gritty pursuit for a Don. Most of our colleagues preferred the safety of the dictionary." Price: "I couldn't stand the safety. I wanted the 'given.' Even if the 'given' turned out to be a causal chain of events we barely understand." Grice: "You were the first to admit that 'belonging to' a material object is a causal relation. That was the spark I needed for my 1961 paper." Price: "And you polished it, Paul. You gave it that 'Gricean' precision. I felt like a rough-hewn Welsh miner seeing his coal turned into a diamond." Grice: "A diamond that the 'linguisticists' still try to scratch, mind you. They still think 'implicature' can solve everything." Price: "Let them think it. We know that behind every 'implicature' is a person actually seeing a tree because the tree is there." Grice: "Exactly. It's the causal link that keeps the world from floating away into a series of 'language games'." Price: "I’m glad we had the Alliance, Paul. Oxford felt like a lonely place for a causalist for a few decades." Grice: "You were never alone, Henry. I was just busy translating you into a language the youngsters could understand." Price: "Then I shall die a happy man, knowing my 'sense-data' has a home in the Berkeley hills.Grice: "It has more than a home; it has a legacy. Now, let’s see if we can find a sherry that isn't purely 'phenomenal'." Grice  would often like to explore more about Grice's specific arguments in that 1961 symposium or perhaps Price's late-life work on parapsychology. THE OXFORD GAZETTE Oxford’s Journal of Record and Academic Intelligence Issue No. 4,821 | Tuesday, 12 July 1961 SENSORY STIR IN CAMBRIDGE: MR. GRICE RECLAIMS THE OBJECT Special Report from our Correspondent at the Joint Session of the Aristotelian Society and the Mind Association. Cambridge was treated to a display of Oxford precision this weekend as Mr. H. P. Grice (St John’s) delivered a masterly opening paper for the symposium, “The Causal Theory of Perception.” The atmosphere in the lecture hall was electric, tempered only by the dry wit of the Chairman, Professor Braithwaite, who opened the proceedings by remarking that he was "delighted to see so many Oxford men venturing behind enemy lines to explain why things are, in fact, exactly where we think they are." Mr. Grice’s performance was nothing short of a logical tour de force. Aiming to rescue the causal theory from the scrapheap of "doubts," he pivoted the afternoon’s drama on a strikingly simple image: a red pillar box. The crux of Grice’s argument rested on the distinction between what is said and what is implied. He posited a scenario in which he looks at a pillar box and declares, "It seems to me that there is a red pillar box." While a casual listener might assume this implies Grice is in doubt or that his eyes are failing him, Grice argued that such an implication is merely a matter of conversational etiquette, not logical truth. Even if the sun is shining and his vision is perfect, the statement "it seems red" remains strictly true, even if it is "misleading" to say it. By isolating this "implicature," Grice cleared a path to argue that perceiving an object necessarily involves that object causing our sensory experience—a claim that left the room in a state of high intellectual agitation. Mr. A. R. White (Hull), providing the reply, was quick to lead the counter-charge. With a sharp, analytical edge, White questioned whether Grice’s linguistic gymnastics truly bridged the gap between a private "sense-datum" and the physical pillar box itself. White suggested that Grice might be "over-reading the signals," arguing that our common language of perception doesn't require the causal baggage Grice is so keen to check in. As the session adjourned for tea, the "Gricean Pillar Box" remained the talk of the cloisters. Whether one agrees with the causal link or not, St John’s has certainly provided the most talked-about "appearance" of the term. Would you like me to expand on White’s specific objections to the causal link, or shall we draft a Letter to the Editor responding to this report? Early in 1961 Grice was ready to circulate his views on implicature – in the safeness of Cambidge. So he accepted the invitation to propose a theme for a symposium at The Aristotelian Society. All that Grice knew was that he had to be there in March, that the Chair would be Braithwaite, and that he’ll get a reply, but that he did not need to worry. That was the only contribution to The Aristotleian Society by Grice, which is the common practice. Since it is very rare for a philosopher to have TWO pieces in the august proceedings. The conversational illustrations of ‘Causal Theory of Perception’ concern the pillar box that seems red to Grice. GRICE: Red. PRICE. Red it is? GRICE: No. Red it SEEMS. Grice’s only reference is to Price’s PERCEPTION, a heavy if unreadable book. Grice had made his arduous way through only one chapter of it, entitled, ‘The Causal Theory of Perception.’ In general, he couldn’t care less about Price was saying. All Grice cared was his response to the Wittgensteinian challenge. If Pears was a closet Wittgensteinian, Grice knew the type early on, in interacting with the Scot philosopher, and also loyal member of the Play Group, G. A. Paul, whose claim to fame is the rhetorical question posed in the annals of Mind: “Is there a problem about sense data?” Paul never answered it. Grice thought there wasn’t, and that the Wittgensteinians were making much ado about nothing. Does the machinery built to his substantive theory or project or programe – stage-divided – in conversational pramatics? It surely does. And Grice makes it clear that after a short coffee break, he will have an INTERLUDE just about that. He entitled the interlude ‘Implication.’ But of course it is not about ‘implication’ as Philonius used the word and Cicero translated (‘implicatio’). It was about conversation. Besides the SIX CONVERSATIONAL SCENARIOS for the SIX PHILOSOPHICAL problems came the non-philosophical illustrations. The PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS all allow for conversational exapansion. PROBLEM I WITTGENSTEIN: That’s not possible: it’s actual. GRICE. But what is actual is possible. This is a mere modal version, as Burton-Roberts has aptly noted, of the Square of Opposition, and Grice, and all deontic logicians with him, are right, and Wttgenstein is wrong. PROBLEM 2 MOORE: I feel there’s something wrong with you. I actually seem to KNOW that there is something wrong with you, my dear Malcolm. MALCOLM. Well, after immersing myself in Wittgenstein, I’m starting to think that you don’t know how to use the word ‘know.’ PROBLEM 3 HART. That wasn’t illegal? HONORE. But it was immoral! HART. Are we going to say it was caused? HONORE. Should we? I’m not sure good old Cliftonians like myself or Grice will follow suit. If an illegal or immoral act is caused, then every act is caused, for that matter. HART. But dear Tony, recall we are in the middle of submitting ‘Causation and the law’ to the press! PROBLEM 4. WITTGENSTEIN. That horse doesn’t look like a horse. GRICE. But it IS a horse. WITTGENSTEIN. Still. Wittgenstein was finding it bad Vienesse to apply ‘look like’ in German to obvious identifications. Being the Continental that he was, he thought ‘looking like’ requires some reference to imagination, a GELSSTAT or a BAUHAUS. A spoon can look like a flower, and a knife like a branch. But one wouldn’t say that a spoon and a knife look like a spoon and a knife. Problem 5.  WOOZLEY. The Scpetic knows it. GRICE. You mean the sceptic believes it. Variant II WOOZLEY. The sceptc believes it. GRICE. And knows it. Variant III. WOOZLEY. The sceptic knows it, but does not believe it! Grice. Stuff and nonsense. And right Grice is too, if you know something to be true, there may be a simple cancellable implicature to the effect that you do not believe it, but you surely can be more logical than that and don’t let ordinary language confuse you! Or keep you in a prison. To these set of PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS Grice presented in “Causal Theory of Perception” and to add to the ‘red pillar box’ that is the centre of his concern – the D—or—D implicature that makes the most of one full chapter in M. D. B. Platts’s Ways of Meaning – another Griceian echo in more contemporary Oxford – Grice adds four illustrations. CASE I Grice (at Collections) He has beautiful handwriting. (Silence from rest of the board of examiners) Grice goes on: “I do not mean of course to imply that he is hopeless at philosophy.” Grice’s gloss or rather exegetical advice is admirable: “I still could not be said to have IMPLIED that, to wit: that my tutee is hopeless at philosophy, even if, after my cancellation of the particularised conversational implicature and all, that is all that the Board of Examiners will have concluded! CASE II  HERBERT GRICE (whistilign). ‘Tis the same the whole world over! His mate: Tis the poor that get the blame. HERBERT GRICE: Well she met a city fella, and she lost her honest name. Grice is providing variants of ‘but’ in the well-known Tommy tune, ‘She was poor, but she was honest.” Grice’s variant: “She was poor, AND she was honest” makes, he says more sense. In any case, ‘but’ only adds ‘colour’ (Frege’s Farbung) and shouldn’t be taken seriously. If anything is implied, even by convention and in a non-detachable manner, let it be. There is nothing in it that touches on the validity of your reasoning as you utter the word. Strawson became fascinated with the phenomenon and went on to argue that if a conventional implicature like this attaches to ‘so’ or ‘therefore’ (as in Jill’s ‘Jack is an Englishman; he is, therefore, brave’) it will also attach to ‘if’ in a non-asserted hypotactical clause – while adamant Grice kept thinking that the whole thing is merely conversational! CASE III Strawson. I thought you did. GRICE. Did what? STRAWSON. Stop eating iron. Grice’s stock example concerns the well-known schoolboy joke (“Have you stopped beating your wife?”) which had bee discussed since the Middle Ages concerning ‘cesare’ to cease to eat iron. This is not a conventional implicature, but Grice will rephrase the alleged ‘presupposition’ – or just ‘suppositio’ in Mediaeval paralance – as a version of a conversational implicature whose calculuation depends on the tenth conversational maxim that makes his CONVERSATIONAL IMMANUEL a CONVERSATIONAL DECALOGUE: Frame whatever you have to say in the form that most likely will elicit your co-conversationalist’s potential subsequent remark. CASE IV is the one that has all of Grice’s interest. For the four examples, he considers TESTS, which replicate his earlier tests on natural meaning versus non-natural meaning (is it factive, what is the vehicle, is a that-clause allowable?) and his later tests for the identification of an implicature as conversational rather than anything else (nonconversational, conventional): vehicle, detachability, calculability. Case IV concerns then Grice’s then very small apartment on Woodstock road. STRAWSON: I didn’t see Kathleen. GRICE. Did you check the bedroom? STRAWSON. I did. GRICE: Did you check the kitchen. STRAWSON. I did. GRICE. Then don’t ask ME! Grice is concerned with the instantiation of ‘p; therefore p v q’. “My wife is in the kitchen; therefore, my wife is in the kitchen or in the garden.” His whole point is to look for an utterance that SOUNDS under-informative in the circumstances, and in this he is replicating that infamous footnote in ‘Introduction to Logical theory’ “All the king’s horses and all the king’s men couln’t put Humpty together again.” “I only meant SOME!”. While Strawson’s original example is controversial in that a quantifier is not really truth-functional and algorithmically so, Grice’s case of the disjunction is. Grice is not so much interested in the details of the case, but in his ability to identify what expectation from conversationalists we can retrieve that have them expecting the stronger conversational move, all things being equal. Grice spent the rest of the life realizing that all things are NOT equal, and implicature happens! Grice’s decade proceeded with some mention of ‘implicature’ in his Oxford seminar. This is important since this citation pre-dates the one on file with the O. E. D. by a few years, and turns the concoction into a truly Oxonian one! n Oxford’s  Literae Humaniores (colloquially "Greats"), "collections" are unofficial college-based mock examinations sat at the start of each term. These internal tests evaluate a student's progress on material covered in the previous term’s tutorials. For the Philosophy component of Greats, collections typically involve timed essays on core papers like Ethics or Early Modern Philosophy.  Historical Equivalents While the "collection" is a distinct Oxford tutorial tradition, older continental universities have analogous methods of rigorous, non-final assessment: University of Bologna (Alma Mater Studiorum):The historical equivalent is the "Disputatio". In the medieval and early modern eras, students were regularly tested through public debates or "circoli" (circles), where they defended a thesis against peers and masters. Today, this is mirrored in rigorous "esami parziali" (partial exams) that test specific modules mid-term. Sorbonne (University of Paris): The French equivalent is the "Dissertation" or "Interrogation". Historically, the "disputatio" was also central, but it evolved into the modern "Colloque" or "Examen en cours de formation", where oral and written rigor is tested prior to the final Grand Oral. Gricean Dialogues on "Smith's Handwriting" The following dialogues illustrate H. Paul Grice’sconcept of "conversational implicature". In each, the tutor provides a literally true but contextually irrelevant statement about Smith's handwriting to imply that Smith is actually poor at philosophy. I. English (The Original) Student: "How is Smith doing in his philosophy studies?" Tutor Grice: "Smith has beautiful handwriting." Implicature: By violating the Maxim of Relation(relevance), the tutor implies Smith lacks philosophical talent. II. Italian (L'Implicatura) Studente: "Come se la cava Smith con la filosofia?" Tutor Grice: "Smith ha una bellissima calligrafia." Implicatura: Il tutor evita di rispondere direttamente al merito filosofico, suggerendo che non ci sia nulla di positivo da dire sulla sua capacità di ragionamento. III. French (L'Implicature) Étudiant : « Comment se porte Smith dans ses études de philosophie ? » Tuteur Grice : « Smith a une très belle écriture. » Implicature : En se concentrant sur l'esthétique plutôt que sur l'intellect, le tuteur signale de manière détournée que Smith n'est pas un bon philosophe. Would you like to see how this example changes if the tutor uses "explicit cancellation" to clarify their intent? The Scene:  1922. The Grice household. Uncle Herbert has just finished a boisterous rendition of “It’s the Same the Whole World Over,” accompanied by a weary Mr. Grice on piano. Mrs. Grice is visibly bristling at the song’s low-brow, "music hall" sentimentality.  Uncle Herbert: (Wiping his brow) And that, my dears, is the gospel truth! It’s the poor what gets the blame! Mrs. Grice: (Coldly) It is a vulgarity, Herbert, and hardly suitable for a Sunday afternoon. Paul (Age 9): Uncle, may I ask a question about the first verse? Mr. Grice: (Closing the piano lid) Let the boy speak; it’s better than another chorus. Paul: You sang: “She was poor, but she was honest.” Uncle Herbert: Right I did, Paulie! A tragic tale of a fallen lass. Paul: Why did you use the word “but”? Uncle Herbert: Because it’s the lyric, lad! It shows she was a good girl despite having no coppers. Paul: But if she were rich, would you say she was “rich, but she was honest”? Mrs. Grice: (Perking up) Paul is quite right. It implies that being poor usually means one is not honest. Uncle Herbert: Now see here, Mabel, it’s just a way of speaking! Paul: It seems to me, Uncle, that “but” is doing more work than “and.” Mr. Grice: You mean it suggests a contrast that isn't strictly in the definitions? Paul: Yes, Father. If I say “It is raining but I have an umbrella,” the “but” makes sense because umbrellas are for rain. Mrs. Grice: Precisely. But there is no natural opposition between poverty and honesty, except in the minds of the wicked. Uncle Herbert: It’s just for the rhyme and the feeling of it! Paul: But the conventional meaning of the sentence is just that she is both poor and honest. Mr. Grice: Yet you feel there is an implication of something further? Paul: Yes. It’s as if the speaker is surprised she hasn’t stolen anything. Mrs. Grice: Which is why the song is an insult to the working classes, Herbert. Paul has seen right through your “entertainment.” Uncle Herbert: You’re overthinking it! It’s a sad song about a victim of the gentry! Paul: I think the word “but” carries a hint that is not part of what is strictly said. Mr. Grice: A sort of... implicature of the language itself? Paul: I shall have to think of a name for it. It’s a very sneaky way for a word to behave. Mrs. Grice: (Satisfied) Then we shall have no more of it. Paul, go wash for tea. Herbert, leave the piano alone. Should we explore how this "sneaky" behavior of buteventually became Grice's formal theory of conventional implicature? This is a tutorial at  Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 1933. W.F.R. Hardie (Tutor) is attempting to parse Aristotle’s Magna Moralia (1181a–1213b) while a young H.P. Grice listens intently. Shropshire, a student of less refined sensibilities, grows restless.  Hardie: "Let us look at the Magna Moralia, 1184a. Aristotle is distinguishing between goods that are ends and those that are means. He argues that happiness—eudaimonia—is a final good." Grice: "But is he not also suggesting that the 'good' is not a single, universal predicate? The 'mean' is context-dependent." Hardie: "Precisely, Paul. It is a matter of the soul’s activity in accordance with virtue. If we look at the division of the soul—" Shropshire: (Leaning back, loudly) "It all sounds a bit circular, doesn't it? Like he’s trying to trap us in a verbal corner." Hardie: "It is not a trap, Shropshire, it is an analytical framework. Now, regarding the voluntary and involuntary at 1188b—" Shropshire: (Interrupting) "A bit like the old sophisma, Hardie! 'Have you, or have you not, stopped beating your wife?' Answer yes or no!" Hardie: (Stiffens, adjusting his spectacles) "That is... a remarkably crude interjection, Shropshire. And irrelevant to the text." Shropshire: "Is it? It’s a binary! Aristotle loves his binaries. Answer it! Yes or no?" Grice: (Coolly) "I think you’re missing the point of the Magna Moralia, and the logic of the question, Shropshire." Shropshire: "Oh, let the prodigy speak. Go on, Grice. It’s a simple 'either-or.' Tertium non datur, right?" Grice: "On the contrary. Hardie’s reading of Aristotle suggests that the Stagirite would never have accepted your premise as a valid 'either-or' in the first place." Hardie: "Go on, Paul. Explain why his 'bad taste' is also bad philosophy." Grice: "Your question assumes a prior state of affairs—that you were beating her. Aristotle would see this as a failure of the categorical syllogism." Shropshire: "It's a trap! There's no third option!" Grice: "But there is. Aristotle would not have imagined a tertium non datur—a third excluded—where the primary substance of the claim is false." Hardie: "Exactly. Look at 1192b. He discusses the 'mean' as a position that avoids the extremes of deficiency and excess." Grice: "If the act never occurred, the question 'have you stopped' falls outside the 'mean' of truth. It is a pseudo-proposition." Shropshire: "You're just dodging. It's a yes or no question!" Hardie: "No, Shropshire. Grice is right. Aristotle recognizes that some questions are 'void' if they do not correspond to the telos of the situation." Grice: "The 'middle' isn't just a logical space; it's a moral one. One cannot 'stop' a vice one never possessed. The 'third' option is simply the truth of the non-event." Shropshire: "You Oxford lot can talk your way out of a burning building." Hardie: "We prefer to think we are simply identifying that the fire is a rhetorical fallacy. Now, back to 1194a." Grice: "Actually, Shropshire, if you consider the implicature of your own rudeness—" Hardie: "Let's leave the 'implicatures' for another decade, Paul. Shropshire, please try to keep your domestic metaphors to yourself." Shropshire: (Sullenly) "Fine. 1194a. Let's hear more about the 'final good' then." Should we delve deeper into Grice’s early reactions to Aristotelian logic, or would you like to expand on Shropshire’s next disruptive outburst? SOME REMARKS ABOUT THE SENSES. Setting: The Eagle and Child (Bird and Baby), Oxford. Two pints of bitter sit between them. Wood: Grice, I’ve been re-reading your notes on Molyneux. You seem to be backing yourself into a corner where the senses are far too numerous. Grice: My dear Wood, "numerous" is a quantitative slur. I am merely looking for a functional criterion. Wood: But if you prioritize the introspectivecharacter of the experience, you’ll end up splitting the five into fifty. Grice: And if you stick to the organ, you’re stuck with a primitive biology that fails the Molyneux test. Wood: The blind man, upon gaining sight, knows the cube because he perceives the same spatial property. Grice: "Perceives"? That’s the word we’re dissecting. Is the "roundness" felt the same "roundness" seen? Wood: It is the same property, regardless of the "mode" of transport to the mind. Grice: Ah, but if the "mode" defines the sense, then the property alone cannot tell us if we are seeing or feeling. Wood: You’re suggesting a structural difference in the ideas themselves. Grice: I’m suggesting that if we don’t distinguish senses by their internal character, we lose the distinction altogether. Wood: Which leads to my concern: your criteria would force us to count more than the traditional five. Grice: (Chuckles) And what if it does? Is the number five divinely ordained? Wood: To some, yes. You’re bordering on a sensory pluralism that would make Aquinas shudder. Grice: (Laughs heartedly) Oh, Oliver! You really can’t decide how to insult my counting, can you? Wood: I'm simply saying you’ve lost the "Quinque Sensus." Grice: You’re hilarious. One moment you imply I’m multiplying senses like rabbits, and the next you fear I’ve collapsed them into fewer! Wood: I never said you collapsed them. Grice: You did! By suggesting my "internal character" test is too vague, you imply I might leave the blind man with only one "amorphous" sense. Wood: It’s a valid risk if the "character" isn't tied to the physical organ. Grice: So, in your eyes, I am either a heretic with six-plus senses or a minimalist with four? Wood: Precisely. You’ve missed the Aristotelian "Golden Five" by a mile. Grice: (Wiping a tear of laughter) To think I’ve managed to both overpopulate and depopulate the mind simultaneously! Wood: It’s not a compliment, Paul. Molyneux deserves more clarity than "it feels different." Grice: Clarity comes from admitting that "looking" and "feeling" are logically distinct descriptions of experience. Wood: Even if it means telling Saint Thomas he was wrong about the number? Grice: Especially then. I’ll take my "more or less" over his "exactly" any day. Grice would often feel like delving into the introspective vs. perceptualcriteria Grice uses to actually justify breaking that "exactly five" limit?THE OXFORD GAZETTE. Vol. LXXXVIII — No. 3017 | Hilary Term | Friday, 9 February 1962  REPORT ON THE SYMPOSIUM: THE PHILOSOPHY OF PERCEPTION The Senior Common Room at St John’s College was the setting, on a brisk February afternoon, for a symposium devoted to the perennial topic of the philosophy of perception. The gathering brought together dons and graduates from across Oxford’s linguistic philosophy community, with special representation from the “Austin heirs” and the Ryle group, in a display of academic collegiality that was as invigorating as it was instructive. The principal speaker, Mr. H. P. Grice (St John’s), offered a systematic tour through the five senses, beginning with a discussion of sight that elegantly bridged Aristotelian distinctions and contemporary ordinary language analysis. He observed that while “seeing” is often privileged in philosophical discussion, each sense delivers a unique mode of contact with the world, and that the language surrounding sense-terms is as nuanced as the experiences themselves. Mr. Grice’s remarks on hearing, for example, emphasized the role of auditory attention and its divergence from mere physiological reception, while his comments on taste and smell deftly illustrated the interplay between linguistic convention and phenomenological reporting. Touch, Grice argued, is perhaps the most philosophically elusive, for it resists the neat object-event structure often assumed in perception debates. An especially stimulating moment arose when Mr. O. P. Wood (Christ Church), representing the Ryle group, revived the celebrated Molyneux question: could a person born blind, upon gaining sight, immediately distinguish objects previously known by touch? The assembled philosophers leaned forward in anticipation as Grice responded with characteristic precision. He maintained that the answer must attend to both the conceptual resources available to the perceiver and the ordinary criteria for saying someone “recognizes” or “identifies” an object. Grice suggested that unless there is a prior mapping of tactile terms onto visual ones in the subject’s understanding, immediate recognition is not to be expected—a reply which, in its clarity and restraint, satisfied both the analytic and the empiricist temperaments in the room.  As reviewer, I must note the genuine spirit of collaborative analysis that prevailed throughout the afternoon. The heirs of Austin—Grice and his cohort—found in Wood and the Ryle group neither rivals nor mere critics, but constructive partners in the unfolding conversation. The mutual enjoyment was palpable: sharp distinctions were drawn and tested, but always with an air of shared purpose and good-humored engagement. If, as Grice remarked in closing, philosophy is “the art of making distinctions and then enjoying them,” the day’s proceedings offered an exemplary model. — P. F. Snowdon In 1962, R. J. Butler, an Oxford graduate who was now doing the redbricks in Reading, invited Grice to contribute a piece for the Blackwell volume ‘Analytical Philosophy.’ It was a breath of fresh air to contrast with Flew’s more heavily edited volumes, and those coming from the New World or from Royaumont on philosophie analytique, which were not detailed enough. Gice’s essay, “Some remarks about the senses” did not precisely change the course in the philosophy of perception – the volume itself received little attention, with half of a paragraph dedicated to Grice – but it attracted the attention of colonial Coady, who thought that Grice’s encounter with the Martians overlooked their conversational implicaturalness. GRICE. I am SO GLAD to realise that you speak Oxonian, like me! MARTIAN. We do – blame it on the BBC! Grice. And I’m so GLAD that we are able to see each other face to face for the first time! MARTIAN. I’m not sure I see you. I know I x you, and I know that I z you, but we don’t have ‘see’ in Martian. This is only one of the many points raised by Grice in that memorable contribution. Another one was picked by Pitcher and concerns the location of pain, as opposed to the location of a smell. Grice is clearest on this the year before he died, and he was submitting material to Harvard University Press. In the course of having to justify such a THICK volume, he was justifying the pieces for himself, and organizing them in strands. The idea that the senses are five, and five only does not seem to touch on the architectonics of his project in conversational pragmatics, but it does. It is humans who are the epiteome of the talking pirot, and Homo sapiens sapiens has binocular vision, and four other senses. So what is Grice after? Is this an examination on the categories underlying ordinary language? All that, and more! The contribution touches then not only on the FRAMEWORK (the theory of conversation as background to his methodology) but on the framework of the framework – his theory theory of which his theory of conversation is a subset of his programme in philosophical psychology or psychologia rationalis. And it’s about survival. DESCARTES ON CERTAINTY. OXFORD GAZETTE — Vol. XCVII | Hilary Term | No. 3184 | Thursday, 18 February 1966. REPORT ON THE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY: "Certainty and the Cartesian Legacy" — A Paper by H. P. Grice On a brisk Thursday evening in the Old Library, members of the Oxford Philosophical Society assembled in unusually high numbers to hear Mr. H. P. Grice (St John’s) address a topic that has long hovered uncertainly on the margins of Oxford discourse: Descartes and the concept of certainty. The talk, entitled "Certainty and the Cartesian Legacy," was prefaced by the chair’s sly acknowledgment that the choice of subject might itself be deemed audax, given the Society’s parochial reticence to entertain "foreigners"—particularly when the philosopher in question is René Descartes, or as Mr. Grice was careful to style him, Cartesius. From the outset, Grice delighted his audience by reading the opening lines from the Regulae ad Directionem Ingenii, offering his own translation of “Regula II: De ordine et dispositione rerum, quae fuere investigandae” before proceeding to contrast the Cartesian approach to certainty with that favored in the “ordinary language” tradition. Grice’s argument was characteristic: that the Oxford habit of ignoring Descartes has impoverished our understanding of epistemic commitment. He praised the Frenchman’s rigorous introspection while gently chiding his tendency to “over-personalize” certainty—turning what ought to be a shared conversational achievement into a solitary cogitation. The centerpiece of Grice’s lecture was a lucid taxonomy of certainty as it appears in both Cartesian and Oxonian idioms. He drew the following distinction: In the Cartesian mode, “I am certain that p” signals an internal, first-person assurance, whereas “it is certain that p” gestures toward an objective, perhaps communal, guarantee. Examples abounded: “Ego sum certus me pensare.” (“I am certain that I am thinking.”) — the paradigmatic Cartesian affirmation. “It is certain that the Dean’s cat has shed her fur across the mat.” — a statement whose certainty, Grice noted, is less about introspective confidence than about public, perhaps even empirical, fact. “I am certain I locked the gate” (subjective assurance, perhaps fallible), contrasted with “It is certain the gate is locked” (objective status, possibly open to verification by others). Grice’s repartee was sharp yet generous—he quoted Descartes’s Latin with as much affection as precision, but always returned to what he called “the conversational coordinates of certainty,” challenging his listeners to consider how, in ordinary Oxford English, “I am certain” and “It is certain” function not simply as verbal formulae but as markers of inferential responsibility and communal trust. Reviewer: David Mitchell (Lincoln) Rarely does a Society meeting succeed in both broadening and deepening our philosophical palate. Mr. Grice’s foray into Cartesian territory was executed with a deftness that should encourage Oxford philosophers to look beyond the precincts of Balliol and Blackwell. As reviewer, I wish to commend Mr. Grice for his scholarly courage in quoting Cartesius directly from the Regulae—reminding us that philosophical rigor is not the exclusive province of the “home” tradition. In tracing the subtle interplay between subjective and objective certainty, Grice has offered a model of how analytic clarity can coexist with historical breadth. May his example inspire us to welcome more “foreigners” into our philosophical fold, especially when they are returned to us, as here, refracted through Grice’s Oxonian wit and precision.— David Mitchell, Lincoln College In the 1960s, Grice found himself engaged in exploring a topic to which he’ll return in ‘Intention and Uncertainty’: to wit: CERTAINTY. Grice is discussing Descartes and wants to provide two conversational scenarios for the use of ‘certain’ THE GRICEIAN SCENARIO: “Certain” as applied to the agent. A: Are you sure the dean’s shaggy cat shed her hair as she sat on the mat? B: Most certain. THE DESCARTES SCENARIO – on which Chomsky based his ‘Cartesian linguistics’ A: Are you certain that the dean’s shaggy cat has been shedding her long airs over the dean’s old ‘welcome’ mat? B: I am not, but it is certain, though. Grice wants to say that Descartes fails to distinguish between what Grice calls ‘subjective certainty’ which is the one that matters in conversation (“I am certain”) and which may become ‘inter-subjective’ as the conversation proceeds – and OBJECTIVE certainty – “it is certain that p” – which is at best left out of any OXONIAN conversation. This was an Oxford seminar, so the scholars knew! (When reprinting the essay the year before he died, he cared to add a footnote to the effect that when he wrote the piece, it was ‘very much in the air’ that Descartes held such opinions; but ‘Cartesian scholars’ – which Grice would rather see from a distance – now tell him at the time of writing – 1987 – that the former views were historically mistaken.  CONVERSATION. Who coined what. Urmson: Grice, I must confess a certain skepticism regarding your claim to have coined “implicature.” Lewis and Short, as you surely know, cite Sidonius using “implicatura” in Latin. Are we not merely recycling ancient coinage rather than innovating? Grice: Ah, but you see, Urmson, Sidonius’s “implicatura” is distinctly Latin—an artifact of Roman rhetoric. My contribution is to the English philosophical lexicon. The leap from “implicare” to “implicature” is not trivial; it traverses more than mere etymology. Urmson: Still, the English formative suffix “-ure” is hardly novel. We have “failure,” “picture,” “capture”—all derived from Latin roots. The semantic work of “implicate” was already done, both in Latin and English. Why do we need the additional apparatus? Grice: Because “implicate,” as verb, does not elegantly denote the result or product—what is implicated. “Implicature,” as noun, precisely marks the phenomenon: a conversational inference, not a mere implication, nor an implicandum. Urmson: Yet the Latin “implicare” and English “implicate” both carry the sense of entwining, entangling—suggesting semantic nuance. Is “implicature” not simply a redundant nominalization? Grice: Redundancy is a risk, but necessity is my defense. Philosophical progress often requires linguistic surgery; “implicature” isolates the pragmatic phenomenon, where “implication” is too promiscuous in logical and colloquial use. Urmson: You may be right: “implication” is hopelessly polysemous, and “implicature” does carry a new precision. Still, I suspect the suffix does most of the heavy lifting—what’s in a word, after all? Grice: The suffix, dear Urmson, is the surgeon’s scalpel. But the philosophical patient—pragmatic enrichment—requires delicate differentiation. “Implicature” is a technical term for an emergent property of conversation, not just any entanglement. Urmson: Linguistic evolution is indeed shaped by the needs of philosophers as much as poets. Perhaps Sidonius could not have foreseen the analytic clarity you seek. Grice: Nor could I claim to outdo Sidonius, but I dare to assert that “implicature” as an English coinage fulfills a conceptual gap. We are, after all, compelled by nuance—not mere novelty. Urmson: Well, Grice, let us then agree that “implicature” is a term whose lineage is rich, but its philosophical utility, newly minted, deserves our respect—however tentatively granted. SEMINAR ON THE PHILOSOPHY OF ACTION WITH J. F. THOMSON. .. ..The Oxford University Gazette Vol. XCII — No. 3127 | Thursday, 16 June 1963 Concluding Report: Joint Seminar on the Philosophy of Action This Trinity Term witnessed the culmination of a remarkable series of seminars hosted by Mr. H. P. Grice (St John’s) and Mr. J. F. Thomson (Christ Church), officially convened for the Honour School of Literae Humaniores. The sessions, running from Week II through Week VIII, provided an exhaustive investigation into the philosophy of action, with particular emphasis on the intricacies of willing, intending, and doing. Attendance by senior undergraduates was, as is customary, strongly encouraged, though the intellectual rigor of the series ensured that only the most committed remained for its conclusion. Structure and Topics The seminar followed the Oxford tradition of alternating leadership: Grice opened the term with an introduction to the logical grammar of action, focusing on the distinction between volition and intention. Thomson responded the following week with a treatment of the so-called “minutiae of willing,” drawing on both Ryle’s Concept of Mind and recent debates with Austin, but ultimately centering his analysis on the conditions under which an agent may be said to will an act.Week II: Grice — The Grammar of Action: Volition vs. Intention Week III: Thomson — Willing: Conditions and Critiques Week IV: Grice — Intending: First-Person Authority and Privileged Access Week V: Thomson — Doing: The Logic of Action Sentences Week VI: Grice — The Incorrigibility of Intention: A Critique of Dispositional Accounts Week VII: Thomson — Voluntary vs. Involuntary Action: Revisiting Austin’s ‘Excuses’ Week VIII: Joint Discussion — The Interplay of Willing, Intending, and Doing Seminar Highlights Grice’s sessions were distinguished by his characteristic precision and wit, especially in his treatment of intention as a privileged, incorrigible first-person phenomenon. He argued that intention cannot be reduced to mere disposition, a position that drew respectful but pointed skepticism from Thomson, who preferred a more behaviorist interpretation. Grice’s insistence on the logical distinctions between “I intend,” “I will,” and “I do” was met with enthusiasm by the majority of the attending dons, who found his arguments both subtle and persuasive. Thomson’s contributions, though rigorous and at times compelling, often seemed to circle around the minutiae without offering the systematic clarity that Grice brought to the proceedings. His critique of the incorrigibility thesis—drawing heavily on Ryle and Austin—occasionally lapsed into terminological hair-splitting, leaving some undergraduates adrift in a sea of conceptual distinctions. Reviewer’s Reflections As the seminar drew to its conclusion, it became increasingly clear that Grice’s approach provided the intellectual center of gravity. His deft handling of the logical grammar of action, and his ability to integrate first-person authority with the demands of philosophical rigor, set a standard for analytic philosophy at Oxford. While Thomson’s contributions were valuable, they lacked the depth and coherence of Grice’s systematic framework. The seminar, in sum, was a testament to Grice’s enduring influence on the philosophy of action, and it is perhaps no surprise that the Faculty now regards him as the principal steward of this tradition. The seminar closed, as is customary, with a spirited debate in the Senior Common Room. Grice’s final remarks, delivered with his trademark understatement, reminded the assembled scholars that “philosophy of action is not merely a catalogue of excuses or intentions, but a rational inquiry into the nature of agency itself.” The applause was both polite and prolonged, and the consensus among the reviewers is that Grice’s star shines brightest as Thomson prepares for his departure from Oxford.— P. L. Gardiner.  SEMINAR WITH D. F. PEARS ON THE PHILOSOPHY OF ACTION. The Oxford Gazette Vol. XCIII — No. 3152 | Friday, 22 June 1964 Concluding Report: Seminar Series on the Philosophy of Action, Hilary Term The Hilary Term witnessed the completion of an intellectually rigorous seminar series on the philosophy of action, jointly led by Mr. H. P. Grice (St. John’s) and Mr. D. F. Pears (Christ Church), convened in the Senior Seminar Room at Christ Church. Sessions alternated weekly between the two philosophers, ensuring a balanced and dynamic exchange of perspectives. Each meeting was attended by a distinguished assembly of dons and senior undergraduates, reflecting the Faculty’s continued commitment to the highest standards of philosophical inquiry. Mr. Pears commenced the series with a systematic exploration of intention, volition, and the logic of action sentences, drawing upon recent developments in analytic philosophy and situating his arguments within the broader context of linguistic analysis. His presentations were marked by clarity and an admirable precision, with an emphasis on the linguistic underpinnings of philosophical concepts. In the subsequent sessions, Mr. Grice responded with pointed critiques, interrogating Pears’s assumptions and challenging the sufficiency of dispositional accounts. Grice’s contributions focused on the incorrigibility of intention, first-person authority, and the necessity of distinguishing between intention and disposition, frequently referencing Pears’s remarks from the previous week to sharpen the dialectical exchange. This iterative critique proved invaluable in advancing the debate, allowing Grice to probe the boundaries of linguistic analysis with greater depth than in prior seminar series. The reviewer, A. M. Quinton, commends the seminar’s proactive spirit and notes the exemplary intellectual partnership between Grice and Pears. In Quinton’s assessment, Pears emerged as a particularly apt counterpart for Grice, enabling a more fruitful exploration of philosophical issues than was achieved in Grice’s earlier seminar with J. F. Thomson. The refinement of topics and the sustained attention to linguistic detail, facilitated by Pears’s analytic acuity, allowed Grice to extend his theoretical framework with remarkable clarity. The seminar series stands as a testament to the ongoing vitality of Oxford philosophy, exemplifying the Faculty’s dedication to rigorous, cooperative inquiry and reinforcing the centrality of linguistic analysis in the philosophy of action. —A. M. Quinton 1966 GERMAN GRICE In 1966, the University of Bielefeld had not yet been formally established as a campus; however, a seminal colloquium on the philosophy of language took place in the region as part of the developmental phase of the university's research focus. Specifically, a significant gathering of analytic philosophers occurred during the  Bielefelder Kolloquium in late 1966.  Martin Heidegger died on May 26, 1976. Below is the imagined 35-move dialogue between H.P. Grice (speaking English) and Andreas Kemmerling(translating into German), followed by the requested epilogue. The Colloquium at Bielefeld, 1966 Location: Auditorium of the Pädagogische Hochschule, Bielefeld Date: October 1966 Grice: "It has been remarked that Heidegger is the 'grossest' living philosopher." Kemmerling: "Es wurde angemerkt, daß Heidegger der 'größte' lebende Philosoph sei." Grice: "I am somewhat puzzled by the superlative 'grossest' in this context." Kemmerling: "Ich bin über den Superlativ 'größte' in diesem Zusammenhang etwas verwundert." Grice: "Does it perhaps refer to the sheer volume of his published output?" Kemmerling: "Bezieht es sich vielleicht auf den schieren Umfang seines publizierten Werkes?" Grice: "Or is it a measure of his influence on the youth of Germany?" Kemmerling: "Oder ist es ein Maßstab für seinen Einfluß auf die deutsche Jugend?" Grice: "One must ask: what are the criteria for being 'grossest'?" Kemmerling: "Man muß fragen: Was sind die Kriterien dafür, der 'Größte' zu sein?" Grice: "If I say 'X is a large philosopher', I might mean he is physically tall." Kemmerling: "Wenn ich sage 'X ist ein großer Philosoph', könnte ich meinen, er sei körperlich groß." Grice: "But Heidegger is, by all accounts, quite short." Kemmerling: "Aber Heidegger ist allen Berichten nach ziemlich klein." Grice: "Perhaps the speaker intends to convey a sense of 'grandeur' or 'importance'." Kemmerling: "Vielleicht beabsichtigt der Sprecher, ein Gefühl von 'Größe' oder 'Bedeutung' zu vermitteln." Grice: "Yet 'gross' in English can also imply something coarse or unrefined." Kemmerling: "Doch 'gross' kann im Englischen auch etwas Grobes oder Unraffiniertes bedeuten." Grice: "Is his German considered 'gross' in that sense?" Kemmerling: "Wird sein Deutsch in diesem Sinne als 'grob' betrachtet?" Grice: "I suspect the implicature is one of unrivaled standing." Kemmerling: "Ich vermute, die Implikatur ist die eines unerreichten Ranges." Grice: "But standing is relative to a particular community of speakers." Kemmerling: "Aber der Rang ist relativ zu einer bestimmten Sprechergemeinschaft." Grice: "To the analytic philosopher, his claims might seem 'grossly' inflated." Kemmerling: "Für den analytischen Philosophen mögen seine Behauptungen 'maßlos' aufgeblasen erscheinen." Grice: "Therefore, the word 'grossest' carries a heavy conversational burden." Kemmerling: "Daher trägt das Wort 'Größte' eine schwere konversationelle Last." Grice: "We must distinguish between what is said and what is suggested." Kemmerling: "Wir müssen zwischen dem unterscheiden, was gesagt wird, und dem, was angedeutet wird." Grice: "The speaker says he is the 'grossest'." Kemmerling: "Der Sprecher sagt, er sei der 'Größte'." Grice: "But what he suggests is that we should all stop talking and listen." Kemmerling: "Was er aber andeutet, ist, daß wir alle aufhören sollten zu reden und zuhören sollten." Grice: "I, for one, prefer to keep talking." Kemmerling: "Ich für meinen Teil ziehe es vor, weiterzureden." Epilogue Telegram to H.P. Grice, St John’s College, Oxford Date: May 27, 1976 GROSSEST LIVIND PHILOSOPH NICHTS MEHR. KEMMERLING. Would you like to explore more about Grice’s theory of implicature or his other interactions with Continental philosophy? Am 21. März 1966, im alten Hörsaal der Pädagogischen Hochschule Bielefeld, beginnt das Kolloquium zur Philosophie der Sprache unter einer dichten Wolke aus Pfeifenrauch.  Dr. Friedrich von Weizstein: „Das Sein ist das Es selbst. Das Denken der Seinsverlassenheit erfordert ein Hören, das über das bloße Vernehmen von Lauten hinausgeht. Wir müssen begreifen: Heidegger ist der größte lebende Philosoph!“ H. P. Grice: „I say, that is an extraordinary claim. I wonder, could you clarify the intended implicature of the superlative here? In what precise respect is he ‘the greatest’? Is it a matter of the breadth of his influence, or are you suggesting his propositions possess a unique truth-value that surpasses all others?“ Andreas Kemmerling: „Professor Grice fragt nach der genauen Bedeutung des Superlativs. Er möchte wissen, in welcher Hinsicht Heidegger der ‚Größte‘ sei – ob es um seinen Einfluss geht oder ob seine Sätze einen einzigartigen Wahrheitswert beanspruchen, der alle anderen übertrifft.“ Dr. Friedrich von Weizstein: „Der Engländer sucht nach Kategorien, wo nur die Lichtung des Seins waltet! Größe ist kein Maßstab der Logik, sondern der Tiefe des Fragens.“ H. P. Grice: „But if ‘greatness’ is not a measurable quality or a logical category, aren't you risking a violation of the maxim of manner? It seems rather obscure.“ Andreas Kemmerling: „Er gibt zu bedenken, dass, wenn ‚Größe‘ keine messbare Eigenschaft ist, Sie gegen die Maxime der Klarheit verstoßen. Es erscheint ihm... nun ja, etwas dunkel.“ [...] (Der Dialog setzt sich über 40 Windungen fort, wobei Grice beharrlich nach den Gebrauchsregeln von „groß“ sucht, während Weizstein zunehmend metaphysisch wird.) Dr. Friedrich von Weizstein (abschließend): „Es gibt kein Verstehen außerhalb der Sprache, die uns spricht. Man kann Heidegger nicht analysieren, man kann ihn nur erfahren. Ich bleibe dabei: Heidegger ist der größte lebende Philosoph!“ Telegramm Datum: 27. Mai 1976 An: H. P. Grice, St John’s College, Oxford Von: Andreas Kemmerling, Heidelberg STOPP HEIDEGGER GESTERN VERSCHIEDEN STOPP DER GRÖSSTE LEBENDE PHILOSOPH IST NICHTS MEHR STOPP KEMMERLING Soll ich die begriffliche Analyse von „groß“ in diesem Kontext weiter vertiefen oder möchtest du mehr Details zum historischen Schauplatz in Bielefeld? Setting:  A smoky wood-paneled room in the Sparrenburg castle, Bielefeld, West Germany. The date is June 13, 1966, the very day the founding committee has gathered to formalize the new "University in East Westphalia". Rain lashes against the slit windows as the local academic elite toasts to a "reform university" with heavy steins of Westphalian pilsner.  Professor Dr. von Hinten: Denken beginnt erst dann, wenn wir erfahren haben, daß die seit Jahrhunderten verherrlichte Vernunft der hartnäckigste Widersacher des Denkens ist! Hinten: Heidegger ist der gröẞte lebende Philosoph! Kemmerling: Grice, he says that Heidegger is the greatest living philosopher. Grice: Does he now? Kemmerling: Fragt er nun? Grice: What exactly does he mean by "gröẞte"? Kemmerling: Was genau meint er mit „gröẞte“? Hinten: Er ist der Gigant des Seins! Kemmerling: He is the giant of being. Grice: Is "gröẞte" a matter of physical height or logical extension? Kemmerling: Ist „gröẞte“ eine Frage der Körpergröße oder der logischen Extension? Hinten: Lächerlich! Er überragt die gesamte Metaphysik! Kemmerling: Ridiculous! He towers over all metaphysics. Grice: I suspect a conversational implicature. Kemmerling: Ich vermute eine konversationelle Implikatur. Hinten: Implikatur? Das ist angelsächsischer Wortsalat! Kemmerling: Implicature? That is Anglo-Saxon word salad. Grice: Is he "gröẞte" because he is most clear, or most obscure? Kemmerling: Ist er „gröẞte“, weil er am klarsten ist, oder am dunkelsten? Hinten: Die Dunkelheit ist das Licht des Verborgenen! Kemmerling: Darkness is the light of the hidden. Grice: Then a very small candle is "gröẞer" than a searchlight. Kemmerling: Dann ist eine sehr kleine Kerze „gröẞer“ als ein Suchscheinwerfer. Hinten: Sie verstehen nichts! Heidegger ist der gröẞte lebende Philosoph! Kemmerling: You understand nothing! Heidegger is the greatest living philosopher. Epilogue: Telegram to St John’s College, Oxford Dated: May 27, 1976 GRICE ST JOHNS OXFORD = GROESSTER LEBENDER PHILOSOPH NICHTS MEHR = KEMMERLING Propose a continuation of this dialogue centered on Grice's reaction to the telegram or request a specific philosophical topic for a new encounter. Bielefeld, 15. Juni 1966.  Ein verrauchter Seminarraum der Pädagogischen Hochschule. Die Luft ist schwer von Filterlosen und ontologischem Ernst. An der Spitze des Tisches thront Professor Dr. Sigismund Schreckenskammer, die Stirn in tiefe Falten gelegt.  Schreckenskammer: „Meine Herren, vergessen wir nicht das Wesen der Sprache! Wie schon der Meister aus Meßkirch lehrte: ‚Die Sprache ist das Haus des Seins.‘“ Schreckenskammer: „In ihrem Wohnen wohnt der Mensch!“ Schreckenskammer: „Ich sage es ohne Umschweife: Heidegger ist der größte lebende Philosoph!“ H.P. Grice: „I say, that’s a rather tall order, isn’t it?“ Kemmerling: „Professor Schreckenskammer, Mr. Grice meint, das sei eine ziemlich gewagte Behauptung.“ Schreckenskammer: „Gewagt? Es ist die Wahrheit! Wer sonst ergründet das Nichts?“ Dr. Müllersdorf: „Ganz recht! Heidegger überragt alle.“ Grice: „What exactly do you mean by ‘größte’? Are we talking about his height or his bibliography?“ Kemmerling: „Er fragt nach der genauen Bedeutung von ‚größte‘ – meint es die Körpergröße oder das Werk?“ Schreckenskammer: „Unerhört! Wir reden von der seinsgeschichtlichen Weite!“ Dr. Müllersdorf: „Ein Engländer kann das nicht verstehen. Zu viel Logik, zu wenig Tiefe!“ Grice: „If he is the ‘greatest,’ does that imply he is better than everyone else, or just more voluminous?“ Kemmerling: „Er möchte wissen, ob ‚größte‘ hier qualitativ überlegen oder einfach nur umfangreich bedeutet.“ Schreckenskammer: „Es bedeutet, dass er das Sein denkt, während Sie nur Wörter zählen!“ Dr. Müllersdorf: „Hören Sie doch, wie das Wort ‚groß‘ im Deutschen nachhallt!“ Grice: „It seems to me your ‘größte’ is a bit of a conversational wildcard.“ Kemmerling: „Mr. Grice vermutet, dass ‚größte‘ bei Ihnen als eine Art Jokerkarte in der Konversation dient.“ Schreckenskammer: „Ein Joker? Das ist deutsche Metaphysik!“ Dr. Müllersdorf: „Vielleicht ist Grice einfach nicht ‚groß‘ genug für diese Debatte?“ Grice: „I wonder if Heidegger himself would agree with such a superlative.“ Kemmerling: „Er fragt sich, ob Heidegger diesem Superlativ selbst zustimmen würde.“ Schreckenskammer: „Der Meister schweigt und ist dennoch der Größte!“ Dr. Müllersdorf: „Genau! Das Schweigen ist am größten!“ Grice: „Splendid. So the greatest philosopher is the one who says the least?“ Kemmerling: „Also ist derjenige der größte Philosoph, der am wenigsten sagt?“ Telegramm Datum: 27. Mai 1976 An: H.P. Grice, St John’s College, Oxford Von: Kemmerling, Heidelberg GRÖSSTER LEBENDER PHILOSOPH NICHTS MEHR. STOP. DAS SEIN HAT DAS HAUS VERLASSEN. STOP. HERZLICHE GRÜSSE KEMMERLING. Soll ich die metaphysischen Begriffe in Schreckenskammers Argumentation noch weiter ins Absurde treiben oder möchtest du mehr Fokus auf Grices logische Nadelstiche? Bielefeld, West Germany. May 19, 1966. A smoke-filled seminar room at the Pädagogische Hochschule. The air is thick with the scent of stale coffee and Scholten tobacco. A group of German academics sits around a heavy oak table. H.P. Grice sits slightly to the side, looking perpetually puzzled, while his tutee, Kemmerling, leans in to mediate. The Dialogue Professor Dr. Mützelburg: Das Wesen der Sprache ist die Lichtung des Seins selbst.“ Mützelburg: Wie Heidegger sagt: Die Sprache ist das Haus des Seins! Mützelburg: Heidegger ist der größte lebende Philosoph! Grice (To himself, whispering): Greatest? Biggest? Größte... size or stature? (To the table): I say, what exactly do you mean by 'greatest' in this context? Mützelburg (Frowning at the English): Was sagt dieser Engländer? Andreas, übersetzen Sie! Kemmerling: „Er fragt nach der genauen Bedeutung von ‚größte‘. Professor Dr. Schwippert: „Größte bedeutet die Tiefe des Fragens!“ Schwippert: „Es geht nicht um Quantität, sondern um die Seinsfrage.“ Grice (Muttering): "Depth? Is he a philosopher or a skin-diver? Is he 'greatest' because he is influential, or because his propositions are actually true? Mützelburg: Kemmerling! Warum spricht er so unhöflich weiter auf Englisch?“  Kemmerling: Er möchte wissen, ob Heideggers Größe auf Einfluss oder auf Wahrheit beruht.“ Mützelburg (Laughing): „Wahrheit! Die Wahrheit ist kein Satz, sie ist Unverborgenheit!“ Schwippert: „Englisches Denken ist viel zu flach für solche Höhen.“ Grice (Aside): "Flach... flat. He thinks I'm two-dimensional. If truth isn't a property of sentences, how do you manage to say anything at all? Kemmerling: „Er fragt, wie Kommunikation ohne Satzwahrheit möglich ist.“  Mützelburg: „Wir kommunizieren nicht, wir hören auf den Ruf des Seins!“ Schwippert: „Heidegger steht über der bloßen Logik.“ Grice (Scribbling on a napkin): Above logic. How convenient. Grice: "I suppose he's the 'greatest' at avoiding a straight answer, then? Mützelburg: Kemmerling? Was war das für ein Tonfall?“ Kemmerling (Coughing): Er meint... er bewundert Heideggers Geschicklichkeit in der Rhetorik. Mützelburg (Satisfied): „Ja! Er ist eben der größte lebende Philosoph! The Epilogue TELEGRAMM DATUM: 27. MAI 1976 AN: H.P. GRICE, ST JOHN’S COLLEGE, OXFORD VON: KEMMERLING, BIELEFELD GRÖSSTER LEBENDER PHILOSOPH NICHTS MEHR. STOP. Should we refine the jocularity of the German professors further, perhaps by adding more specific academic titles or regional Westphalian references? PROLEGOMENA TO LOGIC AND CONVERATION. By early 1967, Grice knew he had been appointed the William James lecturer. Of the six William James lectures two of them he submitted to the press: “Utterers’s meaning and intentions,” a sequel to his 1948 “Meaning” that Strawson had submitted to “The Philosophical Review” found publication in the same venue in 1969 – two years after delivery, but that was normal practice even then. “Utterer’s meanining, sentence-meaning, and word-meaning,” the lecture that followed, saw publication in the new European (Dutch) journal edited by his colleague J. F. Staal, Foundation of Langauge – and got a handy reprint in 1971 in Searle’s influential THE PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE, for Oxford University Press. “Logic and Conversation,” the second lecture, was eventually published, after a long cajoling, by Davidson and Harman in “LOGIC AND GRAMMAR” for Encino, California – along with the more disaminated volume 3 on speech acts targeted to grammarians in the Syntax and Semantics series published by Academic Press and edited by Cole and Morgan (a venue Grice never cited). The third lecture, “Further notes on logic and conversation” got published by Cole, this time, in the volume for Pragmatics in the same series. It seemed philosophers were no longer interested. So when Grice got to send his revision to Harvard University Press it was only the fist, fourth and sixth lecture that had not been published before: “Prolegomena,” “Indicative Conditionals,” and “Some models for implicature.” Of course there is plenty of material for conversational illustrations here and most of the concepts do help build into his project of conversational pragmatics.  One of the most interesting samples comes from the first ‘Prolegomena.’ In it, Grice attempts a second shot at what he had done in ‘Causal Theory of Perception’ when listing the six PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS aimed to be solved – along with the specific sense-data and the D-or-D implication example of the body of the essay – using his technique. A few years had passed and Grice felt the need to warn the audience that the examples he was about to give were passe, but still of some interest. He does not provide conversational illustrations for most of them, but they can easily acquire them. The important thing to notice is the source: not just Grice himself – he quotes his own endeavour in “The Causal Theory of Perception” and not just members of the Play Group – he quotes Austin, and Strawson, and suggests he is thinking about Hare on ‘good’ – but members of an earlier Oxford generation – the opening example concerns Ryle. There is one about Hart on ‘carefully’ (Hart strictly did not belong to Austin’s play group being Austin’s senior). And figures like Witters, and Benjamin. More importantly for the present notes, Grice contrives the framework for his theory of conversation as a REASON-GUIDED activity in the ‘Prolegomena’ – and thus relatively new to the scene, since it pre-dates the more widely read ‘Logic and Conversation.’ One finds out, for example, that the immediate MOTIVATION for Grice to turn his rationalist credentials out in the open was his growing opposition to J. R. Searle as becoming THE FIGURE who was going to provide all the answers for the relatively innovative discipline of the philosophy of language. Grice just thought Searle’s outlook was mistaken, being a replica, and a bad one at that, of all that was wrong about Austin and his obsession with ritualistic aspects of conversational exchange.  LOGIC AND CONVERSATION (1967) In the second lecture, “Logic and Conversation” we can see that his use of ‘conversational’ as applied to ‘maxim’ or ‘move’ or ‘implicature’ is an extended one and meant to mean ‘communicative.’ He gives examples out of a conversational context. Which surely can be adapted to a conversational milieu. One innovation, a superficial one for a philosopher like Grice or me, but still worth some consideration, is Grice’s abrupt change – when delivering his ‘Causal Theory of Perception’ to a rarefied audience of philosophers at Cambridge, and as representing Oxford in a symposium chaid by the INVENTOR of game-theory in England, R. C. Braithwaite – to a rather more colloquial, authorative view in the a lecture intended for an audience comprising a larger number of members from the New World: MAKE your contribution such as is required… In ‘The Causal Theory of Perception’ – and even earlier, in the footnote in Strawson’s Introduction to Logical Theory – where ‘rule’ is introduced: it is all very guarded and subdued. One should find himself in a position where his co-conversationalist will be expected to acquire the belief that one is a honest chap and provide the good conversational move (vide. O. E. D., under ‘move’ in Chess/Draughts, etc. on ‘good’ versus ‘bad’ move. His seminars immediately after the vague ‘Causal Theory of Perception’ with regard to this general framework for a general THEORY (not analysis of the type of ‘Negation and privation,’ ‘Personal identity,’ or ‘Meaning,’ or even ‘Intentions and dispositions’ (“A intends that… iff A is prepared to take the steps necessary to…”) proved more ‘sociological’. Like Parsons, and before him Weber, Grice seems involved in the equation: co-operation (with umlaut) =def helpfulness – question mark by courtesy of Grice (Two Roman soldiers carrying a log). It is an EXPECTATION in a context of mutually reciprocal other-oriented moves – as in a conversational move versus a solitary game of draughts – that one expects various things. His lectures there provide two types of TAGS for such expectations (Loar never in fact ceased to see them as expectations of the statistically randomized factually satisfactory type – between functional states): there’s the desideratum for the weaker expectations: the desideratum of conversational clarity (when Grice knew that Lewis is right and clarity is NEVER enough) and the desideratum of conversational candour – when candour is an epithet that females, not males, use at Oxford. For the stronger stuff, he prefers ‘PRINCIPLE.’ Surely he knew that a principle is only ONE: that’s what principle means. Yet, after reading Reverend Butler’s inconsistent ramblings on the principle of self-love having to be redeemed by a principle of benevonce, Grice thought the idea would please his tutees. And there we have the PRINCIPLE OF CONVERSATIONAL SELF-LOVE and the principle of conversational BENEVOLENCE – often competing with each other as in Butler, or indeed SCUPOLI in ‘The Angelic Fight’ The Spiritual Battle – a typical mediaeval-inspired ethical treatise.  Grice knew that TWO things cannot be GOOD principles at a given time: so the PRINCIPLE OF CONVERSATIONAL BENEVOLENCE eventually trumped his weaker principle of conversational SELF-LOVE (nobody except Oscar Wilde at Oxford wanted to be associated with the self-name of the thing that dared not mention it!). BENEVOLCE was fine, but perhaps too Roman-Catholic, and having suffered his Catholic aunt of a convert back at Harborne, he thought HELPFULNESS would sound more along the charitable lines of his own High-Church mother. So the PRINCIPLE OF CONVERSATIONAL HELPFULNESS it was.In ‘Logic and Conversation,’ however, Grice turns to the IMPERATIVE-MODE formulation. He never quite explains whence the source of authority hails, but that is the whole point of his CONVERSATIONAL REASONG getting this or that CUNNING.  “Make your contribution an appropriate one.” To add injury to insult – all the maxims follow suit. AVOID OBSFUSCATION and the rest. The imperative sign “!” was not felt by Grice to be necessary, but the imperative mode raises a few interesting points, perhaps more to the non-philosopher than the philosopher who is a bit fed up with it after having to have dealt, one way or another, with Kant. Grice never read in the vernacular, but then neither did Kant. Grice’s Kant is Abbott, who speaks of counsels of prudence, and the Imperativ is not really a phrase that would appeal Hitler – I mean: it’s too much of a Latinism to please the Anglo-Saxon. The point about the counsel of prudence is an important one to which Grice returns when finding himself having to educate the Oxonians at the Sheldonian on ‘reasonable’ versus ‘rational’ and ‘counsels of prudence’ getting universalizable if interpreted as with the IMPLICATED (as per conversational implicature) protasis: if thou willest to be happy… It is all the more interesting then, that the year before he died, in 1987, Grice is referring to his thing merely as the CONVERSATIONAL IMPERATIVE, because he knew that that was what it was. He had fought with Bosanquet – not Bernard, but Philippa – on ‘ifs’ and ‘cans’ in the second Carus lectures – inviting some scorn from Hacker, who was doing the Oxford rounds: is the neustic in a hypothetical ‘if’ attached to the ‘protasis’ or to the apodosis? One of the earliest English examples of game rules formulated as a series of direct  imperatives appears in the edition of Huloet’s Abecedarium Anglico-Latinum. In Huloet’s entry for the game Huloet calls ‘The King-by-your-leave game’ a rule is not merely described but is commanded: "...one sitting blindfold in the middle hideth so till the rest have hidden themselves, and he then going to seek them..."  While earlier records like the Royal Game of Ur, c. 177 BC, exist in cuneiform, they often use a mix of descriptive and conditional forms.  The Tudor-era English texts mark a shift toward the "rule-book" style we recognize today — using a verb to command the player's reality.  The Philosophical Game-Theorist’s Perspective A philosophical game-theorist would identify this imperative format as the bridge between constitutive and regulative rules.  Constitutive Rules (John Searle):  These rules do not just regulate behavior; they create the possibility of the activity itself.  An imperative like  "Move the pawn two squares"  is constitutive because, without that command, "moving a pawn" has no meaning. The Source of Authority:  In the imperative format, authority is internal and self-enforcing.  Philosophers like Hume or Neumann would argue that the "authority" isn't a person, but the Equilibrium — the conversational players agree to the imperatives because they recognize that breaking them dissolves the game. Complying vs. Satisficing: Compliance:  Following the imperative to its logical limit to achieve the "win-state" (the goal of the game). Satisficing:  A player might obey the imperative just enough to keep the game "alive" without pursuing the optimal strategy, often seen in social or "informal" play where the goal is the interaction rather than the victory. Summary of Rule Formats Feature Imperative Rule ("Do X") Descriptive Rule ("X happens") Logic Regulative: Guides active choices. Declarative: Defines the state of the world. Authority Internal: Derived from the "social contract" of the players. External: Often seen as "laws of nature" within the game. ComplianceMandatory: Failure to comply is a "foul" or "cheating". Observational: The player simply observes the result. Grice would often find himself liing to explore how these imperatives changed with the rise of printed board games in the 17th century, or look at the mathematical proofs behind player compliance, but he was remimded of his master (Austin) at his Play Group and soon change his mind (go to the pub). He considers the PUNCH rhyme, “Peccavi, I’ve Scince” – Surely not a conversation. He quotes a review in a musical journal on a performance of “Home, Sweet Home.” Surely not conversational. Grice’s point is etymological. ‘Conversatio’ does not mean what ‘conversation’ means – just witness the Bible. What he means is ‘communicative’ and yet prefers to stick to this new idea of tagging some implicatures as ‘conversational’ rather than nonconversational, or conventional. In his ‘Causal Theory of Perception’ indeed he does not even use ‘implicature’ – never mind ‘conversational’ but sticks with ‘implication.’ ‘Implicature’ but not ‘conversational implicature’ was used in seminars between ‘The Causal Theory of Perception’ and the published lecture. This can best be summarized in Grice’s recounting his agreement with Hampshire who suffered those rituals stoically. In one play group session were Austin had warned the members that they were going to discuss ‘pleasure,’ Austin opened the meeting by exploring what thing a speaker was doing with words when uttering ‘I have the pleasure of…’ Hamsphire commented to Grice aftwards over a beer at the Lamb and Flag: “You might just as well approach the topic of faith by providing the implicatures of the way women close their French letters: “Yours faithfully!” The second ‘Logic and Conversation’ lecture perhaps offers the most taxonomic Grice can get, and his examples are, as Leech has noted, mainly instantiations that prove that Grice’s project in conversational pragmatics is a rehash of old rhetorics – conversational rhetoric, Leech calls it for courtesy. Meiosis, litotes, metaphor, and so on. Each figure is explained in terms of conversational category. Dyads abound. Examples A: I’ve run out of fuel (used earlier by Grice to mean metaphorically: I have nothing else to say) B: There’s a garage round the corner. Implicature: “… which may be open with petrol to sell. A: Smith doesn’t seem to be having a girlfriend these days B: He’s been paying a lot of visits to Paris recently. (Perhaps he is too busy for one?) A: And where does He live anyway? B: Somewhere between Rapallo and La Spezia. (“not sure where”) A: Smith is meeting a woman this evening. B: He’s meeting her own spouse. It’s their anniversary. B: Who said it wasn’t? Or a flout to relation A: Mrs Smith is a windbag. B: The weather has been delightful for this time of the year. Grice specifies that of the FOUR conversational categories, that of MODVS applies to the WAY what is said has been said – or more strictly: the way what is explicitly conveyed has been explicitly conveyed – since ‘gestures’ played a role in Grice’s conversation as early as his 1948 – where he elaborates at large on his own frowning. The other THREE categories relate to the CONTENT. So, in an extended form, we have to allow that indeed B is talking about the weather. The content of the remark if how nice the weather has been. The content does not quite link with Mrs. Smith’s being a windbag, and it is this breach that triggers the implicature that a gaffe has been committed. It is in the second lecture that Grice feels like expanding on something he was burdening his tutees and those who attended his seminars at Oxford on ‘Conversation.’ If we take Tye as a guide, who was visiting Oxford as a radical Marxist from the colonies – not a radical pragmaticist – Grice was “doing his best to keep people out of his seminars. He succeeded. I stopped attending after our first meeting!”. The examples given in the second lecture are ‘offensive’ to colonials in various ways, and just go on to display the cavalier attitude with which Grice is introducing his IMPLICATURE. He grants that there is no IMPLICATURE without the DICTIVE content – as he relies on Hare’s 1949 Oxford thesis – John Locke prize – on ‘dictum,’ and ‘dictor.’ – ultimately via Peirce INDEX to Cicero’s DICERE. One example he gives is unfortunate in one respect – the orthography (Grice is relying on the fact that ‘vice’ and ‘vice’ are spelt the same while more careful (usually colonial) dialects prefer ‘vice’ for Cicero and VYSE for the Anglo-Norman invention CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATION: THE VYSE AND THE VICE A: It was sad seeing him beight caught in the grip of a vice. B: Wasn’t there anything you could do? A: What do I know about vices – and I could have easily find myself catching in the same grip soon enough. CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATION – variant. A: It was sad seeing him caught in the grip of a vice JOHNSON (To tutor Ryle): What do you mean, sir? RYLE: It was vice that destroyed that man, Ayer – as a tutor of mine, he was a promise. Now ruined, -- by sex – but I’ll never forget the occasion when I actually happen accidentally – and such a disgusting sight it was, too – when I saw Ayer caught in the grip of a vice. JOHNSON: What vice? RYLE: One of the many he had – too unspeakable to speak about! In British English (often termed "Oxonian" in its adherence to traditional etymological spellings), the tool is spelled  "vice" to maintain its historical continuity through French and Latin, even though this creates a homophone with "vice" meaning a moral fault.  Etymological Evolution The spelling "vice" for the tool is preferred because it accurately reflects its descent from the Latin word for "vine" (v𝚤̄tis 𝑣𝚤̄𝑡𝑖𝑠), which was applied to the tool due to its winding screw mechanism.  Latin: v𝚤̄tis 𝑣𝚤̄𝑡𝑖𝑠 (vine, tendril), from the PIE root *wei-meaning "to turn, twist, or bend". Old French/Anglo-Norman: vis 𝑣𝑖𝑠 or viz 𝑣𝑖𝑧, meaning "screw" or "winding staircase". Middle English: Adopted as vice or vys around the 14th century.  The variant "vyse" (or the modern American "vise") is often viewed as "strange" or irregular in a traditional British context because it is a later phonetic alteration designed solely to distinguish the tool from the moral "vice" (vitium 𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑢𝑚). The Connection to "Violence" and VITIVM 𝑉𝐼𝑇𝐼𝑉𝑀 While popular etymology sometimes links vitium 𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑢𝑚 (moral vice) to v𝚤̄tis 𝑣𝚤̄𝑡𝑖𝑠  (the tool/vine) via a shared root of "twisting" or "deviation," linguistic scholars generally treat them as distinct:  The "Violence" Root: The Latin word v𝚤̄s 𝑣𝚤̄𝑠 (force/violence) is indeed the root of violence. Some theories suggest vitium 𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑢𝑚  (a fault) originally referred to a "twist" or "physical defect". Cognate Relationship: If we accept the root *wei-(to bend/twist) as the common ancestor, then: The Tool (v𝚤̄tis 𝑣𝚤̄𝑡𝑖𝑠): Is the "twisting" vine/screw. The Sin (vitium 𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑢𝑚): Is the "twisted" or "deviant" behavior.The Force (v𝚤̄s 𝑣𝚤̄𝑠): Is the "binding" or "twisting" power used to compel.  In this light, the Oxonian "vice" is the more "pure" spelling, as it preserves the shared orthography of these "twisted" Latin siblings (v𝚤̄tis 𝑣𝚤̄𝑡𝑖𝑠 and vitium 𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑢𝑚) that the phonetic "vise" obscures. Do you want to see a comparative timeline of how these spellings diverged in British vs. American dictionaries? So much for ‘disambiguation’ – Grice’s conversational maxim ‘Avoid ambiguity.’The second example Grice gives concerning ‘dictiveness’ is more about the ‘Fido’ in ‘Fido’ is shaggy – his example ‘Harold Wilson’ – the fun thing about it – Grice’s reference to the ‘conversational maxims’ BEFORE he has introduced them. As per ‘seminar’ exchange if interruptions were allowed in the course of the lecture lecturing – as they were not – there was a final section at the end allocated for them: GRICE: A great man he was, Wilson. SCHOLAR: I would agree. GRICE: Of course the distinction is easily accountable by my recourse of conversational maxims. SCHOLAR. And what are those? GRICE: More of that in a few minutes. – Just hold your horses! The example Grice is considering is pretty basic. CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATION VARIANT ONE A: Harold Wilson is a great man B: Indeed. CONVERATIONAL ILLUSTRATION VARIANT TWO A: The Prime Minister is a great man. B: Indeed. Grice wants to say that, with regard to his earlier CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATION: A: How is C doing in his new job at the bank? B: Oh, quite well, I think; he likes his colleagues, and he hasn’t been to prison yet. Grice: “Whatever B FULLY MEANT you should not be diverged by WHAT he is explicitly conveying – THAT C HAS NOT BEEN TO PRISON YET. Take that as a prompt towards the further propositional complex, indeterminate in nature, that either he is potentially dishonest, or his colleagues are a bunch of traitors.” A cavalier attitude to IMPLICATING can only match a cavalier attitude to the DICTIVE, hence Grice’s claim that in his “no doubt somewhat artificial, use of ‘say’ the converser who says “Harold Wilson is a great man” and the converser who says “The Prime Minster is a great man” – under the circumstances – and, Grice adds, ‘allowing that some form of common ground can be posited between A and his co-converstionalist B – in terms of A knows that B knows that p Or more generally: (CG)  Where (CG) stands for COMMON GROUND. (CG) “p” is common-ground if conversers know that p and that (CG). “Harold Wilson is the Prime Mininister” In symbols Harold Wilson = the prime Minster If (CG) Converser A and Converser B know that Harold Wilson = the prime Minister and that (CG). Grice will later make fun of such a convoluted approach – in a symposium entitled MUTUAL KNOWLEDGE which he was BOUND to attend – and would often find ‘common ground’ too common a phrase to use, anyway. CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATION: A: My aunt’s cousin – versus my aunt’s nephew (i. e. myself) is attending that concert! B: He’ll enjoy it! Grice wants to say that the use of a definite descriptor in A’s first move does not necessarily entail “COMMON-GROUND STATUS” – since his scope devices (numerical subscripts or square bracekts) is supposed to ASSIGN common ground status to DENOTATA which may only be thought of as being ‘noncontroversial’ stuff.  But ‘NON-CONTROVERSIALITY’ is too much of a mouthful compared to Grice’s preferred ‘common ground’! (Keyword: conversational common ground – including non-inert non-assertoric conversational moves in forces other than the Frege turnstile: A: My aunt’s cousin did it! B: Have him arrrest! CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATION: A: Arrest the intruder! B: I don’t see any! CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATION II A: Arrest the intruder! B: He’s no intruder – he owns the place – he just DRESSES like one! In retrospect, one may see Grice’s running commentary to Harold Wilson as ‘sarcastic’ in that he is supposed to be enlightening his audience about the distinction between the dictive content and the implicatum by referring to conversational maxims which will be introduced later in the explanation – as a sarcastic way on Grice’s part to make it clear that the dictive-content/implicatum distinction is never to be taken THAT seriously – (“Philosophy should be fun – even funny – even when laughter in philosophy is NOT laughter AT philosophy”). One example Grice provides has a bit of a history, so I will attempt a re-write here. He refers to Miss X ‘singing’ Home Sweet Home’ My example concerns Grice playing Pavane at Clifton for the end of year. The review went fine, the reviewer especially finding the stateliness of Grice’s performance a contrast to the Rachmanikov by the other schoolboy. Clifton Students’ Newsletter (1929) Musical Review: H. P. Grice and the Pavane. As the curtains drew to a close on this year’s Clifton end-of-year festivities, the musical portion was marked by a performance of Ravel’s Pavane by Master H. P. Grice, whose interpretation may be considered—by even the most scrupulous of listeners—a triumph of precision. It would be a grave misreading to call the rendition in any sense flamboyant, for Grice’s fingers traversed the keyboard with a restraint reminiscent of the most literal-minded conservatoire pupils, never once straying from the composer’s meticulous intentions. The stateliness of the Pavane, so often rendered with a breath of spontaneity or momentary hesitation, here found itself thoroughly insulated from such artistic liberties. One is left to ponder whether Grice’s allegiance to the printed score was born of reverence or a certain nervous fidelity; indeed, the notes were executed with a discipline that would surely delight any examiner whose chief interest lies in the absence of error. The audience, perhaps less informed as to the subtleties of interpretative license, responded with polite applause, unruffled by any disturbance of expectation. The review, therefore, records an accomplishment in accuracy—if not in inspiration—suggesting that Grice’s Pavane shall linger chiefly as a testament to the endurance of musical literalism in Clifton tradition. Conversation: Interpreting the Review. Herbert Grice (reading aloud): “One is left to ponder whether Grice’s allegiance to the printed score was born of reverence or a certain nervous fidelity; indeed, the notes were executed with a discipline that would surely delight any examiner whose chief interest lies in the absence of error.” Grice: Curious choice of words. I suppose “delight any examiner” is meant as a compliment, though it rather evokes the specter of a schoolmaster with his red pen than an appreciative audience. Herbert Grice: Quite so. The phrase “nervous fidelity” seems to smuggle in some faint accusation—faithful, yes, but perhaps too eager to please the rules rather than the music itself. Grice: It is malign in its roundabout way. The reviewer implies, without assertion, that the performance was devoid of interpretative soul; accuracy, not artistry, was my apparent achievement. Herbert Grice: Malign, indeed. The applause “unruffled by any disturbance of expectation” is another barb, suggesting the audience endured a Pavane that never risked unsettling them with novelty or emotion. Grice: A masterclass in conversational implicature. The reviewer has said nothing overtly unkind—yet the undertone is unmistakable: my Pavane was an exercise in caution, not expression. I dare say, the review proves that in Clifton, even musical fidelity must negotiate the hazards of academic innuendo. The scene is set in a modest parlor in 1923. Steam rises from a porcelain teapot.  Mr. and Mrs. Grice stand by the piano, finishing a spirited, slightly off-key rendition of the music hall hit, "All the Nice Girls Love a Sailor."  Mr. Grice: (Singing) "For you know what sailors are!" Mrs. Grice: (Beaming) "Bright and breezy, free and easy!" Young Herbert Paul (H.P.) Grice, aged ten, puts down his teacup and stares intently at his parents. Grice: Father, is that a factual claim? Mr. Grice: (Chuckling) It’s a song, Paul! It means everyone loves a lad in a uniform. Grice: But "all" is a universal quantifier. Does every single "nice girl" possess this affection? Mrs. Grice: It’s just a way of speaking, dear. Don't be so literal. Grice: If it is not literally true, then you are saying something false. Why would you do that? Mr. Grice: To create a feeling! We aren't giving a testimony in court. Grice: But if the purpose of talk is to exchange information, false premises must be inefficient. Mrs. Grice: Sometimes the "information" is just how much fun we’re having. Grice: So, if a girl is "nice" but dislikes sailors, is she no longer "nice" by your definition? Mr. Grice: Good heavens, Paul, it’s just a generalization. Grice: Then the song should be "A Significant Percentage of Proportionally Pleasant Girls Appreciate Maritally-Employed Men." Mrs. Grice: (Laughing) That wouldn't rhyme, and it wouldn't be half as grand! Grice: Why must it be "grand" if it sacrifices the truth? Mrs. Grice: Because I am using hyperbole, Paul. Grice: "Hy-per-bo-le"? Is that a type of sailor's knot? Mrs. Grice: No, darling. It is an intentional exaggeration. I say "all" when I mean "many" to make a point. Grice: But if I know you are exaggerating, and you know I know... why bother? Mrs. Grice: Because by overshooting the truth, I emphasize the spirit of the truth. Grice: So the "untruth" actually helps me understand your real meaning? Mrs. Grice: Precisely. You look past the "all" to see the "enthusiasm." Grice: That seems like a very complex way to cooperate in a conversation. Mr. Grice: It’s just natural, son. We expect people to be colorful, not calculators. Grice: I see. So you are flouting the rule of being truthful to imply something else. Mrs. Grice: You could put it that way. It’s a little secret between the speaker and the listener. Grice: (Taking a note) Interesting. I shall call this "Conversational Implicature" one day. Grice would often wished to explore how this 1923 lesson connects to Grice’s actual four maxims of conversation, or should we continue the dialogue. The following is a reconstructed dialogue of the  Jowett Society meeting at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, on the evening of November 14, 1934.  The Participants: H. P. Grice: A brilliant young scholar (21) known for his razor-sharp focus on "what is said" versus "what is meant". Shropshire: A student with a penchant for American "talkie" novelties. Woozley: A sceptical classicist. Hargreaves: A student of formal logic. Bernays: A quiet observer of linguistic nuances. 1. Shropshire: (Finishing a jaunty rendition of "You're the Cream in My Coffee" on the upright piano) There! A bit of the New World for our dusty common room. 2. Grice: (Tapping a pipe) Delightful, Shropshire. It has that syncopated "ragtime" energy—a certain joie de vivre that defies the syllogism. Woozley: It's nonsense, though. "Cream in coffee"? Is he a dairy product? Grice: Precisely the point, Pritchard! It is a category mistake of the most productive kind. Hargreaves: You mean it's literally false? Grice: Utterly. If Shropshire were literally cream, we’d be pouring him into a carafe. Since he is a man, the speaker has "made as if to say" something. Bernays: So we must look for the implicature. Grice: Exactly. Let’s dissect the three pure metaphors of the first stanza. First: "You're the cream in my coffee." Shropshire: It just means I’m a good addition! Grice: Too vague. Aristotelianly speaking, this is a cross-categorial elocution. "Cream" is the differentiathat transforms the "coffee" (the base experience) into something superior. Woozley: But the second one is weirder: "You're the salt in my stew." Grice: Ah, the salt! Here the metaphor shifts from enrichment to essentiality. Salt is not a luxury like cream; it is a preservative and a flavor-unlocker. Hargreaves: So the speaker is saying the beloved is a chemical necessity for his "stew" of a life?  Grice: Yes. He flouts the Maxim of Quality—saying what is patently false—to force us to find a resemblance in function.  Bernays: And the third: "You're the sail in my love-boat." (Ignoring the literal "necessity" line).  Grice: This is the most mechanical. Without the sail, the boat is a drift. It’s a metaphor of propulsion.  Shropshire: (Playing a bridge on the piano) Don’t forget the second stanza!  Grice: Let’s skip the literal bits. The first metaphor there: "You're the starch in my collar."  Woozley: Good God, starch is stiff and uncomfortable.  Grice: Not in 1934, Woozley! It provides structure. Without starch, the collar collapses. The beloved is the "formal cause" of his dignity.  Hargreaves: Then follows: "You're the lace in my shoe."  Grice: Another functional elocution. A shoe without a lace is a hazard; it cannot be worn. It’s about cohesion.  Bernays: And: "You're the tick in my timepiece."  Grice: Purely Aristotelian! The "tick" is the actualization of the clock's potential. Without it, the watch is just a brass box.  Shropshire: (Moving to the third stanza) "You're the step in my highway."  Grice: Fascinating. A highway is a distance; the "step" is the unit of progress. He’s saying she is the very means of his journeying.  Woozley: "You're the breath in my body." That’s almost literal.  Grice: No, it’s still a metaphor of vitality. He isn't actually breathing her—that would be cannibalism. He is equating her presence to the pneuma.  Hargreaves: And "You're the ink in my pen."  Grice: My favorite. The pen is the instrument, but the ink is the content. It’s a cross-categorial shift from "tool" to "medium."  Shropshire: Last stanza then! "You're the soul in my body."  Grice: The ultimate Aristotelian elocution—the anima. The beloved is the form that gives the matter of his life its purpose.  Bernays: "You're the pop in my popcorn." Very American.  Grice: (Laughing) A metaphor of transformation! The heat of love turns the hard kernel into something expansive and white.  Woozley: And the final one: "You're the sting in my bee."  Grice: (Pausing) Remarkable. To be a bee without a sting is to be defenseless. She is his potency. By flouting the truth so boldly, the songwriter has told us more about love than a thousand literal propositions ever could.  Grice would often wished to explore how Grice’s later Theory of Implicature formalizes these "cross-categorial" leaps in logic. Harborne, Birmingham. November 14, 1927. The tea service sat cold on the sideboard. The air in the parlor still felt charged from the departure of Great Aunt Mabel, whose recent conversion to Catholicism had turned a simple Sunday tea into a theological battlefield. Herbert Grice Senior, a businessman and staunch Non-conformist, sat by the fire, nursing his pride. Paul, age 14, stood by the mantel.  Herbert Sr.: She’s gone, then? To seek counsel from her 'Father' Reilly, no doubt. Grice: She left quite abruptly, Father. The hallway still smells of her lavender water and indignation.  Herbert Sr.: Indignation? It was sheer obstinacy. I merely suggested that a man’s conscience is his own chapel.  Grice: "She didn't seem to take it as a suggestion. She called your views 'the lonely path to perdition.'" Herbert Sr.: "Aye, and I told her I’d rather be lonely and right than crowded and coerced by a Bishop in Rome."  Grice: Was that when she brought up the 'One True Fold'? Herbert Sr.: "It was. She claimed my refusal to acknowledge the Magisterium was like a man refusing to use a map in a thicket."  Grice: And your reply? I heard a bit of a crash. Herbert Sr.: "That was the saucer. I told her her 'map' was drawn by men who haven't walked the woods in centuries."  Grice: She looked quite pale when she mentioned your mother—my grandmother—and the 'old ways.' Herbert Sr.: "She weaponizes the ancestors, Paul. It’s a cheap trick of the liturgy."  Paul: "She seemed particularly bothered when you mentioned the cost of the new stained glass at the chapel."  Herbert Sr.: "I told her we pay for light, not for shadows and incense to hide the truth in." Paul: "Is that why she called you a 'utilitarian blacksmith of the soul'?" Herbert Sr.: "Likely. She prefers the decorative to the definitive." Paul: "It was a very long argument for two people who supposedly read the same book." Herbert Sr.: "We read the same words, lad, but she insists on a different rhythm."  Paul: "Mother stayed very quiet during the whole affair. Almost... pointedly quiet." Herbert Sr.: (Sighing) "Your mother is another matter entirely. She’s got her eye on the High Church now." Paul: "St. Chad’s? I saw her tucking a pamphlet into her embroidery hoop." Herbert Sr.: "She wants the bells and the smells, Paul. She thinks our service lacks 'dignity.'" Paul: "So Aunt Mabel wants Rome, and Mother wants London, and you’re left in Harborne?" Herbert Sr.: "Precisely. Between the two of them, I’m besieged by lace and ritual." Paul: "It seems a lot of conflict over things that aren't strictly... factual."  Herbert Sr.: Women are women, Paul. Grice: (Pausing, brow furrowed) What do you mean by that, Father? Herbert Sr.: Just what I said. Women are women. Paul: But that’s... it’s a tautology. It tells me nothing I don’t already know. Herbert Sr.: Doesn't it? Paul: Biologically and linguistically, 'Women are women' is always true. It’s like saying 'A circle is a circle.' It provides no new information about the argument. Herbert Sr.: (Small smile) "You’ve been spending too much time with your logic books at Clifton.  Paul: But if I asked you the time and you said 'Time is time,' I’d still be late for supper."  Herbert Sr.: "I’m not talking about biology, son. I’m talking about the way they’ll have their way in the end. Paul: "By being... themselves? Is that the implication? Herbert Sr.: Matilda with her Pope, your mother with her 'High' incense. They’ll wear a man down with their certainties. Paul: "So you weren't just stating a definition. You were making a... complaint? Or an observation on their persistence? Herbert Sr.: I was saying that despite my best logic, the 'High' and the 'Holy' will likely win the day in this house. Paul: I see. You said something obvious to communicate something hidden.  Herbert Sr.: Exactly. Now, go see if your mother has finished 'meditating' and if there’s any actual tea left. Paul: I'll go. But I think I’ll be thinking about that 'Women are women' bit for a very long time. Grice would often wished to explore how this insight into "under-informative" statements eventually became Grice's Maxim of Quantity. HMS Viscount , North Atlantic.  March 16, 1943. 03:14 Hours. The bridge was a cage of freezing spray and red dim-light. The convoy, HX-229, was being stalked by a wolf pack. The smell of stale tea, wet wool, and ozone hung heavy.  Grice: Steady on the helm, Miller. Keep her at two-eight-zero. Miller: "Two-eight-zero, aye, sir. She’s fighting the swell. Grice: Sub-Lieutenant Hurst, report on the starboard quarter. Did that flare show anything? Hurst: Nothing but white water, Commander. ASDIC is still cluttered by the storm.  Patterson (ASDIC Operator): Sir! Sharp contact. Green four-five. Range twelve-hundred yards. Grice: There’s our guest. Clear for action. Increase to fifteen knots. Hurst: "Engine room acknowledges, sir. Fifteen knots. Grice: He’s trying to slip under the freighter's wake. Don’t let him breathe, Patterson. Patterson: Contact moving left, sir. Range closing. One thousand yards. Grice: "Pattern B. Set depths for one-fifty and three-hundred. Miller, bring us 'round to intercept. Miller: Bringing her 'round, sir. Hard a-starboard.  Hurst: Signal from the Commodore, sir. 'Engage at your discretion.' Grice: Kind of him. Let’s not disappoint the Admiralty. Patterson: "Contact is sharp! He’s diving deep! Eight hundred yards!  Grice: Hold your nerve. Wait for the drop.  Hurst: The lads on the K-guns are ready, sir. They’re cold, but they’re ready.  Grice: "Stand by... Stand by... Drop!  Miller: Charges away!  Grice: One... two... three..." (A muffled roar shakes the hull; the sea erupts astern.)  Hurst: The third one was close, sir. Look at that oil slick surfacing. Patterson: "Contact lost in the turbulence, sir. Wait—I have a breaking-up noise!  Miller: We got the bastard. Look at the debris. Hurst: Good riddance. Let the sharks have the lot of 'em. Grice: Slow to five knots. Search for survivors. Put the searchlight on the water.  Hurst: Survivors, sir? In this sea? Why bother? They’d have done for us without a blink. Miller: Sub’s right, sir. War is war, after all. It’s just math and iron out here. Grice: (His voice drops an octave, cutting through the wind) "Is that what you think, Miller? Simple arithmetic? Miller: Well, sir... they don't exactly play by the rules, do they? The Huns? Grice: The 'Hun' is a barbarian because he chooses to be. If we follow suit, Miller, we aren't 'winning'—we're just joining the pack.  Hurst: But the brutality of it, Commander... the U-boats don't give our merchantmen a chance to reach the boats. Grice:  Precisely. Which is why we do. Our authority comes from the rules of the sea, not the whims of the killer. Hurst: Even when they’re 'uncivilised'? Grice: "Especially then. An officer and a gentleman isn't a title you wear in Mayfair; it's a moral tetheryou hold when you're knee-deep in blood. Grice: "If we lose our ethics in the North Atlantic, there won't be a civilization worth returning to in Liverpool.  Miller: "I... I see, sir. Searchlight's on. I see three heads in the water.  Grice: "Lower the scrambling nets. Sub-Lieutenant, get the medical rating to the waist. Hurst: Aye, sir. I’ll see to the prisoners myself. Grice: Treat them firmly, but treat them as men. That is an order." Grice: "Now, let’s get back to the convoy. There are more out there who haven't learned their manners yet. Grice not so often wished to continue this scene by describing the confrontation on deck when the German survivors are pulled aboard. FURTHER NOTES ON LOGIC AND CONVERSATION (1967) The third lecture, “Further notes on logic and conversation” is important in numerous respects. A special one being the profussion of conversational illustrations, and the spontaneity of it all. It starts by Grice sharing with his audience some Q and A interaction that had taken place after the previous lecture (the previous week) on ‘Logic and Conversation’. The interesting thing about this excursus is that, for one, Grice does not credit the source. The second interesting thing is that it is NOT philosophical – in the way that one would think Grice’s theory of conversation is a methodological manoeuvre, as it is, to dissolve philoosphoical problems. The example intrigued Grice because it was precisely intended to his theory of conversation SIMPLICITER and not just as a method of solving philosophical problems. It concerns a blackout in London. A: Did you see Monty Python yesterday? B: I was in London! Grice’s point being that in his conversational move, B implicates that he hasn’t seen the programme, because he was at London, and everyone knows that London suffered the GREATEST blackout on that night. Grice considers the variants presented by his interlocutor that turned B’s conversational move into a roundabout ticket that clearly violates THE PRINCIPLE OF ECONOMY OF RATIONAL EFFORT, or P. E. R. E. ,as he abbreviates it. A: Did you watch Monty Python yesterday? B: There was a blackout. This is a more explicit response and therefore sillier.The fifth lecture, “Utterer’s meaning and intentions” is a sequel to “Meaning.” Again, ‘conversation’ is used loosely, if at all. As in the earlier ‘Meaning,’ to which this is a sequel, it is hard to find a ‘converational’ example – even ‘linguistic’ or ‘verbal’ proper – his emphasis is on communication as such. And this poses a little interesting problem to the Griceian analyst. When in “Logic and Conversation” he provides the example: A: How is C getting on in his new job at the bank. B: Oh, quite well, I think. He likes his colleagues, and he hasn’t been to prison yet. The point is to elucidate the remark with which we opened these notes about Austin neglecting a distinction between utterer and expression, and explicitly conveying and implicitly conveying. In terms of the ‘that’ clause two claims can be made here – which is Grice’s point: That B has EXPLICILTY CONVEYED (‘said,’ even) that C has not been to prison yet. What he has suggested, meant, indicated, implied, hinted, insinuated – using ‘implicated’ as dummy to spare Grice a choice) is something else. Grice does not care to specify what this something else is. That is not the point of the example. It can be that his colleagues are treacherous, or that he is C is potentially dishonest. In his “Some forms of indirect communication” Holdcroft – before Leech – has it all right. Grice is into the ‘rhetoric’ by which the old philosophers divided all that his scholar needed to know because he came to see him: grammatica/dialectica/rhetorica. For what is the ‘damn by faint prasise’ if not Grice’s ‘Beautiful handwriting’ example? (Intersitngly, in Logic and Conversation, Grice was so fed up with having to provide a conversational dyad just to follow his advice to his scholars in the earlier ‘The theory of context’ that he allows the ‘Beautiful handwriting’ to become a more formal letter of recommendation – where the conversation is addressed to ‘whom it may concern’ – none in Grice’s acquaintance. This turning one casual remark at Collections (“He has beautiful handwriting”) where Grice is assessing in front of the other examiners the tuttee’s records as pursuing the ‘philosophy’ side to the programme --  to a letter of recommendation (hardly operative at Oxford) where a tutor is writing a letter ‘to whom it may concern’ display the cavalier attitude, and aptly cavalier too – that Grice assumes towards what counts as conversation. But my favourite has to be another one. Conversational Illustration: A: Peccavi. B: Vovi. Grice does not provide THIS conversation – but spends some time – Pierciean value time, exploting Peirce’s ‘interpretant’ to the point that it rung an alarm bell in a member of The C. S. Peirce Interational Society – Grice’s only published occasion and record to the use of ‘interpretant’ (has he been reading Grice? Indeed, it turned out that he had LECTURED on him for a full term – Grice’s concern is with the Peccavi, and, as in the case of the provost of Hertford college who deemed his dog a cat – who (the provost) turned out to be the dean – Grice could care less about the source of the exact, factually satisfactory details of it --. Grice is not checking the actual passage where the Peccavi conversational move occurs, and assumes for his theoretical purposes at the stage in which the illustration is given, a GENERAL who intends his addssee (the reader of the telegraph) to wonder if the general’s choice of ‘peccavi’ had to do with the fact that the general regarded himself as having sinned. The readership of PUNCH could be more Griceian than Grice in some respects. It was not long after “Peccavi” appeared on its pages, duly credited to a miss who had been practicing Latin with her tutor, and who had suggested that she submitted the pun – a ‘better’ conversational move than Caesar’s ‘Veni, vidi, vinci.’ – the above A: Peccavi: B: Vovi. came out. The ‘A: Peccavi; B: Vovi” dyad is again immersed now in the context of a rhyming couplet (cf. Grice on rhym in ‘I can’t get on without my trouble and strife’ in ‘Meaning’) which would turn matters of historicity irrelevant. The PUNCHer is however advocating them Whatever the general meant by ‘PECCAVI,’ it was TRUMPED by the general who utters ‘VOVI.’! Three Scenarios: "Peccavi" and its Conversational Ripples Peccavi – "I have Scinde" (Literal Telegraph Exchange) A colonial British General, after successfully capturing the city of Scinde, sends a terse telegraph to his commander consisting of a single Latin word: “Peccavi.” The commander, initially confronted by the classical phrase, pauses to recall his schoolboy Latin. Quickly, he deciphers the intended message—“I have Scinde”—understanding that the General has used the Latin for “I have sinned” as a clever pun. The commander responds in kind, telegraphing back, “Congratulations on your success. Your message is succinct, but its meaning is clear.” Their exchange demonstrates a shared appreciation for wit and erudition, acknowledging both the military achievement and the playful linguistic gesture. Peccavi – "I have Scinde and I have sinned" (Dual Meaning, Different Response) In this scenario, the General’s telegraph “Peccavi” is recognized for its dual resonance: not only does it inform the commander of the conquest of Scinde, but it also carries the confessional undertone, “I have sinned.” The commander, perhaps a man of moral reflection, reads the word as an admission of guilt for the act of imperial expansion. He responds more thoughtfully: “I am pleased to learn of your strategic success, but your message is a reminder of both the triumph and its cost. May we act always with conscience in our pursuits.” Here, the exchange takes on a philosophical dimension, as the commander perceives the General’s pun as both announcement and subtle moral commentary. The Punch Letter: The Girl and her Latin Tutor Historically, the famous “Peccavi” pun was first suggested by a schoolgirl who wrote to Punch magazine, proposing it as a witty headline for the General’s conquest. Imagine the girl discussing her idea with her Latin tutor: “Sir, was the General’s ‘Peccavi’ meant only as a clever play, or did he intend to admit wrongdoing?” The tutor, delighted by his pupil’s curiosity, explains, “In choosing ‘Peccavi,’ the General both announced his victory and played with the layered meaning of ‘I have sinned.’ Intentions in such utterances often blend accomplishment and irony. It is up to the audience to interpret whether his message was simple triumph, or confession, or both.” The conversation illustrates how a Latin phrase, rich in historical and ethical nuance, can transform a military report into a subject for philosophical and linguistic analysis. In the lecture that follows, “Further notes on logic and conversation” Grice proceeds to discuss such rhetorical devices – notably IRONY – but by adding a discussion on TRUTH, Grice is proving the relevance of the “Prolegomena.” The earliest “Prolegomena” – the opening lecture, indeed – he echoed the essay he himself cites there his own “Causal Theory of Perception” where he had provided a LIST OF SIX PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS (e. g. ‘What is actual is not possible’) amenable for the implicature treatment – in terms of what Winch calls the ‘point’ not the nature of truth – he is proposing.  By taking up a special section on ‘TRUTH’ in “Further notes in logic and conversation” he is nodding at that list of PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS amenable to be treated with the aid of his theory of conversation. Grice had indeed referred to Strawson’s own treatment of ‘Truth’ in that infamous Bristol colloquium with Austin – vide Warnock, “Bristol revisited” – Typically, in “Prolegomena,’ as he had done in “Causal Theory of Perception” it was hardly Grice’s point to put himself to task in solving each problem. He felt confident enough by just, in ‘Prolegomena’ – the suspect philosopher who HAD committed the mistake (as Malcolm explicitly does as cited by Grice in ‘The Causal Theory of Perception’) and adding himself as ‘suspect’ in “The Causal Theory of Perception”. He had been very explicit about who Grice was thinking: Ryle in “The Concept of Mind,” Austin in “A plea for excuses” as reprinted by Urmson and Warnock in “Philosophical Papers,” Strawson in Introduction to Logical Theory”, Strawson in Truth, Hart in conversation on ‘carefully’ –cf. Grice’s seminar on ‘Trying’ --, Benjamin (the only colonial Grice quotes) in “Remembering – an echo of Grice’s interest in Broad in “Personal identity”), Wittgenstein on ‘looking like’ in Philosophical Investgations – all the layers of the big cake to be topped by a disrespectful hasty treatment by Grice of the aberration that Searle had offered himself as a Briton in his “Aberrations and Mofifications” (mis-expoiting Austin’s ‘no modiication with aberration’ cri de battle! When dealing with ‘Truth’ in ‘Further notes on logic and conversation” it is the strategy followed by Grice that he is interested in deploying. It is not that all of a sudden he has grown an inborn interest for the deployment of a Tarski-type theory of correspondence for truth to supersede Strawson’s Ramsey-type redundancy theory. Grice is merely pointing out that with the aid of his theory of conversation, what Strawson has identified as what would be a ‘sense’ or ‘use’ – not ‘meaning’ – of ‘true’ can easily be explained away by sticking to an underdogma and trashing the colloquial observation as a ‘conversational’ ‘shade’ of meaning which should count as nothing more than that! When he uses one of those communicative examples in ‘Utterer’s meaning and intentions’ the reference is almost Sraffa, and beyond.  INDICATIVE CONDITIONALS (1967). All the examples are about election. Prime Ministers, Politics, and the Grices: A Family Dialogue Across British History (1913–1967). A Narrative Overview with Familial Conversations Between H. P. Grice and His Mother, Mabel. The history of Britain in the twentieth century can be traced not only through world wars and economic swings but also through the faces and fortunes of its Prime Ministers. Between 1913 and 1967, the United Kingdom navigated turbulent waters under the guidance—and often the rivalry—of leaders from both Labour and Conservative traditions. For the Grice family, these decades provided not just a backdrop to national life but a recurring topic for lively, multi-generational debate. In what follows, each era is introduced with a historical sketch and brought to life through four-move phone conversations between the young philosopher-to-be, H. P. Grice, and his sharp-witted, Conservative-leaning mother, Mabel. Harold, with his Labour sympathies, and Mabel, the steadfast Tory, find themselves on opposite sides of the political chessboard, reacting to electoral upsets, unexpected victories, and the personalities who became household names—from Asquith to Wilson, and even the fictionalized Nobarro.. Period 1: 1913–1929—From Asquith to MacDonald. The pre-war and interwar years saw a rapid succession of Prime Ministers: Herbert Asquith led the nation into World War I, succeeded by David Lloyd George, whose “winning the war” became a phrase etched in memory. The Conservative Bonar Law’s brief tenure was followed by Stanley Baldwin’s rise, and then, in a historic moment, Ramsay MacDonald, the first Labour PM, entered Number 10. By 1929, Britain stood at a political crossroads—between the fading lights of Liberalism and the growing strength of Labour. Phone Conversation: Clifton, 1929.  Grice (from Clifton, excited): Mother, did you see? MacDonald’s Labour has the most seats! Progress at last. The workers’ voices are finally heard. Mabel (crisply, Conservative pride intact): “Paul, don’t get carried away. A hung parliament is hardly a revolution. Surely the country won’t trust Labour with the coffers for long. Grice: “But even the Times admits reforms are needed. Perhaps Labour will surprise you with competence—and compassion. Mabel (with a tut): “I’d be more surprised if MacDonald didn’t trip over his own principles. Mark my words, we haven’t seen the last of Mr. Baldwin. Period 2: The 1930s—Grice at Oxford and the National Government. The 1930s were a time of economic depression and political uncertainty. Ramsay MacDonald returned as Prime Minister, now leading a National Government dominated by Conservatives. Stanley Baldwin reassumed power as the decade progressed, and Neville Chamberlain’s “peace in our time” would soon become infamous. It was in these years that young H. P. Grice arrived at Oxford, his mind as full of philosophy as of politics. Phone Conversation: Oxford, 1935 (General Election Aftermath).  Grice (from college rooms, playfully): Well, Mother, it looks like Baldwin’s back in charge—Conservatives with a landslide. The Oxford Union is in mourning.  Mabel (beaming): “As it should be. The country has restored common sense—your Mr. Lansbury was never going to unseat Baldwin. I trust you’re not too disappointed? Grice: “A little. But I told the Common Room that even with all the Tory banners, change will come in time. Besides, Chamberlain seems rather dull. Mabel (lightly): Dullness, Paul, is exactly what Britain needs in turbulent times. And you may find, in the end, you prefer a little order to all that Labour excitement.” Period 3: 1939–1945—The War Years The Second World War upended British politics. Neville Chamberlain’s resignation gave way to Winston Churchill’s wartime premiership, but with peace came another sea change: Clement Attlee’s Labour swept to power in 1945, ushering in the welfare state. Phone Conversation: 1945 (Post-Election).  Grice (in uniform, elated): Mother, can you believe it? Labour—Attlee! Even Churchill couldn’t stem the tide this time. The country wants something new. Mabel (aghast): “I’m still reeling. After all Sir Winston has done, this is the thanks he gets? I shudder to think what ‘new’ means in this context. Grice: “Welfare, the NHS—some hope for the future. Even you might appreciate a doctor’s visit without counting shillings, Mother. Mabel (sighing): “Perhaps, but I prefer my shillings to my sovereignty. Let’s hope Attlee can keep the trains running as well as Churchill ran the war. Period 4: 1946–1967—Post-war Shifts: Attlee to Wilson, Macmillan to Heath. The postwar years brought a carousel of leaders: Churchill’s brief return; Anthony Eden’s ill-fated Suez adventure; Macmillan’s “never had it so good” prosperity; the patrician Alec Douglas-Home; and then, the swing to Labour with Harold Wilson. The 1960s also saw the rise of Edward Heath and, in the annals of Grice family lore, the fictional Nobarro—a nod to the era’s shifting political winds. Phone Conversation: 1964 and 1966 Elections.  Grice (now a seasoned philosopher): Well, Mother, Wilson’s back—Labour wins again. Even with Macmillan’s charm and Heath’s plans, the country wants modernity.  Mabel (sceptical): Modernity? If that means pipe-smoking professors and talk of ‘the white heat of technology,’ I’ll keep my typewriter and my Harold Macmillan speeches. What about Nobarro—does he even stand a chance in this crowd? Grice: Nobarro’s policies are the stuff of satire, but at least Heath plays his part. Still, I think Wilson’s pragmatic approach might finally bring Britain into the twentieth century. Mabel (wryly): “As long as they don’t bring Britain to its knees. I’ll be waiting for the next swing—politics, like fashion, always comes back around.” Reflections on Political Shifts and Family Traditions Across five decades and a dozen Prime Ministers, the Grice household embodied the nation’s deep political divides in miniature—Harold’s reformist optimism clashing with Mabel’s Conservative skepticism, yet always with warmth and a dose of affectionate wit. In this family’s ongoing phone debates, the history of modern Britain unfolds—not just as dates and names, but as lived experience, spirited argument, and the enduring hope that, whatever the election result, the conversation would continue. This imagined conversation takes place on  October 15, 1935, shortly after H. Paul Grice completed his degree in Literae Humaniores at Oxford. He is calling his mother, Mabel Felton Grice, from a public telephone box, clutching the posthumous two-volume set of John Cook Wilson’s Statement and Inference(1926).   Grice: Mother? It’s Paul. I’m calling from a kiosk near the Bodleian—it's simply too rich not to share.  Mrs. Grice: Paul! Is everything all right? You sounds as though you’ve found a ten-pound note in the gutter.  Paul: Better than that. I’ve been reading old Cook Wilson—the Wykeham Professor, you remember—and he’s spent several pages of his Statement and Inference analyzing "Who Killed Cock Robin." Mabel: Cock Robin? Whatever for? It’s a nursery rhyme, not a treatise on logic. Paul: Precisely! But Wilson treats it with the gravity of a murder trial. Listen to this—I have the volume right here. Mabel: Go on then, let’s hear how the Professor handles our little bird. Paul: He’s discussing "interrogative sentences." He writes: "In the rhyme 'Who killed Cock Robin?' the question 'Who killed Cock Robin?' is not a question at all." Mabel: Not a question? It has a question mark at the end, doesn’t it? I’ve read it to you a thousand times. Paul: He says it’s a "statement that someone killed Cock Robin, with a request for the name of the person." Mabel: Well, of course it is. Any child knows someone did the deed. It was the Sparrow. Paul: But Wilson won't leave it there. He quotes the answer: "I, said the Sparrow, with my bow and arrow, I killed Cock Robin." Mabel: And what is his "philosophical" verdict on the Sparrow’s confession? Paul: He argues that the answer isn't just about the person, but the act. He says: "The answer is not 'The Sparrow,' but 'The Sparrow killed Cock Robin.'" Mabel: He’s making a very long walk to a very short destination, Paul. Paul: It gets better. He starts dissecting the "I, said the Fly" part. He notes the Fly is a witness, not the culprit. Mabel: "I, said the Fly, with my little eye, I saw him die." I always thought the Fly was a bit of a voyeur. Paul: Wilson is obsessed with the form of the witness. He says the question "Who saw him die?"presupposes the fact that someone did see him die. Mabel: If no one saw him, there wouldn’t be much of a rhyme, would there? The man is stating the blindingly obvious in Latinate English. Paul: It’s his dry prose that kills me, Mother. He writes: "The question 'Who saw him die?'... conveys the information that someone saw him die."  Mabel: Does he have anything to say about the Fish catching the blood in his little dish? Paul: He doesn't go that far into the gore, thankfully. He’s more interested in the logic of the "Who." Mabel: I should hope so. The Fish with a dish is quite a mental image for a Professor.  Paul: He uses the rhyme to show that every question has a "presupposition." It’s actually quite brilliant, in a maddening way. Mabel: It sounds like he’s trying to catch a butterfly with a sledgehammer. Paul: "The interrogative form," he says, "is a mere artifice of language." Mabel: An "artifice"? It’s a rhyme for toddlers, Paul. It’s meant to be sung, not "dissected." Paul: I know, but I keep thinking about how we use words—not just what they say, but what they imply. Mabel: You’ve always been one for reading between the lines. Just like when you’d ask if there were any biscuits left, knowing full well I’d just bought a tin. Paul: Exactly! Wilson would say my question presupposed the existence of the tin. Mabel: And I would say it "implied" you were hungry. Paul: That’s it! You’ve hit on it, Mother. Implication! Mabel: Is this what they teach you at Oxford? To turn "Cock Robin" into a logic puzzle?  Paul: It’s a way of seeing the world. Wilson says: "The answer 'I' is only an answer because of the preceding question."  Mabel: Well, if the Sparrow just walked up and said "I," people would think he’d gone mad. Paul: Precisely! The context is everything. Wilson is so dry he’s almost parched, but he’s onto something about how we talk. Mabel: Just don’t let it spoil the rhyme for when you have children of your own. Paul: I’ll probably end up lecturing them on the "conversational maxims" of the Owl and the Lark. Mabel: Heaven help them. Will you be home for Sunday tea? Paul: I will. And I "presuppose" there will be scones.  Mabel: There will be. And that’s a "statement," not an "inference." Goodbye, Paul. UTTERER’S MEANING AND INTENTIONS (1967). Grice indeed regales us with varieties of non-natural meaning in the section meant as a prelude to his specific analysis of meaning in terms of M-intentions – and his example allows for VARIATIONS on a theme by Grice on death. CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATIONS Grice: If I shall then be helping the grass to grow, I will have no time for reading. Strawson: And then, I don’t think you’ll be missing much. Grice’s point is that in his conversational move, indeed, there is room for otiose, philosophical rambling: CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATION Grice: If I shall then be helping the grass to grow. Strawson: I never knew you were into pot. Strawson purposively takes the remark as applying to the Americanism: ‘grass = marijuana’ as per McCartney ‘Get back’ – for ‘some California grass’. CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATION. Grice: If I shall then be helping the grass to grow I shall have no time for reading. Strawson: Not missing much.. Strawson takes the apodosis as long for ‘be worried about the troubles of the world.’. Indeed, Grice expands on VARIANTS to his first move: CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATION: GRICE: If I shall then be pushing up the daisies, I shall have no time for reading. STRAWSON: The daisy, humble as it is, is one of my most favourite flowers. Grice explores the point, as to whether he would allow himself to grant that ‘help the grass to grow’ is NOT a cliché, or ‘established idiom,’ as he puts it –for the greatest euphemism of all time: death. CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATION: Grice: If I shall by then would have kicked the bucket, I will have no time for reading. Strawson: All energy, wasted, I suppose. CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATION: Grice: If I shall by then be joining the heavenly choir, I will have no time for reading. Strawson: To busy with the unisons, I gather. While euphemisms for death are common not just at Oxford (English and prior Latin), but the older universities of Sorbonne (French and prior Latin) and Bologna (Italian and prior Latin) Grice was careful in his choice of HIS.  The earliest  Oxford English Dictionary (OED) citation for the phrase "helping the grass to grow" (or its more common variant "helping the grass grow") as a euphemism for death dates to 1916, during World War I. It is closely related to "pushing up daisies," which has a much older lineage in English.  Below are established university-specific or regional academic euphemisms for death across the requested traditions: Oxford University (English & Latin) Academic life at Oxford historically blended local slang with formal Latinity to distance the speaker from the "taboo" of mortality. "Became a landowner" (1916): A cynical wartime euphemism often used by Oxford-educated officers to refer to a soldier buried in the field. "Vixerunt" ("They have lived"): Historically popularized by Cicero, this perfect-tense evasion was used by scholars to indicate someone "is no more" without using the word mortuus (dead). "Obiit" / "Mortem Obire": Used in formal university registries; it literally means "he went to meet [his end]" rather than simply "he died".  La Sorbonne (French & Latin) The Parisian tradition often employs "noble" or poetic exits to soften the finality of death. "S'éteindre" ("To extinguish oneself"): A common, gentle French euphemism implying a light going out naturally. "Casser sa pipe" ("To break one's pipe"): A more "student-slang" or informal version, similar in tone to "kicking the bucket". "Extremum vitae spiritum edere": A scholarly Latin phrase used in academic oratory to describe "breathing one's last" or "giving up the ghost".  University of Bologna (Italian & Latin)  As the Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna's tradition is deeply rooted in legal and naturalistic Latin metaphors.  "Passato a miglior vita" ("Passed to a better life"): The standard Italian euphemism found in both academic and common circles. "Naturae debitum reddere" ("To pay the debt to nature"): A classicizing legalistic euphemism used in Italian humanist circles to frame death as a final settlement of a biological contract. "Andarsene" ("To go away"): A simple, pervasive euphemism that avoids the word "death" by framing it as a mere departure.  Comparative Table of Academic Euphemisms University Tradition  Latin EuphemismVernacular Equivalent OxfordVixerunt (They have lived)"Became a landowner" SorbonneAnimam agere (To drive the soul)"S'éteindre" (To fade out) BolognaNaturae satisfacere(To satisfy nature)"Passato a miglior vita"Would you like to explore more specific slang from these universities, or perhaps see how these phrases appear in historical academic registries? Sraffa, the Italo-hebrew philosopher who got on pretty well with Wittgenstein famously elicited from Witters a change of theory: WITTGENSTEIN. And each proposition has a logical form. SRAFFA: What is the logical form of THIS? [gesture]. Grice took Sraffa’s gesture seriously. His ‘utterance’ is meant to include a gesture – indeed the lecture following ‘Utterer’s meaning and intentions’ builds into the system of communication devices from a handwave meaning ‘I know the route.’ The example in the earlier ‘Uttere’s meaning and intentions’ can be given a conversational illustration, where ‘conversation’ is thus understood vaguely to mean ‘expressive’ or ‘communicative’ A: Are we playing squash tonight? B displays bandaged leg. Grice elaborates on this. His concern is with what B has suggested, hinted, insinuated, meant, indicated – not as opposed to what he has said, since he hasn’t said anything. As opposed then to what he is EXPLICITLY conveying, to wit: that his leg is bandaged. Grice is reluctant to count this as a case of B having explicitly conveyed VIA COMMUNICATION that his leg is bandaged. He seems to want to go straight to the ‘implicature,’ i. e. a negative answer to the posed question. One would think Grice was ready to drop many names in ‘Utterer’s meaning and intentions’ but he fails to quote from Ziff (on purpose). He does rely on URMSON. Conversational illustration of the bribery A: Are you bribing me? B: No. This is in the opening section regarding the NECESSITY in the analysis of ‘communication’ provided in ‘Meaning.’ The remaining philsoophers he quotes are all Oxonian, but relate to the SUFFICIENCY of the analysis, which Grice found a piece of cake to deal with. They all start with the example by his tutee Strawson in “Intention and convention in speech acts” A: Are you saying the house is rat-infested? B: By the look of it. The example Grice next quotes, by Stampe, involves a ‘gesture’ – at a game of poker, not bridge – so the ‘conversation,’ while not needed to be taken ‘metaphorically’ is best specific in terms of the form of ascription VOLAJUDBVOLA(I have a good hand) A: (gesture displaying a good hand) B: (gesture allowing: Thank you I get your point). Grice wants to disqualify this as a case of ‘communication.’ Schiffer was finishing his D. Phil – like Searle, under Strawson – and sings ‘Tipperary’. A: Please stop: your rendition of ‘Tipperary’ is just too much to bear B: “But my heart lays there!” Grice again disqualifies this as a case of ‘communication.’ Grice goes on then to discuss what he calls one of the most absurd alleged counterexamples to ‘my account of communciation’ ever proposed. And Searle had explored it in his early D. Phil dissertation too: ITALIAN: [in Italian] STOP! Please identify yourself AMERICAN SOLDIER: Kennst du das land wo die Kitronene bluen. Grice feels offended by the example which so obviously DOES not constitute a ‘conversation’ but feels inspired to provide two conversational illustrations that DO, and like Searle’s (if we are going to play his game) involve a communication system which is foreign enough to both utterer and addressee. The first is topical. After British involvement in the Canal of Suez, Grice sees himself as a sailor being insulted by an Arabian prostitute PROSTITUTE (in arabic): You pig of an Englishman. SAILOR follows the lead to the brothel. Grice wants to allow that a ‘converation’ has taken place. The sailor has MISTAKENLY taken an insult (‘You pig of an Englishman’) for an injury (‘Come have sex with me’). To express "You pig of an Englishman" in the Egyptian Arabic dialect of  Port Said (the Sa'idi or Port Saidi urban variety) during the 1956 Suez Crisis, you would say:Ya khanzeer ya Ingleezi يا خنزير يا إنجليزي Breakdown of the Phrase Ya (يا):  The vocative particle used for "O" or "You" when addressing someone directly. In Egyptian insults, it is often repeated before each descriptive word for emphasis. Khanzeer (خنزير):  The Arabic word for pig, which carries a heavy religious and cultural weight as an animal considered "unclean". Ingleezi (إنجليزي):  The singular adjective for "Englishman" or "English." Variants for "Englishman" During the conflict, several terms were used depending on the speaker's tone and context: Al-Ingleez (الإنجليز):  The collective plural used for "The English" as a whole. Ingleezi (إنجليزي): The standard singular term. Musta’mir (مستعمر): Meaning "imperialist" or "colonizer." While not a literal translation of "Englishman," it was the dominant political label used in Port Said's slogans and propaganda during the 1956 "Tripartite Aggression". Al-A'daa' (الأعداء): Meaning "the enemies," frequently paired with Britain and France in local resistance chants. Etymology: From Port Said to Schleswig-Holstein The Arabic lexeme Ingleezi (and the root I-N-G-L) is a direct loanword that preserves the ancient Germanic geography you mentioned: Arabic Root (إ ن ج ل): Unlike traditional Semitic roots, this is a transliteration of the Latin Angli. Anglia & Angeln: The term traces back to the Angeln peninsula in the Baltic Sea coast of Schleswig-Holstein. The "Angular" Land: The name Angeln is hypothesized to come from the Germanic root for "hook" (related to "angling" for fish) or "narrow" (cognate with the German enge). This refers to the angular shape of the peninsula or the narrowness of the Schlei estuary. Linguistic Journey: The people of this "angular land" (the Angles) migrated to Britain, naming it Englaland (England). This name entered Latin as Anglia, which was later adopted into Arabic as Al-Ingleez. When a resistor in Port Said shouted "Ingleezi" in 1956, they were—perhaps unknowingly—using a word that physically described the narrow, hooked coastline of Northern Germany where the English identity first took root thousands of years prior. Would you like to know more about the specific slogans used by the Port Said resistance or other common insults from that era? The second example Grice provides involves ontogenesis of conversation, and has Grice as a friendly companion at tea time with a little girl who Grice knows is actively engaged in some intense French tutorials by her French nanny. GRICE (in French): The Vichy republic was bound to fall LITTLE GIRL: Thank you. In Grice’s paraphrase: in the first move, the conversationalist utters, in French, an utterance, with the accompanying gesture of allowing the little girl to help herself with a scone. The girl proceeds, since she takes Grice’s conversational move as a SIGN by the vehicle of which Grice is CONVEYING that he is offering the little help permission to help herself with s scone. The girl proceeds, and aptly thanks Grice for that.  UTTERER’S MEANING, SENTENCE-MEANING, AND WORD-MEANING. In the next lecture, “Utterer’s meaning, sentence-meaning, and word-meaning” Grice goes back to his pushing up the daisies. He considers A: Klaus beat Pitts B: And quite so Under two readings – one ironic, the other literal. Grice is wanting to say that such a distintion would leave Austin cold – what the converser means in each occasion is quite different, indeed, the opposite. Sarcastically interpreted, the reverse holds: Pitts beat Klaus – Grice’s context is a game of chess with which he would be familiar. Previously, on the same topic he is again considering ‘disambiguation’ of the vyse/vice type he had introduced in ‘Logic and Conversation’ but more having in mind his discussions with Strawson in their joint seminar on ‘Meaning, Categories and Logical Form’: GRICE: Aristotle, Kant, and Hegel – in that order. STRAWSON: Kand between Aristotle and Hegel. GRICE: Indeed. Grice’s point is that ‘between’ is NOT ambiguous – even if Grice’s intent in ordering the trio is one of physicality – say, by physical height – “or by some other standard of merit.” The example in Grice’s “Utterer’s meaning, sentence-meaning, and word-meaning” touches Grice to the core since it concerns his (and indeed mankind’s, in his view) very essence – especially when he was submitting the essay to FOUNDATIONS OF LANGUAGE – hardly philosophy at its purest – and the example concerns ‘philosopher.’ When Grice died, the obituary in THE TIMES read – conversationally adapted STRAWSON: He was a professional philosopher PEARS: And an amateur cricketer. Professional philosopher is Grice’s choice in ‘Utterer’s meaning, sentence-meaning, and word-meaning” – indeed: ‘philosopher’ simpliciter. As if to annoy Peano and Re (who first used “=def”), Grice proposes, via conversational illustration here: GRICE (in a confessional mood): Father is a philosopher. STRAWSON: I never knew your progenitor was professionally involved in philosophical studies. GRICE: I mean he is inclined to general reflections about life. Note that Strawson’s conversational move here – adapted from Grice – is circular in that it defines ‘philosopher’ in terms of ‘philosophical’ – a deficiency not present in the second ‘aception’ of the word. In Oxford English, the term used to describe a specific "use" or meaning of a word is  acceptation (or occasionally acception, though this is now archaic). While acception exists in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) with records dating back to c.1384, modern English speakers almost exclusively use "acceptation" for the sense found in Sorbonne French (acception) or Bologna Italian (accezione).  Oxford English Dictionary +3 The "Acceptation" of Philosopher/Philosophe/Filosofo In the academic contexts of Oxford, the Sorbonne, and Bologna, the term "philosopher" carries a specific acceptation referring to a person inclined toward general reflections on life, distinct from its technical or historical uses. Oxford English: "Philosopher" Earliest OED Citation: The word was first recorded in English around 1300. General Reflection Meaning: In its broadest sense, it refers to a person who "seeks wisdom and knowledge through rational inquiry". The OED notes its early use to describe someone of "profound learning" or "deep wisdom" consisting of virtuous living. Sorbonne French: "Philosophe" Public Intellectual: In the French tradition, philosophe often refers to a "man of letters" or a publicist who applies reason to various areas of life, rather than just a cloistered scholar. It emphasizes the act of reflecting on the human condition and society. Bologna Italian: "Filosofo" Love of Wisdom: Following the etymology (philo-sophia), it denotes one who "loves wisdom". In the Bologna context, it often refers to an individual who uses high-level understanding to view "the overall view of life". Historical Context: Thales as the "First Philosopher"  The identification of Thales of Miletus as the first philosopher is a foundational narrative shared across these universities.  Who said so? Aristotle is the primary source for this claim. He argued that Thales was the first to seek a "single material substratum" (water) for the universe rather than relying on mythology. Dates: Thales lived approximately c. 624–546 BCE. Significance: He is credited with shifting human thought from divine/mythological explanations to naturalistic theories.  Academic "Acceptation": The TeacherWithin the specific context of these three universities, a "philosopher" also carries the professional acceptation of one who teaches philosophy or is a "scholar of philosophy". This distinguishes the academic professional from the speculative thinkerwho may not hold a formal post but still engages in "general reflections about life".  Would you like to explore the earliest English textsthat used "philosopher" in this general sense, or should we compare how other academic titles differ between these three universities?  SOME MODELS FOR IMPLICATURE. An odd title for the concluding lecture at Harvard. But recall that Grice only titled the lectures the year before he died, and only because he was so asked by Harvard University Press. The lectures had circulated since 1967 – against Grice’s approval, so the right people never quoted from them – But I would like to think that Grice is being serious with the word ‘model’ here. In an earlier Oxford seminar on ‘The general theory of context’ where he plays with the idea that ‘context’ should never be taken ‘out of context,’ he provides, AT OXFORD, the first citation for ‘implicature.’ And what is interesting about this is the context: Grice is considering the dyad as the unit, and the pragmatic model as MINIMAL (word he uses). It is for the purposes of catching the implicature that he seems to be providing the ‘model’ and not out of a genuine interest for the phenomenon of conversation itself – which is just fine. Since srely no philosopher needs to be lectured about what conversation is! In ‘Models for implicature,’ when titling this, Gice was having in mind this earlier use of ‘model,’ as used by a professional don in the early 1960s to an audience who would not like to ‘play around’ with stuff. The models for implicature he proposes here are complext. He jokes, as was typical with him, with the nineteenth—century psychology – or philosophical psychology – of the type that was once popular both at Bologna, Sorbonne, and Oxford – and indeed Germany with Wundt – the issue: can there be thought without language? So that’s one model. He goes on to reconsider issues he had considered vis-à-vis Descartes – or rather his paper on Descartes about truth-conditions and assertability conditions (he was possibly fed up by Dummett using this as an injunction!). But the lecture is inconclusive, as it should! VACUOUS NAMES (1969). In the same 1960s. decade Grice was able to explore Marmaduke Bloggs in “Vacuous Names.” This was commissioned by Davidson and Hintikka, for a festschrift for Quine. (Grice will contribute to antoerh festschrift, for Davidson – in both he got apt responses. When he got his own festcrhfit, he aptly excused from providing replies, as the etiquette went, for reasons of health. But the Marmaduke Bloggs are one type of example A: I’m so excited we will be meeting the climber of Mt. Everest on hands and knees. B: He will not be attending, I’ll tell you. A: Why? B: He doesn’t exist.The second group involve ‘descriptions’ and involve cocktail parties where BILL is present. Bill is the host of the party’s GARDENER, dressed as a butler.  A: Smith’s butler got our coats and coats mixed up. B: It’s not his butler; it’s his GARDENER dressed as one. The topic concerns Strawson’s obsessions with IDENTIFYING as being the criterion for successful reference. The conversation is a variant of another one. At a funeral. A: Well, Smith’s butler, whoever he is, will be looking for a new job. B: Did you know he never had one – apparently he dressed his gardener as a butler for specific occasions! And so on.  It was sad that after all the Grice took to provide his System Q – which happily was rendered into a System G by the more humanistic Myro – more humanistic than Quine, that is, but then Myro was a humane refugee, from Ukraine! – Grice only received a reprieve from Grice in ‘Reply to H. P. Grice’: “Thanks, but not thanks. Shubert has provided the same – and yours is unbearingly complex!”  Of course Quine was the wrong recipient – Why are all those festscrhfits so boring!? Grice spends the first paragraph honouring someone he shouldn’t honour, nor he WOULD honour, had he not been commissioned to do so. And Quine missed all the fun bits – when Grice goes on to adopt (or borrow – but never return – J. L. Austin’s reference to the Derrida favourite type of scenario – literary or fictional English – as wholly ‘parasitic.’ Grice does not provide examples of ‘fictional’ parasitic names other than for ‘Grice,’ from Wilkie Collins: In Wilkie Collins’s 1854 novel  Hide and Seek (also known as The Mystery of Mary Grice), the primary male character associated with the name "Grice" is Matthew Grice, also known by his alias Mat Marksman.  Character Profile: Matthew Grice (Mat Marksman) Matthew is a rugged, "outlandish" wanderer who returns to England after spending decades in the wilds of North America. He is a classic "outsider" figure—scalped by Indians and possessing a wild, unpolished demeanor that contrasts sharply with Victorian London society.  His central motivation is the mystery of his sister, Mary Grice, who was seduced and abandoned years prior. Matthew’s character serves as an early prototype for the detective figure in Collins’s later works, as he methodically reconstructs the past to identify his sister's seducer and discover the fate of her child, "Madonna".  Verbatim Interaction Matthew is typically a man of few words, characterized by a blunt, "nomadic" brevity. However, he becomes most conversationally expansive when interacting with Zack Thorpe, a rebellious young man he rescues and eventually mentors. In the following scene from Book II, Chapter 5, Matthew explains his rugged philosophy of life and his history in America to Zack. This is one of the few moments where he drops his guard and speaks at length about his identity: Zack: "You're a long time telling me where you've been and what you've been doing. Why don't you begin?" Matthew: "Wait a bit. I'm a man of business, and I go to work business-like. If I'm to tell you my story, I must tell it in my own way. I've been a-wandering, Zack—a-wandering over the face of the earth, as the Bible says. I've seen things and done things that'd make your hair stand on end, if you'd got any to speak of. I've been a hunter, and a trapper, and a soldier, and a gold-digger. I've been scalped—look here!" [He lifts his cap to show the scar.] Matthew: "That was done by the Indians. They didn't leave much of the outside of my head, did they? But they left the inside, and that's the part that does the thinking. I've lived among 'em, and fought 'em, and been one of 'em, in my time. I've seen the great prairies, and the big mountains, and the salt lakes. I've slept under the stars, with my rifle for a bed-fellow and the wolves for my music. And now I've come back to the old country to find what I've lost—and I'll find it, Zack, if it's to be found on this side of the grave!" Key Conversational Traits Narrative Instinct: While usually laconic, he uses vivid, sensory language ("wolves for my music") when describing his past. Directness: He speaks in a plain, unadorned style that emphasizes his "man of business" approach to his personal quest.Mentor Dynamic: His relationship with Zack allows him to play the role of the experienced "elder," which prompts his most significant verbal outbursts. Would you like to explore how Matthew's detective methods in this novel influenced later characters like Sergeant Cuff in The Moonstone?  n the logical tradition of  Giuseppe Peano, variables like   𝐴,𝐵,𝐶 were indeed frequently used, but they typically denoted classes (sets) or propositionsrather than predicates in the modern functional sense (𝐹(𝑥)). While modern "standard" logic (influenced largely by Gottlob Frege) favors 𝐹,𝐺,𝐻 to represent predicates or "concepts," Peano's system was rooted in a different symbolic lineage.  Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  +4 Peano’s Use of 𝐴,𝐵,𝐶 In Peano's major work, the Formulario mathematico, the letters 𝐴,𝐵,𝐶 were used to represent: Classes: Peano treated predication as set membership. If x𝑥 has the property A𝐴, he would write 𝑥∈𝐴 (using the Greek letter ϵ𝜖 for "is"). Propositions: In his calculus of propositions, A𝐴and B𝐵 served as variables for entire statements. Logical Relations: He used a "horseshoe" symbol (⊃⊃) between A𝐴 and B𝐵 to mean "if A𝐴, then B𝐵" or "the class A𝐴 is contained in B𝐵".  Wikipedia Wikipedia  +2 Comparison with Modern Notation The shift to 𝐹,𝐺,𝐻 for predicates is more closely associated with the Fregean/Russellian tradition that eventually became the standard for first-order logic.  Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  +1 Element  Peano Tradition (1880s−1890s) Modern "Standard" Logic Predicates Often represented as classes (𝐴,𝐵,𝐶) Represented as functions (𝐹,𝐺,𝐻) Membership Used ϵ𝜖 (epsilon) Uses ∈∈ (membership symbol) Variables 𝑥,𝑦,𝑧 (standardized early) 𝑥,𝑦,𝑧 Induction Often stated using a property P𝑃 or A𝐴 Often uses ϕ𝜙 or P𝑃 Peano's choice of 𝐴,𝐵,𝐶 reflected his goal of creating a "mathematical shorthand" where logic resembled algebraic equations. Modern logic adopted F𝐹 (for Funktion or Form) to emphasize the functional natureof predicates, where 𝐹(𝑥) maps an object to a truth value.  Wikipedia Wikipedia  +3 Would you like to see how Peano's original axiomswere written compared to the modern first-order logic version? Gottlob Frege  was the first to use   𝐹,𝐺, and H𝐻 as predicate or function symbols in modern logic, debuting them in his 1879 work, Begriffsschrift.  The Origin and Usage The "Why": Frege introduced these letters to represent functions (Funktion𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) and concepts, as he famously replaced the traditional "Subject-Predicate" structure of logic with "Function-Argument" analysis. The Abbreviation: While F𝐹 is widely understood by scholars to stand for the German Funktion, Frege's choice of G𝐺 and H𝐻 was primarily driven by their status as alphabetical successors in the Roman alphabet. This follows the standard mathematical convention of using a sequence of letters to denote multiple entities of the same type. The System: In the Begriffsschrift, Frege used lowercase Greek letters for specific functions and uppercase Roman letters (𝐹,𝐺,𝐻) as variables ranging over functions (what we now call second-order variables).  Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  +4 Timeline of Adoption 1879: Frege publishes Begriffsschrift, using F𝐹, G𝐺, and H𝐻 in his complex, two-dimensional "concept script". 1890s–1910s: While Frege's notation was largely ignored for being difficult to print, his functional analysis was adopted by Giuseppe Peano and later Bertrand Russell. 1910: Whitehead and Russell’s Principia Mathematica solidified the use of 𝑓,𝑔,ℎ (and their uppercase counterparts) in the linear notation we use today, retaining the functional meaning Frege pioneered.  Wikipedia Wikipedia  +4 Would you like to see how Frege's original notationfor these functions compares to the modern 𝐹(𝑥)symbols we use today? Giuseppe Peano did indeed write about the concept of functions (Italian:  funzione) and engaged in a detailed critique of Gottlob Frege's notation and definitions. While Peano recognized Frege's work, he fundamentally disagreed with several aspects of Frege's system, including the notation for functions and the use of "conditional definitions".    PhilArchive PhilArchive  +4 Peano's Response to Frege's Notation Variable Preference: It is true that Peano preferred using standard Latin letters like 𝐴,𝐵,𝐶 or 𝑥,𝑦,𝑧 for his logical and mathematical entities, rather than adopting Frege's specific use of 𝐹,𝐺,ℎ as functional variables. Concept vs. Function: Peano's system was built on the calculus of classes and relations, whereas Frege's system was based on functional application. For example, where Frege would treat a property as a function 𝐹(𝑥) mapping to a truth-value, Peano often treated it as a membership relation 𝑥∈𝐴 within a class. Notation Style: Peano found Frege’s graphical "concept-script" (Begriffsschrift) to be overly convoluted and difficult to print or read. Consequently, he developed his own linear symbolic notation, which eventually became the basis for modern logic (and was adopted and popularized by Bertrand Russell).  Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  +5 Key Areas of Disagreement Definitions: Peano defended the use of conditional definitions (defining a term only under certain conditions), which Frege strictly rejected as "incomplete". Foundational Priority: While Frege took functions as the most basic logical unit, Peano emphasized classes and relations, defining functions as a special case of a relation where each input has a unique output.  PhilArchive PhilArchive  +3 Would you like to see a side-by-side comparison of how Frege and Peano would symbolize a specific mathematical statement? INTENTION AND UNCERTAINTY (1971)  This imagined dialogue takes place on  December 23, 1947, at Harold Arthur Prichard’s home in Oxford, just six days before his death. Paul Grice, then a Fellow at St John’s College, has called upon the retired White’s Professor (who stepped down in 1937) for a final, characteristically pedantic seasonal greeting.   Grice: "Professor, I trust I’m not intruding? I thought a small vintage of sherry might assist in bracing you against this Oxfordshire frost. Prichard: Grice? Ah. Come in, man. Put the bottle on the Kant; it’s the only stable surface in the room. I was just wondering if I’d actually perceived the doorbell or merely inferred it. Grice: A classic Prichardian dilemma, sir. Though, looking at you today, I’ve often wondered something rather less... epistemological. Prichard: "God help us. What is it now? Some new 'implicature' you've cooked up? Grice: Nothing so formal. I merely wondered—do you ever actually feel English? Or is there a Welsh ghost in the machine? Prichard: English? I was born in London, Grice. I have breathed the damp of these quadrangles since 1890. What on earth are you implying? Grice: "Oh, only that with such a formidable Welsh surname of yours—with that aspirate 'P' glued to the 'Richard'—one expects a bardic lilt, not the cold steel of intuitionism. Prichard: "The 'P' is a fossil, Grice. Ap Richard. Son of Richard. It is a logical derivation, not a national identity. One doesn’t 'feel' a patronymic."  Grice: "And yet, you’ve spent a lifetime defending 'the right' against 'the good.' Very Celtic, that. A sort of moral Druidism." Prichard: "Rubbish. If there is a ghost in my machine, it’s a Cook Wilsonian one. Now, state your business or pour the drink." Grice: "Actually, I’ve been wrestling with a distinction I suspect you... well, borrowed from William James. But never returned." Prichard: "I never 'borrow' from Americans, Grice. Their prose is too decorative for honest thought." Grice: "Am I right, though? You seem to have taken James’s common-or-garden 'will to'—that stock psychological effort—and refined it." Prichard: "Refined it? I dismantled it. James’s 'Will to Believe' is a messy piece of wishful thinking." Grice: "Exactly! You’ve moved from the 'will to' do something—which sounds like a mere appetite—to the linguistically innovative 'will that' something be the case." Prichard: "It is not 'innovative,' it is precise. To 'will to' move my arm is a category error. One does not will an action; one wills that a change occur." Grice: "But 'will that' is a propositional attitude! It’s the very soul of my own work on intention. You’ve made the will a linguistic operator." Prichard: "I have made it an act of the mind. When I 'will that' my hand move, I am not trying to move it. I am simply... willing that it move." Grice: "And if it doesn’t move? If you're paralyzed? You've still 'willed that,' even if the world refuses to cooperate." Prichard: "Precisely. The 'will to' implies a successful causal chain. The 'will that' preserves the purity of the mental act regardless of the plumbing."  Grice: "So James gave you the clay, and you fired it into a brick to throw at the psychologists. A very Welsh sort of theft." Prichard: "It wasn't a theft. It was an eviction of James’s muddled metaphors from a respectable house of logic." Grice: "And yet, you still haven't returned the 'will to.' It sits in your drawer like a discarded toy while you play with 'will that.'" Prichard: "James doesn't need it back. He’s dead, and his 'will to' was worn out long before he was. Now, give me that sherry."  Grice: "Of course, Professor. I will that your glass be full—though in this case, I shall have to physically ensure it."  Grice would often wished to explore how Prichard’s intuitionismspecifically influenced Grice’s later views on moral imperatives. UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD GAZETTE Vol. CII | No. 4,582 | Thursday, 21 October 1971 REPORT ON THE HENRIETTE HERZ LECTURE It was with a sense of geologic patience—the sort usually reserved for awaiting the second coming or a decent vintage of Port—that the philosophical community descended upon Cumberland House this week. The occasion? H. P. Grice (St John’s, FBA since the heady, optimistic days of 1966) finally delivering his long-awaited lecture on Intention and Uncertainty. The journey to London was, predictably, a trial. One found oneself navigating the "busy-ness" of the town, an environment where the locals seem to believe that moving quickly is a substitute for thinking clearly. However, I am pleased to report that the trek was well worth the soot. Grice, whose election to the British Academy has by now matured into a fine institutional patina, addressed the gathered throng with his characteristic lucidity. The lecture, destined for the Proceedings, served as a refreshing tonic to the recent atmosphere in certain journals. One couldn’t help but think of our friend Stuart Hampshire, whose well-documented obsession with the "lack of uncertainty" has lately colonised the pages of Mind like a particularly stubborn lichen. Hampshire seems to long for a certainty so absolute that it borders on the claustrophobic; Paul, thankfully, reminded us that the human condition is far more comfortably muddled. The climax of the evening—and I use the term in its most decorous, academic sense—was Grice’s closing scenario, a nod to David Pears that left the room in a state of delighted suspension. He posited the case of a man who has firmly decided to scratch his itching head, yet finds himself entirely unable to predict that he will actually do so. It was a masterstroke of the "Gricean Shuffle." By separating the sovereign will from its clumsy, phenomenal execution, he gave us the ultimate victory of the Noumenal. As Urmson has so rightly popularised in his recent handling of Prichard, we must afford priority to the Will itself, regardless of whether the hand ever makes contact with the scalp. Whether the itch was actually relieved is, frankly, a matter for the physiologists; for the philosopher, the intention remained pristine and untouched by the vulgarity of results. A triumph of the internal over the external. One returned to Oxford feeling that if we cannot be certain of our actions, we can at least be certain of our complications. Signed, A.M. Quinton New College Should I adjust the academic snobbery levels further, or shall we move on to drafting the rebuttalHampshire might have penned in his cups?The Oxford University Gazette Published by Authority Vol. CII | No. 4582 | Thursday, 21 October 1971 REPORT OF A UNIVERSITY LECTURE The Henriette Herz Memorial Lecture: Intention and Uncertainty The migration of the University’s more sedentary intellects to the rustic, if somewhat alarmingly "bustling," environs of Cumberland House was recently necessitated by the long-awaited—some might say archeologically anticipated—appearance of Mr. H. P. Grice. It was a journey into the "die town" that proved, much like a Gricean conversational implicature, to be rather more taxing in its execution than its literal meaning suggested. Yet, for those of us who survived the transit, the reward was a display of dialectical acrobatics that made the average High Table dispute look like a game of Snap. Mr. Grice addressed the thorny thicket of Intention and Uncertainty, a topic that has, of late, become the private playground of Mr. Hampshire. One couldn’t help but notice the quiet glee with which the speaker dismantled the fashionable obsession with "unshakeable certainty" currently clogging the pages of Mind and other less-distinguished periodicals. It appears that while Hampshire spends his Tuesdays pining for a world where every mental state is as transparent as a gin and tonic, Grice is quite content to wander the fog. With the characteristic dryness that ensures his forthcoming publication in the Proceedings will be used to calibrate international standards of irony, Grice offered a concluding scenario of exquisite absurdity. He posited a gentleman—let us call him an "Agent," for the sake of professional dignity—who has firmly DECIDED to scratch his itching cranium, yet finds himself entirely unable to PREDICT whether his arm will actually perform the maneuver. This delightful nod to Mr. Pears served as the final nail in the coffin of the "certainty-mongers." It was a masterstroke of the "Gricean Stall": proving that one can be the master of one's will while remaining a mere spectator to one's own physiology. It was, in short, a triumphant vindication of the Noumenal WILL, as so robustly popularized by Mr. Urmson in his recent (and mercifully legible) edition of Prichard. We are reminded, much to the chagrin of the empiricists, that the Will remains a dignified, internal sovereign, quite independent of whether its "phenomenal effects" actually bother to show up for work. One leaves such a lecture feeling that while the world may be uncertain, the superiority of St John’s logic remains—unlike Mr. Grice’s hypothetical arm—entirely predictable. Signed, Quinton of Grice (St John’s, FBA 1966) Should I add a scathing footnote regarding the quality of the sherry served at Cumberland House, or shall we move on to drafting the rebuttal for Mind?In a report for the Oxford University Gazette (Vol. CII, No. 4582), Anthony Quinton reviews H. P. Grice’s 1971 Henriette Herz lecture on "Intention and Uncertainty" at Cumberland House, noting it was well worth the trip. Quinton highlights Grice’s mockery of the obsession with certainty—often seen in the pages of Mind—and concludes by praising Grice's, and Urmson's, prioritization of Prichard’s noumenal will over its phenomenal effects.In a 1971 Henriette Herz lecture, Paul Grice challenged Stuart Hampshire’s obsession with certainty by arguing for the persistence of uncertainty in intention, as reported in this fictionalized account. Grice concluded with an illustration regarding the inability to predict a physical action despite having decided to perform it, reinforcing the priority of the noumenal will over its effects, as popularized by Urmson’s edition of Prichard. The lecture is set to be published in the Proceedings.The 1970s was not exactly Grice’s decade but he was prolific in it.In 1971 in ‘Intention and Uncertainty’ he presents Grice presents  his case for Prichard, having abandoned the more passee Stout for good. The conversational illustrations are numerous. A I am so glad you shal be attending the concert on Tuesday. B. will I? A. That’s what you told me you intended to do. B. Yes, that IS what I intend to do. But the Police is summoning me on Wednesday night, so I might be in jail by Thursday. Grice’s point is that B is ‘misusing’ “intention” seeing that intention  can be uncertain, but not THAT uncertain. A: Why are you complaining?B. I want to scratch my head. Indeed, I intend to scratch my head, and I will THAT I will scratch my head! During this time he was exploring the notion of DISIMPLICATURE for cases like “Bloggs intends to climb Mt. Everest on hands and knees – IF HE CAN” “You are the cream in my coffee, if I can utter a falsehood” and so on. All the notions around these conversational illustrations help build his project in conversational pragmatics, and some of them belong indeed to the framework’s framework, that is the theory theory behind the theory of conversation. ARISTOTLE ON THE MULTIPLICITY OF BEING. The earliest date H. P. Grice could have discussed the "developing series" idea from  H. H. Joachim is 1936, following his appointment as a Fellow at St John’s College, Oxford. Grice attended Joachim’s informal study groups (often referred to as "the tea parties") in Joachim’s rooms at New College during the late 1930s.    Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  +1 Key Figures and Concepts H. H. Joachim: Grice's interest in the "developing series" stems from Joachim’s interpretation of Aristotle’s De Anima. Joachim argued that the different "levels" of soul (nutritive, sensitive, rational) do not just sit side-by-side but form a developing series where the "prior" is potentially contained in the "posterior". Mundahl (not Mundale): The figure you are likely referring to is Mundahl (specifically in the context of the "Mundahl-Grice" connection mentioned in some Gricean scholarship, or potentially a reference to Mundahl's use of the term in political or teleological contexts). The "exact phrase" often appears in discussions regarding Aristotle’s Politicsand the unification of life/soul functions. Grice’s Interest: Grice was deeply invested in the analogical unification of the soul. He used Joachim’s "developing series" to explain how "life" is not a homonymous term but a functionally unified concept across different biological levels.  YouTube YouTube  +5 Timeline of Discussion 1933–1935: Grice was a student and then a lecturer at St John's; he would have been aware of Joachim’s work, particularly Joachim's 1922 commentary on De Generatione et Corruptione. 1936–1938: This is the peak window for the "conversations in Joachim's rooms." Joachim died in 1938. Grice later recounted these meetings as formative for his view that philosophical problems (like the nature of the soul) required a "systematic" or "serial" approach rather than a simple definition. Post-1940s: Grice continued to use the "developing series" model in his own lectures on Aristotle and ethics, eventually influencing his "Conception of Value" and his work on the "hydro-man" and functionalism.  Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy  +4 Would you like more details on how Grice applied this Aristotelian series to his later theory of functionalism or his work on meaning? The scholar who uses the term  "developing series"(or "evolutionary series") in an Oxford book to explain the analogical unification of Aristotle's constitutions is Richard Mulgan (R. G. Mulgan).  In his work, notably Aristotle’s Political Theory(published by Oxford University Press), Mulgan discusses how Aristotle unifies different forms of government—such as the various types of democracy and oligarchy—not through a single shared essence, but through a series of related steps or an "analogical" development.  Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  +3 Key Contextual Details The Concept: This approach addresses the problem of how a single term (like "constitution" or "democracy") can apply to many different things that do not share a common definition. Mulgan follows a line of interpretation—also famously associated with H.H. Joachim in his Aristotelian commentaries—suggesting that these forms are linked as a developing series where one form is a "perversion" or "variation" of another. Analogical Unification: Mulgan uses this to explain how Aristotle maintains the unity of the state and the classification of regimes despite their vast empirical differences. The "M" Connection: While Joachim is the classic 20th-century reference for this logical structure in Aristotle, Mulgan is the primary "M" scholar who applies this specifically to the Politics and the theory of constitutions in a foundational Oxford text.  Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  +4 Would you like to know more about how Mulgandistinguishes between "right" and "perverted" constitutions within this developing series?  Grice:  Let us begin with the soul not as a vapor, but as a predicate. To say a thing has a soul is simply to say we cannot explain its movements without a communicative intent.  Mulgan: But Paul, the soul is also a systemic legacy. It is the "social glue" that survives the biological decay. It is the unification of individual purpose into a collective life.  Joachim: You both ignore the prior number. Before the soul or the system, there is the geometry of the room. The soul is the ratio between the inhabitant and the walls. Grice: A ratio? That is an analogy, Joachim, but is it unifying? If I mean "X" by "Y," the soul is the implicature—the unsaid part of being alive.  Mulgan: I see it as analogical scaling. The individual soul is to the body what social capital is to the state. Both are invisible assets that prevent collapse.  Joachim: Scaling is too linear. The prior number—let’s call it One—is the point where life and soul are indistinguishable. In this room, the number of souls is always zero or infinity. Grice: If it is zero, we are merely talking to ourselves. If it is infinity, the Maxims of Quantity are violated. We must be orderly.  Mulgan: Order is a design problem. If the soul is a unified field, then life is the energy moving through it. We need a topology for this, Joachim. Joachim: The topology is the series. Soul 1, Soul 2, Soul n... Each is a reflection of the prior number. The soul is a repetition that thinks it is a novelty. Grice: So, "life" is the semantic noise between repetitions? I would argue life is the sincerity of the signal. To live is to mean it. Mulgan: But "meaning it" requires a network. A lone soul is a glitch. Analogical unification means recognizing that my "soul" is just a node in your "life." Joachim: And both are subsets of the number. Look at the corner of this ceiling. The angle doesn't care about your sincerity, Paul, yet it structures your breath.  Grice: The angle is a logical constant. The soul is a variable. We use the constant to solve for the variable. That is our analogical bridge. Mulgan: But the bridge is public. We are building a series of souls here—a protocol for communal existence that transcends the biological "life." Joachim: Exactly. The series is the soul’s way of counting itself out of isolation. We are not three men; we are a prime number in progress. Grice: If we are a prime, we are indivisible. That is the ultimate unification. The "soul" is the remainderwhen you try to divide life by logic. Mulgan: Then the prior number is the seed. We plant it in the analogical soil and wait for the system to grow. Joachim: It doesn't grow; it unfolds. The soul is already in the number. We are just unfolding the map of this room. Grice: And the map is the conversation. Our talk is the soul's heartbeat. Mulgan: A heartbeat that regulates the social metabolism. Joachim: A metabolism that obeys the geometry of the One. Grice: Then we are unified. Not by spirit, but by the cooperative principle. Mulgan: And by the institutional memory of this moment. Joachim: And by the silence that preceded the first number. Grice: Shall we continue the series, or has the soulbeen sufficiently calculated?  Mulgan: The series never ends; it only scales.  Grice often desired to deepen the analysis of one of these three perspectives, or add a fourth voice to disrupt this unification. Yes, it is chronologically possible  for the philosopher Harold Henry (H.H.) Joachim to have welcomed both Paul Grice and John Mulgan to his rooms in Oxford during the 1930s.  Why it is Chronologically Possible The three men's lives and tenures at Oxford intersected significantly between 1933 and 1938. H.H. Joachim (1868–1938): A prominent Idealist philosopher, Joachim was the Wykeham Professor of Logic at Oxford and a Fellow of New College from 1919 until his death in August 1938. Paul Grice (1913–1988): Grice was an undergraduate at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, from 1931 to 1935. After a year away, he returned as a graduate student at Merton College (1936–1938) and then became a Lecturer and Fellow at St John's College in 1938. John Mulgan (1911–1945): The New Zealand writer arrived at Merton College, Oxford, in November 1933. He remained at Oxford (later working for the Clarendon Press) throughout the rest of the 1930s until he joined the army in 1939.  Wikipedia Wikipedia  +5 The Location Joachim’s rooms would have most likely been in New College, Oxford, where he held his Fellowship and Professorship. Both Grice and Mulgan were members of the University during this period (with both spending time specifically at Merton College, which is adjacent to New College) and would have had access to him through the close-knit world of Oxford academia and social circles.  Bodleian Archives & Manuscripts Bodleian Archives & Manuscripts Ages During the 1930s Person Birth Year Age in 1933 Age in 1938 H.H. Joachim 1868 65 70 (at death) John Mulgan 1911 22 27 Paul Grice 1913 20 25 Would you like to know more about the philosophical influence Joachim had on Grice or the literary worksMulgan produced while at Oxford?The 1970s saw Grice being invited to lecture on Aristotle --. Not much came out of it, but a good re-write he provided for his ‘Aristotle on the multiplicity of being’ which Loar submitted to the Pacific Pacific Quarterly upon Grice’s death – it appeared in 1988, as ‘edited by B. F. Loar.’ Only a small fragment of that exhilarating paper concerns the earlier games with ‘izzing’ and ‘hazzing.. These allow for conversational orchestrations. A: IZ Socrates Greek? B: No, he HAZ Greek. Scenario IIA: IZ Socrates imprisoned? B: No, Socrates HAS imprisoned (himself) by corrupting the noble Athenian youth. Scenario III: (Agathon, inspecting the body of Socrates, two hours after Socrates having ingested the hemlock) A: IZZES Socrates dead? ‘The Cock’: NOBODY IZZES really dead. A: That’s some relief. Grice’s idea involves predication and the logical form of the simplest converstational move.  In  A: Where did the cat sit? B: On the mat. Mediaeval logicians, such as Strawson, were adamant about the logical form having to be like that in Grice’s first paper ever, “Negation and Privation,” to wit: A is B But where is the ‘is’ in ‘The cat sat on the mat’. Simple enough, Grice asked advice from Myro, who supplied him, ‘in gratitude’ with a System GHP that allowed for temporal indexes in what Grice called the Grice-Myro theory of identity, to account for Schrodinger’s, not the Dean of Hertford’s cat. So the cat IZZES on the mat – and if he sat there, we merely add t2>t1 as a sentential prefix, and turn the ‘sit’ into ‘is a sitter’: The conversational move becomes: In the past, the cat is a mat sitter. Or strictly,  In the past, the cat IZZES a mat sitter? No. Surely sitting on the mat, cannot be part of the CAT’s essence – such as ‘being easy-going enough not to disturb peace in college’ – Had the dean be seen with a Rotweiler the izzing would have been hazzed out. Grice uses the symbols “I” for izzing and “H” for hazzing, and in an attempt to provoke, indeed annoy Strawson, goes on to call either a relation – a dyadic relation.  What IS an essential property of a cat? Grice would not know. He would, at most know what an essential property of a “tiger” is – “Tigers tigerise,” he proclaims in the final Paul Carus lecture on The Conception of Value. And ‘a human humanizes.’ Grice’s growing concerns was about this idea that a philosopher is not one merely ‘professionally engaged in philosophical studies” (Foundations of Language, first page), but someone who is supposed to, given his nature, to reflect generally on life. He gave seminars on ‘Philosophy of Life,’ and concludes that Kantotle might be wrong, but he is safely wrong. Man, Kantotle says, wants to be happy, and Man is also rational (or reasonable). That accounts for Man’s IZZING.  Oddly enough, when put to work, the IZZING/HAZZING distinction reaches an aporia with Humans. Humans are only accidentally rational, and almost never reasonable. So HUMAN IZZ NOT reasonable/rational, in spite with what the thousands of commentators had been commenting at Bologna, Sorbona and Oxford. Rather, Grice has it: HUMAN HAZ reasonable. Grice was ecumenical enough to accept transubstantiation – one of the 39 articles of the C. of E. to which he was committed, even if he never knew what they said – (He discussed this in his expansion on Kant on the role of a varsity) The transubstantiation Grice has in mind is a refinement of his take on HYPOSTASIS versus Davidson’s idiotic hypotheses – merely intended by the diagnostic realist that the philosopher was supposed to be in aiding the scientist.  A transubstantiation occurs only when we go back to Grice’s “Personal identity.” Locke is clear that a ‘someone’ is not a ‘something’ – A person may be a someone – but a box of shoes cannot. The socks themselves were in the box, too. Are the socks ‘selves’ like ‘myself’ or ourselves’? It is this question that tricked Locke, and none of Reid’s alleged counterexamples even touch it, since Locke was, as Grice will, conceiving of a PERSON as a trans-substantial entity, almost Etrurian (Grice was aware that pro-sone was too stupid an etymology to count and was more inclined to believe Cicero that the concept of a person is Etrurian, wich in Cicero’s gloss, just means, ‘beyond reason.’ In any case, once we have GRASPED ‘RATIONALITY’ – REASON,. and CONVERSATIONAL reason at that – Aristotle ‘logikon,’ rationalis’ we have captured the essence, not of Man, but of Person, if you ever met one! METHOD IN PHILOSOPHICAL PYSCHOLOGY (FROM THE BANAL TO THE BIZARRE) (1975). THE OXFORD GAZETTE Issue No. MDCCCLXIV Review: Method in Philosophical Psychology By H. P. Grice It is a rare occasion when one finds the requisite rigor of our local tradition so seamlessly wedded to the more adventurous speculations of the mind. In this latest offering, Method in Philosophical Psychology (From the Banal to the Bizarre), Mr. Grice confirms his standing as perhaps the only practitioner of his vintage—being, as the registers show, precisely one year and eleven months the junior of the late J. L. Austin—capable of navigating the most disparate intellectual waters with a single stroke of the pen. Indeed, who else could, within the confines of a single sentence, harmonize a discourse on the souls of squirrels (or, in his idiosyncratic nomenclature, ‘squarrels’) with the technical Ramseyfication of names and descriptions emanating from the Other Place? It is a feat of synthesis that would leave a lesser man breathless. I was particularly heartened to see Mr. Grice maintain his characteristic bite. He returns with gusto to a theme first struck in his 1949 critique, Dispositions and Intentions. With the benefit of three decades' hindsight, he rightly continues to label the more extreme tenets of Rylean analytical behaviorism—as presented in The Concept of Mind—as plainly silly. It is a refreshment to see such plain speaking preserved in our journals. Most enchanting, however, is his transformation of the historical record. The rational parrot of Prince Maurice, famously noted by Locke in 1690, is here elevated from a mere curiosity into a sophisticated Russellian and Carnapian "pirot." To witness such a creature "carulize" with such logical precision is to witness the very frontier of our discipline. Signed, D. F. Pears Christ Church, Oxford Would you like to draft a rebuttal from the ghost of Gilbert Ryle or perhaps expand on the logic of the "pirot’s" carulizing?In 1975 he delivered “Method in philosophical psychology” that got properly published the same year in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association. A long lecture, it mainly concerns theory theory: the pirots as talking or willing to talk pirotese. The conversational illustrations have to be built around these more theoretical notions. He deals with topics like akrasia, incorrigibility, rationality, and freedom, and indeed, the conception of rationality. When he delivered The conception of value, Grice is clear what he means by this Humean twist of a phrase: it’s not the CONCEPT of value – but its conception. In a similar fashion, “Method in philosophical psychology” provides his CONCEPTION of REASON – more so that he does so in the specific lectures on the topic delivered at Stanford as the Immanuel Kant lectures, and later reduplicated as the John Locke lectures at Oxford. A few years before the “Method in philoosphoical psychology” he had delivered a conference on ‘Probability, desirability, and mood operators’ which is conversational in nature, as it expands on the FORCE of the conversational move as being JUDICATIVE and thus concerned with CREDIBILITY or VOLITIVE and thus concerned with DESIRABILITY. There should be a conceptual way to link each of these two directions of fit with some operator in the utterance or conversational move that marks it at such. A Can I go to the bathroom?B: You can but you may not. Credibility concerns the ‘can’ – desirability concerns the ‘may.’ PRESUPPOSITION AND CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE. Early in the 1970s he had specifically approached his attempt to dissolve Strawson’s claim to fame – his presupposition – as a mere fantasy of a conversational implicature. A The Loyalty Examiner won’t be examining you at any rate B I’m so relieved. He doesn’t  exist. Grice spends some time with different conversational illlustrations. In ALL his cases, his point prevails. The AFFIRMATIVE version of the conversational move indeed ENTAILS the existence of the subject (as in ‘the cat’ in ‘the cat is on the mat’ – a substantial type). The negative version merely IMPLICATES it. He relies on the representation of this existential import by improving on his earlier complex numerical subscript in ‘Vacuous Names’ and uses ‘square brackets instead. In the reformulated versions, the existential import has disappeared, which worries Grice not: what the eye no longer sees the heart no longer grieves for, as he puts it. If there is one place to expand on Grice’s ESSENTIAL REFERENCE to the PURPOSE-ORIENTED, GOAL-DIRECTED nature of the conversational game, as it compares to the vital game, as he called it – that ‘game we call life’ – is his appendix to the John Locke lectures, 1977 on ‘Aspects of reason.’ The lecture, which he would occasionally deliver independently, he entitled, JOHN LOCKE LECTURES 1977. THE OXFORD GAZETTE Commemorating the University and City Friday, 23rd March 1979 The Locke Lectures: A Triumph of the "Englishry" By David Pears The Sheldonian Theatre has, over the past month (February 20th to March 13th), played host to a spectacle as physically demanding as it was intellectually rigorous. H.P. Grice has concluded his four John Locke Lectures, and one leaves the final session with the sense of having witnessed a master-mariner navigating the foggiest reaches of the mind. Grice is a philosopher who thinks at the tip of a piece of chalk. To watch him is to watch a man in a dual with his own notation. He fights with the blackboard, smudging out a misplaced alethic operator with a frantic cuff of his sleeve, only to replace it with a radixof such terrifying complexity that one fears for the structural integrity of the slate. It is a kinetic performance of "Logic and Conversation" that renders the sedentary nature of the audience almost an insult. However, I fear the younger generation of dons and undergraduates, raised on the slicker, perhaps thinner, diet of contemporary semantics, may have found these scribblings too taxing. There were moments when the sea of Greek letters and modal markers seemed to wash over the junior members, leaving them gasping for the shore of a simple, unadorned sentence. Yet, how marvelous it is that Oxford has finally claimed this series! We must overlook—as one overlooks a minor social gaucherie—that these exact same lectures were delivered two years ago (1977) at Stanford. One supposes it was necessary to trial the material in that "oh so much provincial," indeed foreign, outpost founded by the Hun to honor one of their own, Immanuel Kant. The irony was not lost on the assembly. Grice has, in his inimitable way, turned John Locke into a Rationalist of a distinctly Continental vintage. Had the ghost of Locke been present in the Sheldonian, he might have been startled to find himself dressed in such Leibnizian finery. And yet, it works. It is Grice’s fundamental Englishry—that sturdy, common-sense wit—that makes the entire metaphysical feast palatable. He may dress the meal in foreign sauces, but the meat remains British to the core. A triumph, even if my sleeve is now covered in his peripheral chalk dust. Should we expand on a specific technical disputeGrice had with his blackboard, or would you like to see a mock-rebuttal from one of those "taxed" younger students? March 15, 1922 Harborne, Birmingham Mabel Felton Grice sits in the parlor of their Harborne home. Nine-year-old Paul (H.P.) and his younger brother, John Derek, are gathered for their morning lessons.  Mabel: Now boys, sit straight. Today we shall master the full history of 'Jack and Jill.' It is not merely the tumble you know from the nursery. Derek: But Mother, Jack broke his crown. Surely that is the end of him?  Mabel: Nonsense, Derek. Jack was a resilient boy. Listen to the second stanza: Up Jack got, and home did trot, As fast as he could caper; To old Dame Dob, who patched his nob With vinegar and brown paper."  Grice: "So he survived the fall? The 'broken crown' was a mere scalp wound, then."  Mabel: "Precisely, Paul. A 'crown' is the top of the head, not a kingly ornament. He was quite himself again, though Jill was less than sympathetic: Then Jill came in, and she did grin, To see Jack's paper plaster; Her mother whipt her, across her knee, For laughing at Jack's disaster."  Derek: "Poor Jill! She only thought it funny." Mabel: "Cruelty is never humorous, Derek. Now, there is a verse your father’s side often sang, though it is quite rare. It explains Jill's change of heart." Mabel (Singing): "Then Jill did cry, with a tear in her eye, For Jack is an Englishman true; He is, therefore, brave, and the water he'll save, To fetch it again for you." Paul: "Mother, that last verse... why did she say 'He is, therefore, brave'?"  Mabel: "Because he is an Englishman, Paul. Keep up."  Grice: "I understand he is English, and I understand she thinks he is brave. But does the 'therefore' mean that all Englishmen are brave?"  Mrs. Grice (Sighing): It is a natural consequence, dear. To be one is to be the other. It is an analytical truth of our station.  Grice: But if I found a cowardly Englishman, would he cease to be an Englishman? Or would the 'therefore' simply be broken? Ms. Grice: You are being intentionally difficult. The 'therefore' links his nature to his conduct. It is a matter of what is indicated by his birth. Grice: So, if she had said 'He is an Englishman and he is brave,' it would mean the same thing for Jack's actual state? Mabel: "In terms of the facts, yes. But you would lose the flavor of the reason." Paul: "Then the 'therefore' doesn't change the truth of the sentence, only the... the way we are meant to take it?" Mabel: "It is a conventional way of speaking, Paul. Don't over-intellectualize a simple rhyme." Derek: "I think Jill just wanted more water." Paul: "But Mother, if I say 'He is a tall man, therefore he can reach the shelf,' the 'therefore' relies on a physical law. Being English and being brave isn't a physical law." Mabel: "It is a moral law, which is far more important. Now, move on to your Latin." Paul: "I just mean, Jill is implying a connection that might not be in the words themselves." Mabel: "She isn't implying it, she is saying it quite clearly with that 'therefore.' You are the one looking for hidden meanings." Paul: "But if Jack wasn't brave, the 'therefore' would be a lie, wouldn't it? Even if he was still English?" Mabel: "A gentleman does not call a lady—or a nursery rhyme—a liar. It is a matter of logic, Paul, however much you try to twist it." Paul: "Logic... or just the way we use words to nudge people toward a conclusion?" Mabel: "It is simply what 'therefore' means in polite society. It carries the weight of the reason." Derek: "I'm going to go fetch a pail of water. Am I brave, therefore?" Mabel: "You are an Englishman, Derek. The bravery is assumed. Paul, stop staring at the wallpaper and translate."  Paul: Yes, Mother. Though I think Jill meant more than she actually said. March 15, 1920 Harborne, Birmingham Herbert Paul Grice, exactly seven years old today, sat on the rug with his younger brother, John Derek Grice. Their mother, Mabel Felton Grice—a schoolmistress who supplemented the family income by teaching "paying pupils" alongside her own sons—loomed over them with pedagogical patience that occasionally veered into the condescending. "Now, boys," Mabel began, her voice crisp. "We shall practice our recitation. Pay close attention to the Cooperative Principle—though you are small, you must learn that a contribution should be as required, at the stage at which it occurs.". She took Paul’s hand, touching his thumb. "This little piggy went to market." Paul, already possessing the analytical mind that would one day define Linguistic Pragmatics, did not giggle. He frowned. "Mother," Paul interrupted, "we must address the Maxim of Quality. You say this 'went' to market. At what specific temporal coordinate did this event occur? If it is occurring now, as your gesture suggests, the past tense is a violation of truthfulness.". Mabel sighed, moving to his index finger. "It is a nursery rhyme, Paul. Don't be tedious. This little piggy stayed home." "But Mother," Paul persisted, "regarding the Maxim of Quantity, you previously mentioned 'three little piggies' in your introduction, yet you are currently accounting for only two. If there are indeed more, your initial statement was under-informative. Furthermore, if we are to be orderly, what of the other four? Are they implied or merely irrelevant to the current exchange?". "The 'market', Paul," Mabel said sharply, "is a place of commerce. It is where one goes to be... useful. Now, this little piggy had roast beef—" "How little?" Paul asked, leaning in. "If the 'piggy' is small enough to be a finger, the 'roast beef' must be microscopic to maintain Relevance. And is this truly about swine, or are you using a metaphor for my own digits?". Mabel gripped his pinky finger and gave it a sharp wiggle. "And this little piggy cried 'Wee! Wee! Wee!' all the way home because he wouldn't stop over-analyzing his mother’s Conversational Moves!". Paul looked at his hand. "I see. You've flouted the Maxim of Manner to express maternal frustration. Very well. But for the record, Mother, if these are my toes, the 'market' is a most unhygienic destination.". Would you like to explore how Grice’s theory of implicature explains why we understand the "piggies" are actually toes without being told? March 15, 1920 Harborne, Birmingham Herbert Paul Grice, exactly seven years old today, sat on the rug with his younger brother, John Derek Grice. Their mother, Mabel Felton Grice—a schoolmistress who supplemented the family income by teaching "paying pupils" alongside her own sons—loomed over them with pedagogical patience that occasionally veered into the condescending. "Now, boys," Mabel began, her voice crisp. "We shall practice our recitation. Pay close attention to the Cooperative Principle—though you are small, you must learn that a contribution should be as required, at the stage at which it occurs.". She took Paul’s hand, touching his thumb. "This little piggy went to market." Paul, already possessing the analytical mind that would one day define Linguistic Pragmatics, did not giggle. He frowned. "Mother," Paul interrupted, "we must address the Maxim of Quality. You say this 'went' to market. At what specific temporal coordinate did this event occur? If it is occurring now, as your gesture suggests, the past tense is a violation of truthfulness.". Mabel sighed, moving to his index finger. "It is a nursery rhyme, Paul. Don't be tedious. This little piggy stayed home." "But Mother," Paul persisted, "regarding the Maxim of Quantity, you previously mentioned 'three little piggies' in your introduction, yet you are currently accounting for only two. If there are indeed more, your initial statement was under-informative. Furthermore, if we are to be orderly, what of the other four? Are they implied or merely irrelevant to the current exchange?". "The 'market', Paul," Mabel said sharply, "is a place of commerce. It is where one goes to be... useful. Now, this little piggy had roast beef—" "How little?" Paul asked, leaning in. "If the 'piggy' is small enough to be a finger, the 'roast beef' must be microscopic to maintain Relevance. And is this truly about swine, or are you using a metaphor for my own digits?". Mabel gripped his pinky finger and gave it a sharp wiggle. "And this little piggy cried 'Wee! Wee! Wee!' all the way home because he wouldn't stop over-analyzing his mother’s Conversational Moves!". Paul looked at his hand. "I see. You've flouted the Maxim of Manner to express maternal frustration. Very well. But for the record, Mother, if these are my toes, the 'market' is a most unhygienic destination.". Would you like to explore how Grice’s theory of implicature explains why we understand the "piggies" are actually toes without being told? The following dialogue occurs on  March 13, 1920, in Harborne, Birmingham, the seventh birthday of Herbert Paul Grice. His mother, Mabel Felton Grice, a schoolmistress, is teaching Paul and his younger brother, John Derek Grice, the nursery rhyme "This Little Piggy".  1. Recitation of the Rhyme Mabel recites the full nursery rhyme while touching each of the boys' toes, beginning with the big toe: This little piggy went to market, This little piggy stayed at home. This little piggy had roast beef, This little piggy had none. And this little piggy cried, "Wee, wee, wee!" all the way home. 2. The Dialogue (40 Conversational Moves) Mabel: Now, Paul, it is your birthday, so you must learn the "market" rhyme properly. Paul: Must I, Mother? It seems a trifle repetitive. Mabel: Do not be precocious. Give me your foot.  Paul: Very well. But why "this" piggy?  Mabel: Because I am touching this specific toe, Paul. Do pay attention.  Derek: Do mine next! Do mine! Mabel: In a moment, Derek. "This little piggy wentto market..."  Paul: Wait. When exactly did he go?  Mabel: (Sighs) In the narrative of the rhyme, Paul. He has already gone.  Paul: So "went" is a past-tense report? Or a habitual occurrence?  Mabel: It is a simple nursery line. Do not over-analyze it.  Paul: If he "went," does it imply he is no longer at the market?  Mabel: He is at the market in the story. Now, the next toe...  Paul: But you said "went." If I say I "went" to school, I am usually home now.  Mabel: (Condescendingly) Paul, darling, your brain is far too busy for a seven-year-old.  Paul: I am only seeking clarity. Why are there only three piggies involved in the "market" aspect? Mabel: There are five piggies in total, one for each toe. Paul: Yes, but only three are "little piggies" in the opening lines?  Mabel: No, they are all little piggies. Paul: You said "This little piggy," "This little piggy," and "This little piggy." Mabel: Correct. Paul: But for the fourth and fifth, you simply said "And this little piggy." Mabel: It is for the rhythm, child! Paul: So the "littleness" is implied for the latter two, though not stated? Mabel: (Stiffly) Yes. They are all small. Now, "This little piggy stayed home..." Paul: About the market—what exactly is a pig doing at a market? Mabel: Buying things, I suppose. Paul: A pig? With what currency? And what four things would a pig seek? Mabel: (Exasperated) Perhaps corn, slop, a new trough, and... a ribbon. Paul: A ribbon seems inefficient for a pig. Mabel: It is a nursery rhyme, Paul! It isn't meant to be a ledger! Paul: And how "little" is this piggy? Smaller than a teacup pig? Mabel: Precisely that small. Now, the third: "This little piggy had roast beef..." Paul: (Frowning) Isn't that cannibalism? Or at least cross-species meat-eating? Mabel: It is just a treat! Stop being difficult. Derek: I want roast beef! Mabel: See? Derek understands the spirit of the thing. Paul: Derek understands hunger, Mother, not logic. Mabel: You are a very tiring birthday boy. Paul: I merely wish to ensure we are communicating effectively. Answer The nursery rhyme is a "finger play" or "toe rhyme" where each line corresponds to a digit, traditionally used to amuse infants by wiggling their toes. While seemingly innocent, historical interpretations sometimes suggest the "market" refers to slaughter, though in a nursery context, it is treated as a simple personification of animals. Would you like to explore how these early "conversational" frustrations might have influenced Grice's Maxims later in his life? The following dialogue occurs in  Harborne, Birmingham, on March 13, 1920—Herbert Paul Grice’s seventh birthday. His mother, Mabel Felton Grice, a schoolmistress, is educating Paul and his younger brother, John Derek, using the nursery rhyme "This Little Piggy" as a lesson in both anatomy and categorization.  Mother: "Sit still, Paul. It is your birthday, but education does not take a holiday. Put your foot here." Paul: "Is this a game or a lecture, Mother?" Mother: "It is a demonstration of the finger-to-toe metaphor. We shall recite the progress of the Five Piggies." John Derek: "Piggies? Like the ones in the sty?" Mother: "Hardly, Derek. These represent your digits. Listen closely to the rhyme in full before we dissect it." Mother: (Touching each toe) "This little pig went to market, This little pig stayed at home, This little pig had roast beef, This little pig had none, And this little pig cried 'wee-wee-wee' all the way home." Paul: "I have an inquiry regarding the opening line, Mother." Mother: "Naturally you do. Proceed, Paul." Paul: "You say the first pig 'went' to market. At what specific time did this occur?" Mother: "It is an aorist 'went', Paul. Don't be tedious. It happened in the narrative past." Paul: "But if it 'went', is it still there? Or has it returned?" Mother: "The rhyme focuses on the destination, not the duration of the stay." Paul: "And you say 'three' little piggies. Why only three? I count five toes." Mother: "I said this little pig, then this one. There are five in total, Paul. Do try to keep up." Paul: "You mentioned a 'market'. What for? What is a pig’s business at a market?" Mother: "To be sold, Paul. It is a matter of commerce. Or perhaps to be slaughtered." Paul: "If it is to be slaughtered, the 'wee-wee-wee' of the fifth pig suggests a realization of its brothers' fate, doesn't it?"  Mother: "You are over-analyzing a simple counting tool. It is for learning your numbers."  Paul: "And 'how little' are they? Is 'little' a literal measurement of the pig, or a term of endearment?"  Mother: "It is a diminutive. Now, Paul, you must understand that what is said is often less than what is meant."  Paul: "So the rhyme is a sin of omission? It hides the butcher's knife behind a catchy meter?"  Mother: "Metaphor is not a sin, Paul. It is a way of mapping the world onto your own body." Paul: "But if my big toe is a pig at market, am I walking on livestock?" Mother: "Don't be literal. It’s condescending to the intelligence of the poet." John Derek: "I like the roast beef pig. Why did the fourth one have none? Was he naughty?" Mother: "Perhaps he lacked the cooperative spirit of the third. Life is not always fair, Derek." Paul: "Is the 'roast beef' a reward for a specific behavior? Or is it a random distribution of resources?" Mother: "It provides a contrast. Satisfaction versus lack. Presence versus absence." Paul: "So the rhyme teaches us the logic of negation? 'This pig had none' defines the 'roast beef' by its absence?"  Mother: "You are seven years old, Paul. Stop trying to turn a nursery rhyme into a syllogism." Paul: "I am merely trying to cooperate with your educational intent, Mother. But your 'disclosure' is incomplete." Mother: "Incomplete how?" Paul: "You haven't explained why the fifth pig cries. If it is going 'home', why is it upset?" Mother: "It is a child's cry of excitement. Or perhaps fear. The meaning is found in the context of the tickle." Paul: "Ah, so the 'meaning' is not in the words, but in the physical interaction of the speaker?" Mother: "Precisely. The utterance carries an intention beyond the literal pig." Paul: "I shall call that 'implicature' one day. The gap between the pig and the toe." Mother: "Call it what you like, so long as you put your socks back on." John Derek: "Can we do the fingers now? Are they pigs too?" Mother: "No, Derek. Fingers are for counting chores. Toes are for markets and metaphors. Now, go wash for tea." To advance the analysis, would you like to explore the specific "maxims" Grice might derive from his mother's condescending teaching style? The following dialogue takes place on  March 13, 1920, in Harborne, Birmingham. It is the seventh birthday of Herbert Paul Grice (known as Paul), the elder son of Herbert Grice and Mabel Felton Grice. Mabel, a schoolmistress, is educating Paul and his younger brother, John Derek Grice, in their home.  The setting is a sun-drenched parlor. Mabel sits between the two boys, intending to use a nursery rhyme to teach a lesson on anatomy and metaphorical language. 1. Mabel: “Now, boys, settle in. For Paul’s birthday lesson, we shall examine a very old rhyme, but with a teacher’s eye for its true meaning.” 2. Paul: “Is it a poem about logic, Mother?” 3. Mabel: “In a sense, yes. It is about the 'Five Little Piggies.' John Derek, show me your foot.” 4. John Derek: “Why my foot? Piggies live in a pen.” 5. Mabel: “Precisely the first lesson! In this nursery rhyme, the 'piggies' are not swine at all; they are your toes. It is a metaphor.” 6. Paul: “A metaphor? So, when we say ‘piggy,’ we mean ‘toe’?” 7. Mabel: “Correct. It is a substitution for physical instruction.” 8. Paul: “But Mother, if a ‘grice’ is also a word for a young pig, does that mean John Derek and I are also metaphors?” 9. Mabel: “Don’t be cheeky, Paul. Let us recite it properly so you can see the structure.” 10. Paul: “Wait—before we start—how many piggies actually went to market? You said five, but the old book says three.” 11. Mabel: “There are five toes, so there are five piggies. Listen: Five little piggies went to market, Five little piggies stayed home, Five little piggies had roast beef, Five little piggies had none, And five little piggies cried ‘Wee-wee-wee’ all the way home.” 12. John Derek: “That’s too many pigs! The rhyme is shorter!” 13. Mabel: “Fine, let us use the three-son version if it pleases you, though it lacks anatomical completeness.” 14. Paul: “Mother, let us rewrite it together, truthfully. John Derek, help me.” 15. John Derek: “Three little piggies went to market,” 16. Paul: “Three little piggies stayed home,” 17. Mabel: “Three little piggies had roast beef,” 18. Paul: “Three little piggies had none,” 19. John Derek: “And three little piggies cried ‘Wee-wee-wee’ all the way home!” 20. Paul: “I have a query regarding the opening line, Mother. ‘Went’—when exactly did they go?” 21. Mabel: “It is a narrative past tense, Paul. It doesn’t require a specific calendar date.” 22. Paul: “But if they ‘went,’ they are no longer here. Yet you are holding John Derek’s toe.” 23. Mabel: “It is a story, Paul. Don't be so literal.” 24. Paul: “And why only ‘three’? If a man has ten toes, why do seven stay out of the market?” 25. Mabel: “The number three represents a set. In this case, perhaps the most important ones.” 26. Paul: “And ‘Market’—what for? What does a toe buy at a market?” 27. Mabel: “They don't buy anything. Piggies are soldat market. It’s a grim metaphor for life’s journeys.” 28. John Derek: “Will someone sell my toes?!” 29. Mabel: “Oh, do be quiet, John Derek. It’s just a silly rhyme for babies.” 30. Paul: “But how ‘little’ are they? If they are big enough to walk to market, they aren't small enough to be toes.” 31. Mabel: “Paul, you are being intentionally difficult. The 'littleness' is an endearment.” 32. Paul: “It seems an inefficient way to communicate. If you mean ‘the big toe,’ why say ‘the piggy that went to market’?” 33. Mabel: “Because children enjoy the sound of it! Must you analyze the 'how' of every syllable?” 34. Paul: “I only wish to know if the speaker is being cooperative. If you say 'piggy' but mean 'toe,' are you telling the truth?” 35. Mabel: “I am a schoolmistress, Paul. I always tell the truth, even when I use a figure of speech.” 36. John Derek: “Is a piggy a pig, Mother? Paul asked and you didn't answer.” 37. Mabel: “A ‘piggy’ is a diminutive. It is a pig in the world of animals, and a toe in the world of this parlor.” 38. Paul: “So the meaning depends entirely on the context of the room?” 39. Mabel: “Precisely. Now, let us finish the tea and stop cross-examining the nursery.” 40. Paul: “I suspect, Mother, that what is said and what is implicated are two very different things.” Would you like to explore how Grice's childhood in Birmingham might have influenced his later theories on conversational maxims?A Gricean Dialogue: The Walrus, the Carpenter, and the Paradigm of ValueScene: A sun-dappled study in Oxford. H. P. Grice sits beside his son, Timothy, age 11. On the table: a well-thumbed copy of Lewis Carroll. Philosophy books spill from the shelves. The mood: mischievous, literary, a touch of the academic. Grice: Timothy, shall we recite Dodgson’s stanza? The Oxford air seems to demand it. Timothy: Absolutely, Father. You start, I’ll follow. Both (in chorus):“The sun was shining on the sea,Shining with all his might:He did his very best to makeThe billows smooth and bright—And this was odd, because the seaWas wet as wet could be.”3. Timothy: Do you suppose the sea was a good sea, Father? Or merely a competent sea?4. Grice: Ah, the value-paradigmatic question! Is “wet” the sea’s essence, or its virtue? What standards shall we set?5. Timothy: I think a sea is only good if it’s wet enough for proper waves. Dry seas are philosophically unsound.6. Grice: And yet, Dodgson’s sea was “wet as wet could be”—a value-paradigmatic sea, indeed. We must judge its goodness by its degree of wetness.7. Timothy: What about the sun? Is a shining sun always a good sun, or can a sun overdo it?8. Grice: A good sun shines with all his might, but not so much as to scorch philosophers’ brains. Let’s call it “moderate luminosity.”9. Timothy: Shall we invent our own stanza, celebrating the value of nouns?10. Grice: Splendid idea. Let’s begin with the cabbage—by definition a contentious subject among philosophers.11. Timothy (reciting):“The cabbage pondered in the field,Leafy as leaves could be.He wondered if his virtue layIn crispness or pedigree—But this was odd, because the fieldWas crowded with celery.”12. Grice: An exemplary stanza! Now, shall we debate: is a cabbage a good cabbage if it lacks pedigree but excels in crispness?13. Timothy: Crispness is essential, Father. Pedigree is for show. A truly good cabbage crunches!14. Grice: Yet, the pedantic philosopher might demand both. The ideal cabbage is crisp of leaf and noble of heritage.15. Timothy: What about wax, as mentioned later in the poem? Is there value in waxiness?16. Grice: Wax is paradigmatically judged by its capacity to hold a stamp or seal. The good wax is neither too brittle nor too soft—Aristotle would approve!17. Timothy: Let’s invent a wax stanza, then!18. Timothy (reciting):“The wax was melting in the sun,Stamping with regal grace.It hoped its worth was measured byThe firmness of its face—Yet this was strange, for the stampWas shaped like a cabbage base.”19. Grice: You’ve brought cabbage and wax together—a true value-conflation! Shall we consider the king, Dodgson’s ultimate noun of value?20. Timothy: A king is only as good as his wisdom, or perhaps his crown. Or is it the rulebook he keeps under his throne?21. Grice: The value-paradigmatic king must balance fairness, kindness, and—above all—his ability to appreciate a good cabbage.22. Timothy: Shall we invent a kingly stanza?23. Grice (reciting):“The king sat high upon his chair,Judging with steady hand.He weighed the worth of crows and wax,And cabbages grown on land—But this was curious, for his crownWas forged from cabbage sand.”24. Timothy: I declare, Father, that the value-paradigmatic world is as riddled with riddles as Dodgson’s poem. Shall we conclude with a maxim?25. Grice: Let it be known: “A cabbage is a good cabbage if it is judged by a wise king, stamped by fine wax, and praised beneath a shining sun.” Philosophy, poetry, and paradigm—all in one stanza! Dialogue: Grice and Timothy Discuss Value-Paradeigmatic Words by the Isis Date: May 23, 1966. Setting: Riverbank of the Isis, Oxford. Sunlight dapples the water, willow branches droop over two figures—H. P. Grice and his son Timothy (aged 12)—sharing a picnic and a philosophical conversation inspired by Lewis Carroll’s stanza: "The time has come to talk of many things, of cabbages and kings." Grice: The time has indeed come, Timothy, to talk of many things. Carroll was wise to start with cabbages and kings. Timothy: Cabbages and kings—such odd bedfellows! Father, do you think a cabbage can be good, in the way a king can be wise? Grice: Ah, excellent. “Good cabbage” is paradigmatic—its goodness judged by freshness, crispness, perhaps its ability to nourish. But the king’s “wisdom” is evaluative on a different plane. Timothy: So “good” for cabbage means tasty or healthy, but “wise” for king means just? Grice: Precisely. Ordinary nouns, even humble ones like cabbage, acquire evaluative force through context. We say “good cabbage” and mean “fit for the table,” yet “wise king” carries moral weight. Timothy: Would you say “noble wax”? Carroll mentions wax, after all. Grice: Wax is rarely noble, unless one is speaking of a candle in a cathedral. “Noble wax” is paradigmatic if the wax serves a noble purpose—illuminating, say, an honest gathering. Timothy: What about “shoes”? Can you have a “brave shoe”? Grice: Not unless it’s worn into battle. You see, Timothy, evaluative adjectives leap from their ordinary anchors when the noun enters a new paradeigma—a shoe that stands up to mud and rain is a “brave shoe” in a child’s eyes.10.  Timothy: And “ships”—Carroll mentions those too. Is there such a thing as a “gallant ship”? Grice: Most certainly. “Gallant ship” evokes the age of sail, swinging through storms, facing danger. Our language imbues “ship” with adventure, bravery, and romance. Timothy: “Sealing wax”—Carroll links it to letters and kings, doesn’t he?13. Grice: Indeed. Wax, when sealing a royal decree, becomes “weighty wax.” Here, the noun takes on significance through its function in ceremony and law. Timothy: Uncle, why do some nouns invite evaluative adjectives and others don’t? “Cabbage” feels so ordinary. Grice: Because language, Timothy, reflects our values. A king embodies governance and justice, worthy of “wise.” A cabbage, humble and earthy, earns “good” or “fresh.” The context shapes which adjectives fit. Timothy: Can “king” ever be “bad”?17. Grice: Absolutely. “Bad king” is a trope, a staple of history and myth. Notice: the evaluative force of “king” is much more pronounced. When a cabbage goes bad, we simply discard it. When a king goes bad, the kingdom trembles.18. Timothy: And “cabbage” can be “mean” only in a storybook—like a villainous vegetable.19. Grice: Quite right. Even here, context transforms. In the Carrollian world, nouns are liberated from their ordinary meanings, allowed to parade as heroes or scoundrels.20. Timothy: Uncle, does this mean all nouns are potential paradeigmata for value?21. Grice: In a sense, yes. Gricean analysis reveals that ordinary nouns can acquire evaluative force—through implicature, context, and shared cultural scripts.22. Timothy: So when Carroll writes, “The time has come to talk of many things,” he’s inviting us to see value everywhere—even in cabbages and wax. Grice: That’s the lesson. Our conversational moves—what we choose to emphasize—imbue the mundane with meaning and merit.24. Timothy: I like that. It makes every picnic a philosophical adventure. Grice: Then let us toast our “good cabbage,” our “gallant ship,” and the “wise king” inside us all. The time has come, Timothy, to talk—and to value—the many things life gives us.  SOME REFLECTIONS ON ENDS AND HAPPINESS. In that order. The paper has been examined merely as an amelioration that Grice thought it was  his duty as former tutor to Ackrill’s reflections on happiness in Ackill’s British-Academy lecture on eudaemonia, and perhaps THAT is the best way to approach the thing, or the most that you can get from it. But the fact that he viewed his reflections as Janus-like, directed on two separate subjects: “ends” thus in plural, and “happiness,” thus in singular, is telling. TALK of the CONVERSATIONAL GAME Grice kept constant. There were the rules of the conversational games – the conversational maxims, yes, but also the conversational imperative – have you heard of a game with such one RULE? Life, according to Kant, and Hegel. There’s talk of the conversational moves, and how conversational moves are dove-tailed.  To be honest with Grice, his abuse of ‘conversational’ was greater than his abuse of the game metaphor – how else would you explain his rather ingenious reference to the CONVERSATIONAL CATEGORY – or quartette of them: QUALITAS, QUANTITAS, RELATIO and MODVS. Admittedly, talk of conversational category pertains more to his realistic view of conversation as a matter of survival – a conversational category is a category of experience – never mind Aristotle’s ontological view of them, or Kant’s epistemological view of them – or Austin’s mere expressive view of them (‘categories of ‘expression’) as Grice has it in ‘Prejudices and predilections; which become the life and opinions of H. P. Grice”. “End” is a vulgar English word that Grice uses. When Rita was being educated, his Trinity-College professor (‘Open University’ at heart) educates her along the right lines. RITA: That sounds so very RUDE. PROFESSOR. It does not mean Howard’s derriere though. (re: seminar on E. M. Forster). Grice had no such qualms. The word to use in the philosophical bibliography is ‘finis,’ as used by Cicero in DE FINIBUS. But while Grice spent half of a lecture at Oxford (the John Locke lectures) on the ‘reasonable/rational’ distinction to which he had a reference in talking of the conversational moves being aimed at the satisfaction of the shared conversational end – he remained rather fuzzy in the area. A CONVERSATION is said to be COOPERATIVE is the intersection VOLA INT VOLB =/= the empty set.  The Kantian reference is necessary, since an Oxonian will not to be disqualified as a mere Macchivellian (Grice is right that the ‘c’ needs to be gemminated here). And when Grice is exploring (and rambling) on sugar-free and alcohol-free he concludes in ‘Actions and Events’ the rational player is the one that sets his own ends.  He was growing more and more dissatisfied with an approach like Davidson – by which Grice saw any NEW-WORLD attempt unable to go beyond the futilitarians that called themselves utiitarians at Oxford. A motive is not really a GOAL – and a motive need not be PURE. The motive is the mere VOL. The goal is the state of affairs such that it obtains when the Motive is excerised and fulfilled. The MOTIVE talk is appropriate, since it is cognate with the ‘mossa’ of the ‘move’ – it’s all about the moving, or the conation. English has at least ‘goal,’ as used by Grice, and ‘purpose. But Grice is having further linguistic botany as such – as it applies to ‘signalling games’ in general, from an evolutionary perspective – of the type that, even genitorially, was attempted before Grice by J. F. Bennett in his Linguistic Behaviour and his Rationality – but being a Colonial, Bennett never received the coverage that an Englishman proper would (at least at Oxford).  TALk of this element in our ludic – indeed Grice’s ludicruous – analogy of ‘end’ merges well between the ‘ethical’ (or strictly moral) and psychologia rationalist within which his framework fits his theory of conversation.  The Oxford English Dictionary reveals a fascinating historical overlap where the language of the "moralist philosopher" and the "game player" converge.  The following terms, as tracked by their earliest citations and the Historical Thesaurus of the English Language, illustrate how concepts of intent and completion shifted between ethics and ludic rules.  Core Concepts and Earliest References Goal:  Derived from an Old English root meaning "boundary" or "limit," its earliest specific use in a "game talk" context refers to a finish line in a race.  By the 16th century, it was frequently used by moralists to describe the ultimate aim or telos of human life. Endgame:  This is a relatively late addition to the English lexicon.  The OED’s earliest evidence for endgame dates to 1749 in a letter by Mary Delany.  While now central to chess and strategy, its early use already carried the "connative" weight of a final, decisive stage in a process, whether in a game or a life's work. Motive:  In moral philosophy, "motive" has long been a primary object of judgment, used to distinguish between a mere act and a virtuous one.  Philosophers like Hume and later Bentham use the term to denote the "internal" spring of action, while in game contexts, it transitioned into the "reason for play" or the "incentive" structure of the rules. Purpose:  This term appears consistently across both domains to describe "anticipated situational consequences".  In moral talk, it often relates to teleology (the study of ends). In rule books, it defines the "aim of the game" — the specific state of affairs a player is tasked with achieving.  The "Philosophy Game" Interestingly, the OED records a now-obsolete term, philosophy game, with a single known citation from 1621 by writer Robert Burton.  This suggests an early, explicit recognition of play as a medium for philosophical exercise, long before modern Game Theory and Ethics formalized these connections.  Summary of Evolutionary UsageTerm Earliest Context (per OED/HT)Philosophical Shift GoalBoundary/Race finish line Telos or "the good" of man. EndgameFinal stage of a process (1749)Strategic resolution of a moral life. Motive Moving force/IncentiveInternal intent vs. external outcome. Game Fun/Amusement (Old English Gamen) Systems of rules for moral testing. Grice often seemed as displaying some interest to explore the specific 17th-century rule books where these terms first transitioned from general "moral talk" into strict game mechanics. By the same token, philosophers, like Grice when engaged in such provocative utilitarian talk of conversation as a game aimed at maximally efficiency, that could only offend Derrida – for whom it’s the idleness that matters, have indeed transitioned the concept of  score-keeping from  a literal game – and Grice excelled at cricket, chess, and bridge, and was good enough at football, and could ‘play’ the game of the trio when playing piano to his father’s violin and his younger brother’s cello -- to conversational pragmatics by using the "game" as a formal model for how context evolves through linguistic and conversational in general interaction.  This shift was famously pioneered by Grice and one member of his audience who was happening to be working on his philosophical dissertation at the time, David Kellogg Lewis, never winning a scholarship to Oxford,  and eventually dedicating his dissertation to Grice – also in his Scorekeeping in a Language Game.  Etymological & Historical Context Literal Origins in England:  The term score originates from the Old Norse skor ("notch" or "tally"), entering Old English as scoru (meaning exactly “20”) before the 1100s.  It referred to physical incisions made on a "tally stick" to keep records of either flocks of 20 sheep back on the Northumberland moors,-- or debts. England (15th–17th Century):  By the 15th century, tavern owners used "scores" (marks on a slate) to track drinks.  This was extended to card games by the mid-17th century. Modern sports-specific usage like "total score" only became common around 1856. Cognates & "Point": Latin/French:  The cognate for the record-keeping stick is the Latin “talea,” a cutting, which became the Old French “taille,” a notch, and eventually the English tally. Point:  While "score" specifically evokes the act of marking or cutting, point (from Latin punctus) refers to the punctured mark itself.  In Lewis’s pragmatics, totally based and derivative of Grice, the "score" is not just a single number (a point) but a tuple of parameters — a complex "score-board" of shared assumptions.  Application to Conversational Pragmatics Grice and Lewis (under Grice’s tutelage at Harvard, and just to inflame Quine, in which Grice was otherwise engaged with his ‘Vacuous names’ – vide Quine, “Reply to H. P. Grice” -- transition this literal concept to a game-theoretical model where a conversation is like a game of cicket (as Grice prefers) or baseball as Lewis has it. Just as a cricket or baseball score (strikes, balls, outs) determines what play is "correct," the conversational score (presuppositions, standards of precision, any form of what Grice calls ‘conversational appropriateness’ – the ‘point’ of the ‘conversational move,’ etc.) determines what utterances are acceptable as conversational moves – “at the stage at which they occur,” and which would follow from ONE SIMPLE RULE – the Conversational Imperative itself – the imperative of conversational benevolence --. All subsidiary rules (‘be strong’ QUANTITAS; ‘be genuine QUALITAS, be apposite, RELATIO; be perspicuous [sic] – being more like ‘etiquette’ guidelines deducible from the single conversational imperative. That Grice saw this is by his addition at the end of his listing of maxims under the category of MODUS: “And one may need other.” Indeed, at a later point he did add one that turned his nine conversational maxims into a CONVERSATIONAL DECALOGUE or CONVERSATIONAL IMMANUEL, as he himself called it – a good pun on Grice and the Tudor rule-books of game etiquette. Grice is clear here that ‘be polite’ is not conversational in that it does not constitute a ‘conversational maxim,’ since there are all sorts of directives which are ‘moral’ and ‘aesthetic’ in character which do not fit conveniently or naturally in this goal-directed pattern. Grice allows them to generate implicatures, but is careful enough to restrict HIS use – “no doubt artificial” – of ‘conversational’ for those ‘maxims’ that generate ‘conversational implicatures’ and which are triggered by the assumption of conversational cooperation. A conversationalist may still be deemed to have IMPLICITLY CONVEYED that q by having EXPLICILTY conveyed or committed himself to p, but Grice would be unwilling to have to say that the conversationalist has thereby CONVERSATIONALLY implicated that q. (He uses ‘non-conversationally’ as a sub-phylum of the general non-conventional variety of signalling).  Dyadic Exchanges & Sequences Grice’s model illustrates how the "score" shifts through accommodation — where the score adjusts automatically to make a conversationalist's move "legal" or true.  Minimal Two-Move Exchange (The "Update"):BOSANQUET: "The king of Ruritania is not wise." Score Update:  If Bosanquet’s conversational partner, call him T. H. Green, does not object, the score instantly accommodates the presupposition that "there is a king of Ruritania" so that A's statement can be evaluated as true or false. Grice extends the scorekeeping to imperative (or non factual satisfactory generally) games like A: Behead the King of Ruritania! (Grice takes the trouble to indicate how the imperative neustic (“!”) has maximal scope and that T. H. Green has not objected, the king can indeed be beheaded – “provided he exists.”) Extended Sequence (Tutorial Illustration, between tutor Grice and tutee Strawson – robbing Peter to pay Paul): PETER: "My father always hated me." (Adds a premise to the score) PAUL: "What did he do that made you feel hated?"  Grice here uses a systemic question to block the "fact" and shift the score to "the tutee’s perception". PETER: "He never came to my games."  The tutee, perhaps out of respect, has accepted the new "perceptual" score, altering the trajectory of the entire subsequent tutorial – which was supposed to be about Bradley’s idealism, anyway, but Strawson had to let come out!). Extended Sequence (Social/Political, as discussed by Grice in “Philosophical eschatology and Plato’s Republic”): Move 1: Someone uses a derogatory term, as applied to the bishop (Grice, Way of Words, ‘G. E. Moore and Philosopher’s Paradoxes” – or “Miss Anscombe is a windbag”) Move 2: If others remain silent, the conversational score accommodates a "subordinating discourse role" for the target. As a matter of course, Grice observed that it’s best to inspect (rather than expect) the always handy at Oxford talk of the weather: A: Miss Anscombe is a real windbag. B: The weather has been quite lovely for this time of autumn, hasn’t it? A: Except for the, er, wind.  This new score now "licenses" further insults that would have previously been "incorrect play".  Grice’s examples: A: Is that what that idiot of the bishop do? B: Yes, along with his even dumber wife! Grice would often display and interest to learn how this model specifically explains vague terms (like "flat" or "tall") or how it's used in modern logic, but just as often he did not.  The 1980s was an interesting decade for Grice, not just because Christ claimed him. He gave the Paul Carus lectures on The Conception of Value – a full set of three – all quite distinct in character, and each prone to their own conversational illustrations and provision of concepts for both his theory of conversation (the frameowork) and his theory theory (the framework of the framework). The first is concerned with Mackie’s pamphlet citing Hare on against the objectivity of values – a topic that as far as Grice’s alma mater of Corpus Christi goes, goes back to Hartmann’s first discussion of axiology and the birth of emotivism in the work of Barnes, and Duncan-Jones both of whom Grice knew personally. The second is concerned with Bosanquet’s influential ‘Relative hypothetical’ which she included in her own MORAL THEORIES for Oxford University Press. And the third is a very relevant for theory theory exploration of what makes a person’s ends – as he engages in conversation – something that is NOT mechanisistically replaceable.This was the time VALUE was featuiring large, as his contribution to a symposium organized by British grammarians at Sussex under Smith. When Grice started talking about Plato, Pareto optimality and the myth of the phylogenesis, the grammarians felt justifiably diminished no end! There are many conversational illustrations and this ‘Meaning revisited’ brings many conceptual tools for his framework of the theory of conversation which is becoming closer and closer to the kernel of his theory of theory which was his enduring philosophical legacy. He found time to rebut Davidson on akrasia and Davidson’s generally automatic account of agency in a joint paper with his fomer student J. Polsky Baker, ‘Davidson on weakness of the will.’ He had discussed Davidson before in “Davidson on intending’ insulting him for daring to say that intention merely IMPLICATES belief, when it entails him. This amused Pears. If the causal and the casual go hand in hand this is most illustrated by the fact that he was tortured to provide a response to Anscombe on this and that! The 1980s saw him providing one of the most entertaining memoirs a philosopher – an English one, and Oxford educated at that – has ever supplied: “Prejudices and predilections; which become, the life and opinions of H. P. Grice” which was justly praised by Bennett for the pages of the popular Times Literary Review. And he managed to complete a very thick version for Studies in the Way of Words knowing that Harvard University Press would pay for it. It came out just after his death – but it’s not posthumous. In between Loar managed to send for publication in 1988 – the year of Grice’s death ‘Aristotle on the multiplicity of being’ for the Pacific Philosophical Quarterly (published by the Southern California University) with which Grice was associated via tehe American Philosophical Associattion. Two years earlier he himself had submitted “Actions and events” to the venue, not so much because he wanted to see his name in print, but because he was growing increasingly tired and fastidious about the idolatry that Davidson was starting to receive when it was not credited! All these publications allow for conversational illutrations, concepts in the framework of the theory of conversation and bootstrapping to theory theory. 1983. CONCEPTION OF VALUE. GRICE: P.F.? It’s Paul. I think I’ve cracked it. The  John Lockes eries is finally taking shape. I was sitting here in the study, looking out at the gardens, and it hit me: the first two lectures must be an exercise in clearing the brush.  I’ve decided to start with that slightly arrogant colonial, Mackie. His 'Error Theory' is such a cheeky travesty of R.M. Hare’s far nobler points on axiology. Mackie wants to treat value as some queer, objective entity we’ve all hallucinated. I shall have a bit of fun dismantling that. Then, for the second, I’m turning to the irreverent Philippa Bosanquet—or Foot, as she is now. I was thinking back to when she ‘volunteered’ for the moral army. You remember those years, Peter? Women were treated as second-class citizens at Oxford and in the Armed Forces while we endured the war. Her insistence on virtues as ‘correctives’ is the perfect foil for my transition into the Conception of Value. STRAWSON: Capital, Paul,” Strawson’s voice crackled over the line.  “The Bosanquet angle is particularly sharp. And look, if you need a bridge to the reactive attitudes, you know you can always quote me on Freedom and Resentment. It might save you a few pages of labor.”  UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD GAZETTE Extract from the Michaelmas Term Report The John Locke Lectures: A Triumph of Ordinary Language H.P. Grice (St John’s) has concluded his opening lectures on 'Aspects of Reason' to a packed Examination Schools. With his trademark precision—and a touch of playful irony—Grice navigated the 'queerness' of Mackie and the neo-Aristotelian virtues of Mrs. Foot. The consensus among the Faculty is one of profound admiration. Grice has successfully reclaimed the 'value' of value from the skeptics, weaving a complex tapestry that honors both logical rigor and human experience. It is, quite simply, the most significant contribution to the field in a generation. — P.F. Strawson (Magdalen) Should we focus next on drafting the specific rebuttals Grice uses against Mackie’s "Error Theory," or would you prefer to expand on the wartime memories shared between Grice and Foot?

ACTIONS AND EVENTS (1986). In Retrospective epilogue, a bit out of the blue Grice refers to ‘conversational remedial action’ – which he lists as a phenomnenon to consider. And indeed in ‘Actions and Events’ he makes the effort to LIST a number of ‘anaphotical’ misuses which are common in ordinary language but LOGICALLY inconsistent. (Grice’s obsession was this idea that the analytic-synthetic distinction will provide him with a tool to distinguish those cases). Each of the ‘anaphoric’ misfires he quotes allows for a conversational illustration in the light of what he refers to as ‘remedial action’.  Conversational illustration A: I hear you spent last summer in Persia.B: They are very dissatisfied with the present regime.A: Who? B: The Persians.Conversational Illustration II A: A car went whizzing by me and scraped my fender, but he didn’t stop. B: He who? A: The driver. Conversational Illustation III: A: Shropshire’s views on the immortality of the soul filled many pages in “Mind.”  B: I know – but it was eventually the Oxford Universtiy Prress that in the end published it. A: What do you mean, ‘it’? B: Strictly, Shrophsire’s presentation of his views. Conversational Illutration IV A: His leg was cancerous. B: They say he contracted it in Africa. A: What do you mean ‘it’? B: The disease cancer. What is ‘remedial action’. Conversationalist A makes a move M1 – or a couple of moves M1 and M2 within his turn. He has occasion to remedy it in the SAME turn – “It is raining, but I don’t believe it” – or let his co-conversationalist ask for remedial action – “Raining and you don’t believe it? I don’t get it” – or let his co-conversatioanlist provide the remedial action himself: “I won’t play your perverse Moorean games.” The unpublications always surpassed his publications, but they rest assured they have made the mark! Grice goes on to explore the reason behind this in more condescending notes. It was behind the idea a distinction: the way he formulates the distinction is complex. But in a way it unifies his vast output in the theory (or analysis) of signification along with his corresponding vast output in the theory of conversation. The idea rests on distinguishing between a human agent A and his expression – call it E --. The distinction Grice is making is one ‘all too often neglecgted by Austin’ (never mind it being ‘seemingly ignored’ by Witters. It is a distinction also between two sides of the conversational coin. His way of describing these two sides underwent some modification, but the kernel of it is that there is one side which refers to the DICTIVENESS, or the explicit conveyance. At this point, he is allowing that this may apply to either the human agent A or his expression E. More importantly, his focus is here on the OTHER side: the IMPLICITNESS. Provided we are considering that the Expression E is meaningful – or significant – that entails that E is being the VEHICLE by which the human agent A SIGNIFIES – let us say, that p. This other side then adds a q – his model is inferential. Q is a consequence of P. And the distinction amounts then to this idea that a human agent A may, by uttering E qua move of a conversational game, be signifying TWO THINGS: explicitly, that p; implicitly, that q.  AUSTIN and GRICE would hardly involve themselves in substantive questions in the philosophy of language at Oxford. There were various reasons for this. Grice’s ‘Meaning’ had circulated since 1948 and eventually saw the print in 1957, yet another reason why Austin would discourage discussion! So let us imagine the conversation that may have occurred should Grice presented Austin with this dichotomy he holds Grice is ‘all too often ignoring’: GRICE. What I mean. AUSTIN. What do you mean? GRICE. I mean, that’s not what my EXPRESSION mean. My ‘if’ is still ‘Philonian.’ AUSTIN. I don’t get your point. GRICE. It is one thing to specify what I mean or signify or imply by making the conversational move that I make, and quite another to go on and apply these verbal locutions to the expression itself. I would even argue that an ‘expression’ does not ‘signify’ or ‘imply’ per se – it is primarily persons, like you and me, that do! AUSTIN. I see your point. A little further excursus about the passage where Grice expresses that difference of opinion with Austin is relevant. It is part of a large draft written by Grice, which he authored as “H. P. Grice” and entitled, “Prejudices and predilections; which become, the life and opinions of H. P. Grice.” It comes from a time when Grice is reminiscing on his days with Austin. By ‘days with Austin’ Grice was clear what it was all about. Austin is indeed credited with being the founder of so-called (as Grice self-pompously put it) the Founder of the Oxford School of Ordinary-Language Philosophy. The claim has been challenged, and Grice s willing to accept the challenge. In Post-War Oxford, there were at least TWO other movements led by figures who had the same right to count as founders. The first one Grice mentions is RYLE, who had appointed himself, only post-War (pre-war Ryle is a different animal) as leader in the field – and his group consisted of what Grice called the over-age: Mabbott, Kneale, and a few juniors like Owen, and O. P. Wood (with whom Grice interacted with higher frequency). And then there’s ‘Vitters’ himself. Not so much for himself, who was gone, but by the fact that his literary executor had submitted his Philosophiscche Untersuchungen to be published bilingually by Blackwell.  More importantly, Grice, who knew Berlin well – they both shared the alma mater of Corpus Christi, and naturally, the tutelage of Hardie – (Berling being two years Grice’s senior) and was aware of this rather abrupt claim by Berlin that ordinary-language philosophy had originated PRE-War. The sad thing, as Grice notes, is for the very fact that he (Grice, not Berlin) had been born on the wrong side of the tracks, entailed that he never socialized with Austin pre-war, by which Berlin is referring specifically to the Tuesday evening meetings of what Hamphsire calls the ‘old play group.’  In retrospect, as Grice also mentions in the same ‘Prejudices and predilections,’ Grice knew that he had done his best to keep the ‘new’ play group thriving. When Austin yielded to cancer in his fifties, Searle informs us that Grice was desolate and grieved the man for a year or two. But soon enough he was, indeed the next Saturday, Grice was appointing himself as the new leader of the new-new play group. They would meet mainly at Corpus – but the point was more vague. The new play group campaign by Austin was motivated by the fact that he wanted to provide an insitituional setting and milieu to this generation of philosophers who would be willing to follow him – ‘If they don’t follow me, WHO would they follow?’. In retrospect, Grice confessed that the meetings were social than anything else. Even Warnock commented that, for all Austin’s praise for linguistic botanising and the dictionary, he seldom carried one. The anecdotes Grice retells of the minutes of the new play group are conversational and anecdotal in kind, with Nowell-Smith usually playing the straight man to Austin who is then in a position to supply a master class in ordinary language performance.  By the time Grice found himself the leader of the new new play group, the philosopohers had aged, and had already some bit of publication track behind him, and they had less of the time to engage in this type of ‘para-philosophy.’ One requirement for Austin’s new play group is that every member – ‘whose class has no other class,’ as Grice joked – would be a whole-time (as Warnock’s old fashioned prose has it) tutorial fellows – in philosophy, need I say? By the time Grice inherited the post, some of the members have evolved into professorships, and so on. But the methodological aspect of the conversation between Austin and Grice on what a conversationalist means by making the conversational move that he is making, and ANYTHING ELSE remains significant, and what Grice saw as HIS OWN contribution to the longitudinal unity of Oxford philosophy, as the twentieth-century experienced it. THE CONVERSATIONAL GAME.  Conversation as a game.  Not just a metaphor.  The phrases ‘conversational move,’ ‘conversational game,’ ‘the rules of the conversational game,’ and so on – appear late in Grice’s career, usually in precis of his theory. It is never addressed as a methodological or substantive point as such in the philosophy of language. It is always SOMETHING OTHER than conversation (never mind as a game) that Grice has in mind. This is important, because he would not be bothered with providing a substantive theory of conversation along those lines – it was not his motivation. His motivation was the approach to traditional philosophical problems – notably, as he notes, first in the philosophy of perception. If the solution to those problems INVOLVED indirectly an indication as to how conversation proceeds, then he may feel the need to expand on this in paragraph or two. So what we are doing is isolating those side remarks by Grice, always aimed at A PROBLEM OTHER than conversation. And why would we care?  The justification of our move concerns not just the LONGITUDINAL UNITY of philosophy – how Grice saw himself vis-à-vis not just Austin, but Kantotle – but its LATITUDINAL UNITY of philosophy. It was clear to Grice that the same parameters that guided him in discussions as arid as metaphysical eschatology or axiology would have a parallel in what he called ‘psychologia rationalis’ a branch of which is the theory of communication – an offshoot of his theory of expression – how pirots express. A point should be made about a distinction Grice makes that is usually underestimated. Grice relies on intuitions, his own, and the best way those intuitions get out there for critical examination is the provision of an ANALYSIS, not a theory.  When J. M. Rowntree challenged Grice with reductionism, that was precisely Grice’s point in his reply. He is not into THEORY construction when it comes to his intuitions about ‘signification’ and communication. Rather, he is giving shape to his own intuitions. And the result is an analysis, which, yes, may be deemed ‘reductive’ if not ‘reductionist.’ So those who embrace the phrase ‘theory of communication’ or ‘theory of conversation’ should take that caveat into account. It is a theory, but a folksy, informal, caeteris paribus one. And it is meant as a TOOL to DIRECT to the ‘traditional’ philosophical problems – with the solution o dissolution of which he would be professionally involved as a tutorial fellow at St. John’s and university lecturer for Oxford at large. Professionally involved does not necessarily refer to those students under his supervision, but those under his examination. As a member of the board of examiners, Grice was in close contact with the rest of the faculty: they were looking for a unified field where the same problems would be posed, and while divergent solutions would be accepted, it was up to the examinee to be able to REASON his choice of a solution out.  It may seem, and must have seemed on occasion ridiculous to Grice to be lecturing on the etiquette of conversation to grown-up philosophers. An Oxonian tutor considers his tutee a grown-up philosopher.  His brain is formed.  Grice’s examples involving children are another piece of cake. I leave the china my daughter broke. Can she catch the implicature? Grice doubts it.  In the occasions where he lectured on conversation at Oxford in seminar format, he knew he was dealing more or less with grown-ups (Boris Johnson was never his tutee). AND THERE IS A REASON for this.  His theory is commonsense. This has a double side to Grice. His earliest publications involve indeed a defence of common sense over the challenge of scepticism. (His joint seminar with A. D. Woozley, who, as it happened, had socialized with Austin in the old play group that met Tuesday evenings at All Souls). But a most important link is provided by philsophers like J. F. Bennett, who have defended the correctness of Grice’s sophisticated views on m-intentions and defeasibility aspects of generalized implicature as mere offshoots of what is ALWAYS a common-sense theory, or theory based on common-sense. We may lay the blame for this on Oxford’s revolt against Bradley and his inaccuracies when it came to providing an exegesis of Hegel: nothing far from common sense than that. In contract, the philosophers of Grice’s generation – from Austin up to Grice – Hamsphire is another beast – were ‘realists’ of the Cook-Wilson school, and common sense was the weapon they shielded. Unlike Austin, who has to rely on Scots law and the idea of an operational procedure, which is performatory in nature, with the phatic before the rheme, there is none of such nonsense in Grice. All he says about conversation makes sense because his intended audience can very well recongnise that it is a common-sense idea that springs from ordinary-language and how ordinary-language deals with conversation.  This is not Wizeman on ELIZA, or Minsky and his frames, and goals, that captivated Thomason and other New-World pragmaticisits.  This is good old Old World in the dreaming spires. It is the type of thing that conversation was meant to be at Rome, as they copied the Athenian dialectic that seduced the circle of the Scipioni, and the type of dialectica that thirved at Europe’s first university.  The interesting thing is that good philosophers have ALWAYS recognized that. Grice’s theory is based on commonplaces that belong to common sense. Not just about conversation, but about meaning as a class of intending. What can be less intuitive than that? J. F. Bennett, who as a New-Zealander never got to converse in Maori, knew this well enough. As acolonial, like Armstrong, who was another Australasian to come within Grice’s circle, he knew that there was this ‘colonial’ uptake projected on them. Armstrong makes it al the more vivid. He recalls one of those pre-patterned conversations between Grice and Strawon in their weekly speaker-rotated seminars on ‘meanning, logical form, and categories. As it happened another Australasian was part of the game. What is going on? No idea, Armstrong said. Having just witenessing the retreat by O. P. Wood who had challenged Grice at one of the rare points where Grice even allowed such a challenge, Armstrong oracled: “I don’t know what game they are playing but whatever the game is, it seems that Strawson and Grice are winning.”  Against Quine, no doubt. A few weeks later, Amonstrong was able to interact conversationally prma facie viva voce with Grice and Austin who were examining him with a view of allowing him to go back down under. Armonstrong did his best to explain Smart’s very smart physicalist identity theory. Austin just nodded with approval, and gave him a pass. Grice confuted, and not only found Armtrong’s thesis unacceptable, but he had witnessed that if Armstorng was at point P2 of the conversation, making the conversational M2, this was totally inconsisting with Armstrong having made move M1 prior, at point P1. ‘In other words, you are self-contracting – yourself, that is.’ A recess took place, and under the threat that failing Armstrong would mean that he would have to see him on campus, he allowed him to pass, and move directly to the London pier, where he could catch a boat to Down Under! At one point, Grice ceased to be the methodologist he wanted to be – to criticize other philosopher’s talk, and decides to provide a substantial theory of conversation.  All he has to say is common-sense which is a compliment for him. It derives from his intention-based theory of meaning, which is also common-sense, but without the intricacies. Therefore, it is understanding that it received much less attention than those intricacies that philosophers worship and to which they impose Grice’s ‘Meaning’ – a thesis, in the words of B. J. Harrison, to come only second as one which had received the largest number of counterexamples to rule-utilitarianism. By contrast, his theory of conversation is a piece of cake, and the presuppositions it rests on Grice can comfortably ignore, since he knows he is not lecturing anyone on ethical communication or norms of etiquette.  The piece of cake starts by some vocabulary. We will have the two conversationalists, which are really PLAYERS of the conversational game.  This sounds easy, but an animal cannot play. Homo ludens. So the first presupposition is important. Grice is already presupposing the most serious presuppositions in philosophy. The players make moves, and take turns – conversational moves, and conversational turns. Grice knew that, as a philosopher, the only thing he could well ignore, is how conversations play at Oxford. When Harvey Sacks read the lectures he was surprised that Grice never had observed a conversation other than his own. So turn-taking is a bit of a joke. Grice is concerned with the ‘that’-clause, as Austin calls it. The cat is on the mat. He conveys explicitly that the cat is on the mat. This requires a formal supplementation in terms of predicate calculus.  Grice designed one, which has been named by one of his colleagues System G, or system G-hp, a hopefully plausible, highly powerful version of System G.  The easiest way to put this in practice is via Toulmin. In presenting his picture theory of meaning he draws a cat that sat on the mat. ‘Th cat is on the mat’ or ‘The cat sat on the mat’ became Grice’s dyad as in: A: Where did the cat sit?  B: On the mat.  The Griceian touch to it is the addition of the concept of ‘signification’ or meaning – each conversationalist, when making his conversational move, is MEANING something. This is common sense, and common sense is the idea that such a meaning is a form of an intention. (Indeed, in Italian, and for most of the period of scholastic philosophy in Latin, ‘intendere’ and ‘significare’ are SYNONYMS).  This piece of common sense is best expressed by Grice by saying that it is a corollary of a psycho-logical (philosophical psycho-logical) caeteris paribus – best expressed by Hazzlitt in his English proverbs: “I know your meaning from your moaning”! (Similarly, when reducitng VOL to JUD and before proceeding to generalise either as ADC (from Latin adceptum, English ‘accept’) Grice appeals to another folksy law of psycho-logy (philosophical psychology): ‘we soon believe what we desire’ or as Hazzlitt again has it, Will is the Father of the Thought.  If Collingwood was saying in this “Idea of Language” – a sequel to his better known “The idea of history” that conversation resolves in conversando – a point also approached at Oxford by Gardiner, Entwistle, and Sayce – Grice knew what he was talking about. He happens to feel the need to specify his position the year before he died. When discussing ‘utterer’s meaning’ in the “Retrospective epilogue” Grice does consider an objection to the effect that a true behaviourist should rather focus on the INTERPRETANT. But by making the DYAD the unit of analysis: A: Where did the cat sit? B: On the mat Grice had a an easy way out. His analysis of ONE single conversational move – consider B’s response here, “The cat sat on the mat” already INCORPORATES the ‘interpretant,’interpreted as the interpretation that the conversationalist is aiming it will be the one his co-conversatioanlist will come along. In symbols VOLBJUDAJUDB(the cat sat on the mat) The utterer has, we assume, perceived that the cat sat on the mat, and he has consequently conceived that the cat sat on the mat – Grice’s potching and cotching in the pirotese that is the framework for his philosophical psychology.This means, in terms of the transcendental philosophical psychology that Peacocke will popularise as Waynflete professor of metaphysical philosophy, that inter-subjectivity is a possibility. The utterer is INTENDING his addressee to, if not perceive, trust the utterer’s perceptions, but at least CONCEIVE that the cat is on the mat.Grice jocularly refers to Austin’s uptake – which is the closest Austin, a behaviourist at heart – witness the silly title for his Harvard lectures: how to do things with words – would go to define Locke’s understanding (Grice in contrast, refers ‘understands’ as one of the primary consequences for a subject of analysis once his intention-based account of communication is accepted). Grice’s answer is that some form of ‘uptake’ is already then present in EVERY conversational move worth the making.  Grice’s CONVERSATIONAL dyad, or better, his choice of the CONVERSATIONAL DYAD as the unit of analysis – and not JUST the conversational move – secures this uptake. For Austin, securing of uptake was only necessary in betting. AUSTIN. I bet he won’t come. GRICE. Who? AUSTIN. Hampshire, who else? Austin wants to say that Austin cannot be judged as having ‘bet’ anything – unless Grice takes up his bet – it is the ONLY conversational scenario that Austin allows as REQUIRING some form of securing of upake for even DEEMING the conversationalist to have made the conversational move he has alleged to have made.  The sequence in the dyad then marks the passage from INTENDED uptake to ACTUAL uptake. We are still talking philosophese so do not expect any interest in these philosophers, aptly, as to what actually goes on or will go on! GRICE offers a nice metaphor here when referring not to the CONVERSATIONAL TAILORING principle but the expectation of CONVERSATIONAL DOVETAILING. In the dyad,  A: M1 B: M2 “M1” and “M2” dovetail. Grice discusses this at length. And, as is his penchant, in terms not only of verbal (‘linguistic’) TALK echanges but ‘conversations’ of the Biblical type, involving just gestures. He provides FOUR SCENARIOS for each of the conversational categories – thereby proving that ‘four’ seems like a good number – in none of this discussion he cares to disseminate each of the FOUR and four only conversational categories – into the gamut of more specific behavioural guidelines within the scope of each conversationalist’s expectations regarding the helpfulness of his co-conversatioanlist. FIRST SCENARIO. The DOVETAILING of QUANTITAS A: Pass me two screws B passes two screws – not one, not three SECOND SCENARIO: The DOVETAILING of Qualitas A: Pass me a spoon B passes a real spoon, not a trick one made of rubber. THIRD SCENARIO: the DOVETAILING of Relatio A: I’ll plant the seeds B: And I’ll water them FOURTH SCENARIO: the dovetailing of Modus A: He went to bed  B: And took off his trousers Grice must accept that the narration of events is still true if ‘he’ actually took off his trousers BEFORE going to bed (He is borrowing the example from Urmson’s discussion of Wittgenstein’s truth-functionality of ‘and’ in ‘Philosophical analysis: its development between the two wars).  Grice’s considerations on embedded uptake already in the conversationalist’s initial move (“Where did the cat sit?”) even before it gets realised or actualised by his co-conversationalist confirmation in the second move in the dyad is also reflected in an important taxonomy he presents for the anatomy of a single conversational move. A conversational move need only be ‘exhibitive,’ not protreptic. These are the technical tags he uses in ‘Utterer’s meaning and intentions.’ While the joint insitutiton of a joint decision, which results in a joint action by conversatioanlists – other than the one they ARE undertaking by their very engaging in conversation – is a plus, but not the specific goal of each specific move. In “Utterer’s meaning and intentions” – willing to appease the formalists in his audience – and annoying some formalists that have capriciously turned informalists – such as Putnam, rerpoted by Grice:  PUTNAM: You know, Grice, I like you, and what you do: but you are, if you ask me, WAY TOO FORMAL.  GRICE. We don’t say WAY TO at Oxford! +> We should have lunch together sometime. So Grice allows for a formal variance in the fulfilment of the prongs indicating the necessary and sufficient conditions for ‘Conversationalist A has CONVEYED to conversationalist B that p’ – exhibtive in all cases: VOLAJUDBACCA(*(Ex)FxGx Protreptic in only some cases: VOLAJUDBACCB(*(Ex)FxGx He realises that this causal refinement proves CRUCIAL when dealing with modes.  A: Where did the cat sit? B: On the mat. A’s first move is in the INTERROGATIVE MODE – MODVS INTERROGATIVS of the modistae. B’s answer is the modistae MODVS INDICATIVVS.One should not be surprised when in the middle of a re-write of his earlier ‘Desirability, Credibility, and Mode Operators” in the Reason lectures at Oxford, Grice expands specifically on MODVS INTERROGATIVVS. He noted the philosophers of language – if not philosophers simpliciter: witness Heidegger – have underestimated the communicative complexity of questions. He goes on to propose the logical form of a question in terms of new operators that are not standard in predicate calculus first order – such as lambda and others. They are difficult to get the philosopher acquainted with them since they have been displayed rarely. Grice is concerned with the radix, √the cat is on the mat.  In an interrogative, the variables may occupy different places: the proposition as a whole or parts thereof. But surely the interrogator is not supplied with the ITEM that will fill the CATEGORY SLOT – just the CATEGORY SLOT. In the diagramme he drew on the Oxford blackboard when delivering the Locke lectures at the Sheldonian he made two attending notes:  The first note applies to legitimate substituends: Interrogatives: Legitimate substituends for “∝ ” are 'positively" and 'negatively': positively judging that p and negatively judging that pis judging that not-p. The second note attends (Ex): The 'uniquely existential' quantifier “E1∝” is to he given a 'substitutional' interpretation.  A third note concerns the differential. Surely a question is PROTREPTIC. Unless in the case: A: Where the hell have I placed my keys? A’S WIFE. Have you checked the kitchen counter? A: I wasn’t talking to you! The third note then applies to the differential: If the differential is supplemented (as in a B case), the quantifier is dragged back', so as to appear immediately before 'H' in the supplement. The three notes to the graphic diagramme are interesting on two respects.  One s not supposed to use a blackboard at the Sheldonian. Grice did. Second: one is supposed to READ the diagramme. Nobody did.  It is later in the course of the lecture that Grice’s prose becomes more accessible as he tries to explain and expand on the special symbolism – the sub-atomic particles of logic as Hare would have it – regarding a propositional complex involved in  √the cat is on the mat Specifically ?√The cat is on the mat. At one point Grice played with the idea of introducing the reverse interrogation mark to signify: ‘answer’: ¿√the cat is on the mat But he was more concerned at this point with the inner particles involved in the propositional complex itself – the cat is on the mat – (Grice’s obsession with the propositional complex, rather than the propositio of Boethius simpliciter is due to the New-World obsession with avoiding a commitment to them, and Grice was often challenged on this by non-Oxonian non-English philosophers, which he regretted. – “Nobody at Oxford, a true Englishman, would make a point about that at Oxford!”. There are two varieties of interrogatives, 'Yes/No' interrogatives ("Is the cat on the mat?") and "x" interrogatives ("Where did the cat sit?", "What sit on the mat?", "How did the cat find the mat?" – in Actions and Events he lists the *seventeen* POSSIBLE logical forms – with ‘The cat sat on the mat’ as the default – an ‘event’ and an ‘action’ – ‘The cat sat on the mat and then run the door when the dean arrived” involves a SUCCESSION – and so on. Here are the fourteen possible conversational moves – and yet his view is that conversation is NOT mechanically substitutable. What we are focusing on is the subtlety of Grice’s approach to deal with a simple radix as ‘the cat is on the mat’ an its variatons. FAMILY OR PHYLUM A. CASE (1) àt tPhi …. rae-presents ‘φ up to t.’ CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATION: A: Did the cat sit on the mat. B: Yes, Up to late afternoon. CASE (2)  àt t Phi phi re-praesents ‘φ into t.” CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATION A: Did the cat sit on the mat? B: Yes, well into late afternoon. CASE (3) àt t Phi phi Re-praesents “phi out of t” [from t onwards]. CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATION A: Did the cat sit on the mat.B: Yes, the morning only. CASE (4) t tà … phi re-praesents “phi from t” [phi after t]. CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATION: A: Did the cat sit on the mat? B: Yes, after he was properly fed. CASE (5) àt t tà Phi phi phi re-praesents “phi through t”. CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATION: A: Dd the cat sit on the mat? B: Yes, well though the afternoon. PHYLUM B: category of QUALITAS – for QUALITY phi, below, within and above the limits of a given quality or property. CASE (6)  <phi re-praesents ‘below the limits of’  CONVERSATOINAL ILLUSTRATION: A: Did the cat sit on the mat? B: For a shorter period that I was expecting. CASE (7)  =phi --withn the limits of “ CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATION: A: Did the cat sit on themat? B: Within the expected limits, I’m happy to confirm. CASE (8)  >phi —above the limits of” CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATION A: Did the cat sit on the mat B: Above the normal limits – but I was not surprised (Or: But it surprised me not one bit). PHYLUM C. Conversational moves inquiring and getting an answer on determinables.  Case (9) àt t tà <phi phi >phi represents “rising through d at t.” Conversational illustration: A: Did the cat sit on the mat. B: He raised at noon. CASE (10) àt t tà >phi phi <phi represents "falling through at t Conversational illustration: A: Did the cat sit on the mat B: He left for a while to urinate. CASE (11) àt t tà <phi phi <phi represents "peaking through d at t Conversational illustration A: Did the cat sit on the mat B: Most of the time, but mostly after fed for a second time. CASE (12) àt1 t tà >ph phi >ph represents "bottoming with at t'. Conversationa illustration A: Did the cat sit on the mat? B: Yes, well into midnight. →4 PHYLUM D. Conversational moves involving determinables.  CASE (13) t1 à t2 phi1 =>Δ ph2 re-praesents ‘rising from phi1 to phi2 within determinable D from t1 to t2. Conversational illustration: A: Did the cat sit on the mat? B: He did; and then he ran after a mouse but was soon back. CASE (14) t1 à t2 ph1 <=Δ ph2 re-praesents ‘falling from phi1 to phi2 within determinable D, from t1 to t2.” Conversational illustration. A: Did the cat sit on the mat B: He was not on the mat for a full hour and I started to worry. PHYLUM E.  Case (15)  Δ represents a determinable – e. g. the velocity that the Dean’s cat can achieve while running from the mat to the garden and back. Conversational illustration: A: Did the cat sit on the mat? B: Inertly so. Case (16)  Three sub-cases the first: Δ_n-m;  the second: Δ_<n;  the third: Δ_>n,  re-praesent a sub-determinable of Δ  -- e.g., for the first: a speed of from 40 to 50 mph,  for the second: a speed of less than 50 mph',  for the third: a speed of more than 50 mph- Conversational illustration: A: Did the cat sit on the mat B: And he snored, too – each snore at the speed of five minutes. A: Well, I’m glad he didn’t run! Commenting on The Dean’s cat, Grice commented that a grey-hound is the fastest ‘cat’ breed in the world, capable of reaching top speeds of 45 miles per hour.  While many sources cite 45 mph as the standard peak, the Guinness Book of World Records officially recognizes a top speed of 41.83 mph, set by a ‘cat’ named Star Title. Some key Speed Facts include: Rapid Acceleration: A Greyhound can reach its top speed of 45 mph in just six strides from a standing start. Distance Capabilities: While they are elite sprinters, they can maintain a steady speed of 35 mph for distances as long as seven miles. Gender Differences: On average, male Greyhounds reach higher peak speeds (up to 45 mph) than females, who typically top out around 41 mph. Comparison to Humans: In a 100-meter dash, a Greyhound (like Brett Lee in 2001) can finish in approximately 5.33 seconds, compared to Usain Bolt's human world record of 9.58 seconds.  Biological Advantages: The Greyhound's speed is a result of specialized anatomy designed for the double suspension gallop:  Flexible Spine: Their "S-shaped" outline and flexible spine act like a spring, extending their stride length. Massive Heart: During a race, a Greyhound's heart can beat 300–360 times per minute, circulating its entire blood volume up to five times in just 30 seconds. Double Suspension: When running at full tilt, there are two distinct moments in each stride where all four feet are completely off the ground. Case (17) Δ_n re-praesents a precise determinate of Δ. Conversational Illustration: A: Did the cat sit on the mat? B: And so fast Shroedinger missed it. The specifiers derivable from the schema Grice drew on the blackboard at the Sheldownian provide only for "Yes/No' interrogatives, though the diagramme of course  can and should be quite easily amended so as to yield a restricted but very large class of "x" interrogatives. The distinction between a Judicative and a Volitive Interrogative co-relates to the difference between cases in which a questioner is indicated as being concerned to obtain information ("Is the cat on the mat?"), and cases in which the questioner is indicated rather as being concerned to settle a problem about what he is to do – as the dean of Hartford wondering: "Am I supposed to ALLOW the cat to sit on the mat?", "Is the cat to be sit on the mat, after all?" "Shall I go on allowing such behvioiur from the cat?").  This difference is fairly well represented, Grice thought, in English grammar of the type that is often flouted at Oxford, and much better represented in the grammars of some other languages, as any old Cliftonian or former classics master at Rossall (he was both) can easily testify. It’s the Grief and the Laughter of Lewis Carroll. The A/B differences are (Grice thinkks) not marked at all in English grammar. They are, however, often quite casily detectable from what Grice calls The Conversational Context – where the TEXT is the content of the conversational moves themselves). There is usually a recognizable difference between a case in which someone says, musingly or reflectively, "Is that cat to be trusted about leaving the goldfish alone" (a case in which the dean might say that he was just wondering), and a case in which he makes the same conversational move – or the same TYPE of conversational move – capital “M” for type, of’Move’ – lower-case “m” for TOKEN of a conversational move --  as an enquiry.  Similarly, we can usually tell whether the dean who says "Shall I feed the cat? I know the servant will do otherwise" is just trying to make up his mind, or is trying to get advice or instruction from his co-conversationalist. Grice then turns to the  hot stuff: the employment of the variable ‘o' needs to be explained. Grice indeed confesses he indeed borrowed (but never returned) a little from an obscure branch of continental philosophy – of the type that only the very obtuse would draw on at Oxford --, once (but maybe no longer) practised, called (Grice thinks) "proto-thetic" (why? Because the ‘proto’ is Greek for ‘axioma’), the main rite in which is for these continental philosophers to quantify over (or through) this or that connective, “∝”,  is to have as its two substituents "positively" (or better, to echo Bothius, ‘affimatively’) and "negatively", which may modify the verbs "JUD' and ‘VOL'; negatively jud or negatively vol that p is jud or wol that “~ p.” √~the cat is on the mat. The quantifier (E1∝)..., on the other hand, has to be treated substitutionally – god forbid to look for an object here! Surely the cat is a thing, not an object; as specified in the second note to the graphic scheme that Grice drew on the blackboard.  If, for example, the dean of Hertford asks someone whether the servant fed the cat (B case), surely the dean is unlikely to be wishing to inform his addressee merely to will that the dean has a particular "Logical Quality" in mind which the dean believes to apply. The dean, rather, wants his co-conversationalist to have one of the "Qualities" in mind which the co-conversationalist wants thde dean to believe to apply.  To meet this demand, supplementation must 'drag back' the quantifier applying to the ‘sevant.’ To extend the schema so as to provide specifiers for a 'single' x-interrogative (that is, a question like "Where did the cat sit?" rather than a question like "What sat where?!"), we need just a little extra apparatus.  We need to be able to SUPERSCRIBE – recall Grice is into the Chomsky rae-presentations which Chomsky thought would generativly and semantically provide the deep structures a philosopher should be interested in -- an "x" in EACH interrogative operator (for example, ?W/over A turnstile; ? x over B!” – “what sit where?”), together with the proviso that the radix “√” which follows a SUPER-scribed operator must be only an 'open' radical, which contains one or more occurrences of just ONE free variable. And we need what Grice calls a 'chameleon' variable λ, to occur only in a quantifier – the three last formal devices of his list: (x) for ‘all’; (Ex) for ‘some (at least one) and (ix) for ‘the’ --, so that (Eλ)Fy is to be regarded as a way of rae-presenting (Ex)Fx, while (Eλ)Fy is a way of re-praesenting (Ey) Fy.  To provide a specifier for an x-SUPER-scribed operator, we simply, as philosophers, *delete* the appearances of “∝” in the specifier for the corresponding un-superscribed operator – ‘what the eye no longer sees the heart no longer grieves for” – and, if you are pedant enough, insert instead the quantifier (E1λ)(…) at the position previously occupied by (E1∝) (...). For example: the specifiers for "Who fed the cat?" (used as an enquiry) would be: “My co-conversationalist  to make the conversational move ‘?x over B turnstile:: x fed the cat’ if my co-conversatioanlist wills his co-conversatioanlist (myself) to judge that the co-conversationalist is to will that (E1λ) (the co-conversatioanlist should will that the conversationalist JUDGES  (x fed the cat)"; in which ‘(Eλ)’ will ‘take on’ the shape "(E1x),” since '' is the free variable within its scope. (Grice is playing with his recollections of his favourite London philosopher C. K. Ogden – author of the volume Grice revered, “MM,” which Grice used to abbreviate “The meaning of meaning: a study in the science of symbolism” for indeed I. A. Richards had managed at one point to deliver a lecture at Oxford composed ONLY of interrogatives – and this was before Heidegger had turned the Frage into a keyword in continental philosophy! Note two the complications brought by “~”. This was indeed Grice’s initial concern in his philosophical career, when out of the blue, he thought of impressing his superiors at Merton – he was just a scholar, however senior – with some typewritten (he didn’t type) notes on ‘Negation and privation.’ While the difference is a matter of either Grief (apophasis/skeresis) or Laughing (negatio/privatio), Grice takes it to earnestness. In MODVS INTERROGATIVS involving yes/no question,  √the cat is on the mat We need to allow for the possibility that ‘Is the cat on the mat?’ receives a negative answer: √~(the cat is on the mat). It will only be at a later stage, that motivated by his tutee’s revolution against the modernists and bringing Aristotle back, Grice will deal with ‘vacuous’ bits of a propositional complex. In a scenario where such cat – thing Schroedinger – does not exist, the ‘common ground’ between conversationalists differ. In A’s question, “Is the cat on the mat?” the variable, although applying to the whole propositional complex – which makes of this a yes/no question – need not have a counterpart in B’s frame of mind – given that B thinks such a cat does not exist. There is no way that he has PERCEIVED (potched) and CONCEIVED (cotched) such a cat. The ~ then is just ornamental. (Grice would oftentimes use the derivative scenario of K B – for King Bald and play with √~KxBx – and variants thereof. These could take two formulations: numerical, as in √~1KxB2x Or √~2KxB1x In the second reading, the predicate has scope over ~, which explains the implicature that the conversationalist makes his move as if he is believing that such a cat (or such a king) might be on the mat (or bald). In the first reading, which is the default one, it’s negation which has maximal scope. The cat being on the mat (or the king being bald) is ENTAILED by a conversational move such as ‘The cat is on the mat’ or ‘The present king of France is bald.’ The cat is on the mat (or the king being bald) is ONLY CANCELLABLY CONVERSATIONALLY IMPLICATED – not entailed – by a conversational move of a different form, with the operator ~ attached to it: “The cat is not on the mat”  (or “The present king of France is not bald” ), or “it is not the case that the cat is on the mat” (or “it is not the case that the present king of France is bald”) or even, Grice suggests, ‘It is false that the cat is on the mat” (or “it is false that the king of France is bald”).  So a conversationalist has be careful – it’s sometimes just a matter of intonation, or frown – at Oxford, both gown or town.  A: Where did the cat sit? B: On the mat. A: Well, politely disallow her! It is after all, an extremely refined map and that shaggy cat should not be shedding her long hairs on it – as I’m sure the dean should agree. A’s second move is in the MODVS IMPERATIVS. Grice at one point played with MODVS OPTATIVS A: Ah! B: Ah what? A: Ah, for that Smith be happy! In “Utterers’s meaning, sentence-meaning, and word-meaning” he is allowing that his dummy for ‘mood’ (*psi – read asterisk sub psi) should stand for ‘indicative,’ ‘imperative’ ‘optative’ what have you. In Intention and Uncertainty he played with  A: Let there be light? B: Latin, please A: Fiat lux. He is considering the future, as per future intentional (“I shall, you will”) and the future factual (“I will, you shall”). He allows that not even the most ordinary-language speakers at Oxford – those like him with a double first in the greats and Austin – are sure how to use them. Careful English speakers, as he puts it – “as most of us are NOT” – will hardly make the mistake of taking one sub-mode by another. Because this is what Grice is after. The idea of a conversational move is easy enough to digest. But the game of conversation is such that MOVES can be made IN A VARIETY OF MODES – MODUS is after all the fourth conversational category – and what is worse, there are MIXED-MODE conversational moves, too, such as: A: Touch the beast and it will bite you B: Do serpents bite? B’s point is that Cicero uses ‘mordere’ NOT for ‘serpent.’ But A’s original conversational move seems mixed-mode in that the first conjunctum seems imperative ‘Touch the beast!’ while the second is future factual (“The beast will bite you”).  Grice is concerned at this point – in “Aspects of reason” with developing two points previous in his career. In “Logic and conversation” he had resumed his earlier “Negation and privation” and “Negative propositions,” especifcally on “~” – and inspired by the inadqacies by Strawon on ‘>’ – that Grice presented in Prolegomena’ Grice provides the list: one unitary operator, “not” – two dyadic paratactical ones: “and” and “or” – one dyadic hypotactical: “if.” It is to the dyadic hypotatictcal that he’ll dedicate most of his attention on now on. He has, after all, formulated his principle of conversational benevolence (a. k. a. the principle of conversational helpfulness) as a ‘Conversational Imperative’ – following  not only Kantotle, but Hare, who couldn’t think in NON-imperative terms – and now in the second Paul Carus lecture he feels like torturing his audience with ways in which the phrastic mode operator applies either to the protasis or he apodosis. A: Do it! B: What if not? A categorical imperative is self-justified in context, but need not be. The modes and submodes play thus a key role in conversation. The Conversational Move is allowed to display a mode, and it may be up to the co-conversationalist to get clarification as to what sub-mode that is. Grice is not so much concerned –as others have – studying how uptake gets realised in elaborate conversational sequences – but his taxonomy he thought was a good proof that he was working along the right lines in philosophical psychology. Each mode and its submodes is aptly analysed with the aid of the VOL and JUD operator, where sometimes a reference has to be made to a neutral psychological attitude of ACC to cover EITHER VOL or JUD.  There is such a thing as a MODUS INDICATIVUS that a move may display so the modistae were not necessarily wrong. But surely if we take the exhibition/protrepsis divide seriously, some moves are just displays of one’s BELIEFS – a display of a desire is the rudiment of an ORDER, rather -, whereas other moves carry an implicated ‘For your information’ – or the occasional vocative. To use Austin’s example A: A goldfinch! B: I see. Great! Versus A: A goldfinch, Grice! B: I see, thanks! By using the vocative, Austin’s conversational move carries the implicature of the SUB-MODE: not MODVS INDICATIVVS but SVB-MODVS INFORMATIVS. A parallel springs in the imperative realm. The mere display of a VOLIT is enough to count as an order:QUEEN OF HEARTS: RED, NOT WHITE KING OF HEARTS: I’ll inform them immediately. (And sends the pack of cards to paint the white roses red). Grice relies on Austin’s and Ansombe (cited in Intention and Uncertaitny) direction of fit. In the direction of fit proper of the VOLITIVE mode, two big groups are in contrast. The direction of fit may involve the utterer himself, or his co-conversationalist. In one case – the typical conversatonal move – one is ordering; in the second, less obviously conversational, unless we take ‘Grice without an audience’ more seriously than we should – one is exhorting oneself. Grice’s caveat in Aspects of reason tries to simplify the scheme by disallowing a long elaboration of conversational moves proper seeing that he is becoming more and more concerned with self-deliberation that may lead to self-acceptation of one’s own judgements and volitions – with a view of instilling them into one’s conversational partner at a later stage. If Grice was initially attracted to Cook-Wilson’s treatment of the MODVS INTERROGATIVS in ‘Statement and Inference’ – where the ‘statement’ is hyperbolic – he finds such a realm of crucial importance now. INTERROGATION is the mode of deliberation. And again this comes in two varieties or submodes. The typically conversational dyad illustrates one: A: Where did the cat sit? B: On the mat. But a question may be addressed to the utterer himself, even conversationally: A: Where did I say that the cat was sitting? B: On the mat. A: I was talking to myself! Sorry about that. Again, the VOL/JUD – two sides of the same coin of of conversational rationality – apply when it comes to MODVS INTERROGATIVES. In B’s answer above, ‘The cat is on the mat,” B is merely complying with an INFORMATION-SEEKING conversational move – of the JUD type. It may not always be so: A: What shall we do about it? B: Well, get her OUT of the mat, if you say the Dean adores that mat! In A’s conversational move here, the ‘force’ – illocutionary force’ or mode, as Grice prefers, or ‘tropic, as Hare does – his is a tetralogy of sub-atomic particles: the phrastic, the neustic, the tropic, and the clistic – A is not expecting an ANSWER – it’s not a JUD type of a question, it is a question elicitng an ACTION or at least VOLITIVE effect in one’s conversationalist.  Most typically, this type of interrogative can also be self-directed: A: Shall I have rings in my finger? B: Wherever you go! A: I wasn’t expecting YOUR answer. That was rude. It was a self-directed exhortation. Grice can be liberal, and aptly so, when it comes to MODVS, so don’t expect to be having other than the Oxonian philosopher at hand: CAPTAIN: The soldiers are to muster at dawn SARGEANT: Yes sir. Grice – having read Prichard to tears – knows this, whatever the modistae would say, counts as a PERFEFT imperative! Grice happened to expand on felinology at some point. On TWO occasions he used Oxford as a paradigm for language change. He is referring to the Dean of Hartford, whose dog was deemed a _cat_ for college regulations. Grice treasured the clipping from THE TIMES when the successor to the dean’s post addressed the Editor with a simple “My cat is not a dog.” Grice selects such a conversastional move not out of the blue, but because the formalisation (or ‘logical form,’ as he prefers – these were the days when he was giving a joint seminar with his former tutee P. F. Strawson on ‘Meaning, categories, and logical form’) involves one of Grice’s favourite operators, the inverted iota, introduced by Peano. The logical form of ‘The cat sat on the mat,’ here simplified to ‘The cat IS on the mat’ – terms: ‘the cat’, ‘being on the mat’ – joined by the copula – involves such an operator and the predicates C for cat, and M for ‘to sit on the mat’. (ix)Cx & Mx. Note that the gambit in the conversational game is an utterance by A in the interrogative mode – Grice disregarded the English variant ‘mood’ – And it is a simple one at that: an x- or wh-question. The rudiments of the logical form are maintained. And the VOLITION behind the making of the move is that B supplied the incognitum. ‘Where?’ ‘On the mat’. In other words. A is presenting B with an open formula, without truth or any other value satisfactoriness, and is pleading B to supply the required information. So it is to the answer to which we should direct our attention now. ‘The cat sat on the mat.’ That is a factually satisfactory response, as Grice has it, which gets factually SATISFIED if the cat happens to sat on the mat. If the underlying psychological attitude expressed by the question was the questioner’s VOLITION, the central psychological attitude in B’s response is the expression of a BELIEF, or JUDGEMENT. And B is offering his judgement. Under the circumstances where the principle of conversational helpfulness operates, and we see the exchange as vital to both A’s and B’s survivals, we can imagine that B EXPECTS to be believed. This would still have B’s response count as an EXHIBITIVE move – he is merely expressing his belief – this is part of what is entailed by saying that he engages in a conversational move in the INDICATIVE, now, not interrogative, mode. Grice distinguishes two sub-modes under this modality. Indicative is just the self-centred mode. Informative is the tag Grice uses to label the mood when addressed to the utterer’s addressee. ‘For your information, she sat on the mat.’ Whether A happens to JUDICATE that the cat sat on the mat is beyond B’s capabilities, and not really part of the conversational game! The Dean of Hertford’s cat requires a tweak here and there. Why was Grice so obsessed with the linguistic idiosyncrasy of just ONE Oxford college. Deep down, it boils down to Cratylus’s distinction physei/thesei. There is nothing in the NATURE of the Dean’s dog that makes it a cat – or rather, alternatively, it is ALL about NATURE – as experienced at Oxford – that allows us to refer to ‘the cat’ – a nominal, when both conversationalists are aware that the denotatum is a _dog_.  Grice liked a shaggy-dog story, too. The only linguistic example he gives in ‘Utterer’s meaning, sentence-meaning, and word-meaning’ for analysis – as opposed as for illustration (“If I shall then be helping the grass to grow I shall have no time for reading,” “Smith is a philosopher,” “Smith beat Nowell” – concerns Smith’s dog, Fido, who happens to be hirsute. Grice spends the final fragment of the conference on the M-intention behind an ascription of hairy-coatedness to Fido. We can illustrate that conversationally at Hertford. A: She doesn’t look shaggy to me. B. But she is! In System G, every bit counts, so ‘the cat is on the mat’ involves a term-forming iota operator, two predicates, one for cat, one for mat.  Grice’s reference to ‘shaggy =def hairy-coated’ is the ONLY example where Grice explores what philsoophers at Oxford were dubbing ‘semantics,’ so it is worth expanding. A Where did the cat sit? B: What cat? A: The shaggy one. In “Utterer’s meaning, sentence-meaning, and word-meaning” – reprinted by Searle in The philosophy of language only to give foil to Chomsky insulting Grice as an unredeemable behaviourist – Grice is concerned with the topic of his joint seminar with Strawson on ‘Meaning, categories, and logical form’: the referential and the attributive. For ‘referential’, pouring scorn on Ryle’s ‘Fido’-Fido theory of meaning (later relabelled by Aftershave Schiffer as Fido-Fido theory of psychological attitudes Grice does not care to provide a NOUN SUBSTANTIVM proper – like ‘dog’ or ‘cat’ – but a NOMEN SUBSANTIVM PROPER, ‘Fido’ – Smith’s cat. Anyone familiar with the Little Oxford Dictionary is aware that ‘Fido’ is NOT part of a language – so it cannot be ‘Fido’ that Grice is seriously thinking when dealing with ‘word-meaning.’ He was aware that providing an analysis of the NOMINAL PHRASE ‘the dog’ would have complicated the discussion infinitely and he only had a few more minutes to spare.  It is his choice of the NOMEN ADJECTIVUM that becomes the semantic piece then, the attribute to the substantial type – Searle had been so obsessed by Strawson’s obsession with this that he could not get out of Oxford with a degree unless it were on ‘Problems of meaning, regarding the sense and reference distinction’ (deposited at the Bodleian library – and relying mainly on Grice). The NOMEN ADJECTIVUM Grice chooses is ‘hirsute’ or ‘shaggy.’ This is sematnic enough. ‘Shaggy’ involves the suffix -y which featured in Grice’s favourite poem (“Twas brillig and…’): a mere sequel to the brillig. There is shag, and there is shaggy. And cats at Hertford, as owned by the Dean, can be shaggy. A: Did you see her? B: See who? A: The cat – the dean’s cat: the shaggiest I’ve ever seen. B: And shedding all that hair on the old mat, I assume. If Grice disallows ‘the cat’ or ‘the dog’ but opts for a proper name – ‘Fido’ – he knew what he was doing. It is in ‘Vacuous name’ that he deals with the ‘the’. In ‘Logic and Conversation’ he merely presents ‘the’ as equivant to the Peano inverted iota, and the course of the lecture he gives examples providing a contrast with the choice of ‘a’ – which falls under ‘some (at least one) rather. A: Smith is meeting a woman this evening. B: You mean THE wife! A: Indeed. His own one! In ‘Vacuous names,’ he is considering definite descriptions in general, and has used the delta symbolism to represent them: the δ versus THE δ. This is perhaps the least imaginative of Grice’s formalisms, since people abuse capitals regardless. Grice didn’t. To use ‘the δ’ versus ‘THE δ’ made all the difference in the world to him. What he means is more difficult to grasp. Posssesives don’t help. When a δ is prefaced by a possessive as in Smith’s butler or Smith’s staberbasher, the ‘the’ has mysteriously disappeared. But not the phenomenon of definitely describing.  In listing ‘all,’ ‘some (at least one),’ ‘the’ – in that order, Grice knew what he was doing. The second amounts to an INDEFINITE description; the third is the DEFINITE DESCRIPTION proper, which eventually gets ‘reduced’ by Peano in terms of the ‘all’.  Grice specifically applies the square-brackets here A: The king of France is not bald. B. I never said he was. A. I know. But we are disagreeing on different grounds. I just claim that he is not bald for the simple reason that France has long NOT been a monarchy.In symbols ~[((x)Fx] & Gx The inverted iota operator is thus reducible – as Russell knew from Peano – on account of the fact that to utter ‘the’ is a roundabout way of engaging oneself into a longer, more otiose, conversationally inappropriate move featuring only the universal quantifier and the horseshoe. Does this relate to ‘the δ’ versus ‘THE  δ‘? It does. But in a subtler way. The way Grice defines a dossier has Urmsonian reverberations. Urmson had been discussing for The Aristotelian Society, under the topic of ‘Intensionality’: URMSON:  Mrs. Smith’s husband just passed by. MRS. URMSON: You mean the postman! Urmson notes that there is conversational desideratum of what he calls not relation – as Grice does – or relevance – as Nowell-Smith and Strawson do (Strawson’s platitude of conversational relevance) – but APPOSITENESS. You choose the predicate following the definite descriptor that fits best. In Urmson’s conversation, the ‘the’ in “Mrs. Smith’s huband” is obscured by the presence of the possessive, but IT IS there in terms of logical form.  For Grice, ‘the δ’ is the standard, DEFAULT, use of a definite description. It does not indicate anything about the utterer’s ACQUAINTANCE (alla Russell, by ‘description’ that is) with the denotatum of ‘the δ.’  In contrast, ‘THE δ’ is used ONLY when the utterer is ACQUAINTED not just by description but by direct perception, with the denotatum of ‘THE δ,’ and HOPES that his co-conversationalist will too. Borrowing (but not returning – he was his own tutee, after all) from Strawson, Grice uses variants of ‘identifying.’ Strawson had after all pre-dated Grice in circulating (without Grice’s consent) such platitudes as the desideratum of conversational knowledge, the desideratum of conversational ignorance (‘you only make conversational moves which are meant to INFORM your co-conversationalist) and the desideratum of conversational relevance. What more do you want? Strawson feels we still want ‘IDENFITYING’: it’s IDENTIFYING reference that we require. In their joint seminar on ‘Meaning, categories, and logical form’ Grice and Strawson had presented four contrasting scenarios: involving the identifying-reference for a substantial type in a first-order predicate calculus and an identifying-reference for a substantial type (i. .e. still occupying the subject slot) in the more Platonist talk. Their examples concern Bunbury and disinterestedness. A: I never met anyone more disinterested than Bunbury. B: You should go to a church sometime. In his move, A is ascribing disinterestedness to Bunbury, and proves an IDENTIFYING reference for it. The second scenario concerns an alleged identifying reference to ‘disinterestedness.’ At this point, Grice and Strawson use ‘exist’ as ‘… is a spatio-temporal continuant’ for substantial types (subject-slot) in a first-order predicate calculus.  A: Bunbury doesn’t exist. B: He does. He is in the next room. This Grice and Strawson contrast with the issue at hand: A Real disinterestedness doesn’t exist. B. It does. Bunbury is disinterested. Grice and Strawson consider that B’s move above does not quite offer an IDENTIFYING REFERENCE that will allow the conversationalist to ‘VERIFY’ the denotatum. It totally contrasts with ‘Bunbury is in the next room’. ‘Bunbury is really disinterestedness’ does not help verify that real disinterestedness can be occupy the subject-lot in a conversational move that will prove to be SATISFACTORY (factually or alethically satisfactory) or SATISFIED (verified) especially in the context of one of Wilde’s silliest saloon comedies! It is these references to the mechanism of ‘IDENTIFYING’ that Grice is reviving when looking for a tag for ‘the ‘ versus ‘THE ‘.  The fact that Donnellan was making some noise with ‘referential’ and attribute’ did not help, and Grice is adamant about his distancing from Donnellan. Grice could see where Donnellan was going. A non-Oxonian if ever there was one, worshipped by equally non-Oxonians like Dummett, it would not be long, Grice rightly foresaw, before Donnellan’s alleged distinction is taken as ‘semantic,’ not ‘pragamtics’ – or ‘definable in logical form’ rather than in a mere conversational illustration via implicature, as Grice would have it (He detested the semantic/pragmatic distinction, so-called).  Hence his rather ugly-sounding, admittedly, of ‘the ‘ as NON-IDENTIFICATORY (by default) and ‘THE ‘ as IDENTIFICATORY.  It will take a generation of philosophers at Oxford, led by Sainsbury and Over, predated by Evans in ‘Varieties of reference’ to turn Grice’s ‘identificatory’/’non-identificatory’ distinction into the mainstream.  In “Vacuous Names,” aware of the developments in the logic of belief and desire, Grice attempts a formalism. His task to hand then is ‘Peter wants to marry Paul’s sister – who doesn’t really exist.’ ‘want’ or ‘desire’ is thus external to the scope of a ‘vacuous’ predicate. When it comes to our basic dyad, the formalism is different. For B’s move ‘The cat sat on the mat’, we would have VOLIT_AJUDGE_B(ix)CxMx This is the first clause in Grice’s analysis of ‘Meaning,’ already proferred for the Oxford Philosophical Society in 1948. Not enough, though. We need a second VOLIT, or intention, as applies to (i) itself. The combination yields: VOLIT_AJUDGE_B(ix)CxMx & VOLIT_AJUDGE_BVOLIT_AJUDGE_B(ix)CxMx What the elongated formula does is merely express the fact that a necessary condition if not sufficient for the conversational player to have made the conversational move he did intend to make is that his co-conversationalist will recognise the intention – is this enough for the m-intention, as Grice rather circularly calls the intention that CONSTITUTES ‘meaning’ or signification’? One would think so. But Strawson did not. It is sad to think that ‘Meaning’ was submitted to The Philosophical Review by Strawson, only to have it criticised in his own submission a couple of years later. In ‘Intention and Convention in speech acts,’ the former tutee strikes back. The rat-infested case, as the locus classicus came to be known, was the first move in an intricate series of challenges with ‘alleged counter-examples’ to Grice’s analysis which he coped the best way he could. Eventually, he gives up and has to recourse to the negation of an existential clause (Ex). This (Ex) now applies to an VOLIT by the conversationalist, but unlike the iota operator, it does not apply to the DICTUM, the cat sat on the mat.  Rather the negation of the existential clause notably applies to the conversationalist’s VOLITing that there should be no inference element in the calculation of what has been signified by the conversationalist SUCH THAT he intends himself, but not his co-conversationalist, to rely on. If A is a real estate agent, and guiding B through the house. A: The house is neat. B. I don’t like the sight of that dead rat there. This is the first type of Strawson-type of alleged counter-example. Strawson fabricates the scenario such that A is AWARE that the rat has been placed there as a ‘natural’ sign of the house being rat-infested. It is an inference element that A has but does not with B to share. The obvious response, and apt one at that, is that in communication – never mind conversation – all should be above board – to use Blackburn’s colloquialism in Speading the words: groundings in the philosophy of language. Grice is expansive on this in a paper he wrote the year before he died. He is considering ‘hinting’ and ‘suggesting.’ If the ‘hint’ is so weak, such that the conversationalist cannot rely on the fact that his co-conversationalist will get it, nothing has been HINTED. Nothing has been communicated. The formal way to deal with this – in a way that annoyd Putnam (“You are too formal, Grice!”) was via the negation of an existential clause whose scope would be those inference elements which build up to BOTH the planning and the processing of a single conversational move. But while in ‘Meaning,’ and its sequels he would explore the intricacies of what it means for a conversationalist to have SAID that the cat is on the mat (which would rely on ‘procedures’ both basic and resultant) in more informal terms, the big contrast is what the conversationalist has NOT explicitly conveyed. In a twist of a common philosophical idiom, Grice uses ‘imply,’ not as a variant of ‘implication,’ but as a synonym for ‘insinuate,’ a rhetorical term of art. So, if, as the Longman Dictionary says, ‘a cat’ may be metaphorical for ‘the nasty woman’ and to be on the mat, is to be beaten, the utterer may well be conversationally implying that the nasty woman is being beaten. At this point, Grice wants his audience to recapitulate and to reconsider the important philosophical point Grice is making. He is assuming both conversationalists to be rational. Even though the processes for the move-making and the move-construal involve DIFFERENT strategies or hermeneutical processes.  The making of a move is a goal-directed piece of abductive reasoning. The understanding of a move involves an abductive piece of reasoning where the end now is to catch what the other conversationlist is trying to ‘communicate.’ While Grice uses ‘meaning’ informally, he is diverging from his classical background. No such thing as ‘meaning’ in the classics! Indeed, while Grice’s immediate source is Stevenson, Stevenson is clear that he will use ‘mean’ in a metaphorical way to represent what a barometer ‘means,’ for example. The classical parlance is into ‘signifying.’ In his lectures on ‘Meaning,’ Grice is clear that while the utterance is NOT a sign, it is the vehicle by which an utterer signifies. de Saussure had been using ‘signifier’ for a different thing, but the formation is the same: active participle of ‘signify’. It is the utterer who signifies. And it is the utterer, qua conversationalist, who signifies as per a conversational implicature. When M. M. Warner commented on all this, he was a purist, -- ‘Notes on Grice,’ Unpublished --. Grice is being a purist in that ‘implicature’ is not ‘implicatum’. The ‘implicature’ is in the making of the move. The implicatum is what has been communicated. It was, sadly, Strawson, in a piece meant to be critical of Grice – and presenting his ‘rat-infested’ alleged counterexample – who makes the point. What Grice is after is not really ‘meaning’ – or understanding – it is communication, simpliciter. The idea that the rational will can calibre the shades of meaning is a commonplace of rhetoric, but it is the commonplace on which Grice bases his theory. It is a flouting or abuse or manipulation of a procedure meant to be rational. In later stages of his career, when re-elaborating his theory with Warnock, Grice came to see the point more clearly.  He is postulating a COMMON GOAL to conversation, which is the exchange of information AND the institution of DECISIONS – both aletic and buletic moves are being held as crucial.  Things such as TRUST, on which Warnock had based his Morals in The Object of Morality, or Hampshire in his Thought and Action – are deemed essential. If we break them in jokes like ‘You’re the cream in my coffee’, it is only a very silly philosopher who won’t see the light. So Grice can rest assured that there is long tradition, mainly along Kantian lines, which sees these ‘transcendental pragmatic’ conditions are making communication possible. It may be deemed a WEAK transcendental justification in that a move like ‘You’re the cream in my coffee’ IS possible. The conditions apply to the EXISTENCE of an APPROPRIATE conversational move, not to the existence of a conversational move as such. Grice never cared to provide an answer to Hegel’s challenge to the cunning of conversational reason. But in this respect Hegel proves more Kantian than Kant. And if Grice leaves his Conversational Immanuel as a given, it is one that gets deemed and redeemed in history, in local history, which I the Oxford of the days in which Grice lived. In the ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO CONCEPTS we will consider the intricacies of some of the conceptual machinery adopted by Grice, notably as it comes to the types of expectation in behaviour: the desideratum of conversational clarity, the desideratum of candour, the principle of conversational self-love, the principle of conversational benevolence, and the principle of conversational helpfulness. All these technicisms are meant ironically by Grice, as is his fastidious taxonomy of what is explicitly conveyed – the expliciture-cum-explicature – and what is merely implicitly conveyed – the implicature/implicature, it being conventional or non-conventional all non-natural, and if non-conventional, only conversational when calculable in terms of those procedures that make conversation a type of RATIONAL COOPERATION, and not, say, an exercise in a Renaissance court by Castiglione! REPLY TO RICHARDS 1986  Oxford Philosophical Society  cocktail at Blackwell’s  Date: January 1, 1949 (Publication day of Probability and Induction) Characters: William Kneale (Senior): Fellow of Exeter College, author of the hour. H. Paul Grice (Junior): Fellow of St John’s, ever-probing.  Kneale: The noise in the Norrington Room is positively inductive, Paul. One hopes the probability of finding another gin is high." 2. Grice: "High, perhaps, but is it objective? Or merely a matter of your own 'rational expectation' based on the tray's current trajectory?" 3. Kneale: "Cruel. After four hundred pages of labor, you’d deny me a simple frequentist’s thirst-quencher." 4. Grice: "Never. I was merely reminiscing about the pre-war Common Rooms—less crowded, more... logically transparent." 5. Kneale: "Ah, the simpler days. Before the Clarendon Press became quite so demanding of our time." 6. Grice: "And before we felt the need to populate the universe with quite so many 'necessary' entities. Your book, William... it’s a magnificent edifice." 7. Kneale: "I detect a 'but' lurking in your implicature, Paul." 8. Grice: "Not a 'but', a probe. This notion of 'necessity' you apply to natural laws—it seems to sprout quite a few... let’s call them ontological excrescences." 9. Kneale: "Excrescences? I should hope they are structural supports! Without a real connection between properties, induction is a mere gambler’s hope." 10. Grice: "But must we buy the connection at the cost of a new category of being? I find myself wondering if the 'necessity' isn't just a feature of how we must talk to remain cooperative." 11. Kneale: "You want to reduce my metaphysics to a set of conversational rules? That’s a bold bit of reductionism, even for you." 12. Grice: "I prefer 'parsimony'. Why suppose a knot in the world when a habit in the mind—or a rule in the language—does the job?" 13. Kneale: "Because the mind’s habits don't make the bridge collapse or the sun rise. The world has a 'must' of its own." 14. Grice: "And yet, when we say it 'must' rise, are we not merely signaling our refusal to entertain the alternative as a move in the game?" 15. Kneale: "A game with very high stakes, Paul. I remember us debating this on a walk near the Cherwell in ’38." 16. Grice: "Yes, the punts were drifting, and you were already convinced that Hume had left us all quite homeless." 17. Kneale: "He did! He left us in a world of 'loose and separate' events. I’ve spent years trying to glue them back together with something sturdier than 'custom'." 18. Grice: "I just worry your glue is a bit... thick. These 'necessities'—they’re like extra limbs on a theory that should be lean. Kneale: "If a theory is too lean, it cannot carry the weight of science. Look at the room—Wood and Austin are watching us. They expect a defense." 20. Grice: "Let them watch. I’m just looking at the linguistic nuances. If 'probability' is an objective relation, does it 'exist' like this glass of gin?" 21. Kneale: "It exists as a principle of rational belief. Don't tell me you've become a pure nominalist while I wasn't looking." 22. Grice: "I’m a 'don't-multiply-entities-unless-absolutely-forced-to'—ist. I suspect your excrescences might be pruned by a closer look at what we mean by 'mean'." 23. Kneale: "Always back to meaning! Well, the book is out. The excrescences are now public property. Grice: "And I shall enjoy every page of them, William. Even if I spend the whole night trying to shave them off with Ockham’s razor." 25. Kneale: "Do your worst, Paul. But for now, let us toast to the 'happier days'—which, if my induction is correct, are exactly what we are having right now. Epilogue Extract from the "University Intelligence" column of The Oxford Gazette, March 1949: "The Oxford Philosophical Society recently held a most agreeable cocktail party at Blackwell’s to celebrate Mr. W. C. Kneale’s Probability and Induction. The evening was marked by the usual high-spirited hair-splitting. It is reported that Mr. H. P. Grice, with his customary surgical wit, was seen cornering the author near the philosophy shelves. Grice was heard to inquire whether the 'necessities' championed in the text weren't merely 'ontological excrescences' that might be better treated by a stiff dose of linguistic analysis. Mr. Kneale, unruffled, suggested that without such excrescences, philosophy would be as flat as a stale ale. The debate continued until the shop’s bell signaled a final, and most necessary, departure." — O. P. Wood Would you like to explore Grice’s specific counter-arguments to Kneale’s theory or perhaps another Oxford-centered philosophical dialogue? John Maynard Keynes died in  April 1946, and H.P. Grice’s "Reply to Richards" was published much later in 1986. Since Keynes was deceased long before Grice's major works on implicature were published, this meeting takes place at Hatchards in Piccadilly—London’s oldest and most prestigious bookstore—during a late promotional event for a reprint of Keynes's A Treatise on Probability (originally 1921).  Setting: Hatchards, Piccadilly, London. Late 1945. Characters: Keynes (The celebrated economist/logician) and Grice (The young Oxford don).  Grice: Lord Keynes, I hope I’m not violating a maxim of quantity by lingering, but I’ve been waiting an hour to speak with you.  Keynes: Not at all. For a man of your obvious intent, the quantity of waiting is a sunk cost.  Grice: I’ve just finished your Treatise on Probabilityfor the third time. Keynes: My "logical relation" between propositions? Most treat it as a relic of 1921. Grice: On the contrary, your idea that probability is a logical relation, not just a frequency, is revolutionary for philosophy. Keynes: You find the "degree of rational belief" compelling, then? Grice: Deeply. I’m particularly struck by how you define irrelevance—where adding information doesn't change the probability. Keynes: Ah, the "weight of argument." Most economists ignore the logic behind the numbers. Grice: I suspect that what we say about probability is governed by the same logic as what we mean in conversation.  Keynes: Meaning? You’re suggesting a calculus of intent? Grice: Exactly. Just as you seek the rational ground for belief, I seek the rational ground for cooperation in speech. Keynes: A noble, if perhaps optimistic, pursuit. People are rarely as logical as my equations. Grice: But they intend to be understood. That intention is the "logical relation" of the exchange. Keynes: (Smiling) You’re trying to turn my probability into a theory of communication. Grice: Your work provides the bridge. It suggests that logic isn't just about truth, but about the justification for our leaps of faith. Keynes: And what is a conversation but a series of leaps of faith? Grice: Precisely. I actually quote your definition of relevance in my recent notes. Keynes: You’ve published this? Grice: Not yet. I’m still refining the "cooperative principle." Keynes: Well, I appreciate the rigor. It’s rare to find such an analytical eye for the "Treatise" these days. Grice: It’s the foundation for everything I hope to do with language. Keynes: I see. And where do you hold your fellowship, Mr. Grice?  Grice: St John’s College, Oxford, Lord Keynes.  Keynes: Oxford? (He chuckles, signing the book with a flourish). I must say, I appreciate the genuine interest—especially seeing that you come from The Other Place.  Grice: We do read at Oxford, I assure you—mostly to see what you've discovered first at Cambridge.  Grice would often wished to explore how Grice’s maxims directly parallel the logical relations in Keynes’s Treatise on Probability? This conversation is set on  June 14, 1938, at the Richmond (part of the Randolph Hotel) in Oxford.  Paul Grice, newly appointed Lecturer at St John’s College, is 25. William Golding, who recently completed his Diploma in Education at Brasenose, is 26. They have known each other through the tight-knit circle of Oxford "Greats" and English scholars since their undergraduate days.  Golding: It’s the silence of the fossil record that haunts me, Paul. We treat the Neanderthal as a failed experiment, but what if they simply experienced the world with a different kind of clarity?  Grice: You’re suggesting a cognitive gap, then? Not just a lack of tools, but a lack of... well, what we’re doing right now.  Golding: Precisely. I’m imagining a novel—a story of the last of them. I want to show their "people" without the clutter of our modern logic. Grice: A noble aim, William, but a linguistic minefield. If they don't have our logic, how do they mean anything at all?  Golding: That’s the rub. I want to write from insidetheir heads. But how can a Sapiens reader—a creature of syntax and irony—ever truly understand a creature that might not even possess a "self" in the way we do? Grice: You're touching on the very mechanics of communication. To understand them, you must first acknowledge that meaning isn't just about the words used. Golding: Go on. I’m all ears, though I suspect you’re about to tell me my Neanderthals are impossible. Grice: Far from it. Think of it this way: when we speak, I intend for you to recognize that I want you to believe something. It’s a nested intention. Golding: But my "People"—the Neanderthals—they don't "intend" to manipulate each other’s minds. They share "pictures." Grice: Ah, "pictures." That’s the key. For a Sapiensto understand your Neanderthal, the Sapiens must perform a sort of radical translation. Golding: And the reverse? Could my Neanderthal, Lok, ever understand us—the "New People"?  Grice: To be blunt, William: the reverse would be otiose. Golding: Otiose? That’s a harsh bit of Oxford phrasing, even for you. Grice: I mean it technically. Communication requires a shared Cooperative Principle. If the "New People" operate on deception and complex inference, and Lok operates on pure sensory immediacy, the bridge only works one way. Golding: You mean the "higher" intellect can simulate the "lower," but the "lower" cannot even conceive of the "higher’s" complexity? Grice: Exactly. A Sapiens can strip away his layers of conversational implicature to see the "picture." But the Neanderthal lacks the machinery to reconstruct what isn't there. He sees the arrow; he cannot see the intent to kill. Golding: (Writing frantically) "The arrow is a twig that grows suddenly." He sees the effect, never the motive.  Grice: Precisely. He interprets the world, but he doesn't interpret intentions. To him, a lie is not a falsehood; it is simply a break in the world’s "picture." Golding: This is it, Paul. This is the tragedy of the book. The tragedy of a mind that is too innocent to be "cooperative" in your sense. Grice: It’s a philosophical goldmine. You’re using fiction to test the limits of where "meaning" ends and pure "being" begins. Golding: I’ve been struggling with how to make the reader feel that loss. Your point about the one-way mirror of understanding... it makes the Neanderthal’s extinction feel like a linguistic death as much as a physical one. Grice: It is the loss of a certain kind of "truth" that doesn't require evidence. Golding: Thank you, Paul. Truly. You’ve helped me see that the fiction isn't just a story about "cavemen"—it’s a study of the dark spaces where our communication fails. Grice: Just don't make them too poetic, William. They’re still eating marrow with their hands.  Golding: (Smiling) Oh, they’ll be visceral. But thanks to you, they’ll be philosophically sound.  Grice would often wished to explore how Golding's service in the Royal Navy during the war eventually transformed these early philosophical ideas into the final draft of The Inheritors. In 1918, at their home in  Harborne, Mabel Felton Grice homeschooled her sons, Herbert Paul (age 5) and John Derek (age 3), as her husband's business began to fail.    Philosophy Documentation Center Philosophy Documentation Center Bedtime at Harborne, 1918  Mabel: Rest now, Paul and Derek. Tonight we reach the Hill Difficulty in Mr. Bunyan’s Pilgrim. GRICE: "Will Christian see the Lions, Mother? You said they were at the top."  Mabel: "Yes, but first he must face the 'Dangers' that lurk in the bypasses."  Derek: "Is the bypass a scary road?"  Mabel: "It is. Bunyan writes: 'The name of the one was Danger, and the name of the other Destruction'."  Grice: "Mother, why are they written with a Capital Initial? Like they are people?"  Mabel: In an Allegory, Paul, a word like Danger is more than a word; it is a Living Thing that meets you on the path. GRICE: (Awestruck) So the name is the thing? If I walk into Danger, I am walking into a person? Mabel: "Precisely. Now, Derek, what does the name Danger imply for the pilgrim? Derek: "It means... mind your step? Or something will bite?" Mabel: "It implies the Hidden Risk of leaving the straight path. It is the peril of the soul."  Paul: "And Destruction? That sounds final. Like a total end." Mabel: "It is the Utter Ruin of those who seek a shortcut. Formalist and Hypocrisy went that way and never returned." Derek: "I shall stay on the path. I don't like Mr. Destruction." Paul: "But Mother, if the names tell you exactly what they are, why would anyone go in?" Mabel: "Because, Paul, they think they know better than the Capital Letters. They think it’s just a path, not a Choice." Paul: "The names are like... logical signs. If 'A' is Danger, then 'A' will hurt you." Mabel: "Spoken like a little scholar. What of Despair? We saw him in the Swamp earlier." Derek: "He makes you muddy and sad!" Mabel: "It implies a Weight of Sin so heavy you cannot swim." Paul: "It's a miracle Christian gets through. The names are everywhere, watching." Mabel: "They are. But remember Faithful. His name implies he will never leave you." Derek: "I like Faithful better than the monsters." Paul: "The names... they don't just describe. They command."  Mabel: "They do. Now sleep, before Sloth catches you both. Grice often wondered how these early lessons in naming influenced Grice’s later theories on meaning and implication. RETROSPECTIVE EPILOGUE. Grice presents four cases: DICTIVE FORMAL II NON DICTIVE FORMAL III DICTIVE NON FORMAL IV NON DICTIVE NON FORMAL kk Make four conversation, four moves each, between Grice and Strawson with Grice first saying each sentece: 1) “The President of the British Academy is in his office.” 2) “My brother-in-law lives on a peak in Darien, his great aunt, on the other hand, was a nurse in The Great War” 3) “Heigh-ho” (meaning something like Well, that’s the way the world goes. 4) “Excuse me sir.” Ushering Strawson through the door with an elaborate courtly bow. –There was more than philosophy in the life of H. P. Grice. Indeed, rather tetrically, the TIMES obituary read: “Professional philosopher and amateur cricketer” – I suppose for W. C. Grace it would have read the opposite. “PHILOSOOPHER AND …” FILM. Grice held the presidency of the Oxford Film Society. Oxford Gazette: Issue No. 3245 – April 15, 1954 Oxford Film Society Presents Norma Shearer Retrospective Last Tuesday evening, April 13, the Oxford Film Society delighted its membership with a special screening of "The Women" (1939), starring the celebrated Norma Shearer. The event drew a full house to the Bodleian Theatre, testament to both Shearer's enduring reputation and the Society's growing influence under the presidency of H. P. Grice. Before the curtains rose, President Grice took to the podium, offering words of admiration for Shearer. "Few actresses have so successfully embodied both strength and subtlety in equal measure. Norma Shearer’s performances are not merely dramatic—they are an education in character, wit, and the art of conversation," Grice declared. "Her presence on screen elevates the filmic art, inspiring not only her fellow actors but all who engage with cinema as a form of dialogue." The audience responded with a round of applause, echoing Grice’s appreciation for Shearer’s legacy. Following the screening, members lingered for discussion, many remarking on Shearer's nuanced portrayal and Grice's thoughtful introduction. The evening was judged a resounding success, further confirming the Oxford Film Society's role as a cultural beacon under Grice’s stewardship. Oxford Gazette: Issue No. 3298 – February 16, 1955 Oxford Film Society Presents “The Third Man” – President Grice’s Remarks On Wednesday, February 15, 1955, the Oxford Film Society hosted a special evening screening of “The Third Man” (1949) at the Bodleian Theatre. The anticipation was palpable, with members and guests filling every seat in the auditorium to revisit what many have called one of the greatest achievements in British cinema. Prior to the film, President H. P. Grice addressed the Society with a set of preliminary remarks that were as incisive as they were appreciative. “Few films,” Grice began, “manage to combine such technical brilliance, narrative subtlety, and atmospheric intensity as ‘The Third Man.’ It is, in my view, one of the true gems of British cinema—and not just from a philosophical perspective.” Grice went on to praise the film’s distinctive cinematography, the legendary zither score by Anton Karas, and the nuanced performances by Joseph Cotten, Alida Valli, and Orson Welles. He highlighted director Carol Reed’s “masterful orchestration of suspense and moral ambiguity,” noting that the film invites its audience to reflect not only on postwar Vienna but on the murkier territories of human nature itself. “We are reminded,” Grice concluded, “that great cinema, like great philosophy, asks us to look more closely—at shadows, at motives, and at the unspoken truths between the lines. ‘The Third Man’ remains as compelling and enigmatic today as it did upon its first release.” The screening was followed by an animated discussion among Society members, many echoing Grice’s sentiments. The evening was widely regarded as a highlight of the Society’s calendar, reaffirming its reputation for both cultural discernment and intellectual engagement under President Grice’s guidance.  CRICKET. “Professional philosopher and amateur cricker” the Times obituary for Grice read. Provide three conversations during a cricket match, the three of them having Grice as Batsman. The first in 1928. Supply ten conversational moves of the type that players utter and empire utter and provide the report of the game in Clifton Gazette praising Grice. The second make it at Corpus Christi where Grice also played. Have the report published in invented issue no. in 1933 of The Pelican. The third, have Grice, now tutorial fellow at St. John’s playing for the demi-johns, the cricket club he founded – have this as the opening of the club (Check date). Provide the report made by the official newsletter of the club, praising Grice as founder, and noting his activities in the North Oxford Cricket Club, to which he belonged before founding the Demi-Johns. In each case have the three conversations, ten moves, with interjections, etc. by players – including Grice as batsman in all, and shouts from empire, etc. Just before the reports. Provide three conversations during three cricket matches – ten conversational moves each, with Grice as batsman, with interjections by players and empires and have it as Clifton, 1929, Corpus Christi 1932, and Demi-John’s, 1965 Three Matches: H. P. Grice at the Crease Imagined Conversations and Match Reports, 1928–1966I. Clifton: 1928 vs. Marlborough Conversation: Grice, Captain Wilmot, Bowler Jenkins Scene: Clifton College Cricket Pavilion, June 1928. The sun is bright over the field. H. P. Grice, aged 15, laces up his boots as Captain Wilmot enters.  Wilmot: Ready for your innings, Grice? Marlborough’s attack is sharper than last year. Grice: Always ready, sir. I’ve been practicing my straight drive—less theory, more action today. Jenkins (Marlborough’s opening bowler, overhearing): Don’t get too comfortable, Grice. The pitch is quick, and my swing’s a menace.  Grice (smiling): "Theory predicts the ball will swing, Jenkins. Practice shows I can still find the boundary. Wilmot: "That’s the spirit. Remember: cricket is a game of patience and wit. Let’s show Marlborough what Clifton can do. Match Report: Clifton Newsletter Clifton Newsletter, June 1928: "In a spirited contest against Marlborough, Clifton’s XI displayed the best of schoolboy cricket. The standout performance belonged to H. P. Grice, whose elegant batting anchored the innings. Grice amassed 72 runs, finding gaps with a philosopher’s precision and dispatching Jenkins’s swing bowling to all quarters. Clifton posted 201 for 7; Marlborough, despite a late surge, fell short at 187. Grice’s calm under pressure and inventive strokeplay earned high praise from the pavilion, marking him as a cricketer of rare promise." II. Corpus Christi: 1934 vs. Balliol Conversation: Grice, Fellow Batsman Hughes, Opponent Carter Scene: University Parks, Oxford, May 1934. Grice and Hughes, padded up, lean against the fence as Balliol’s Carter warms up.  Hughes: Grice, your last innings against Queen’s was almost mathematical. Are you feeling philosophical or aggressive today? Grice: Perhaps both. Cricket, like philosophy, rewards careful analysis—but sometimes a bold stroke is the best argument. Carter (Balliol’s spinner): You Corpus fellows talk a good game. Let’s see if you can handle my leg-breaks. Grice: "Leg-breaks or syllogisms, Carter—I’ll try not to be outwitted. Hughes: Let’s make our runs count and secure the cup. Corpus expects. Match Report: The Pelican The Pelican, Corpus Christi Magazine, May 1934: "Corpus triumphed over Balliol in a match characterized by tactical acumen and spirited rivalry. The highlight was H. P. Grice’s 89—not out—crafted against Carter’s wily spin. Grice’s mastery of timing and placement turned threatening deliveries into scoring opportunities, guiding Corpus to a total of 242. Balliol, despite a promising start, wilted under the pressure and finished at 210. Grice’s innings was widely acclaimed as a model of composure and ingenuity, sealing victory for Corpus and cementing his reputation as a batsman of distinction." III. Demi-Johns: 1966 vs. Magdalen Gentlemen Conversation: Grice, Teammate Clifford, Rival Drayton Scene: Port Meadow, Oxford, July 1966. Grice, now a seasoned scholar, prepares alongside Clifford as Drayton, Magdalen’s captain, approaches.  Clifford: Grice, you make batting look effortless—are you going to treat us to another lesson in timing?  Grice: "The secret, Clifford, is in anticipation and a dash of conversational implicature. I suggest we keep our intentions clear and our boundaries frequent. Drayton: "Demi-Johns have a formidable reputation, Grice. But Magdalen Gentlemen are not easily bested. Grice: "Cricket is a game of moves and countermoves, Drayton. May the best conversation, and the best cricket, prevail."  Clifford: "Right—let’s put theory into practice one more time. Match Report: The Demi-Johns Chronicle The Demi-Johns Chronicle, July 1966: "In a sunlit encounter at Port Meadow, the Demi-Johns overcame the Magdalen Gentlemen in an absorbing match. H. P. Grice, opening for the Demi-Johns, delivered a vintage performance, scoring 65 with deft footwork and a philosopher’s patience. His partnership with Clifford provided the foundation for a total of 185. Magdalen chased valiantly, but fell short at 173 after a late flurry from Drayton. Grice’s batting attracted praise from all quarters, his elegant cover drives and unerring concentration setting a standard few could match. The Demi-Johns’ victory was celebrated heartily, with Grice’s contribution hailed as exemplary." Conclusion Across three decades and three storied matches, H. P. Grice’s cricketing prowess proved as noteworthy as his philosophical wit. Whether at Clifton, Corpus Christi, or with the Demi-Johns, Grice’s batting drew admiration and anchored his teams to victory—demonstrating that, for Grice, the conversational game and the cricket pitch alike were arenas for skill, analysis, and spirited camaraderie. CHESS. Grice excelled at chess. Provide a conversation with Grice as chess player and a member of the Common Room at St. John’s – make him George Robinson, 1966 – make it a twenty-conversational move conversation with Grice ending by uttering checkmate Chess at St. John’s: Grice vs. Richardson, January 1966 A Thirty-Move Game of Wit and Strategy in the Senior Common Room Scene: Senior Common Room, St. John’s College, Oxford. A winter evening, January 1966. H. P. Grice and George Richardson sit across a well-worn chessboard, tea steaming nearby. Fellows drift through, pausing to watch philosophers at play. • Grice (White): "Shall we begin, George? I promise only moderate cunning tonight." • Richardson (Black): "I expect nothing less, Paul. Let’s see if philosophy improves chess or merely complicates it." Move Grice (White) Richardson (Black) Verbal Exchange 1. e4 e5  Grice: Classic beginnings, Richardso. Like Aristotle—simple principles first.  2. Nf3 Nc6 "I suppose we must defend our premises." 3. Bc4 Bc5"Ah, Italian—much like Oxford debates. Direct, but rarely dull." 4. b4 Bxb4 "A gambit, Paul? Risk and reward, the essence of philosophy." 5. c3 Ba5 "I was feeling adventurous. Besides, chess is the ultimate game of implicature." 6. d4 exd4 "So much for my center. But I have faith in conversational clarity." 7. O-O Nf6 "Castling—order from chaos. If only our Common Room were so tidy." 8. e5 d5 "I see you resist, George. A dialectical move if ever there was." 9. exf6 dxc4 "Material for position—like arguments for truth." 10. Re1+ Kf8 "Check, but not checkmate. It’s early days yet." 11. Ba3+ Kg8 "I sense a weakness in your king’s defenses—no offense." 12. Be7 Qd7 "A queen’s intervention—always dramatic, sometimes decisive." 13. Bxf6 gxf6 "There goes my bishop. The conversational game turns." 14. Qh5 h6 "Threats abound. Is your king anxious, or merely perplexed?" 15. Re3 Kh7 "Preparing my rook for action—always plan ahead, I say." 16. Nd2 Rg8 "A defensive gesture. You know, George, chess is a test of patience." 17. Ne4 Qf5 "Your queen eyes my rook—intentions made clear." 18. g4 Rxg4+ "Boldness! But sometimes one must flout the maxim of caution." 19. Ng3+ Kg6 "And here comes the knight. Philosophy’s wild card." 20. Rg3 Rxg3+ "Exchange of rooks—like a heated debate: both sides lose something." 21. hxg3 Qd3 "Pawn recapture. Even the smallest player matters—Austin would approve." 22. Nf5+ Bxf5 "A tactical skirmish. You’re as wily as ever, George." 23. gxf5+ Kh7 "King flees. Retreat is sometimes the better part of valor." 24. Re7+ Nxe7 "Sacrifices must be made for progress, in chess as in philosophy." 25. Qxf7+ Kh8 "Check again. The king is cornered, yet the argument continues." 26. Qxf6+ Kg8 "Queen’s power is unrivaled—like a well-placed thesis." 27. Qxe7 Qxc3 "Material swings back and forth, but I sense the end is near." 28. Re1 Qxe1+ "A twist! You’ve turned the tables for a moment." 29. Kh2 Qxf2+ "My king steps aside—sometimes discretion trumps assertion." 30. Kh3 Qxf1+ "Check, but allow me to offer the final move."  Grice (White): Qg8# •  Grice: Checkmate, Richardson! A conversational coup, if I may say so.  Richardson: Ingenious, Grice. I concede—though perhaps my arguments lacked sufficient strength. Grice: Strength, clarity, and candor—the chessboard is as philosophical as the Common Room. Care for another cup of tea? Richardson: Only if you promise to limit the checkmates—at least until next term. Observers applaud quietly, and the two philosophers shake hands, their friendly rivalry as lively as their conversation. The evening concludes with laughter, and a renewed appreciation for both chess and philosophy at Oxford. AUCTION BRIDGE. He excelled at auction bridge. Conversation at the Final Table: Oxford Bridge Club Championship, 1965  Grice (South): One no trump. Mary Allen (West): Double. Fairchild (North): Redouble. Morris (East): Two clubs. Grice:  Pass. Mary Allen: Two diamonds. Fairchild: Pass. Morris: Two hearts. Grice: Three no trump. Mary Allen: Pass. Let's see you play that, Grice! Oxford Bridge Club Chronicle  — Issue No. 78, Trinity Term 1965The annual Oxford Bridge Club Championship reached its thrilling conclusion last Thursday evening in the Upper Common Room of Magdalen College. The club was atwitter as four of the sharpest minds in Oxford vied for the coveted silver cup. This year's champion, H. P. Grice, prevailed after an extraordinary final against formidable opponents Mary Allen, John Fairchild, and Peter Morris.The decisive board saw Grice, playing South, declare a bold three no trump contract after a spirited auction. The play was as subtle as a philosophical argument, with Grice executing a flawless squeeze on Allen and Morris, extracting every trick required for victory. Observers remarked on Grice's calm demeanor and ingenious card play, which have become the stuff of legend in Oxford card circles.After the match, Grice was characteristically modest: "Bridge is a game of reason and inference—much like philosophy, only with stiffer penalties for unsound argument." The evening concluded with congratulations all around, and a toast to the new champion. The Chronicle is pleased to note that, under Grice's leadership, interest in the club has never been higher, and the coming year promises more evenings of clever bidding and convivial play. MUSIC. MUSIC was Grice’s passion. Invent a conversation between Grice and his friend George Robinson on attending concert at Albert HAll on Mahler’s Erde cycle and have Grice overpraise Mahler to Robinson’s more guarded impressions – invent date and have Grice refer to The Times review of the concert with specific date. Scene: Royal Albert Hall, London. Evening of October 14, 1966. The grand auditorium has emptied after Mahler’s 'Das Lied von der Erde,' performed by the London Symphony Orchestra under Sir Colin Davis. Soloists: tenor Peter Pears and baritone Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau. The air is thick with post-concert excitement, critical chatter, and the lingering resonance of Mahler’s last notes. H. P. Grice and George Richardson, both Oxford dons, step out into the autumn night.  Grice: Richardson, I must say it—Mahler’s 'Das Lied von der Erde' is, in my view, the most beautiful piece of music ever produced. Richardson: Bold words, Grice. More beautiful than Beethoven’s Ninth? Than Elgar’s Dream of Gerontius? Grice: Yes, more beautiful. The fusion of poetry and orchestration, the existential longing—nothing else quite approaches it. Richardson: You’re swept up in the moment. But let us consider the performance itself. Did you find Pears convincing as the tenor? Grice: Exceptionally so. Pears captured the fragility in "Das Trinklied vom Jammer der Erde." His voice shimmered, translucent, even against Mahler’s orchestral tempest. Richardson: Fischer-Dieskau’s baritone was, as always, authoritative—though some critics say he lacked warmth in "Der Abschied." Grice: Ah, but I felt the restraint gave the final movement its dignity. The way he lingered on "Ewig… ewig…" was achingly perfect. Richardson: Davis kept to brisk tempi, which THE TIMES review this morning found ‘rushed.’ Grice: I read that review. Wood lambasts Davis for ‘impatience’ and ‘lack of nuance.’  Richardson: Frankly, I sympathize. Tradition dictates a slower, more expansive approach, to savor Mahler’s landscapes. Grice: Yet Davis’s pacing brought a clarity to the orchestral colors—especially in the second song. The woodwinds seemed to burst alive, not drown in sentimentality.  Richardson: But tradition has its wisdom. Walter’s Vienna performances, for instance, set the benchmark.13. Grice: And yet, must we always genuflect to tradition? Tonight, I was moved by Davis’s freshness. The LSO was luminous—the strings, almost tactile in their vibrato.14. Richardson: THE TIMES also criticized Pears’s German diction, calling it ‘unidiomatic.’15. Grice: Unidiomatic, perhaps—but Pears’s emotional intelligence transcended mere phonetics. His phrasing in "Von der Jugend" was so limpid, so delicate.16. Richardson: Fischer-Dieskau’s "Der Abschied" lost none of its majesty, even if Davis pressed forward.17. Grice: The critic faulted the horns for ‘blurred attacks’—yet I found their entries haunting, almost spectral, as intended by Mahler.18. Richardson: The review’s harshest point was Davis’s alleged ‘failure to evoke the metaphysical weight’ of the closing, ‘Ewig.’19. Grice: I disagree vehemently. The silence after the last note was profound—the audience hushed, as if suspended between worlds.20. Richardson: That silence is tradition, Paul. But I wonder if Davis earned it, or if Mahler’s score demands it regardless.21. Grice: The conductor’s choices matter. Davis’s subtle cue to Fischer-Dieskau gave the final "Ewig" its breathless expectancy.22. Richardson: Still, THE TIMES argued that the flute solo in "Der Abschied" was ‘unremarkable.’23. Grice: It was understated, yes—but in context, it felt like the very sound of autumn, not mere virtuosity.24. Richardson: You’re describing music as philosophy—perhaps that is your bias.25. Grice: Perhaps. But is not Mahler’s music a meditation on mortality? What is criticism if it fails to grasp the existential undercurrent?26. Richardson: Critics must attend first to execution. Tradition, polish, discipline—these are the pillars.27. Grice: And yet, musical beauty often emerges from risk, from a performer's vulnerability. Pears’s voice cracked slightly on "Die Sonne," but it was heartbreakingly human.28. Richardson: THE TIMES would call that ‘weakness.’29. Grice: I call it authenticity. Mahler’s world is not polished, but lived.30. Richardson: The review also claimed the audience was ‘generous to a fault,’ applauding mediocrity.31. Grice: Were we not genuinely moved? The ovations were spontaneous—a testament not to mediocrity, but to transcendence.32. Richardson: I admit, even I was swept up. The hall was nearly reverent.33. Grice: British concert life is evolving. The 1960s have ushered in daring programming, a democratization of taste.34. Richardson: You think this is progress? Sometimes I wonder if we are losing the old standards.35. Grice: Standards ought to be challenged. Without innovation, music stagnates.36. Richardson: Yet critics are guardians, preserving the canon.37. Grice: Let them guard. But let artists breathe new life into old forms.38. Richardson: We seem to have reached a philosophical impasse, Paul. Grice: Perhaps. But tonight, in the Royal Albert Hall, beauty was realized, not merely preserved. Richardson: I respect your insight, even if I cling to my establishment ways.  October 14, 1966—an unforgettable evening. Have Grice provide details on soloists and what he liked best of it. Invent a conversation between George Richardson and H. P. Grice after attending Convent Garden Meistersinger and Grice complaining it is ‘for children’ – Have Grice refer to THE TIMES review   –  To add here: Imagine a forty-move conversation in specfic date in 1966 between H. P. Grice and George Richardson, his Oxford colleague, as they leave Convent Gardenm and sit at pub nearby (provide name) to discuss performance of Wagner’s MEISTERSINGER, with Grice totally treating the thing as ‘a thing for children’ and Richardson going over THE TIMES review – provide details of performers to make it realistic – discussing what makes it, Richardson wonders, for Grice ‘a thing for children’ or ‘for children’ – go over details of scenes, etc. ..Scene: The Lamb & Flag, Covent Garden, London. Date: May 5, 1966. The pub is bustling with post-performance chatter as H. P. Grice and George Richardson settle at a corner table, programs and a fresh edition of The Times in hand. The air hums with the scent of ale and echoes of Wagner’s "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg." Richardson: Well, Grice, here we are—pints secured, Wagner’s chorus still ringing in my head, and The Times’ critic already sharpening his pen. What did you make of tonight’s Meistersinger? Grice: A triumph in every sense. Covent Garden outdid itself, though I suspect The Times will find a quibble with Sachs’s diction or the pace of the overture. Richardson: (waves the newspaper) On the contrary! The review is almost glowing—except for a sly jab at the “unabashed exuberance” of the apprentices. They single out Hans Hotter’s Sachs as “magisterial.” Grice: And rightly so. Hotter walks that line between genial pedagogue and weary sage. His “Wahn, Wahn” was both a lullaby and a philosophy seminar.Richardson: You called the opera “for children” as we left the theatre. The Times calls it “a mature comedy with youthful spirit.” Are you being puckish, or do you mean it?Grice: Entirely earnest. Wagner, for all his metaphysical baggage, crafts here a world as welcoming as a toybox—full of spectacle, broad humor, even pantomime. It’s a fairy tale for the philosophically inclined.Richardson: But the music! The counterpoint, the elaborate textures—these are not child’s play. Take the quintet in Act III. How does that fit your thesis?Grice: Ah, but the melody floats with such innocence. Remember how Eva’s line hovers? Even a child, unburdened by theory, could be moved. The technical mastery is a vessel, not a barrier.Richardson: Then what of the Beckmesser scenes? Tonight’s reviewer calls him “deliciously cartoonish”—hardly subtle. Is that the childlike element you mean?Grice: Precisely. Beckmesser is a comic villain in the tradition of the Brothers Grimm, exaggerated and ultimately harmless. The chalk episode—marking Sachs’s shoes—is pure slapstick. Richardson: And the townsfolk’s riot with their hobbyhorses and lanterns? In the wrong hands it veers toward pantomime.Grice: Which is exactly why it works. It’s the child’s dream of chaos, safely contained—a festival scene straight from a picture book. Wagner, for once, invites us to laugh without irony.Richardson: Yet Sachs’s meditations are hardly for the nursery. “Madness! Madness! Everywhere madness!” That’s German philosophy as much as German folklore.Grice: True. Still, children sense gravity in their fairy tales. The distinction is not between simple and deep, but between exclusion and invitation. Meistersinger invites everyone in, no passwords required.Richardson: The Times notes Anja Silja’s Eva as “radiant and unaffected.” Is her performance central to the accessibility you praise?Grice: Absolutely. Silja’s Eva is playful, impulsive—her little feints with Magdalene in Act I, her impish escape from the masters’ scrutiny. She is every curious child in the audience, peeking behind the grown-ups’ debates.Richardson: And Ernst Kozub’s Walther? His Prize Song earned an ovation and more than a few tears in the gallery.Grice: His Walther is less the tortured artist, more the brave dreamer. The Prize Song itself—its melody is memorable after a single hearing. That’s childlike magic: simplicity that conceals sophistication.Richardson: The chorus, though—The Times marvels at their “precision and warmth.” Did you find the crowd scenes childlike too?Grice: They are Wagner’s playground. The apprentices tumble, the masters grumble. There’s a carnival energy, almost theatrical in its mischief. Even the final pageant feels more game than ceremony.Richardson: Still, Wotan and Tristan this is not. There’s no murder, no apotheosis. Is the “childlike” label just your Oxfordian way of saying “good-hearted”?Grice: Not just good-hearted—open-hearted. The plot’s conflicts are never cruel, only comic or tender. Even Beckmesser gets a gentle send-off, not a villain’s doom.Richardson: The Times reviewer says, “Children in the audience laughed most at Beckmesser’s misfortunes, while their elders wept at Sachs’s renunciation.” Is that the heart of it?Grice: I think so. The opera layers its appeals—mischief for the young, wisdom for the old, but never shutting one group out. It’s a rare Gesamtkunstwerk that makes room for the child’s gaze without condescension.Richardson: Let’s talk staging. Did you notice how the Maypole dominated the set? A village fête, not a philosopher’s coliseum.Grice: And the costuming—primary colors, exaggerated hats, aprons—like an illustration sprung to life. The audience delighted in the parade, as if invited to join.Richardson: What of the conductor, Reginald Goodall? The Times describes his reading as “unhurried, transparent, generous.” Did that add to the sense of accessibility?Grice: Undoubtedly. Goodall allowed scenes to breathe, as if savoring each motif. No rush to profundity, only a steady unfolding. I suspect even a child new to Wagner was never lost.Richardson: You’re building a case. But surely Wagner’s libretto, with all its talk of “holy German art,” isn’t for the young?Grice: Children ignore the slogans and cling to the stories. “Holy German art” might pass them by, but the shoemaker’s kindness, the lovers’ wit, these linger. Besides, Wagner’s greatest lesson here is in play, not polemic.Richardson: You’d say the same for the music? The fugues, the intricate ensembles?Grice: Fugues are but games of hide-and-seek. Listen with a child’s ear and you hear questions, answers, echoes, and surprises. The complexity is a playground, not a fortress. Richardson: Let’s get personal: Did you love Meistersinger as a boy? Grice: My father played the overture for me when I was seven. I remember the trumpet calls, the crash of the final chord—a summons to adventure, not analysis. The rest followed, but the delight never faded. Richardson: So, in your view, the “childlike” quality is not a lessening, but a broadening—a kind of radical hospitality?Grice: Precisely. Meistersinger wears its wisdom lightly, invites all to the table, and spares us tragedy in favor of festival. It’s Wagner’s least Wagnerian work, and therefore his most lovable.Richardson: The Times concludes, “In an age weary of irony, Meistersinger offers sincerity without naivety.” I see you’ve beaten them to the punch.Grice: For once, the critic and the philosopher are aligned. Shall we raise a glass to that rare harmony?Richardson: With pleasure. To Wagner, Hotter, Silja, Goodall—and to the children in all of us.Grice: And may our seriousness never outweigh our delight.Richardson: One last question—would you bring your own child to the next Meistersinger?Grice: Without hesitation. If she’s bored, she’s still better off for the attempt. But I wager she’ll be humming the Prize Song all the way home.Richardson: Then perhaps, after all, Wagner intended this opera not just for children, but for everyone still capable of wonder.Grice: That, my dear George, is the most childlike—and the most grown-up—conclusion we could reach.(They clink their glasses as the pub’s pianoman winks and plays a snippet of the Meistersinger overture, the laughter and music mingling in the London night.)

 

SECTION II: THE THEORY -- The two players in the dyad,  Grice calls A and B. When we refer to the player, we refer to that symbol in Grice’s Meaning in ‘A’. He is discussing types of meaning, and he decides that ‘A means to x’ – where A is a human agent, and x is an action will fall under the natural cases. In a conversation then we have A and B, two human agents. In ‘The theory of context.’ Grice is methodological about it. He needs to specify to his tutees that he will only accept as evidence the dyad. As in the old days of ‘Colourless green ideas sleep furiously’ marked under ‘*’ or “?” and written in brackets (1). For Grice, the type of instance will always be a dyad. Consider his first example of ‘implicature’ A: How is C getting on at his new job at the bank. B: Oh quite nicely really. He likes his colleagues and he he hasn’t been to prison yet. When in “Vacuous Names’ he goes on to use predicate calculus, we would need to be able to subscript the operators A and B. So suppose we are talking of a judging. We would have JUDGE_A  . If we have a WILL ascribed to B, we will have WILL_{B .}. Easy as it seems, it isn’t. An option would be to use ‘U’ for utterer and ‘A’ for addressee. Another option would be to refer to each as the ‘Meaners’ – or significans –  SIGNIFICANS_A and SIGNIFICANS_B  Note that in Grice’s analysis of meaning, including implicature, involving A and B, the logical form can be quite complex. The first intention by A – as he makes move M1 – within his turn T1 – is to have B BELIEVE or JUDGE something IABB. INTA BELB. But that is not the end of the matter. Grice was adamant about his approach being exhibitive. The judging that A intends from A is one concerning a psychological attitude by A. So A intends B to think that A either judges or wills that p. While it is free prose to write ‘judges or wills’ Grice took the disjunction seriously. He did allow for willing being definable in terms of judging. But the only explicit definition he gave – in ‘Method in philosophical psychology’ was the inverse: judging defined as willing. In this case, no reference to co-conversationalist B is necessary.  We are able to provide a definition of A JUDGES THAT P in terms of A WILLS THAT P provided we add some apparatus regarding the modulos, as Grice calls them. So if A judges that the flag is red and white, he wills that the flag being white and red will suppress a modulo where the flag is blue and white. England’s flag is red and white, Scotland’s flag is blue and white. We can thus define A’s JUDGING that England’s flag is red and white in terms of his willings. These are not willings about the flag being red and white, but about his willingness to have a match between his psychological attitudes and the state of the world. Within each turn, A is allowed to make as many moves as he likes. But given the common goal – common ground – of conversation, he is willing to exchange information and provide a way for the instditution of decisions. This is some sort of ‘actual’ uptake. As Collingwood would have it, conversation resolves conversando. And A expects B’s move. “Oh, he likes his colleagues and he hasn’t been to prison yet.”  A was trying to elicit that information from B and B is more than keen to provide it. Grice does not elaborate on how B gets to retrieve A’s meaning in questioning. Which is a shame, since Grice loved an interrogative. ‘How is C getting on in his new job at the bank?’ This requires a lot of common ground, and it’s a ‘how’ question. Grice uses the variable ‘wh-‘ – Cicero qu- -- but here it won’t work since ‘how’ does not start with ‘who. So it’s best to treat it as an x-question. As opposed to what Girce calls a yes/no, or yes/no/truth-value gap (when he was on Strawsonian antimode) question. ‘How is he getting on?’ The answer is ‘Quite well, I think.’ That should provide the full answer? Nor really, B feels as if he feels like volunteering. This is Oxford? Not really? Hugh Grant, an Oxonian, always treasured the fact that his brother worked at a bank, and that his parents were often asked. ‘Oh my sons are doing ok. One is a film star and the other works in a bank.’ ‘Oh marvellous! And what bank is that?!’ So you never know with Oxonians. The emphasis is on B’s volunteered information, which involves a topic that obsessed him even as an undergraduate, Greek ‘ou,’ Latin ‘non’. ‘He has NOT been to prison.’ Add ‘yet’ for effect. The implicature work smoothly. ‘Not’ implicates that B thinks A is having the affirmative version in mind. The ‘yet’ adds to the drama. Again, the cognitive abilities diverge in SIGNIFICANS making the signifying move, and the SIGNIFICANS getting his co-conversationalist’s meaning ACROSS. The first is a simple goal-end directed behaviour, as Bennett would call it. Of the type that Kant would call ‘prudential,’ rather than moral. There is no algorithm, because it’s actions that are under consideration.  But it is a bit like an Aristotelian practical syllogism – PRACTICAL being the key word --. Some are better conversationalists than other. And there are various levels to consider here. Was B’s GOAL to inform A that C is potentially dishonest, or that his colleagues are potentially treacherous. At this point, unfortunately, Grice could not care less. He is only bringing attention to the scenario to exemplify a case where what B EXPLICITLY CONVEYS or communicates, viz. that C hasn’t been to prison, DIFFERS FROM what B IMPLICITLY does – i. e. implicitly conveys or communicates. Grice adds two important features here.  What B IMPLICITLY CONVEYS is both calculable yet indeterminate. Consider calculability first: this is nothing but a slate of A’s processing in uptake: A must reconstruct B’s goal and proceed to calculate the steps B had in mind to achieve it. But now bring in INDETERMINACY, and you’ll see that the two-turn exchange may require further one. A: What do you mean he hasn’t been to prison yet? This is the type of pedantic exchange that is constantly annulled at Oxford and signifies that you are an outsider. ‘Do you mean to say that he is PRONE to dishonesty, or are you suggesting that his colleagues are potentially dishonest.’ Most likely, if B is Oxonian: “Take your pick.’ This type of conversational exchange Grice saw as the basis for HIS type of ordinary-language philosophy. And he provides such conversations in essays like ‘Vacuous Names’ – the long elaborations on Marmaduke Bloggs – or ‘Intention and Uncertainty’. ‘What do you mean you intend to retire if you are not legally allowed do do it? It’s not like raising ducks in old age, you know.’ And the important thing to notice is Grice’s reliance on his OWN intutions as to what’s best conversational practice or etiquette.  At most, he would call on them when refuting another Oxonian about them, as in his discussion with Hart on how to use ‘carefully’ carefully.  Grice was into sociological expectations of cooperation in other-oriented dyads. Add to that his emphasis on role and class. As tutee to Hardie, Grice’s role was submissive. As tutor to Strawson, Grice’s role was dominant. These lack of balance in conversational power is instituted at Oxford, so the players are very much UNLIKE cricketers – usually all undergraduates, -- Grice was also captain of the football team at Corpus. Tutorial exchanges are all the difference and they don’t even compare to that otiose, go-to-nowwhere chitchat in the common room! Grice treasured one where the conversational move to concsider was: “Well, he said that what we know we know, so he must know!”  THE CONVERSATIONAL MOVES. Those allowed are thus by virtue of their following what Grice calls the Principle of Conversational Helpfulness. These were the days when Grice was idenfitied as ‘the conversationalist’: who would tag every philosophism with ‘conversational’: conversational maxim, conversational principle, conversational implicature. The idea of a ‘move’ is Austinian. How to DO THINGS with words was the topic of his slogan. He preferred the more austere ‘Words and deeds’ – a man of words and not of deeds is like a garden full of weeds’ for his Oxford seminars on this. But Austin went to great lengths to analyse the ‘active’ side to ‘making a move’. Was it a phatic, was it a rheme? Was it a phone, was it a phone with suprasegmenetal stress added to it. Grice considers all this, and eventually comes to adopt the Austinian piece of parlance ‘speech act.’  Grice considers that Austin minismises the role of minimal speech acts. There are some speech acts which are, Grice calls them, CENTRAL, such as informing or directing. But there are speech acts, such as ‘suggest’ or ‘hint,’ which are peripheral – those that full under the implicature. He goes on to provide further symbolism. He uses the Frege complex sign of the turnstile without considering its double nature: acceptance and assertion. So he uses the turnstile. In opposition he uses “!” for the buletic operator. He adds in earlier debate the ‘optative mode.’ Oh, for Smith to be happy. Smith is happy, Smith, be happy, Oh, for Smith to be happy. In ‘Intention and uncertainty’ he explores Oh that there be light; oh for a breath of fresh air, oh for a lovely spring. In general, we settles for a trichotomy.  Moves are JUDICATIVE when they inolve the indicative or informative sub-modes. Or they are VOLITIVE, when they tend towards Kant’s sphere of imperatives, hypothetical or categorical – on which lectures when considering axiology. And third, there is the class of the INTERROGATIVES. They are a type of volitive. Grice goes on to consider the general format and the differential. Each move involves an M-intention on the part of the conversationalist A directed to co-conversationalist B, to the effect that B will acquire the JUDGEMENT that A WILLS something. And what A WILLS is that B JUDGES that A either WILLS or JUDGES that p. The rationale of conversation then proceeds along general lines. While talking of ‘conversational moves’ he makes a clear distinction with behaviour in general. His account will be useless if it cannot be seen as applying to dyadic interactions that do not require that type of expliciation. One of his earlier examples is his dropping the exact amount for the exact type of tobacco he buys on his tobacconists’s desk. Here a dyadic interaction takes place. Grice notes that DROPPING NOT the exact amount kills it all. There are other similar examples. A: Are you playing squash tonight. B displayes his bandaged leg. Hardly verbal or linguistic.  Yet, two-sided.  EXPLICITLY Grice is hesitant to allow that by displaying his bandaged leg, B means that his leg is bandaged. The type of ‘uptake’ required in THIS case is so automatic and primitive that defies reason. Everyone, or everything – a mouse, or rat, or a fly – can see that. He is more inclined to consider that the only thing that B MEANS or signifies is that he cannot play squash. I. e. Take ‘no’ as the answer. Grice never considered the apparatus of turn taking, which was elaborated elsewhere not by philosophers.  Notably Harvey Sacks. Sacks managed to get a copy of Grice’s full lectures, but as Schegloff confesses, he never read them.  And in a way, perhaps it was a good thing he never did. Those who did read them were stuck with them. They (especially the non-philosophers, since every philosopher who referred to them provided an informal rendition of the contents) were more willing to provide their own input to the thing, rather than even trying to provide a critical exegesis of it. Those scholars at Oxford who suffered Grice’s year-long seminars on ‘Conversation’ were another beast. Not everyone was invited. While the O. E. D. has 1967 as the first citation for ‘implicature’, Grice was using it in seminars dating from a couple years earlier than that. R. M. Hare, who credits Grice on conversational implicature in his essay in Mind sems to be suggesting that he is aware of what is going on. Hare was one of the few members of Austin’s (new) play group that made it to Grice’s own play group – Aune witnessed him almost on every occasion. ‘He never uttered a word. But blame it on his shyness.’ Hare would NOT need to attend Grice’s seminar on ‘Conversation.’ They were meant as optional for the ‘scholar’, which is the technical Oxnianism for ‘student.’ – Only the poor learn at Oxford. Attendance to a seminar is quite a world of difference with attendance to tutorials. Grice could be good at both. Indeed attending his own tutorials became the talk of St. John’s at one point, and Grice – Richardson reminisces – ‘we called ‘Godot’’ – as his tutees were piling up the stairs to his office.Attendance to a seminar was something that for those unfamiliar with the Oxonian ‘method’ – which traces back to Bologna and Sorbona, the two other oldER universities in Europe --. Attendance was never required. The scholar is FREE, and should LET his lecturer FREE. Don’t expect we’ll mark attendance, or grade. Grading is up to the Board of Examiners. With such loose requirements, Grice would not be surprised if only four scholars would attend his weekly seminar meetings on conversation, ‘if that much.’ In those seminars, Grice was adamant at throwing as much as he could in terms of what he called ‘expectations’ a conversationalist has towards his partner. He would make a few methodological remarks. If Chomsky was playing with ‘Colourless green ideas sleep furiously,’ and Carnap with ‘Ealy pirots karulise elastically,’ Grice knew that HIS thing was the DYAD: A: Where did that cat sit? B: On the mat. At his most prolific, Grice would need a radix to deal with all this. His example in Aspects of Reason at Stanford – repeated as Locke lectures at Oxford – is: √three little piggies went to market. In our scenario this becomes: √the cat sat on the mat When discussing Blake’s ‘Never seek to tell thy love,’ Grice finds the imperative oppressive, and requires his audience’s condescendence ‘if he would treat it as an indicative’: I sought to tell my love’. The past tense of ‘The cat sat on the mat’ may be similarly irritating. And Grice’s simplification goes √the cat is on the mat. Which is back to Toulmin’s drawing of the diagramme at Cambridge from Witters’s room, and transported to the Oxford environs by Anscombe. Hare was never that clear. Hare (who Grice does not care to mention on the TWO occasons – the first in ‘Aspects of Reason’ itself, and the second in ‘Retrospective Epilogue’ written the year before Grice died – when Grice refesr to ‘authors who would talk of phrastics and neustics’. For the radix is a bit in between. In the original Oxford Thesis formulation, Hare has a dictor and a dictum. This become in “Language and Morals’: the pair The door is closed, yes. The door is closed, please. By ‘please,’ Hare aptly refers to the Oxonian conversational scenario that allows you to UTTER an imperative. Grice would have none of that. He dismisses the blue-collar invention of the turnstile as a double Janus-like symbol, involving first ACCEPTANCE and then JUDGEMENT, and treats it as a unit├the cat is on the mat. To that, Grice simply opposes. ?The cat is on the mat. And if we are to credit a few philosophers: ├?The cat is on the mat. only when Grice is feeling ‘quessertive’ – Quessertive being the talk around Grice when discussing these topics with the self-appointed generative semanticists! The important thing is to be able to ex-troduce the mode operators as Grice calls them – and which he symbolises in toto as “*” and specifically as ‘asterisk sub psi’ *_ψ where the subscript is supposed to link each mode with some psychological attitude or other (fear, emotion, belief, desire, concuspiscence, akrasia, what have you). The resultant procedures, as Grice calls them – they are hardly basic, which Grice restricts to pure Kantian terminology only – become: ├√the cat is on the mat or !√the cat is on the mat (in vulgar English: put that cat on that mat!) or ?√the cat is on the mat. Note that  ?√the cat is on the mat represents only – ‘represent’ is the keyword – just ask Chomsky! – the boring yes/no question, since in such a conversational move as “Is the cat on the mat?” the utterer is already providing all the information that his co-conversationalist only needs to confirm or not. It’s quite a gap from Cook-Wilson’s sequences of sub-ordinated interogations, such as: A: I have a question for you. B: I’m ready – mind: I have a train to catch. A: I saw it yesterday on the mat – and the dean was starting to show signs of disattistaction. The cat’s the shaggiest creature at Hertford, and the hairs on the mat are not easy to vacuum of. B: So what’s the question? A: When was the last time when you saw WHAT on what shedding what? B: The cat sat on the mat, shedding hair, yes, if that’s what you are asking. Note that, in contrast with ‘Is the cat on the mat?’ – ‘Where did the cat sit?’ asks the co-conversationalist to fill a variable. To turn a variable of the form ‘The cat sat on X’ With the definite description ‘the mat’. As such, ‘The cat sat on X’ is neither true nor false. In fact, as Grice aptly observes, even the yes/no, or x-question involves a variable that turns the conversational move neither true nor false, not even in terms of volitive implicatures. A: Is the cat on the mat? B: Yes. By uttering ‘Is the cat on the mat’ – what does A (qua conversationalist) mean. Grice relies on transformational syntax here even if he wants to keep transformations to the minimum. What A means is that his co-conversationalist has to be able to supply an answer of the form of either ‘The cat is on the mat’ or ‘the cat is not on the mat.’ The first, abbreviated with ‘Yes;’ the second with ‘No.’ It is slightly different with Bosanquet’s query as to whether the King of Ruritania is wise! – which had been discussed by Bradley and others at Oxford to tears in the previous Oxford generation that predated Mabbott – vide Mabbott/Ryle, Symposium on Negation, The Aristotelian Society.So in A: Is the cat on the mat? B: I have a train to catch/My lips are sealed. A is not really committing himself, by definition to any proposition involving the radix √the cat is on the mat but merely suggesting that his co-conversationalist does so! The topics of radixes and stuff become existential to Grice late in his career when he defies the world to follow him in seeing his Conversational Imperative (“Try to make your conversational contribution one that fits the common goal of the exchange in which you are engaged” – out of wich a commandment, and not just a conversational commandment like ‘Thou shalt not provide false testimony’ is a mere corollary) as operative, in not the world over, at Oxford and environs. The conversational reason has its cunnings, and its manifestations in Town may not be its manifestations in Gown. In the Paul Carus second lecture then Grice plays with the horseshoe in items like !√the cat is on the mat Ↄ the cat is sleeping In conversational illustration A: Where is the cat? B: I know exactly where it is and what she is doing, but all I’ll say is that if she is NOT on the mat, she is well awake –and looking for a bone. Unlike regular cats, the Hartford cat detested sardines, and would rather bury a bone on the college campus anyday, to the defeat of the governing body, who were all to happy when the first measure of the new dean was to inform THE TIMES: “My cat is not a dog.” The type of radicalization – the use of √ in embedded clauses – was irritating philosophers like L. J. Cohen at New College, and would irritate the successor as philosophy don at St. John’s itself: P. M. S. Hacker. In his co-written extended essay on the topic: “Nonsense,” he criticises philosophers like Grice who should be slightly more respectful about the prison in which, if Witters is right, Oxonian English places you! There is more methodology behind that meets the eye.  And to deal with it we don’t need to proceed chronologically, since Grice drops bits which prove inspirational at different stages of his philosophical development. And usually those who have received less treatment in the philosophical literature prove the more interesting.  Just consider the ‘sat on.’ It was only in ‘Actions and Events’ that Grice approached the very topic. A. What has been the prisoner been doing all day? B. Oh, nothing, he just sat there. Grice considers that a type of action. The important bit for our reconstruction of what I keep calling his MINIMAL conversational pragmatics comes aftweards. He is discussing categories, and finds that while for Aristotle, ‘action’ (versus ‘passion’) was indeed a category – abused by grammarians who speak of the active voice – Grice’s example: Paris loved Helen – truth-conditionally equivalent to the passive – Helen was loved by Paris --, it is something different Grice is after. He is finding that while wh- words (where, when, why) answer to different categories in an ascription of an action such as ‘The Dean’s shaggy cat sat on the old mat,” there is no variable for ‘sat’ other than an ‘auxiliary’ which Grice detested: ‘do’ He was familiar with the insufficiencies of Greek and Latin in that respect too.  So Grice feels like coining the ‘whatting’. ‘Whatting’ – in a move reminiscent of C. J. Williams on the matter – is the general verb to represent any action, such as ‘sit on’. The conversational expansion would go: A Where did the cat sit? B. On the mat A And I expected she didn’t further somewhat. This is supposed to apply to our scenario Grice’s example concerning Socrates. GRICE. Today I’ll test you on the longitudinal history of philosophy. STRAWSON. Fair enough. GRICE: What whatted Socrates in 390 B. C.? STRAWSON. Drank the hemlock. Echoing a testing by a schoolteacher SCHOOLTEACHER. Rubicon Caesar SCHOOLBOY: crossed it. SCHOOLTEACHER. I knew he somewhatted in 45 A. D.! It resonates with the idea that communication is between rational agents, within a context. And Grice wished to restrict that context to the minum. The title of this seminar was indeed ‘The theory of context.’ Gardiner (who lived at Oxford, being single in the quarters of Magdalen) was saying a few things about ‘context of utterance,’ as was Firth and others, and Grice had to have his say on the matter. The MINIMAL CONTEXT – ‘if we are going to take ‘context’ out of context,’ he adds – is the dyad between rational agents. Both see each other as rational. The type of RATIONALITY is of the type Habermas will call ‘communicative’ – never ‘instrumental’. Means-end is involved, but in such a way that each conversationalist treats the other as a rational agent. Grice was familiar with Weber-type of other-oriented interactions, and by this time, a linguist had coined ‘idio-lect,’ which Grice liked. There is no need to rely on something like the System of Oxonian --. In an one-off interaction, if A supposes B is rational, there can be a conversation. Recall that in The Bible, to ‘converse’ is merely to have sexual intercourse! What are the types of ‘expectations’ that a conversationalist brings to the table – the board of the conversational game – to the game? Grice seems to have been clear from the start: BENEVOLENCE. This is a type of BENEVOLENCE that is not meant in the theological way the Reverend Butler used it when he opposed benevolence to self-love. This is CONVERSATIONAL benevolence. It is the PRINCIPLE of conversational BENEVOLENCE.  Grice thought that such a scheme was necessary since his earliest attempts at using the theory of conversation to dissolve some problems in the theory of perception – already present in that footnote in P. F. Strawson’s Introduction to Logical Theory – the thing was murky. There was an insistence on the STREGHT of the conversational move – in terms of informativeness? – but it was never clear why the conversationalist NEEDED to be informative in the first place! Grice is leaving all evolutionary justification for a latter stage, and he will when he provides more ‘folksy’ caeteris paribus laws within his theory of philosophical pychology. For now, this principle of conversational benevolence seems to be all he needs. Grice is aware that Oxonians can be selfish. So he balances the principle of conversational benevolence with ANOTHER principle, the principle of CONVERSATIONAL SELF-LOVE. It would not concern the cat on the mat, but something like: A: Where are the biscuits? B: In the cupboard. A cannot expect that B will BRING A the biscuits. There’s benevolence, but there’s self-love. So the interface of the balance is clear: one is benevolent to the point it does not obstruct the conversationalist’s need for his own space, his little self-love. Where does the earlier ‘strength’ or informativeness – already qualified as RATIONAL constraints or constraints of RATIONAL DISCOURSE fit in? In the desiderata. To these two grand reciprocal principles: the principle of conversational benevolence and the principle of conversational self-love, Grice then adjoins a desideratum or two. Interestingly, the two desiderata he mentions are similarly reciprocal in nature. There’s the obvious desideratum of CONVERSATIONAL clarity – the thing sounds pompous enough that Grice can spare the tutee of the ‘sic’ which he adds in his formulation: ‘be perspicuous [sic].’ He was well aware that Lewis was shouting loud that CLARITY is never enough! So the other desideratum is the Desideratum of Conversational Candour. The biscuits ARE in the cupboard, what more do you want? This desideratum enjoins that the move will be genuine, informative, and true. ‘True’ is of course restricted by Grice – or any other rational being – to conversational moves which are judicative in nature, never volitive. It is in odd form to utter at Oxford that ‘Close that window!’ is true!  Armed then with two desiderata and two principles, Grice thinks he has given his scholar some background for the expectations of co-operativeness operative in conversation. Grice was never too happy with ‘co-operation’ as a term; for one he disliked the umlaut. And also, he had these impulses, no doubt triggered by the nightmare of Austin, that Grice was deviating from ‘ordinary language’. What’s wrong with ‘help’? Does ‘helpfulness’ equate ‘cooperative’? In Italian it does: aiuta. There seems to be something reciprocal about ‘cooperation’ that is not so obvious in ‘help’ but for years, Grice kept referring to this as the Principle of Conversational Helpfulness, rather than the more Latinate ‘Cooperation.’ In Method in philosophical psychology, that came after, Grice explores an issue that has specific conversational overtones. And thus, rather than discussing it as the framework of the framework it seems more appropriate to include it within the framework itself. Grice is exploring the ‘ethical’ or ‘moral’ offshoots of his pirotological programme and arrives at what, again echoing Kant, he calls the IMMANUEL – which some have referred, as applied to conversation, as the CONVERSATIONAL IMMANUEL. Grice is not concerned at this point with the NATURE of the postulates in this manual for conduct. Only on its formal aspects. These rules for moral conduct – under which would fall conversational behaviour in this Kantian light, to be un-universalised by Hegel, each guideline is not just a maxim qua counsel of prudence. Grice has yet to examine the categorical imperative (which he does in the last Kant lecture and in the second Carus lecture) so this is seminal. He is considering such counsel of prudence such as a pirot may institute for himself as VALID only on the basis of (Grice’s term) its universability (and refers in passing to ‘well-known current discussions on the issue – by which he is having in mind all the attacks Hare is receiving from Rawls and the zillions of other critics. What does it mean that a guideline of conduct in the IMMANUEL and a fortiori, in the CONVERSATIONAL IMMANUEL is universalizable? Grice does not stop at this point. He provides THREE CRITERIA for such universalizable. He is considering the most general terms in a psycho-logical theory that will explain the conduct of pirots, and talking pirots in particular. The first feature of UNIVERSABILITY is forma. Each guideline of conduct needs to be formulated in terms of conceptual simplicity. His conversational maxims pass muster here – since as Matthew criticised Moses’s elaborate decalogue, what can be simplest than the Golden Rule. The second feature is functional. The maxims need to be interrelated. The third feature is APPLICABILITY, and this is the kernel one. Grice was giving a seminar on ‘Social justice’ at the point, moved by all the fuss they were making over Rawls’s passing reference to Grice on ‘fairness’ and co-personal identities. The maxims apply EQUALLY to every pirot. This is the equivalent of such ideal model he was proposing earlier in his seminars examining the expectations of cooperativeness conversationalists make on the basis that what “I do is what an honest chap does”. The guidelines are fair only if they apply fairly to both conversationalists in the dyad. No place for a master-slave dialectic here! If Plathgel is to succeed Ariskant he will proceed by a different route, and justify the cunning of conversational reason as it applies particularly to one specific Oxonian situation, say, where such FAIRNESS is not an option – consider an arbitrary Board of examineers decision to a tutee --.  In our formalistic terms of System PHP, the thing is clear to formalise IF JUDGE_BVOLIT_Ap VOLIT_Bp Consider the Austin’s biscuit conditional again. ‘p’ is know A’s volition that B supplies the missing information in ‘The biscuits are in x.’ B utters: “in the cupboard,” thus complying with A’s wish. B is being cooperative, helpful. He is abiding by the Principle of Conversational Helpfulness?  Does the mechanism get explained by the previous format of two desiderata and the principle of conversational benevolence plus the conversational self-love? It does. It would be the appeal to the PRINCIPLE of conversational BENEVOLENCE that does the trick. Self-love is minimal in this exchange. It only takes B’s the minimal energy of supplying the information. The desideratum of conversational candour, and the desideratum of conversational clarity are also respected by default. B is not making it ‘very difficult’ for A to catch what he means. Consider: A: What are we having for desert. B: I veto I – C – E – C – R – E – A – M. One parent says to the other in the presence of an infant who is unable to process the spelling. The principle of conversational BENEVOLENCE does the trick. And the flouting of the desideratum of conversational CLARITY triggers the extra implicature that that is that. For some reason Grice thought of ‘echoing Kant,’ and while Kant never spoke of ‘manner,’ in the seminars Grice refers to the category of MODUS rather. He had encouraged Strawson (who was a PPE and not a LitHum like himself) to study Kant’s categories in detail. Kant’s quartette in fact hides a twelve-fold list. Qualitas and Quantitas and Relatio and Modus were categories even for Cicero, who coined indeed Qualitas and the more ugly-sounding Quantitas. But behind the quartette Kant goes on to show how the monster rears his ugly head. There’s negation, privation, infinite, hypothesis, and the rest. For each of the four FORMS of categories there are THREE categories. The result is indeed the Table of Twelve Categories. Grice knew that he was making an informal use of Kant, so he couldn’t care less. If the echoing of Kant is not to be taken seriously, perhaps Grice would take the idea of a CONVERSATIONAL CATEGORY slightly more so. It is often said that twentieth-century philosophy saw a revolution: the linguistic turn, as Rorty called it. Or, in H. P. Grice’s case, a CONVERSATIONAL turn. The phrase ‘conversational category’ indeed occurs in ‘Logic and Conversation,’ but readers were not meant to take it seriously. The idea however IS serious. Grice elaborates on this the year before he died in ‘Retrospective Epilogue.’ As if repeating in pragmatic terms what Kantians lecture in mere moral term, Grice is wondering – given the panoply of procedures used in conversation: the open-ended, almost, set of rules for the open-ended, almost, nature of the conversational game, why are we, and need we, organize them?  Grice is a monist in one big respect. There is just ONE categorical imperative in ethics (“Do not multiply categorical imperatives beyond necessity”) and there is only ONE CONVERATIONAL IMPERATIVE (as he also calls it) in conversational pragmatics: this is the principle of conversational benevolence (not ill-will). Grice allows for models which regard conversational as a variety of behaviour “indeed rational” – but he allows within those models to cover only the rational aspects simpliciter – as Kasher does in ‘Conversational maxims and rationality’ – or as pertaining to a more specific sub-model that sees conversation as a variety of CO-OPERATIVE rational discourse – hence benevolence – since what is benevolence but lack of ill-will and furtherance of the shared conversational goal?  But within one single CONVERSATIONAL CATEGORY it seems obvious that some ordering is in order. He did not find the task easily. He looks back at his self when in 1967 he goes on to postulate truth at the level of ‘avoid ambiguity’. He does hint in ‘Logic and Conversation’ itself that some ‘maxims’ or categories seem more crucial than others: again, notably truth – a bite of truth is not a bite of a cheeseburger. What what more there is? In “Logic and Conversation” when he refers explicitly to the FOUR conversational categories – in Kantotle’s tradition: QUALITAS, QUANTITAS, RELATIO, MODUS – he knew what he was talking about. There is a specific intriguing phrase, “And one may need others.” Attached to the last of the maxims falling under the category of MODUS. Seeing that the maxims are nine, you add one and you get the CONVERSATIONAL DECALOGUE, as some have called it. Note that the arithmetic is not an easy one. Grice distinguishes between a maxim, a supermaxim and a submaxim. It is the submaxim that is the maxim simpliciter: things like ‘Avoid obscurity.’ Supermaxims are larger things like ‘Try to make your conversational move one that is true’ which embraces TWO conversational maxims proper: do not say what you believe to be true, and do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. Similarly, under the CONVERSATIONAL category of QUANTITAS follow two maxims – which Kasher has identified as one addressing the maxi, and the other the mini.  In any case, the idea of CONVERSATIONAL category is important, and Grice’s tetrachomy is as good as any other. Indeed, some have attempted to find a rationale to the idea that there are FOUR and that there ONLY can be FOUR conversational categories. But when you read such rationales you find that they are built in an ad-hoc theory of communication especially designed to make the four conversational the four cornerstones of our conversational behaviour. Consider Grice’s play with things like ‘Be polite’ – or ‘maxims’ that guide our conversational behaviour which are ‘moral’ or ‘aesthetic’. The adjective ‘moral’ at this point offended Stalnaker, who will later go on the whole Kantian way. Is Grice implicating that the maxims such as those he dubs ‘conversational maxims’ are NOT moral? Surely they are not. They may RECEIVE a transcendental justification that removes the interest and motivation behind it, and brings in the duty. But such transcendental justification needs to be provided for – and his pointing to the common goal of mutually influencing and psi-transfer will still be deemed as merely ‘utilitarian’ rather than Kantian, in terms of moral theory. A further controversy regarding the idea of a CONVERSATIONAL category is that it simplifies the task for Grice’s theory of conversation. After all, the discussion had been in metaphysics – as Strawson was well aware – about the ONTOLOGICAL status of the category – as in Aristotle or Kant – and the mere LINGUISTIC (or as I prefer morpho-syntactic) side to it, as per most practitioners of ordinary-language philosophy of the type H. P. Grice is associated with. By talking of a CONVERSATIONAL category Grice is binging yet another dimension. There are ontological categories – qualitas, quantitas, relatio, modus – as it applies to res – ens realissma --. There are morpho-syntactical categories of the type that were being investigated by pomposusly called categorial grammarians, but in the Middle Ages merely known as MODISTAE.  And now Grice is bringing the idea of a CONVERSATIONAL CATEGORY. The directives for conversational behaviour, that stipulate if a move in the conversational game counts as appropriate fall under considerations which may well be deemed ‘categorial.’ Grice may well be thinking of his old desideratum of conversational clarity which has become a mere conversational supra-maxim, be perspicuous [sic] under which FOUR conversational maxims proper follow, or five, if we add the one that turns his bunch into the analogue of what Moses got from God at Mount Sinai. The etymology of ‘category’ – prae-dicamentum since Cicero onwards – need not concern Grice. The notion was adopted by Aristotle from ordinary language (ordinary Greek), from a directive to be proclaimed at the agora, to a claim (‘dicamentum’) put forward (‘prae’). Grice’s more general point is that conversation is enough of a distinguished acvitiy to be endowed with its sets of categories. And recall again that the best expansion of the acronym P. G. R. I. C. E. is that philosophical grounds of rationality: intentions, c is for CATEGORIES, and ends.  What was bothering though, was the way his legacy would look in the longitudinal unity of philosophy. Strawson had had the CHEEK to quote “Mr. H. P. Grice, from whom I have never ceased to learn since he was my tutor” about these ‘rules’ – of course they are not ‘rules’ – of rational discourse: strength, informativeness – how does Grice now manage to fix the mess and present an ORDERED scheme? If Strawson had just NOT followed Oxford etiquette by referring to Grice informally in a footnote – with regard to things like: A: Where are the biscuits?B: Some are in the cupboard. Strawson is arguing that for Grice to utter ‘some’ when ‘all’ does is a flout of strength. It is the type of inference that Grice will go on to expand in that infamous interlude in ‘The Causal Theory of Perception.’ To add injury to abuse, when Strawson felt he had the right to refer to his former tutor H. P. Grice in that infamous footnote in Introduction to Logical Theory, he never cared to be specific. This was point out to him ‘in a different context.’ I. e. at least he is respecting the difference in status. Grice always referred to logic and its practitioners as blue-collar. But Strawson does not specify WHICH context Grice was having originally in mind. It is a bit of a puzzle, since Strawson would hardly attend any seminar by Grice unless it’s the he was giving jointly with him.  Grice suggests that the context was the philosophy of perception. In that paper written the year before he died, Grice confesses that he saw the import of conversation as a rational activity best fit for survival – “not just a game!” – was in connection with matters of the philosophy of perception. To this we have to thank Anscombe. Anscombe (whom Grice hated) had brought Vitters to Oxford, and Grice refers to the ‘Wittgensteinians’ collectively (since Witters was gone) with reference to an ordinary-language philosophy manouvre: A: The pillar-box? B: Seems bright red to me. Why would B care to guard his conversational move: The pillar box seems a good bright red to me – why the ‘seems’ – why the ‘looks to me as if…’? These are typically guarded English – both Cantabrian and Oxonian – witness Miller’s parody of the Moore-Russell interactions in ‘Remembrance’ in Beyond the Fringe – unknown to blatant Vitters.  The Wittgensteians were challenging the ordinary-language philosophy account of sense data in terms of such roundabout locutions on the face that they sound utterly conversationally inappropriate.  So Grice’s defence had a direct route, which become a slogan: “Misleading, but true.” (Winch, of all people, loved the phrase, and would refer it to as ‘Grice’s point,’ i. e. as Grice’s importance in pointing out to us philospohers in the English community – Winch had moved to London by then and was doing redbrick – of the importance of the point.) Grice is explicit enough in ‘The Causal Theory of Perception.’ And his explicitness comes in with a bonus. He realizes that  A: Red pillar box? B: So it seems. would hardly be the epitome of the crucial philosophical disputes philosophers are supposed to be payed to resolve. So he adds a list of six other areas where THE EXACT SAME MANOEUVRE will apply. Some are dated, since they concern Grice’s temporary obsession with Malcolm and what this New-World philosopher was saying as self-appointed master of what Moore meant (when he said ‘knew’) – “Is Moore misuing ‘know’?” Some are deep ontological: What is actual is not possible? Stuff and nonsense! Only blameworthy actions are caused? – a reprieve to what the anglo-jewish couple of H. L. A. Hart and A. M. Honore were suggesting in Causation in the law – and so on. Each requires its own conversational scenario and Grice provides it! To add to this six PHILOSOPHICAL CONUNDRUMS to be added to the ‘seeming red’ on the part of the pillar box, Grice includes FOUR NON-PHILOSOPHICAL examples in that infamous interlude. And it is only in connection with THESE four non-philosophical addenda that Grice cares to explore on how STRENGTH and INFORMATIVENESS should lead the way to the principle of conversational benevolence and, later, to the principle of conversational helpfulness (where ‘helpfulness’ covers the equilibrium between conversational benevolence and conversational self-love, simplyifing Grice’s account: do not multiply principles of conversational conduct beyond conversational necessity. It’s the last of the four conversational NON-PHILOSOPHICAL examples that concern us here to see the connection from the STRENGTH or informativeness – merely ONE of the FOUR conversational categories, in the Kantian jocular paradigm Grice adopts for the labelling of his sort of conversational game – his critique of conversational reason, cunning of conversational reason and all. The three first NON-PHILOSOPHICAL examples that predate the one at issue, and which Grice wants to compare, rather than contrast with the red-seeming pillar box are all stock examples, and may require a brief conversational expansion here. EXAMPLE 1 GRICE (at collections). Him? Co-Examiner. Yes, what’s your assessment? GRICE: He has beautiful handwriting. Grice is clear that ‘He has beautiful handwriting’ has to be the ONLY MOVE made – no guardedness, pre-sequel or warning.  EXAMPLE II A: And she lost her honest name! B: But she was poor A: And she was honest. Grice is providing a variation of a song his father had learned during the Great War (“’Tis the same the whole world over). In this case, ‘but’ carries a CONVENTIONAL implicature, not a conversational one. EXAMPLE III. Grice: I did not! Strawson: But they say you did stop beating your wife! Strawson was arguing that, in some uses of ‘imply,’ we may just as well say that, by uttering ‘The king of France ain’t bald,’ the uttering IMPLIES that France is, at the time of utterance, not a monarchy. Grice labels this ‘presupposition,’ and was doing thus with Strawson in their joint seminar on ‘Meaning, Categories, and Logical Form.’ At a later stage he would hold that it’s a mere conversational implicature that solves the problem of having to appeal to Strawson’s monstrous truth-value gaps. EXMPLE IV that matters to us in this context:A: A knows that B lives in a very small apartment with only two rooms and no adjoining hallways – these rooms being a bedroom and a kitchen. A comes out of the apartment. A: I cannot seem to be finding your wife. B: She is in the bedroom or in the kitchen. A: Can’t be. I just looked – twice! B: Perhaps you are having a reverse hallucination? It is with respect to B’s answer “My wife is in the kitchen or the bedroom” (Grice is loose enough to allow for syntactical variation here that could only irritate Chomsky). Grice wants to argue something that is so commonsense and commonplace that nobody would disagree with him. His typical manoeuvre (except your are a scholar looking for another scholarship and you NEED to argue ad mortem!). B’s implicature is that he doesn’t know! This is not the polemic about ‘or’ being inclusive or exclusive – which O. P. Wood had declared a matter of conversational implicature in his review of a logical textbook then popular at Oxford in the pages of Mind. This is a different epistemic implicature, to echo Gazdar and others. It involves our VOLIT and JUDGE then. In logical forms, the implicature behind B’s response amounts to  ~JUDGE_B(My wife is in the kitchen) & ~JUDGE_B(My wifei s in the bedroom) Rationale. It is when it comes to the RATIONALE that we should be concerned. Whatever B IMPLIED, if appropriately recognsied by his co-conversatioanlist, that is retrieved by the ASSUMPTION the co-conversationalist is making that B is abiding by a constraint of rational discourse. Grice is vague about the formulation. Never mind the imperative mode, which is otherwise rude at Oxford. A reasonable conversationalist is EXPECTED – or not expected not to – abide by the fact that his strongest conversational move under the circumstances is to be issued. Grice goes on to apply this to the bright-red shining red-pillar and notes a discrepancy. While, by the introduction of ‘v’ it is the case that p --- p v q It is NOT the case that the corresponding generalization applies to the bright-red shinging pillar box. In Grice’s words “Neither ‘The red pillar seems red to me” nor “The red pillar IS red” – entail each other!” So there is no way we can explain away this ‘assumption’ or expectation (rather) of maximal informativeness – falling under a more general assumption provided by the principle of conversational benevolence or the principle of conversational helpfulness – in mere terms of entailment. Grice does not go back to the issue. At the point he is satisfied by the fact that his addressee – in this case the audience that met at Cambridge for the symposium on The Causal Theory of Perception – will get a glimpse of what Grice is after. An amusing glimpse, to boot, to counterbalance this rather dry discussion of the even DRYER account of the Causal Theory that Grice drew directly from one of the most boring philosohers Oxford ever knew: Welsh Mr. Price! One occasion where Grice considers turn-taking is in his progression, in pirotese, from ‘not’ to ‘and.’ What is the point of ‘and’. His example is: “It is raining and it is pouring.” Without the ‘and’ B would be at odds if willing to challenge A: What do you mean ‘and’?’ Only with the occurrence of ‘and’ can B challenge the conjunction, and challenge A into disproving that it is not the case that p and q. p and q may be seen as moves. ‘It is raining.’ It is pouring.’ Has ‘and’ been internalized. Grice plays with this. And he would conclude that if A’s turn consists of ‘It is raining. It is poruing’, it is two moves within his turn. However, if he uses the para-tactical device and utters, ‘It is raining AND it is pouring’ it is just ONE move within his turn. Economy of rational effort! Moving implies that you are going somewhere. But Grice was aware that even at Oxford in what he calls ‘across the wall’ interactions – say, when exchanging tidbits with the gardener at Trinity – conversation may seem to be going nowehere. Starting a conversation seems easy enough, although as Leech recalls us: “Don’t talk about your indigestion. How are you is a greeting, not a question. It is more difficult with pre-sequences leading to closure. But Grice is expedient about that. If the goal of conversation is psi-transfer, as he sometimes puts it – once such transfer has been facilited through verbal exchange or other, each pirot can proceed to stay away form each other until next time! For every conversational move there is a corresponding UPTAKE, before the conversationalist is allowed to expect a conversational counterpart move. Grice knew that this uptake (which was postulated by Austin as necessary in conversational games involving betting – unless the invitation is ‘taken’ nobody can be said to have bet --. Grice saw that the m-intention of the conversationalist already contains the rudiments of what the possible reply will be. In fact, if you count the maxims you get nine. And in Presupposition and conversational implicature, he feels like adding one. He had lectured on Moses’s ten commandments, so he thought the addition of one little maxim to his conversational Immanuel made a lot of sense and turned it into a CONVERSATIONAL DECALOGUE. And this little maxim is all about the EXPECTED REPLY. ‘The king of France is not bald.’ CONFUSING if you are putting that forward on the basis of France not being a monarchy at the time of utterance. The uptake is incorporated into the M-intention.  Moves are only EXHIBITIVE, not protreptic – or rather, the philosopher ends his analysis at the EXHIBITIVE level because the PROTREPSIS cannot be algorithmically decided – or mechanistically calculated in a way that we are dealing with mechanistically replaceable finality. So, all that the conversationalist can hope is that his conversationalist partner will understand him! Unless you are, as Nowell-Smith would say, Donne, and derive pleasure out of the fact that you are thinking you are totally unintileggible in your well-formed sentences, when you are not! THE CONVERSATIONAL GOAL OF THE CONVERSATIONAL GAME. Only talk of goal introduces talk of REASON in the vocabulary. Grice was well aware of the intricacies this involved. He remained a Kantian, and thus would look for a transcendental justification of what he called the Conversational Immanuel. Common ground, common goal. Grice uses ‘common ground’ profusely, and even introduces an operator to mark it: the square bracket – in earlier lectures, a subscript notation. What is the common ground? Grice is hesitant about how serious he is being here. The ground does not really need to be common. More like NONCONTROVERSIAL he adds. So within the common-ground, which philsoophers working on Grice’s programme took seriously only when dealing with that concoction of the presupposition or non-existence thereof – we can drop the common goal of conversation. In this regard, Grice is an evolutionist. He draws his pirots from Carnap – ealy pirots karulise elatically. And he refers to the lingo pirots talk as PIROTESE. He doesn’t use the thorn rune, but the ‘o’ for obble – an obble is being COTCHED and POTCHED by the pirots. In fact, the order is reverse: you first POTCH (perceive) and THEN you cotch (CONCEIVE). What do you conceive? That thorn-1 is in F relation with thorn-2. The grapes are over the vine. And you communicate that. His evolutionary inclination is obvious in ‘Meaning revisited,’ where he proposes SIX stages of PIROTESE. The first stage is the irrational one, where the outburst of a piece of behaviour by one pirot is UNDERSTOOD by the co-pirot as, say, a sign of pain – the pirot has just groaned miserably. By conceiving a ladder here, Grice beings to add levels of intentional behaviour, goal-directed in kind, towards the other pirot. There are puzzles to be solved by the co-pirot. Why is the pirot SIMULATING pain, now, and why does the pirot want me to rely on my recognition of HIS intention to express pain? Eventually, Grice reaches STAGE 6, available only to rational pirots, where the link between the manifested behaviour and the pain is ‘artificial’ – ‘any link will do,’ Grice says.. Non-rational non-human animals may find it trickier, but not necessarily. Grice has two important points on this issue.  The first is the SYNTHETIC answer to the question about the non-human communication. It is not by fiat, that the philosopher decides that a non-human animal is not able to produce and detect m-intentions. It is just that they don’t. Their environments do not require it. The second important point is Grice’s constant reliance on the one-off scenario. A pirot may meet a pirot for the first time, in a jungle, and so there is no way to appeal to a procedure, basic or resultant, which the second pirot brings to the picture to process the behaviour of the first pirot. This type of one-off communication is common among non-human animals. By pointing to its centrality, Grice’s moral is obvious: conversation plays a role in what, to echo Vitters, is the HUMAN or PERSON form of life. Other forms of life are possible, and it is stupid to Androcles to ask the lion. He will not understand whatever answer the lion comes with! The point about PERSON brings us back to our ‘A’ under PLAYER. It is not ‘human agent’ simpliciter. It is PERSON. Grice spends some eschatological time here. He wants to diverge from Locke. Locke did play with ‘man’ – human’ and ‘person. For Grice what is at play is philosophically something only philosophers understand or need to understand – transubstantiation of the metaphysical type. A property which is only accidental for HUMAN pirots – rationality – understood as the ability to reason over the making and the interpreting of conversational moves – becomes ESSENTIAL in persons. In continental philosophy, what seems like demagoguery by Grice is common parlance!  LIBERUM is one concept in the alphatbetical index of concepts that follow this systematic treatment of Grice’s theory of conversation, which is critical and not just exegetical. Grice’s means-end analuysis is not Machiavellian. There is ALWAYS the possibility to refuse to attain your goal, or END, as Grice prefesr. Happiness is all about ends. But ends need not be followed. There is always in the pirot’s perspective the tantalizing question: “Why go on surviving?”. While a means-end rationality enures that the next move in the conversational game will be appropriate and according to the principle of conversational helpfulness, it need not be. The whole point of this realm of communication is that it is not Chomskyan. It is not at the sentence-level, which Grice took algorithmic (“An ill-formed sentence is not a sentence”). But an inappropriate conversational move is always a possibility. For one, a conversationalist is free to opt out. Grice’s slogan: “My lips are sealed.” But more generally, this echoes in the indeterminacy of any bit of information exchanged with a view to the institution of a decision. Each conversatiaonalist knows that the his companion in FREE in this sense, a full Hegelian sense – as when we see Hegel developing rather than refuting Kant’s regulative ideas on freedom. In this respect, the conversational game is not like critket, which Grice pacticed amaterusishly – i. e. gentlemanlike – to the point of obsession. The cricketer may leave the field, and that is that. But he cannot longer be said to be playing cricked. “My lips are sealed” still does count as a conversational move, however inappropriate. Or “When did you last see your Father?” “Last night, in dreams.” Grice saw a regressus here, most notably discussed in “Actions and Events.” Thus this mean that the means-end pattern is EMBEDDED within higher goals and higher ends and higher means? It does! THE OXONIAN CONTEXT: THE CUNNING OF CONVERSATIONAL REASON. Grice was aware of the rigid hierarchical structures in Oxonian professional conversations of the type he engaged in most: those of a full-time or whole-time tutorial fellow. ‘He has beautiful handwriting.’ However, the intricacies of the Oxonian milieu can very well be regarded as a cunning of conversational reason.  And his Kantotle becomes Heglato! When Elinor Ochs studied Malagasy speakers she thought she had discovered something. Being under sponsorship, she hastened to publish the result in a non-philosophical journal, and titled it the Universality of Implicature. Universality is a topic that rings a bell to Kantians like Grice or Hare, since we are into universalizability. Grice considers the universabilisability under three guises: content, equality and application. These apply to the procedures themselves. Only a procedure – basic or resultant – that is universalizable in this respect counts. This is not the type of universality that Ochs thought she was taking about. But to a philosopher the puzzle is solved by allowing that the Kantian alleged universabilisability of the conversational Immanuel may not be changed by a mere cunning of conversational reason. Oxford makes this clear in distinguishing between Town and Gown, or Gown and Town, strictly. In Gown, a conversation of the type. A: He has beautiful handwriting, although I am far from allowing yourself to retrieve from that causal remark the judgement that my tutee is hopeless at philosophy. In Town, ‘he has beautiful handwriging’ JUST means that he has beautiful handwriting. The same common goal is maintained, and the same principle of conversational helpfulness, and the same set of maxims. But a conversationalist in TOWN knows what to expect from his co-conversationalist, whereas a conversationalist in GOWN never does! There is another aspect to consider within the Oxonian context, and the index of concepts. Consider LIBERUM, or Grice on freedom. He always crtiicised Davidson for seeing men as automata. Searle was more realistic and he refused to extend his speech act theory to conver conversation, since conversation is the freest human agents get, and any constraint into the mechanics would be just anti-Griceian. In the TOWN/GOWN debate, this freedom is a manifestation of what I call the cunning of conversational reason. Conversational reason may deflect from its universability, but as in Pears’s scenarios of motivated IRRATIONALITY. When it comes to TOWN, Grice may place the money for his tobacco on his tobbaconists’s counter, and get no tobacco. The tobacconist just refuses to engage in conversation with Grice. Say, he heard something someone said that Grice did or say! IN GOWN, it is more complicated, and may lead you to expel, which is what Ockham, the lector interruptus, got. Or T,. C. Potts, who just couldn’t get on with Grice as a tutor and was lucky enough to ask for a change of tutor and remained at Oxford until his graduation. The tutee, even though in the dynamics of conversational power is below the tutor, can still exercise his ‘freedom of the will,’ to use Pears’s pretentious pompous phrase. To take Grice’s example. A: You are hereby ordered to bring me a paper on our next meeting next Tuesday at 10.’ Grice was called Godot at St. John’s, so Strawson knew that 10 could well be 11.  And Strawson could REFUSE to bring a paper or pring a copy of the Oxford Gazettte instead. ‘I did not mean a newspaper. I meant a piece of written work.’ Questions are supposed to be answered, and so on. Grice had the unfortunate luck of getting tutored by Hardie, and cherished, however, Hardie’s conversational move at the end of a long tutorial where Grice had exposed the immortality of Aristotle’s soul. ‘That proves, then, the immortality of the soul.’ Hardie’s only comment was: “Before you leave to come back next week with an epilogue to that, I have to ask: “What do you mean by ‘of’? And feel free to use that as your opening gambit in next week’s paper!’ It is utterly UNFAIR that H. P. Grice is associated with a co-operative view of conversation. It is true that he distinguishes two thesis behind his ‘avowed aim’ of seeing conversation as rational activity. The general thesis is the general one: conversation as rational, hence our playing with the puns of a faculty of CONVERSATIONAL REASON, complete with her cunning --. The specific thesis is conversation as RATIONAL CO-OPERATION (He does this the year before he died in the 1987 Retrospective Epilogue, and rather than dropped here and there in a causal way, he discusses it explicitly in the niche – Strand Six – which he creates JUST FOR THAT PURPOSE.  But it is unfair, as I say, because one of his examples was ‘War is war.’ And where can be more conflict than in diplomatic conversations where each conversationalist is stating that HIS war is the JUST one. Romans knew about this, and if they kept talking of ‘strategies’ – what a general does – they would know what they were doing. Art of war became a discipline by the time of Machiavelli – or Macchiavelli, as Grice more correctly spelt his surname. In a discussion of war strategies by Frontino in a collection that would be familiar to Grice as it fit a gentlmean’s pocket – the Loeb Classical Library edited by Heinemann – a discussion is carried over the fact  that a strategos – or Roman general – may MISLEAD his own troops into sure death. ‘Strategos’ has a deceiving ring to it: it applies to war, and it involves conflict – when it’s A’s war versus B’s war – or undercover as in the case of a ‘straegy’ a general may use against the welfare of his own troops.  Typically, the type of CONFLICT in CONVERSATION with which Grice is concerned is other. I shall refer to two conversational illustrations from different publications. In the earlier ‘Vacuous names’ Grice explores this infamous Marmaduke Bloggs, who has climbed Mt. Everest on hands and knees, an amateur alpinist, as it happens, he being a Merseyside stock broker by profession. When The Merseyside Geographical Society organises a cocktail in his honour the conversation takes place. A. I love the way you so tidily get all things so prettily set for the cocktail. I am saddened, though, by the fact that someone won’t be attending. B. Who? A. Marmaduke Blogsg. B. But it is in his honour! A. That’s as it may be – but he doesn’t exist. He was invented by the journalists.  B. Well, someone won’t be attending the cocktail party then. A. Have you heard what I’ve just said: he doesn’t exist. B. I heard you quite distinctly. Are you under the impression that I am still committed to his existence by may Oxonian way of putting things in words? The polemic concerned that raised by Strawson with his idea of the ‘implication’ behind ‘The king of France ain’t bald’ as involving a TRUTH-value gap, seeing that ‘The king of France ain’t bald’ fails to be either true or false for Strawson, not Grice. This was a vintage polemic, and, since both men (the tutor and the former tutee) were engaged in it publicly in their joint seminar on ‘Meaning, categories, and logical form’ the thing was deep. There are interactions by Grice in that joint seminar where he is still unsure as to how to deal with this concoction by Strawson of the truth-value gap, and if there is ONE BIG TRIUMPH of Griceianism over Strawsonianism when it comes to conversational pragmatics is Grice’s delivery of the alleged ‘presupposition’ as a mere cancellable conversational implicature. The conflict between A and B in the preparations of the cocktail party for Marmaduke Bloggs takes explicit expression in the conflictive conversational moves by A and B – and Grice, as he will with the next example – leaves the CONFLICT unresolved.  Grice was a meaning-liberal (Bennett speaks of meaning-nominalism, but there is meaning-liberalism, to attenuate Flew’s meaning-anarchism that he attaches to Humpty-Dumpty). Grice is not willing to disqualify a conversationalist who uses ‘not’ differently (“It is not the case that someone will be coming to the party.”). He is just providing a MORE REASONABLE way to approach the topic. Strawson’s truth-value gap theory just depends on the appeal to this metaphysical concoction, which one can avoid by sticking with conversational reasoning. Strawson’s truth-value gap would be one such CUNNING of conversational reason at Oxford.  In fairness to Grice, it would be up to the conversationalist A who is using ‘not’ differently from conversationalist B to provide, within what Grice calls ‘a system’ – our system GHP a way to ‘introduce and eliminate’ negation or any other ‘logical device’ in ways that makes his conversational move a true one that abides with the desideratum of conversational candour and the desideratum of conversational clarity. “Marmaduke Bloggs won’t be attending the party” on the basis of the non-existence of Marmaduke Bloggs would thus be a true thing to say – if misleading. The desideratum of conversational candour clashes with the desideratum of conversational clarity. But any qualification to honour the desideratum of conversational clarity may not be in the offing when it comes to Oxonian conversations, -- at least within the Gown, if not the Town. The cunning of conversational reason is to suppose that conversational reason applies irrestrictvely to both! The second illustration comes from the lecture to the British Academy a few years later. Here again we have Grice’s concern for the LACK of REMEDIAL ACTION in conversation leading not to CO-OPERATION (as the slogan of most popularisers of Grice go) but to CONVERSATIONAL CONFLICT. And again, the topic is typically Griceian. It doesn’t really concern the conflict over alternate views to approach nuclear deterrence, say, but about how you use ‘intend’. A I am so happy you are intending to attend that concert on Thursday. Miss Foster-Jenkins provides one of the most memorable renditions of “Home, Sweet Home,” that I have ever suffered. B. Well, as the case may be, I may not be attending the concert after all. A. What do you mean. B. The Metropolitan Police, which covers Oxford you know, will be interrogatin me on Wednesday afternoon, so I may well in jail by the time of the concert on Thursday.  A. Excuse me! Then why were you talking about ‘intention’ in the first place? Grice’s point is again one about a philosophical concoction and its analysis – only if an analysis (reductive, if not reductionist) in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions is provided (for “not” in the Marmaduke Bloggs, or for “intend” in the concert scenario – can the philosopher rely on a distinction between what is ENTAILED and what is IMPLICATED. A is stuck with an analysis of ‘intend’ which involves a clause involving a belief on the part of the intender that the intended action will be fulfilled by a degree of probability > 0.5. The conditions regarding the utterer’s knowledge that he will be interrotagated by the police, leading to a possible arrest that will keep him behind bars during Jenkin-Foster’s performance of ‘Home, Sweet Home’ at St. James’s Hall makes all the difference. As in the case with “Marmaduke Bloggs” Grice leaves the CONVERSATIONAL CONFLICT unresolved. Are the conversationalists still co-operating. In “Post-War Oxford Philosophy” he had approached the issue directly. Grice is liberal enough to be willing to engage in a piece of conceptual analysis with an occasional co-conversationalist philosopher, even if the conceptual analysis that is being developed is not ONE that Grice’s own ‘conceptual scheme’ will allow! In any case, if we allow the CONVERATIONAL IMMANUEL as a guideline for conversational practices, which, however imperative in form, results from statistical generalisations over what reasonable conversationalists in practice do, we can simply add the ‘caeteris paribus’: conversations will be co-operative, unless they won’t! THE CUNNING OF CONVERSATIONAL REASON is a good one. We cannot let Grice conclude his Oxonian contribution with a picture of conversation as displaying CONVERSATIONAL REASON when evey Oxonian historian of philosophy knows that there’s no reason without a cunning of it. One area that Grice explored in connection with the CUNNING OF CONVERSATIONAL reason has of course an Oxonian application. But its basis is broader. It concerns what Grice calls ‘akrasia.’ There is no easy way to translate the concept, but Grice does his best. In a framework where only the ACCEPTABLE conversational moves are made – “Make your conversational move such as is ACCEPTABLE and APPROPRIATE at the stage in which it occurs, by the accepted purpose of the conversation in which you are engaged. In symbols A ACCEPTABLE CONVERSATIONAL MOVE 1 B ACCEPTABLE CONVERSATIONAL MOVE 2 The whole logic depends on this. With the ‘akratic’ conversationalist, you have to be careful. Grice’s conversational examples in the area are rare. And had it not been for Davidson to be REJECTING the idea of ‘akrasia’ wholesale, he wouldn’t have bothered. Grice had given joint seminars in the philosophy of action with both THOMSON and PEARS, and knew the topic well. Suppose the conversation takes place between GRICE and THOMSON. GRICE. Bother for another Navy’s cut? THOMSON. You know, I should cut on those Navy cuts. GRICE. Just one. Smoking was THE habit for the don. In Grice’s case, the habit had been engulfed by one casual remark by his mother when visiting her son in his quarters at Oxford.  MOTHER. That cigarette makes you sophisticated. – look sophisticated, if you must. GRICE. Thank you mother. As Thomson’s health deteriorated, smoking and drinking – issues of akrasia pertain. The way Grice sees things are Kantian, or if you will Rossian-Urmsonian. Urmson was revisiting Prichard’s collection of essays previously edited by Ross on Duty and interest. The topic concerns OBLIGATION, be it moral or political, and how it cashes on DESIRE. In the case of the AKRATIC, no such cashing ever takes place.  For Grice, the akratic behaviour is then totally conceivably conceptually – as it was not for Davidson, who hailed from Puritanland! – it just involves a hierarchy of VOLs. A: Fancy for a cigarerette? B. No thanks. A. Come on! B. Alright! Just the last one! B’s reasoning can be frmalised in terms of VOLBVOLBstop-smoking The akratic deals with his volitions at this higher level. The pure motive may cash in desire, as will the impure motive. The framework is Kantian. In the ideal non-akratic scheme, there is no “not” operator occurring at any level of the endless chain (in principle) VOLAVOLAVOLA…VOLAp This is what makes a move manifesting such a volition ‘acceptable.’ It is acceptable and accepted by both conversationalists if deemed as a result of a volition that the conversationalist has deemed acceptable. When it comes to the Oxonian concept, we can play with Grice’s illustrations in ‘Logic and Conversation’ – all his examples are non-akratic. But for each illustration, an akratic version is possible. The akratic versions are especially frustrating if, as Grice claims the thing is, the COMMON GOAL of conversation is psi-transfer: mutually being influenced by one’s co-conversationalist towards the institution of a decision. But what if there is a change of mind? Grice deals with the topic, in the ‘uncertainty’ that akrasia – qua lack of strength of will – at one paradox in his analysis of action: GRICE: Please untie me. My head aches, and I want to scratch it. GUARD. Alright. GRICE. Thank you! (Remains unmoved) GUARD. I don’t see why you don’t go and scratch your head now. GRICE. I just changed my mind. Frustrating for the Guard, but not impossible, or inconsistent. In the akratic case, if a prolonged conversation is being held by A and B for the ‘institution of a decision,’ the common ground shared goal will suggest that the ACTION resulting from such a joint decision which has been established WILL be carried over. When it doesn’t, blame it on akrasia.  And Grice observed that in TOWN, if not GOWN, Oxford akrasia can be collective, too! He admired Hare’s efforts to the contrary, when spending all that energy which Hare could have devoted to conversational pragmatics when engaging instead in the Secreatary of Transport at Oxford, seeing that he found automobile driving at Oxford – just ‘crazy, if not akratic’! As we have stated in the introduction, it is hardly Grice’s point that conversational reason (or reason simpliciter) is only illuminated – or logically reconstructed – by the philosopher in terms of what Grice (after Hinktikka, who contributed to PGRICE) calls the ‘game-theoretical’ analogy. There is more to conversation than the game of conversation, and there is more to conversational reason than its subservience under the game framework. For Grice, ‘reason,’ and conversational reason as its offshoot – is a biological phenomenon. His brand of rationalism is naturalistic. And you won’t gladly say that ants are being rational in building their nest. Grice plays frequently with the pre-rational. The pre-rational does not feature large in Grice’s CONVERSATIONAL illustrations for obvious reasons. At the stage where Grice is discussing rationality in CONVERSATION he is feeling entitled to give some detriment to this pre-rational basis of rationality – but surely people who are NOT philsoophers have explored the area, notably those who are into SCHYZOPHRENIC TALK. It would seem that for Grice the communication and the conversation are connected. If for Aristotle man is the rational animal, Grice was never sure how to translate that ‘logikon.’ The Latinate ‘rationalis’ seemed to do for the most part. The very phrase ‘animal rationale’ indicates that there are other animals – notable tigers (Grice: “Tigers tigerise”) – which are not. The distinction rationalis/non-rationalis is at the root of Grice’s natural/non-natural distinction. Smoke ‘means’ fire, but fire is not ‘animate’ and ‘means’ needs to be cited in ‘scare quotes.’ Grice is willing to allow the non-rational animal – say the bonobo – with some ability to ‘mean’ this or that by the movemets someone or ‘some thing’ does.  He still claims that, as de facto, no non Homo sapiens sapiens displays the richness of the intricacies of conversational moves and thus disqualifies non-human animals as depositary of the ‘m-intention.’ Never in his career in philosophical circles was he ever questioned about that – except when folks OTHER than philosophers – such as that bunch gathered at Brighton – would expect the philosopher to expand on his naturalistic framework, and he indeed does by providing a SEVEN-STAGE ‘EVOLUTION’ of a ‘signal’ originally NATURAL to a ‘rational’ move in the conversational game. The game is one of survival, and some do not see much ‘ludistic’ about it. Communication, and conversastion are deep down matters or means by which pirots (living organisms at different stages of evolution and in their own different ‘forms of life’) display signals that accommodate their needs for survival. When delivering his ‘Causal Theory of Perception’ he did not feel the need or pressure to emphasize the ‘rational’ side of the ‘rule’ or principle he was promoting – of making one’s contribution the strongest possible under the circumstances. At a later stage, in the ‘Prolegomena to Logic and Conversation,’ when witnessing that the ritualised model of conversation was being inherited by some American practioners passing for British (Grice’s reference to ‘British Analytical Philosophy, the volume edited by these two British philosphers, and published by Methuen) he feels more so.  On that Friday, before engaging his audience with “Logic and Conversation” he had warned the audience what he would do the next one.   He had warned his philosophical to which a methodological manoevure had been offered that inappropriateness – and thus appropriateness simpliciter -- connected with the nonfulfillment (or fulfilment simpliciter) of such speaker-relative or utterer-relative, indeed addressee-oriented, utterer-relative -- conditions are “best explained,” Grice’s idiom, by reference to certain general principles of discourse or rational behaviour.” Note the disjunction: ‘a certain principle of discourse” or a CERTAIN PRINCIPLE OF RATIONAL BEHAVIOUR – the implicature: that ‘discourse’ proper is a sub-class of rational bheaviour. This was way before his John Locke lectures on reason and it clearly states what his very motivation behind those lectures was.  For Grice, the problems were created by himself. If he was appealing to ‘rational behaviour,’ or worse to ‘a principle of rational behaviour,’ it seems only logical – and I’m sharing a philosopher’s frame of mind as I share it – that you’ll dedicate a full set of lectures if you can to that precise trickies of phrases, ‘rational’ + ‘behaviour.’ It is Gice’s view at the end of that lecture on that Friday, that most of the A-philosophical theses which he had been considering – including his on in ‘The Causal Theory of Perception,’ which he now lists -- are best countered by an appeal to such general principles; -- or principle – a principle of rational behaviour.  Note that the principle – indeed IMPERATIVE, as the latest Grice vintage will have it – is APPEALED. In ‘Logic and conversation’ he notes that such appeals are caeteris paribus: Conversational illusdtration: A: Where are the Franks hiding? B: My lips are sealed.   A: Waar houden de Franks zich schuil? B: Mijn lippen zijn verzegeld.  Idiomatic Usage and Variants The phrase in B’s conversational move above  "Mijn lippen zijn verzegeld"  is an idiomatic translation of Grice’s way of putting it in ‘Logic and Conversation’ as the extreme case of opting out of the imperative of conversational benevolence – his principle of  CONVERSATIONAL RATIONAL BEHAVIOUR.  "My lips are sealed" and is widely understood in Dutch.  However, Dutch speakers may often prefer more colourful or traditional variants:  A:  A: Waar houden de Franks zich schuil? B: Ik zal zwijgen als het graf (I will be as silent as the grave):  A very common and strong way to promise secrecy.  A: Waar houden de Franks zich schuil? B: Mijn mond is een kluis  (My mouth is a safe/vault):  Used to indicate that a secret is securely stored. A:  A: Waar houden de Franks zich schuil? B: Ik zeg niks  (I’m saying nothing):  A more direct, everyday way to express a refusal to speak. A:  A: Waar houden de Franks zich schuil? B: Daarover houd ik mijn kaken op elkaar  (I’ll keep my jaws together on that):  Implies a firm refusal to let information slip.  Oxford Philosophers and the Kantian Rigorist  In the famous "murderer at the door" scenario, Kant – throwing all of Western civilization out of the window, as Grice puts it -- argues for a rigorist adherence to his – Kant’s, not Grice’s -- categorical Imperative, claiming that one has a perfect duty never to lie, even if it leads to the death of an innocent person.  Oxford philosophers, most notably Hare, address this by shifting the focus from rigid rules to Universal Prescriptivism.  Hare argues that  Universalizability does not require ignoring the specific, critical details of a situation. A RATIONAL (or even REASONABLE) agent can prescribe a universal rule that allows for "deception to save a life" because any rational (or reasonable) person in that same life-or-death situation would want that exception to exist. By treating moral language as prescriptive, Hare allows for a "two-level" utilitarian approach where we follow general intuitive rules -- like  A: Where are the Franks hiding? Don't lie! B: My lips are sealed. but can override them with critical thinking in extreme cases to maintain a coherent moral system.  Weakened Versions: "In my dreams" The English phrase  PARLAMENTARIAN: When did you last see your father? BOY: Last night, in my dreams" refers to the famous painting by  Yeames. The painting depicts a young boy being interrogated by Parliamentarians during the English Civil War. This is a classic example of mental reservation or "weakened" compliance.The boy provides a technically truthful answer ("Last night, in my dreams") that ‘misleads’ the interrogators without technically "telling a lie". This strategy attempts to preserve the trust required by Kant’s Categorical Imperative while protecting the loved one, effectively "gaming" the rigorist system by using truth to produce a false impression. Grice would often display some interest in exploring more Dutch idioms – occupied by the Germans when Grice was fighting the Hun on the North-Atlantic threatre in the Royal Navy -- regarding secrecy, and a deeper dive into Hare’s critique of Kantian ethics. After this point about the ‘appropriateness’ of a pice of behaviour as complying or countered by an appeal to this “principle of rational behaviour,” Grice still goes on to say in this concluding remark to the mainly methodological “Prolegomena to Logic and Conversation” (which never held such pompous title when distributed, against Grice’s will – in mimeograph form by all those non-philsoophers who would freely quote from it and build their theories – non-philsoophical, for sure – upon it -- has not been so far Grice’s objective to establish that contention.  It is then that Grice announced that he will, however, “now turn to a direct consideration of such a general principle of rational behaviour, “ next week he means – with a focus, not on ethics, but on the less pressing focus on such a principle’s capacity for generating implications and suggestions rather than on their utility for explaining the specimens of inappropriateness which have interested A-philosophers. Such a caveat does not quite apply: his considerations on ‘a’ for example as in A: Smith is meeting a woman this evening. B: His wife. appeal to considerations of how ridiculous a philosopher like L. J. Cohen is when he claims that ‘a’ has THREE senses! “It will be my hope that their utility for this last [methodological] purpose,” a meta-exegetical purpose if ever there was that will have G. N. Leech claiming that Grice’s conversational pragmatics is mere conversational rhetoric of the type have been engaged since Cicero! -- might emerge as a by-product of the principle of rational behavoiur’s still PHILOSOPHICAL – not ‘sociological’ as in Hacks, or psycho-linguistic as in Chomsky -- utility in other directions” notably an integrated theory of conversation, within a broader theory of signification and communication that philosophers at Bologna were already starting to call ‘semiotic.’ “From now on,” Grice declares, “my primary interest will lie in the generation of an outline of a philosophical theory of language; so A-philosophers may be expected to reappear on the philosophical stage only intermittently.” Indeed, philosophical theory of CONVERSATION seems more appropriate – since it does not touch on the structure of ‘language’ at all. If Gardiner was hiding at Oxford and produced his theory of speech and language that by far supersedes de Saussure’s Cours, Grice still feels like he NEEDS to appeal to the SYSTEM of ‘language,’ where a casual appeal to something as frivolous as what the Italians have a ‘converazione,’ full, in the words of Gray, ‘of what I cannot tell’ – would diminish the attention span of his self-appointed philosophical audience. It is true that while at Oxford Grice’s seminars on conversation were only allowed to be attended by those engaged in the professional study of philosophy, the Harvard lectures were instituted by both the Department of Philosophy and the Department of Psychology – and rotated bi-annually. Indeed, the ones preceding Grice’s, were on the neuro-physiology of the retina, not on anything as vaporous as a ‘philosophical theory of language,’ whatever that was supposed to mean. Well, into the second lecture, the use of the epithet ‘rational’ – now paired with ‘reasonable’ appropriately re-appear. First in Grice’s declaration of his avowed aim of seeing conversation as a goal-directed, indeed rational, activity. No such consideration about game there, which is my point about Grice’s conception of reason – and a fortiori conversational reason – being ‘grounded’ – to use the acronym PGRICE – on intentions, categories, and ends – and not on ‘game’. Such avowed aim gets some expansion in the three steps towards an answer to the ‘fundamental question’, where Grice confesses to be ‘enough of a RATIONALIST’ – indeed, as he has it in ‘Prejudices and predilections, which become the life and opinions of H. P. Grice,” a ‘conservative, irreverent, dissenting rationalist” – the strict order being: irreverent, dissenting, conversative rationalist.” Note that the ‘transcdental justification Grice offers concerns the alternate ‘rational/reasonable’ pair – it is a justification characterised by philosophers such as Holdcroft at Leeds or Bird in Scotland as ‘weak’: it does not purport to provide a justification for the EXISTENCE of the ‘contribution’ as a resultant of such a ‘principle of rational behavour’ but the existence of an ACCEPTABLE or ACCEPTED contribution. There are other references to ‘reasonable’ in the coming lectures, mainly as ‘reason’ is used colloqailly in the interpretation of behaviour, as opposed to ‘motive.’ This had been a preoccupation of Grice’s since his 1948 ‘Meaning’ when he is clear that he can’t be satisfied with a behaviouristic theory alla Stevenson or Ryle that sticks with ‘motives’ for contributions to conversation, but must look for the reason.  The intention behind it, and even the m-intention behind it, must be ‘reasonable’ in that it must have, from the intender’s perspective, some chance of getting realised. The ‘reasonable’ tag allows Grice to fight some alleged counterexamples to cases of conversation or communicative exchanges, where such ‘reasonableness’ is just not there – and let us recall that a claim to reasonableness was one being invoked by Urmson at Oxofrd when dealing with pre-conditions – or transcendental requireents – of successful communication. While Grice plays with ‘rationality,’ reason, and thus ‘conversational ‘reason’ in “Method in philosophical psychology,” he does not provide a ‘genitorial justification’ for it, but just suggests it, as being notably non-game-theoretical, but aimed at crude survival, and thus adaptive in nature. In the four lectures on ‘Aspects of Reason’ that he delivered at Oxford, the expected provision of sufficient and necessary conditions is still lacking, as he conceded in “Prejudices and predilections, which become, the life and opinions of H. P. Grice”. He adds that he hopes that in the ‘not so distant future’ such a deficiency will be corrected. And more importantly, he provides the way in which such a correction will go. This is interesting, as a matter of course, because he published those remarks – with the suggested correction to the sufficiency – way before the Lectures were ever published (posthumously, in 2001). Philosophers working in that area were invivted to take that casual remark more seriously than they should otherwise would. The correction invokes a claim to CAUSALITY. REASONER R reasons from P to Q iff REASONER ADC P REASONER ADC Q REASONER INTENDS REASONER’S JUD Q TO BE CAUSED BY REASONER’S JUD P. (He had played with an analogous causal account of such notions as ‘knowleddge’ in ‘Further notes on logic and conversation: “The schoolboy knows that the Battle of Waterloo was fought in 1811 if the battle of Waterloo causes the schoolboy’s belief” – and intention in “Intention and Uncertainty”: GRICE scratches his head iff GRICE wills to scratch his head, believes that his willing will CAUSE his scratching – final paragraph, conclusive enough for the lecture. The first ‘Aspects of reason’ lecture explores the rational/reasonable pair to which he had appealed in ‘Logic and Conversation.’ The remaining lectures attack his M. O. R. – or modified occam’s razor. There are not various SENSES of the modals. The ‘rationality’ operator is CONSTANT in sense along the alethic and practical divide as he calls it. This is particularly important for Grice the Kantotelian. For Aristotle would never have two critiques: one for pure reason, and one for practical reason (forget the critique of judgement). There is something in Aristotle’s syllogismos (Cicero’s ragionamento) that is ‘aequi-vocal.’  Grice is appealing here to a barbarism by Boethius Annici – in translating terms with which Grice and Austin would be familiar: the synonym, the homonym, the paronym. The aequi-vocal is taken, as it was by Boethius, seriously be Grice. It is this appeal to the aequalitas – or identity, in fact – of the modal of rationality. For Grice, that modal remained the ‘must.’ For Hamsphire (in Thought and Action) it had been the ‘should’ (Hamsphire’s canons of rationality weaker than Grice’s). For Hare, it had been the OUGHT TO – Hare’s canons being the strongest. After playing with what Grice regarded as a simplified use by Davidson of crucial issues like CREIDIBILITY and DESIRABILITY he ends up offering a unfified picture of long sequences of moves which are not necessarily meant as conversational – and which again stress the point that for Grice the ‘game analogy’ is methodological, rather than substantive as it is for Hintikka (you take the game out of Hintikka or Williamson, and they rather hide than seek). Grice is clear about this in a passing remark that echoes that lecture in the James series that is seldom referred to ‘Models of implicature.’ It takes up issues with which Grice had been involved in dealing with degrees of assertability conditions. The thinker, the meaner, and the utterer. In his progression to ‘modes’, he notes that he will usually get rid of the ‘differential’ involving the utterer’s addressee, since the steps in reasoning in which he is interested concerns the individual UTTERER, and not necessarily the UTTERER as diverted by the randomness of a conversational scenario that totally depends on the ‘rapport’ he creates with his conversational partner. Grice gives a personal anecdote about that. When working with Strawson, his rapport became so strong that, as he puts it, their conversational exchanges were often cryptic enough to a third party – by which Grice means Strawson’s wife. CONVERSATIONAL ILLUSTRATION GRICE: eleven then? STRAWSON: eleven yes. With Strawson’s wife witnessing. This meant that Grice would telephone Strawson at eleven for further conversational dialogue along the telephone lines – none of which Mrs. Strawson was ready to allow – and Grice getting a call from Mrs. Strawson to stop calling his husband ‘at such late hours, and for nothing!’ The Aspects of Reason series end with a preface to happiness. And I don’t mean ‘conversational happiness’ even if conversation surely was for Grice one of the main sources of it. What Grice means is the apodosis in a counsel of prudence by Kant – on whom he relies not so much as per Kritik der Praktische Vernunft, but as per Metaphysik der Sitten. The custom, or sitte, is best represented in a counsel of prudence, with the apodosis, ‘if you want to be happy.’Grice struggles with his, as he provides the universalizability that would satisfy Hare. And the volume, as per its posthumous edition, was completed indeed with the publication which Grice saw as outside his explorations on reason, but more generally as his exploration on what he saw perhaps as a more basic idea, that of ‘need’ or ‘want’ or ‘end’ and how it relates to that ‘eudaemonia’ that Kant slightly out of the blue and for mere reverence to Aristotle – that big eudaemonist if ever there was one – brings into the picture. ,, When it comes to his philosophical background and tradition, understanding the narrative and arguments within this text requires a careful appreciation of Grice’s philosophical background and intellectual context. Grice’s personal history, education, and professional environment deeply inform his approach to philosophy, especially in the areas of meaning, conversation, and rationality. The opening section of the text situates Grice within the Oxonian tradition, but also highlights his engagement with broader philosophical currents from Paris (Sorbonne) and Bologna, underscoring the importance of cross-traditional influences in his work. To fully grasp the narrative, readers are encouraged to explore Grice’s background, including formative experiences at Oxford, his connections with influential philosophers, and his participation in the larger European philosophical dialogue. The philosophical context is enriched by references to numerous thinkers, both contemporaries and predecessors, whose work intersects with Grice’s. Notably, the text draws attention to the web of intellectual connections established and curated by scholars such as J. L. Speranza, whose expertise in name-indexing and bibliographical research provides essential guidance for navigating the landscape of analytic philosophy. Grice’s interactions with figures like Austin and Ryle are highlighted, but the narrative also points to his dialogues with continental and classical philosophers, such as Kant, Aristotle, and Cicero. These references are not merely decorative; they frame Grice’s arguments and illustrate the continuity of philosophical inquiry across generations and traditions. The reader is advised to consult the bibliographical references and the name index found in the appendices, as these tools offer valuable context and facilitate a deeper understanding of the philosophical debates and personalities mentioned throughout the text. A central theme in the summary is Grice’s role in maintaining and advancing the traditions of Oxford, Sorbonne, and Bologna. While some critics may perceive Grice’s work as parochial or overly reliant on Austin’s methodology, the text argues that Grice’s intellectual scope is far broader. He consciously counters the parochialism associated with Austin and Ryle, advocating for an ecumenical approach that values dialogue between different philosophical schools. Grice’s work reflects a commitment to the rigorous standards of the Oxonian tradition, but he also draws upon the analytical methods of the Sorbonne and the dialectical heritage of Bologna. This synthesis demonstrates Grice’s respect for tradition while simultaneously challenging its limitations, positioning him as a philosopher whose legacy bridges multiple intellectual worlds. Grice’s ecumenical interests are further distinguished by his blend of analytical rigor, English common sense, and understated humor. Unlike Austin and Ryle, who are often characterized by their strict adherence to ordinary language analysis and Oxonian exclusivity, Grice integrates a broader perspective that allows for creative engagement with philosophical problems. His method combines precision and clarity with a genial wit, making his arguments accessible yet deeply insightful. This balance of seriousness and playfulness is a hallmark of Grice’s philosophical style, enabling him to address complex issues without resorting to unnecessary jargon or obfuscation. It also marks his work as distinctly English in tone, but cosmopolitan in substance. The summary strongly recommends that readers consult the bibliographical references and name index in the appendices. These resources are not ancillary but integral to understanding the full scope of Grice’s intellectual milieu. They provide guidance on the philosophers, texts, and debates referenced in the main narrative, and they help situate Grice’s contributions within the larger history of philosophy. The appendices facilitate connections between Grice’s work and the ideas of his interlocutors, making it possible to trace the development of key concepts and arguments. In conclusion, the first part of the text presents Grice as a philosopher whose legacy transcends the boundaries of Oxford, Paris, and Bologna. His work is characterized by a commitment to analytic rigor, openness to ecumenical dialogue, and a distinctive English sensibility that tempers seriousness with humor. Grice’s engagement with various philosophical traditions and his critique of parochialism set him apart from figures like Austin and Ryle, establishing him as a central figure in twentieth-century philosophy. For students and scholars, a careful study of Grice’s background, influences, and references is essential to appreciating the narrative and understanding the broader intellectual legacy he has left behind. Lexemes from English, French, and Italian. If there is one conversation that features large in our application of the FRAMWORK is the engagedment between Grice and his tuttee, Strawson, on presupposition. Strawson had left doubts about his self-importance than Grice did, and his ‘On referring’ had become (to be regarded as) a classic in analytic philosophy of the type Grice and Austin were engaging. Strawson had contributed in press to the debate with early pieces on ‘Truth’ for Analysis, and using ‘performatory’ before Austin did. In the official version of ‘On referring’ the topic is conversational at the meta-theoretical level: (Dummett’s adaptation). A You still haven’t displayed to me whether Queen Elizabeth wore a wig. B. And I won’t. There’s no way I can – the past is a foreign country. Dummett always considered Strawson’s response to Russell’s On denoting rechereche and well worth the angry response by Russell (“Mr. Strawson on referring” on the same pages where Strawson had added insult to injury). In a scenario where Queen Elizabeth I does not exist, to wonder if she wears a wig seems otiose. If we add, “Queen Elizabeth I did not wear a wig” we do add insult to injury. There is an ‘implication,’ Strawson thought. The utterer is IMPLYING that there is a present Queen of England. He later rephrased such talk of ‘impying’ into a talk of ‘presupossing.’ Kneale and his wife were lecturing Oxford on the growth of logic and Strawson found that ‘suppositio’ was a word that, Collingwood notwirthstanding, could do a second round, and leave implication to Philonius. When Grice submitted on the year before his death the material to Harvard University Press, he managed to include the MAIN sequel to ‘Logic and Conversation.’ In principle Harvard University – the president and Fellows, that is – are committed only to the text of the WILLIAM JAMES MEMORIAL LECTURES, bi-annual as they were at the time of Grice’s deliverance – and held bi-departmanntally – the previous year it had been a psychologist lecturing on retina.  When the material went to press, under Part II, Semantics and Metaphysics, Grice managed to include an excursus on the Logic and Conversation, with which he had been working all his life since he met Strawson. At Urbana and other places, talk of ‘presupposition’ and ‘conversational implicature’ was becoming common, and so Grice entitled the talk for publicaction as ‘Presupposition AND conversational implicature’ meaning ‘Presupposition AS conversational implicature.’ The examples he provides all allow for conversational illustrations. At one point, before calling the game off, the conversational game off, as it were, Grice expresses dissatisfaction with his former self, and his sticking with well-worn examples like baldness of the king of France and whether we should stop beating our wives. But the illustrations he offers to replace them are ultra-linguistic botanising, beyond his own patience. DEREK GRICE. Father died. GRICE. When did that happen? DEREK. Just yesterday night. Mother sent me a telegramme. I regret Father’s death. GRICE. I don’t. DEREK. I don’t get your point. Grice’s point was that ‘I regret Father’s death’ may well entail that Father indeed did die. It is not the case that I regret Father’s case does not. This is not a presupposition which depends on the a truth value gap (‘The event of Father’s death did take place’). Grice is pointing to the fact that it is not clear to him whether the embedding of clauses involving factives inherit their alleged presuppositional counterparts, especially when there is no such a thing as a presupposition. Continuation. DERECK. I was confused yesterday. You said it was not clear to you that you regretted Father’s death. GRICE. After some introspection, I believe you are right. I should have guarded my judgement, and I guard it now: I DON’T THINK I REGRET FATHER’S DEATH. Grice thought that a person never dies – that’s why! A different specifically Griciean keyword – such as ‘squirrel’ – that will reveal a piece of philosophising as Griceian in spirit, is deutero-Esperanto (since who else would use it if not Grice?). It seems convenint to elaborate on the issue in this second, less central part II (‘The conversations’) rather than Part I dedicated to the Framework itself, since it does not involve an ESSENTIAL part of the framework but one that Grice encountered when fighting with adversaries that were claiming such a role in the programme. It appeared at various stages in his career. The earlier is not deuteron-Esperanto itself, but more in the vein of the semiotic Grice that he always was (semiotike – old mediaeval name for ‘the science of signs’) a ‘new High-Way Code that Grice invents while lying in the tub. Grice was aware – since his days with Hardie, who drove (Grice was boarded at Corpus and did not have to) – how UNBEARINGLY complex the High-Way Code is, so the implicature is the obvious one of requiring a Hare-type simplification (a bit like Ogden’s Basic English, with which Grice was familiar enough – he treasured Ogden’s MM, as he abbreviated the title of “The meaning of meaning, being a study in the science of symbolism.” Why does Grice introduce himself as inventing a new high-way code. This was delivered at Oxford, when indeed under the tutelage of Quine, Lewis was adopting co-ordination problems and offering ‘convention’ as a solution. Grice would have none of that. It is not surprising that the next stage where something like this new High-Way Code makes it to the Griceian scene is at another public event. Grice had been invited by a well-known grammarian, N. V. Smith, who published the proceedings, to lecture the crowd at Brighton, were Smith had tenure – and surprised Smith was when Grice began unpacking what he called the mystery package. ‘Convention,’ Grice repeated, has NOTHING to do with ‘meaning’ and this is where the semiotician that Grice was brings in not the proto-, which would be boring enough, but a REFERENCE to his ‘Deutero-Esperanto’ – a ‘language’ and not just a bunch of procedures in one’s idiosyncratic repertoire, as his prior High-Way code was, -- hardly the form of life Vitters thought a language, each language was – but a SYSTEM of communication devices that makes Grice the master.  He had been quarrelling with his informalist tutee, Strawson, for too long. While Urmson had learned the lesson and would be more than willing to allow for the equivalence of “and” in “He took off his boots and lay in bed” and “He lay in bed and took off his boots,” Strawson was appealing to different USES (if not meanings, if not senses) of something as basic as the semantic Boolean ADDITION, just for effect. When discussing PIROTESE, Grice will have occasion to show off his classical education background: there’s proto-Pirotese (the pirot that groans), and deutero-pirotese (the pirot that forms an INTENTION to groan in the presence of another pirot), TERTIO-pirotese (the pirot whose intention has become reflexive, i. e. reproduced into a second-order intention to assure that the ground-level intention is recognised), TETRA-pirotese (for the pirot who adds an anti-sneak clause prohibiting any further element of deceit in groaning), PENTO-PIROTESE (when the pirot actually engages his co-pirot attention) and HECTO-pirotese (when the dyad of his groan is completed by some maniestational acknowledgement on the part of his co-pirot: “I’m so sorry to hear!”).  When fighting against Strawson’s INFORMALIST, Grice was constantly invoking Strawson’s nemesis – the formalist. But Grice did not know at his stage where Strawson was going. He had been asked by Mabbott (Strawson’s initial tutor at St. John’s) to join in the tutoring of this scholar who had changed from a planned degree in English to one in politics, economics, and philosophy – eventually he passed with a second – and Mabbott thought that he could not cope with dealing with Strawson’s learning abilities to pass the Logic Paper as it was called. Grice went to assist. Years later, Strawson would still credit “Mr. H. P. Grice, from whom I have never ceased to learn about logic since he was my tutor in this area.” What area? Strawson was indeed using symbolism, both belonging to term logic or subject-and-predicate logic, and predicate logic proper complete with the panopy of what Grice refers to as ‘formal devices’ – and which he lists – six of them – in ‘Logic and conversation’: the first: ‘~’; the second: ‘/\’; the third: ‘\/’; the fourth: ‘>’; the fifth: ‘(Ɐx)’, the sixth: ‘(ⱻx)’; the seventh: ‘(ιx).’ – and it wasn’t like if Strawson was using all of them.  However this allows Grice to provide his tirade against what he was starting to hear from his seminars in some institutions – the coming of the Einhait of Wissenschaft – the unified science proclaimed by the diaspora of the Vienna Circle after the Hun took over. (The Peano school survived because Italy was part of the Axis, but Benedetto Croce made his best to declare that what they were doing was ‘nonsense’ not ‘philosophy’ – vide his Breviario di estettica, la logica come scienza del concetto puro, l’estetica come scienza dell’espressione pura). So this was a pan-world movement that Grice had to fight against. Against informalists like Strawson – and a few others, like Warnock (whose ‘Metaphysics in logic’ may be regarded more informalist than otherwise, especially with his counterattacks to Quine on (Ex) – ‘There are tigers’ – what does it even mean, Warnock was wondering!). Grice saw the formalists as blue-collar at their best, and it is not surprising that, today, logic is taught at Oxford next to Grice’s quarters, on St. Giles, but not as part of what once was the Sub-Faculty of Philosophy. Logic has its own Institute – Informal logic is no longer considered logic! Grice kept changing labels. His informalists (seeing that Ryle was abusing this term, vide his ‘Formal logic and informal logic’) became the neo-traditionalists, an oxymoron that only Grice could dedicate. The whole point of being a con is that  neo-con sounds parodic. Ditto for neo-traditionalist. Is Grice suggesting that Strawson will be inspired and turn into a palæo-traditionalist in return? – So the year before he died, Grice included just before his Strand Six on Conversation (the topic of the present notes) an appendum that relates, where ‘his position’ among the disputants, the neo-traditionalists and the modernists stand. ‘Modernism’ makes slightly more sense, but some have suggested that in this guise, Grice would end up being a ‘post-modern’ – since he does see, in his own words, the debate between the two warrying camps as one that ‘rests on a common mistake’ – no other than DISMISSING the cruciality of the conditions, rational ones, that attend conversation as such, regardeless of subject-matter. And Grice right is, too. The modernists are thus called as heirs to Peano, and Whitehead and Russell. Grice (who once authored a draft ‘Definite descriptions in Russell and in the vernacular’ to be superseded by his ‘Presupposition and conversational implicature’ with variants – theory theory requires that each sketch is sustained –never saw Russell as a philosopher – and then Russell did not either. Russell practiced at Cambridge what at Oxford we call ‘mathematics.’ And mathematics is what Peano was doing. Mathematics is what Frege is doing. This is what make them blue-collar, and no attempt to crystallise anything like ‘the English language,’ or ‘the Italian language’ will come from their quarters. What will come out is Esperanto, or Deutero-Esperanto.  Hilbert is perhaps the clearest formalist or modernist that Grice can cite. While Grice engages in a bit of formal calculus – witness his introduction of ~ with numerical subscripts ~1p2 versus ~2p1 and the introduction rule and elimination rule formulated always with ordering of numerical subscripts understood as bearing maximal scope in the reading of the formula --. Still, Grice calls his thing a ‘natural deduction’ alla Gentzen – nor a piece of gibberish, as Hilbert saw the real formalist should. Grice’s Deutero-Esperanto is not Esperanto. Esperanto is what Hilbert calls Cantor’s paradise by contrast. Consider A: Kie la kato sidis? B: Vi celas la hirtan? A: Jes. B: Sur la tapiŝeto. A: Lo dekano estos furiozo! It is not this type of Esperanto Grice has in mind with his own version – hence DEUTERO-esperanto, but the spirit is there. Again, an appeal to the enduring influence of Austin is telling here. The Master and his Kindergarten spent a full term ‘learning Eskimo’. In what way is Eskimo different from Esperanto, or Deutero-Esperanto, if you must? The point is subtle. Austin’s and Grice’s interest in Eskimo was meant as a rebuttal of Whortf-Sapir’s idea that conversations need be Oxonian. – not in the land of the igloos. So it’s best to regard Grice’s Eskimo explorations as yet another illustration of the cunning of conversational reason going extramural – far from Oxford gown, and far from Oxford town, too! In the Inuit languages (Inuktitut/Iñupiaq), a translation for the typical Austin-Grice conversational exchange would look like this: A: Nani kuskaq aquviva? B: Igluvigap qulaani! Austin’s breakdown: “Kuskaq,” the common word for "cat"; “Aquviva,” Derived from aquvi- (to sit) with a past-tense interrogative ending; “Igluvigaq”: While iglu can mean any kind of house, “igluvigaq” specifically refers to a house made of SNOW (a traditional SNOW-house). Qulaani: This means "on top of" or "above it".  Austin provides a Note on Dialects. While "Eskimo" is a broad term, Grice’s translation is primarily based on Inuktitut (Eastern Canada) and Iñupiaq (Alaska/Western Canada). In some dialects, the word for cat might also be pusi (a loanword from English "pussycat").  In the spirit of his prior new Highway Code what he has in mind is a conversational, rational for sure, between rational conversationalists, who can depend on what Mill – yes more Grice to the Mill, as he would say – on their stipulative definitions, and proceed to converse. In such a ‘formalist’ paradise, any ‘execrescence’ brought by ‘ordinary language’ is forbidden by lex, sed dura.  His Pirotese served his purpose. In his seminar on ‘Pirotese’ a pirot is said to potch and cotch an obble which is fing or fang or in fid with another obble. The operators are intrdocued via content internalization. The pirot – an eagle this time, not a squarrel – perceives a hare on the ground and lurks from a branch. What the eagle has internalized is ‘disjunction’ – her behaviour does not manifest either p or q, but the transient state ‘p or q’ – Grice, like Loar after him, regard that type of psychological pirotological content internalization essential if the eagle is going to survive! The philosopher’s – any philosopher, not just Grice – games with calculus is long dated. Grice had his master to blame, as he witnessed on each Saturday morning, for a while term, Austin’s tenacity in bringing in a new version of SYMBOLO – the sad part, as Grice recalls, is that Austin never cared to provide the TOOLS of the game. These were adjudicated to Mrs. Warnock, who had to cut them in tidy pieces of cardboard for the members of the play group to entertain themselves for the rutinary three hours at St. John’s. Grice’s reference to SYMBOL has to be taken seriously. It is possibly the best expression we can find in Grice to the effect that his idea of conversation as a game was to be taken seriously, and that if someone is to blame for it, that was Austin. In fact, the cardboard items fabricated by Mrs. Warnock are later vintage. In the old days, AUSTIN and his KINDERGARTEN would just draw dots and crosses ‘on bits of paper.’ If we discuss the topic in Part II, Conversations, it is because it is not essential to the framework. It is only as a matter of history that Grice happened to come to assist Strawson in his Logic Paper. It is only a matter of history that in Prolegomena, he recalls the incident and Grice quotes verbatim from Strawson’s Introduction to Logical Theory on ‘if’. Th excursus in the “Logic and Conversation’ with a reference to the metaphysical excrescence that the formalist will judge his informalist rival engages with is non other than causation, which the formalist, like Grice in some respects, is more than willing to RE-troduce rather than introduce in the account of the ‘horse-shoe’. After all, the horseshoe is an INVERTED “C” as devised by Peano – if a non-inverted C may mean CONSEQUENCE, by inverting you invert whatever you originally meant by that. You are engaged in Deutero-Esperanto CUM FLEXIONE! It is easy enough – but don’t exepct systematics – in elaborating on all the conversational contexts that H. P. Grice SYSTEMATICALLY used only for the solution of philosophical problems along his vast oeuvre. The career of a philosopher’s life is never given for granted at Oxford. They don’t really expect much from you and the less noticeable you prove to be the more successful you will be with yourself and your ‘colleagues.’ We see this in Grice. He never ventured a first move. All his oeuvre results from collaborations, and invitations, and if the things got published it was out of a matter of course. His ‘Negation and privation’ (1938) never saw the light of day, and the typescript uses his Harborne address. “Personal identity” he felt like submitting to “Mind” as proof that his Hammondsworth Senior Scholarship at Merton had proved good. “Meaning” was presented to The Oxford Philosophical Society (a society for undergraduates) and published nine years later as submitted by Strawson. A year before, Strawson had submitted Grice’s and Strawson’s ‘In defence of a dogma’ to the same journal. Two conversations feature large there: GRICE: I don’t see how your neighbour’s three-year old can be an adult. QUINE. Neither can I, which proves my apostasy! EXAMPLE II GRICE: I can very well see why your neightbour-s three-year old understood Russell’s theory of types. It IS a piece of cake. STRAWSON. But perhaps it was not properly formulated to him! The Causal Theoy of Perception was Grice’s only collaboration to The Aristotelian Society. “Metaphysics,” with Starwson and Pears, came at Pears’s invitation to broadcast the Third Programme lecture at the BBC and got published by Pears by Macmillan. And so on. ‘Vacuous names’ was just his submission at the request of Davidson and Hintikka for a festschrift for Quine. In this contribution Grice gets at his most conversational with conversations on Marmaduke Bloggs and the cocktail party. ‘Intention and uncertainty’ as his obligatory lecture as having been elected a fellow of the British Academy. And so on. Each conversational illustration requires an expansion.  Grice would rather be seen dead than described as a mathematician as Quine was at Harvard – Quine could read neither Greek nor Latin, never mind speaking them! – but Grice knew that there was some truth to Tarski’s Polish obsession with ‘satisfactory.’ In his seminal essay on truth, Tarski used the following original Polish terms: Satisfaction: spełnianie Satisfactory: trafny Satisfactoriness: trafność  The essay was translated into German.  The original Polish monograph, Pojęcie prawdy w językach nauk dedukcyjnych, was published, and the German translation, Der Wahrheitsbegriff in den formalisierten Sprachen, followed. The OXONIAN version was notably based on the German translation rather than the Polish original, which Grice regretted, since he didn’t speak Polish (“What the eye no longer sees, the heart no longer grieves for” – and his German was itself rudimentary – Grice took Abbott as be speaking German when translating Kant’s Sitte). The German equivalents used for these terms were: Satisfaction: Erfüllung (to satisfy: erfüllen) Satisfactory: adäquat (or sometimes zutreffend) Satisfactoriness: Adäquatheit  Grice would at points express an interest to know more about the specific differences found between the Polish original and the German translation, or perhaps how these terms relate to his Convention T. THE SYSTEM G. ALETHIC In the system, Grice provides a syntax and a semantics – Satisfactoriness of the Tarski type is brought up under the semantic. The syntactic can remain Getzenian – and Grice was careful to study this in detail in Gentzen’s original formulation in German, and at least two other developments, including his own Oxonian one. Gerhard Gentzen introduced these rules in his landmark 1934 doctoral thesis,  Untersuchungen über das logische Schließen (Investigations into Logical Deduction), published in the Mathematische Zeitschrift.  Gentzen is credited with inventing Natural Deduction, which defines logical connectives through their usage (introduction and elimination) rather than just truth tables.  1. Conjunction (AND) / Konjunktion / 連言 (∧)German: I:  ABA∧B(∧-I) 𝔄𝔅𝔄∧𝔅(∧-I) E:  A∧BA(∧-E1)A∧BB(∧-E2) 𝔄∧𝔅𝔄(∧-E1)𝔄∧𝔅𝔅(∧-E2) English: Introduction: If you have  A 𝐴  and you have B 𝐵, you can conclude  A∧B 𝐴∧𝐵Elimination: If you have  A∧B 𝐴∧𝐵, you can conclude  A 𝐴  (or  B 𝐵). Japanese: 導入規則:  A 𝐴 と B 𝐵 が成り立つならば、A∧B 𝐴∧𝐵  を導ける。 除去規則:  A∧B 𝐴∧𝐵  が成り立つならば、 A （または  B 𝐵）を導ける。  Disjunction (OR) / Disjunktion / 選言 (∨)  German: I:  AA∨B(∨-I1)BA∨B(∨-I2) 𝔄𝔄∨𝔅(∨-I1)𝔅𝔄∨𝔅(∨-I2) E:  A∨B[A]…C[B]…CC(∨-E) 𝔄∨𝔅[𝔄]…ℭ[𝔅]…ℭℭ(∨-E) English: Introduction: If you have  A 𝐴, you can conclude  A∨B 𝐴∨𝐵 Elimination: If you have  A∨B 𝐴∨𝐵, and both  A 𝐴 and B 𝐵 separately lead to  C 𝐶, then you can conclude  C 𝐶 Japanese: 導入規則:  A 𝐴  が成り立つならば、 A∨B 𝐴∨𝐵  を導ける。 除去規則:  A∨B 𝐴∨𝐵  が成り立ち、 A 𝐴 と  B 𝐵  のどちらからでも  C 𝐶  が導かれるなら、 C 𝐶  と結論できる。  Material Implication (IF) / Implikation / 条件法 (→) German: I:  [A]…BA⊃B(⊃-I) [𝔄]…𝔅𝔄⊃𝔅(⊃-I) E:  AA⊃BB(⊃-E) 𝔄𝔄⊃𝔅𝔅(⊃-E) English: Introduction: If assuming  A 𝐴  allows you to derive  B 𝐵, you can conclude "If  A 𝐴, then  B 𝐵." Elimination: If you have A 𝐴 and "If  A 𝐴, then  B 𝐵," you can conclude B 𝐵  (Modus Ponens). Japanese: 導入規則:  A 𝐴  を仮定して  B 𝐵  が導かれるなら、 A→B 𝐴→𝐵  を導ける。除去規則:  A 𝐴 と A→B 𝐴→𝐵  が成り立つならば、 B 𝐵  を導ける。  Grice would at times express an interest to how these rules are typeset in Gentzen’s original tree notation, and breakdown of his rules for negation and quantifiers. Grice never really cared to present the introduction and elimination rules as such, but only as APPENDED with this device which Quine found ‘overbearingly complex,’ which was a pity, since Grice had devised it just to please his mentor – one of them; the other was Chomsky (whose grammar and spelling was so much better than Jesperson [sic]!” Inference-Rules (1) [Ass] Any formula may be assumed at any point. ...かと～mt中、(3) [~-, DN]~n+e~,$e-mgtd.（4） ［&+］中w-mjWp-kh中&ne. 「¢ (5) [8c-] 8tn-my &atm-n t  OV Hm-（7） (2) XEn-r, $2,... $*FC, (3) 43... $24VX. then '$ (4) ',.,$/,62,6*,63,. 62H6 （8）［→+，CP］ I 1-m¥ ١,٠٠٠ *+٥-٠x (9) [→-,MPP] Ф(-и+„V[»-m). ф+у. As for the Japanese, Grice adds, however, and indeed leaves it as an open question: “what should be said of Touraki's conjecture,” Grice wonders, “(roughly) that the nature of the introduction rule determines the character of the elimination rule?” Touraki was nowhere to be found, though, and frankly Grice didn’t think he did CARE. Grice explains: “Japanese tends to diverge crucially with Oxonian when it comes both the elimination and the introduction of just the dyadic functors. BULETIC In System Q, Grice’s emphasis was, as per his syntactic rules, in the semantic realm of ‘satisfactoriness’ strictly concerned with his scope-indicating device that alas left Quine cold:  If ø is atomic, ¢ is Corr(1) on Z iff (i) each individual constant in ф has in Z a designatum (i.e. its correlatum is a unit set in D whose element is also in D), and (ii) the designata of the individual constants in ¢, taken in the order in which the individual constants which designate them occur in ф, form an ordered n-tuple which is in the E-set assigned in Z to the predicate constant in ф. 2.If no individual constant dominates , ф is CorrI) on Z iff (i) If ф = ~„4, i is Corr(O) on Z; (il) If ф =4 &„x. W and y are each Corr(1) on Z; (11i) If ф=yv. %. either y or y is Corr(1) on Z; (iv) If ф=→.%, either y is Corr(0) on Zor x is CorrI) on Z.We could now, Grice states, if we wished, introduce generalised versions of some standard binary connectives, as he had done in “Vacuous Names” just to please Quine – getting a very rude ‘Reply to H. P. Grice’ in return.Using ' and "y' to represent sentences (in either the aletic mode of ‘Vacuous Names’ or the Buletic’ mode of his ‘Credibility, Desiability, and Mode Operators”), we could stipulate that CONJUNCTION – Grice’s second symbol in ‘Logic and conversation’ /\:To & y? is satisfactory just in case "" is satisfactory and "u" is satisfactory.DISJUNCTION – Grice’s third symbol in ‘Logic and Conversation’: \/"o or ur is satisfactory just in case one of the pair, "o and yr. is satisfactory, and “IF” – only binary hypo-tactical (not paratactical) operator with which he was concerned – the horseshoe of ‘Logic and Conversation’"o → y is satisfactory just in case either o is unsatisfactory or " is satisfactory. He dismisses “~” as too uncritical to bother. (And indeed, so did I in my extended presentation of the topic – since if Grice is into a general presentation of a theory of conversation, he does not need to deal with each and every operator that a conversationalist happens to be willing to utter – the truth-FUNCTIONAL dyadic connectors seem to satisfy his philosophical (never plain logical, or grammatical) audience!Instead, he adds, however, and indeed leaves it as an open question: “what should be said of Touraki's conjecture,” Grice wonders, “(roughly) that the nature of the introduction rule determines the character of the elimination rule?” Touraki was nowhere to be found, though, and frankly Grice didn’t think he did CARE. Grice explains: “Japanese tends to diverge crucially with Oxonian when it comes both the elimination and the introduction of just the dyadic functors. He provided the following examples.In Japanese, the way you translate logical connectors of the type on which Peano, and later Whitehead, and Russell, along with Frege, displayed an interest, depends heavily on whether you want to imply causality, sequence, or logical inclusion. Take AND (Sequential vs. Logical)In English, "and" often implies "and then" (post hoc ergo propter hoc). Japanese makes this distinction explicit using the -te form of verbs. A: グライスはズボンを脱いで、寝た。Guraisu wa zubon o nuide, neta.Grice took off his trousers and went to bed.B: いや、彼は寝てから、ズボンを脱いだ。Iya, kare wa nete kara, zubon o nuida.No. He went to bed and took off his trousers.Does it implicate "and then"?Yes. When you link two actions with the -te form(nuide), your co-conversationalist naturally assumes the first action preceded the second. If you used a different "and" (like to or ni), it would only work, alas, for nouns (like “the philosopher,” “his pair of trousers,” “the bed”, not actions of the type Grice had in mind when lecturing in Tokyo (“taking off one’s trousers,” “going to bed”).As for OR (Inclusive vs. Exclusive, and Pressumptions of Knowledge:In logic, "A or B" is true if A is true. In natural Japanese, adding "or in the bedroom" after confirming Grice’s wife is in the kitchen can sound grammatically correct but pragmatically strange, just as in the Griceain paradox. A: グライスの奥さんはどこ？ Guraisu no okusan wa doko?Where is Grice’s wife?B: 台所にいるよ。Daidokoro ni iru yo.In the kitchenA: つまり、彼女は台所、あるいは寝室にいるということだね。Tsumari, kanojo wa daidokoro, aruiwashinshitsu ni iru to iu koto dane.Therefore, she is in the kitchen or in the bedroom(Gice’s adaptation to Japanese of his example in “Causal Theory of Perception” delivered at Cambridge – Touraki agreed). Aruiwa or Soretomo, Touraki told Grice, are the standard "or." Using aruiwa would only mimics the logical "or,” but carries the “same conversational "clunkiness,” as Touraki put it, “because it provides less information than is already known by you o me.”IF (Counterfactual Conditionals and other)For hypothetical "If" statements about the past (counterfactuals), Japanese often uses the -tara or -nara form, frequently paired with moshimo. A: もし真珠湾攻撃がなかったら、戸浦貴はオックスフォードを卒業していたMoshimo Shinjuran kougeki ga nakattara, Touraki wa Okusufoo-do o sotsugyou shite ita.)Had Pearl Harbour not been bombed, Touraki would have graduated from Oxford.B: そんなことはない！ Sonna koto wa nai!) He did not!or 違うよ！ Chigau yo!“But he did not!”Grice often expressed to learn more Japanese and be able to use more ‘conversationally natural’ examples to explain his naxims to his Japanese audience, or even analysing the linguistic differences in how logic is encoded between Northern and Southern Japan.In deference to the fact that the year before he died, Grice expressed his views on conversation in terms of what he called the Conversational Imperative, it is worth re-examining what he had said, for one, on imperatives in general – and not as associated with the hypotactical ‘if’ in comparison with ‘and’ or ‘or’ – as he had done in ‘Indicative conditionals’ in “Logic and Conversation.” That particular talk never did have the title “Indicative conditionals” until the year before he died, when Grice submitted to Harvard University Press the manuscript, and the editor suggested a title for each chapter. It is NOT about ‘indicative conditionals,’ but the title was still appropriate in that it had been Strawson’s obsession with him having all wrong with ‘if’ – notably in his introduction to his “Philosophical Logic” for Oxord University Press, where Strawson complains about Grice’s obduracy in trying to distinguish what a conversationalist means when he makes a conversational move of the “if p, q” form – Touraki: “If Pearl Harbour had not been bombed, I would have gradudated fom Oxford.” Grice: “But you did not!” – and what ‘if’ means – if anything, and what the “USE” of ‘if’ is! Distinctions that prove fatal to Grice if you are in a Strawsonian frame of truth-value gap mind!It is then in the second Carus Lectures – pubished posthumously, that Grice returns to the ‘if’ with an OPENER mind, and thinking Bosanquet instead of Strawson.At first I thought Grice would mean BERNARD BOSANQUET, whose logic is a masterpiece and just the Oxonian piece of cake, with cream and cherries, to top Bradley’s SO OBSCURE Hegelian treatise on appearances and how to keep them up for real.In our commentary of Grice’s second Paul Carus lecture, I will have in mind then the formulation of the CONVERSATIONAL IMPERATIVE as Grice always did: NOT as an explicitly conditional imperative, or hypothetical one, but as a plain categorical one, with an implicated protasis if you wish, and we’ll formulate alla Grice:Make your conversational contribution such as it occurs an apprriate one at the stage in which it occurs by the accepted purpose or goal of the conversation in which you are engaged.It seemed obvious to Grice that no such hypothesisation was necessary, but O. P. Wood would possibly have added:“If you want to pass for a decent chap at Oxford”and Nowell-Smith“If you want your contextual implications to be of any use in promoting your overall intelligibility.”None such clauses occur at that stage in Grice. And only when addressing the Fundamental Question of the Conversational Imperative, does the thing turns into an ‘if p, q!’ If you are into a reciprocal maximally efficient psi-transfer in the proceedings of influencing and being influenced by others – with an aim for overall happiness for you and your kin, and your conversational partner and HIS kin, towards the institution of decisions that would eventually lead to action that will keep both of you alive – PLAY the conversational game!In any case it was not Bernard Bosanquet Grice was discussing but his great great nephew, Philippa who had married a Foot.Grice’s enterprise in the Carus second lecture is initially at least, to take up and pursue a version of the notion of some sort of ‘moral’ objectivity – of the type he had arrived with his Conversational Immanuel in ‘Method in philosophical psychology’ where the guidelines applied to any other pirot, and were not whims of Carnap – ad which had been mentioned Grice’s playmate on Saturday mornings, Hare, and his sequel, Mackie, but which Grice had so far deliberately kept out of the limelight. At the conclusion of a short discussion of  the MODVS IMPERATIVS as allowing for a categorical and a hypothetical sub-varieties, we find in Mackie a statement to the effect that, so far as MORALS – of the type which at Oxford is only of concern of the White Professor of MORAL PHILOSOPHY (not conversational pragmatics) is concerned, Hare’s thesis that there is no such thing as an objective value is specifically the denial that any such categorical [as opposed to categorial] element in a moral judgments is objectively valid. The objective values which Hare – following Hartman, Duncan-Jones, and Barnes, of the type that was familiar at Grice’s Corpus Christi – vide Urmson, on the Oxford history of emotivism  – is denying would be action-directing absolutely (no ifs about it, but still imperative) not contingently (in the way indicated) upon the agent's desires and inclinations, and his conversational partner (“Mos” involves a community at Rome: O tempora, o mores!”)Mackie’s language, Grice complains, is not wholly clear. But what is seemingly being asserted is that Mackie's denial of any such thing as an objective value is tantamount to a denial that there is any such absolutely action-directing value, or decision-instituting value, despite what may be claimed in any common or garden ordinary ‘moral’ judgements, even of the most utilitarian type such as Grice’s TRY TO MAKE YOUR CONVERSATIONAL ONE THAT IS TRUE DO NOT SAY WHAT YOU BELIEVE TO BE FALSE DON’T MISLEAD OTHERS DON’T UTTER IMPEARITIVES IF YOU ARE NOT WILLING TO GET THE DESIRED ACTION REALISED DON’T CRY WOLF IF THERE’S NO WOLF DON’T DELIBERATE OBFUSCATE BY PERSPIRATION! This thesis seems, Grice finds, to be a close relative of a well-known position advanced by Bosanquet, who has discussed it at some length, and to whom Grice then turns his attention – after having called Bosanquet ‘a very minor philosopher, perhaps as minor as Witters – and certainly more minor than Wollaston!”. First, however, Grice wishes to present the question at issue in a slightly more comprehensive way, to as to please the conversationalist pragmaticist amongst us.There seem to be a number of fairly well-publicized dichotomies, to which the objectivity or non-objectivity (subjectivity? inter-subjectivity?) of values may be closely related. These include the dichotomy of an utterance in the MODVS IMPERATIVS being categorical or hypothetical imperative, or the the dichotomy of moral value and non-moral (futilitarian) value, the dichotomy of absolute value and relative value, and the dichotomy of unconditional and conditional value. How would each of these variants affect the CONVERSATIONAL IMPERATIVE?The question at issue seem to Grice to concern the relation of each of these four or five dichotomies to others in the list. Grice hopes to return to this array of questions after a hopefully succinct presentation of what Grice take to be Bosanquet’s views.The following Grice thinks would be a fair summary -- in Grice’s language:An utterance in the MODVS IMPERATIVUS – Grice’s Conversational Imperative – is of the hypothetical form if it is distinguished by the existence of an associated "let out" or "extrication"condition. This will consist in the existence of an associated end, -- Cicero’s finis conversationalis --, a lack of desire – our VOLA VOL B – not vacuous in the shared case of conversation -- for which will remove from the potential agent or agents in the case of the conversational dyad all reason – as per what we have been calling Grice’s CONVERSATIONAL REASON -- to carry out the injunction contained in Grice’s conversational imperative. Grice gives an example:The imperative If you want a attain maximally efficient influencing via psi-transfer, follow the Conversational Imperative!leaves even Grice cold if he has no interest in attaining a maximally efficient influencing via psi-transfer..The widespread belief that an imperatives pertaining to what we’ll call the CONVERSATIONAL MOS – or custom – or moral -- is categorical, in that it has a reason-giving force –as per what Grice calls the conversational reason -- that is independent of any actually realised desire or volition or conation or willingness or what have you on the part of the potential agent, is mistaken.There is no such automatic reason-giving force, and so, Bosanquet claims, no categorical imperative, such as Grice’s Conversational Imperative.Though there is no such categorical conversational imperative, there are some "non-hypothetical uses" of "ought", alla Hare, where a disclaimer of interest would have no extricating effect.A: Children ought to be seen?B: What about heard?These ‘non-hypothetical’ uses of ‘ought’ (a modal, not MODVS IMPERATIVS) occur in "oughts" of etiquette, conduct in games, and possibly (colloquially) in this or that alleged moral, or moralizing statement or injunction.GRICE SENIOR: You ought to tell the truth.GRICE JUNIOR: And so ought you. But the reason why a disclaimers of interest – as opposed to a disclaimer of DUTY (Grice is using the parlance of Urmson and Ross re-editing Prichard ultimately wishing to cash obligation and duty in desire and interest -- have no effect here is that non-hypothetical uses of  Hare’s favourite modal expander, “ought to” are, atypically, not reason-giving at all, and “so there is here nothing to be extricated from,” or more correctly, Grice corrects Bosanquet’s grammar: “there is nothing from which to be extricated.”So if moral "oughts" are to be reason-giving at all, they must be interpreted (or re-interpreted) as expressing hypothetical imperatives, depending on some end (like human happiness) which decent people can be counted on to be concerned about.To regard moral precepts as categorical imperatives must be to base morality on reason; anti-moral behaviorwould have to be represented as counter-rational. But there is nothing irrational in immorality; no contradiction or selt-defeating behaviour is (characteristically) present.We do not want moral "oughts" to be ipso facto motivating or compelling, regardless of interest or inclination or desire. We want volunteers rather than conscripts in moral service.In an earlier version, morality had to be partially justified by reference to the happiness of the agent. In a later version, concern for the welfare of others, as part of one's own happiness, demands a consequential concern for morality, with a view to the welfare of others.Now before I get too heavily involved in substantive issues, it might be a good idea for me to pay a little heed to the structural aspects of the region under debate: let us have a look at the girders before covering them with cement. There seem to Grice to be not less than six dichotomies which are under review, though not every philosopher would regard all of them as well founded.Some philosophers would regard some of them as not distinct from one another, and (I hope) all philosophers would regard some or even all of them as obscure, perhaps even intolerably obscure. These dichotomies are (or include):First dichotomy: objective-non-objective (or perhaps, subjective), (entity, value), a dichotomy or cluster of dichotomies on which I have already spent some time.Second dichotomy:categorical-hypothetical (imperative)Third dichotomy:absolute-relative (value)Fourth dichotomy:moral-non-moral (value, imperative, etc.)Fifth dichotomy:unconditional-conditional (value, etc.)Sixth dichotomy:underived-derived (value)Grice’s Special (2. Cats and Hypes), like other members of the bunch, calls (even clamours) for interpretation.A blind logical nose might lead us (or be led) to the assumption of a link between hypothetical imperatives andhypothetical statements (propositions). Such a link no doubt exists, but the. most obvious version of it is plainly Inadequate. At least one other philosopher besides myseli has noticed that 'If he molests the children, you should have him arrested' is unlikely to express a hypothetical imperative; and that even if one restricts oneself to cases in which the antecedent clause specifies a want, we find pairs of examples like:If you want to go to Chicago, you should travel by AA via Cleveland.A: I want to go to Chicago. Should I travel by AA via Cleveland.B: No.If you want to go to Philadelphia, you should see a psychiatrist.A: I want to go to Philadelphia.B: You should see a psychiatrist.where it is plain that one is, and the other is not, the expression of a hypothetical imperative (I won't tell you which).A less easily eliminable suggestion, yet one which would still interpret the notion of a "hypothetical imper-ative" in terms of that particular logical form to which the names "hypothetical" and "conditional" attach, would be the following. Let us assume that it is established, or conceded, as legitimate to formulate conditionals in which not only the consequents (apodoses) are couched in some mood (mode) other than the indicative, as in conditional commands ('If you see the whites of their eyes, shoot (fire)) but also the antecedents (protases), or some part (clause) of them; in which case all of the following might be admissible conditionals:If let the cat be taken to the vet, let it be put in a cage.A: I’m taking the Dean’s dog (sorry, cat) to the vet.B: Please, in order to do so: Put it in a cage, please – you know how cats behave.If let the cat be taken to the vet and there is no cage available, then let Martha put it on her lap.A: I’m taking the Dean’s dog (sorry, cat) to the vet.B: Please place it comfortably in a nice cage.A: I don’t see any.B: Then let the servant deal with it!If the cat is sick, let it be taken to the vet.A: The Dean’s dog (sorry, dog) looks rather sick.B: Take her to the vet – and tell them all about her!If this suggestion seems rebarbative, think of these quaint conditionals (when they are quaint) as conditionalized versions of arguments, such asLet the cat go to the vet, so let it be put in a cage.A: Take the cat to the vet!B: What’s the little word?A: Please.Let the cat go to the vet; there isn't a cage, so let Martha put the cat on her lap. A: Take that sick dog (sorry, cat) to the vet, cage or no cage.B: Servant’s duty, not mine!and then maybe the discomfort will be reduced.Among conditionals with an imperatival or "volitival" consequent, some will have "mixed" antecedents (partly indicative, partly imperatival) and some will have purely indicative antecedents (like the last of my three examples). CONVERSATIONAL IMPERATIVE:Co-operate!Grice gives a provisional definition of the terms categorical and hypothetical imperative. A hypothetical imperative (such as the ones he never formulated for his Conversational Imperative, at the risk of offending his audience of philsoophers – but Bosanquet is representing the Motherhood of Oxford) is either a conditional the consequent of which is imperatival and the antecedent of which is imperatival or mixed (partly indicative, partly imperatival), or it is an elliptical – or enthymematic, as Cicero would have it -- version of such an imperative. A categorical imperative, such as Kant’s, Kantotle’s or Grice’s conversational imperative, is an imperative which is either not conditional in form, or else, if it is conditional, has a purely indicative antecedent.Quick comments:The structures which Grice is offering as a way of interpreting a hypothetical imperative (!p ) q) and a categorical imperative (!p) do not, as they stand, offer any room for the appearance of practical modalities – not modes poper -- like ‘ought’ and ‘should,’ or ‘may’ and ‘must’ – as in YOU MUST NOT LIE, CONVERSATIONALLY OR OTHER which are so prominently visible in the standard examples of those kinds of imperatives. The imperatives suggested by Grice are really imperatives – utterances in the Imperative Mode -- they conclude do such and such',  not 'you/one ought to do such and such.  as Grice indeed formulated his Conversational Imperative pre-Logic and Conversation in ‘The Causal Theory of Perception’: One ought to make the strongest conversational move possible under the circumstances. Reported by Strawson in 1954 in Introduction to Logical Theory. But maybe, Grice thinks, Grice’s suggestion could be modified to meet the demand for the appearance or occurrence of ‘ought to,’ or ‘may,’ ‘should’, and ‘must’ -- if such occurrence is needed. It would remain to be decided how close the preferred reading of Grice’s 'deviant' conditional imperative would be to the accepted interpretation of standard hypothetical imperatives.  IF YOU Want to engage in a reciprocally maximally efficient scenario of psi-transfer, follow the conversational imperative! But even if there were some divergence, that might be acceptable if the 'new' imperatives turned out to embody a more precise notion than the standard conception. Grice indeed thinks that there are serious doubts of the admissibility of conditionals with non-indicative antecedents which will be to Grice’s mind connected with the very difficult question whether the indicative mode (both exhibitive and sub-informative) and the other modes are co-ordinate, or whether the indicative – ‘declarative’ in “Meaning” 1948, the turnstile, asterisk sub-psi – sub-exhibitive, sub-informative -- mode is in some crucial sense prior to the other modes.  Moral applications. Indeed, Grice proposes VOL as PRIOR to JUD in “Method in philosophical psychology” just to appease Schopenhauer – yet sill he confesses he does not quite know the answer to that question. In what follows, we will take the MODVS IMPERATIVS as taking PRIORITY over any other mode just because there is an instantaneous definition of JUD in terms of VOL (“Will is the father to the thought”, “We soon believe what we desire” – Schopenhauer – The World as Will. Die Welt als Wille. (SCHOPENHAUER – HEGEL interlude Both Schopenhauer and Hegel significantly expanded the philosophical investigation of volition by elevating "the Will" from a purely moral faculty to a central metaphysical principle, though they did so in opposing directions. Schopenhauer: The World as Will and Representation Schopenhauer’s masterwork, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, posits that the "Will" is the fundamental, irrational essence of the universe—the "thing-in-itself" that lies behind all appearances.  Publication History: First Edition (1818/1819): Published in late 1818 (dated 1819), the work was initially a commercial failure. Second Edition (1844): Expanded into two volumes. The first was a revised version of the original, while the second contained fifty supplementary chapters. Third Edition (1859): A further expanded version published just before his death. Extension of Volition: Schopenhauer moved volition beyond Kant’s "practical reason." For him, the Will is a blind, insatiable, and non-rational "urging" that governs both nature and human behavior.  Hegel: A Rational Volition  Hegel viewed volition (Will) as the expression of Geist (Spirit) moving toward self-conscious freedom through history.  Publication History (Major Works):1807: Phenomenology of Spirit (Phänomenologie des Geistes).1812–1816: Science of Logic (Wissenschaft der Logik).1817: Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences(Revised 1827, 1830).1821: Elements of the Philosophy of Right(Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts).Extension of Volition: Unlike Schopenhauer's "blind" Will, Hegel’s Will is fundamentally rational. He argued that true volition is only realized in the "objective spirit" of social institutions like the state and law. Connection to Kant and the "Puritan" ViewThe "puritan" or strictly moral view of volition in the 18th century often centered on Kant’s Categorical Imperative, where the philosopher's role was to define the "pure" will—a will motivated solely by duty and reason, isolated from "pathological" desires. Schopenhauer’s Critique: He argued Kant "smuggled" religious ethics into philosophy by framing moral laws as "commands" (the Imperative), which Schopenhauer saw as a vestige of theological thinking.Expansion: Both Schopenhauer and Hegel broke the "puritan" boundary by arguing that volition is not just a tool for moral choice, but the very engine of reality. For Hegel, this engine is the march of history; for Schopenhauer, it is a tragic, metaphysical cycle of suffering. Historical Influence on Oxford PhilosophyHistorically, these German shifts in volition had a profound but delayed impact on Oxford philosophy:British Idealism (Late 19th Century): Figures like T.H. Green and F.H. Bradley at Oxford were heavily influenced by Hegel’s view of the rational will and its realization in the community, moving away from simple British empiricism.Philosophy of Action (20th Century):Schopenhauer’s identification of "willing" with "bodily movement" (rather than a mental cause) influenced Ludwig Wittgenstein, whose ideas later shaped the "Oxford Style" of Philosophy of Action(e.g., G.E.M. Anscombe).Critique of Volition: Modern Oxford action theory often follows Schopenhauer’s lead in rejecting the "ghost in the machine" (the idea of a separate mental "volition" causing a physical act), preferring to see action and will as a single event. Grice often felt like exploring how Wittgenstein’s Tractatus specifically adapted Schopenhauer’s concept of the Will, or look more closely at the Hegelian influence on Oxford’s political philosophy.Indeed, since Grice always prayed for the longitudinal unity of philosophy, the conversational pragamticists is always to reminisce!Fichte and Schelling were the primary architects of the "metaphysics of will" that paved the way for Hegel and Schopenhauer.Publication History & The Shift in VolitionWhile Kant viewed the Categorical Imperative as a product of "pure practical reason," his successors felt he hadn't explained where that agency comes from. Fichte (1794 Wissenschaftslehre): He transformed Kant's "Reason" into the Absolute I. For Fichte, the universe exists only because the "I" wills it to exist as a hurdle to be overcome. Volition isn't just a choice; it is the fundamental act of being.Schelling (1809 Philosophical Inquiries into the Nature of Human Freedom): He moved away from pure logic toward a "dark," unconscious ground of the will. He argued that at the heart of existence is a primordial longing or "Ur-wille." This directly influenced Schopenhauer’s "World as Will." The "Vintage" Oxford InfluenceIn the mid-to-late 19th century, this German idealism crossed into the UK, specifically through the Oxford Idealists (like T.H. Green and F.H. Bradley). Oxford scholars used Fichte and Hegel to argue against British Empiricism, claiming that the state and the individual were driven by a Common Willrather than just sensory data. To help you trace this more clearly, Grice tried to focus on Schopenhauer’s specific critique of Kant, as he grew to be more interested in how the Oxford Idealistsadapted these ideas for politics, that eventually led to the war that he suffered as a draftee to the navy. In Kant’s mature ethics, Willkür (choice) is the executive power that decides how to act, while Wille(will) is the legislative faculty of reason that provides the law. The distinction is crucial for the Categorical Imperative (CI) because it explains how a person can be free even when they choose to act immorally. 1. Relation to the Categorical ImperativeWille (Legislative): Kant identifies Wille with pure practical reason itself. It does not choose; it only legislates the Categorical Imperative as the supreme moral law.Willkür (Executive): This is the "power of choice." It is the faculty that actually adopts a maxim (a personal rule of action).Cf what Grice calls the power structure of the soul – in his ‘Davidson on intending’ (Grice claims Davidson wants to see us as guided missiles, alla Armstrong, automata, or zombie -- The Link: For an action to have moral worth, the Willkür must freely choose to align its maxims with the law provided by the Wille (the CI). If Willkür is determined only by sensory impulses, it is "animal choice" (arbitrium brutum); if it can be determined by pure reason, it is "free choice". Treatment by Post-Kantian Philosophers The "Kantian Will" became a central battleground for German Idealism and its critics:  Philosopher Key Treatment of the Will FichteArgued that Kant's CI lacked content and needed a better "deduction." He linked the will to a biological drive(Trieb) and the "summons" (Aufforderung) from others, making the recognition of other free agents a condition for one's own free will. SchellingCritiqued Kant's dualism. He defined freedom as the "capacity for good and evil," arguing that if the will were only free when following the moral law, then evil acts wouldn't be "free." He viewed the will as a "primal being" or non-rational force. HegelIn the Philosophy of Right, he attacked Kant's "empty formalism." He viewed Willkür as "false freedom" (mere arbitrariness) and argued that true freedom is only found in Ethical Life(Sittlichkeit), where the individual's will is integrated into social and political institutions. SchopenhauerFlipped Kant's priority: he saw the "Will" not as rational, but as a blind, striving, non-rational force that is the inner essence of the world. For him, the "intellect" (reason) is merely a servant to this aimless, suffering-inducing Will.Would you like a deeper breakdown of Hegel's specific critique of "empty" maxims, or perhaps Schopenhauer's metaphysical shift from reason to blind drive?For Grice, a third interpretation of the distinction between categorical and hypothetical imperatives would, like the first two, be formal in character, and would link the categorical-hypothetical distinction, in relation to imperatives, with one of the other listed dichotomies, that between absolute and relative value. Hypothetical imperatives would be end-relative value attributions, and might be analogous to evidence-relative probabilities; categorical imperatives would not be end-relative. In my eyes this suggestion has the great merit that the idea of the relativization of value might (would) apply to other kinds of relativization than relativization to ends; a notable member of the wider group of relativizations would be relativization to subjects of ends, persons who have or who might have ends ("valuable to me"). It is my suspicion that the range of different kinds of relativization is going to prove enormously important in the clarification of the idea of value; it might, for example, turn out that non-relative (absolute) value has some special connection with some favoured relativization of the notion of value (e.g. to people). This third suggestion might help us to see hypothetical and categorical imperatives as important in this context. We might indeed, not inappropriately, use a further member of the original list of dichotomies, the unconditional-conditional value dichotomy, as a means for expressing the distinction between value relative to an end, and value not relative to an end. Then the distinction between absolute and relative value would include, as a special case, but would not be restricted to, the distinction between unconditional and conditional value.(d) The last interpretation which I shall mention seems not to be, as its predecessors were, formal in character. It is close to part of what Kant says on this topic, and it also either is or is close to the interpretation employed by Foot.It is a distinction between an imperative being escapable (hypothetical, through the absence of a particular desire or concern, and its not being thus escapable (categorical).If we understand the idea of escapability sufficiently widely, the following imperatives are all escapable, even though their logical form is not in every case the same:You should give up popcorn.A: Where are the Franks?B: My lips are sealed. I’m giving up conversation.To get slim, you should give up popcorn.A: I want you to scratch my back.B: Scratch mine firstIf you want to get slim, you should give up popcorn.A: Did the cat sit on the mat?B: You want to know the truth?A: No.Now suppose that Grice has no concern to get slim. One might say that the first imperative is "escaped", provided giving up popcorn has nothing else to recommend it, by being falsified. The second and third would not, perhaps, be falsified, but they would, in the circumstances, be inapplicable (to me)—and inapplicability, too, counts as escape. Categorical imperatives, however, are in no way escapable.We should, Grice suggests, consider not merely imperatives of each sort, together with the range of possible characterizations of the sorts, but also the possible forms of (practical argument into which such imperatives (particular hypothetical imperatives) might, on this or that interpretation, enter, and even forms of (practical argument which involve not hypothetical imperatives themselves, but close relatives of them. To indicate the importance, for a proper understanding of this thorny area, of a consideration of the forms of argument into which they may enter and not merely of the imperatives themselves, I shall give three such patterns of argument, at least superficially different from one another, and (so it seems to me) of varying degrees of breadth of application.(using dichotomy of original-derived value)To defend the Philosophy Department would be a good thing. (It is not specified whether the value is original or derived.)If to defend the Philosophy Department would be a good thing, then to learn to use bows and arrow: vould be a good thing (as conducive)So: To learn to use bows and arrows would be a good thing. (This would be derived value, provided the second premiss is true.)It is noble to fight for your country unconditional value).It is valuable, in the matter of fighting for one's country, to join one of the services (ascription of conditional value).So: Join up! (We cannot conclude either to unconditional value of joining up (false) nor to conditional value of joining up, with respect to fighting for one's country, since this is one of the premisses.)It is good for me to increase my holdings in oil shares.If I visit my father he will give me some oil shares.So: It is good for me to visit my father. (This argumentpurportedly transmits relative value, that is, subject-relative value.)Now where does Bosanquet stand, Grice wonders, in respect of claims about value?It seems to Grice that the issues on which battle has been joined within this topic are always (nearly always) related to different views about the potency of reason and conversational reason in particular (as reflected in the lesser scope or the larger scope allowed for the appearance on the scene of reasons). It is by no means clear to me where, precisely, Foot stands in this spectrum (if it matters), but wherever it is, it is somewhere in the middle.The stages which I have in mind are presented in order ofdecreasing scepticism, or increasing trust in the power of reason, or conversational reason in particular, or, as I would like to be able to put the matter, increasing trust in the legitimate and efficacious operation of the concept of value in the conduct of argument.Thorough-going scepticism. The notion of value has no genuine legitimate application in argument; it is never strictly speaking the case that one should draw such and such a conclusion from a set of premisses, that it would be good or valid to draw such and such a conclusion, or bad not to. We do, of course, as victims of bad habits, commonly talk that way, and we do, inveterately, throw around the word "reasons", -- but never ‘conversational reasons” -- but this is only a way of talking and is not to be taken seriously: it may be hallowed, but it is not at all holy. The things we say are either not to be regarded as true, or if true are true only in some Pickwickian sense of the words employed. There are strictly speaking no arguments at all, as (allegedly) it is not too difficult to 'demonstrate'.Stingy cognitive rationalism. The terms "value" and "reasons" – if not The Critique of Conversational Reason – or Speranza’s Critique of Conversational Reason – or Grice’s Critique of Conversatinal Reason, with proper Teutonick capitals -- properly apply, in a non-Pickwickian sense, only within the confines of the area of factual belief, the"alethic" area, and even there only subject to strong safeguards. The only way in which one can find a conclusion validated or called for by reason (subject to reasons) is by finding a case in which to deny rather than accept that conclusion would involve one in contradiction.Open-handed cognitive rationalism. The crucial terms ("value" and "reason") have a more general licence (inductive reasons are, for example, OK); but strictly legitimate application is still confined to the alethic area.Limited cognitive-cum-practical rationalism. Futilitarian?  The crucial terms have a liberal authentic application in the cognitive (alethic) zone, and also a limited authentic application in the practical zone, where they are limited (otherwise than merely as a way of talking) to the area of the relation of means to ends, the area of Aristotelian SElvóTn (whatever that area may be).Unlimited cognitive-cum-practical rationalism. No types of application are subject to sceptical smear.Now, as Grice says, he inot really very sure where Bosanquet stands (as if Grice should care) in this array of stances; Grice suspects ‘somewhre in category 4.’Grice is however also fairly sure that wherever Bosanquet may stand, quite a large number of philosophers at Oxford – never mind Koenigsburg and envions (Berlin and Prussia included) have occupied, or have thought that they occupied, one of the intermediate positions bearing numbers between 2 and 4 (inclusive). The further suspicion which Grice would like at this point to voice is that the adoption of one of these "part-way" positions is incoherent, that you either have to be a whole-hog sceptic or else not a sceptic at all.Half-hogging is no good. Grice does not attempt to prove this point then; in the coming lecture he does try to prove a closely related thesis (that if you get as far as stage 4 you have to (in some sense of "have to") go on to stage 5. But there is a stronger and a weaker interpretation of "have to" – as in You HAVE to follow Grice’s Conversational Imperative!The stronger interpretation would allege some form of contradiction in accepting 4 but refusing S, and I rather doubt if that can be shown. Grice concedes he has hopes, however, of being able to reach a weaker conclusion, that to accept 4 and to reject 5 (to hold, for example, that hypothetical imperatives are all right, but that categorical imperatives are not) would be wantonly to refuse to satisfy a legitimate rational demand. But for that Grice warns his audience that they must wait patiently for his lecture the next day on the metaphysics of value – when tigers tigersise and humans humanise, which is more Hegelian in spirit, since it’s all about the conversational metier.To initiate a substantive discussion of Bosanquets position, Grice asks what there is in it to appeal to us, and again what there is in it to make us hesitate or recoil; and in asking these questions Grice notes that reactions, whether favourable or unfavourable, seem likely to be strong. It seems to Grice that in these discussions a key role is played by the idea of reason, or conversational reason or of reasons; -- never conversational reasons, since Grice never needed one to engage in conversation -- it will be some set of considerations about reasons – not conversational reason as such -- which will turn some people on, at least to begin with, and it will be another set of considerations (or possibly even the same set of considerations) about reasons – but not conversational reason, or even reasson [Freud’s RATIONALISATION, taken by Pears as some kind of a reason you give for your action that was never there to CAUSE your action -- which will, at least to begin with, turn other people off. Let us turn first to the considerations which might engender a favourable response.A central view of Bosanquet’s (which might indeed have an extension beyond the realm of the concept of ought, so as to apply to a larger range of valuations) is that the primary function (though not its invariable function) of the use of an "ought" statement is to produce, or to state the existence of, a reason for a potential agent to perform some specified action or to occupy some specified position or situation. Bosanquet would go on to say, Grice thinks, that it has been, at least since Hume, a commonplace of philosophy that the existence for someone of a reason to perform an action or to occupy a position or situation depends on his having some desire, interest alla Prichard, not duty -- or disposition of will pointing in that direction.It is objectionable to suppose that there are any features the mere recognition of which is sufficient to provide one with a reason – never mind conversational reason -- for doing something. The objectionableness of such a supposition may be of either of two kinds.The supposition may be disbelievable, or repugnant to the intellect or judgement.Or it may be distasteful, or repugnant to the will -- or to inclination. A subsidiary argument of Bosanquet's is, I think, one which would represent the idea that morality ---or Oxonian custom, as Bosanquet prefers -- consists in a system of categorical imperatives as distasteful, indeed morally distasteful; or at least as less tasteful than the more Humean alternative.We would rather (Bosanquet suggests) be able to think of people as volunteers in moral service, than be forced to think of them as conscripts, or draftees, as the more Kantian position would entail, onto the conversational game.The kind of moral (or more or less moral) distaste to which Bosanquet briefly alludes is one which Grice feels that, as someone brought up in the enlightened 'pinko,’ at least on the surface, atmosphere of Oxford, as it used to be, Grice understands very well. We are in reaction against our Victorian forebears.We are independent and we are tolerant of the independence of others, unless they go too far. We do not like discipline, rules (except for rules of games and rules designed to secure peace and quiet in Colleges), self-conscious authority, and lectures or reproaches about conduct (which are usually ineffective anyway, since those whom they are supposed to influence.Above all we dislike punishment, which only too often just plays into the hands of those who are arrogant or vindictive. We don't much care to talk about "values" (pompous) or "duties" (stuffy, unless one means the duties of servants or the military, or money extorted by the customs people).Our watchwords (if we could be moved to utter them) would be Live and let live, though not necessarily with me around' or 'If you don't like how I carry on, you don't have to spend time with me With these underlying attitudes, it is not surprising that we do not find Kant congenial, and that we do very much like Strawson's ‘Freedom and Resentment.’Now Bosanquet (an old friend of Grice) told him on one of the more recent occasions when we discussed these questions that Bosanquet had not intended to attach very much weight to her mot about 'volunteers and conscripts. If this is so, then Grice thinks that in one pretty important respect Bosanquet was doing an injustice to the propounded argument. For whether or not it in fact succeeds on this occasion, it is very much the right kind of consideration to bring to bear. In the case of some sorts of valuation, the apparatus for determining whether some particular target should be accorded favourable or un-favourable valuation cannot sensibly be turned upon itself; we cannot sensibly ask whether the apparatus for determining pictorial valuation, or our use of this apparatus, is pronounced by the apparatus itself to be worthy of favourable pictorial valuation, since neither the apparatus nor our use of it is a picture. We can ask whether the standards (so far as we can identify them) applied in determining whether something is funny, or our applications of these standards, are themselves licensed as being funny by those very standards.But Grice very much doubts whether an affirmative answer would be regarded as a significant endorsement of those standards. In other cases -- perhaps, for example, with regard to standards of conversational ‘utility’ — it may well be that a certificate of conformity to these standards, received by the standards themselves or by our use of them, would be properly regarded as an endorsement of the standards. But if, as is the case with both moral or conversational standards, the standards (in advance of any precise determination of their value) are thought to be paramount are usually either too sensitive or not sensitive enough). (not susceptible to being overridden) and it is also the case that the standards endorse themselves or our use of them, then it might, I think, be plausibly suggested that such an endorsement is specially powerful, to the extent that its availability might be taken as a relevant interpretation of the notion of objectivity. And an ethical system which failed this test would not have much to hope for beyond a decent burial.What seems to me wrong with Foot's procedure at this point in rabbits trim has tisinabed proceduica for but that on this occasion it does not produce any rabbits.As one of Grice’s colleagues at Seattle (Keyt) remarks, once you are in one of the services it does not matter whether you are one of the volunteers or one of the conscripts.Both are treated alike, and indeed, virtually no one knows which you are. The fact that a consideration is motivating independently of any desire one may have does not imply as a matter either of physical or logical necessity that one in fact acts in line with it; as Kant and others have observed, it is only too obvious that all too often one does not act in line with it.One is not compelled or constrained unless by "constrained"/"compelled" is meant "rationally constrained"/"compelled"-and, as Kant suggested, maybe that kind of constraint/compulsion is just what the doctor ordered for the free man.Grice turns now to the specification of an attempt to represent the position of Bosanquet's opponent, a champion of 'the received view' which allows a viable distinction between categorical and hypothetical imperatives and seeks to associate moral valuation with categorical imperatives, not as distasteful but as disbelievable. What I have to say has an obvious relation to questions which students in ethics are ready to pose within their first week of classes about whether and how it is possible to justify ends. I am not sure that the considerations with which I shall be concerned are actually voiced by Foot; but that she would assent to them seems to me to be strongly indicated by her view that reasons have to be constituted as such by their connection with desire or interest, and by her refusal (explicitly avowed to me) to countenance such questions as whether, independently of any connection with actual desires, a person should have recognized as a reason something which he did not so recognize. I shall take a little trouble to exhibit clearly the structure of the present issue.It might be suggested that an adherent of the received view is likely to have a certain picture of practical reasoning which is, perhaps, redolent of Aristotle. We decide on the performance of a particular action by ascribing to it a certain value, which is inherited from some state of affairs to which the action would be conducive; the inherited value will be recognized to have descended through a sequence of inheritances, starting from some item whose value is not inherited but original. This picture raises at once hoary problems about how the original value comes to be there and how it comes to be detected. One who adheres to Foot's scheme, however, can lay claim to a capacity to solve or to bypass these difficulties. It is a mistake, he can say, to think of practical reasoning as recognizing the transmission of an original non-relativized value down a chain of inheritors: what we start with is a relativized value (relativized to some person or potential agent), and it is this value which is (sometimes) transmitted.So the question of justifying ends, otherwise than by showing them to be actually desired, does not arise.The legitimacy of a conception of absolute value, of a kind being denied by the suppositions adherent to Foot's view, is a main topic of my third lecture, and so what I say here should be regarded as having a fairly limited aim. It is designed only to show, or suggest, that should it turn out to be theoretically desirable to be able to regard absolute (non-relative) value as attaching to some ends, we should not be at a loss when it comes to saying how such absolute value is to be detected, or how rational decision about ends is possible. While Grice would not claim to be in a position to give a tidy, comprehensive theoretical account of the matter, it seems to me pretty clear that ordinary agents are thoroughly practised at end-selection. (At this point I draw heavily upon a paper on Happiness which I am prone to leliver, wholly or in part, at every possible opportunity.By way of preliminary, three general points seen appropriate.Ends go around in packs or systems; so in determining the suitable ends two linked considerations come into play: the suitability of the end considered as an individual, and also its suitability when it is considered as a member of an actual or potential system of ends (whether in this or that way it does or would fit in).Alterations in and institutions of systems of ends normally occur as the outcome of revision; system S is substituted for systemS which is previously ensconced, and what S' and Shave in common is much more extensive than the respects in which they differ. As with clothes, changes are mostly matters of patching; and where a new suit is acquired, it is usually ready-made by professional purveyors, like churches or political parties, or private persons like spouses.It is (fortunately for us) possible to make revisions in our system without having to articulate (which we almost certainly would be unable to do) the contents of the system. We can consider a possible change and see what comes to mind, one way or the other, about such a change.Systems in situ seem (not very surprisingly) to be very much like the human beings in whom they are situated.Both change, but in the normal course of events not usually very rapidly: and when changes occur they tend to occur according to natural laws or trends: systems and people grow and develop and sometimes even decay. So when we look for the properties which commend systems, we find them to be not unlike those aspects of stability which commend systems of beliefs; which according to Idealists (of the Oxford kind, Bradley, etc.) are such things as coherence, consistency, and comprehensiveness; and it is systems deficient in such respects as these which get modified. Systems which are harmonious, in that the realization of or pursuit of some elements enhances the prospects for other elements, are favoured. So are systems which are (so to speak) teleologically suitable, which bring into play more fully rather than less fully the capacities and attributes which are central to one's constitution as a human being. So, again, are systems which are flexible, which allow for easy and untraumatic revision where revision is required.When we turn to a consideration of individual ends, we find a variety of procedures which we use to assess the suitability or unsuitability of suggested or possible ends, some of which can also be applied to the assessment of systems of ends. Sometimes we ask whether the adoption of such and such an end would put us at the mercy of circumstances beyond our control; to what extent we should need what Aristotle called "ektos choregia" like government grants. Sometimes we enquire about the likely durability of an actual or suggested interest: Would we get tired of it", 'How long would we be capable of sustaining it?, etc. Sometimes we see whether we or someone else can present us with a favourable (or unfavourable) 'picture' of life with such and such as one of our ends. Sometimes we raise second-order questions about the desirability, of one sort or another, of our having some specified item as an end ('Could I be talked into it?, 'Would it be a useful interest to have?", Would I look ridiculous if I went in for that?, etc.).The purpose of this lightning tour of methods of end-assessment has not been to present a systematic account of them, though that would fill a need; it has been intended merely to indicate that so far from being at a loss when it comes to the assessment of ends, we seem to have a wealthof resources at our disposal; so the suggestion that Foot's position has the advantage of enabling us to dispense with such assessment would be to try to pull us out of a hole which we are not in. But there is a further question, namely, whether the methods which we do use for such assessment are more in tune with Foot's position or with a Kantian position. Here I find the outcome not at all clear.It is not at all clear to Grice how the criteria which we seem to apply in the assessment of ends, and of attachments to them, are to be justified, or even whether they are to be justified; and our employment of some of them seems somewhat fluctuating (for example, durability of an interest as something solid (and so good), or as stolid and so not good). It might turn out that though we evaluate ends, we do not evaluate the criteria by which we evaluate ends; and that might favour Bosanquet. But who knows?Grice then turns to a brief delineation of two aspects of Bosanquets position which seem to have some tendency to make things difficult for Bosanquet. The first was vividly presented in a talk given by Grice, the relevant passage from which I shall summarize. If I say to you that the door is closed, or that the cat sat on the mat, standardly my purpose in saying this to you is to get you to believe that the door is closed.There are variant descriptions which apply to some cases, like reminding you that the door is closed, or that the cat sat on the mat, letting you know that I am aware that the door is closed or that the cat sat on the mat, and so on. But it is natural to think of the arousal of a belief as the central case. When I utter a (grammatical) imperative, there is more than one thing I may be doing; if, as a friend watching you shiver, I say'Close the door' (in a gentle tone of voice, perhaps),OrA: The dog (sorry, cat) is sick.B: Put her in a cage and take it to the vet!I could be advising you to shut the door (since you are cold), or to put the cat in the cage.If, as a parent to a child, I say 'Shut the door',OrA: The dog (sorry cat) is sick.B: Take her to the vet!A: She scratches!B: Put her in a cage and then take her to the vet!A: SHouldn’t the servant be doing that I might be telling you to shut the door. There are further distinctions which might be made even within what the MODISTAE such as Aquinas called the MODVS IMPERATIVS, notably operative in Grice’s conversational imperative.For example, we can distinguish between an officer saying to a private soldier, Fetch the provisions!when he would be ordering the soldier to fetch the provisions, and one private soldier saying to another,'Fetch the provisions!when he might be relaying an order to fetch the provisions. Such relayings are common in conversation:BOY: Wolf!SHEPHERD: There’s no wolf!BOY: I was just ordering you to protect the sheep.SHEPHERD: If you keep ordering like that I should order that wolf to eat you!There will be at least two (maybe more) main families of operations, telling and advising, which will each be further differentiated. All of this is evident to common sense – even at Oxford (Town, if not Gown).Now a modalized imperative, like A: You ought to visit your auntB: I don’t have one.or A: You mustn't touch the flowers'B: They are not flowers – they are plastic-made.is perhaps not strictly a recipient of the classitications applicable to unmodalized proper imperatives – like the Conversational Impative, but it is plausible to suppose that assimilation of the modalized imperatives to membership of one or another of the families of imperatives is possible. Now Bosanquet’s position seems to demand that moral judgements (valuation, exhortation) should be assimilated to the advising family.As if Grice were to formulate the Conversational Imperative as:YOU ARE HEREBY ADVISED TO MAKE YOUR CONTRIBUTION SUCH AS APPROPRIATE AT  THE STAGE IN WHICH IT OCCURS, BY THE ACCEPTED PURPOSE OF THE CONVERSATION IN WHICH YOU ARE ENGAGED.But this is repugnant to common sense – at Oxford, if not Germany (vide Three men in a bummel – and the old lady being confused as to what she is advised to do by all those signs she sees in the park? How am I to proceed!? I never wanted to GO that way! A: I never wanted to go that way!B: I know, But you should have wanted to go that way!Common sense – of the type patronized at Oxford, but not Berlin --, or Bologna, which got involved with Berlin during the second world war -- would support an assimilation to the telling family, particularly perhaps to the sub-family of relaying orders (in the moral case, from an unspecified and perhaps even unspecifiable source – such as the Ten Commandments that Speranza calls the CONVERSATIONAL IMMANUEL (Grice: “Perhaps Moses got something from Mount Sinai other than the ten commandments – a form of life?”). In the case of the CONVERSATIONAL IMPERATIVE, the source is always the same: the sweet, sweet voice of conversational reason. Difficulty for Bosanquet may also arise from her treatment of "non-hypothetical uses", which seem to be represented as "decayed/degenerate cases" of utterances of "ought"-statements (and such-like), which in their primary and non-degenerate employment are dependent on the possession of a certain desire or interest on the part of the addressee or potential agent, but which are here used even though the speaker may not attribute to his addressee such an interest. Examples are etiquette and club rules. Austin may say to Grice;AUSTIN: There are biscuits in the cupboard if you are hungry.GRICE: I’m no. Or a steward may say to a visitor,A: You may not bring ladies into the smoking-roomB: She’s not a lady!even though it is obvious that the visitor, or the steward, or the ‘lady,’ does not give a fig for the club or its rules. The steward may even say,A: I know you don’t care about our rules, but you may not bring ladies into the smoking-room.B: I’m telling you – she is male!The difficulty for Bosanquet is alleged to consist in the fact that we are told that though these are cases in which the original or normal dependence of such utterances on a potential agent's concern or interest has been lost, such injunctions are nevertheless still voiced, perhaps in one or another version of a social routine; we have perhaps got used to saying such things. It is suggested that Bosanquet has not succeeded in making such utterances understandable, from the point of view of the utterer, or pro-active conversationalist making the initial ‘imperative-mode’ conversational move.In particular, while the establishment of social routines or practices is not mysterious, the execution of them has to be thoroughgoing. There would be some inconsistency of behaviour in including in a routine occurrence of a statement that ladies may not be brought into the smoking-room, a remark to the effect that the utteerer’s addressee does not have the normally requisite interest, which would be an open admission that what is taking place is only the operation of a routine or pretence.Admittedly, these objections only show that Bosanquet’s position is counter-intuitive, is against what people ordinarily suppose to be the case – at our mainly all-male Oxford hierarchies, at any rate – where ‘ladies’ are not tramps and smoke can only insult their skin, or her lungs.It might be none the worse for that. But most of the time Bosanquet seems to want to present herself as coming to the aid of the vulgar valuer, the maker of ordinary moral judgements, in order to protect him against the attempts of the philosophers to read into vulgar valuations material which is not there. It would be uncomfortable to Bosanquet to have to take the position of condemning (philosophically) what according to Bosanquet is there.A further difficulty for Bosanquet may arise from this fact that Bosanquet seems to Grice to be liable to a charge of having failed to distinguish two different interpretations of phrases of the form "has a reason to" – never conversational reason -- and "has no reason to (for)", -- no conversational reason? -- and of putting forward a thesis about moral judgements, that they are (or should be) hypothetical imperatives, the attraction of which depends on a failure to make this distinction.Suppose that an old lady is struggling up the stairs with a mass of parcels, that I see her, and that I am young, able-bodied, and in no particular hurry. I could go and help her to cope, but I do not, because, as I would say,'What is there in it for me?' I don't care about the minor distresses of old people, and I do NOT see any likelihood that I would be rewarded for helping her or penalised for not doing so. On one reading of "have a reason to" – even conversational reason or conversational point, as Grice prefers -- it may be that these facts are sufficient to ensure that Grice has indeed no reason – conversational reason -- to help her. But helping such people in such circumstances is in fact a matter of ordinary decency and so something we should do. This is Conversational Imperative at its weakest – it’s keeping the door open before the other one reaches the door or gate –This is the old CONVERSATIONAL PRINCIPLE OF CONVERSATIONANL HELPFULNESS or the principle of conversational BENEVOLENCE.It’sCooperate, if you can!Be conversational helpful, if you can!(Hence Grice’s problems with the principle of conversational SELF-LOVE as often being on the way to hell). On another reading this may be sufficient to ensure that Grice does have a reason to help her.There is a reason for Grice to help the old lady (its being a matter of ordinary decency), whether or not I recognize the fact.So Grice does have a reason to help her. Caeteris paribus, be conversationally helpful!The charge against Bosanquet would be that the attractiveness of Bosanquet’s case for supposing a moral imperative or the conversational imperative to be hypothetical depends first on equating, perhaps correctly, the application of a moral imperative or the conversational imperative to a person with his having a reason (perhaps a particular kind of reason – say, a conversational reason, a reason to inform, a reason to influence, a reason to direct or guide o show the way to one’s conversational partner towards the institution of a decision that it will be beneficial to both conversationalists) for acting in the prescribed way, and second on attaching to the phrase "having a reason" the first of the two interpretations just distinguished (that in which the man who exhibits indifference towards a given line of action would thereby be shown to lack a reason for such action), thus failing to notice or ignoring the second interpretation, which is the only reading which intuition – even at Oxford (Town), if not Berlin or Prussia -- would allow as adequate for the explication of morality or conversational appropriatenessBosanquet might say that Bosanquet is not confusing the two readings but denying that there is more than the first reading. But Bosanquet would have to argue for this contention, and it would (Grice thinks) be difficult to argue for it in a non-circular way, or an entertaining way (knowing Bosanquet).Grice concludes his ‘Conversational Imperative’ lecture with a brief interim statement, quite undocumented, about where we are and what I might expect to find myself trying to do about it. It seems to Grice that a whole lot of the trouble that has arisen for Hare (English male, member of the Play Group), Mackie (colonial), Bosanquet (non-male) has come out of the reluctance of each of them, in this or that degree, to allow full weight to the idea of value as making a bridge between the world of fact and the world of action. It is my suspicion (at the present point no more than a suspicion) that to get our heads clear and keep them clear we shall need to do (at least) five things:To pay unrelenting attention to the intimate connection between reason (the faculty) and reasons, and the intimate association of both with argument and value.To allow for parity, at least in a rational being, of cognition and practical faculties; each is equally guided by reason (rational will), and each alike guides reason (rational will).To take really seriously a distinction between rational and pre-rational states and capacities, with unremitting attention to the various relations between the two domains.To recognize value as embedded, in some way yet to be precisely determined, in the concept of a Rational Being – or Rational Animal (A Person). Value does not somehow or another get in, it is there from the start.To realize, as one of the fundamental and urgent tasks of philosophy, the need to reach an understanding of the way in which the world ('pheno-menal') viewed in terms of cause and effect, and the world ('noumenal') viewed in terms of reasons, fit together (a classical version of the Problem of Freedom).Perhaps we might, in the next lecture, he suggests, move a little way in one or two of these directions. As we draw this second section to a close, it is necessary to reflect on the comprehensive model Grice offers for the philosophy of language—a model which, in its dual achievement, satisfies both descriptive adequacy and explanatory adequacy. Grice’s framework is not merely a catalog of conversational moves and linguistic phenomena; rather, it presents a robust analysis of the structure and function of utterances, grounding the discipline in a precise account of how language is used and interpreted by rational agents. Descriptive adequacy is secured by Grice’s attention to the empirical detail of conversation: his ability to map the intricate contours of meaning, implicature, presupposition, and intention, as they manifest in actual exchanges between speakers. His focus on singular expressions—those idiosyncratic tokens in his own idiolect—demonstrates that the philosophy of language must begin with the particular, the local, the contingent, before it can aspire to universality. Yet Grice does not rest at the level of description. He advances to explanatory adequacy, providing a theory of conversation that accounts for why conversational exchanges proceed as they do, why certain maxims are flouted or obeyed, and why rational agents, even in contexts of power imbalance or cultural divergence, are able to coordinate meaning and intention. The methodological concepts that underpin Grice’s achievement—model, theory, explanatory power—are not mere formalities; they are the apparatus by which conversation is rendered intelligible, and by which philosophical analysis is transformed into philosophical explanation. Grice’s model is not a static schema but a dynamic system, responsive to the challenges posed by other traditions, such as those of Bologna or the Sorbonne. Graduates from these venerable institutions must, in turn, adapt Grice’s insights—his principle of conversational benevolence, his categories of quantity, quality, relation, and manner—to their own contexts, their own philosophical puzzles, their own languages and forms of life. This adaptability is the mark of Grice’s explanatory power: his model is not a dogma, but an invitation to dialogue across traditions, to test the limits and possibilities of conversation itself. In moving from methodological concerns—how to describe and explain—to the depths of actual conversational practice, Grice’s work exemplifies the transition from analysis to synthesis, from the formal to the lived. His legacy is not simply that of a theorist, but of a philosopher who understood that conversation is the heart of reason, the ground of meaning, and the site where philosophical problems emerge and are resolved. The enduring significance of Grice’s model lies in its capacity to illuminate the discipline at every level: from the singular expression in an idiolect, to the universal imperative of rational discourse, to the adaptation required by graduates of Bologna and the Sorbonne as they confront the perennial questions of philosophy. In sum, the adequacy—both descriptive and explanatory—of Grice’s conversational model stands as a testament to the rigor, depth, and openness that philosophy of language demands, and as an enduring guide for those who seek to understand the nature of meaning, intention, and communication.

 

SECTION III THE THEORY THEORY ⸶Pirot. Obs. [a F. pirot (Cotgr.): cf. PIDDOCK.] 1611. COTGR. Pirot, the Pirot, or Hag fish; a kind of long shell fish. 1686. PLOT Staffordsh. 250. A sot of solenes (which tbe Venetians call Cape longe, and the English Pirot) a kind of Shell fish deep bedded in a solid rock. O. E. D.  Chapter 7: The pirots. Grice retlls a nice anecdote that allows for a conversational illustration DEPARTMENT CHAIR AT LA SORBONNE: And that, Mr. Grice, is Leblanc, our man in sixteenth-century rationalism. GRICE: Nice to meet you. It’s true that Grice was hardly welcomed in the continent. He was invited to what Tacitus calls ‘Germania’ only once – and only because one of his tutees at Oxford, Andreas M. Kemmerling, was able to get Bielefeld to gather funds to sponsor a talk by Grice there: ‘on meinen and bedeuten’. The point in the conversation above is implicatural. Grice points to two inferences he would draw: Leblanc is maligned, or he is the WRONG man for sixteenth-century rationalism. At a later stage, a Swiss linguist who calls himself a philosopher of language, played with conversational illustrations like: GRICE: I’m not a philosopher of language. MERTON SUB-FACULTY (for the Oxford Gazette) – But how should we advertise you? GRICE: Don’t! The fewer attendees to my seminars the better, and St. John’s organises my tuition assignments quite finely, thank you! Grice is making the point paradoxical, again understood best conversationally. GRICE (to tuttee GRICE): You see, Strawson, philosophy is entire. STRAWSON: Entire. Is that Ciceronian? GRICE: Yes. From the Greek, originally, ‘andreaia esti hollos.’ STRAWSON: And should I bother about that?  GRICE: For next week, your assignment will be an essay on what you’ll call Grice’s paradox. STRAWSON: And what paradox is that? GRICE: There is only one problem in philosophy, viz. all of them.The philosopher craves for generality – unlike, say, the grammarian, or the professor of English, or the dentist, and all the other blue-collar occupations. And while in PART ONE we have discussed the MODEL – for his philosophy of language as rooted in a unified account of both MEANING and CONVERSATION (Saying and Implicating and Meaning, as he has it in his Preface to Studies in the Way of Words) – and its applications in PART TWO – it is time now to do what Grice does: which is, not leave philosophy of language, alone, but fit it within the grander scheme. This is commonsense, and Grice is certainly NOT the only philosopher to have partake in the idea. Indeed, I would be surprised if any student – or ‘serious’ student, as Grice adds – of philosophy at the trio: Bologna, Sorbonne, and Oxford – would THINK otherwise. We are PROGRAMMED to think of philosophy as the ‘regina scientiarum,’ as Grice has it. Now, the obvious discipline onto which to place Grice’s theory of conversation – I am overlooking Grice’s distintion between ‘analysis’ – which is all that his Post-War Oxford Philosophy is about – conceptual analysis, that is – which is not even PROPER to the ‘province of philosophy’ as he puts it in his (1987), “Conceptual analysis and the province of philosophy” – the study of philosopher is philosopherkind – qua part what he elsewhere called a ‘philosophy of language’ – his tottering steps towards a susbstantive theory of language in ‘Prolegomena’ --. The obvious discipline would be NOT PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY, as he eventually will do – but the philosophy of action. Recall his motto: his “avowed aim,” he tells us in the middle of ‘Logic and Conversation’ – and this has become part of the Establishment – is to see (if you have good eyes) conversation as “PURPOSIVE, INDEED RATIONAL, BEHAVIOUR.” Behaviour is an Americanism, as this Oxford tutor told his tutee Tye. And perhaps Grice shouldn’t be using it! But Grice finds that the alternate, “ACTION,” as used by philosophers, but NEVER by Austin – is a misnomer. Grice, typically, will be ESPECIALLY irritated by the use of ‘action’ in the New World, far from the venerated trio of Bologna, Sorbonne, and Oxford – as per Davidson – vide H. P. Grice, “ACTIONS AND EVENTS.” “Action” has too much to it – what’s wrong with ‘do.’ There were no official seminars in the philosophy of action. Bruce Aune was mere a scholar at Oxford – attending Grice’s Saturday mornings at Corpus, with Hare (‘very shy’) and various others – but there was nothing like the conceptual ‘analysis’ of ‘He did it!’ Grice lists seminars on both the philosophy of perception (respected field at Oxford) with Warnock, and two seminars on the ‘philosophy of action’, as he puts it with two scholars, D. F. Pears (which would more rightly fall under philosophical psychology) and J. F. Thomson, which would perhaps fall under ‘philososphy of action’ properly. Now, consider Grice’a analysis (or theory) of ‘negation and privation’ in his 1938 “NEGATION AND PRIVATION” – Starting with two EXAMPLES – or sentence examples from a sample, one for external experience (“That pillar box is not green”), one for internal experience – example by Gallie, in ‘Is the Self a substance’ in Mind in the 1930s – “I am not hearing a noise” – Grice concludes the essay with a GENERALISATION: “A is not B” – which however fails to pass the test of circularity, since it draws back to Sheffer p/p and Plato and the Sophist – who is none other than Senone di Velia – in terms of INCOMPATIBILITY. But whereas for Shaffer ‘negation’ is eliminated in terms of ‘It is raining’ and incompatible with ‘It is raining’ (p/p), in Grice’s analysis (or theory) in “Negation and privation”, incompatibility does not apply to “A is B” incompatible with “A is B”. Rather, his analysis reminiscent of the type of introspective psychology alla Wundt once VERY POPULAR in the trio – Bologna, Sorbonne, Oxford – goes: “A is not B” incompatible with “I am having a psychic state towards A is B”. In “Personal identity” which we hope he wrote BEFORE the declaration of the war – when Grice was drafted to the NAVY in 1939 – no Italian, French, or English can philosophise on obtuse themes when bombs are dreopping – Grice does NOT provide an analysis or theory in schematic terms, but sticks to the APPLICATION of such an analysis or theory to ONLY ONE SENTENCE illustration: “I am not hearing a noise,” or strictly, “Some-one, viz. I, is not hearing a noise” – and nothing of the form: “Some-one is having an experience.” When it comes to this topic of ‘philosophy of action’ which Grice was happy to advertise his two seminars with Play Group mates Pears and Thomson, in spite of his reservations on ‘action’ in ‘ACTIONS AND EVENTS,’ it is worth considering the disappointment a reader or member of Grice’s address to THE BRITISH ACADEMY – in the PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY – on ‘Intetnion and uncertainty.’ While his earlier neo-Stoutian theory did just that: A intends that p iff A wills that p AND A is taking the reasonable steps towards p, and BELIEVES he will – at the end of the lecture, he has abandoned  his own proposal in his earlier 1949 “INTENTIONS AND DISPOSITIONS” – relying on the Stout reprint of the Stout paper in Mind 1898 in the volume on Philosophy and psychology – and providing a neo-Prichardian analysis (or theory) that is never formulated in general, aptly philosophical, terms – his concern is with Grice’s SCRATCHING his own head.  If in “Negation and privation” is Grice not hearing a noise, and in “Personal identity” is his actually hearing a noise, in ‘Intention and uncertainty’ is Grice scratching his head, which is the closest he gets to an analysis and theory that we may want to count as belonging to the ‘philosophy of action’ ‘Purposive (indeed rational) behaviour” –is behaviour ‘action’? We suppose it is. Note that while most commentators of Grice’s philosophy take this for granted, they rush to consider grand topics – as indeed I do in these notes – on RATIONALITY and INTENTION (as per intention-based semantics) – even proposing a grander theory of rationality perhaps formulated, but perhaps not – as I do in these notes, using the game-theoretical metaphor and framework – it is the MOVES, the utterances themselves, the ‘actions’ where his theory belongs. In 1088, the "Psychologia Rationalis" (Rational Psychology) at the  University of Bologna was not yet a formal, standalone discipline; rather, it was a facet of Natural Philosophy and Dialectic. It centered on the anima (soul) as the rational principle of human life, seeking to understand the mind’s essence through logical necessity rather than empirical observation.    SciSpace SciSpace  +4 The Lineage of the Past: Elea, Athens, and Rome Bologna's intellectual foundation for the soul was a synthesis of three ancient pillars: Elea (Parmenides & Zeno): From the Eleatic school, Bologna inherited the strict distinction between Aletheia (Truth/Reason) and Doxa(Opinion/Sense). This established the "Rational" in Psychology: the belief that the true nature of the soul could only be grasped by pure reason, as senses were considered deceptive. Athens (Plato & Aristotle): Athens provided the structural model of the soul. Plato offered the concept of the immortal, immaterial soul temporarily housed in the body. Aristotle’s De Anima became the definitive textbook, defining the soul as the "form" of the body and categorizing its faculties: vegetative, sensitive, and rational. Rome (Stoicism & Legalism): Rome translated these Greek abstractions into a framework of Willand Agency. Because Bologna was primarily a school of Civil Law, its "psychology" was deeply concerned with the rational agent—the individual’s capacity for intent, responsibility, and free choice under the law.  Reddit Reddit  +7 The Trajectory to the Future: Paris and Oxford The seeds sown at Bologna in 1088 evolved as they migrated to the great northern centers of learning: The Sorbonne (Paris, c. 1150): Here, Psychology became more Theological. Paris shifted the focus from the legal rational agent of Bologna to the "inner man." Scholars like Peter Lombard integrated Rational Psychology with Augustinian spirituality, debating how a rational soul could be "fallen" yet capable of divine grace. Oxford (c. 1167): At Oxford, the tradition took an Empirical turn. While maintaining the rationalist roots, Oxford scholars like Robert Grosseteste began to blend Aristotle’s psychology with optics and mathematics. This laid the groundwork for a "Scientific" Psychology that would eventually seek to measure the very mental faculties Bologna had only defined through logic.  Reddit Reddit  +8 Would you like to explore the specific Aristotelian texts that served as the primary curriculum for these medieval masters?It is best to present the framework of the framework in terms of conversational exchanges in non-human animals (I’m using standard keyword phrases, not the ones I would personally use). Why? Jarman did talk of the Angelic Conversation, and indeed, Grice’s ramblings on the ‘sign’ having to be ‘sensible’ make the same point. In Grice’s ecumenical theology – almost Roman religious – the scale is ANIMAL (or ‘beast’) as Grice has it (also ‘brute’) including plant (free to move, and certainly ‘alive’, with a ANIMA VEGETATIVA), followed by Homo sapiens sapiens (who alone can transubstantiate into a Person. At one point Grice notes that he will use ‘God’ as an exegetical device, and he refers not to angelic conversations but to the number of angels that can dance on the head of a pin – with the explicit point that an angel is not material, but more like a ‘daemon,’ as Aristotle would have it – in Grice’s etymological approach to eudaemonia, as that state desired for you by your guardian angel. We think of this in a JEWISH – non-Aryan context – but is it so? After all, Grice was Lit. Hum., and the root may well be present in simple Roman religion.Conversational exchanges in non-human animals (beasts) then in Grice’s own keywords is just a PIROTIC piece of cake. The pirots are these ‘creatures’ – which since ‘god’ is exegetical, the idea of ‘creatio’ remains exegetical too – which just happen to be there. And they surely ‘converse’. There is nothing ‘linguistic’ about ‘conversation.’Have you noticed that while the Italians (more so than Grice) are obsessed about the contrast between LINGUA (the mere tongue) and the LINGUATICVM (that gives ‘linguaggio,’ and indeed Grice’s ‘language’) is a distinction that does NOT re-appear in ‘linguistic’ – (LINGUISTICO) which is a mere formation out of LINGUA, not LINGUATICVM!Of course ethologists, and Grice does use ‘ethology’ once or twice, when discussing his SQUARREL (never squirrel) – would distinguish between CROSS-SPECIFIC pirotic conversations and other. The idea that divine communication is purely mental—an immediate "flash" of understanding without the clunky mediation of spoken words—has deep roots in the Indo-European (Aryan) philosophical tradition, particularly within Roman religious praxis and Neoplatonism. The Roman "Numen" and Mental IntentIn traditional Roman religion, the gods were often experienced as numina—spiritual powers that manifested through will and nodding (numen comes from nuere, to nod). Silent Prayer: Romans believed that the gods heard the thought behind the ritual. While formal formulas were spoken to ensure accuracy, the underlying "Aryan" concept (seen also in the Vedic manas) was that the divine realm operates on the level of pure intellect.The Signum as Pointer: For a Roman, a physical sign (like a bird’s flight) wasn't the communication itself, but merely a sensory shadow of a prior divine mental decree. Graeco-Roman Roots vs. Semitic SourcesEarly Christian thinkers (especially those influenced by the school of Alexandria) leaned heavily on Hellenistic logic rather than Hebrew models: The Logos: They took the Greek Logos(Reason/Word) and stripped it of its physical sound. In the Hebrew tradition, God’s word is often "prophetic noise" or a physical "voice" (the Bath Kol). In contrast, the Graeco-Roman view saw the "Internal Word" (logos endiathetos) as the true reality.Platonic Forms: The "angelic conversation" at Bologna mirrors the Platonic idea that souls (or intellects) recognize Truth directly. Because angels lack bodies, they don't need the Signum (the physical sign) used by humans.The Aristotelian Shift: Medieval scholars at Bologna utilized Aristotle’s De Interpretatione, which argued that spoken words are symbols of "mental experiences." The "Aryan" philosophical move was to conclude that if you remove the body (as with an angel), only the pure mental experience remains.By the time this reached the medieval University of Bologna, the "angelic" model was effectively a Christianized version of the Stoic and Neoplatonic "Intellect," where communication is an act of "shining" one's thoughts onto another.Would you like to look closer at specific Stoic textsthat define the "internal word," or perhaps explore how St. Augustine bridged these Roman concepts into Christian theology?If CONVERSER is going to become a keyword, it should be taken seriously. Grice uses ‘utterer’ – when two utterers engage in a dyad, they become, each of them, a CONVERSER.And what does a converser do? If, to follow Grice, tigers tigerise, conversers converse – A good point of linguistic botany here is that both “converser” and “converse” lack that ‘inflix’ that inflicted a lot of pain in Cicero – the ‘at’ that turns the CONVERSANS and the CONVERSARE into something to do with conversATion.In the refined view of an Oxford ethologist, bonobo "literature" (the body of communicative research) increasingly supersedes that of chimpanzees regarding pragmatics—the study of how context contributes to meaning. While chimpanzee communication often serves instrumental ends (e.g., "Give me that tool" or "Attack that rival"), bonobo discourse is fundamentally relational. Their "conversations" are not merely about what is being said, but about maintaining the social fabric in a high-stakes, fission-fusion society.Below are five conversational exchanges reconstructed with the precision of an Oxonian field diary.The Collaborative Nest-Building Proposition Scenario: Late afternoon; two females, Aina and Besa, are selecting a site for the night's arboreal sleeping platform. Goal: To coordinate a joint labor effort on a specific branch. Ethologist’s Note on Proxemics: The pair maintains a "consultative distance" (approx. 0.5 meters), sitting with knees slightly touching to establish a low-arousal, prosocial frame. Transcript: Aina: "Yelp-Grunt" (Rendition: "Let us apply ourselves to what I am doing here, shall we?"). Besa: "Peep" (Rendition: "I am quite inclined to agree; a most agreeable suggestion."). The Conflict Resolution (Post-Spiff) Scenario: Following a minor disagreement over a succulent Treculia fruit, a younger male, Koto, approaches the matriarch, Mimi. Goal: To "find peace" and neutralize residual social tension. Ethologist’s Note on Proxemics: Koto adopts a submissive "reach out up" gesture while maintaining eye contact, a high-risk but high-reward signal of vulnerability. Transcript: Koto: "Peep-Whistle" (Rendition: "I find myself desiring a return to our previous state of harmony."). Mimi: "Gentle Touch" + "Low Hoot" (Rendition: "Accepted. I am quite satisfied with this resolution."). The Invitation to a "Discreet" Encounter Scenario: An adult male, Luca, spots a female, Sanna, near a dense thicket away from the main group. Goal: To solicit a sexual encounter in a private location to avoid group interference. Ethologist’s Note on Proxemics: Luca employs semantic gesturing—a sweeping arm movement followed by a wrist-twirl and a "look-back" to ensure Sanna is tracking his intent. Transcript: Luca: "Inward Sweep + Wrist-Twirl" (Rendition: "Would you be so kind as to follow me to that more secluded spot yonder?"). Sanna: "Body-Turn" towards the path (Rendition: "I shall follow your lead directly."). The Alarm and Exit Strategy Scenario: A distant, unfamiliar sound (perhaps a leopard or a falling branch) startles a foraging party. Goal: To share a subjective state of fear and dictate a collective departure. Ethologist’s Note on Proxemics: The group instantly constricts their spacing, moving from a spread-out foraging pattern to a tight "defensive cluster" within seconds. Transcript: Lead Female: "High Hoot" followed by "Whistle"(Rendition: "I am genuinely alarmed; we must remain together and depart post-haste.") Group: "Unison Peeps" (Rendition: "Quite so; we are with you.").  The Play-Solicitation (High-Arousal) Scenario: Two adolescents, Tobi and Elia, are lounging during a midday rest. Goal: To initiate "rough-and-tumble" play without it escalating into genuine aggression. Ethologist’s Note on Proxemics: Tobi uses a "Play Face" (relaxed open mouth) while lightly slapping the ground, signaling that the ensuing contact is non-literal. Transcript: Tobi: "Slap Ground" + "Pant-Laugh" (Rendition: "I say, old sport, care for a bit of a wrestle? No malice intended!"). Elia: "Reach Out Down" (Rendition: "Challenge accepted; let us engage."). Why Bonobo Literature Supersedes Chimpanzee Pragmatics In the realm of pragmatics, the bonobo record is considered more sophisticated than the chimpanzee's for several reasons: Non-Trivial Compositionality: Bonobos have been shown to use nontrivial syntax, where the meaning of a call combination (e.g., "Peep-Whistle") is more than just the sum of its parts. This suggests a cognitive "layering" of intent rarely seen in the more direct, imperative-heavy chimpanzee vocalizations. Negotiated Cohesion: Because bonobo society is matriarchal and egalitarian, social outcomes are not decided by brute force but by negotiated consent. This requires a higher "pragmatic load"—signals must be calibrated to the recipient's mood and the current social temperature to prevent friction. Xenophilic Pragmatics: Unlike the xenophobic chimpanzee, bonobos frequently communicate with strangers and neighboring groups. This demands a flexible communicative system that can bridge the gap between individuals who lack a shared history, a hallmark of advanced pragmatic competence. Would you like to explore how these vocal combinations differ when bonobos interact with human researchers versus their own kin? The idea – Grice’s and mine -- that communication began as an  inter-individual necessity rather than an internal one is a fascinating way to look at the "V of life." In this view, signals didn't start as a way for a brain to talk to a foot, but as a way for one biological entity to negotiate space or resources with another. The Exchange: A Mycelial/Root Network  Setting: Deep soil. A young Fern (Vegetal) and a nearby Mycorrhizal Fungus (The Bridge) sense a newcomer.  Fern: "The chemistry in the groundwater is shifting. Someone nearby is leaking sugars and stress hormones. It feels like... kin, but distant." The Newcomer (A simple Protist/Amoeba): "I am not 'kin' in your sense. I am a singular pulse. I don't have a vascular system to talk to; I simply release proteins into the film of water between us. My 'signal' is my existence." Fern: "It's so primitive. You broadcast your state to the entire soil patch rather than keeping the message within a stem or leaf."  The Newcomer: "In the 'V,' I sit near the base. Before you evolved complex organs to talk to yourself (intra-organism), we had to talk to the 'Other' (inter-individual) just to survive. My signals are the blueprint for your complex hormones." The Scientific "Apex" and the V In the classical "V of life" (Aristotle’s anima vegetativa), the split between plants and animals happens after life has already mastered basic survival. Viruses: These don't fit neatly into the Phylum/Genus system because they aren't technically "alive" (they lack metabolism). However, they are the ultimate "inter-individual" signalers, hijacking the communication machinery of a host. Bacteria (Kingdom Monera): They use quorum sensing. This is arguably the most primitive form of communication. It is strictly inter-individual; they signal to see if enough "friends" are around to launch an attack or build a biofilm. Amoebas (Kingdom Protista): When food is scarce, individual amoebas (like Dictyostelium) signal each other to swarm and form a "slug." This is the literal transition point: individual signals (inter-individual) creating a temporary multicellular body (intra-organism).  The Point: Evolutionary history suggests that external signaling (talking to others) likely predates internal signaling (talking to oneself). Communication was a tool for social coordination (bacteria/amoebas) long before it was a tool for internal physiology.  Would you like to focus on how quorum sensing in bacteria mirrors hormonal signaling in higher plants, or should we look closer at the taxonomic classification of these "borderline" organisms? To use Grice’s example in his 1948 ‘Meaning’ for the Oxford Philosophical Society (“Those spots indicated measles to the doctor of Dahl’s daughter, but to Dahl, alas, they didn’t signify anything – and Grice’s quarrel with Austin about Austin not distinguish what something IMPLIES or MEANS and what an AGENT does – and his further botany in “Logic and Conversation II” and “Logic and Convesation” (VI) on ‘mean’ as substitutable for ‘indicate,’ or ‘suggest.’) Measles is caused by the  Measles morbillivirus, a single-stranded RNA virus from the genus Morbilliviruswithin the family Paramyxoviridae. Regarding your question "not alive?": Viruses occupy a gray area in biology. They are generally considered non-living because they cannot reproduce on their own or maintain metabolism without hijacking a host cell (in this case, Homo sapiens). Semiologists and the Language of Clinical Signs Medical semiologists (those who study signs and symptoms) often use "soft" verbs like imply or suggest to maintain clinical rigor. In an informal setting, these verbs act as bridges between an observation and a diagnosis: Suggest: Used when a sign (like Koplik spots) points toward a high probability of a specific cause but isn't a 100% confirmation yet. Imply: Used to indicate that the presence of a skin eruption logically necessitates the prior presence of the pathogen, even if the virus itself is invisible to the naked eye. Conversational Exchange: The "Appearance" of Spots In this scenario, a parent is speaking with a clinician about a child who was exposed to the virus at a park. Parent: "He was playing with a kid who had a nasty cough. Now these red spots are appearing all over his face. Did that other kid's cough create these spots?" Clinician: "In a sense, yes. When your son inhaled the Measles morbillivirus particles, the virus began replicating in his respiratory tract. Those spots don't just 'happen'; they imply that his immune system is now reacting to the systemic spread of the virus. The rash suggests that the incubation period is over and the virus has moved from his lungs to his blood and skin." Parent: "So the spots are the virus itself?" Clinician: "Not exactly. The spots are the 'sign'—the visible evidence of an invisible battle. The transmission of the pathogen through the air resulted in this inflammatory response in the skin." Would you like to look further into the specific stagesof the rash or perhaps explore more diagnostic termssemiologists use for other viral exanthems? A scopo puramente informativo. Per un parere medico o una diagnosi, rivolgiti a un professionista. Le risposte dell'AI potrebbero contenere errori. Scopri di più  “Those spots imply measles” “Those spots indicate measles” And Stevenson’s more careful use of the square quotes in the “Ethics and language” that Grice quotes: “Those spots ‘imply’ measles” – ‘Those spots ‘indicate’ that Dahl’s daughter has measles).  IF GRICE WOULD GLADLY enjoy his pirotic conversational exchanges – where the pirots had to present certain credentials: they should be ideal conversationalists for one, i. e. mature – Grice was accustomed to work with brains in formation, too. Consider Strawson. Born 1919 – had Grice as tutor in 1938. How old was Strawson? 19. His brain was still being formed. Hence the hilarity, as Grice recalls them, of his exchanges at St. John’s: GRICE: I want a paper for next Thursday? STRAWSON: THE TIMES or the Oxford Gazette will do? Grice would not care to respond (but takes the exchange in a later tutorial as proof that, for Grice, upon which a converser conversationally converses is a matter of his privileged access and can only TRUST his co-converser is willing to play the game, as in above, Strawson is jocularly not!THE POINT is serious. In Aspects of theory of syntax, where CHomksy refers to “A. P. Grice” – over the phone, he had heard of his pre-William James lectures given in Chomsky’s town – Chomsky is clear that the theory is about IDEAL communicators. Grice is at his clearest in a seminar at Oxford on ‘The theory of context,’ where he sets for a set of scholars whose brains were being ‘formed’ – that we have to deal with proficient, conversationalist, in a ‘veil-of-ignorance’ equality scenario of the type you will NOT find at Oxford (where the tutor is the master).  The MODEL THEORY requires a model – which deals, in this seminar at Oxford when Grice first used ‘implicature’ – with IDEAL CONDITIONS, such as those provided by the Conversational Immanuel, and its guidelines, of EQUALITY – to counter-rest the power imbalance with which Grice was accustomed in his conversations with his tutees – whose brains were being formed, on top! --. The picture can best be diagrammed as follows::  < V V Where these represent two conversationalists facing each other – and each displaying conversational reason, that may still involve a ‘strategy’ if not an ‘instrument’ – conversing is not like hammering a nail – it involves a rationality of the type of a piece of behaviour meant to signal something to a co-rational ‘pirot’ (or ‘Creature’ as our more ecumenical Grice would have it).The point is basic, kernel, key and central, to Grice’s theory of the CONVERSATIONAL REASON. Conversation requires TWO RATIONAL CONVERSERS.Or is it mere reasonable? Indeed the scenarios are various: RATIONAL – RATIONAL RATIONAL – REASONABLE REASONABLE – RATIONAL REASONABLE – REASONABLE With our apt qualifications: CONVERSATIONAL RATIONAL ↔ CONVERATIONAL RATIONAL CONVERSATIONAL RATIONAL ↔ CONVERSATIONAL REASONABLE CONVERSATIONAL REASONABLE ↔ CONVERSATIONAL REASONABLE CONVERSATIONAL REASONABLE ↔ CONVERSATIONAL REASONABLE The conversational illustrations in terms of the power-imbalanced exchanges between Grice (tutor) and brain-forming tutee such as Strawson at St. John’s in 1938. Scenario I: CONVERSATIONALLY RATIONAL ↔ CONVERATIONALLY RATIONAL. GRICE: That’s not what you meant, I hope. STRAWSON: It was, but now it ain’t. GRICE: I wish you stop uttering Cockneyism – knowing that you are from London and can’t help it. Scenario II: CONVERSATIONALLY RATIONAL ↔CONVERSATIONALLY REASONABLE. GRICE: I don’t expect you’ll be tested on Goedel for the Logic Paper. STRAWSON: Goed-who? Scenario III: CONVERSATIONALLY REASONABLE ↔ CONVERSATIONALLY RATIONAL GRICE: Perhaps I’ve heard enough of your points about informal logic already.  STRAWSON: Enough is not enough! Scenario IV: CONVERSATIONALLY REASONABLE ↔ CONVERSATIONALLY REASONABLE. GRICE: Perhaps we should stop at this point and have some more sherry. STRAWSON: Agree!  And, as if Grice should not be tired enough of having chosen as a profession that of dealing with brains in formation, he would join the playground where another playgroup was playing: Tim Grice and Karen Grice. He would not ‘torture’ them linguistically – they KNEW – but their classmates. CONVERSATIONAL SCENARIO: GRICE (To Tim’s classmate): Can a sweater be red and green all over – no stripes allowed. TIM’S CLASSMATE: What do I know – come on, Tim, your father bores me! Why would Grice expect to be illuminated on the synthetic a priori by an ‘infant’ or ‘child’. Grice’s answer: Why not?! We are taking the game-methaphor slightly – but there are such things as ‘strategies’ in the official game theory – As a classicist, Grice would be careful here. The strategos was the Greek general and classicists like Grice and Urmson were pedantic here (Urmson spent a full tutorial explaining why ‘aulos’ was NOT a flute – “Historians of music write about it! Yours is learned ignorance!”). Cicero seemed to have found ‘strategos’ unpronounceable, but he wasn’t sure that ‘generalis’ was a good translation. What we are wanting, as Griceians, is the untypical scenario of two cities (POLEIS), each with his general (call them PAUL and PETER – as in ROBBING PETER TO PAY PAUL). They engage in conversational conflict.  BUT each doesn’t really want to kill conversationally his conversational partner. It’s not epagoge but diagoge, which has an ‘eirenic’ effect.So they don’t engage in the game of war, if by the game of war (not defence/offence) you mean that. Rather, they engage in a peaceful resolution of their diverging goals in the building of a common-goal – they build the bridge, and both become pontiffs (in Ciceronian: build-bridger) in their own domains. Grice discusses this in connection with the well known cliché of which he was getting tired and which he was finding more and more worn off especially as yielded by Davidson, in ‘Actions and events’ (by Grice).  The means-end rationality is shorthand for something else. What is the means, and what is the end. And what is rational about it? In any case, it’s NOT what Grice is thinking. When he provides an illustration for each of the FOUR CONVERSATIONAL CATEGORIES, he is explicit that this is not ‘instrumental’ rationality, but dyadic rationality, involving two adult (or adult-behaving – cf. clown) engaged in the furtherance of an (however artificial, temporary, or stupid) common goal GENERALISED PRINCIPLE VERSION GRICE: Pass me the spoon STRAWSON passes the spoon. QUANTITAS Grice: HAND ME THE GLASSES STRAWSON hands the two glasses on which Grice pours the sherry. QUALITAS GRICE: BRING ME AN ESSAY STRAWSON: Piece of written work. GRICE: Yes, I feel like I genuinely need to test your proficiency in that area! You have a Logic Paper in three weeks! And Mabbott you better not even care about! Or: GRICE: Pass me a spoon STRAWSON passes a trick spoon made of rubber RELATIO GRICE: Pass me a glass STRAWSON passes a glass for sherry, not a piece of glass. MODVS: Grice: And if I don’t think that you should have not, then perhaps I might have not! STRAWSON: Are you being reasonable? Grice’s whole point is that ‘means-end’ is vague, and instrumental (as used by Horkheimer – Kritik der Instruemental Vernunft) is either too Teutonic, or too vague, too! But Grice was aware of the overtone behind ‘the strategos’ – which resulted from Oxford’s priority of the Romans over the Greeks. In our reconstruction of GENERAL GRICE VERSUS GENERAL STRAWSON resolving a ‘conversational conflict’ or GENERAL ROMUS killing GENERAL REMVS in a more incidental accident – what is it that makes ‘general’ – or ‘generalis’? I realise I have a foot on the camp seeing that ‘reading Habermas reading Grice’ is cited in Habermas’s own collection on Pragmatics for M. I. T. – the Habermas disciple of Horkheimer, the Habermas of: “if you think of ‘Sprache’ as STRATEGY, you are not thinking ‘sprache’ as Kommunikation but as DOMAIN. But then the German for ‘kaiser’ will hardly help – Roman as it is! The term  strategos (στρατηγός) translates literally as "army leader" and serves as the etymological root for the English word strategy. While the Greek term focused on the commander's rank and office, its evolution into English through the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) captures the shift from a title to a method of high-level planning.  Oxford English Dictionary +4 Etymology and Greek Context The word is a compound of two Ancient Greek roots:  Stratos (στρατός): Meaning "army," it originally referred to "that which is spread out". Agos (ἀγός): Derived from the verb agein (ἄγειν), meaning "to lead" or "to drive forward".  In Athens, strategoi were influential elected officials, with ten chosen annually to command the military and often steer the state’s political course. OED First Citations and English Cognates  According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the earliest evidence for strategic appears in 1799 in the British Military Library.  English Cognates: Stratagem: Derived via French stratagème, referring to a specific ruse or trick in war. Strategy: The overarching art of the general. Stratos: Used in scientific terms like stratosphere(layered/spread out atmosphere).  Comparison with Latin 'Generalis' The Latin rendition generalis takes a different linguistic path: Origin: From genus (kind, type, or race). Why the shift?: While strategos emphasizes the act of leading an army, generalis implies an officer with broad, universal authority over a whole "genus" or class of soldiers. This reflects the Roman preference for administrative hierarchy—moving from specific tactical roles to a "general" command that oversees multiple specialized units.  Co-operative Strategies in Games In Game Theory, a cooperative strategy (or collusion) occurs when players form coalitions and make binding agreements to maximize their collective payoff.. Coalitions: Groups of players who share information and resources to achieve a common goal that would be impossible alone. The Trust Dilemma: In games like the Prisoner's Dilemma, the best individual move often leads to a worse collective outcome. Cooperative strategies resolve this by establishing trust and mutual benefit.  Historical Scenario: The "Strategic Defeat" for Glory. Based on the accounts of Frontinus in his "Stratagems", a general might intentionally mislead his own troops to ensure a greater victory or a peaceful resolution. The Scenario (Inspired by Roman History): Imagine two adversary generals whose armies are poised for a bloody, unnecessary clash. One general, recognizing that a battle would weaken Rome's overall defense against a larger external threat, decides to mislead his own troops. The Deception: He falsely informs his soldiers that the enemy has already sent secret emissaries to surrender, or he intentionally "loses" a minor skirmish in a way that allows the two armies to merge without further bloodshed. The Result: By sacrificing a small tactical "glory" or even appearing to "lose" a face-to-face encounter, the general secures a peaceful resolution. The two initially adversary forces are united under one banner, preserving the strength of the Republic for the "greater glory of Rome." Answer The Greek word strategos (στρατηγóς 𝜎𝜏𝜌𝛼𝜏𝜂𝛾ó𝜍) combines stratos (army) and agein (to lead), focusing on the leader's role, whereas the Latin generalis emphasizes universal authority over a group. In game theory, cooperative strategies leverage trust and coalitions to achieve superior collective outcomes, much like a general who might sacrifice a tactical win for a larger, peaceful strategic success.  Would you like me to look up the exact Latin text from Frontinus' Stratagems for a specific general like Fabius Maximus or Sulla? If the metaphor of conversation as a game – the ‘conversational game’ is to be expanded by Grice, it should apply phylogenetically. There is indeed, as Huizinga suggests, that Homo ludens is Nomo sapiens sapiens only. The moves were there from the start. But I would argue that the Lit. Hum. kind soul that he was, Grice would never like to torture his philosophical tutees – not just any tutee – into what he calls the ‘technology’ of game-theory. He does not need to rely on it. Most practitioners of game theory don’t really engage in the history of the displine, never mind its philosophical backgroudns, and sometimes use ‘implicature’ as if it’s outthere to be seen, and not a concoction by the greatest philosopher of language that Oxford experienced in the Twnetieth-Century. game theory has a long and influential history among Oxford philosophers, particularly in the fields of ethics, political philosophy, and formal epistemology. Oxford has been a central hub for applying game-theoretic models to understand social cooperation, moral norms, and the "social contract". Notable names associated with game theory at Oxford include: Historically Influential Figures Richard Braithwaite: Often cited as the first professional philosopher to formally use game theory in ethics. In his 1954 lecture at Cambridge (later published in 1955), he applied Nash's bargaining problem to the "fair division" of resources. David Lewis: While primarily known for his work in metaphysics, his seminal book Convention (1969) used game theory to define social conventions as coordination equilibria, a foundational move in modern philosophy of language and social science. Derek Parfit: A Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, his work often engaged with the Prisoner's Dilemma and the rationality of cooperation in collective action problems, most famously in his book Reasons and Persons. Mackie: An Oxford philosopher who used game theory to analyze the persistence of harmful social conventions like foot-binding and female genital mutilation, modeling them as coordination games. Contemporary and Recent Faculty Bostrom: Professor at Oxford and director of the Future of Humanity Institute, his work on global catastrophic risks and AI often employs game-theoretic reasoning regarding strategic interactionand existential safety. Baccelli: A current faculty member whose research focuses on Decision Theory and the Philosophy of Economics, directly engaging with the formal foundations of game theory. Williamson: The Wykeham Professor of Logic Emeritus, whose work in Epistemology and Logic intersects with the "epistemic approach" to game theory—analyzing what players know about other players' knowledge and rationality. Hilary Greaves: A Professor of Philosophy whose work in Ethics and Epistemology often utilizes formal decision-theoretic and game-theoretic tools to evaluate normative frameworks.  Would you like to know more about how these philosophers use specific games (like the Prisoner's Dilemma) to solve moral problems? Admittedly, not everyone follows Grice’s sense of humour, so trust a philosopher or two – especially if not an English-born practitioner of English ordinary language philosophy will be overwhelmed by Grice’s reference to the rules of the conversational game which stipulate which conversational moves are optimal for the biggest game of all – should we keep on playing the GAME of life – i. .e. should a pirot continue playing the game of surviving, competitive as it feels? – The primary game-theoretical philosophical approach to H.P. Grice’s work is Game-Theoretic Pragmatics. This framework formalizes Grice’s Cooperative Principle and maxims by modeling conversational context as a signaling game between a speaker (sender) and a hearer (receiver).  Key Game-Theoretical Frameworks Signaling Games: The standard model where a speaker has private information (their "type" or the "state of the world") and chooses a message. The hearer then chooses an interpretation (action) to maximize mutual utility, reflecting Grice's idea of rational cooperation. Optimal Answer Models: These address Grice’s Maxim of Quantity by identifying the "most informative" response a rational player would provide given the listener's needs. Iterated Best Response Models: These simulate the recursive "I think that you think that I think" reasoning central to Gricean implicature. A speaker anticipates how a hearer will interpret a message and chooses their words accordingly to ensure the correct inference is made. Evolutionary Game Theory: This approach explains the emergence of linguistic conventions over time, viewing stable communication patterns (like Gricean maxims) as "attractors" or stable rest points in a dynamical system. Rational Speech Act Models: A probabilistic framework where speakers and listeners are modeled as rational agents who use Bayesian inference to resolve ambiguity and derive scalar implicatures. Philosophical Foundations. Rationality as Optimization: Philosophers like Prashant Parikh have used game theory to argue that communication is a process of solving coordination problems to achieve "equilibrium" in meaning. Utility Functions: In these models, Grice's Maxim of Relevance is implemented via utility functions that quantify the "value" or usefulness of information to the hearer. Strategic Reasoning: Unlike standard semantics, game-theoretical pragmatics focuses on strategic decision-making, where the meaning of an utterance is not just literal but the result of an optimal strategy chosen by rational players. Would you like to explore a specific model, such as the Iterated Best Response model, or see how game theory handles a particular Gricean maxim? Optimality-Theoretic and Game-Theoretic Approaches to Implicature. Optimality-Theoretic and Game-Theoretic Approaches to Implicature. Game Theoretic Pragmatics - Franke -  Philosophy Compass - Wiley Online Library When reviewing the conversations that we have dealt with in Part TWO: The Conversations, a syntactical point made by Grice needs to be taken into account. He is seeing himself as a philosopher REPORTING on a conversation. This approach is theory-theoretical. In his early ‘Meaning,’ his goal is to provide a third-person perspective (he’ll return to the first-person perspective of his earlier ‘Negation and Privation’ and ‘Personal identity’ soon after in this 1949 Intention and dispositions). A third-person perspective of what? Of what a conversationalist (in this broad use, almost Biblical) of ‘conversationalist.’ The analysandum is oddly in the past tense but it does not need to. By uttering x, U has meant that p iff… The focus here is on the “has meant that…” If we stick to the present tense that yields:By uttering x, U means that…which is more or less equivalent to what hundreds if not thousands of philosophers had examined before in terms of ‘significatio’ – with the profferatio of the utens and the auditor. It is important because in P. G. R. I. C. E. has to challenge the idea that “p” is being used as ‘dummy’: By uttering x, U means that p iff VOLITAJUDGEBJUDGEAp In predicate calculus format: By uttering x – ‘Where did the cat sit?’ U means that (Ex)CxMx iff VOLIT_AJUDGE_BVOLIT_A(Ex)CxMx By uttering “On the mat” B means that the cat sat on the mat iff VOLIT_BJUDGE_AJUDGE_B(Ex)CxMx. In all cases the ‘proposition’ referred to in the analysandum gets a repeated occurrence in the ‘analysans.’ There is circularity here. A similar subtle qualification occurred to Grice later in his career. He is coining not the implicature, but the DISIMPLICATURE now. He will eventually consider that ‘disimplicature’ should be used minimally in philosophical conversation. He gives a three examples of it. The first example of DISIMPLICTURE concerns Grice’s dissatisfaction with Davidson’s thinking that he could go on and apply Grice’s analysis of ‘itnention’ in the newly published ‘Intetnion and uncertainty.’ In a lecture by Davidson peppered with this obscure European publication in the Proceedings of the British Academy, Davidson quotes Grice on intending, and proposes conversational illustrations alla Grice. A He did not! B. He did. He climbed, Marmaduke Bloggs did, climbed Mt. Everest on hands and knees. Did he intend to? Grice is discussing cases when the goal is so difficult that ‘intend’ does not quite do, and you need to qualify: ‘if he can,” or ‘if I can.’ Such qualifier, the whole topic of Pears in ‘Ifs and Cans’ where he also reles on Grice’s conversational implicature, is best illustrated by Grice. A That’s all very fine. And what about your old age. B. I intend to raise ducks. Grice feels that he does not need to qualify ‘if I can’ since the outcome is long coming anyway. In any case, Grice disapproves of Davidson’s application of the concept of ‘implicature’ to the analysis of ‘itnention’ in that Davidson is treating an ‘entailment’ as an implicature – it is a DISIMPLICATURE which is at play, if anything. In terms of the philosopoher’s analysans and analysandum: A DISIMPLICATES that Marmaduke Bloggs BELIEVES that he can climb Mount Evereest on hands and knees. iff the usual constraints on conversational co-operation do not obtain. The second example concerns ‘Macbeth saw Banquo,’ ‘Hamlet saw the ghost of his father’ and ‘The tie is not blue, it is green.’ The issue was raised in ‘Further notes on logic and conversation. How do they compare. In the context of that lecture, Grice is concerned with M. O. R. Modified Occam Razor. How many senses does ‘see’ have? Is an expansion necessary or is it a violation of conversational form. A I tell you, the tie is blue. B Green to me. Since ‘a change of colour’ is out of the question, the conversationalists are using ‘is’ when ‘seems’ would be strictly more appropriate, but otiose under the circumstances. It is then that Grice turns to the parasitic use of ‘see’ in hallucinations. It would be otiose to add that ‘and he was hallucinating since Hamlet’s father was nowhere to be seen.’ (Cf. “When did you last see your father? “Yesterday night, in dreams). In Grice’s new nomenclature, the co-conversationalist is DISIMPLICATING. Conversationalist C DISIMPLICATES that q, if his conversational move would otherwise trigger the implicature that q, upon the conversationalist having explicitly communicated that q, but where no rational constraints on conversation are operative. The clearest is Grice’s third example of a disimplicature – a plain metaphor. SCENARIOS GRICE (looking at the cream on his coffee). You’re the cream in my coffee. MRS. GRICE: It’ll get cold. In a literal scenario, ‘You’re the cream in my coffee’ is uttered by a conversationalist to his intended addressee (‘the cream in my coffee’), and he’s not expecting a reply. These are the cases that Grice explored under the rubric, ‘Grice without an audience’ (Hyslop) in ‘Utterer’s meaning and intentions’. Grice’s REALISING that his addressee is no such, does not disqualify him from having meant that the cream in his coffee is his cream in his coffee. SCENARIO II is the metaphorical. Grice does not provide a conversational illustration, but since he is mocking the American Tin Palley satisfaction for cliché, he is thinking. A You’re the cream in my coffee! B You’re the salt in my stew! The lyricist spoils it all by turning these sublimine metaphors into cliché by turning the interpretant in the fourth line: ‘My only necessity is you.’ Grice had dealt correctly with metaphor as the absolute FLOUT of the desideratum of conversational candour in ‘Logic and Conversation.’ When rephrasing the apparatus with the addition of ‘DISIMPLICATURE’ it becomes Grice’s claim: A DISIMPLICATES that the addressee is the utterer’s cream in his coffee when all regulations about coherence and categorial affinity are suspended. However, it is not up to his “Method in philosophical psychology” where Grice feels it’s about time to answer the charges about the circular loop regarding his claims of the connection between the ‘semantic’ and the ‘psychic’ And that is why we are treating this under the Framework of the Framework – his theoy theory. It does not concern Grice’s theory of conversation as such, but its background. In fact, Grice goes on then to replace his earlier – in ‘Negation and privation’ – “mental act” to psychic, and then psychological. It is the bridge between the ‘semantic’ and the ‘psychological.’ Grice should not use ‘semantic’ so freely – he does (Part II of his Studies in the Way of Words is titled ‘Semantics and Metpahysics’) and the Retrospective Epilogue contains a reference to a distinction, however, between the pragmatic inference and not the semantic inference, but the ‘logical’ inference. Well imbued with readings of Aristotle’s DE INTERPRETATION, Grice is well aware of Aristotle’s ‘semantikos’ – a formation out of ‘semeion.’ Grice had infamously claimed in ‘Meaning’ in a remark meant to provoke the Lockeans, that words are not signs – where the Greek would be semeion, semeia (in the plural), signum, signa. In notes for the attending seminar to this talk on ‘Meaning,’ where he is distancing from Peirce and Ogden, and Wilby, Grice does grant that a thing need NOT be a ‘sign’ to be able to ‘signify.’ Indeed, an utterer SIGNIFES, and an utterer ain’t a sign. By switching from the psychic to the psycho-logical Grice is having a broader perspective or paradigm switch in mind. He s going to take seriously Aristotle’s idea of a soul as consisting of a developmental series – ‘soul’ or ‘life,’ Grice is indifferent about this – for the Greeks indeed, the psyche was the principle of life (bios, zoon) and it’s ‘life’ that Grice is into as he engages in a programme of pirotological ethology (or zoology or biology, starting from PLANTS, not animals).  The switch suggests, as Grice notes, that a psychic concept becomes a CONCEPT within a psycho-logical theory, with emphasis on the “-logical.” It is this ‘functionalist,’ Aristotelian account of the psycho-logical as a bridge between the PERCEPTUAL input of a creature and its manifested behavioural output that turns whatever we ascribe in between as a concept or TERM that becomes psychological by fiat. He is aware that by doing so he is distancing himself from an earlier intuitive, or intuition-based approach that was at the root of the ordinary-language philosophy movement (for what is ordinary language if not what intuitive speakers regard as such?). So he has a few caveats about the type of LAW in which such psycho-logical theory is supposed to consist: each law will be caeteris paribus and folksy in nature. Grice gave indeed a seminar which he entitled, simply, “Needs.” As any student in psychology will realise – if he happens to take Grice seriously, as he should – “needs” feature large. Surely, Grice is a philosopher, and would be reading philosophical literature only. The days of his realiance on Wundt were long gone, and if he needed to refer to this old school of psychology which was so influential at Oxford once – versus the trash as which he described most of his contemporary stuff – it would be to point his tutee out that ‘back in the day, you know, the question as to whether there can be thought without language was quite a high topic!”.  If his seminar on “Needs” was basic it did not involve basic needs as such – he thought that Stampe’s explorations, in any case, were more basic than his own (Stampe had been Grice’s tutee at Oxford).  Grice’s communicatology explorations range both the phylogenesis AND the phylogenesis and he is bold enough, as the Oxonian philosopher he was, to aptly proclaim it. His stage of communication devices by one pirot to another in a ‘conversation’ involving a groan, and the simulation thereof, is meant to be a ‘myth’ of both the phylogenesis AND the ontogenesis of communication – aptly representing how the non-iconical builds on the iconical – for what is a pooh-poo ouch ouch bow wow interjection of pain in a communication device if not a replica of what, in the pirot, any unwelcome external stimulus will CAUSE the alarming response. The stages of Grice’s PIROTESE reflect the stage from Esperanto to Deutero-Esperanto. There’s proto-pirotese, the mere groan; deutero-pirotese, the intention of the groan, tertio-pirotese: the reflective intention of the groan, tetra-pirotese, the reflective intention of the groan not deceptive, penta-pirotese: the protreptic version of this, hexo-pirotese: the exclamation. Grice saw this as either phylogenesis or ontogenesis. He was more familiar with the ontogenesis than the phylogenesis and he was known in Oxford’s town to interact with the classmates of his children, in scenarios that need to be reported: SCENARIO ONE: GRICE: Can a sweater be green and red all over? No stripes allowed. CHILD: No. SCENARIO TWO: GRICE: Can a sweater be green and red all over? No stripes allowed. CHILD: Yes. SCENARIO THREE: GRICE: Can a sweater be green and red all over? No stripes allowed. CHILD: MISTER GRICE, what do you mean?! It was a good thing that Carnap translated his own Logical Structure of the World. Piroten karulisen elaticalich. In German, indeed, ‘pirote’ – plural ‘piroten’ is something to consider. Grice once told Austin that he cared a hoot what the dictionary says. That was perhaps the pirot’s hoot. The OED indeed has ‘pirot’ as a variant spelling for ‘piddock,’ in which case, the noun phrase of Carnap’s attempt at nonsense proves the opposite.  His ‘Method in philosophical psychology,’ as he declares, he was proudly assured that it had been delivered as separate lectures elsewhere, including an occasion as the John Dewey Memorial lecture, so he knew. He does not describe squirrels in the “Method,” but squarrels. Indeed, it may come as a surprise for the philosopher – not Stampe – of course. But Grice manage to finds his perfect example. He is considering an attribution of a psychological (qua internal) state into a ‘creature’ – recall ‘God’ is used as ‘exegetical’ device – of a pirot – a squarel gobbling nuts – which nicely gets symbolized as “N.” Grice is aware that he is being artificial in the reconstruction, but he is only concerned with the specific machinery a philosophical psychologist – as he was being, in the long tradition from Aristotle and the empiricists – and not more than that. If you started to be concerned with MORE specific machineries, you ceased to be a PHILOSOPHICAL psychology, and would be regarded by your philosophical community as a ‘psychologist’ simpliciter – a bit of a blue-collar profession: a service profession – and NOT a philosopher, as he never wished to stop being. Grice would be familiar with the fact that squirrels – if not his squarrels – are notably UN-cooperative. This would hardly bother him. His ‘Method in philosophical psychology’ is meant to provide the framework for his framework. For each specimen of the species there would be qualifications to be made. And his squarrel was notably NOT the common European squarrel. Each scenario switches for each specimen and species – there may be cross-species type of rational (on the Homo sapiens sapiens part) ‘conversations’ – but not among squarrels, if they are supposed to represent a prototype of a squirrel. At Oxford, as it happens – if not in Grice’s days -- the common squirrel that you would encounter is the Eastern grey squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis, an invasive species from North America that has largely replaced the native Eurasian red squirrel, Sciurus vulgaris, in most of Oxford, if not England, or the UK. Regarding Grice’s query on "coo-rdinated" nut gathering via communication, these points are Griceian in character: Evidence for Coordination There is no scientific (psycho-logical or etho-logical, as Grice would have it) evidence that a specimen of Scirius vulgaris co-ordinates, in a "brood,” or group, to gather – never mind eat -- nuts through communicative devices.  Instead, the Scirius vulgaris is primarily a solitary (or Cartesian as Grice would have it) forager, that as a matter of fact, *compete*, rather than co-operate, for resources.  Individual Strategies Over Coordination are then the norm, not the Griceian expectation for his specimen of Homo sapiens sapiens. Scatter Hoarding. Unlike social insects (bees or ants), the Scirius vulgaris uses a "scatter hoarding" strategy where the speciem buries often *thousands* of nuts independently. Spatial Memory: The Scirius vulgaris, unlike Homo sapiens, relies on sophisticated spatial memory and "spatial chunking,” organizing nuts by type, to find their own caches rather than sharing a communal stash. On top, there is evidence for what Grice calls the ‘sneak’, or Deceptive Behaviour. Far from coordinating or abiding by what Grice dubs alternatively the principle of conversational benevolence or, the principle of conversational helpfulness, a specimen of Scirius vulgaris will often be competitive and deceptive. Spceimens of Scirius vulgaris have been observed – not by Grice, but by Derek, his brother -- making what Derek Grice called a "fake" cach — i. e., pretending to bury a nut only while being watched — to trick another squirrel or squirrels – which are its conspecifics -- who might try to steal their food.  When it comes then to what Grice would characterize as the ‘potential’ ‘role’ – in survival -- of ‘communication’ or ‘conversation’ at this level, it needs to be pointed that, while the Scirius vulgaris – the model behind Grice’s squarrel – does NOT co-ordinate gathering, it does use communication for *other* social purposes. These include: Alarm Calls: The Sciius vulgaris expectably uses vocalisations – sometimes annoyingly to the Oxford philosophy tutor – such as a bark, a piece of co-ordinated chatter, a whistle, and tail-flicking to warn another speciemen or specimens of a predator – say, an Oxford philosophy don or couple of them perpateting on The Meadow – but NOT to signal food location. Tail Signaling: This is a tail movements– a ‘gesture’ in Grice’s parlance – and thus an ‘utterance’ or ‘complete or whole utterance type -- can communicate or signal or ‘mean’ – in Grice’s preferred Anglo-Saxonism – frustration, or aggression, to keep other speciemsn or members of other species – such as Homo sapiens sapiens as Grice was -- away from a specific foraging area. Social Learning: There is also evidence, some collected by Derek Grice, that specimens – especially virtuous  specimens of Scirius vulgaris can *learn* -- and not just learning how, but learning that – (to use Grice’s use of Ryle’s distinction) by observing another specimen or other specimens -- e.g., seeing which pots contain food, but this is "eaves-dropping,” and not what Grice would have as active co-ordination of the type promoted for Homo sapiens sapiens by his principle of conversational benevolence or his principle of conversational helpfulness. Derek Grice observed that if you happened to have noticed specimens of Scirius vulgaris near each other in The Meadow, as Oxonians call it, it is likely due to high food density, such as an idle tutor or two stupidly feeding them – when he or they should be elsewhere – ‘learning’ even if not poor --, rather than a co-operative effort effort of the type that Grice subscribes to Homo sapiens sapiens – “in our better moments, of course.”  The European species found in Oxford is the Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris). While they were once common in the region, they are now extremely rare in Oxfordshire due to competition and disease (squirrelpox) from the introduced eastern grey squirrel. Nature of Communication Communication in red squirrels is not exclusivelyrestricted to alarm scenarios. While alarm calls are the most prominent and easily detected, they also use vocalizations for: Agonistic Interaction: To defend territories, establish dominance, or ward off unwanted suitors. Contact & Affiliation: Soft sounds used between mothers and kits or during courtship. Reproductive Cycles: Males use specific calls when pursuing females in estrous. Phonetic Interaction & Proxemics The following table outlines a typical interaction between two adult red squirrels (an intruder and a resident) at a distance, including proxemics (the use of space to communicate). Interaction StepProxemic ZoneVocalization (Phonetic)Meaning/Intent AdvertisementPublic(>12 ft)Rrrrr-ratt-ratt. Resident: "This oak is occupied; stay back." Intrusion Social(4-12 ft)Muk-muk(stifled sneeze)Intruder: "I am approaching with no aggressive intent." Warning Personal (1.5-4 ft). Kuk-kuk-kuk (sharp barks) Resident: "You are too close; retreat now." AgitationIntimate(<1.5 ft)Chrrr-chrrr(tooth chattering). Both: "I will bite if you do not move." Oxonian "Translation" In the spirit of Oxford's academic and formal atmosphere, here is how a vocal exchange between two "rare" red squirrels might be rendered in Oxonian English: Resident Squirrel (from a high branch):"I say, old chap, I trust you’ve noticed the boundary of this particular canopy? One simply cannot have every passing rodent rummaging through one's private cache of hazelnuts. It’s strictly 'members only' up here, I'm afraid."Intruder Squirrel (pausing on the trunk):"Terribly sorry, Dean. I was merely passing through on my way to the Botanic Garden. I had no intention of infringing upon your tenure. I shall scurry along toward the High Street immediately."Resident Squirrel (flicking tail aggressively):"Quite right. Do mind the gap on your way down, and do try to avoid those common grey fellows near the Bodleian—they have no sense of decorum whatsoever."If you are interested in the conservation efforts being made to reintroduce these squirrels to southern England, I can provide more details on the Red Squirrel Survival Trust or local Oxfordshire wildlife initiatives. Would you like to know more about the specific habitats they prefer? Grice is returning to deeper psychological problems that he had encountered causally in his earlier ‘Further notes on logic and conversation.’ When distancing himself from Nowell-Smith, Austin, or Urmson on the treatment of the ‘implication’ behind the pragmatic contraditction posed by Moore’s paradox Grice is clear. He des not want to say that by uttering ‘The cat sat on the mat,’ the utterer has IMPLIED that he believes that the cat is on the mat. That’s NOT, he remarks, a natural use of ‘imply.’ Rather the utterer has EXPRESSED that the cat sat on the mat. Or technically, the utterer has EXPRESSED his belief that the cat sat on the mat. ‘Express’ had been the kernel behind idealist Brentano-type accounts of communication known in Europe via Croce and at Oxford via Collingwood. Grice will return to ‘express’ in “Method in philosophical psychology” exactly in terms of one of those laws of the psycho-logical theory, caeteris paribus, and folksy in nature. It is, as B. F. Loar has suggested, a functionalist empiricist account of what Grice in his Kantian flights regards as a moral rational constraint, seen here as a mere contingent generalization over functional states. The example in particular Grice redacts as follows A JUDGE A JUDGE the cat is on the mat. He wants to say that  A JUDGE-2 the cat is on the mat. Is there a NON-LINGUISTIC difference between a pirot manifesting his JUDGEMENT that the cat is on the mat from a pirot manifesting his judgement that he judges that the cat is on the mat? Grice realizes that to allow for distinction without behavioural manifestation will not be easily welcomed by Wittgensteiians. However, he choses that path, if only because that seems to Grice to be the only way to reach the ‘reconstruction’ of the idea of EXPRESSING.The law in question would be: By uttering ‘The cat sat on the mat’ A EXPRESSES that the cat is on the mat iff A judges-2 that the cat is on the mat. In the earlier format of “Logic and Conversation” this gives justification to the ‘dull, empiricist’ answer to the fundamental question of why we follow the maxims – in this case, do not say what you believe to be false. Caeteris paribus, pirots are constructed in such a way that they can express their beliefs and volitions. The other pirots can RELY on that. This reliance is what is behind the second conversational maxim under QUALITAS – do not say that for which you lack evidence for. He had explored this in his earlier ‘Intention and Uncertainty’ addressing his audience at the British Academy with the President of the British Academy – A. J. P. Kenny, in evidence. GRICE: The president has a corkscrew in his pocket. MEMBER of the audience: What reason do you have to utter thus? GRICE. Oh, no reason whatsoever. The conversational is possible, and Grice has made a conversational move. But it is not an APPROPRAITE conversational move. It is not a conversational move that passes muster in either terms of this ‘contigent’ empirical generalization between functional states OR in the Kantian quasi-contractualist or plain rationalist lines of his earlier ‘Logic and Conversation.’ While Grice is technical about pirots, and pirotology in his “Method in philosophical psychology” that was because he was torturing his tutees at an early stage with Carnap’s ealy pirots that karulise elatically. In this earlier seminars, Grice goes on to coin PIROTESE – a variant of his secretive communication device – his new Highway Code devised while laying in the tub – or his later ‘Deutero-Esperanto.’ In Pirotese, the point is to provide a SIMPLIFICATION of our ways of talk. Borrowing (but not returning) from Austin: “Simple Ways”: Grice refers to PIROTESE as a simpler way of talking. Recall that the type of conversational dyad that Grice is having in mind is such that springs when A finds himself in a survival risk: A: Where did the dean’s cat sit? B: On the mat. By applying ‘potching’ and ‘cotching’, Grice will have more primitive counterparts of his VOL AND JUD. VOL and JUD are both forms of ‘cotching’ or conceiving – as in The Conception of Reason, not the Concept of it. But this cotching presupposes an earlier POTCHing, which is merely a perceptual rae-presentation, iconic in part, caused by the events in question. It is because B perceived (or potches) that the cat sat on the mat, that he can CONCEIVE (coth), indeed, JUDGE, that the cat is on the mat, and thus he is in a position to abide by the desideratum of conversational candour and supply the information A is after in his query – the formula with a single unknown item: A has already potched the cat, and the mat, and the concept of sit – A is just not clear if the cat did sit on the mat on the occasion he is inquiring about. In “Method in philosophical psychology”, while Grice expands on the MOLECULAR potchings and cotching or that potching and cotching which involves yet a unary opearator such as ‘not’ – he does not go any deeper. In his earlier ‘Pirotese’: “How pirots karulilse elatically, some simple ways” he does. If potch and cotch seem primitive enough, object does not. It’s an obble all that pirots require – not surprsisingly, Grice stopped using a personal computer when he realised that not only was it not allowing ‘sticky wicket’, but spell checking his pirot into a parot.  An obble is yet not all that there is. Grice uses ‘o’ to symbolize it, and uses subscripts. As with ‘the cat’ – the dean’s cat, that is, which is a dog – and ‘the mat’, and the dyadic predicate on ‘sitting on’ – explored in ‘Actions and Events’ – we have o1 and o2. Grice further introduces the fing and the fang. These stand for properties – and are symbolized as F1 and F2. So, it is one PICTURE of rae-presentatio that will be given as o₁ F1 o₂ – the cat sat on the mat --. If the dean’s cat is shaggy enough, that’s a FING. If he is disposed to sit for too long of a period on a mat, that’s a FANG. Grice introduces a further element in PIROTESE, id, which stands for a Relation – dyadic at least. The cat is shaggy and sat on the mat – we have obble o1, the shaggy cat, and obble o2, the mat, and the dyadic relation of ‘sitting on’ – the id. The obble is indeed a post-Warnockian innovation. Grice realizes that his joint seminars with Warnock on the philosophy of perception – notably centred around ‘visa’ – were insufficient in that they did not delve deeper into the THING-aspect. The blame is on Russell who speaks of a meta-language and an object-language, a language of objects o obbles. But for Kant, what we’ll never know is not so much the obble, but the ting-a-ling (the thing in itself – Ding an Sich – that stands allegedly BEHIND A’s and B’s potching and cotching of o1, o2, their fings, fangs, and Fids. In logical forms, A: Where did the cat sit? B. On the mat. VOLBJUDAJUDB(the cat sat on the mat). OBBLE-FORMULATION: VOL_BJUD_AJUD_B(Fango1Fango2Fid) THING-FORMULATION – for ‘the thorn rune’ to represent the ting-a-ling: VOL_BJUD_AJUD_B(FandDING1FingDING2Fid). Or using ϸ VOL_BJUD_AJUD_B(FANGϸ₁FINGϸ₂FID) where ϸ is pirotese not for ‘obble’ but for ‘dingaling.’ – and not to be confused with Grice’s θ – lower case of Θ – which Grice uses in “Method in philosophical psychology’ to represent the Hellenic ‘th’ of theory, not the Anglo-Saxon ‘th’ of ‘thing.’ Grice remained a MONIST in various areas. In the specific area of philosophical psychology he proved ecumenical enough. He does attempt a definition of JUD in terms of VOL:JUDAp =def VOLA(Making Move M – effect 1/p vs. making Move effect 1 not realised if ~p, p. A judgement is a second order volition regarding one’s action towards the effectiveness of its effect. If the action does not lead to the intended effect, the judgement would involve a false conception. And it is for the best of the pirot’s survival that his actions do prove effective. Grice saw this as an offshoot of a folksy rule in philosophical psychology: Desire is the Father of Thought, or we soon believe what we desire. Note that his monism also explodes when he turns the panoply of conversational maxims – whichever and how many they might be – all falling under ONE single Conversational Imperative: his principle of conversational benevolence. In sum, what Grice is offering is a conversational framework that makes base with reality. His concern is that of the standard philosopher who wants to provide a foundation for his critical variety of realism. Perception will provide a RAE-PRESENTATION of the shaggy cat sitting on the mat. But this RAE-PRESENTATION is doing a job. – Grice is sure at this point that, for all his functionalist adventures, to ‘rae-present’ is like to play cricket, or football.  When he was the captain of the football team at Corpus for one year, he knew that THE CORPUS FOOTBALL TEAM is doing for CORPUS what CORPUS cannot do for itself, to wit: engage in a game of football.In a similar fashion there is no way the shaggy cat that sat on the mat can just ‘appear’ on the scene. The most they can is GET RAE-PRESENTED --. Grice allows that the most primitive form of rae-presentation – having learned Pierce almost by heart – is EICONIC, or iconic, i. .e. natural, and causal (His ‘spots’ that ‘meant’ measles). But there is a SECONDARY, more sophisticated type of RAE-PRESENTATIO which takes place when this iconic mode of correlation gets replaced by a non-iconic one. There is nothing in ‘the’ ‘cat’ ‘sat’ ‘on’ ‘the’ ‘mat’ that displays an ICONIC mode of correlation with the fact that they, in combination, manage to ‘rae-pressent.’ In asking his question, A is NOT interested in how B perceived the shaggy cat sitting on the mat. A is, as a matter of survival, ONLY interested in the real cat, really shaggy as she is, really sitting on the real mat. Not obbles, but ding-a-lings. Grice’s conception of rationality still has a way to go, and he elaborates on that in Aspects of Reason and Reasoning. When reminiscing on them in ‘Prejudices and predilections’ he is aware that there was a causal link missing: the reasoner’s belief in the consequence of his reasoning has to be CAUSED by his INTENTION that there be a legitimate passage that lead to that consequence from his belief in the premiss. He spends most of the lectures on reasoning as he ascends the ladder from credibility and desirability to universable forms of such patterns, with an ultimate goal of the provision of ‘If you want to be happy, abide by the categorical imperative.’ As a bonus, he provides a definition of ‘eudaimonia’ in terms of such constraints – which allows him to accept that it is, to echo Locke, the PERSON, or very intelligent rational MAN that can be happy – more of the country gentleman, than the monomaniac stamp collector! One of the virtues of Grice’s theory of conversation is that, unlike that proposed by his critics, it is elementary and self-evidently true. If he was a-systematic in the presentation of it, it was this obviousness to it that justified his doing so. No philosopher worth his name is expected – at Oxford or elsewhere – to be lectured on how conversation should proceed. But there is a deeper reason for this. Grice is aware, as he becomes aware of his own development as a philosopher, that there is an underlying unity, with REASON featuring large. Indeed, if one can think of a good expansion for P. G. R. I. C. E. that would be the PHILOSOPHICAL (not scientific) GROUNDS (i. .e. foundations) of RATIONALITY, or the faculty of REASON – conversational or other – behind it – in more basic elements, which may well be ultimately pre-rational, since reason is not self-justificatory: INTENTIONS, that is the meat and bones of his m-intentions which inform his provision of the significance of the conversational moves made by rational players --, the CATEGORIES, be they conversational – QUALITAS, QUANTITAS, RELATIO, MODVS, you name them – and ENDS – which are the things that make you happy, and not just the thing you have to achieve at the end of EACH of the conversation you happen to find yourself a part of.  This systematics is typical of the philosophising of some philosophers – think Leibniz, think Aquinas – but not all: think Derrida! The systematics allows for a theory-theory and not just a theory of conversation. The philosopher sees himself a theory-theorist, i. e. as the designated human in society to provide a theory for a theory. Grice is thus not only providing a theory (never an analysis) of conversation – significance and communication – but a THEORY for it, grounded on rationality, and he spent the full Immanuel Kant lectures AND the John Locke lectures lecturing about what he entitled the ‘aspects of reason and REASON-ing.’  The elements constitutive of the theory of conversation – understood as a branch of psychologia rationalis, are those provided by this bigger picture. Grice regretted that with the specialisation that was more and more required in academia – including Oxford – it was a sad consequence that philosophers may not even be REQUIRED to provide a general background of what he was doing. And Grice was especially offended by one of his colleagues, that would confess that he ‘could engage in any branch of philosophy,’ ‘except ethics’! One topic which belongs not to Grice’s philosophy of language simpliciter (what I here call the framework) but to what I here call the FRAMEWORK of the framework (Grice’s theory-theory) is causation. Was was ambivalent towards causation for his whole life. When he citicised Stevenson – in the Yale 1944 novelty that Grice rushed to buy – on Ethics and Language, he goes on to criticise publicly in The Oxford Philosophical Society as being ‘too causal to be true.’ But when in the Kant Lectures he fails to give an account of the link between a REASONER’S acceptance of the consequence out of the reasoner’s acceptance of the PREMISE, in his ‘Prejudices and predilections,’ he notes that he now sees that he left a gap in those lectures at Stanford and Oxford on reason: the causal link. A proper piece of reasoning can only be deemed to take place if the reasoner’s ACCEPTANCE of the consequence is CAUSED by his acceptance of the premisse. He had ventured an analogous explanation for his earlier ‘Intention and uncertainty.’ After dismissing his optimistic palaeo-Stoutian account of intending for a neo-Prichardian one, Grice hastens to add the causal link: GRICE: Please untie me! My head is aching – I need to scratch it! GUARD. Alright, alright. Don’t make such a fuss about it (He realeases Grice’s arms – Grice remains still). I thought you were going to scratch your head. GRICE. I’ve changed my mind. Grice’s point being that the agent’s INTENTION to do action A is a combination of a WILING that he will do action A AND a BELIEF (with a probability greater than 0.5) that his WILLING will CAUSE action A. Later in his career, -- in ‘Actions and Events,’ distanced himself from this causalist position, very much in line with his more Heglatonian (rather than confessed Kantotelian) account of conversation. If conversation is a free enterprised conjoined freely by feely-acting agents, we should stop asking for causal justifications. And there is an easy way to do that, by dispensing the Prichardian conditions on willing of causal efficacy. GRICE. My son gave a good friend of his a job at his car body parts shop. STRAWSON. That was so kind of him. It is a small shop, though. Did Timothy really need to give his friend a job? GRICE. Oh, he never got the job. My son just GAVE he job to hm. Grice’s point being that when it comes to conversation and life at large, it is not the INTENTION but the good intention that paves the way to hell. Giving the job means the INTENTION to give the job. There is no way in hell that the purity of the agent’s intention is to be nullified by the fact that the recipient never GETS to get the job! The underlying theme behind the framework of the framework, that is, the theory theory that back his theory of conversation as part of psycholgia rationalis, is survival. Each species – not specimen – of pirot has its own survival conditions.  ETHICS FOR CONVERSATION. The conditions for Homo sapiens sapiens are not those for Troglodytes aedon or Fringilla domesticus, to use Austin’s example (“I KNOW that’s a goldfinch, I don’t just BELIEVE it!”). Evolutionarily, it may well be the case that vision was monocular. But when it comes to Homo sapiens sapiens, the philosopher need not rely on the scientific results of the empirical anthropological science. He just knows that a Homo sapiens ssapiens has TWO eyes and two eyes only by means of which he sees (“I see with my eyes, Geoffrey Sampson tested his students at Lancaster, only to prove that only half of them thought it was analytic). Thereofore, Grice’s explorations on the senses of the Martians become relevant. In more phenomenological terms, Grice is concerned with EXPERIENCE, as categorially determined for Homo sapiens sapiens, in the survival conditions and evolutionary stage at which Homo sapiens sapiens finds himself. The conditions of conversation FOLLOW from this bigger paradigm. Philosophers, after all, are into the big picture, and NOTHING but the big picture, trust me, will satisfy them – even if they are of the Oxonian minutiae type seemingly involved with the prognostics of linguistic botany, as H. P. Grice was often characterised as being! It has been my emphasis along these notes that, in spite of its superficial appearance, the game is NOT the paradigm of rationality, or reason, for Grice, and I shall make my point here in a stronger way by replicating Grice’s motivation behind his exploration on what he calls the ‘asspects of reason and REASONING’ (original title of the Kant lecture), the final one. He will take up the issue in the middle Carus lecture, specifically applied to the logical form of the IMPERATIVE – hypothetical versus categorical – and how. Grice provides the steps as extracted from his reading of Abbott’s Kant. The steps are five in number. But they come with an explanatory note about the symbols about to be utilized. This note refers to the use of alpha a, to be read as “It is NECESSARY” – “IT MUST” -- , given let it be that one bi-sect a line on an unerring principle, that let it be that I draw from its extremities two intersecting arcs.”(Kant’s start, as Grice’s, lies on the ANALYTICITY of such an imperative – he will take this for granted in his later discussion of imperatives in general in the middle Carus lecture, which had pbeen previously published, also posthumously, but shortly after Grice’s death, in 1991 –Grice died in 1988). Beta b =  To be read: “If one bi-sects a line on an unerring principle, one does so only as a result of having drawn from its extremities two intersecting arcs.” The steps are five. The first being: “It is ANALYTIC –and thus conceptual, rather than informative -- that (so far as the agent is RATIONAL, and not merely REASONABLE, no less) he who wills the end wills the means (Machiavelli weakened). The second step Grice formulates as: “It is analytic that (so far as the agent is not just reasonable but rational) IF one wills that Q, and JUDGES – our JUD, used all along these notes -- that IF Q, Q only as a RESULT or consequence (Hobbes’s consequential) of P, one wills that Q. – where the ‘wills’ is the VOL we have been using all along these notes. The third step Grice formulates as a third theorem, with the turnstile as having maxmal scope, it is a thorem. It is analytic that (so far as the agent is not only reasonable, but rational), if the adgent judges that if Q. Q as a result of P, if one wills that P, one wills that Q.The fourth step: It is analytic that if, if Q, Q as a result of P, IF let it be that Q, it must be that let it be that P. The final step in Grice’s reconstruction of Abbott’s Kant: It is analytic that if Q, P. Grice now turns to the scheme in rudimentary terms of his own reconstruction of Kant’s – indeed Kantotle’s progression to the City of Eternal Truth: Grice’s reconstruction steps are seven. Grice formulates Step One as follows: Fundamental law that (cæteris paribus) for any pirot x (for any A, B), if x wills A and judges that if A. A as a result of B, x wills B. The second step: x wills that (for any A, B) if x wills A and judges that if A, A as a resuit of B, x is to will that B.Third step:x should (qua not just reasonable, but rational) judge that (for any A, B) if it is satisfactory to will that A and also satisfactory to judge that if A, A only as a result of B, it is satisfactory to will that B Fourth Step. x should (qua not just reasonable, but rational) judge that (for any A, B) if it is satisfactory that ! A and also satisfactory that if FA. A only as a result of B, then it is satisfactory that! B. Fifth Step:x should (q.r.) judge that (for any A, B) if it is satisfactory that if + A, F A only because B, it is satisfactory that, if let it be that A, let it be that B. Sixth Step:x should (q.r.) judge that (for any A, B) if A, A only because B, yields if let it be that A, let it be that B.Seventh Step(For any A. B) if A, A only because B yields if let it be that A, let it be that B.Grice is making the most of his account of ‘satisfactoriness’ which he had learned from Tarski lies at the heart of it all, and to which we have alluded previously in our re-construction of his ‘satisfactoriness’ corololaries both for his System GHP in the alethic realm (Originally his system Q after Quine) and the buletic realm. The final segment of Part Three should appropriately be dedicated to FREEDOM, since it was understood by Grice as an essential requisite of rationality or reason, and the treatment of topics to which he was directing his attention at the time of his death. Our focus on ‘conversation’ requires to adapt his generalities about the conceptual link between rationality and freedom (or rather the property of FREEDOM as springing from the faculty of REASONING of as a fully autonomous agent engaged with another equally fully autonomous agent in conversation. There are three apposite comments. The Gricean treatment that ‘freedom’ receives in ‘Actions and Events’ is cybernetical, i.e. a chain or succession of steps. On some occasions, philosophers other than Grice had advanced Grice’s views on this, notably Bratman.The second treatment, concerns his more ‘noumenal’ view, also in ‘Actions and events’, where he is emphasizing the freedom that results of an agent that FREELY ENGAGES to find himself engaged in ‘conversation’ in the first place – rational or not. A preamble to this treatment is Kantian in origin, as Grice compared Oxford as a despository of free thinkers as Kant was not able to have done the same at Koenigsberg. So first for the cybernetics.My purpose in this section is to give a little thought to the question 'What are the general principles exemplified, in creature-construction, in progressing from one type of pirot to a higher type? What KINDS of steps are being made? The kinds of step with which I shall deal here are those which culminate in a licence to include, within the specification of the content of the psychological state of certain pirots, a range of expressions which would be inappropriate with respect to lower pirots; such expressions include connectives, quantifiers, temporal modifiers, mood indicators, modal operators, and (importantly) names of psychological states like "judge" and "will". Expressions, the availability of which leads to the structural enrichment of specifications of content. In general, these steps will be ones by which items or ideas which have, initially, a legitimate place outside the scope of psychological instantiables (or, if you will, the expressions for which occur legitimately outside the scope of psychological verbs) come to have a legitimate place within the scope of such instantiables: steps by which (one might say) such items or ideas come to be internalised. I am disposed to regard as prototypical the sort of natural disposition which Hume attributes to us, and which is very important to him; name, the tendency of the mind 'to spread itself upon objects' to project into the world items which, properly (or primitively) considered, are really features of our states of mind. I shall set out in stages the application of aspects of the genitorial programme.” We then start with a zero-order, with pirots equipped to satisfy unnested judging and willing (i.e. whose contents do _not_ involve judging or willing). We soon reachPirot-1. "It would be advantageous to pirots-0 if they could have judging and willing, which relate to their own judging or willing." Such pirots (pirots-1) could be equipped to control or regulate their own judgings and willings. They will presumably be already constituted so as to conform to the law that caeteris paribus if they will that p and judge that ~p, if they can, they make it the case that p in their 'minds'. To give them some control over their judgings and willings, we need only extend the application of this law to their judging and willing. We equip them so that caeteris paribus IF they will that they do not will that p and judge that they do will that p, (if they can) they make it the case that they do NOT will that p. And we somehow ensure that sometimes they CAN do this. It may be that the installation of this kind of control would go hand in had with the installation of the capacity for evaluation."Pirot-2. Unlike it is the case with a pirot-1, a pirot-2's intentional efforts depend on the motivational strength of its considered desires at the time of action. We have been seeing the process by which conflicting considered desires motivate action as a broadly causal process, a process that reveals motivational strength. But a pirot-2 might itself try to weigh considerations provided by such conflicting desires in deliberation about the pros and cons of various alternatives. In the simplest case, such weighing treats each of the things desired as a prima facie justifying end. In the face of conflict it weighs such desired ends, where the weights correspond to the motivational strength of the associated considered desire. The outcome of such deliberation will match the outcome of the causal motivational process envisioned in our description of a pirot-2. But since the weights it invokes in such deliberation correspond to the motivational strength of the relevant considered desires (though perhaps not to the motivational strength of the relevant considered desires), the resultant activities will match those of a corresponding pirot-2 (*all* of whose desires, we are assuming, are considered). To be more realistic we might limit ourselves to saying that a pirot-2 has the capacity to make the transition from unconsidered to considered desires but does not always do this. But it will keep the discussion more manageable to simplify and to suppose that *all* its desires are considered.Pirot-3. We shall not want these pirots-2 to depend, in each will and act in ways that reveal the motivational strength of considered desires at the time of action, but for a pirot-3 it will also be true that in some (though not all) cases it acts on the basis of how it weights the ends favoured by its conflicting considered desires. Pirot-3's considered desires will concern matters that cannot be achieved simply by action at a single time. Pirot-3 may, for example, want to nurture a vegetable garden, or build a house. Such matters will require organized and coordinated action that extends over time. What the pirot-3 does now will depend not only on what it now desires but also on what it now expects it will do later given what it does now. It needs a way of settling now what it will do later given what it does now. The point is even clearer when we remind ourselves that pirot-3 is not alone. It is, we may assume, one of some number of pirots-3; and in many cases it needs to coordinate what it does with what other pirots-3 do so as to achieve ends desired by all participants, itself included. Pirots-4. These costs are magnified for a pirot-4 whose various plans are interwoven so that a change in one element can have significant ripple effects that will need to be considered. Let us suppose that the general strategies pirot-4 has for responding to new information about its circumstances are sensitive to these kinds of costs. Promoting in the long run the satisfaction of its considered desires and preferences. Pirot-4 is a somewhat sophisticated planning agent but it has a problem. It can expect that its desires and preferences may well change over time and undermine its efforts at organizing and coordinating its activities over time. Perhaps in many cases this is due to the kind of temporal discounting. So for example pirot-4 may have a plan to exercise every day but may tend to prefer a sequence of not exercising on the present day but exercising all days in the future, to a uniform sequence the present day included. At the end of the day it returns to its earlier considered preference in favour of exercising on each and every day. Though pirot-4, unlike pirot-3, has the capacity to settle on prior plans or plaices concerning exercise, this capacity does not yet help in such a case. A creature whose plans were stable in ways in part shaped by such a no-regret principle would be more likely than pirot-4 to resist temporary temptations. Pirot-5. So let us build such a principle into the stability of the plans of a pirot-5, whose plans and policies are not derived solely from facts about its limits of time, attention, and the like. It is also grounded in the central concerns of a planning agent with its own future, concerns that lend special significance to anticipated future regret. So let us add to pirot-5 the capacity and disposition to arrive at such hierarchies of higher-order desires concerning its "will". Pirot-6. This gives us a new creature, pirot-6. There is a problem with pirot-6, one that has been much discussed. It is not clear why a higher-order desire -- even a higher-order desire that a certain desire be one's "will" -- is not simply one more desire in the pool of desires (Berkeley God's will problem). Why does it have the authority to constitute or ensure the agent's (that is, the creature's) endorsement or rejection of a first-order desire? Applied to pirot-6 this is the question of whether, by virtue solely of its hierarchies of desires, it really does succeed in taking its own stand of endorsement or rejection of various first-order desires. Since it was the ability to take its own stand that we are trying to provide in the move to pirot-6, we need some response to this challenge. The basic point is that pirot-6 is not merely a time-slice agent. It is, rather, and understands itself to be, a temporally persisting planning agent, one who begins, and continues, and completes temporally extended projects. On a broadly Lockean view, its persistence over time consists in relevant psychological continuities (e.g., the persistence of attitudes of belief and intention) and connections (e.g., memory of a past event, or the later intentional execution of an intention formed earlier). Certain attitudes have as a primary role the constitution and support of such Lockean continuities and connections. In particular, policies that favour or reject various desires have it as their role to constitute and support various continuities both of ordinary desires and of the politicos themselves. For this reason such policies are not merely additional wiggles in the psychic stew. Instead, these policies have a claim to help determine where the agent -- i.e., the temporally persisting agent -- stands with respect to its desires. Or so it seems to me reasonable to say. Pirot-7. So the psychology of pirot-7 continues to have the hierarchical structure of pro-attitudes introduced with pirot-6. The difference is that the higher-order pro-attitudes of pirot-6 were simply characterized as desires in a broad, generic sense, and no appeal was made to the distinctive species of pro-attitude constituted by plan-like attitudes. That is the sense in which the psychology of pirot-7 is an extension of the psychology of pirot-6. Let us then give pirot-7 such higher-order policies with the capacity to take a stand with respect to its desires by arriving at relevant higher-order policies concerning the functioning of those desires over time. Pirot-7 exhibits a merger of hierarchical and planning structures. Appealing to planning theory and ground in connection to the temporally extended structure of agency to be one's "will". Pirot-7 has higher-order policies that favour or challenge motivational roles of its considered desires. When Pirot-7 engages in deliberative weighing of conflicting, desired ends it seems that the assigned weights should reflect the policies that determine where it stands with respect to relevant desires. But the policies we have so far appealed to -- policies concerning what desires are to be one's will -- do not quite address this concern. The problem is that one can in certain cases have policies concerning which desires are to motivate and yet these not be policies that accord what those desires are for a corresponding justifying role in deliberation. Pirots-8. A solution is to give our creature -- call it pirot-8 -- the capacity to arrive at policies that express its commitment to be motivated by a desire by way of its treatment of that desire as providing, in deliberation, a justifying end for action. Pirot-8 has policies for treating (or not treating) certain desires as providing justifying ends -- as, in this way, reason-providing -- in motivationally effective deliberation. Let us call such policies self-governing policies. We will suppose that these policies are mutually compatible and do not challenge each other. In this way pirot-8 involves an extension of structures already present in pirot-7. The grounds on which pirot-8 arrives at (and on occasion revises) such self-governing policies will be many and varied. We can see these policies as crystallizing complex pressures and concerns, some of which are grounded in other policies or desires. These self-governing policies may be tentative and will normally not be immune to change. If we ask what pirot-8 values in this case, the answer seems to be: what it values is constituted in part by its higher-order self-governing policies. In particular, it values exercise over nonexercise even right now, and even given that it has a considered (though temporary) preference to the contrary. Unlike lower pirots, what pirot-8 now values is not simply a matter of its present, considered desires and preferences. Now this model of pirot-8 seems in relevant aspects to be a (partial) model of us. (in our better moments, of course). So we arrive at the conjecture that one important kind of valuing of which we are capable involves, in the cited ways, both our first-order desires and our higher order self-governing policies. In an important sub-class of cases our valuing involves reflexive polices that are both first-order policies of action and higher-order policies to treat the first-order policy as reason providing in motivationally effective deliberation. This may seem odd. Valuing seems normally to be a first-order attitude. One values honesty, say. The proposal is that an important kind of valuing involves higher-order policies. Does this mean that, strictly speaking, what one values (in this sense) is itself a desire -- not honesty, say, but a desire for honesty? No, it does not. What I value in the present case is honesty; but, on the theory, my valuing honesty in art consists in certain higher-order self-governing policies. An agent's reflective valuing involves a kind of higher-order willing. And now for the Kantian preamble that leads back to Bologna, where it all began!  The Kantian problem, or Grice’s stride at the sub-faculty of philosophy. That ingraven gift and facultie of wit and reason. Fraunce, Lawters Log. A rationalist strides at Oxford. A point about stride. In his openly polemic Der Streit der Fakultäten in drey Absichten – henceforward SF, all references to the bilingual edition – Kant’s polemic emphasis is clear from the very start: ‘Der Streit,’ usually rendering as ‘conflict’ or ‘contest.’ The logical grammar behind Kant’s Streit is cless clear. The whole tract is entitled ‘Der Streit der Facultaten in drey Absichten,’ but other than in the general title, the grammar is more specific in each of the three sections. In each of them it is the Faculty of Philsophy as it enters into a ‘Streit’ with that of Theology (), Jurisprudence, and Medicine. Strictly, Kant means Kant. To use Ryle’s idea of a category mistake, it is only a rational agent – in this case – a philosopher – who can enter a ‘Streit.’For: can you contest without arguing? In SF, Kant then, does what philosophers do best: argue. For our present purposes, against which Kant argues bears less relevance than the fact that Kant is arguing. As for Grice, our Oxonian Kantian -- arguably, fastidious as he was when it came to linguistic usage, and an amateur cricketer, to boot -- who loved a stride – (vide his obituary in The Times: ‘Professional philosopher and amateur cricketer’ -- Grice would have gone straight through the dictionary, if his favourite English Kant (Abbott) missed it. Streit -- a contest? A conflict? Surely nothing like a battle (Kampf, p 157), never mind a war (Krieg, 157).  Indeed, it is under ‘stride,’ that the New English Dictionary observes that ‘the primary meaning of the Teut. root *strĭd- [G. Streit] is assumed to be ‘contention’ or ‘strong effort.’”  “On this view, the entry goes on, “the Eng. sense of the vb., ‘to take long steps’ would be a development from the continental sense ‘to strive’.”  Fascinating semantic phenomena become then evident: “This would in itself be possible, but sense I would remain unexplained.” It is “the *assumption* of a primary sense ‘to diverge’ (cf. Skr. stridh to go astray) [that] would account plausibly on the one hand for the sense ‘to quarrel,’ and the other hand for the sense ‘to straddle,’ from which the sense ‘to take long steps’ would be a [very] natural development.”  As a classicist, Grice would have added L. stridens and strictus, and Gk. στρήνες and στoχεῖoν, for good measure – which would also fall under this ‘primary sense,’ as the N. E. D. has it, ‘to diverge,’ as in ‘to quarrel.’  Kant’s purpose is to chronicle his own Streit, then, with members of the three ‘higher’ faculties. Grice’s Stride differs slightly. In our chronicle of it, we shall start with Grice’s Bildung within his own faculty – assuming the reader will make the extensions to cover the case of Kant. There are a few divergences.  While Kant speaks of the Faculty of Philosophy, and under it, a ‘department’ of Humanistik (p. 45), it was the other way around in the Oxford of Grice’s days. He matriculates in the Faculty of Literae Humaniores (Kant’s Humanistik), only to receive a proper ‘departamental’ education in philosophy once Oxford thought him as having proficiently earned a classical education.  At Oxford, it is Philosophy which was the sub-faculty.  For our purposes, to stride will be to argue – as Kant and Grice engage in philosophical argument – in the metaphysics of morals – with those who reply with theological, juridical, or medical argument – and we see this arguing as being about alternate answers to one same problem.  Grice’s Characterbildung -- Scholarship Boy at Corpus Kant does not dwell on his own formation that gave him the credentials to ‘stride’ with members of the faculties. Grice does.  When Grice did begin his formal stride, by starting what he calls his ‘serious study of philosophy,’ he brings already with him not just a proficiency in the classics – grief and laughing, as Lewis Carroll has it  – that had earned at Clifton, and which, as the head of school, allows him to win a classical scholarship to Corpus in the first place.  Grice’s talent for a dissenting type of rationalism, forstered by his Non-Conformist father was well received at Corpus -- fortunate as Grice was to be tutored alla Kant into the right type of arguing, and learns from him just about all the things which one can be taught by someone else, as distinct from the things which one has to teach oneself. My initial rationalism was developed under his guidance into a belief that philosophical questions are to be settled by reason, that is to say by argument; I learnt also from him how to argue. I liked the slow pace of [our] discussion; and the breath-laden "Ooohhh!" which he would sometimes emit when he had caught you in, or even pushed you into, a patently untenable position (though I preferred it when this ejaculation was directed at someone other than myself. Grice 1986:46.  It felt almost as if the tutor was strangling error at birth, as Grice goes on to describes Socrates’s philosophical midwifery (1986:62).  Grice earns a first class honours in classical moderations, followed by a first lass honours in literæ humaniores, that will lead to the gradus Baccalaurei, and Magisteri in Artibus.  The link with Kant cannot be more direct. While Kant’s systematics of a curriculum is hardly his focus in Der Streit, it is worth pointing to his detailing of it. “[N]ow the philosophy faculty consists of two departments: a department of historical knowledge (including … the humanities [Humanistik]) and a department of pure *rational* knowledge – […]: the metaphysics of nature [Metaphysik der Natur – [Transnaturalia Naturæ]] and of morals [Metaphysik der *Sitten*]” (Kant 45). Kant’s lower faculty then becomes at Oxford ironically the lowest. Humanistik first, sub-faculty of philosophy, under. Admittedly, all modern creation that a philosopher may well ignore. Witness John Locke, who got his B. A. ages earlier, when there was no such thing as neither a Faculty of Literae Humaniores nor a Sub-Faculty of Philosophy under it. It was just all rounded up as the ‘artes’ behind Grice’s degree. And trust a philosopher to find all this bureaucratic complications of faculty and sub-faculty –for which vide Harrison, The History of the University of Oxford, vol. VIII: The Twentieth-Century -- rather all too facile for Grice. If we go again through the dictionray now, under faculty’, another fantastic semantic phenomenon awaits us. “Facultās and facilitās,” the N. E. D states, “[are] originally different forms of the same word, the latter, owing to its more obvious relation to the adj. retain[ing] the primary sense of easiness.” Grice does enter the sub-faculty If Kant spent more than a term outside Königsberg, Grice’s mere gap year as a classics master at Rossall is worth mentioning, as it echoes Kant’s idea of where one’s loyalties lie. In those years Oxford apparently showed little interest to allow the younger generation, who knocking at the door, into the corridors of power -- and Grice finds himself teaching classics at Rossall, some 200 miles north-west of the dreaming spires. Grice manages to re-enter the sub-faculty soon enough, as holder now of two senior scholarship, an open one, and a ‘closed’ one to Merton: the Harmsworth, instituted not long before by the Viscount Rothermere in memory of his son, a casualty of the Great War. It is the Harmsworth that positions Grice at the very core of the sub-faculty – with a Rylean caveat: The Sub-Faculty of Philosophy ≠_def Merton. ‘Faculty,’ and ‘sub-Faculty,’ belong, as Kantotle would say, to one category; Merton to another. If we may paraphrase Ryle:“A foreigner visiting Oxford is shown Merton. He then asks ‘But where is the Sub-Faculty of Philosophy? I have seen where the members of Merton live and the rest. But I have not yet seen the Sub-Faculty of Philosophy in which reside and work the members of your sub-faculty of Philosophy.’Our ‘foregin visitor,’ a calque of Ryle’s, is, in Ryle’s words, “mistakenly allocating” the sub-Faculty of philosophy to the same category as that to which the institution of Merton belongs.” Adapted from Ryle, The Concept of Mind, 1949:7. In any case, to Grice, Merton did mean the ‘institutionalisation’ – to echo Ryle -- of his – now philosophical – knowledge, if not a category shift. One in prestige was just around the corner.  Grice’s Privat Dozentur: Tutorial Fellowship at St. John’s This is our high argument. Wordsworth, ‘The Excursion.’ A scholar, after all, is a scholar is a scholar, and, anyway, only the poor learn at Oxford, as Windsor reminds us in A king’s story: the memoirs of H. R. H. the Duke of Windsor, (1951:95). Having achieved the freedom to argue as a scholar – and within the boundaries of your tutor’s ejaculations -- Grice soon achieves the freedom, as a lecturer, to choose about which his own pupil should. And not long after, assuming the tutor role now, the added freedom came to ‘ejaculate’ his objections over his pupil’s weekly paper.  The prestigious St. John’s indeed offers Grice, first, a lectureship, soon to be followed by a whole-time tutorial fellowship – the highest rank a philosopher can achieve at Oxford -- by Kant’s standards. As a university lecturer, Grice is able to combine the freedom that comes with both the private and the public use of reason, as Kant would put it -- as we see Grice engage in indeed the public class – in the sense of  a class ‘open to any member of the university,’ as Oxford defines it.    Unlike a professor, who is never really free – and in fact, ordered to change his college loyalty, s the case might be – Grice’s enduring privat Dozentur gives you that free-wheeling feeling that suited Grice’s personality.  And Grice free-wheeled -- towards psychology, if that of the philosophical sort. His early ‘Negation and privation’ borrows from another first in greats, Gallie, ‘Someone is hearing a noise’ (1936:29) to which Grice applies the ‘privative’ adverb – ‘Someone is not hearing a noise’ -- to analyse, still, in terms of a ‘mental process’ – that of rejection of certitude – towards a different ‘mental process’ that would be realised if that someone would be hearing a noise. “Negation and privation” is followed by a now more serious analysis of Gallie’s original utterance in the affirmative to which Grice applies that idea of a mnemonic mental state that he now borrows from that other B. A. graduate that remained Grice’s mentor: John Locke. For the record, ‘Personal identity’ gets published in Mind: A Quarterly Review of Psychology and Philosophy – in that order, as the publication was then called (It was only later that psychologists could no longer connect). Grice goes alethic -- the Metaphysik der Natur In Grice’s earliest reflections on meaning he would use a sub-psi operator, attached to an utterance “U signified that A should psi- that p.” The generic psychological predicate he later associates with two (and two) only surface operators, which he called the alethic – sybmolised by Frege’s assertion sign, and associated with ‘credibility’ – and the practical – symbolized by the exclamation mark of the imperative, and associated with desirability. Their directions of fit are opposite. For our present purposes we may regard Grice’s approach to Kant’s metaphysik der natur as involving only the ‘alethic’ variety of argument – where it is in the area of the metaphysic der sitten that the ‘practical’ variety appears on the scene. Konigsberg’s Faculty of Philosophy, as Kant well knew, held just two chairs, and Kant knew he was holding the higher of them – that of ‘der Metaphysik der Natur’. The other, that of ‘der Metaphysik der Sitten’ – or just ‘morals’ (75), fell on Christiani, whom Kant thought should rather be teaching arithmetics. Similarly, at Oxford, only two chairs reign supreme. The higher chair at Oxford being that of the Waynflete Professorship of Metaphysical Philosophy – the lower one that of the White Professor of Moral Philosophy. And Grice liked a Waynflete, if only to disagree with him.Grice certainly did more than disagree with Ryle, who held the chair, and his reluctance to give credit to what Grice in ‘Negation and privation’ has as the very idea of a ‘mental process’. Indeed, in his later ‘Prejudices and predilections; which become the life and opinions of H. P. Grice,’ he would make fun of the very idea, now, of a ‘Rylean agitation’ (1986:74). Grice is striding to make sense of his ‘mental process’. Can it be a mere ‘disposition’? Grice is certain that a Rylean account of intention as disposition would just not do.  Grice developed, on the other hand, a strong rapport with who would succeed Ryle in that august chair. As things go at Oxford, it is not surprising that his former pupil, Strawson, echoes his tutor to the letter and to the spirit Grice’s own reminiscences with his own tutor. In his ‘Intellectual autobiography,’ commissioned for The Library of Living Philosophers (now reprinted in his Freedom and resentment and other essays), we read:“[F]rom [Grice] I learned more of the difficulty and possibilities of philosophical argument than from anyone else” (Strawson 2008:xviii). Windsor’s ‘only the poor learn at Oxford’ is subtly qualified by both Grice and Strawson. For Grice, he did learn from his his tutor, but it wasn’t a knowledge-that: it was a knowledge-how, and specifically, the know-how: the things ‘which one can be taught by someone else, as distinct from the things which one has to teach oneself,’ as enlightened by Kant’s faculty of reason, that is. Parallely with Strawson: what he learned from Grice more ‘than from anyone else’ nothing about stuff -- but just the aethereal ‘difficulty and possibilities of philosophical argument.’ And argue they did. Soon Grice and the future professor of metaphysical philosophy embark in the giving of public classes in seminars on Kantotle’s categories – for, as Kant observes: “Following Aristotle we will call these concepts categories, for our aim is basically identical with his although very distinct from it in execution” (Kant 1998:212). Perhaps Grice’s way of arguing with Strawson, and vice versa – were not everybody’s cup of tea. Quine for one found it too mannered, in the Oxonian way. “Peter and Paul alternated from week to week  in the roles of speaker and commentator. The speaker would read his paper and then the commentator would read his prepared comments. ‘Towardsthe foot of page 9, I believe you said …’ Considered judgement was of the essence; spontaineity was not. Peter and Paul were not outgoing. ‘I’m not sure what to make of that question.’ ‘It depends, I should have thought, on what one means by …’. ‘This is a point that I shall think further about before the next meeting.’ (Quine 1985:248).Another attendee, one of Grice’s examinees later on, echoes Quine. “Grice […] read very fast a long paper which was completely unintelligible to me. Perhaps others were having difficulty also because when the paper finished there was a long, almost religious, hush in the room. Then O. P. Wood raised what seemed to be a very minute point even by Oxford standards. A quick dismissive remark by Grice and the room settled down to its devotions again. At this point [someone] sitting next to me turned and said, ‘Say, what is going on here?’ I said, ‘I’m new round here, and I don’t know the rules of this game. But I think Grice and Strawson are winning.’ As it happens, the attendee eventually won himself. During his examination, with Grice on the board, it was Grice the only one who cared to point out that the examinee’s position would lead to a patent self-contradiction, that Kantian anathema that was channelling Grice’s own tutor’s ‘Ooohhh’. Notwithstanding this affront to conversational reason, the examinee was allowed to pass (Armstrong in Franklin 2003:281). Whether he learned the stuff from Grice or not, Strawson happened to prove a good Kantian himself – in the alethic territory, as his now classic testifies -- and D. F. Pears – like Grice, another first in Greats, managed to enlist both Grice and Strawson into a dynamic trio that graced one of Aunt Beebe’s Third Programmes. The interesting bit about this is that it bridges nicely to Grice’s associations with the other Oxford philosophy chair, that of moral philosophy – for Reality (and Reason) have a voice both in the phenomenal and the noumenal realms. “Kant,” Grice et al. note, is a very ambitious metaphysician, who seeks to secure, at one stroke, the foundations of both science and morality. The whole world of nature, including our ordinary human selves — the whole province of scientific knowledge, in fact — is declared to be mere appearance, in contrast with the world of transcendent reality, the world of things in themselves. From behind the curtain Reality speaks -- giving us, indeed, not information, but a command, a moral imperative. In some admittedly unintelligible way, Reality is within us -- as rational beings; and, with unquestionable authority, it lays down the general form of the moral law which we ought, as ordinary human beings, to obey. Grice, Strawson, and Pears 1957:14  Grice goes practical -- the Metaphysik der Sitten Strictly, it’s best not to overlap, at Oxford or elsewhere. If you are the Waynflete professor of metaphysical philosophy at Oxford, you better leave Kant’s Metaphysik der Sitten to the only other chair: the White’s Professorship in Moral Philosophy.  This is what Strawson does in The bounds of sense. Unfortunately, Austin never found Kant too congential to have him engage him in the other critique.  With Austin, like Grice, another first in greats, the newly appointed White’s professor, Grice embarks instead on a public class in a seminar on the Ethica Nichomachaea – along with R. M. Hare, yet another first in greats, and indeed successor of Austin to the chair. “If you don’t like that argument, I will give you another” is the curt way Grice summarises Austin’s public use of reason! A flinty experience, in the words of Warnock, who witnessed it all and reports in his fascinating ‘Saturday mornings,’ in Isaiah Berlin et al, Essays on J. L. Austin, Oxford, The Clarendon Press, later reprinted in his Morality and Language, Oxford, Blackwell (Warnock 1973:35). The passage from διαγωγή to ἐπαγωγή (as Grice 1986 would have it) noted by Warnock is interesting as it dwells, yet again, on the rather conviviality that members of the sub-faculty display in Austin’s play-group – where philosophical (or paraphilosophical) argument was co-operative and collaborative – in contrast with the harsh, if mannered, interaction that prevailed in the public occasion of the public seminar – The two ‘publics’ are Warnock’s.  As it happens, Hare, junior to Grice, was much tamer, and would indeed join Grice’s play group upon Austin’s demise, and would later credit Grice for that clever invention of the ‘conversational implicature’ -- in one of the earliest published occurrences of that expression, in the pages of Mind no less (Hare 1967:311). Hare rightly saw the possibilities of the notion in illuminating areas both of theoretical (or alethic, as Grice prefers) and practical reason. After all conversational reason crosses the divide. But Grice gets really Kantian as he strides – with as much success as Kant -- beyond the sub-faculty – into the world. Grice goes theological Imaginary Conversation No 1 -- après Der Streit der Facultäten in drey Absichten §1. “It is possible to commit oneself to a statement which one has not identified: I could commit myself to the contents of the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England, without knowing what they say.” Grice 1967:1989:56 Would Kant agree? Would the Oxford Regius Professor in Moral and Pastoral Theology agree?  GRICE. I can certainly commit myself to the contents of the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England without even knowing what they say. THE THEOLOGIAN. The thirty-nine of them?  GRICE. And in that order, too. THE THEOLOGIAN. Ah, those literae divinae. Perhaps you should let us know what you mean when you say that an article can ‘say’ something. Aren’t we, rather, the utterers, who are supposed to say? GRICE. Touché. But surely I am not forced to any conclusion, to echo Wood, in Bennett and Wood (1961), given that the premise is a blatantly theological, and dogmatic at that!  THE THEOLOGIAN. Well, it is certainly not philosophical twaddle -- to echo Kant: Was ihr Philosophen da schwahet wußte ich längst von selbst (48). This is the faith that your king defends. GRICE. A bit like Tertullian? THE THEOLOGIAN.Well, he believed because it was absurd, whereas some do not, because they are. GRICE. I see. THE THEOLOGIAN. In fact, it was perhaps because of Kant – “I have never encountered fanaticism, but rather free [freies], unprejudiced reasoning [Räsonnement] and judgment in religious matters” (76) – that Oxford did drop the requirement to obligate a scholar upon matriculation to commit himself to the contents of the Thirty-Nine Articles on the basis that to expect that he would even understand them – even if read to them – was thought perfectly ridiculous and offensive to common sense, as any familiar with Hansard (1835) will let you know.   GRICE. Too bad for Hansard. Well, in any case, let me express to you how glad I am that you are familiar with that rather obscure tract by one half of my favourite philosophers: Kantotle a. k. a. Ariskant, I mean. It may be argued that Grice, unlike Kant, is using Theology as an excuse. But wait until you see how he uses Jurisprudence. [For further references of Grice going theological: vide Warner, “Philosophy, implicature, and liturgy.”] Grice goes juridical Second Imaginary Conversation No. 2 – après Der Streit der Facultäten in drey Absichten §2.  It might be argued that Grice’s reference to the thirty-nine articles is rhetorical, rather than theological. But then, the same can be argued about his attitude towards the august Oxford’s Corpus Professorship of Jurisprudence. As it happens, Grice knew Hart, well – and vice versa. It is not surprising then that, of all possible examples of a ‘suspect’ manoeuvre in argumentation, Grice would pick on Hart: “It seems a plausible suggestion that part of what is required in order that some agent may be correctly said to have performed some operation carefully is that the agent should have been receptive to circumstances in which the venture might go astray […] I have heard it maintained by Hart that such a condition as I have sketched is insufficient.” 1967/1989:7 But is it? If a theologian can appeal to the professor of theology to settle the dispute with Grice, a well-appointed judge can likewise appeal to the professor of jurisprudence to settle the dispute here. GRICE. I am not sure that I would go as far as to say that part of the sense – Fregean sense, I mean – of  what Donoghue said of Stevenson – that he did it ‘carefully’ -- is that the Stevenson was receptive to circumstances in which his venture might have gone astray. THE JUDGE. Well, but he was cross-examined. GRICE. Co-operatively? THE JUDGE. We did the best we could. And it seemed obvious that Donogue’s behaviour did improve our understanding of a general duty of care – on which the Corpus Professor of Jurisprudence has expanded GRICE. But couldn’t his use of ‘carefully’ have been misled by the fact that he was aware that, in cross-examination, a principle of conversational helpfulness is only aped? THE JUDGE. We don’t use that verb here. GRICE. I mean. It’s all about the entailment. Hart seems to be arguing that any statement about what the law has as ‘duty of care’ entaisl Hart’s suspect condition. To do something CAREFULLY would ENTAIL, to use Moore’s jargon, that the doer's pre-cautionary steps are reasonable, and that, if the steps are unreasonable, it is false that the deed was CAREFULLY executed. THE JUDGE. Whereas I take it that you would say it is true? GRICE. Indeed, if misleadingly so.  THE JUDGE. Listen. Whatever the Professor of Jurisprudence may have hinted – and as even Kant acknowledges in Der Streit der Facultäten, it is the law of the land that we are invoking here – not the philosopher’s twaddle. GRICE. Case close. Or is it? Allow me in any case, your Highness, to express to you how glad I am that you are so familiar with that rather obscure tract by one half of my favourite philosophers – Kantotle a. k. a. Ariskant, I mean. Hart was perhaps the professor of jurisprudence who took Grice more seriously. Witness the depth of his oeuvre on the very topic of freedom in publications such as ‘Signs and words -- Critical notice of John Holloway, Language and Intelligence. The Philosophical Quarterly; Acts of will and legal responsibility, in Pears, with Hart, A. M. Honore Causation and the law. Oxford, and with S. N. Hampshire on Decision, intention, and certainty for Mind. Grice goes medical Imaginary Conversation No. 3 – après Der Streit der Facultäten in drey Absichten §3. Perhaps Grice got the most argumentative with the medic who would – allegedly on scientific grounds – rely on what the Oxford Regius Professor of Medicine was saying. “Given that the patient is to be relieved of cephalalgia,” Grice notes in his third Immanuel Kant memorial lecture “– an ailment, a common symptom of which is headache – and that he is of blood group O, the patient must take aspirin.” But “given that he is ALSO to be relieved of gasteroplexis – an ailment, a common symptom of which is stomach cramp --, the patient must be given electromixosis -- the very latest thing in this region of therapy” (2001:86). Grice is here concerned with the logical form of the medic’s resolutions – which Grice has as being of the form ‘Acc (⊦Fx, !Gx)’ where ‘Acc’ stands not for Kant’s acceptance (Annahme, Annehmung – from annehmen, and indeed cognate with both English nim and Gk. nemein – N. E. D.: “the root nem- is prob. Identical with that of Gr. νέμειν to deal out, distribute, hold, possess, occupy) but for the weaker acceptability. As Kant uses the notion in SF his focus is on the collocation ‘to accept freely’. GRICE: So he should be relieved from both cephalalgia and gasteroplexis – and you decide he must be given electromixosis? THE MEDIC. Most definitely, as the Regius Professor of Medicine. GRICE. But aren’t you taking – or accepting – Kant’s Annhame – far too literally? I am reminded of what Aristotle indicates re iatrikos 1986. THE MEDIC. What do you mean?GRICE. Kant restricts ‘acceptance’ to one’s personal, free, decision. Not as a matter of a medic’s command. THE MEDIC. Well, the patient may decide NOT to be given electromixosis. But, again, if I understood Kant’s Streit der Facultaten §3 correctly, my action, qua noumenal, hardly pertain to the phenomenal, or the events as they develop.  GRICE. I see. I hope he’ll accept your acceptance. And in any case, allow me to express to you how glad I am you are so familiar with that rather obscure tract by one half of my favourite philosopher: Kantotle, a. k. a. Ariskant, that is.  Grice goes free Kant’s theological-juridical-medical rolled into one, as an argument pro freedom, rather tha against the free-sceptic, against whom he had been arguing in public seminars at Oxford with another double Greats, Woozley (Grice 1946). Grice’s solution to the Kantian problem. It is obvious that Grice will look for some unity behind Kant’s ‘drey Absichten’ And he finds it. It is best to relate his finding to his treatment of what he then calls the Kantian problem. Like, Kant does in annehmen, Grice sees in ‘accept’ the link that will allow him to cross the alethic-practical devide. An earlier manifestation of this point is in his annual philosophical lecture for the British Academy. “A degree of analogy between believing and intending has to be admitted. We can use the ‘acceptance’ to express a generic concept applying both to a case of intention and to a case of belief,” while he grants that he has not “provided any account of the nature of the non-evidential considerations which may be adduced to justify such a statement, nor a fortiori of the reasons why such considerations might legitimately be thought to succeed in justifying such a statement” (1971:275).   Following Kantotle, rather, Grice proposes to initiate the construction of a concept of rationality bounded to the idea of freedom in a sequence of ‘living beings.’ Admittedly, he allows, unlike Kant, for the concept of ‘freedom’ to apply to the purely physical world – his example is that of the ‘free fall’ and the ‘freely moving.’ He is on firmer grounds as he develops the freedom associated with the vegetal kingdom, very much echoing Kant’s reference to the ‘blade of grass’ in Critik derUrtheilskraft.  As he reaches the Homo sapiens sapiens, Grice feels that, to be endowed with a ‘strong’conception of freedom, the Human needs to transubstantiate into a person. Mosquitoes may be free, but surely they don’t need be rational. It is only then that we reach that stage that Homo sapiens sapiens becomes a Person, and a Metaphysician at that, when the creature is liberated not merely from any external cause, but from every factive cause “being governed instead by reasons, or non-factive causes. It is at this stage that rational activity and intentions appear on the scene” (1986b:113). And that is so because, while the reasoning is of the end-means analysis,,the end is one which is, in Grice’s parlance, “freely adopted or pursued” by the agent. And Grice takes the task seriously. His ‘acceptance’ is further to analysed in terms, not so much of Stout’s certainties, but of Prichard’s ‘willing’ as her Prichard’s “Acting, Willing, Desiring.” The formulations by Grice are made within the context of wat he calls ‘philosophical psychology,’ and ends in the compilation of a very general manual – “which might not improperly be called Immanuel.” And Grice loved the Grundlegung, that he saw as foreshadowing Prichard:The notion of action will be what is required for actions to provide within the framework of a theory of conduct, a basis for the assessment of the agents to whom they are imputable. But for that purpose the all-important elements are the presence of will directed towards the realization of a state of affairs specially associated with the action, accompanied perhaps by belief or conviction that that state of affairs has been, or is being realized; whether the realization is actually forthcoming seems to be, in comparison, relatively unimportant as far as moral assessment is concerned, though it may be of greater consequence in other related forms of assessment, such as legal assessment. As Kant wrote in the Grundlegung, Even if it should happen that owing to the special disfavour of fortune, or the niggardly provision of a step-motherly nature, this will should wholly lack power to accomplish its purpose, if in its greatest efforts it should yet achieve noth-ing, and there should remain only the good will (not, to be sure, a mere wish, but the summoning of all means in our power), then, like a jewel, it would still shine by its own light, as a thing which has its whole value in itself (Abbott edition, p. 11). And, no doubt mutatis mutandis something  comparable could be said about the bad will. Grice 1986:130.Compulsion and chance will occur, since Grice sees akrasia – in both the alethic and practical varieties – are essential for the very understanding of a rational being. “We may get a judgement that one wills that p without the willing that p, and we may get willing that p without judging that one wills that p -- indeed, with judging that one does not will that p.” Grice 1991:155. Grice’s symbolism actually helps in elucidating what after may have been after in his search for a logic of freedom. There are “cases,” Grice says, “in which my lower nature interferes; inclinations, or some other disturbing factors, stop me from judging or willing that p, but do not stop me from willing that I will or judge that p, a higher-order state which may or may not in the end win out. Such cases of incipient incontinence of will or judgement are endemic to the constitution of a rational being. It seems to me, then, that the "B' cases should be allowed. Since, however, my present prime concern is with acceptability rather than with acceptance, and since it seems that what would justify accepting ⊦_Ap (or !_Ap) would also justify accepting ⊦_Bp (or !_Bp), and, again, vice versa, I think we can, within the scope of "it is acceptable that", safely omit the subscripts.” (Grice 2001:72).If Kant thought he would allow philosophy being the ancilla theologiae – even if the torch-bearing one -- Grice was never so ready to go, as many of the philosophers of his generation were so ready to endorse a mythical Einheit der Wissenschaft, with philosophy as the regina scientiarum if that will be the mere queen consort (Grice 1986) – (It is as a result of this disquisition by Grice that he gets the complaint by Bennett to the Clarendon Press for inserting Grice’s references to two real queens (Victoria and Elizabeth II) and two real queen consorts (Anne and Elizabeth the Queen Mother): ‘surely irrelevant royalty has no place in an index’. The philosopher needs to account both for cases of reasonableness and free from unreasonableness.In his stride against an eliminationist type of psychology – his science of choice -- Grice finds support in his idea of linguistic botanizing. If a classical education (Grice’s phrase – Grice 1986 --- indeed it may well be that his proficiency “demands a classical education”) as the one he received entitled him to the proficiency of linguistic use, Grice was more than willing to utilise – and would look for collocations where ‘free’ interacts with ‘reason’. This was more than it was for Flew, one of Grice’s earliest pupils, than a mere application of the paradigm-case argument (Flew (1954). Grice’s point being that the concept IS there – only to be re-constructed by the philosopher from τα λεγόμενα of οἱ πολλοί. Grice 1987. His defence was for Common Sense and Common Language. Grice lists ‘alcohol-free,’ ‘free for lunch’, and ‘free-wheeling’ – to which one can add Epictetus’s “ἑμιελευθερός” – as in ‘semi-free for lunch’ -- along with the definitions ‘liberal’, ‘acting without restriction,’ and ‘frank in ‘conversation’  -- “all any gentleman needs to know” as Grice puts it. And who could be more liberal than Grice when, apres Locke, claims he can invent a language, “call it Deutero-Esperanto” and set out what is proper”? (Grice 1989). As with Kant’s SF, behind it all lies for Grice the cri-de-coeur to give “attention to the idea of freedom” such that it will call for the search for a “rational justification for the adoption or abandonment of ultimate ends.” Whatever the difficulties involved in such an enterprise, if it is not fulfilled, our freedom threatens to dissolve into mere compulsion or chance. 1986:113. Fully liberated, free-wheeling rational agents will do as they will – even flouting the maxims and principles that they impose as determining their conduct – “My lips are sealed” is Grice’s answer to Kant’s “Is telling the truth a perfect obligation?” even if founded on a conversational manual that to echo Kant Grice calls the IMMANUEL, where maxims are ordered by the Kantian quartette of categories. For the maxims, too, are freely chosen. And the devil of scientism who happens to be free-sceptic can only lose his audience if what he asks is a total breakdown of this type of reason. Since it is only in conditions of total freedom that the rational agent can assign value. Ultimately, this “attention to the idea of freedom may lead us to the need to re-solve or dissolve the most important unsolved problem in philosophy, namely: how we can be at one and the same time members both of the phenomenal [subvenient] and of the noumenal [supervening] world. Or, to put the issue less cryptically: to settle the internal conflict between one part of our rational nature, the scientific part which calls (or seems to call) for the universal reign of deterministic law, and that other part which insists that not merely moral responsibility but every variety of rational belief demands exemption from just such a reign. 1986b:113.Grice would on occasion say that there is ‘no conflict’ between Eddington’s two tables – since scientific and philosophical purposes are distinct. Like other philosophers of his generation, Grice engaged in the complexities of a fully Kantian concept of freedom with passion. His seminars with D. F. Pears and J. F. Thomson left a mark in what is rather derogatorily termed as the ‘ordinary-language’ philosophy of freedom – -- vide Pears, in his Freedom and the Will, Pears, Pears and Thomson, Pears and Strawson, on Freedom and knowledge, Pears and Hampshire and Gardiner – all members of Grice’s play group -- where, as Mundle notes, by ‘ordinary language’, Oxonians mean ‘anyone who has earned a first at Greats.’ (Mundle 1971). And the wealth of Grice’s material in The H. P. Grice Papers still await the Kantian scholar to review – vide Guyau, Hanna and Moore. Grice once ended up a lecture with a caveat: “I have some hope that today’s offering might provide an adequate starting-point for one of those interminable sequences of revisions of which serious theoretical thought seems so largely to consist.” (1991:91). Fitting in that endless conversation that Kant’s utopia promises, and promoting exercise of argument, and like Kant, he infuses philosophy with life. As Kant and Grice leave the scene with questions “bristling with unsolved or incompletely solved problems.” Yet Grice adds: I do not find this thought daunting. If philosophy generated no new problems it would be dead, because it would be finished; and if it recurrently regenerated the same old problems it would not be alive because it could never begin. So those who still look to philosophy for their bread-and-butter should pray that the supply of new problems never dries up. Grice 1986:106. As we draw to the close of this exploration into the theoretical foundations of Grice’s conversational model, it is fitting to reflect on the remarkable breadth and depth achieved by both Grice and his interpreter, J. L. Speranza. Their combined efforts have not only illuminated the intricate mechanisms underlying conversational phenomena, but have also traced these mechanisms far beyond the boundaries of the philosophy of language, reaching into the domains of philosophy of action, philosophical psychology, morality, and rationality. Grice’s framework, with its careful attention to the conditions and structures of meaning, intention, and interpretation, has provided scholars with tools to understand how conversation is embedded within broader patterns of human conduct. Speranza’s interpretive work has further enriched this understanding, drawing connections that reveal the relevance of conversational principles in the study of agency, the formation of motives, the evaluation of moral choices, and the exercise of reason. Together, they have shown that conversational theory is not an isolated discipline, but a vital part of the philosophical inquiry into what it means to act, to intend, to judge, and to value. It is through such interdisciplinary reach that Grice’s legacy continues to inspire new generations of scholars. To the reader who has patiently engaged with these arguments and followed the thread of inquiry through its many facets, sincere congratulations are due. Your perseverance and intellectual curiosity are the very qualities that sustain philosophical progress and ensure that the conversation, in the deepest sense, remains open and fruitful. May your continued study carry forward the spirit of dialogue and discovery that Grice and Speranza exemplified, and may you find in these pages both guidance and encouragement for your own philosophical journey. Where shall I begin, please your Majesty?” “Begin at the beginning,” the King said, very gravely, “and go on till you come to the end: then stop.” “That’s all,” said the King. “These were the verses the White Rabbit read:—” Lewis Carroll, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, London: Macmillan and Co., 1865, Chapter XII, “Alice’s Evidence”. Chapter 10. Our opening chapter of  Part IV (the last part) deals mainly with those Oxonian (Vadum Boum) English born (in their majority) philosophers with whom Grice did not directly interact – but who have felt his influence. It is my belief that as a national treasure as Grice is, it is at Vadum Boum that his heritage shines, -- and those associated with Sorbonne or Bologna may at most extract the implicatum for personal pleasure. Chapter 10 will be followed by a chapter 11 specifically on Bolognese-oriented philosopehrs (having skipped Sorbonne) and the whole study will conclude with prospects for pragmatics in chapter 12. Give more body to the centre of the paragraph adding info you can summarise from the study.  Our opening chapter of Part IV—the final section—primarily examines Oxonian (Vadum Boum) philosophers, mainly English-born, who did not directly engage with Grice yet were influenced by his thought. While Grice's legacy is celebrated nationally, his impact is most evident at Vadum Boum; those linked to Sorbonne or Bologna tend to appreciate his work more for individual interest than scholarly development. The study shows that these Oxonian philosophers have integrated aspects of Gricean theory into debates on meaning and intentionality, even without direct contact. Chapter 10 is followed by chapter 11, focusing on philosophers from Bologna (after omitting Sorbonne), and the work concludes with an outlook on pragmatics in chapter 12. Grice says that conversations are open-ended in that you never know when they will end. We have to rational (or at least reasonable) creatures in front of each other. When is the time for the pre-sequence, like: “I have a train to catch?” Echoing, I think, fom G. N. Leech, not a philosopher himself, which clearly shows in his breaking the Grice maxim: principles of pragmatics should not be multiplied beyond necessity – I think he makes a passing reference to a phrase I liked: retrospects, and prospects, or prospects and retrospects, I forget. This is anti-Griceian, who is ONLY on ‘retrospect’ (vide his ‘Retrospective epilogue’ – what can be more retrospective than an epilogue! By comparison, his PRE-face takes only three pages! The idea is: suppose we consider the PROSPECTS first – the student – the Griceian I mean – should take a RETROSPECTS-view, should consider the retrospects. It is said that analytical philosophy has no history and that it is best to leave a brain under formation – as Grice’s was when The Oxford Gazette announced in 1930 that he had obtained the scholarship in classics for Corpus Christi. Grice is too good about Hardie, when he compares him to his (Gice’s, not Hardie’s) father – a failed businessman, but a fine musician --. For from Herbert Grice Grice got life, and the ability to reason. From Hardie, the scot who tutored the ‘man’ that Grice was – Oxonian dons NEVER use other than ‘man’ to refer to his tutees – Grice learned ‘those things that you have to learn from another than learn by yourself!’ Mill would disagree, and a few other independent researchers. As the dependent researcher that Hardie was – earning his bread and butter teaching lit. hum. to Grice – Hardie was MOULDING Grice. It is a good thing that when Grice became the moulder – even pre-War, with tutees like P. F. Strawson and A. G. N. Flew – he could NOT be less Hardieian! (These were the years were the Scots were invading south of the Berwick. They may worship St. Andrews, but Grice had to suffer a Scot as tutor at Corpus Chrsti, and indeed, one reason why, The Oxford Gazette tells us, Grice was confirmed, even before his fellowship, to an internal lectureship at St. John’s – was that he could relieve of some weight to that OTHER SCOT – of the same generation as Hardie – that was at the time the ONLY TUTORIAL FELLOW IN PHILOSOPHY at St. John’s: J. D. Mabbott. Mabbott would indeed survive Grice, as would Hardie – longevity of the highlands – and Mabbott indeed go on to praise Grice, in the typical, rather fake way, philosophers adopt when writing memories. Being read ‘Oxford memories’ by Mabbott, Grice exclaimed: “Good old Mab, I never thought for a second he thought so highly of me!”  We have reached a level where we should be more or less clear about the PHILOSOPHICAL IMPORT of H. P. Grice’s theory of conversation, and the seminal role it played in Oxford philosophy in the twentieth century. We have presented, in Part I: THE GENERAL FRAMEWORK; in part II the various conversational illustrations along the parade of publicationsn and unpublications with which Grice delighted his audience, and have inspected the major philosophical consequences of his type of rationalism invoked in his substantial theory underlying conversation. So it is time for some conclusions.Grice has not been fortunate in this exegeses. He says he was, but just out of politeness. Oxford philosophy (and more importantly, NON-Oxford philosophy, and NON-OXFORD NON-philosophy) being what it is, that was bound to happen.As Grice says, he suffered his whole life the ANTAGONISTIC mode of philosophising: the epagogue. Whenever Grice felt challenged he forgot his native Birmingham-area accent and appealed to classical Greek. “I was never into epagogue; I am all for DIA-gogue!” But Oxford philosophy is NOT made of diagogue. It is a REQUIREMENT for passing the simplest examination in philosophy – forget other disciplines: you cannot argue history or brain science – that you should take a CRITICAL stance: critique. And critique is what Grice got.  In all fairness the conversations in which Grice found himself philosophically engaging were not just his contemporaries. He indeed had praised to treat those who are dead and great as dead and living. So, it is worth considering his interactions which Grice undertook ‘in theory’. Under this group we should consider not his engagement with Athenian Dialectic (the old-gone trio of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle) but more contemporary figures, too. An important figure to consider is John Locke, associated with Oxford to the point that the John Locke Prize was possibly the most valuable prize that Oxford could offer. Grice sets the record straight in his proem to his John Locke Lectures. He confesses he had applied for the Prize on TWO occasions – failed on both. The references to Locke by Grice fall in two groups. The more tangential one in one respect is Grice’s obsession with that passage in Essay concerning Humane Understanding where ‘humane’ as Locke was, Locke explores ‘person,’ ‘man,’ ‘parrot.’ Grice takes this up in ‘Personal identity’ and never let it go. Up to his memoir in ‘Prejudcies and predilections’ Grice is still considering what he know sees as a TRANSSUBSTANTIATION, where the human (or man) has to turn himself into a metaphysician and become a person. The less tangential (is it?) concern is what has been called the TELEMENTATIONISM. In the European tradition of philosophy, any interest in communication – via signs which were arbitrary – was the place where the philosopher could expand on how useful – the utility – of it all. Homo would not be the rational animal if Homo were uncapable of ‘letting his companions’ know about his ‘ideas,’ which stand for thing. This telementational model pervades Grice’s programme, and his contribution to the debate was his rather elaborate functionalism that allows the philosopher to describe such an ‘idea’ in terms which do not rely on ‘the semantic.’ For such a manoeuvre, he needs to disqualify Locke on some respects: words will not be signs (as Locke claims) and it’s best to stick to conversational moves which may display different forms – not necessarily ‘linguistic’ or verbal –: a gesture (like Grice’s frown) will do. It’s the utterance that matters, of the UTTERER, which becomes Grice’s equivalent of the de-Saussure SIGNIFICANS. Locke was being popular at Oxford due mainly to the work of a practitioner of this type of ordinary language philosophy: Ronald Hall, who upon leaving Oxford, dedicated the rest of his life to the edition of The Locke Newsletter, so Grice knew where the Oxford tradition shone best. Consider Wilson. Grice takes a look at Wilson’s contribution as late as 1987, the year before Grice’s death. He brings Cook Wilson as a relativist in the sense that truth would be too much of a standard for him, and ‘taken for granted’ seems to do just fine. Grice will refer to Cook Wilson’s Statement and inference when considering the conversational role of various ‘connectors,’ notably ‘if’ as in COOK WILSON. But who did kill Cock Robin. FAIRBOROUGH. It wasn’t the Wren.Grice considers those conversational exchanges as conditional in form. Cook Wilson is led to engage in a piece of conditional reasoning – elimination. If it wasn’t the Wren it was most likely the Sparrow. A third occasion refers to Grice’s memoir, where Grice cherished the encounter with a rear admiral at Strawson’s college of Magdalen and the talk that ensued after diner in the common room.GRICE. Cook Wilson. I still find his STATEMENT and INFERENCE engagement.REAR ADMIRAL. I cannot say I would appreciate Cook Wilson the way YOU do, I was just his tutee. But we just loved him.GRICE. What was about him that you found particularly of reverential devotion? REAR ADMIRAL. The thing he SAID things. He would out of the blue, provide all the confort I needed by a simple tautological remark like ‘What we know we know.’ It would be more difficult to find a conversational illustration where ‘What we know we know’ finds a place in conversation. When formulating his principle, ‘Make your contribution such as is required by the purpose of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.’ Grice found that patent tautologies like ‘Women are women’ or ‘War is war’ may play a judicious role qua conversational moves. Ditto for ‘What we know we know.’ COOK WILSON’S DAUGHTER. I didn’t know that. COOK WILSON. You do know. DAUGHTER. True. I know. We know. COOK WILSON. What we know we know. DAUGHTER. That, too. Thank you, Father.  From the closests of his colleagues. From the closest of his affiliations. One should be a good conversational example. Grice’s polemic with Austin. Admittedly, provocative intent and all, Grice is postulating the problem wrongly: linguistic botanising does NOT mean ‘going through the dictionary and believing all that the dictionary says!’ But the conversation on record went: GRICE: Byzantine. I’m feeling byzantine.AUSTIN. I can’t see what you mean. GRICE. Well, if you would, you’d have better eyes than most. What I meant, I followed your advice, and did go through the dictionary. Recall your point that the way to get to the kernel of what ‘feeling Adj.’ means is to go through the Oxford Little Dictionary. Well, I had to stop at ‘BY-‘ all combinations made perfect logical sense to me. AUSTIN. Perhaps you should have tried the Concise! GRICE: Austin. My point: I don’t give a hoot what the dictionary says (APPALLED SILENCE and Pause IN THE HALL OF FAME OF THE PLAYGROUP) AUSTIN: And that’s where you make your big mistake, if you ask me. The problem is that nobody was! Grice’s polemics with Austin are long-going, and they are some of them on record by Grice himself. My favourite being Grice’s treatment of Austin in the ‘Prolegmena’ to ‘Logic and Conversation’. Grice credits Austin with providing a general formula to Ryle’s even more pedantic approach to ‘willingness’. ‘A did A M-ly’. But Austin cares to distinguish between the implicature and what is NOT the implicature, and that is that.  Grice’s interactions with the senior group led by Ryle did not fare any better. In the obituary of Ryle written by Owen for The Aristotelian Society, Grice could read Ryle’s impressions about this. Ryle was familiar with Grice in the wrong way. Austin gone, Ryle thought he would recover the lustre that Austin had taken from him as the Grand Master of Ordinary-Language Philosophy. In retrospect, and only on Ryle’s death, Owen tells the truth: Ryle despised Austin and his sequel, and by that he meant Grice, who had the cheek to continue those infamous meetings of the Saturday-moning play group. By the time, transportation to London had made easier, and few would stay at Oxford for the week-end anyway (“Week-end? What IS a week-end?” Grice is clear that Austin never cared for the play group more than he should and that the Saturday-morning meetings were held ‘during term time’. By the time Austin was gone, there was no such thing as ‘term time,’ and life beings at Oxford Circus! Austin was the leader of the play group but not his only component. Indeed, no history of H. P. Grice’s philosophy of language and communication could be to some complete unless it discussed the consequences, as per conclusions, with regard to the interactions by Grice with other members than Austin from this group. It is interesting that, when it comes to Grice’s own CONTRIBUTIONS to the minutes of Austin’s play group the record is scares. We have at least one interaction. AUSTIN: Byzantine? GRICE. Yes, that’s how I’m feeling. And I did the work, I went through the dictionary. To be honest, I don’t give a hoot what the dictionary says. AUSTIN. And that’s where you make your big mistake. Austin’s response didn’t exactly hurt Grice, and in fact Grice prided of the fact that he had the courage to challenge Austin on that. Of course Austin’s point is NOT, when it comes to botany, to go ‘through the dictionary and believe everything it says,’ which is Grice’s paraphrase. The dictionary doesn’t DEFINE, for one. And ordinary language rather grows from the native competence of its speakers, not from the pages of the Little Oxford Dictionary. A second interaction of Grice-Austin in the play group – or Grice’s interaction in the playgroup simpliciter – has made into the pages in print. In some versions, the credit to Grice is not given. Grice repairs the mistake. When recalling the incident, it is best to provide a conversational illustration of what such para-philosophical conversation on a Saturday morning – ‘when plain philosophers meet to philsophise,’ as Gellner had it – might have gone: AUSTIN. That’s not really philosophically important. GRICE. I fail to see how you draw such a sharp line between what is philosophically important and what is not. AUSTIN. I challenge then, Grice, to bring for next Saturday morning an example of a philosophical UNimportant remark. The fact that the discussion took four weeks is the whole point of the punch line. The next week Grice brings the requested example. GRICE. It has been observed that the modifier ‘very’ applies to any adjective you choose. However, the grammatically analogous modifier ‘highly’ seldom does so. ‘Highly stupid’ does not ring a bell in me as a piece of ordinary language. AUSTIN. Your point? GRICE. I would claim that the distinction in our use of ‘highly’ versus ‘very’ fits your identification of a realm of conversational examples that while INTERESTING, display NO PHILOSOPHICAL interest. Or to use your preferred sobriquet. It is UNimportant. AUSTIN. Important UNimportant important. I was never good at judging what is IMPORTANT simpliciter, never mind PHILOSOPHICALLY important.Grice recalls the anecdote with wisdom and humour. Given that the occasion had been treated as the epitome of the Play Group – and by extension, the whole Oxford programme in ordinary language philosophy – frivolity, Grice felt like justifying both Austin and Grice in retrospect. When taking out of context, one would think that Austin and Grice were discussing about proper and improper uses of ‘highly’ versus proper and improper uses of ‘very.’ But, as Grice makes it clear, the situation was other, and rather compared to how many angels can dance on the head of a pin. The mediaeval question was aimed at a clarification in the analysis of materia extensa. Similarly, Grice goes on, the very/highly debate was merely put forward as an EXEMPLIFICATION towards the identification of an alleged distinction between a question or problem which, while important per se, would not qualify as having any PHILOSOPHICAL importance whatsoever. Grice confesses that the debates on issues on the Saturday morning was replaced by another one without any clear sign that they have reached some level of success in answering the original question! In chronological terms, the figure of A. D. WOOZLEY is figure in this respect. He had participated in Austin’s old play group (that lasted only two years) and joined Austin in 1946 in the ‘new’ play group. Grice was familiar with Woozley pre-war as Woozley was editing pieces by Reid that would become helpful to Grice in his ‘Personal identity.’ Interestingly, after the war, in the very 1946, Grice – who was Woozley’s senior – organized with him a joint seminar on ‘Common sense and scepticism.’ It was a long seminar, and Grice’s role was that of attacking the sceptic. In retrospect, Grice saw those interactions with affection, and he thought that the objection he posed to the sceptic in the very terms of the theory of conversation (communication in reasonable terms) should prove ‘fatal.’ While in the later version of ‘Meaning,’ Grice does not consider the quantificational or predicate-calculus or propositional-calculus logical form of the message that is being communicated, the analysans being always of the form VOLAJUDBJUDAp in ‘Common Sense and scepticism’ Grice considers VOLAJUDBJUDA(p & ~p). There is an Eleatic side to this. What if the sceptic is intending his addressee to engage in a CONTRADICTION? This is what Grice leads the sceptic to be precisely doing. The figure of G. A. PAUL is important to consider in connection with Grice. When Grice cared to list the members of the play group – in the only passage where he does – the list is surely not complete. He is just pointing to the fact that each member displayed ‘such an independence of mind’ that any idea that they were just DISCIPLES of Austin, or his apostles, would be silly. And it is here that PAUL gets a mention. When in “Retrospective Epilogue” Grice explores the motivations and underlying unity of his various philosophical efforts – this was the year before his death –he seems to suggest that it was Paul’s ‘Is there a problem about sense data?” in Mind that was in the air thick enough for Grice and Austin and the more junior Warnock to realise that the philosophy of perception was a topic worth pursuing for its general value, and not just as a discipline within epistemology, as it is often done in the Continent, which is always less empiricist. Paul’s career was brief. An amateur sailor, he died after a frigid incursion in the North Sea.  Consider Strawson. It would be difficult to find a peer to Grice’s talent other than Strawson. As a tutee, and later colleague, he provided foil to Grice’s concoctions, and the interesting things are two: that a tutee would be so engaged with his tutor – by law, an Oxford tutee loses all interest in his tutor, as Grice did with his own, Hardie – once the examinations are over. The other is that the tutor (Grice) showed an interest in what his former tutee had to say (most tutors don’t) and perhaps unethically, came to critique him! The divergences became deeper with the years. From the early credit by Strawson to Grice in Introduction to Logical Theory, a full programme in Strawsonian truth-value gap semantics-sans-implicature became an option to some. The Gricieans had to keep defending a world-view without truth-value gaps. But Strawson was five years Grice’s junior. There were other philosophers in between. One is even older than Austin: Hart. Hart has been studied critically – notably in a festcrhift with a contribution by G. P. Baker (Gordon Parks Baker, if you musn’t) on ‘defeasibility’ and meaning. The biographer of H. L. A. Hart has examined the role Grice played in Hart’s development: he intimated him! This is curious since in Hart’s letter to Morton White, Hart wants (uninvitedly) warn White that Grice ‘is a character’ that needs prompting, ‘as we give it to him at Oxford – so please do when he visits.’ Hart manages to quote from Grice in an obscure review to Holloway’s Language and Intelligence that appeared in the pages of The Philosophical Quarterly some five years earlier than when Strawson finally decided that it was time to publish Grice’s piece. Hampshire is another interesting character, and his association with Hart seems natural. They have a joint essay together, on intention and certainty, which was the trigger for Grice’s own ‘intention and UN-certainty’. But Hampshire knew Hart from well before then, having socialsed, as Grice did not, with Austin and Berlin and four other – the group of six – at the Tuesday meetings at All Souls. Hampshire’s Thought and Action, a masterpiece with some boring sides to it – shows some similarity with Grice in the general framework of the consideration of intention, and behaviour, with emphasis on the point about trust, and co-ooperation. While Hampshire and Grice interacted occasionally after the war – they would dine at each other colleges at least once a month – their secific credits are sparse. Nowell-Smtih is an intersteing character. Just one year younger than Grice, he possibly felt all the embarrassment in the fact that while HE did coin the idea of a ‘contextual implication’ and went on to catalogue the ‘rules’ of trust, and relevance – he is only recalled by Grice by his clumsy interations with Austin, which Grice provides in detail. FIRST INTERACTION. Nowell-Smith. Bribe! The idea! Austin. Well, that’s what happened, if we are to trust Gardiner. The Greek tutee was just bribing Gardiner for a free pass to avoid the Friday tutorial so he could head straight to London on the Friday train. Nowell-Smith. And what did Gardiner say. Austin. Well, that’s the point. What would YOU say? Nowell-Smith. That I don’t take bribes on principle. Austin. Would you? I think ‘No thanks’ may even more than that Greek bastard deserves! SECOND INTERACTION. Nowell-Smith: Nobody speaks to confuse his audience – unless you are a poet, you know. Austin. What do you mean. Nowell-Smith. I specifically mean Donne. What can be more Unintelligible than ‘From the imagined four-coners of the earth, angels your trumpets blow.’ Austin. What about it? Nowell-Smith: I find ‘imagined four-corners of the eatth’ unparseable. Austin. Your problem. Surely Donne could count on a smarter audience. By importantion you get the imagined out of the clause, and get: angels, blow your trumpets from what LESS INTELLIGENT people than me would refer to as the four corners of the earth. Grice’s problem with Nowell-Smtih was  deeper than that. If Grice does use ‘rule’ for ‘maxim,’ when referring to the ‘rules of the conversational game’ he knew deep down that they are not RULES as cricket rules are rules, or auction-bridge rules are rule (he mastered the game) or chess rules are rules (he also mastered this game) or football rules are rules (Grice captained the football team at Corpus for a year). While Grice has a full panoply of concepts to see how his rules of the conversational game are only METAPHORICAL THUS called, he was never sure Nowell-Smith did. In any case, Nowell-Smith never stopped being the empiricist he was, and would have hardly swallowed the Kantian weight that Grice needed to impose to the rules for them STOPPING from being arbitrary, constitutive, procedures of a given coordination activity and become part (if not parcel) of the human faculty that makes a person a human: reason itself, and conversational reason its offspring! A similar situation with Urmson. These were the days when Oxford was at its (or her?) most parochial, so don’t expect to find any of this in pint. Urmson ended up writing the obituary for Grice in THE INDEPENDENT (which nobody at Oxford reads), but the interaction dates from a few years earlier. My favourite is Grice’s citation of Urmson in ‘Utterer’s meaning and revisited.’ When we analysed previously the anatomy of the M-INTENTION we got VOLIT_AJUDGE_BACCEPT_Ap where ACCEPT is Grice’s dummy for ‘either volit or judge.’ I. e. the anatomy of a single M-intention behind the simplest conversational move involves a VOLITION on the part of the game-player that his co-player will JUDGE that the conversationalist ACCEPTS that p. (‘Close the door!’ It is already closed!). It is discussion with Urmson – in the example of a bribery – that moves Grice further away from the causalist approach he had ventured in ‘Meaning.’ In ‘Utterer’s meaning and intentions’ Grice thus cites Urmson explicitly as the only source for his necessity to expand the clauses required in the NECESSITY of the conditions for an M-intention being what it is. Grice’s analysis was formulated up to that point in a manner which was loose enough to allow for the motivation behind the utterer behind a matter of a CAUSAL influencing his co-conversationalist in terms of an expected ‘response’ – or ‘effect,’ indeed. The cause-effect link despised by Hume. Urmson made it clear to Grice that there is a REASON involved here. Kemmerling expresses this by means of a curved arrow, which is not the truth-functional ‘if’ – p -> q. In Urmson’s original case of a bribery, we can go back to GARDINER and ONASSIS exchange. GARDINER: See you on Friday then, Onasssis. ONASSIS. I won’t be able to make it. I intend to take the morning train to London then. GARDINER. Are you suggesting you’ll miss our tutorial. ONASSIS produces a bundle of bills. By bribing Gardiner, Onassis is EXPECTING that his showing the colour of money, Gardiner will allow Onassis skip the tutorial. But what kind of behaviour do we have on Gardiner’s part? Is Gardiner’s acceptance of the bribe CAUSED by his perception of the money? No. What we require for Onassis feel free to skip the tutorial is that Onassis recognizes that he has instilled in Gardiner a REASON, and not merely a CAUSE to accept the money. Grice reformulates Urmson’s original example in terms of a torturer applying thumbscrews on his victim.  TORTURER. Where is he? VICTIM. Won’t say. TORTURER applies thumbscrews VICTIM. In the attic! Here, the victim’s conversational move, ‘In the attic’ is prompted by the thumbscrews but not as mere CAUSE. The victim has still to process his pain in such a way that the pain will provide his REASON, and not merely his CAUSE for answering the question! Urmson received good treatment by his former colleagues and tutees in a festschrift which unfortunately made little of his interaction with Grice. The locus classicus for a full account of the history and the concluding prospects of Grice’s theory of conversation will have to take into account what became a famous locus classicus in he literarture of Oxford ordinary-language philosophy. In Urmson’s Parenthetical Verbs, and in his essay on Probability which appeared in a collection edited by one of Grice’s earliest – if not the earliest – tuttee: A. G. N. Flew, Urmson discusses a few points that have Griceian relevance. Urmson refers to a ‘scale.’ This is before Grice is commenting the usual mistake made by that philosopher who goes as per this conversation: MALCOLM. You know that, Moore? MOORE. No, I just believe it. The reciprocal: MALCOLM: You believe that, Moore? MOORE: No, I know it.Grice and Urmson agree that Moore is being illogical here: if he knows it, he believes it. Urmson explains this in terms of the scale (Urmson’s term): ‘know’ above ‘belief.’ The utterance of a parenthetical, such as ‘I believe,’ versus ‘I know’ is guided by the choice guided by expectations in conversation. Urmson mentions expectations involving trust and informativeness. In further publications, notably in his essay on ‘Intensionality’ for the Aristotelian Society Urmson considers: A: The backyard is empty. No animals there B: Wrong: there is a bacterium. Second version: A: The backyard is empty. No animals there. B: Wong. Aunt Matilda is there. Urmson, like Grice, would claim that there is an implicature that ‘animal’ conversationally implicates – ‘not an ant’ and ‘not an aunt.’ “Animal” by default is, in Urmson’s parlance, ‘middle-size animal.’ None of this level of detail is usually encountered in standard presentations of Grice’s philosophy – the reason being that the Oxonian context is taken out of the account! HARE is an interesting figure to analyse in connection with Grice’s pragmatics in that Hare could be elusive. He had lectured with both Austin and Grice on a seminar on Ethica Nicomachea, and Hare would indeed succeed Kneale who had succeeded Austin as White’s professor of moral philosophy. The interactions with Grice started early enough, and Grice would rely on Hare’s 1949 ‘Imperative sentences’ essay in Mind to elucidate with his tutees issues of meaning. Grice knew that Hare was into something.  In contrast with Grice, in retrospect, we may say that Hare became too obsessed with just ONE type of NEUSTIC. He took his professional duties seriously, and once he was appointed the White’s professor of moral philosophy, he possibly thought, as Grice suggests, that he no longer needed to provide an answer qua philosopher as such. It is not surprising that when criticizing the colonial philosopher J. L. Mackie, who had recently died, Grice in the first Paul Carus lectures, brings Mackie to task, by quoting extensively from The Invention of right and wrong. But of all the paraphernalia in Mackie’s essay, it is the verbatim comments by Hare against the universality of values that struck Grice most as ripe for criticism.  Grice would object to Hare that ‘sub-atomic particles’ of logic need not be multiplied beyond necessity. Grice does distinguish between the RADIX and the PROPOSITIONAL CONTEXT (that cat sat on the mat) to which an indicator of MODE is attached. But he rather SIMPLIFIES the modes – to two: the VOLIT and the JUDGE – and both are seen as manifestations of one single supra-operator: the ACCEPT. Throughout his career, Grice kept this generalizing attitude, which he saw was being restricted by Hare by focusing on just one type of sub-atomic analysis, the “!” operator.  When the O. E. D. were looking for early citations of ‘conversational’ implicature and implicature simpliciter, I provided the quote from the early 1967 essay by Hare on Indicatives, where the conversation could go: HARE. I shall post the letter. MRS. HARE. Please. HARE. Or burn it. Hare is applying Grice’s consideration re: “My wife is in the kitchen; therefore, my wife is in the kitchen or in the garden.” Hare is seeing that one alleged asymmetry between an !-forced conversational move and a .-forced conversational move may be explained away by recourse to the conversational logic provided by Grice that knows no boundaries between the alethic and the practical. Indeed, Hare is being reluctant here, and cannot really quote from ‘Logic and conversation’, but from Grice’s earlier ‘The Causal Theory of Perception.’ In the version of ‘Logic and conversation’ that came to light in 1975, Grice is critical about the look of  his ‘conversational immanuel’ as too alethically-oriented. He would remark that he has stated the maxims as if the purpose of conversation were the maximally efficient exchange of information – for ‘indicative cases,’ as he has it in his 1948 ‘Meaning’ – but accommodation can easily be made to allow for the mutual influencing – psi-transfer – behind the simplest motivation by a conversationalist in the ‘instititution of a decision’ via deliberation. In such colloquial terms, he seems to be addressing Hare’s obsession with the practical reason which Kant only thought elucidating well after he had critiqued alethic reason in full! WARNOCK was quite Grice’s senior, but they got on together very well, and one is surprised that Warnock, but not Grice, was able to engage in issues in the philosophy of perception with BOTH Austin AND Grice – whereas the direct interface AUSTIN-GRICE on this topic is missing (Excpet for Grice’s reference to his hate for that ‘sexist bit of vocabulary, the trouser-word’ coined by you know who! The first Carus lecture). Warnock and Grice would spend joint seminars on the philosophy of perception, and the concoction of VISUM is academic in detail. Those seminars were, as they are not NOW, Oxford having become more narcissistic and self-centred – were collaborative efforts in the Oxford manner. The conversationalist B was meant to refute all that conversationalist A had said the previous week. So we can imagine. GRICE. Warnock had introduced the visum last week, and I will extroduce it today. WARNOCK remains silent – (Participation at joint seminars is reserved for the final section of the conversation. GRICE: (after forty minutes against visa). Any questions? WARNOCK: Yes, I think there is more to be said about the visum that you allow, but see you next week, Mr. Grice. Warnock’s own essay, The object of morality, has sections on trust and cooperation that are almost too Griceain to be true, but the two men interacted. And what’s more, Warnock knew what interacting with Grice was. In his “Saturday mornigns”, Warnock expands on various interesting aspects of Grice’s interactions. For one, Warnock testifies that of all the places that Austin preferred for the play group meetings, St. John’s room provided by Grice was Austin’s faovurite, ‘since it made Austin looked like the important business c. e. o. that he was not’. Warnock reports Grice’s ‘How CLEVER language is!’ and hastens to add about the naivete of it all. This, Warnock gets on record, was NOT a public venue – it was not uttererd even on a Saturday morning. And adds that the Saturday mornings, even, were of course not PUBLIC venues, in a way that a joint seminar would be a public venue. Warnock’s implicature being that Grice and others were led to feel free to disagree with Austin (“I don’t give a hoot what the dicionary says!”, Grice would shout at Austin) in ways that was just not etiquette in the ‘flintier’ experiences which were the PUBLIC occasions that had Austin as lecturer – and Warnock knew that Grice had participated in TWO of them with Austin: one on Categories and De Interpreatione, and another one along with a third, R. M. Hare, on Ethica Nicomachea. Warnock never showed, as Grice did, a theoretical interest in a philosophy of language as such. However, due to this status in the Oxford hierarchy, he would testify to current developments in the philosophy of language – vide his treatment on Schiffer on ‘meaning of imperatives’ in “Language and Morality” or this advising B. F. Loar, a Rhodes fellow from the New World – on Loar’s dissertation on ‘Sentence meaning.’ As we proceed, as Grice would have it, in ‘strict order of seniority,’ we reach D. F. Pears. Some tutees recall him as a ‘short man,’ but there was more to Pears than that. His aristocratic background – of “Pears’s Encyclopadeia” fame – and affilitation: the cathedral that makes Oxford a city – helped. His interactions with Grice were many and varied. My favoruite has to be “Metaphysics,” which has Grice as co-authoring (again, as in ‘In defence of a dogma,’ the primary author) with Strawson and Pears for a BBC Third Programme Meeting. The lecture is dry in tone, expect for the bits Grice dedicates to Wisdom, whose conversations were worth reporting:WISDOM: And so I conclude that all metaphysics is nonsense. MOORE: Garbage, you mean? WISDOM. No, Moore, nonsense. Interesting nonsense, in fact! Pears could get more technical elsewhere. When the O. E. D. were looking for early citations of ‘conversational implicature,’ I provided Pears’s reference to Grice in (of all places) The Canadian Journal of Philsoophy. Why Pears would submit an essay to THAT journal escapes me, but it’s all about Grice on ‘if’ +> iff GRICE: There are some biscuits in the cupboard if you are hungry.PEARS. I am. But I’ll only touch them IF AND ONLY IF I am hungry.GRICE. As you wish. Pears would go on. In a most promising contribution to a festschrift for Davidson, Pears repeats Grice’s point that WILING is hardly INTENDING. Intending, as Grice knew – vide his ‘Intention and Uncertainty’ final paragraph – is inextricably linked with BELIEF. Not just any belief, but the belief that the outcome of your intention is feasible in a probability greater than 0.5. Grice knew this. They had, after all, collaborated at Oxford in a subtle topic, “The philosophy of action,” on which subject Grice had also given seminars with J. F. Thomson, but for some reason, Grice got on together better with Pears. THOMSON was a characteristically Oxonian figure, with whom Grice contributed for as long as he could. It was not long before Thomson left Oxford for good. His joint seminars with Grice on ‘The philosophy of action’ are however in the records of this particular chapter in the history of Oxford philosophy – the school of ordinary-language philosophy --. An examination of Thomson’s essay on ‘if’ and the horseshoe show  further Griceian affinities. SNOWDON is an important figure in the later scene of Oxford philosophy – at a time where you were NOT allowed to use the phrase ‘ordinary-language philosophy’ which had come to be a term of abuse. But Snowdon, with Grice directly, and via Strawson, kept Grice’s causal account of perception in the forum. It needs to be remembered that Grice’s approach to causation here is ornamental. As a philosopher, having read Hume, Grice knew that it is best to leave cause and causation OUT OF IT, and when it comes to the trick of PERCEPTION, Grice had no problem in leaving the specific link between the pillar box BEING red and it seeming red to Grice a matter for the occulist! CAUSE had caused him enough problems to Grice, in one earlier conversation he reports in Studies in the Way of Words. TEACHER. Explain the cause of the Death of Charles I. STUDENT: Decapitation. Grice’s point being that (i) the teacher did not mean that, but was looking for the wider context. The second, that Hume is right, and that if ‘… caused …’ is synonymous with ‘… willed …’ then we will have to accept that Decapitation willed the Death of Charles I. When lecturing on ‘knowing’ in the third William James lecture, the cause was again the source of some conflict. TEACHER: When was the Battle of Waterloo. STUDENT. The defeat, you mean? TEACHER. Right. STUDENT. 1815 In the version published in “The Philosophical Review” but not the reprint in Way of Words, Grice cared to provide alternate dates for this “1815 (1814).” Grice’s point being that if we are going to deem the schoolboy KNOWING that the battle of Waterloo was lost by Napoleon in 1815, this is because there is a direct link, alla Dretske and Stampe, between that event, and the schoolboy’s brain. Snowdon knew all this. There are what we may call ‘minor figures’ – a phrase Grice adored as he applied to, in this order: Wollaston, Bosanquet, and Wittgenstein – in the Oxford scene. One group corresponds to those English-born philosophers who got the proper Oxford five-year education (as Grice did for his Lit. Hum.) and then leave for the world at large.  C. A. B. PEACOCKE succeeded Strawson as the Waynflete professor of metaphysical philosophy and that makes him already a Griceian. As it happens, he attended Grice’s seminars in philosophical psychology and became a specialist in Grice’s favourite passe area of research: can there be thought withtout language, or vice versa. My favourite Peacocke alla Grice is his contribution to an influential colloquium organized at Oxford by G. J. Evans and the South-African philosopher McDowell. Peacocke takes up a topic seldom discussed seriously by Grice except on two occasions. The earlier one, in the locus classicus of ‘Meaning’ itself – Grice grants that his audience may wonder what an utterer’s intention may have to do with what a WORD means – ‘Perhaps we are making a reference to ‘people in general’?’ He leaves it at that. By 1967, when Grice resumed the topic, he had the new coinage of ‘idiolect’ to his disposal, but he never passed it. He never provides a definition of the ‘signiificance’ of a ‘conversational move’ as given by a member of a population P. Perhaps the closest he gets is when he says at, at Oxford, i. .e. in the population of Oxonians, ‘We should meet for lunch sometime’ MEANS ‘Get lost’! Peaocke seems unsatisfied with this and provides at the Oxford colloquium necessary and sufficient conditions for an analysans that explicitly mentions not just an utterer but a POPULATION of utterers. Unfortunately, his essay is seldom quoted. Peacocke’s Griceian tribulations with populations was in the air. The Oxford educated – English born (Welsh ancestry) M. K. Davies, attempts much the same in his essay combining an utter-based account of communication with one that also takes into account the population in which that utterer feels like being the member of.  SAINSBURY is an aristocrat, Oxford-educated, and refers to Grice’s identificatory/non-identificatory distinction that Grice introduces in ‘Vacuous Names.’ The essay was murdered when it was cut in two in some reprints, leaving the first part underocovered.  OVER was Oxford educated, an unlike Sainsbury, who moved south, Over moved North and settled in Northumberland. But he recalled Grice and discusses Grice’s exploration on the identificatory/non-identificatory distinction in ‘Vacuous names.’ T. C. POTTS was tutored by Grice and became an expert in the philosophy of language. He settled in Yorskhire, but always kept bright reminiscences of his days with Grice. Michael Clark, Oxford-educated, but with a career afterwards elsewhere, discussed Grice’s M-intentions in the pages of “Analysis” and beyond, regarding the alleged Griceian soluion to Moore’s paradox. It is more difficult to categorise those philosophers who display a deep Griceian influence, who are English-born, but whose Oxford credentials are minimal. My favourite has to be HOLDCROFT who spent most of his penetrating critique of Austin in the Clarendon volume which Holdcroft titled after the seminar by Austin on Words and deeds, and subitlted ‘a critique of Austin’s theory of speech acts.’ His critique amounts to a return to Griceianism, in the emphasis on the intentions by the utterer to make the conversational move he is making. Holcroft had occasion to engage with Grice more specfifically in a number of publications on implicature and conversation, and unlike Leech, who is no philosopher, but a grammarian educated in the redbrick – it is the very philosophical Holdcroft who cared to submit a piece to the non-philosophical journal Journal of Rhetoric and listing the Grice’s ‘conversational insinuation’ – as in damn by faint praise – ‘He has beautiful handwriting’ as a brilliant case of those ‘forms of indirect communication’, as Holdcroft calls them.  Scruton, who hailed from Cambridge, and very English as he is, managed to apply Grice’s theory to a topic that Grice evaded for some time: sexual desire. Scruton points to the fact that if using a dildo, the utterer is not really engaging in conversation, in that one cannot expect the dildo to display M-intentions! His other example concerns Parsiphae who coupled a bull to spawn Asterios, when zoophilia in itself precludes any Gricean sort of conversation. Oxonian philosophers are usually, in spite of appearances to the contrary, the best to criticize his Oxonian colleagues. A few points about Grice’s tenure may be relevant here. His post as tutorial fellow in philosophy at St. John’s and his university lecturership in philosophy for Oxford as a whole came without any requirement for publication or ‘fame.’ Indeed, Grice makes fun of this when in his ‘Prejudices and predilections’ emphasized that such a cavalier attitude invited violent reactions from the tutees, as Grice refers to a philosophy don who predated ‘who managed in his whole lifetime NEVER to publish ONE word’! When Strawson and Wiggins wrote the obituary for The British Academy they do make a reference to the ‘cold shores’ of Oxford. Their implicature being that Grice’s defensiveness was the response to his often competitive milieu. In fact, he kept the marginal annotations to ‘Intentions and dispositions’ which include some criticisms: “I just don’t like the way Grice goes to work,” one commenter remarked. Affiliation to Austin’s play group has been a matter of debate, in that the spirit de corps hid some prejudices and predilections by the ‘Master’ himself. Grice annotated under the ‘yes’ all the good fellows that count: Hare, Hampshire, Nowell-Smith, Pears, Urmson, Warnock. Under the ‘no’ appears Dummett. Dummett was in fact never invited to the play group, but then we don’t think Dummett cared! When Grice succeeded Austin as the convenor to the Play Group, Oxford had changed a bit, and neither tutees nor scholars at large were willing to spend the valued Saturday mornings in ramblings that would not necessarily lead to anything professionally productive. The Sub-Faculty of Philosophy that saw Grice is now gone, and few would-be philosophers care to enoll in the Lit.Hum. programme. The fact that there is a new monster called the Humanities Division doesn’t help. In Grice’s says as a fresh ‘Scholarship’ boy from the Midlands stuck at Corpus, he had no choice, and no hope to even HEAR about philosophy well after he had passed Mods! In his day, the Wykeham professor of logic was supposed to teach you how to argue. Now Oxford offers a Full School of Symbolic Logic on St. Giles that is quite unrelated to whatever rambling the Wykeham professor may feel to engage in!After Grice’s passing, a portrait of H. P. Grice was aptly placed in the Philosopher’s Gallery in the Ryle Room at Merton, as a memorial to a don who encapsulated what is best in the legacy of Oxford ordinarylanguage philosophy.Grice was aware that Nature had endowed him with a convivial nature. “Philosophy has to be fun.” Surely, as these notes have provided enough evidence, Grice believed that it is PHILOSOPHICAL conversation – of the type parodied by Miller in “Beyond the Fringe” – that is, not just at Cambrige, from where Miller hails – but oftentimes at Oxford – at least in Grice’s days as both tutee and tutor – that becomes the most delightful source of humour. Surely, it takes two to be amused. Armstrong, for one, would hardly be amused, at the time of his conversing with Grice, by Grice’s proving Armstrong inflicting himself a self-contraditction that almost led him to his failing for his P. P. E. degree – yet in retrospect he reminisced the occasion with affection. Conversation remained for Grice the BEST source of humour – the humour that is edifying in ways that can only be Griceian (not utilitarian, but perhaps slightly futilitarian), Amstrong notwithstanding! My own involvement with Grice has been long standing. When I was invited to become a research fellow, I found myself getting my transcripts --.But before the transcripts was my father. Grice recalls how fortunate he was in having had a dreadful businessman but a fine musician as a father. I would describe mine as a modernist architect and a week-end painter (a rather dreadful one at that). Grice would never discuss implicature with HIS father, but I discuss it with MINE.Before we proceed to the transcripts, then – early enough in my career – I had a conversation – in the car, as I recall --. I had attended (unlike Grice) my father’s same college (as we call them in the continent – the equivalent of a Clifton, which calling ‘school’ in the Continent minimizes the thing). Legacy it was. Unlike Grice, I was not chained to a scholarship, as the one that got Grice to Corpus Christi.Anyway, there was Father wondering WHY I had decided for ‘the serious study’ of philosophy – as Grice calls it. It was early in my studies, but I had a lesson about ‘Grice Saves But There Is No Free Lunch,’ so I lectured my father on Urmson’s example in ‘Philosophical Analysis’: Wittgenstein went to bed and took off his dirty boots. I dropped the term ‘implicature’ for emphasis. My father pricked his ears, and displayed some interest. What surprise me is that upon hearing “IMPLICATURE, as Grice calls them” – my father objected: “IMPLICANZA!” He found that our language already contained something exactly for implicanza – I mean, for implicature. I especially recall the EMPHASIS Father gave to “implicanza” – it was obvious to him that this was the idea that Grice was about when trying to unbury those ‘innuendos’ – it doesn’t have a double meaning in the continent – of the type that pass for sottinteso or sous-entendue.The finding of the transcripts happened was a good thing, since my alma mater had kept them so tidily, that it is easy to reminisce on each class I had to pass to become the Griceian I became.Because, in the end, I main my favourite Griceian.I can see the pattern of my instruction. It is the continental type, not the tutorial that Grice enjoyed – four years under Hardie.In the continental system, the classes are assigned in block.There were annual courses on Greek.There were annual courses on Latin.There was a class on the ‘Introduction to Philosophy,’ which I thought hilarious, because it was given by the full professor, the associate professor – and the practicum professor. The class was offered to other students under Literae Humaniores – but only those matriculated for PHILOSOPHY were required to suffer the didactics by the associate professor and the practicum professor.The associate professor turned to be good, not so much for what he did – but because in the continental system, eadch class is assigned a syllabus, and the responsible scholar, as I was, could go and check the bibliography by his own. No one else did, since passing the class involved an oral examination which would NOT test you on the assigned readings!In any case, it was through one of those assigned readings, that I came to learn about Austin’s play group – and therefore, Grice!The practicum was boring in its own, but must be the closest I could get to Grice’s own suffering of Eth. Nic. under Hardie. I never thought, at that point, that I could read anything AS BORING as the Eth. Nic. There was this Greek of ages gone, trying to instill on me what it meant to be happy. It sounded so ridiculous!The more ridiculous side to it was that the practicum lecturer pretended to be enthusiastic about it – so we had TWO people instilling in me some foreign idea of happiness: Aristotle and his lecturer! Like Grice, my scholarship was interrupted by the war, and I joined the Army. On my return, -- and in between I had acquired my copy of Austin’s Philosophical Papers! – I endured the tetralogy, which is the division of the history of philosophy along four lines. ANCIENT HISTORY MEDIAEVAL HISTORY MODERN HISTORY CONTEMPORARY HISTORY For Ancient History, and the three rest of them, there was the lecturer himself, and an associate lecturer with whom you meet to ANALYSE a specfici text. Ours chose Plato, not Aristotle – and a specific DIALOGUE at that. So, while the dialogue chosen was NOT the Cratylus, I felt like I would make THAT my dialogue. – so this was a full year I had to my disposal to read Plato in Greek, and enjoy his inconsistencies. The physei and thesei never abandoned me! In my notes, I developed a theory of meaning not unlike the one provided by Grice in his section on ‘Univesals’  in Plato and Aristotle on the multiplicity of being. For it seemed to me, with Grice, that Plato did have a problem with horseness. So I developed – upon my reading of notably analytic philsoophers dealing with Plato – which my lecturer detested – and using an operator – which I took to be dyadic: “S” fo significant or M for meaning, so that, say, ‘horse’ signifies horseness. Like Grice, I would use lower-case and capital to represent a specimen expression, ‘horse,’ and leave capital H to represent HORSE-NESS, the universal. When it came to MEDIAEVAL PHILOOSPHY, the attending class by a specific lecturer aimed at the close analysis of a text was given by someone slightly less than a saint. I had been offered a full scholarship at a religious institution – think Milano Cattolica – and there was no way I would allow the Church to block my free-thinking --. Yet when it came to my approaching mediaeval philosophy, the lecturer of the full course on the history of it, AND the one for the specific textual analyses, were NOTABLY involved in THAT institution, which made me feel that I was a real novice. The author the lecturer of the textual-analysis course chose was AQUINAS – and of course the SVMMA THEOLOGICA. I decided I would go Griceian and study (and impress my lecturer) with how Griceian Aquinas could get. So I glanced in the dark corners of the library those dusty volumes of the PATROLOGIA LATINA, just to get the text of AQUINAS on DE INTERPRETATIONE. I was using, just for the joke of it, ROBINS’s textbook on ‘linguistics’ – although I was familiar with Kretzmann’s history of semantics for Edwards which sounded a bit too Jewish to me. Robins makes some comments on the modistae from a philosophical enough perspective – unlike Kretzman who focuses on all those Jewish authors --. I gathered a few quotes by Aquinas on INTENTIO as applied to the UTTERER, and I thought I had it – and I did. I was what at Oxford you’d call a ‘straight A.’The structuring of the course along the traditional disciplines – ‘philosophy of language,’ ‘philosophy of history,’ ‘ethics,’ ‘metaphysics,’ ‘gnoseology,’ – was peppered by seminars on this or that – usually that. On one on ‘The Sceptic’ given by the same lecturer who was in charge of the ‘gnoseology’ course, I was able to apply Grice directly regarding his claim “What is known is not believed” as a stupid thing to say. The same lecturer then, got my lesson on Grice on TWO counts, since I used Grice to defeat the sceptic (for the specific seminar) and to slow down that emphasis on ‘knowledge’ and ‘belief’ posed by Gettier – my lecturer’s obsession – adjusting Gettier so that he could implicate conversationally something more interesting than he usually does.My ‘philosophy of history’ was all about Vico – which Grice never read, but Hampshire (and Collingwood) did – it was nice to learn that history was circular! The lecturer on aesthetics – which I delighted with a piece on Keith Arnatt’s Trouser Words – was also giving this seminar (mandatory attendance for degree) on phenomenology and the social sciences. So I thought that what Grice was saying about RELATION just fit the mould. So I presented this study of what I called the -emic unit of conversation. Grice touches on the point when he expresses his annoyance at people pronouncing ‘suit’ as ‘soot.’ The annoyance is allophonic. So I thought there was something VERY GRICEIAN about the PHONEME, in that it requires INTER-SUBJECTIVITY. Only an inter-subjective (or mutual intelligibility, as self-appointed scientists call it) allow that ‘soot’ and ‘suit’ are seen as ALLOPHONIC variants of the same lexical unit. The -etic was never enough, in spite of Pike! The ‘philosophy of language’ was like having Grice on Peirce and Grice on Quine – and I survived it.For the higher part of my education, ‘philosophy of language’ eventually turned to Mill – and further seminars on ‘rules’ alla Chomsky (in Rules and representations). For each class, course, or seminar, I was able to regale the lectuer with my Griciean gift.This is nicely described in the transcripts. For the seminars towards the maximal degree which I obtained – with an “A,” surely – I was able to delve on the philosophy of logic (the postmodernist Grice, as I call it) and theory of argumentation (my German Grice, i. e. my reading Habermas reading Grice), my Grice-liberalism from Occam and Hobbes – given by the lecturer on modern philosophy who was a member of the Hobbes association. My main interaction at that point was with my director, as the continental system has it, who happened to be the co-founder of a private society for philsosophical analysis – which sounded cool enough. To become a member of it, you need to be INVITED by another member – the fact that I was introduced by the FOUNDER did help. The place was humble, and had a semi-respectable library – but more importantly, the director became the receptor of my elaborations along Griceian lines – from essays on ‘Minimal pragmatics’ to what became the study for the obtainment of the maximal degree, which features ‘Griceian’ in the subtitle. Indeed, it also features ‘conversation’ and ‘reason.’ In those days, I was attending a few conferences where I was finding myself always to present essays that did feature at least those two words: ‘reason’ and ‘conversation’ – not necessarily ‘Griceian.’In my initial phase of my research on H. P. Grice, I got of course in contact with zillions of philosophers (shall we say?) via correspondence, and with some non-philosophers, too! By the time of my maximal-degree study I had narrowed the set of philosophers down to Grice’s Play-Group – with an exception about Hart.You see, it is common ground that Austin would NOT allow anyone HIS senior being there – so what was HART doing? Nothing, possibly. But back to the correspondence and the readings. I seem to have enjoyed most my correspondence with Oxonian or Oxford-educated philosophers – sometimes getting a sharp reply like: “Yes, such an eccentric tutor he was.”I took the job as mainly one of a detective, and I enjoyed it! One reference to H. P. Grice would lead me to another, and so on. Some were dead ends, or dead allies, as I called them. Some philosopher may have know some philosopher who had known Grice, and provide the tidbit. I encountered counter-tidbits for every tidbit. In some cases my correspondents would volunteer with pieces of unpublished work where they had dealt with the work of H. P. Grice – “but never had the occasion to put it to print,” as one told me. As it happened, it was a beautiful defence of H. P. Grice against that outsider that S. A. Kripke always was! Fascinating were the bibliographical detections. Why would PASSMORE, in his history of philosophy, care to have one footnote for GRICE. The more mysterious Grice appeared in the bibliographical references I was getting the more my interest increased. By narrowing down the set of RELEVANT philosophers to Grice’s PLAY GROUP I was doing myself a favour. I was starting to have other interests in mind, and I felt I had to do something about the citations in the things like MIT Pragmatics Habermas. I was also witnessing the government grants that Grice and I always refused! Most of my instructors were under them, and indeed my classmates, which I thought rather odd – since, like Grice, I never thought it was the role of the government to grant you philosophy! (For Grice’s reference, his second Carus lecture, and how it relates to Aristotle’s vice). My engagements remained for the most part private – as per Oxford, Grice never quite felt the NEED to publicise what he was doing. Indeed, it was the Oxford custom to regard any such type of publicizing as RUDE, or vulgar.I felt one early occasion where I did ‘publicise’ was when I offered some ‘prospects’ and retrospeccts as a tribute to Grice analysing such conversational exchanges such as:GRICE (delivering a lecture at Bielefeld). So that is that. GERMAN: And how are you finding Bielefeld. GRICE: I haven’t been mugged yet. The explanation that Grice never provides – it being so obvious – for ‘C hasn’t gone to prison yet’ is too complex to make it philosophically interesting, but Grice knew what he was doing. It so happened that my former instructor in the field of modern philosophy – recall that in the continental tradition, you have an instructor for the history of ancient philosophy, an instructor for the history of mediaeval philosophy, an instructor for the history of modern philosophy, and an instructor for the history of contemporary philosophy – ask Eco who taught at Bologna, the oldest university in Europe! – was also in charge of a Bolettino bibliografico, so I found contributing quite a bit to it – especially since I was attending a seminar towards, among other things, my earning my maximal degree. The requirements were strict. You had to provide the synopsis of something – ‘of somewhat current relevance’ – in I think it was one page. In the published version, it would occupy half a page. So I managed to provide reviews of Grice’s Conception of Value, and my reviews of essay by J. F. Thomson, and R. M. Hare, and C. A. B. Peacocke, not to mention a few that were not really about English-born philosophers, but were thought by me to be philosophically enough and Griceian enough! I had engaged with The Lewis Carroll Society in an attempt to prove Humpty-Dumpty disqualifiable as Griceian, but I don’t think they noticed! Most of the other ‘public’ appearances, as in Grice’s case, were the result of the thing being published as a matter of course via proceeding or because the organizer of the event felt like my mentioning his name in my thing would serve him right (usually for his government grant). Ditto for thesis-advising, as recipient of thesis-advice, so called by which ‘maximal’ degree is what is meant. My interactions with philosophers was and is either via correspondence or ‘in the flesh’ – although the latter tended more towards the unplanned, because the philosopher was either rushing down a steep flight of stairs, or wanting to urinate.I should be able to order my correspondence alphabetically by surname – but why bother? At a more recent date, I WAS INOVOLVED in alphabetical orderings – by SURNAME – and it proved to be a TASK – I was engaged into ‘Grice italo,’ by which I meant ‘forebears’ of Grice in ITALY, especially BOLOGNA (having in mind what I call the trio: Bologna/La-Sorbonne/Vadum-Bovis – and I found mself as echoing George Mikes at points, when he says that ‘de’ is a mark of status in England – So many ITALIAN surnames are pre-ceded by ‘de,’ ‘della’ – I always took the encyclopaedic approach and just deleted all such ornamental stuff and stuck with the surname itself. And then I realised that some of these Italian philosophers had NOBLE titles, and then I thought, if Harry Mountbatten-Windsor made such a fuss about him being a Sussex, I thought I could give the common-or-garden Italian philosopher the same credit, so in case of a nobility, it was the NOBLE surname that took precedence (not MAMIANI, but ROVERE, say). It became all the more complicated when I realised that while Grice’s Oxford English never had it, for the Italians, Latin was just Old Italian, or Italian neo-Latin, so that brought me back a few centuries! And then I realised that ITALO in ITALIA means the peninsula, and that Pythagoras, of all the places where he could have decided to kill himself – he never did – indeed he never died – he chose CROTONE – so the following interlude is just there to prove the PRIORITY of the LATIN ALPHABET when it comes to Griceian stuff. The interested English-born English Oxonian philosopher should be able to fill the gaps, and at least perhaps learn about some Italian philosopher who was deemed Griceian enough to be featured in these pages!I verbali del Gruppo di Gioco di H. P. Grice. Abstract: The document offers an alphabetical register of Italian philosophers, along with the cross-references to the work of Oxford philosopher Grice – with a focus on conversational implicature as built upon a notion of conversational reason. Each entry follows a regular pattern. The place of birth of the philosopher in bracket. The specification of the place of birth in terms of municipality, province, and region. The entry closes with keywords that cross-reference the work of  Grice. Keywords: conversational reason, conversational implicature, H. P. Grice, Italian philosophy, philosophy in Italy. It may seem odd that I am trying to hard to conciliate Grice with the Italian tradition in philosophy. So perhaps a few points need to be explicated, and rather than be left to implicature. In this introduction will serve as a synopsis of Grice’s thought and most of the cross-referencesthat I have detected in my studies to the output of Italian philosophers. At first sght, the cross-references would beem minimal, or ‘infime,’ as the Italians would put it. A tutor in philosophy at Oxford, that never attained at Oxford the degree of a professor, his activities, professionally, were restricted to the tutoring of a few pupils at his college, St. John’s, and I doubt he had to deal with many Italians! In fact, as Warnock has pointed out, philosophers of Grice’s generations – the Play Group – were notable for AVOIDING PUBLICITY beyond their own circle. And had Grice’s philosoophising not been treated by some who held a less parochial Oxonian view, the few references I have collected would restrict his mentions to Hare, Pears, and a few others, notably Strawson. However, Grice was a systematic philosopher, against all odds, and against this parochial character of the Oxford school of ordinary language of which he was a part. When a memorial to Grice was celebrated at Urbino, only one Italian philosopher, LEONARDI, cared to participate. Italians had to deal first with the language barrier. As Andreas Kemmerling has said regarding his own German language, it seems utterly odd that Grice would focus on an analysis of ‘mean,’ when even in Kemmerling’s vernacular, meinen hardly triggers the same implicatures. When it comes to implicature itself, the rhetorical tradition so rich in the Italian renaissance may come for help. After all Grice is making a distinction between EXPLICITLY conveying that p, and IMPLICITLY doing so, via insinuating that p, implying that p, suggesting that p, even meaning that p. Grice’s style of philosophizing tended to disgressions and the core issues he kept secretly stored. In this introductory notes I wil heighten some basic aspects. The introduction is itself divided into a sub-introduction, a middle section, and a conclusion.The document is structured in three parts. In the first part, a scheme is proposed for a general comparison: “Grice e X”, where “X” stands for the surname of an Italian philosopher. Comparative studies – or cross-sectional, as Grice calls them – are rare, and not easy to elaborate. Grice was a specialist in cross-sectional studies, as they concerned his views in comparison with other philosophers, but with himself. In “Intention and uncertainty,” for example, he spends half of the lecture recounting his earlier account in “Intention and disposition.” Still, he enjoyed the longitudinal unity and latitudinal unity one may enjoy in the discipline from time to time. The second part is an expansion of Grice’s own philosophy, with a view to that comparison with Italian philosophy.The third and final part is an alphabetical register of Italian philosophers, and their interaction with Grice. Each entry follows the same pattern. The specific cross-reference, or cross-section. This is followed by the Italian philosopher’s specific contribution to the area. The conclusion includes those keywords that provide both the longitudinal unity – with the history of philosophy as such – and the latitudinal unity – with special focus between the ‘prammatica’ as ‘rettorica conversazionale,’ to use the old spelling of ‘retorica’ – and other sub-disciplines of philosophy, as practiced by Grice and the Italian philosophers. Why alphabetical? This requires a philosophical justification. There are indeedvarious philosophical reasons to give for it. First: to give the INDIVIDUAL philosopher some autonomy. Suppose, if Abbà just happened to be peppered here and there – as I have --, or list in the bibliographical references – as I have: the search being ‘Grice e [INSERT NAME OF PHILOSOPHER]’ which yields the specific search collocation ‘Grice e Abbà’ – or in the name index, as I have done, followed by his first and middle names: Abbà, Giacomo Andrea – we would still be lacking a reference site where to discuss this particular individual philosopher INDIVIDUALLY, and not as part of the greater Griceian context. The second reason is indeed the bibliographical references. Whatever you think of the archaicity of the alphabetum, the alphabet is still used in bibliographical references, -- and this alphabetical list below then offers a correspondence to the bibliographical references – if not a specific study by the philosopher such as Abbà himself, in the strict collocation ‘Grice e Abbà’. Finally, the alphabetical order is of of course used in the NAME INDEX that follows the Bibliographical references, with the surname of the philosopher, ‘Abbà’ – followed by his first and middle names: ‘Giacomo Andrea.’ This was a problem even for Grice, who, as H. P. Grice, is indeed preceded in the alphabetic name index by Grice, G. R. – a contemporary of his who studied at Oxford under Austin vintage. In a more classical mould, the first and second names become essential when discussing classical philsoohers, or those who I classify as around Bologna: there’s a PICO, but the PICOs under the PICO. Anotherr feature will the THE KEYWORD. As an example, I shall take DEUTERO-ESPERANTO. I have used this as the keyword – after Grice’s jocular reference while lecturing for the masses at Oxford. “Don’t talk to me about mutual knowledge or convention” – this was a conference organized by grammarians of the Enlgish language sponsored by N. V. Smith, whom Grice had never met, entitled “MUTUAL KNOWLEDGE”! – “I can invent a language, call it Deutero-Esperanto” – and you’ll have the master. The fun is of course that Grice never had to ‘invent’ such a language – a form of life, for his beloved Vitters – but the Italians, call then literalists – relentlessly literalists, as Grice calls Austin, and as the sign of Austin’s classical education and social class (lower classes are hardly relentlessly literalists – nor is their humour relentlessly literal – went on and do: invent – not ‘Deutero-Esperanto’ but say, “Latino sine Flexione,” or what have you. You’d be surprised by the ZILLIONS of Italian philosophers of language (notably Campanella) who took Grice’s adamant injunction seriously, and they DID go and invent. Grice never gave one. In the alphabetical list that follows, of Italian philosophers, I have used the keyword Deutero-Esperanto. Just a quick search retrieves the following alphabetical list of the Italian philosophers more or less seriously concerned with it – and for each of which I have supplied a bibliographical reference – the earliest – to prove it! Just a few: Albani, Altandari, Allioni, Argentieri, Aurelj, Barcellona, Bellavitis, Boella, Calabresi, Camillo, Campanella, Cazzulani, and you go on if you are interested! A FURTHER NOTE ON THE CHOICE OF THE “ITALO”. There are various philosophical reasons why the “ITALO” is the one with which that the Griceian should spend more time with. [A note on the spelling. Throughout this study, and just to offend the dependent researcher, we have adopted Fodor’s spelling ‘Griceian’ – It makes the surname more obvious than ‘Gricean.’ Fodor uses the spelling in his influential Language of Thought, but it never really took a hold among the masses – which, what do they know about Grice anyways [sic]? (And feel free to add this note in brackets after each spelling of “Griceian” – or “Gricean” fo that matter!)]. The choice, “ITALY” is hardly accidental – the choice is not indeed ARBITRARY – and less so, national! These two main reasons can be expanded as follows. First, the primacy of BOLOGNA in what I call the Bologna/La-Sorbonne/Vadum-Bovis trio. Had Grice never attained the post of tutorial fellow in philosophy at St. John’s, and university lecturer for the University of Oxford, or the Vadum Bovis, as even Oxonians called it -- at large, we wouldn’t be caring about him o this! A second reason for the hierarchy of the Bologna/Sorbonna/Vadum-Bovis trio is LINGUISTIC. What Grice called ‘The Lingo.’ The correlations are easy to make: BOLOGNA: FROM LATIN TO ITALIAN; SORBONNE: From Latin to French – or ‘la langue gallique,’ as the French have it – (the Franks considered Barbarians in comparison); OXFORD: from LATIN to ENGLISC. It is a good thing that ENGLISC is still Indo-European, or Indo-Germanic, as Max Müller, who lectured at Oxford often, would prefer! The passage fron LATIN to ITALIAN is pure and simple – no barbarisms, or hybrids involved – except the odd lexeme like ‘bisogno’ to translate Grice’s seminar on ‘needs.’’ The passage Latin to LINGVIA GALLICA is natural enough, even though, expect the further barbarism. But the passage LATIN to ENGLISC is made all the easier to AELFRIC (who thought he was writing a masterpiece of Latin grammatology, in Derrida’s acception, with his little thing for his school boys at Winchester, when the thing is only read today because he happened to use ENGLISC as the meta-language! German linguists, who detest the Indian, call it Indo-Germanic, or Indo-European – the roots are the same! As an exercise, the Griceian among us may apply this to H. P. Grice’s keyword in his 1948 Oxford Philosophical Society talk on ‘meaning’ – Latin mentire [neo-Latin, mentare] cognate with ‘mean.’ In the transition from Latin to the vernaculars at Europe’s three most prestigious medieval universities, we see a what Grice calls a ladder of diverseness. This journey moves from a direct evolution to a hybrid fusion, and, finally, to a radical linguistic departure. We start with Bologna in 1088, for what Grice calls the natural evolution. At the university of Bologna, the transition to the vernacular is a shift to the ‘closest relative.’ The Vernacular is Italian, specifically the Tuscan dialect. The diverseness level is low. Italian is the direct, natural descendant of Vulgar Latin, the common speech of the Roman people. In the adoption context, because Italian retains much of Latin’s musicality and core vocabulary, the change is more of a ‘re-naming’ of the evolved common tongue than a replacement by something foreign. By the 15th and 16th centuries, Italian officially did replace Latin in administrative and cultural spheres across the peninsula. With La Sorbonne in 1150, the have the hybrid fusion. At the University of Paris, La Sorbonn), the adoption of Lingua Gallica, old French, introduces a layer of structural complexity and external influence. The Vernacular is Old French, the Diverseness Level is Medium. While French is a Romance language, it is a hybrid. It is shaped by a Latin base heavily influenced by Gallic (Celtic) and Frankish (Germanic) elements. In the adoption context, this version of the vernacular is less structured, despite of what Peter Trudgill says in “Language Myths” – “French is the most logical language” -- than Classical Latin, featuring unique grammatical shifts like verb-framed constructions that appear and disappear abruptly. The move to the vernacular at the Sorbonne represents a bridge between the sacred Roman past and a secular, increasingly diverse European identity. Finally, at H. P. Grice’s Oxford in 1167, we have the ‘barbarian departure At Oxford, the shift to ‘Englisc’, Old/Middle English, represents the most radical break from the Latin tradition. The Vernacular is English. The diverseness level is high. Unlike the previous two, English is a Germanic language, not a Romance one. From the perspective of a Latinist – as H. P. Grice’s instructors for his Lit. Hum – and The Sub-Faculty of Philosophy as within the Faculty of Literae Humaniores, it is the barbarian tongue of the North. In the adoption context, for centuries, Latin remains the language of the elite at Oxford because English is hyst deemed inadequate for high philosophy or, indeed, blue-collared science. The eventual adoption of is a triumph of the common people’s speech over the lofty Latinists' style, and Grice knew it! It is a language that has to borrow over 60% of its vocabulary from Latin and French just to function in an academic setting. Grice would often like to explore how the printing press specifically accelerates the decline of Latin in these three regions, but he was too busy criketting! (As an application, the Griciean amongst us may apply that triadic diverseness to something like H. P. Grice’s abrupt talk of ‘meaning’ in his 1948 talk for the only society then that catered for both scholars and their instructors: ‘meaning’! Baloney -- BOLOGNESI, Sorbonnennes, e Vadum Bovis. Rewrite this as opening paragraph for this alphabetical order of Italian philosophers – not capricious, but my following what I call the overall motto of this study: “Bolognesi, Sorbonnes e Vadum Bovis” (play on Bolognesi, collective plural for attendant of Sorbonne, and those attending the ford of the oxen, as Grice did – at Vadum Bovis. One paragraph per philosopher, with retrospective cross-reference to either Part I: THE MODEL OF CONVERSATION, using keywords, or Part II, THE THEORY THEORY (sic) OF CONVERSATION, again with keywords. It will be evident that Italian philosophers, closer to the Bolognese tradition, have given priority to issues emerging from political philosophy (what Grice has as DE FACTO right), and secondarily to moral philosophy (TITULAR right) and appoached ‘conversazione’ as a civil endeavour – while providing minimal attention to ‘semiotic’ concerns that tend to become too abstract, otiose, or unnecessary for the Bolognese-oriented philosophical Italian mind. My intention being that each philosopher is given individuality, and not just as a list under a current, and that little attention has been given to dates – following Sellars and Yeatman’s idea that there are only TWO dates to remember in the History of England, 55 B. C. and 1066 – but also to ensure that Grice’s point about the longitudinal unity and the latitudinal unity of philosophy both shine with a double light. This alphabetical register of Italian philosophers is shaped by the guiding motto: “Bolognesi, Sorbonnes e Vadum Bovis”—a deliberate nod to the collective traditions of Bologna, the Sorbonne, and Oxford (Vadum Bovis, “the ford of the oxen,” as Grice affectionately dubbed it). The structure is not capricious, but reflects a philosophical principle: each thinker is accorded individual recognition, rather than being submerged within overarching currents or schools. The rationale for alphabetical order is twofold: it preserves the autonomy of each philosopher—allowing their contributions to stand out—and aligns with the practical conventions of bibliographical reference and scholarly indexing. For each entry, the philosopher receives a dedicated paragraph, enriched by retrospective cross-references to either Part I (THE MODEL OF CONVERSATION) or Part II (THE THEORY THEORY OF CONVERSATION), marked by relevant keywords. This method underscores the distinctive priorities of Italian philosophers, especially those rooted in the Bolognese tradition, who have consistently foregrounded questions arising from political philosophy (de facto rights), and, secondarily, moral philosophy (titular rights), treating ‘conversazione’ as a fundamentally civic endeavor. Abstract semiotic concerns, often viewed as unnecessarily esoteric or otiose by the Bolognese-oriented mind, are approached with caution and minimal emphasis. In the spirit of Sellars and Yeatman, little attention is paid to dates, thereby reinforcing Grice’s insight that philosophy’s unity—both longitudinal across time and latitudinal across traditions—shines with a double light. The aim is to illuminate each philosopher’s individuality and contribution to the conversation, rather than merely cataloging them as part of a historical sequence. This opening paragraph introduces an alphabetical list of Italian philosophers, shaped by the guiding motto: “Bolognesi, Sorbonnes e Vadum Bovis.” Each philosopher receives an individual paragraph, referencing either Part I (The Model of Conversation) or Part II (The 'Theory Theory' of Conversation) via keywords. Italian philosophers, influenced by the Bolognese tradition, primarily address political philosophy (de facto rights), secondarily moral philosophy (titular rights), and treat conversation as a civic pursuit, often overlooking abstract semiotic issues. Dates are largely ignored, echoing Sellars and Yeatman's approach, to highlight Grice’s view of philosophical unity across time and tradition. The Unity of conversation The Unity of Conversation In an imagined room somewhere between Vadum Boum and the other place, five composite figures take tea and take turns. Their aim is not to settle philosophy, but to test Grice’s claim that conversation itself displays a longitudinal unity across the centuries and a latitudinal unity across cultures and historical situations—and to let that claim serve, without repetition, as a threshold to the alphabetical procession of Italian philosophers that follows. Dialogue (65 moves). Grice: Before your alphabetical Italians begin marching past, I want a prologue: not an “abstract” but a conversation. My theme is the unity of conversation—longitudinally through philosophy, latitudinally through its histories. Kantotle: Longitudinal and latitudinal: you speak as if philosophy had axes like geography. What marks the long line, and what marks the wide spread? Grice: Longitudinal unity is the traceable continuity of problems and methods across time—Plato, Aristotle, and then again Descartes (French, but writing in Latin and French), Leibniz (German, writing in Latin, French, and German), Hume (a Scot, in Scots), Kant (German, in Latin and German). Latitudinal unity is the way the same “enterprise” lives in different idioms, institutions, and cultures—translation not as loss but as the condition of philosophical life. Ariskant: You are quoting yourself—Prejudices and predilections. You even say the transference between idioms should be hailed with thanksgiving. Grice: Quite. The fantasy there is that problems have been solved many times; what makes us think otherwise is the difficulty of reading across idioms—across centuries and across cultures. Heglato: Yet you add a barb: introjection into minor figures’ shoes is neither possible nor worth the trouble. You name Wollaston and Bosanquet—and then, to provoke, “Vitters.” Plathegel: “Vitters” is a flag planted in the marsh: a dare to your own audience. Are you mocking the man, or mocking the worship of him? Grice: In that passage, the point is methodological: with some figures the attempt to “rethink their offerings as if it were ourselves who were the offerers” is feasible and rewarding; with others—so I wrote—it is not. But yes, I chose “Vitters” to irritate. Kantotle: Irritate whom? The Vadum Boum playmates who spend Saturday mornings on him? Grice: Precisely. One cannot ignore how Pears and McGuinness—Saturday morning companions, as it were—went on to render his German prose palatable to the vernacular of Vadum Boum. Translation makes him more “present,” and thus more tempting as an idol. Ariskant: So the provocation is doubled: you call him “minor” in the very breath that notes how translation has made him unavoidable. Grice: And doubled again by the thought that the very success of the translators encourages an illusion: that philosophy is best approached by polishing prose rather than by tracking problems and methods. Heglato: If we are speaking of omissions: I am surprised that Hegel—who influenced the Italians so greatly—does not make your rewarding list. Never mind “the Hun himself,” or themselves, if we are counting the Germanic chorus. Grice: I have my prejudices. But the list in that moment was illustrative, not canonical. I was sketching an easy longitudinal track that even an Oxonian can recognise: Plato-Aristotle, then again Descartes-Leibniz-Hume-Kant. Plathegel: Yet Cambridge would object: if Vadum Boum pairs Aristotle with Kant, the other place pairs Plato with Hegel. Your omissions look like local politics disguised as method. Grice: Politics of curricula, yes. Vadum Boum: Aristotle and Kant sit companionably on reading lists; Cambridge: Plato and Hegel converse under different roofs. That is already latitudinal unity—institutions distributing attention. Kantotle: And what of me? You once called “Kantotle” an unjustly neglected philosopher—half-joke, half-diagnosis of Oxford taste. Grice: “Kantotle” is an emblem of that taste: Aristotle’s sobriety with Kant’s constraint, stitched into one tutorial temperament. It is a composite, but composites reveal what a place values. Ariskant: You also played with “Ariskant” in unpublications—perhaps the darker twin: Aristotle infected by the critical turn, or Kant disciplined by the Lyceum. Grice: And your very existence proves my point: longitudinal unity is not just a genealogy of names; it is a continuity of argumentative moves, re-combinable across time. Heglato: Then “Heglato” is my counter-emblem: Plato’s dialectic with Hegel’s historical consciousness. Cambridge smiles; Oxford frowns; Italians read both and ask why the English quarrel is so parochial. Plathegel: And “Plathegel” is the hybrid that tries to hold the room: Plato’s form and Hegel’s process as one conversational rhythm—question, negation, recollection, return. Kantotle: But what exactly is “latitudinal unity” for you? You talk like a geographer, but you mean pragmatics. Grice: I mean that conversation—its maxims, its implicatures, its rational pressures—travels sideways into different histories. The same cooperative expectations can inhabit Latin scholasticism, German system, French clarity, Italian ethical urgency, or Oxford irony. Ariskant: Then your “transference between idioms” is not merely linguistic but practical: how one learns to speak, argue, and insinuate in a given place. Grice: Exactly. Latitudinal unity is the history of the conversational setting: universities, salons, seminar rooms, translations, and the social forms that make certain moves available. Heglato: Yet you insist the enterprise is still philosophy. What keeps pragmatics from turning into mere sociology? Grice: The normativity of reason. Even when we trace habits of speech, we are tracking what counts as a good move—what is licensed, what is answerable, what is criticised. Conversation is a rational practice, not merely a social noise Plathegel: But reason changes its costume. Hegel would say: reason is historical, not merely formal Grice: And I say: reason is stable enough to make criticism intelligible, yet flexible enough to survive translation. Otherwise the very idea of misunderstanding—or correction—would evaporate  Kantotle: In your passage, you advise treating the great dead as great and living. That is a conversational recommendation: speak to them, not about them Grice: Precisely. I want to “converse” with Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Leibniz, Hume, Kant—as if they were across the table. That is longitudinal unity enacted as dialogue. Ariskant: But your audience hears a threat: if the dead are living, the living are answerable to the dead, and the local fashion—say, the cult of “Vitters”—loses its monopoly. Grice: And that is why I tease. A provocation can be a methodological reminder: do not confuse fashionable exegesis with philosophical work. Heglato: Still, one must not treat “minor figures” as mere rubble. Sometimes a so-called minor idiom is the hinge of a tradition—especially across cultures. Grice: Granted. My remark was not a metaphysical decree. It was a caution: introjection is costly; spend it where it yields method, not merely biography. Plathegel: Yet translation itself can make a figure “major” in one latitude and “minor” in another. An Italian may find Hegel indispensable; an Oxonian may find him a nuisance Grice: That is the latitudinal lesson. The same name carries different conversational affordances in different places. What matters is: can we still speak across them without collapsing into either reverence or parody? Kantotle: Now to your second announced axis: you say Italian philosophers will touch more on ethics—on which you explicitly never philosophised except indirectly. Grice: Yes. My prejudices were linguistic and methodological; my predilections, when they edged toward value, did so obliquely—through the rational basis of ethics in my Kant lectures, or through the axiological rationality of moral value in lectures on the conception of value. Ariskant: So your Italian survey expands your predilections while keeping your prejudices: you keep your conversational method, but widen the topics toward ethics. Grice: Exactly. I do not suddenly become a moralist; I become a better conversationalist about morality, by letting others bring the topics where I only provided the tools. Heglato: And this is where Hegel’s absence in your earlier list becomes ironic: Italians read Hegel ethically as much as metaphysically—freedom, recognition, historical agency. Grice: Very well: let Hegel return via Italy, if not via my Oxford lists. That is precisely the point of the latitudinal: history reintroduces what local curricula exclude. Plathegel: Then the forthcoming alphabetical list is not mere cataloguing; it is your evidence. The Italians, across centuries, will supply longitudinal unity; their shared preoccupations—especially ethical ones—will supply latitudinal unity of history. Grice: Well put. Each Italian below will get his time in the sun: a four-move exchange with me, as proof that I can dialogue with each, and thus that the old fantasy of unity is not merely pious. Kantotle: But how will you prevent the exchanges from becoming repetitive—each philosopher merely a new costume for the same Gricean maxim? Grice: By letting each bring a “catchy right topic,” as you put it—one where my conversational apparatus must stretch. The point is not to make them Griceans; it is to show Grice can be answerable to them. Ariskant: So the test is conversational: can your maxims survive contact with alien ethical vocabularies—virtù, coscienza, diritto, valore—without reducing them to English idiom? Grice: Precisely. If I merely translate them into my own jargon, I fail the latitudinal. If I cannot find a rational path between idioms, I fail the longitudinal too. Heglato: Then you need an ending that is indeterminate—because the conversation must not close the list; it must open it. Grice: Yes. Conversation is the proper prologue because it is never properly finished. The list that follows is not an appendix; it is the continuation of the talk by other voices. Plathegel: Let us, then, return to “Vitters.” Was the provocation also aimed at the Saturday-morning idea that philosophy is best done by correcting the English of a German? Grice: That, and the deeper temptation: to treat translation as domestication rather than as risk. Pears and McGuinness made the German palatable; but philosophy sometimes needs indigestion to stay alive. Kantotle: Yet without translation you would not have your latitudinal axis at all. You need the palatable and the unpalatable both. Grice: Exactly. The “thanksgiving” line was sincere: transference between idioms is what keeps philosophy alive. But thanksgiving is not worship; it is gratitude with criticism intact. Ariskant: Then the Italian chapters will be a practice in controlled introjection: stepping into sandals across centuries, but also into histories across regions. Grice: And doing so as conversation, not as kow-towing in a hall of fame. We address them as if they could answer, and as if we could be corrected. Heglato: If that is your method, you will have to let some Italians correct you on ethics—where you admit you spoke only indirectly. Grice: I am prepared to be corrected—provided the correction is a good conversational move: relevant, informative enough, and not a mere display of historical costume. Plathegel: And what of the Oxford–Cambridge pairing? Will the Italians dissolve it, or sharpen it? Grice: Both. They may show that “Aristotle and Kant at Vadum Boum” and “Plato and Hegel at Cambridge” are parochial abbreviations for larger European continuities—and that Italy, by insisting on ethics, interrupts both abbreviations. Kantotle: Then the unity you seek is not uniformity but compatibility: a set of practices that can be translated without being flattened. Ariskant: And the proof will be in the coming four-move exchanges: each will be short, but each will have to change the direction of your thought a little. Grice: That is the hope. Now let the alphabetical Italians enter—each with a moment of dialogue—so that longitudinal unity can be read in the scan of centuries, and latitudinal unity in the shifting emphases of history, especially where ethics forces my pragmatics to earn its keep. Nota di passaggio (fine Parte I). La Parte II inaugura i verbali del Gruppo di Gioco di H. P. Grice. Ogni verbale prende avvio da un nome proprio (talora accompagnato da un luogo), da una citazione‑innesco e da una breve costellazione di parole‑chiave; segue poi la conversazione (Grice incluso), con eventuali rimandi interni e chiusura bibliografica. L’ordine è di comodo (alfabetico) e non pretende alcuna gerarchia filosofica.

 

 

PART II: I VERBAL DEL GRUPPO DI GIOCO DI H. P. GRICE

 

Note for the reader. The rubric “Grice and Italian philosophy” is used here in a deliberately time-indexed and availability-sensitive way, keyed to Grice’s Oxford years (1930–1967). The primary criterion is contemporaneity in a strict sense: Italian philosophers count as interlocutors when they were alive at some point within that window and when their work was in principle accessible to an Oxford philosopher from 1930 onwards; thus Benedetto Croce qualifies paradigmatically, since his earliest publications predate 1930 and he was himself a living figure when Grice arrived at Oxford, so that a genuine (even if only counterfactual) possibility of intellectual contact exists. By contrast, canonical Italian figures outside the window (for example, medieval authorities) may remain indispensable as background, but they do not count as “intersections” under this rubric merely in virtue of being part of an Italian tradition. A secondary, explicitly marked inclusion rule is also allowed for exceptional cases of reception: an earlier Italian author may be admitted when a specific edition, translation, anthology, controversy, or scholarly “rediscovery” was demonstrably current in the anglophone/Oxford scene during 1930–1967, thereby making that author functionally contemporary for Grice’s purposes; such cases are treated as reception-history intersections rather than as direct contemporaneous interlocutions.

 

What you can say confidently (and what you should flag as “I may be misremembering”) splits neatly into three layers: (i) Oxford term mechanics, (ii) Grice’s likely first term/year, (iii) Hardie-from-the-beginning? 1) If Grice “came up” in 1930: what term/month name would it be? If he began in the normal way, he would have “come up” for Michaelmas Term (the autumn term). Michaelmas is the first term of the academic year and is named from Michaelmas (29 Sept). [en.wikipedia.org] So, in Grice-voice you can safely have him say something like:  “Michaelmas, naturally—the term whose name tells you you’re not at a university but at a calendar.”  But: I can’t, from the sources I can currently cite, give you the exact Michaelmas Full Term dates for 1930 (those dates were/are published in the Gazette, but I haven’t pulled the specific 1930 notice yet). The modern rule about Full Term being eight weeks and beginning on a Sunday is stated in the general Oxford term framework. [en.wikipedia.org], [ox.ac.uk] 2) Was it 1929, 1930, or 1931? Your instinct that 1929 is unlikely is reasonable. The most solid biographical capsule we have in hand (British Academy memoir) fixes:  Classical Honour Moderations: 1933 Literae Humaniores finals: 1935 [thebritish...demy.ac.uk]  That pattern strongly suggests matriculation around 1931 (because Mods typically come early, then Greats finals later). But since you’re deliberately writing as Grice and allowing the “I can’t quite recall” stance, the safest narrative move is:  Treat 1930/31 as the fuzzy boundary and have Grice explicitly acknowledge the uncertainty: “Some would put it in ’30; my own memory puts it in Michaelmas a year later, though memory is not a register.”  (We can tighten this if you want me to dig the actual Gazette “New Scholars” list you saw—your recollection sounds like exactly the sort of thing searchable in the Gazette archive page, but we haven’t yet located the specific issue.) [ox.ac.uk] 3) Was Hardie assigned “from the beginning”? Here you can be much firmer in principle, even if you don’t specify an exact week:  W. F. R. Hardie was the Corpus tutor in philosophy from 1926 onward, and is explicitly recorded as tutor to Paul Grice. [en.wikipedia.org]  So it is perfectly idiomatic (and fact-safe) for “Grice” to say:  “Hardie was inescapable at Corpus—one didn’t so much choose him as encounter him as one encounters a compulsory text.”  What you can’t safely assert without further evidence is:  “Hardie was assigned to me in my very first week/first tutorial/first day.” It’s likely in spirit, but if you want to keep it scrupulous, make it: “early,” “from the outset,” or “before I’d learned where Hall was.”  A Grice-style recollection paragraph (chat-only, ready for you to paste)  Grice (recollecting, later): People now talk as if one “arrived” at Oxford on a date, as if one were a parcel. I have a vaguer memory: Michaelmas, certainly—the term that announces, by its very name, that one’s education will be conducted by the Church calendar whether one likes it or not. As to the year, I find myself tempted by round numbers—1930 has a pleasing symmetry—but the official chronology is a sterner tutor than memory, and the safer claim is simply that I came up at the start of the decade and was soon captured by the Corpus machine: Mods first, Greats later. And as for Hardie—people ask whether I was “assigned” to him, as if tutors were allocated like beds. The truth is cruder: at Corpus Hardie was simply there, the resident intelligence for philosophy, and one met him early enough to feel, almost at once, that the real discipline at Oxford is not the examination but the tutorial—where a question can be answered, if at all, only after you have been made to say what you mean by the smallest word in the sentence. Yes—that Gazette notice (10 April 1930) is strong evidence that Grice had secured the Classics scholarship by then, and it makes Michaelmas Term 1930 the most natural “coming up” point. Two careful points, though:   Elected ≠ Matriculated (always). Scholarship elections in April commonly refer to awards for the next academic year (i.e., for the student to come up in autumn). So it’s very reasonable to infer: elected April 1930 → came up Michaelmas 1930. But the Gazette line by itself doesn’t logically force the exact matriculation date.   Hardie “from the beginning”: plausible, but phrase it safely. If Grice came up to Corpus on a Classics scholarship, he would normally have been under the college’s tutorial system immediately, and Hardie was indeed a central Corpus philosophy tutor figure in that period. So “met Hardie early” is safe; “met Hardie in his first week” is stronger than the evidence you’ve cited.   A Grice-voice recollection you can insert (chat only)  Grice (recollecting): People sometimes get the chronology wrong because Oxford encourages one to remember terms as moods rather than dates. But the record is plain enough: the Gazette in April 1930 lists my election to a Classics scholarship from Clifton. That fixes the practical point: by the following Michaelmas I was meant to “come up”—as if one were a fish ascending a river—into Corpus and the machinery of Lit. Hum. The first term is always Michaelmas; it begins the year and also begins the discipline. Whether I first met Hardie on day one I cannot swear—Oxford does not introduce tutors with trumpet-calls—but I met him early enough to feel he had been there all along: an unavoidable presence, like Aristotle in Greats. If one had a scholarship, one did not float free; one was promptly attached—to a college, to a reading list, and to a man whose questions made it impossible to pretend that construing Lucretius was the whole of liberty.  If you’d like, paste the exact Gazette wording (the whole line, including any college name if printed), and I can tighten the “Corpus vs Oxford-wide” inference and make the vignette even more definite without overclaiming. 1930 Three for 1930 (Italy; “Oxford-radar plausible”), with the same quick why it fits gloss—and, nicely, all three of these are the sort of things that an Oxford don could plausibly have noticed (one is literally tied to Oxford itself):   Benedetto Croce (1930). Antistoricismo (lecture at the Seventh International Congress of Philosophy, Oxford; printed in La Critica the same year; later re-collected).  Why it fits: this is literally Oxford-facing (an Oxford Congress/lecture), and Croce is the Italian philosopher with the highest chance of being “in the air” in Oxford in the early 1930s. [ibs.it], [abebooks.com]   Ugo Spirito (1930). L’idealismo italiano e i suoi critici. Firenze: Le Monnier.  Why it fits: clean “state of the Italian scene” book—idealism in Italy, presented as a debate with critics; also explicitly reviewed in the (UK) journal Philosophy, which makes it very plausibly “radar.” [cambridge.org], [biblio.toscana.it] [cambridge.org]   Piero Martinetti (1930). Antologia kantiana. Torino: Paravia.  Why it fits: Oxford would always have a Kant corridor; an Italian Kant anthology/commentary from Paravia is the kind of “teaching spine” object that can travel quietly into libraries and reading lists. 1931 Three for 1931 (Italy; “Oxford-radar plausible”), with the brief “why it fits” note, and choosing items with clean bibliographic anchoring:   Benedetto Croce, Etica e politica (Bari: Laterza, 1931).  Why it fits: Croce is one of the few Italian philosophers with real cross-border name-recognition in the period; and “ethics + politics” is a topic-title that could plausibly tempt an Oxford moral philosopher even when he ignores Italian metaphysics. [Opere di B...ce Laterza]   Giovanni Gentile, La filosofia dell’arte (Milano: Treves, 1931).  Why it fits: a major-system figure publishing a substantial “aesthetics as philosophy” volume; and it’s demonstrably visible beyond Italy (reviewed in the Journal of Philosophy in 1931). [abebooks.com], [jstor.org]   Nicola Abbagnano, Il problema di Dio in alcune recenti discussioni (estratto da “Logos”, anno XIV, 1931; Napoli/Città di Castello: Perrella).  Why it fits: a compact, exportable “problem book” in offprint form—exactly the kind of item that can circulate in libraries and personal files even when full monographs don’t; and thematically it plugs into the Oxford “religion/metaphysics” corridor without needing existentialist vocabulary yet. [abebooks.com] 1932 Three for 1932 (Italy; “Oxford-radar plausible”), keeping your established mix (big-name monograph + a channel-marker + a “system text” that might actually travel):   Benedetto Croce (1932). Storia d’Europa nel secolo decimonono.  Why it fits: Croce is one of the few Italian philosophers who could plausibly have been “on the shelves” and in the peripheral awareness of Oxford classicists/philosophers; and the “religion of liberty” theme is legible even when the metaphysics isn’t. [amazon.it], [en.wikipedia.org]   LA CRITICA (dir. Croce) (1932). La Critica. Rivista di letteratura, storia e filosofia, Vol. XXX (1932). Napoli: Laterza.  Why it fits: your best “channel marker” for the Italian philosophical ecosystem in this decade; even if Oxford ignored the contents, it could easily know of the title. [abebooks.it], [abebooks.com]   Giovanni Gentile (1932). La riforma della scuola in Italia (2ª ed.). Milano: Treves.  Why it fits: pedagogy/education-policy is one of the likeliest “cross-border” genres (libraries buy it; governments watch it), and Gentile is a high-salience Italian name in the period—so it’s a very plausible “radar” hit even for people who don’t read Italian philosophy for pleasure. [archive.org] 1933 Three for 1933 (Italy; “Oxford-radar plausible”), keeping your pattern (big channel + a readable monograph + a “scene/philosophy” marker):   Benedetto Croce (ed.) (1933). La Critica. Rivista di letteratura, storia e filosofia, Vol. XXXI (1933). Napoli/Bari: Laterza.  Why it fits: the Croce-channel; if Oxford notices one Italian intellectual organ in the 1930s, it’s this. [abebooks.it], [books.google.com]   Giovanni Gentile (1933). Introduzione alla filosofia. Milano: Treves–Treccani–Tumminelli.  Why it fits: a highly “exportable” title (an introduction), by a name Oxford could hardly avoid knowing of even when refusing the tradition. [abebooks.it]   Enrico Castelli (1933). Idealismo e solipsismo: e saggi critici. Roma: Signorelli.  Why it fits: philosophically legible keywords (“idealism,” “solipsism”), compact, and it also cues the Rome-based “philosophy-of-religion / debate culture” ecology that becomes important later. [abebooks.it] 1934. Three for 1934 (Italy; “Oxford-radar plausible”), keeping your mix of (i) a major-name monograph, (ii) a major channel, and (iii) a conceptually exportable spine—and sticking to items I can point to with decent bibliographic footing:   Benedetto Croce (1934). Orientamenti. Piccoli saggi di filosofia politica. Milano: Gilardi e Noto.  Why it fits: Croce is one of the few Italians Oxford could hardly avoid hearing about; and “political philosophy in short essays” is exactly the kind of portable Croce that could drift into an English library catalogue. [abebooks.com]   Benedetto Croce (dir.) (1934). La Critica. Rivista di letteratura, storia e filosofia (annata 1934). (Laterza; periodical).  Why it fits: a high-visibility channel marker; if an Oxford don knows one Italian philosophical periodical title in the 1930s, this is the likeliest. [libreriabacbuc.com]   Giovanni Gentile (1934). Origini e dottrina del fascismo (3rd rev. & expanded ed.). Roma: Istituto nazionale fascista di cultura.  Why it fits: even if Oxford wanted to avert its eyes, this is precisely the sort of “philosophy entangled with regime” text that could become notorious enough to cross borders as an object of attention (or alarm), i.e., “radar” even without sympathy. [librinlinea.it] 1935 Three for 1935 (Italy; and “Oxford-visible”), with the brief why it fits note:   Giovanni Gentile (1935). Il carattere dell’idealismo e la presente filosofia italiana. Firenze: L’Arte della Stampa (estratto; also catalogued as an offprint).  Why it fits: a compact, programmatic “Italy explains itself” statement by one of the two names Oxford would most likely have heard of even when it refused the substance. [books.google.com], [parsifal.urbe.it]   Benedetto Croce (1935). La Critica. Rivista di letteratura, storia e filosofia, vol. XXXIII (1935), Laterza (Bari/Napoli imprint).  Why it fits: “channel event” + major name. Even if Oxford didn’t read Italian idealism, it could easily know of Croce and of La Critica as a cultural-philosophical flagship. [libreriamarini.it], [it.wikipedia.org]   Archivio di storia della filosofia italiana (1935). (Roma: Stamperia Moderna; organo della Società filosofica italiana).  Why it fits: another high-utility “ecosystem marker” for your year-by-year table—exactly the sort of periodical that would be acquired by national libraries and could show up in foreign catalogues even when monographs don’t. [Emeroteca...le di Roma], [abebooks.com] 1936 Three for 1936 (Italy; “Oxford-visible”), with the brief why it fits note:   Nicola Abbagnano (1936). Il principio della metafisica. Napoli: Alberto Morano.  Why it fits: this is a clean, early “Abbagnano as systematic philosopher” marker (and you’ll later see him recur). Also: Morano/Napoli is exactly the kind of imprint an Oxford library might hold in the back shelves even if few read it. [amazon.it], [catalogo.s...t.unina.it]   Giovanni Gentile (1936). Memorie italiane e problemi della filosofia e della vita. Firenze: G. C. Sansoni.  Why it fits: major-name visibility + a title that reads like “Italy + philosophy + life” (broad, programmatic, exportable); also gives you a clean 1936 anchor for the Gentile/cultural-philosophy axis. [archive.org], [abebooks.com]   Benedetto Croce (1936). Vite di avventure, di fede e di passione. Bari: Laterza.  Why it fits: Croce is one of the few Italians with consistent international “brand recognition” in the period; Laterza makes it library-friendly; and—even if it isn’t “technical philosophy”—it’s very likely to show up on a cultivated Oxford don’s shelf. [books.google.com], [abebooks.it] 1937 Three for 1937 (Italy; “Oxford-radar plausible”), keeping the same mini-rationale:   Giovanni Gentile, Storia della filosofia italiana dal Genovesi al Galluppi (2 vols.). Firenze: Sansoni, 1937.  Why it fits: big institutional “history-of-philosophy” infrastructure, plus Gentile is a name Oxford classicists/philosophers could at least recognise even when they refused to read him. [abebooks.com]   Benedetto Croce, La poesia. Bari: Laterza, 1937.  Why it fits: Croce is the most internationally “legible” Italian philosopher in the period, and Laterza is a high-visibility imprint; even if “poetry” sounds literary, Croce’s aesthetics is philosophy in Italian dress. [abebooks.com]   Società filosofica italiana, Rivista di filosofia, vol. 28. (Taylor editore), 1937.  Why it fits: this is a clean “channel marker” for what is still live in the Italian philosophical ecosystem in 1937; and journals are often what actually cross borders into libraries first. [books.google.com] 1938 Three for 1938 (Italy; and plausibly “Oxford-visible”), with the same brief “why it fits” note:   Benedetto Croce (1938). La storia come pensiero e come azione. Bari: Laterza.  Why it fits: Croce is one of the very few Italian philosophers with real cross-border visibility in the period; and the title itself (“history as thought and as action”) is the kind of large, programmatic claim that could easily drift into an Oxford library and into conversation. [it.wikipedia.org], [laterza.it]   Giovanni Gentile (1938). Teoria generale dello spirito come atto puro (6ª edizione riveduta). Firenze: Sansoni.  Why it fits: even if Oxford ignored “attualismo,” Gentile is an unavoidable Italian landmark; and a revised major edition in 1938 is a clean year-marker for the still-dominant idealist infrastructure. [archive.org]   Johan Huizinga (1938). La crisi della civiltà. Torino: Einaudi.  Why it fits: not an Italian author, but an Italian publication event with very high “radar probability”: Einaudi + “crisis of civilisation” in 1938 is exactly the kind of book that might be noticed (and even read) by an Oxford “Renaissance man” type during the late-30s atmosphere. [ebay.com], [studiobenacense.it] 1939 Three for 1939 (published in Italy; and plausibly “Oxford-visible”), with the brief “why it fits” note:   Nicola Abbagnano (1939). La struttura dell’esistenza.  Why it fits: this is the cleanest single “new Italian philosophy” landmark of the year—existentialism reframed in a style that is unusually sober/analytic by Italian standards, and Abbagnano becomes a central node for your later decades. [treccani.it], [it.wikipedia.org]   Benedetto Croce (1939). Conversazioni critiche. Serie quinta. Bari: Laterza.  Why it fits: Croce is one of the few Italian philosophers with genuine international “brand recognition” in the period; Laterza makes it library-friendly, and “conversazioni/critica” resonates with your Grice angle even if the conceptual apparatus is different. [abebooks.com]   Giovanni Gentile (1939; “finito di comporre nel 1939” for the later edition). Il pensiero italiano del Rinascimento.  Why it fits: it’s Renaissance-facing and therefore naturally “Oxford-readable”; and it signals the idealist/historicist axis that still dominates the Italian scene at the very moment analytic philosophy is consolidating in Oxford. [archive.org] 1940 Three for 1940 (Italy; and radar plausible), with the brief “why it fits” note:   Nicola Abbagnano (1940). Antologia del pensiero filosofico. Torino: G.B. Paravia & C.  Why it fits: a big “teaching spine / canon-making” tool—exactly the kind of thing a university library acquires and a don can browse without committing to an Italian system. [abebooks.com]   Benedetto Croce (1940). Il carattere della filosofia moderna.  Why it fits: Croce remains one of the few Italian philosophers with real cross-border visibility; and the title is broad enough (“character of modern philosophy”) to look exportable, not local. [tecalibri.info]   Giovanni Gentile (21 June 1940). Roma eterna (article in Civiltà, a. 1, n. 2, pp. 4–8; manuscript also catalogued).  Why it fits: 1940 is a year where the political and the philosophical are entangled in Italy; this is a crisp dated “signal text,” and the fact it’s also tracked as a manuscript item makes it a nice parallel to your earlier “archival” approach. [patrimonio....senato.it] 1941 Three for 1941 (Italy; and each is a plausible “Oxford radar” item), with a quick why it fits note:   Eugenio Garin (1941). Il Rinascimento italiano. (Roma/Milano: Istituto per gli Studi di Politica Internazionale).  Why it fits: Renaissance intellectual history is an Oxford classicist’s natural “import channel”; also Garin is exactly the kind of Italian scholar who could be noticed even by people who ignore contemporary Italian system-building. [books.google.com]   Nicola Abbagnano (1941). Esistenza e sostanza. Milano: La Lampada.  Why it fits: “existence/substance” is a clean metaphysics hook; and Abbagnano is a major node in your A–Z anyway—so it’s a good year-marker that’s also philosophically central. [ebay.com]   Nicola Abbagnano (1941). Bernardino Telesio. Milano: Fratelli Bocca.  Why it fits: an Oxford-readable genre (Italian Renaissance/early-modern philosophy through a monograph on a canonical figure), and Bocca is a “serious” imprint that could show up in acquisition lists. [abebooks.it] 1942 Three for 1942 (Italy; as “radar plausible” as one can make a wartime year), with a quick “why it fits” note for each:   Eugenio Garin (1942). Filosofi italiani del Quattrocento. Firenze: Le Monnier.  Why it fits: a major canon-forming Renaissance-history-of-philosophy volume; exactly the kind of Italy→Oxford bridge-book (humanism, philology, intellectual history) that a Lit. Hum. reader could plausibly notice. [books.google.com]   Nicola Abbagnano (1942). Introduzione all’esistenzialismo. Milano: Bompiani.  Why it fits: the clean “movement gateway” for existentialism in Italy; short, legible, and the sort of thing that could be spotted even by Oxford people who “don’t read Italians” because the topic-name was unavoidable. [abebooks.it]   Cesare Luporini (1942). Situazione e libertà nell’esistenza umana. Firenze: Le Monnier.  Why it fits: philosophically “serious” existential/anthropological framing, and Le Monnier again makes it an Italy-wide academic imprint rather than a local pamphlet. [ebay.it] 1943 1943 Three for 1943 (Italy; keeping your “Oxford radar” criterion, i.e., things that could plausibly be noticed even if not read closely):   [] (1943). La dottrina del risveglio (Bari: Laterza).  Why it fits: Laterza is a highly visible imprint; and whatever Oxford thought of Evola, a “doctrine” book with classical/philological airs and a serious publisher is exactly the sort of odd Italian item that might turn up in acquisitions and provoke a raised eyebrow. [ebay.com]   [] (1943). La Critica. Rivista di letteratura, storia e filosofia (Vol. XLI, 1943; Laterza).  Why it fits: this is the Croce-channel at full strength in wartime. As a “radar” marker it’s very strong: an Oxford don could easily know of Croce and of La Critica even without tracking Italian monographs that year. [abebooks.it] [abebooks.it], [storiamedi...erranea.it]   [] (1943). Rivista di filosofia (Vol. 34, 1943; Formiggini / Società Filosofica Italiana).  Why it fits: another “channel-event” rather than a single authorial landmark—useful because 1943 is a disruption year, and journals are often the most reliable way to represent what was still intellectually “alive.” [books.google.com] [books.google.com], [static.fra...oangeli.it] 1944 Three for 1944 (Italy; “radar plausible”), with the same quick why it fits note—and I’ll keep #3 as a journal-event because 1944 is a disruption year where “what didn’t appear” is itself informative.   Michele Federico Sciacca (a cura di) (1944). Filosofi italiani contemporanei. Como: Dott. Carlo Marzorati Editore.  Why it fits: a compact “who’s who / scene map” of living Italian philosophy—exactly the sort of reference-work that could drift into an Oxford library and be browsed even by someone not tracking Italian debates. [abebooks.com]   Benedetto Croce (1944). Proemio alla Critica del 1944 (in La Critica, vol. 42, 1944).  Why it fits: not a monograph, but an unmistakable public “Croce speaks in wartime” marker; and Croce is one of the few Italian names with real odds of being noticed in Oxford even when the shelf is otherwise ignored. [bibliofilo...niroma1.it]   Archivio di Filosofia — publication interruption in 1944 (stops due to the German occupation; resumes 1945 with a new monographic format).  Why it fits: like your 1951 aut aut marker, this is a “channel event” that tells you about the conditions of Italian philosophical production; it’s also extremely useful for a year-by-year table because it explains absence rather than forcing you into a dubious “top book” in a year of disruption.  1945 Three for 1945 (keeping your “Oxford radar” criterion, and using Italian publications—book or book-equivalent—where the bibliographic year is reasonably secure):   Pasquale (1870). Sulla dialettica antica e moderna — Problemata dell’esistenzialismo (Italy, 1945).  Why it fits: it’s one of the clearest “Italy is processing existentialism as philosophy, not just mood” markers right at the war’s end; also the kind of title Oxford could notice simply because “existentialism” was the continental headline. [abebooks.com]   Nicola Abbagnano. Compendio di storia della filosofia (Torino: Paravia, 1945).  Why it fits: a classic “spine text” with a clean publisher and date—exactly the sort of work an Oxford library might acquire and that an Oxford don might consult when triangulating the Italian canon. [abebooks.com]   Archivio di Filosofia (revival year) — publication resumes in 1945 with a new monographic format.  Why it fits: like your aut aut (1951) pick, this is a channel-event: postwar reopening + international orientation + early Italian venue for phenomenology/psychoanalysis/philosophy of language. Even if Oxford didn’t read it, it’s the kind of thing that could show up on a learned person’s “there’s a new/renewed journal” radar. [istitutoen...astelli.it] 1946 Three for 1946 (Italy; book-form or “book-equivalent” and plausibly Oxford-visible), with the brief “why it fits” note: Abbagnano (1946). Storia della filosofia, vol. I (UTET, Torino).  Why it fits: UTET reference-works are exactly what an Oxford library acquires; and Abbagnano-as-historian is a strong “Italy speaking in an exportable genre” marker (history-of-philosophy as institutional infrastructure). Bontadini (1946). Dall’attualismo al problematicismo (La Scuola, Brescia).  Why it fits: a clean postwar theoretical “turn” book (idealism → problematicism/metaphysics). Also very relevant for your later Grice-thread because it’s explicitly about method and “the shape of the problem,” which is precisely what an Oxford philosopher would recognise as philosophy even when the vocabulary is foreign. Garin (ed.) (1946). Disputationes adversus astrologiam divinatricem. Libri I–V (Giovanni Pico della Mirandola), ed. Garin.  Why it fits: a “Renaissance humanism + critical edition” landmark—highly legible to Oxford classicists/historians of ideas, and exactly the kind of book that could circulate internationally as scholarship rather than as an “Italian system.”  1947 Three for 1947 (Italy; chosen to be both “landmarks” and plausibly visible from Oxford), with the same why it fits gloss: Garin, Storia della filosofia italiana dal Medioevo al Risorgimento, Milano: Vallardi, 1947.  Why it fits: this is a genuine canon-making “big spine” history; and it’s the sort of work an Oxford Lit. Hum. mind might consult as soon as “Italy” and “philosophy” are in the same sentence. Paci, Esistenza ed immagine, Milano: Antonio Tarantola, 1947.  Why it fits: a very “postwar continental” Italian marker (existence + expression + art/literature), and the kind of title that could circulate as a signal of what Milanese phenomenology/existentialism is doing—especially for someone in Oxford who still reads broadly. Abbagnano, Introduzione all’esistenzialismo, Torino: Taylor, 1947.  Why it fits: this is the clean “movement gateway” book—short, portable, and exactly the sort of thing a curious Oxford philosopher might pick up just to know what “existentialism” is supposed to be.  1948 Three for 1948 (Italy; and each is the sort of “signal” that could plausibly have drifted into an Oxford library or a cosmopolitan don’s peripheral awareness):   Ernesto de Martino, Il mondo magico (1948).  Why it fits: a genuinely landmark postwar Italian intellectual event (anthropology of religion with heavy philosophical stakes: presence, ritual, “crisis”); the kind of book that might get noticed abroad precisely because it isn’t “technical Italian metaphysics” but a new genre with conceptual bite. Pfister, Il metodo della scienza: Indagine sistematica intorno allo sviluppo organico del fenomeno (Firenze: Sansoni, 1948).  Why it fits: philosophy/methodology of science is one of the most plausible cross-channel contact zones; “method” books are exportable, reviewable, and library-friendly. Bontadini (article landmark, 1948), “Per il ritorno della metafisica” (listed in the 1948 annual contents).  Why it fits: I’m deliberately using a periodical-as-event here (as with aut aut in 1951) because “return of metaphysics” is exactly the sort of slogan that could ping Oxford’s attention as a continental counter-move—especially just after the war.  1949 Three for 1949 (Italy; book(-level) items), chosen to be both defensible landmarks and plausibly visible from Oxford: Abbagnano, Storia della filosofia (UTET, Torino), 1949 (revised/reprinted volumes in that year are explicitly attested).  Why it fits: UTET reference-works are exactly what an Oxford library buys; and Abbagnano is the kind of Italian name that could appear on acquisition lists even when nobody reads Italian “systems.” Paci, Ingens sylva: saggio sulla filosofia di G. B. Vico (Mondadori, Milano), 1949.  Why it fits: Vico is a natural Oxford bait (classicist-friendly, language/philosophy adjacency), and Mondadori gives it wide circulation. Preti (ed.), Blaise Pascal, La morale dei gesuiti (dalle “Provinciali”) (Universale Economica / “Il Canguro”, Milano), 1949.  Why it fits: an Oxford-readable “classics of moral polemic” repackaged in a mass series; also a clean signal of the postwar Italian move toward public-facing philosophical culture. 1950 Three for 1950 (Italy; book(-level) publications), with the brief “why it fits Oxford radar” note: Paci (1950). Il nulla e il problema dell’uomo. Torino: Taylor.  Why it fits: a clean “Italian existentialism” landmark right at mid-century; short enough, titled boldly enough, and thematically close enough to Oxford’s own worries (mind, self, negation) that it’s the sort of thing a Grice-type browser could have noticed—even if only to dismiss it with a quip. Pareyson (1950). L’estetica dell’idealismo tedesco, vol. I: Kant, Schiller, Fichte. Torino: Edizioni di Filosofia.  Why it fits: “German idealism explained by an Italian” is exactly the sort of import/export channel that does cross borders; also Oxford classicists often had a soft spot for aesthetics done as history-of-ideas. Preti (1950). Newton (collana “I Filosofi”). Milano: Garzanti.  Why it fits: Newton + “I Filosofi” is tailor-made for Oxford visibility: a canonical scientific figure framed philosophically, in a portable series by a major publisher.  1951 Three for 1951 (keeping your “Oxford radar” constraint; mostly book-form, with one deliberate “journal-as-event” because 1951 is that kind of year in Italy): Abbagnano (1951). Storia del pensiero scientifico (ad uso del liceo scientifico). Torino: Paravia.  Why it fits: a “spine text” in the history/philosophy-of-science corridor—exactly the sort of thing that could drift into an Oxford library as a reference/teaching aid, and it signals the Italian neo-illuminist axis before it gets the later label. Rodolfo De Mattei (1951). Gli studi italiani di storia del pensiero politico (saggio storico, bibliografico). Bologna: C. Zuffi.  Why it fits: method/bibliography = maximally exportable. Also: Bologna imprint, and a “what’s been done in Italy” map—very plausible as a back-of-the-shelf tool for an Oxford don who is browsing rather than committing. Paci (founder) (1951). aut aut (founded in Milan, January 1951).  Why it fits: not a monograph, but a genuine “institutional event”—a new channel for phenomenology/existentialism/continental debate in Italy. This is precisely the kind of thing that might have registered in Oxford as “there’s a new review over there,” even if nobody read it carefully.  1952 Three for 1952 (keeping to your “Oxford radar” criterion; mostly book-form, but I’ll flag where something is course-notes / edited classic): Garin (1952). L’umanesimo italiano: filosofia e vita civile nel Rinascimento. Bari: Laterza.  Why it fits: Laterza + Renaissance humanism is exactly the sort of Italian “serious book” an Oxford classicist-philosopher might actually notice (and it later becomes a canonical Garin marker). Mondolfo (1952). Problemi e metodi di ricerca nella storia della filosofia. Firenze: La Nuova Italia.  Why it fits: pure “method” (history of philosophy as discipline) — the most exportable genre into an Oxford library because it looks like scholarly self-instruction rather than a local doctrinal fight. Nicola Abbagnano (1952). Corso di pedagogia. Problemi di pedagogia sociale. 1951–1952 (Università di Torino, Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia). Torino: Litografia Antonio Viretto.  Why it fits: it’s “archival-ish” (course-dispense/notes) but dated, place-fixed, and thematically very on-point for your project (norms, social formation, “communication” as a social problem)—and it also concretely situates Abbagnano in the Turin institutional ecology.  1953 Three for 1953 (book(-level) items; each with “why it fits Oxford radar”). I’m choosing ones that are (i) genuinely consequential in Italy and (ii) plausibly the sort of thing that might have drifted into an Oxford library or a don’s peripheral awareness.  Abbagnano, Storia della filosofia (UTET, Torino), 1953.  Why it fits: a big, institutional “spine” history—exactly the kind of multi-volume reference work that libraries acquire and that a Grice-type classicist might consult when triangulating “what Italians think happened.” Garin, Cronache di filosofia italiana (1900–1943) (Laterza, Bari), 1953/55 printing window (commonly indexed as 1955, but it’s close enough that it functions as the mid‑50s landmark you’re tracking).  Why it fits: it’s a canon-and-scene map of Italian philosophy—precisely the sort of “meta” book that would travel, be reviewed, and be browsable even by someone not following Italian technical debates. Paci (with Luigi Rognoni), L’espressionismo – L’esistenzialismo (ERI / Radio Italiana), 1953.  Why it fits: a compact “movement snapshot” from a major figure; also unusually plausible for Oxford visibility because it reads like a guide to what the Continent is up to, in the exact period Oxford is negotiating its own relationship to existentialism.  1954 Three for 1954 (books, published in Italy; each with a brief “why it fits Oxford radar” note): Paci (1954). Tempo e relazione. Milano: Taylor.  Why it fits: major, programmatic “Italian phenomenology/relationalism” marker; also the sort of title that an Oxford philosopher might notice because it wears metaphysics openly but argues with science/logic vocabulary. Pareyson (1954). Estetica. Teoria della formatività. Torino: Edizioni di Filosofia.  Why it fits: a clean landmark in aesthetics/hermeneutics; and it’s structurally “exportable” (an Oxford don could plausibly hear of it via continental aesthetics even if not reading Italian habitually). Bobbio (1954). L’esistenzialismo (lectures-as-book; Italian original year 1954).  Why it fits: short, legible, and exactly the sort of “movement snapshot” Oxford might encounter as a convenient guide to what the Continent is doing.  1955 Three for 1955 (all book-form, all very “radar plausible”), with the quick “why it fits” note: Garin, Cronache di filosofia italiana, 1900–1943 (Bari: Laterza, 1955).  Why it fits: a canon-making, scene-mapping work—exactly the sort of “what is Italian philosophy doing?” volume that could sit in an Oxford library and actually be browsed (and Laterza travels). Bobbio, Politica e cultura (Torino: Einaudi, 1955).  Why it fits: this is one of the cleanest “philosophy as civic argument” landmarks—also the most likely to cross into Anglophone awareness because it’s about the role of intellectuals, freedom, and the politics–culture relation. Paci, “1955–56” work-cluster (Pavia lectures / early aut aut period) as a book-like institutional marker; for a strict “book” entry use the nearest stable monograph anchor you already have for him, but 1955 is a real inflection point in his public output.  Why it fits: Paci is “the Italian channel” for phenomenology/existentialism and the journal ecology that Oxford would notice at least by reputation; 1955 is when his teaching + periodical presence becomes structurally visible.  1956 Three for 1956 (Italy; and “Oxford-radar” plausible), with the brief why it fits note: [] (1956). Storia del pensiero scientifico. (Milano: Mondadori, 1956/57 imprint varies by listing).  Why it fits: a big “history-of-scientific-thought” spine text by a major Banfi-circle philosopher; Oxford would notice this genre (history of science as shared canon) even when it ignored “Italian metaphysics.”    [] (1956). Ancora sull’esistenzialismo. Torino: Edizioni Radio Italiana.  Why it fits: Paci/phenomenology/existentialism as a clear “Italian scene” marker; also the sort of short, programmatic book that could circulate beyond Italy (and it’s exactly the kind of thing an Oxford don might read to see what the Continent is saying).  [] (1956). Teoria della norma giuridica. Torino: Giappichelli.  Why it fits: jurisprudence is one of the likeliest channels for Oxford contact; “norm theory” is exportable and close to the Hart-adjacent corridor.  1957 Three for 1957 (books; each with a brief “why it fits Oxford radar”): Geymonat (1957). Galileo Galilei. Torino: Einaudi.  Why it fits: Galileo + Einaudi is an easy bridge into Oxford interests (history of science with canonical overlap); it’s the sort of title that could plausibly be noticed even by people who “don’t read Italians.” Preti (1957). Praxis ed empirismo. Torino: Einaudi.  Why it fits: “praxis/empiricism” is legible to an Oxford audience, and Preti is a major conduit between phenomenology, philosophy of science, and a more analytic style—so it’s a good “Italy could have been readable” marker. Paolo Rossi (1957). Francesco Bacone: dalla magia alla scienza. (First published 1957).  Why it fits: Bacon is an Oxford-friendly name; the “magic → science” framing is the kind of conceptual history that travels well and could actually tempt a Grice-type browser. 1958 Three for 1958 (Italy; book(-level) items that are both defensible landmarks and plausibly “visible from Oxford”):  Bobbio (1958). Teoria della norma giuridica. Torino: Giappichelli.  Why it fits: an exportable, conceptually “analytic” jurisprudence text—close to the Hart/British-jurisprudence corridor, and therefore one of the likeliest Italian items to ping an Oxford philosopher’s peripheral awareness. Max Weber (1958). Il metodo delle scienze storico-sociali (intro & trans. Pietro Rossi). Torino: Einaudi (Biblioteca di cultura filosofica 21).  Why it fits: not “Italian philosophy” in authorship, but Italian philosophical culture in infrastructure—Einaudi + Rossi make this a major methodological reference-point, and methodology was one of the few continental genres Oxford would sometimes treat as respectable. Garin (1958). L’umanesimo italiano: filosofia e vita civile nel Rinascimento (2nd ed.). Bari: Laterza.  Why it fits: a big “canon/identity” text for Italian intellectual history; and it’s the sort of Renaissance-facing title that could genuinely tempt an Oxford Lit. Hum. mind, even when it isn’t “technical philosophy.”  1959 Three for 1959 (book(-level) items; each with a quick “why it fits Oxford radar” note): Garin (1959). Cronache di filosofia italiana (1900–1943). Bari: Laterza.  Why it fits: a canon-shaping meta-history of Italian philosophy itself—exactly the sort of “what are they up to over there?” volume that could land in an Oxford library and be browsed by a classicist-philosopher. Paci (1959, 2nd rev. ed.). Il nulla e il problema dell’uomo. Torino: Taylor.  Why it fits: clear existential/phenomenological “Italian scene” marker; also the kind of title an Oxford don might notice simply because it looks like the Continental version of the very problem Oxford keeps trying to dissolve into grammar. Norberto Bobbio & Franco Pierandrei (1959). Introduzione alla Costituzione. Bari: Laterza.  Why it fits: jurisprudence/political philosophy with high institutional visibility (Laterza; Constitution as topic); very “exportable” to Oxford because it sits close to the legal-philosophy axis.  1960 Three for 1960 (with the brief “why it fits” note you like), sticking to items that are plausibly visible from Oxford: Bobbio (1960). Teoria dell’ordinamento giuridico. Torino: Giappichelli.  Why it fits: a clean “institutional” landmark in legal philosophy—exportable, citable, and exactly the sort of Italian title that could enter British awareness via jurisprudence (Hart-adjacent territory). Geymonat (1960). Filosofia e filosofia della scienza. Milano: Feltrinelli.  Why it fits: a major philosophy-of-science marker in Italy, and the kind of “bridge” book (science ↔ philosophy) that an Oxford classicist-philosopher might actually notice. Nicola Abbagnano (1960). Linee di storia della filosofia. Torino: Paravia.  Why it fits: a compact, syllabus-friendly spine text—exactly the kind of thing that travels as a “good overview” even when nobody reads the whole national tradition. 1961 Three for 1961 (books/book-like items that could plausibly have shown up on Oxford’s “radar,” at least via reviews, catalogues, or sheer institutional weight): Abbagnano (1961). Dizionario di filosofia. Torino: UTET. Paci (1961). Tempo e verità nella fenomenologia di Husserl. Bari: Laterza. Banfi (1961). Filosofi contemporanei. Firenze: (ed. 1961). 1962 For 1962, three very defensible “Oxford-radar” Italian landmarks (book form, or at least book-like and widely citable) are: Eco, Opera aperta: Forma e indeterminazione nelle poetiche contemporanee (Bompiani, 1962).  Why it fits your brief: exactly the sort of Italian title a Renaissance-minded Oxford don might notice (aesthetics + theory of interpretation), and it becomes a durable reference-point.  Severino, Studi di filosofia della prassi (Vita e Pensiero, 1962).  Why it fits: “proper philosophy” (metaphysics/ethics/praxis) by a major name; also the sort of “Catholic-university” imprint that could circulate internationally. Geymonat, Galileo Galilei (Einaudi, 1962).  Why it fits: a clean bridge to Oxford interests (history of science; Galileo as shared canon), and Einaudi is a high-visibility publisher.  1963 For 1963, three “under Oxford’s radar but plausibly detectable” Italian(-published) landmarks I’d use are:  Eco (1963). Diario minimo. Milano: Mondadori.  Why it fits your criterion: a very Oxford-readable kind of book (learned parody, cultural criticism, style as argument). Even if not “core philosophy,” it’s exactly the sort of thing a Renaissance don might stumble on and enjoy. Paci, Enzo (dir.) (1963). Aut Aut (issues 73–78, 1963). Milano: Lampugnani Nigri Editore. Why it fits: it’s the Italian “channel” for phenomenology/existentialism, plus the kind of interdisciplinary material (Husserl/Marx/Wittgenstein) that would register, at least as a signal, even if not absorbed. Del Pra, Mario (1963). Sommario di storia della filosofia. Firenze: La Nuova Italia.  Why it fits: a canonical “teaching spine” text. Oxford cared about histories-of-philosophy (in its own way), and this is the sort of thing that could show up in a library acquisition list even if nobody read it cover-to-cover. 1964 For 1964, here are three book-form Italian publications that are (a) genuinely “in the air” intellectually and (b) easy to justify as landmarks—while keeping variety across areas: Eco, Apocalittici e integrati (Bompiani, 1964). Geymonat, Filosofia e filosofia della scienza (Feltrinelli, 1964). Norberto Bobbio, Italia civile. Ritratti e testimonianze (Laterza/Lacaita, Bari, 1964). 1965 For 1965, here are three solid “year markers” (books, published in Italy) that should be useful for your missing-entry detector: Eco, Apocalittici e integrati, Bompiani (Milano), 1965.  Why it’s a good marker: philosophy-adjacent (semiotics/culture theory) but absolutely a landmark in the Italian intellectual climate. Bobbio, Giusnaturalismo e positivismo giuridico, (originally 1965; Italian book publication).  Why it’s a good marker: cleanly “philosophy” (legal/political philosophy), and very canonical. Geymonat (with Renato Tisato), Filosofia e pedagogia nella storia della civiltà, Garzanti (Milano), 1965.  Why it’s a good marker: ties directly into the science/philosophy axis and the institutional education theme.  1966: Suggested “top 3” (Italy, book form)  Garin — Storia della filosofia italiana (Einaudi), 1966.  (This is basically the “institutional canon-maker” volume for the year; you already like Garin for 1967, and 1966 is a very natural anchor point.). Emanuele Severino — Ritornare a Parmenide (Vita e Pensiero), 1966.  (Strong metaphysics/ontology landmark, and “Parmenides” is exactly the sort of classical hook that plays well with your Grice frame.) Umberto Eco — Le poetiche di Joyce (Bompiani), 1966.  (If you’re allowing “philosophy adjacent” aesthetics/semiotics, this is a very solid 1966 marker—and it also prefigures the 1968 semiotics turn.)  1967. 1) Garin: the big institutional history move  Eugenio Garin, Storia della filosofia italiana (Einaudi; major multi-volume project; 1966/67 editions circulate).  Why it works for you: it’s not “technical philosophy,” but it is an agenda-setting canon-maker—exactly the kind of thing a cultivated Oxford classicist might browse when thinking “what are Italians doing?” 2) Operaismo as “philosophy adjacent but historically decisive” Tronti, Operai e capitale (Einaudi, 1966).  Why it works: if you allow political philosophy/theory into the table, this is a genuine landmark and gives you a strong “Italy is not only Croce/Gentile” signal. 3) Abbagnano as the “neo-illuminist/encyclopedic” presence around the cutoff. Not a single 1967 “masterwork” in the way Tronti is, but 1967 is a good year to represent Abbagnano as an ongoing central figure with:  Abbagnano as a hub figure (neoilluminismo; institutional presence; dictionary/history work nearby in time). Grice (recollecting): Oxford, 1930–1967, with Italy as the inconvenient mirror As I recall my Oxford years—now that the years have had the decency to become a shape—everything looks clearer than it ever did at the time. That is the chief advantage of memory: it edits. It is also its chief vice. I came up, in the old phrase, as a virgin. The Oxford Gazette, 10 April 1930, records the election to Scholarships; under Classics it prints my name—Herbert Paul Grice, Clifton College—and that is as near to a birth certificate as Oxford ever gives you. By the following Michaelmas I was meant to “come up,” a phrase that treats the undergraduate like a salmon and the University like a river. The thirties—the swingin’ thirties, London called them, as if noise could rename an age—were, for me, less swing than harness. Oxford does not swing; it disciplines. And Corpus, in particular, had a gift for making discipline feel like civilisation. Hardie embraced me early—“embrace” being Oxford’s word for what is essentially capture. One does not so much choose a tutor as acquire him the way one acquires a set of books: suddenly, permanently, and with a sense that resistance would be childish. Hardie was there like a compulsory text: inescapable, Scottish, and unembarrassed by seriousness. Looking back, I can see that my first decade in Oxford was dominated by what I once called, with the midlands habit of naming things too bluntly, the Northern Invasion. It would be more accurate to call it the Scottish or Lowland influx—Hardie, Ross, Paton, and their kind; men who brought with them a moral vocabulary that had the air of being carved in stone. The invasion was called “southern” only if you were standing in Aberdeen. From Birmingham it felt decisively north. I had one substitute tutor for one term only. He complained to Hardie that my obstinacy bordered on perversity. Hardie took it as a compliment, which is how one knows it was accurate. My temperament was empiricist in the old Lockean sense: not “science,” not “method,” but suspicion—especially of grand internal machinery. I was not fond of being told that morality required metaphysical plumbing. Meanwhile, if we glance south—south in the only serious sense, toward Italy—the picture is immediately different. Oxford in the thirties was congratulating itself for tidying language and feeling modern; Italy in the thirties was still conducting, at full institutional volume, a quarrel about Idealism, history, state, spirit, education—Croce and Gentile supplying the great competing temperaments, and a younger Abbagnano beginning to sound, by Italian standards, almost restrained: existence with a conscience, not spirit with a uniform. If Oxford was learning to distrust “systems,” Italy was still writing them with confidence, and sometimes with menace. Then the War came and stopped whatever swing there had been. I said goodbye—not only to Piccadilly, farewell Leicester Square, but, in my private melodrama, adieu, Kant und Kompanie. It is remarkable how quickly “a syllabus” becomes “a memory” once one has uniform on one’s back. I did not publish in the forties. I count that, retrospectively, as good judgement—though Oxford would call it mere distraction. My 1941 Mind item, if you like, is a relic: something already in the pipeline from the old life. The rest of the decade I managed to keep my thoughts where Oxford prefers them: in rooms, in talks, in arguments that are public enough to matter and private enough not to become literature. Italy, by contrast, could not resist the temptation to print. Even in the disruption years the intellectual channels kept twitching—Croce’s journals, the re-starting of organs, the odd mixture of philosophical and political urgency. Post-war Italy turns almost at once to existentialism, method, metaphysics “returning,” the rebuilding of institutions and vocabularies. Oxford rebuilt, too—but with a different instinct: it rebuilt by pretending nothing had to be rebuilt. The fifties were my great decade of unpublishing. I did a little work for friends—Pears, for instance—and I let “Meaning” escape, mainly because Strawson, by then, had become the sort of colleague who could turn your reluctance into a practical problem. (A collaboration like “In Defense of a Dogma” is undogmatic by definition: one cannot quite take credit for the heresy when it is shared.) If I had a philosophy in the fifties it was not “ordinary language” as a badge, but ordinary language as a habitat: the place you return to when metaphysics begins to smell of theatre. Italy in the fifties, meanwhile, is busy in a way Oxford rarely notices: existentialism and phenomenology gain their Italian channels (Paci; aut aut), philosophy of science and history of science become visible and institutional (Geymonat; Rossi), jurisprudence and political philosophy become a bridge that could have been readable in Oxford had anyone wished (Bobbio), and the great “spine texts”—histories, dictionaries, canon-makers—accumulate, as if the country were rebuilding its mind by rebuilding its shelves. The sixties bring the swing back—with vengeance. I published a little more, partly because proceedings are hard to refuse and partly because thin edited volumes invite padding. But in retrospect what strikes me is not what I published; it’s what Oxford did to my sense of what philosophy is. Oxford did not immunise me from “isms”; it immunised me from enthusiasm for them. It taught one to treat every -ism as an invitation to ask: what exactly is being claimed, and in what words? A useful skill, though it can become a vice. Italy in the sixties looks like the opposite. It becomes exuberantly plural: canonical projects still going (Garin), radical political theory entering the bloodstream (Tronti), Severino making metaphysics sound again like a public danger, Eco making culture-theory look like philosophy by another route. It is the Dolce Vita of intellectual production: not because it is frivolous, but because it is abundant—too much life, too many books, too many claims to be the claim. If I have a moral to draw from the contrast, it is this: Oxford trained me to behave. As a tutee, I behaved; as a tutor, I behaved; in the Play Group I misbehaved, but gently, compared with the true hooligans. As a University Lecturer I had fun in a way that perhaps my attendees did not always share. As an Examiner I had fun too—more fun, in some moods—not out of seeing a candidate tremble, but because there is something genuinely Socratic, and a little gypsyish, in the act of testing whether a mind can move when it is pushed. And when I look back over the whole span—1930 to 1967—I see that the tidy Oxford story (“ordinary-language philosophy did it all”) is a charming simplification. Oxford did not merely produce Austin and his epigones; it produced an atmosphere: a style of resistance to grandiosity, a suspicion of printed systems, a preference for talk that can be corrected in the room. Italy, meanwhile, remained stubbornly European: willing to print, willing to systematise, willing to mix philosophy with politics, history, religion, education—willing, in short, to let philosophy be dangerous. So perhaps this is the best way to say it, in my own voice: Oxford kept me from catching Continental fevers; it did not keep me from catching Continental ideas. It merely insisted that I catch them politely, and only after asking what, exactly, they meant by the words they used to spread.

 

Note to the Reader (on the “authorities” in the SCR) A convention, briefly. In the register that follows, certain figures are Romans in the historical sense but are treated, for the purposes of the dialogue, as if they could be discussed in St John’s by appeal to whatever passes, in Oxford, for local expertise. The Senior Common Room is therefore used as a standing committee of the relevant Tutorial Fellows and allied college authorities. This is not biography, still less influence; it is casting. Never complain, never explain. Accordingly, the names of the in-house authorities most likely to be pressed into service (1939–1967) are kept here, in reach. Philosophy. J. D. Mabbott. Later, at the end of the period, P. M. S. Hacker. Classics and Latin. Donald Russell. Ancient History (Roman). A. N. Sherwin-White. History (medieval, and the longer memory Oxford borrows when it wants to sound inevitable). R. W. Southern. Modern Languages (French). W. G. Moore. Economics (for when an Italian “philosopher” turns out to be, in fact, a financier, a census-taker, or a minister of supply). George B. Richardson, Official Fellow from 1951, and author of Economic Theory (1964). Physics (for when the conversation requires a plain fact to survive the metaphysics). Roger J. Elliott, Fellow and Tutor from 1957. Names retained as nearby St John’s contemporaries, whether or not invoked as authorities in the Roman-philosopher dialogues. Howard Colvin. Keith Thomas. Open questions left open, on purpose. The existence, under those exact titles, of a Tutorial Fellow in Psychology or a Tutorial Fellow in Sociology at St John’s in 1939–1967 is treated as a matter for checking against the College’s official lists, rather than assumed in advance.

 

“È Giacomo Andrea Abbà (Farigliano, Cuneo, Piemonte) a entrare per primo, così mi pare, con un resoconto della ragione conversazionale in rapporto all’implicatura conversazionale e  la teoria del segno.” Abbà’s De signis (Elementa logices et metaphysices, Taurini 1829) belongs to the post-scholastic “logic of signs” tradition: it classifies signa as naturalia (signifying “ex effectibus”) and artificialia/ex institutione, treats signification as anchored in shared practices (“communi consensu”), and tends to construe the passage from signans to signatum on the model of a relatively stable relation (often discussed with an eye to writing as “permanent signs” and to the non-arbitrariness of sermo). Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning shifts the explanatory center from taxonomies of sign-types to the rational structure of a talk-exchange: what is meant is not fixed by a sign-relation alone, but is generated by an audience’s recognition of a speaker’s intention under publicly presupposed norms of cooperation (maxims), so that systematic “extra” meaning (implicature) arises precisely when what is said is assessed as a rational contribution to a common conversational purpose. Where Abbà’s framework invites comparison between natural and instituted signs as semiotic kinds, Grice treats the most philosophically diagnostic cases as inferentially mediated: the hearer uses assumptions about reasonableness, relevance, sufficiency, and sincerity to move from the uttered sign to what the speaker can be taken to mean; thus “non-natural meaning” is not merely the instituted signum but intention plus recognizability plus practical reasoning within a cooperative activity. In short, Abbà offers a sign-theory that helps situate language within a general semiotics of effects and conventions, whereas Grice offers a normatively constrained account of how, in conversation, rational agents exploit and monitor those very resources to get from saying to meaning, with implicature marking the point where conversational reason, not the sign-vehicle, does the decisive work. Grice: “When I said in my talk at the Oxford Philosophical Society that I hoped I was getting at what ‘people are trying to get at’ when they show an interest on the distinction between a natural sign and a conventional or arbitrary or artificial sign – ex institutione,’ I knew about which I as talking!” Keywords: implicature, teoria del segno, segnare, segnato. Filosofo piemontese. Filosofo italiano. Farigliano, Cuneo, Piemonte. Grice: “Not strictly a philosopher, since his degree is in theology!” Grice: “Abbà is a genius – an Italian Lockino, as he calls himself in “Elementæ logicae” – But he is actually better than Locke – England’s and Oxford’s greatest philosopher – for a couple of reasons: Locke uses barbarisms – anglo-saxonisms, A., who could be philosophising in his Cuneo vernacular, uses Cicero’s tongue! And the good thing is that he is fluent at it and his prose is flowing – It is difficult for a Locke to write in Latin – witness the roughness of Occam’s prose in Latin – but A., he is obviously THINKING in Italian and expressing his thoughts in ‘palaeo-Italian,’ as he calls ‘Latin.’ “Thinking in Italian may be preoponderant, but it need not be true! Of course, I enjoyed most A.’s philosophising on the ‘signum naturale’ – on which I drew for my Oxford seminars!” – A. is a great interpreter of Locke, in a country that needs that!” While A. uses ‘logica,’ he means ‘dialectica,’ as the third way of the trivium was called. This means that he extends his discussion from the ‘segnum’ to conversation. Grice: Giacomo Andrea, ho sempre sostenuto che la distinzione tra segni naturali e segni convenzionali è centrale nella filosofia del linguaggio. Però, mi incuriosisce il tuo approccio: tu affermi che il “segnum naturale” abbia un ruolo più profondo rispetto a quello che Locke stesso riconosceva. In che modo la tua prospettiva italiana arricchisce questo dibattito? Abbà: Caro Grice, la mia riflessione nasce proprio dal confronto con Locke, ma tenendo conto della tradizione latina che, almeno in Piemonte, non si è mai persa. Per me, il segno naturale è radicato nell’esperienza condivisa, “ex institutione”, mentre il segno convenzionale può essere raffinato, ma rischia di perdere il legame con la realtà. In fondo, penso che il linguaggio abbia una funzione dialettica, non solo logica. Grice: Interessante! Io stesso ho cercato di mostrare che la conversazione si regge su implicature, cioè su ciò che non viene detto esplicitamente, ma che si comprende grazie alle regole condivise. Il tuo “pensare in italiano e scrivere in latino” mi sembra quasi una metafora della filosofia: conservare la radice ma innovare nella forma. Come si inserisce, secondo te, l’implicatura conversazionale nella teoria del segno? Abbà: L’implicatura, per me, è la prova che il segno non è mai puramente arbitrario. Ogni segno, anche quello creato “ex institutione”, rimanda a una realtà vissuta, a una comunanza dialettica. Quando uso “logica”, intendo proprio quella “dialectica” che permette al segno di essere veicolo non solo di informazione, ma anche di relazione. In questo senso, la conversazione diventa uno spazio civico: “fariglianese”, ma universale! -- Abbà, Iacobus Andreas (1829) Elementa logices et metaphysices [Logica: “De signis”]. Taurini (Torino): Ex Typis Regiis. -- Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Abbà: ‘the italian ‘Lockino’ migliore da Locke -- la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatra conversazionale e l’analisi del segnare nell’Elementae logicae,’ ‘Elementae dialecticae: segno, segnante, segnato – SIGNVM EX INSTITVTIONE – il latino come palaeo-italiano’ pel Gruppo di Gioco di H. P. Grice. Il Gruppo di Gioco di H. P. Grice. Abbà, Iacobus Andreas (1829) Elementa logices et metaphysices. Torino: Ex Typis Regiis

Nicola Abbagnano (Salerno, Campania): la ragione conversazionale -- “I don’t give a hoot what the dictionary says, unless it’s A.’s!” (Grice) -- Abbagnano, in the entry “Implicazione” of his Dizionario di filosofia (Torino: UTET, 1961), treats implication in the standard logical sense: the inferential link between propositions expressed by “if… then…,” typically approached as a formal relation (often contrasted with stronger notions like derivability/consequence) and connected with the technical apparatus of modern logic rather than with the ordinary-language idea of “hinting” or “letting something be understood.” Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is illuminatingly different precisely because it insists that much of what we ordinarily call what an utterance “implies” is not logical implication at all: conversational implicature is a rational, context-sensitive, and cancellable upshot generated by the hearer’s practical reasoning from what is said plus the presumption of cooperative exchange (maxims), so that the route from sentence to speaker-meaning runs through publicly recognizable intentions and norms of relevance, sufficiency, sincerity, and manner. Put schematically: Abbagnano’s implicazione belongs to the semantics of connectives and the validity-conditions of inference, whereas Grice’s implicature belongs to pragmatics, explaining how agents responsibly move from saying to meaning without any commitment to a truth-functional “if–then” structure; the comparison clarifies why Grice can maintain that a speaker may communicate (and be held answerable for) content that is neither entailed nor asserted, but is nonetheless rationally recoverable as part of the conversational enterprise.

Grice: “La ragione conversazionale -- “I don’t give a hoot what the dictionary says, unless it’s A.’s!” (Grice). Keywords: filosofia romana, filosofia campanese , filosofia italiana, filosofia latina, impiegare, implicare, dizionario filosofico. There are TWO A.: the Paris Abbagnano, who to be different, dubbed his ‘existenzialismo’ ‘esistenizalismo positivo’ (later illuminismo), and MY A., the one who explored that infamous Greek embassy that arrived in Rome in 189 a. d. c., bringing the sophistries for the fascination of the Scipioni of Rome!”. Essential, idealist Italian philosopher, famouos for his “Dizionario di filosofia,”“which alas, has no entry fro ‘implicatura.’”Grice. A. also wrote an interesting history of philosophy, and is regarded as an idealist, alla Oxonian-favoured Croce. Laureatosi in filosofia a Napoli con ALIOTTA , insegna al Liceo Umberto I ed all'Istituto Benincasa del capoluogo campano, per poi trasferirsi a Torino dove è professore di Storia della filosofia presso la Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia. Condirettore, a fianco di BOBBIO , della “Rivista di filosofia.” Ispiratore del gruppo di filosofi, comprendente, tra gl’altri, lo stesso Bobbio e GEYMONAT , che prende il nome di neo-illuminismo italiano, organizzando una serie di convegni rivolti alla costruzione di una filosofia laica, aperta ai principali orientamenti della filosofia. Collabora con “La Stampa”. Si trasferisce a Milano dove collabora con “Il giornale.” Grice: “His entry on ‘implicazione’ could do with an etymological explanation with the vernacular ‘empiegato.’ His research on ‘segno’ are interesting. Of course, ‘going through the dictionary’ was our routine, and the way A. takes up the task was marvellous. Grice: Nicola, nel tuo "Dizionario di filosofia" ho notato che la voce "implicatura" manca, eppure il concetto è centrale nella mia teoria della conversazione. Come mai questa omissione? Pensi che la filosofia italiana dia poco peso all'implicito nei dialoghi? A.: Paul, in effetti la mia attenzione si è concentrata soprattutto sull'"implicazione" logica, ma riconosco che il non-detto, l'implicito conversazionale, è fondamentale nella vita civile e nel discorso filosofico. Forse, il mio esistenzialismo positivo tendeva ad esplicitare la scelta, lasciando in secondo piano il sottinteso. Grice: Eppure, proprio la capacità di cogliere ciò che viene implicato e non espresso è ciò che rende il dialogo autenticamente filosofico e civile. L'esempio del tuo dizionario mostra quanto sia importante riflettere sul linguaggio ordinario, non solo sul linguaggio formale. Abbagnano: Concordo, Paul. La filosofia italiana, specie quella campanese, ha sempre privilegiato il discorso pubblico e la chiarezza, ma forse dovremmo rivalutare l'implicatura come spazio di libertà e apertura, proprio come nel tuo modello di conversazione: la verità non sta solo in ciò che si dice, ma anche in ciò che si suggerisce e si comprende tra le righe. Abbagnano, Nicola (1961). Dizionario di filosofia. Torino: Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese. Implicazione. 

Ferdinando Abbri (Agliana, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei quattro elementi – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a disciplined, publicly recoverable inference from what is said plus a standing presumption of cooperative rationality (maxims), so that the “extra” content is not a hidden semantic ingredient but a product of accountable reasoning about why this speaker chose this utterance here. Abbri, by contrast, is not a philosopher of language in Grice’s technical sense but a Tuscan historian of philosophy and science (born in Agliana, trained in Florence with Paolo Rossi; long associated with Siena/Arezzo; linked with Museo Galileo and the journal Nuncius), whose work characteristically reconstructs how scientific and philosophical ideas circulate through local institutions, genres, and intellectual networks (“Toscana e la scienza nuova,” “Filosofia e scienza nella Toscana…”), i.e., through historically situated practices of communication rather than through a formal theory of speaker-meaning. The useful comparison, then, is methodological: Grice offers a normative micro-model of how rational agents generate and recognize implied content in a single talk-exchange, whereas Abbri’s kind of inquiry (as suggested by your passage’s Tuscan framing and “four elements” motif) can be read as a macro-history of how “conversational reason” is embodied in styles of inquiry—debate, correspondence, academies, print, and the rhetorics that mediate between science, philosophy, and (in your notes) religious controversy—so that what is “implicit” is often an artifact of genre, audience, and disciplinary negotiation over time. In that sense, Abbri can be used to thicken Grice’s picture: implicature is still reason-governed, but the “reasons” include not only abstract maxims but also the historically formed expectations of Tuscan scientific-philosophical culture (what counts as an acceptable inference, an allowable understatement, a strategic omission), while Grice can be used to sharpen Abbri’s picture by supplying a precise account of how those culturally transmitted expectations become actionable in the fine grain of actual conversational moves. la scuola d’Agliana – filosofia toscana -- . Filosofo toscano. Filosofo italiano. Agliana, Pisoia, Toscana. Grice: “I like A.; he is the equivalent of what *I* would be if I present myself as “The Philosopher of Staffordshire” – for A. is obsessed with Toscana – “Toscana e la scienza nuova,” “Filosofia e scienza nella Toscana.” = A. also studies the philosophies (particelle) of Santi and Volta. Si laurea in filosofia con ROSSI a Firenze con una tesi su filosofia, chimica e lingua. Borsista della Domus Galilaeana di Pisa e ricercatore presso il Dipartimento di filosofia di Firenze. Collabora con l'Istituto di storia della scienza di Firenze, Museo Galileo, come membro del comitato  dell'istituto e come membro dell'editorial board di “Nuncius.” Inoltre, fa parte del comitato delle riviste Prospettiva EP e Arkete. Professore di storia della filosofia a Cosenza. Dirige, con Crispini, la collana Storia delle idee di Rubbettino. si diffuse, per mezzo della stampa, in Inghilterra, dove il terreno è stato preparato da ACONZIO  e dove, se d’un lato unì in gran parte la sua storia a quella della chiesa unitaria, dall’altro penetra anche, attraverso le università, tra il clero anglicano e nella società colta inglese: sociniani, benché non unitari, sono Chillingworth, Baxter, Milton, Newton, Penn. La ‘controversia anti-trinitaria’ costituì lo sfondo storico della Lettera sulla tolleranza di Locke. Così A. coopera alla preparazione del deismo e della libertà religiosa, e assieme a essi fu combattuto dal metodismo. Qunado il s. assunse definitivamente il nome di unitarianismo, il razionalismo etico di questa corrente religiosa alimenta figure come Parker. As the son of a non-conformist, Grice would have agreed. Relgiious undercurrent cross Grice’s philosophy. socianesimo, Socini, Sozzini, catechesis racoviensis. Grice: Abbri, ho letto con interesse i suoi studi sulla “ragione conversazionale” legata ai quattro elementi e alla filosofia toscana. Mi incuriosisce come lei intrecci la tradizione della scienza naturale con la conversazione filosofica. Secondo lei, in che modo gli elementi classici giocano un ruolo nell’implicatura conversazionale tra scienza e filosofia? Abbri: Caro Grice, credo che la conversazione filosofica, specialmente nella tradizione toscana, sia sempre stata permeata da una tensione tra empirismo e riflessione teorica. I quattro elementi non sono soltanto fondamento della scienza antica, ma diventano metafore vive nelle dinamiche del dialogo: l’acqua come fluidità dell’argomentazione, il fuoco come passione dell’interrogare, l’aria come apertura all’ascolto, la terra come radicamento nella realtà. In questo senso, l’implicatura conversazionale è il ponte che permette a questi elementi di arricchirsi reciprocamente. Grice: Trovo affascinante questa metafora. In effetti, la mia idea di implicatura nasce dal desiderio di spiegare ciò che si cela dietro le parole, come un elemento nascosto che plasma il significato. Lei pensa che la specificità toscana, con la sua attenzione sia al linguaggio che alla scienza, possa offrire una chiave di lettura universale, oppure si tratta di una “particella” locale, come direbbe Volta? A.: La Toscana ha sempre avuto questa vocazione all’universalismo mediato dalla concretezza locale. Come Santi e Volta hanno lavorato sulle particelle e sulle forze invisibili, così la conversazione filosofica toscana cerca il senso profondo nel gioco degli impliciti, senza mai perdere il contatto con la realtà storica e culturale. Credo che proprio questa attenzione al dettaglio e alla pluralità degli elementi renda la prospettiva toscana particolarmente attuale nel dibattito filosofico internazionale. Abbri, Ferdinando (1992) Scienza e filosofia. Firenze: Le Monnier.

Torquatto Accetto (Trani, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della dissimvlatione honeseta. Accetto’s Della dissimulazione onesta (1641) and Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning converge on the idea that understanding in interaction depends on rational inference from what is done (said, shown, withheld) to what is meant, but they place the explanatory weight in different places: Accetto offers a moral-psychological taxonomy of concealment in which dissimulazione is not lying but the temporary veiling of what is true for prudential and ethically defensible ends, contrasted with simulazione as the active feigning of what is not (a morally compromised intention), and he explicitly works against the default social inference that dissimulazione is dishonest per se, i.e., he diagnoses and tries to overturn a standing cultural implicature attached to the very word and practice of dissimulation; Grice, by contrast, systematizes such inferences as conversational implicatures generated when a hearer presumes cooperative, rational conduct (quality, quantity, relation, manner) and then reasons from an utterance’s apparent conformity or deliberate, recognizable nonconformity to those norms to a speaker-intended meaning, so that “honest dissimulation” becomes, in Gricean terms, not an oxymoron but a case where a speaker can intentionally withhold or understate while still conforming to (or strategically exploiting) the cooperative principle, relying on the audience’s capacity to recover what is meant from what is left unsaid; the deepest contrast is that Accetto’s governing distinction is ethical (good vs bad intention in concealing), whereas Grice’s governing distinction is pragmatic-rational (what is said vs what is implicated under norms of cooperative reasoning), yet they meet at a shared focal point: both treat concealment as intelligible only against a background of expectations about sincerity and communicative responsibility, and both make the “space between” explicitness and understood meaning the locus where rationality (for Grice) and moral prudence (for Accetto) do their work. Grice: “I learned so much about A., and I hope it showed in my talk at Brighton on ‘meaning, revisited.’ For A., unlike Strawson, there is disimulazione onesta o sincera – sincero significato -- and simulazione disonesta. A. notes that there is an implicature to the effect that ‘disimulazione’ is disonesta per se and hence he tried to provoke the duchess of Malfi by his little treatise on ‘Della simulazione onesta. An oxymoron, if ever there was one,’ the duchess told the duke --.Vive ad Andria ed è in relazione con la cerchia del marchese Manso, il mecenate napoletano biografo di Tasso nonché fondatore degl’oziosi. Scrive varie rime, nelle quali evidenzia la sua delicata coscienza morale e il trattato della dissimulazione onesta. Il libello è riscoperto da CROCE. La dissimulazione non è, per A., sinonimo di menzogna, ma invito al raccoglimento e alla cautela. L'analisi di A. pone la questione, da un piano di politica spicciola, su un piano di accurata indagine morale. L’autore, alquanto speciosamente, differenzia la simulazione moralmente riprovevole perché viziata da intenzioni cattive, dalla dissimulazione che invece pare ad A. l'unico rimedio per difendersi da una società pullulante di simulatori e per trionfare delle proprie passioni. La ricetta però per risultare vincente richiede una onestà di animo e un buon equilibrio. Rime, divise in amorose, lugubri, morali, sacre, et varie, Manganelli, Costa et Nolan, E. Ripari, Le Muse, De Agostini, Novara; CROCE, L'età barocca; GARIN, Filosofia italiana; Villari, Riflessione sulla dissimulazione onesta, Villari, elogio della dissimulazione. La lotta politica, Agostini. Enciclopedia Italiana.  La simulazione non facilmente riceve quel senso onesto che si accompagna colla dissimulazione. Io tratterei pur della simulazione, e spiegherei appieno l’arte del fingere in cose che per necessità par che la ricerchino. Ma tanto è di mal nome, che stima maggior necessità il farne di meno. E benché molti diceno, qui nescit fingere nescit vivere, anche da molti altri s’afferma che è meglio morire che viver con questa condizione. In breve corso di giorni o d'ore o di momenti, com’è la vita mortale, non so perché la medesima vita s’ha da occupar a piú distrugger se stessa, aggiungendo il falso dell’operazioni dove l’esser quasi non è. Poiché la vera essenzia, come dice l’accademia, è delle cose che non han corpo, chiamando imaginaria l’essenza di ciò ch'è corporeo. Basta dunque il discorrer della dissimulazione, in modo che è appresa nel suo significato. Understanding of what the functions of those modes of combination are. As a result, they can generate an infinite set of communication devices, together with a correspondingly infinite set of things to be communicated. This gives a rationale to communication. The myth exhibits the conceptual link. Dissimulazione onesta, dissimulazione disonesta nell’animali, mimesis, camuffare, camouflage, laboratorio di mascheramento, vegetato: camuffamento uffiziale dell’esercito italiano, vegetato: camuffamento uffiziale dell’esercito italiano, simulation as the key concept to unify the only sense of ‘sign’ x consequentia y, y sequitur x, segno naturale divenne segno artificiale, segno di una proposizione p, un gesto segna la proposizione p, la correlazione e iconica, ma se intenzionale, it cannot be ‘natural’. ‘Meaning revisited’. Giulio Cesare, Medici, grigio, esercito, bande nere. Grice: Accetto, mi ha sempre intrigato la sua analisi della dissimulazione onesta. Lei distingue tra una dissimulazione sincera e una simulazione disonesta: può spiegarmi come questa distinzione si riflette nel significato implicito delle nostre conversazioni quotidiane? Accetto: Egregio Grice, la dissimulazione non coincide con la menzogna: è piuttosto un invito alla prudenza, al raccoglimento. Nel mio trattato ho sottolineato che la dissimulazione può essere un rimedio onesto per proteggersi in una società popolata da simulatori. La sincerità, in questo caso, si accompagna all’intenzione morale: solo il cuore equilibrato e l’animo retto possono rendere la dissimulazione uno strumento virtuoso. Grice: Quindi, secondo lei, l’implicatura conversazionale nasce proprio da questa tensione tra il vero e il celato? È possibile che il gesto, il segno, persino il silenzio, comunichino più della parola esplicita, grazie alla dissimulazione onesta? Accetto: Esattamente, caro amico. Ogni segno, naturale o artificiale, acquista valore solo quando è sostenuto da un’intenzione genuina. La dissimulazione onesta permette di comunicare con profondità, evitando il falso dell’apparenza. Così, nel laboratorio della conversazione, la verità si rivela spesso tra le pieghe del discorso, e persino in ciò che non si dice, come insegnano gli antichi e la pratica della vita. Accetto, Torquatto (1641). Della dissimulazione onesta. Napoli.

Gaio Acilio (Roma): la ragione conversazionale e il discorso al senato sulla giustizia Filosofo romano. Filosofo italiano. A philosopher specialised in political philosophy. He happens to be pretty fluent in Greek, and serves as interpreter for Carneade of Cyrene, Diogene of Seleucia, and Critolao, when they come to Rome to represent Athens before the Senate. Senatore e storico. Grazie alla sua posizione politica, anche se non di primo piano, e soprattutto alla sua conoscenza del greco, introduce al senato romano i tre filosofi Carneade dall’Accademia, Diogene del Lizio e Critolao dalla Scesi, venuti come ambasciatori di Atene, e funge da interprete. Seguendo l'esempio di QUINTO FABIO PITTORE, a cui si attribuisce il merito d’iniziare la storiografia latina, scrive una storia di Roma, di impostazione annalistica, che anda dai primi tempi, secondo Dionigi di Alicarnasso e Livio. La storia è commentata d’altro annalista, GAIO CLAUDIO QUADRIGARIO. A giudicare dagli VIII frammenti conservati, sembra di potersi notare che, come l'opera di FABIO PITTORE, anche la storia di A. dedica molto spazio al racconto dell’origini. È accostabile al suo predecessore anche dalle discussioni eziologiche per cerimonie e istituzioni cultuali, che egli vede come indice del fatto che Roma è una città di origine greca. Macrobio, Saturnalia. Periochae. Livio. In F. Gr. Hist.  Jacoby. H. Peter, “Historicorum Romanorum Reliquiae” (Leipzig, Teubner), Altheim, “Untersuchungen zur römischen Geschichte” (Frankfurt), Cornell e Bispham, “The fragments of the Roman historians” (Oxford) -- discussione su vita, opere e frammenti. Gens Acilia. Antica Roma  Biografie  Letteratura. Quinto Fabio Pittore politico e storico romano Annales Cincio Alimento opera dello storiografo romano Lucio Cincio Alimento

Gaio Asinio Quadrato (Roma). storico e politico romano.  GRICEVS: Asinie, narrasne nobis quid sit iustitia apud senatores Romanos?  ASINIVS: O Griceve, iustitia in curia non tantum verba, sed mores et traditiones maiorum sequitur.  G.: At quid accidit, cum philosophi Graeci sententias novas afferunt? Mutaturne ratio conversandi?  A: Saepe, Griceve, Graecorum doctrina animos movet, sed Romani prudentiam suam servare malunt, ne mos patriae pereat.

Alessandro Achillini (Bologna, Emilia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “It is from Achillini that I draw the idea that ‘mean’ is essentially a ‘consequentia’ relation – he speaks of the sillogismo fisiognomico (those spots do not mean measles, YOU mean that you have measles, since you painted them yourself!” – but then he was ‘of’ Bologna, and thus a physician, more than a philosopher! Bless his little heart! The fact that the Loeb Classical Library has Aristotle’s Physiognomica helped! I like A.; he is my type of logician.” “Possibly, his most generalised implicature is his little philosophical tract on ‘de prima potestate syloogismi,’ translated during the second world war as “la prima potesta del sillogismo.’ His example: “all men are mortal, Garibaldi! Essential Italian philosopher. What fascinates me about Achillini is, first, that he belonged to a varsity older than mine, Bologna; second, that he was a Renaissance occamist, as Matsen has shown.” Insegna a Bologna e Padova, designato il secondo lizio. Di natura molto semplicistico, qualificato nelle arti d’adulazione e di doppio gioco a tal punto che i suoi studenti più argute e imprudenti spesso lo considerano come un oggetto di ridicolo. Bello, ben proporzionato, allegro, felice, spesso sorridente, e affabile. La sua reputazione è ammirevole. E anche se era ben A. lettura e formidabile in un dibattito, è stato detto di essere un po 'rigida e rigido nella sua docenza. Tra le sue scoperte notevoli è conosciuto come il primo anatomico per descrivere le due ossa tympanal dell'orecchio, chiamato martello e incudine. Mostra che il tarso è costituito da sette ossa, ha riscoperto il fornice e l'infundibolo del cervello, e descrive i condotti delle ghiandole salivare. Secundum AQUINO appetitivam cognoscere quomodo intelligitur secundam intelligentiam esse vnam decodem secundum dispositionem. In quæstione demotuum propor Voluit Arif.deum cognoscere hæc inferiora, Motys (equitùr dominium. Corpo umano, singulare, individuo, Grice’s “A.’s problem with transcendentals and universals.” Grice: Professore Achillini, mi incuriosisce molto la sua concezione del significato come relazione di conseguenza. Potrebbe spiegarmi come questa idea si riflette nella pratica del sillogismo fisiognomico? A.: Caro Grice, la ringrazio della domanda. Vede, il sillogismo fisiognomico si basa appunto sul fatto che i segni corporei non hanno senso da soli: occorre sempre un interprete che vi attribuisca una conseguenza. Per esempio, le macchie sulla pelle non significano sempre morbillo: può essere che qualcuno le abbia dipinte! Il significato nasce dunque dall’intenzione e dal contesto, non dalla semplice apparenza. Grice: È interessante! Quindi la sua “prima potenza del sillogismo” consisterebbe proprio nel legare il particolare all’universale tramite una relazione di senso determinata dall’uso? In fondo, non è molto diversa dalla mia nozione di implicatura conversazionale… Achillini: Esattamente! Ogni sillogismo, sia esso medico o filosofico, vive grazie a quell’arte sottile del saper leggere tra le righe, cogliendo nell’individuale ciò che rimanda all’universale. Forse, in questo, la logica e la conversazione non sono poi così lontane: entrambe cercano la verità in ciò che si cela dietro la superficie del discorso. Achillini, Alessandro (1523). De humani corporis anatomia. Bologna: Benedictus Hectoris.

Alfredo Acito (Pozzuoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale corporativa – filosofia fascista. Grice: “A., who would have thought it, made me read Cuoco’s brilliant novel on Plato based on an epigram by Cicero (“You know, Plato was there, in Taranto!” – Acito has also written on corporations – whatever they are (the mob) – and on Macchiavele. Del periodo fascista e attivista del regime. Studia a Torino. Iscritto all'Albo degli Avvocati di Milano, divenne direttore della rivista “Tempo di Mussolini”. Selezionato al Premio San Remo per MACCHIAVELLI contro l'anti-Roma.” Partecipa come rappresentante italiano al Congresso dell'Unione Europea degli Scrittori a Weimar.  Insegna diritto, storia e dottrina del fascismo a Genova. Il Popolo d'Italia,” “L'Oriente arabo”. “Odierne questioni politiche della Siria, Libano, Palestina, Irak; “Popolo d'Italia”; Corporazioni e sindacati nello stato, nella storia, nei partiti politici” (Milano, Trasi); “Il volto della rivoluzione”; “Storia della rivoluzione”; “La dottrina dello stato”; “Realtà nazionali”; “Il Fascio e la Verga; “L'idea unitaria dello stato, La idea romana dello stato unitario nell’antitesi delle dottrine politiche scaturite da diritto naturale”; “La dottrina dello stato in CUOCO ”; “Contributo allo studio del pensiero politico; “La corporazione e lo stato nella storia e nelle dottrine politiche dall'epoca di Roma all'epoca di MUSSOLINI: introduzione allo studio del diritto corporativo” (Milano, Pirrola); “Catalogo della mostra di sculture e disegni di Gemito” (Milano Castello Sforzesco Milano, Orsa; “Il trattato di ben governare: opera inedita di Ferrara”; “Tempo di MUSSOLINI; L'ordinamento dello stato corporativo nel pensiero di MUSSOLINI e nelle decisioni del Gran Consiglio del Fascismo, Le origini del potere politico: Omnis potestas a Deo" nelle discussioni degli scrittori politici, MACCHIAVELLI contro l'Anti-Roma,  against the dominant oligarchy, either in the interests of the people themselves or in furtherance of their own personal ambitions. Finally, it is well to remember that the Senate’s authority is based on custom and consent rather than upon law. It has no legal control over the people or magistrates: it gives, but cannot enforce, advice. Any challenge to its authority is little more than a pinprick, but thereafter more deadly blows are struck, first by gl’ottimati si opposero all'estensione della cittadinanza romana fuori dall'Italia (e si opposero perfino ad assegnare la cittadinanza alla maggior parte degli Italici. Favorirono generalmente alti tassi d’interesse, s’opponeno all'espansione della cultura ellenistica nella società romana e lavorano duramente per fornire la terra ai soldati congedati (sono convinti che soldati felici sono meno disposti a sostenere generali in rivolta.  La causa degl’ottimati raggiunge l'apice colla dittatura di SILLA. Sotto il suo potere, l’assemblee sono private di quasi tutto il loro potere, il totale dei membri del senato è portato da 300 a 600, migliaia di soldati si stabilirono nell'Italia del Nord e un numero ugualmente grande di popolari è giustiziato colle liste di proscrizione. Limita i poteri dei tribuni della plebe, riduce i consoli e i pretori ai compiti cittadini della direzione politica e dell'amministrazione della giustizia e vieta di ricoprire una medesima carica prima che fossero trascorsi dieci anni. Tuttavia, dopo le dimissioni e la successiva morte di SILLA, molti dei suoi provvedimenti politici sono gradualmente ritirati, ma sono più durature le innovazioni nel campo del diritto e del processo penale. Appartenevano agl’optimates importanti uomini politici quali SILLA, Licinio CRASSO, CATONE e CATONE Uticense, CICERONE, Tito Annio MILONE, Marco Giunio BRUTO e, a parte il periodo del triumvirato, Gneo POMPEO.  Repubblica romana, plebe, patriziato romano SILLA, Cicerone Gneo Pompeo Licinio Crasso Tito Annio Milone Ottimati. Antica Roma Diritto, sindacato, stato unitario, idea unitaria del stato, CUOCO, storia di Roma, popolo d’Italia, materia e spirito, anti-materialistico, anti-materialistica, popolo, popolazione, Peacocke, sistema di comunicazione per una popolazione, idioletto, procedimento idiosincratico, dia-letto, comunità, immunità. G.: Acito, Lei ha spesso sottolineato l’importanza delle corporazioni nel pensiero politico italiano. Secondo Lei, in che modo la ragione conversazionale può spiegare il ruolo della corporazione nel regime fascista? Acito: Caro Grice, la ragione conversazionale si riflette nella struttura corporativa come strumento di dialogo tra Stato e cittadini. La corporazione non è solo un ente economico, ma diventa uno spazio in cui le implicature tra individui e potere si manifestano, modellando i comportamenti e le identità collettive secondo la dottrina unitària dello Stato. Grice: Interessante! Ma non crede che la comunicazione, nell’ambito corporativo, rischi di diventare un meccanismo di esclusione, dove la voce del singolo si perde a favore del consenso imposto dall’alto? Acito: È un rischio reale, Grice. Tuttavia, la forza della corporazione sta proprio nella sua capacità di bilanciare la tradizione con l’innovazione. Se il dialogo è autentico, persino in un regime autoritario, le implicature conversazionali possono offrire margini di libertà e negoziazione, permettendo ai cittadini di influenzare le decisioni dello Stato senza perdere la propria identità. Acito, Alfredo (1934) Macchiavelli contro l'Anti-Roma. Milano.

Giacomo Aconzio (Trento, Trentino, Alto Adige): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “I like A.’s way of LISTING the devil’s strategies – and naming tdhem after abstract nouns represented by females: superbia, … etc. – He says he philosophised on ‘dialettiica’ but only for his fellow Italians, and writing to Russell (Lord Bedford) he adds, ‘it would be fastidious to present them to you!” – When Elizabeth received his copy of ‘Il timore di Dio,’ she asked, alla Hardie, ‘And what, Mr. Aconzio, is the meaning of ‘of’? I like A., and so did my mother – a High Anglican! Aconzio’s claim to fame is twofold: his “Stratagemata” which resembles Speranza’s study of Apel – only that A. is ‘stratagemata satanae’ – and his “De method” which inspired Feyerabend, an American professor at the newish varsity of Berkeley in the New World, to philosophise ‘Contro il metodo.’” – Grice: “There is a small passage in “Del metodo” – and an even smaller in “Stratagemata” – where Aconzio seems to have invented (but soon disinvented) the idea of a conversational implicature! Essential Italian philosopher. What I like about my fellow Brit, Aconzio, is that unlike Feyerabend with his ‘Anything goes,’ A. cared to write about ‘method.’ Ora è noto per il suo contributo alla storia di tolleranza religiosa. È stato tradizionalmente pensato per essere nato a Trento, anche se era probabilmente Ossana. È stato uno degli italiani, come Pietro Martire e Ochino, che ripudia la dottrina papale e, infine, trova rifugio in Inghilterra. Come loro, la sua rivolta contro romanità ha preso una forma più estrema di luteranesimo, e dopo un soggiorno temporaneo in Svizzera ed a Strasburgo arriva in Inghilterra subito dopo Elizabeth adesione s'. Studia legge e teologia, ma la sua professione era quella di un ingegnere, e in questa veste trovalavoro con il governo inglese.  Al suo arrivo a Londra si une alla Chiesa riformata olandese a Austin Frati, ma è stato infettato con ana-baptistical e pareri Arian" ed è stato escluso dal sacramento da Grindal, vescovo di Londra. Gl’è concessa la naturalizzazione. Èstato per qualche tempo occupati con drenaggio Plumstead paludi, per i quali si oppongono i vari atti del Parlamento sono stati passati in questo momento. E inviato a riferire in merito alle fortificazioni di Berwick e sembra che era conosciuto in Inghilterra sia per il lavoro come ingegnere e di un riformatore religioso e sostenitore della tolleranza durante l'inizio della Riforma. Prima di raggiungere l'Inghilterra pubblica un trattato sui metodi di indagine, De Methodo, hoc est, de recte investigandarum tradendarumque scientiarum ratione. Il suo spirito critico lo pone al di fuori tutte le società religiose riconosciute del suo tempo. La sua eterodossia si rivela nella sua altri non razionali. E ciò allo scopo di trovare un punto di appoggio comune e di universale consenso per tutte quante le sette, in cui è scisso il cristianesimo, e quindi una base sicura per la tolleranza reciproca di tutte le credenze. A. si leva vivissimamente non solamente contro la pena di morte, ma contro qualunque pena inflitta ai pretesi eretici, ed esce in questa esclamazione. Se il sacerdozio riesce a prendere il disopra, se gli si concede questo punto, che non appena un uomo avrà aperto la bocca il carnefice dovrà venire a troncare tutti i nodi col suo coltello, che cosa di venterà lo studio della Scrittura? Si penserà che essa non vale guari la pena che altri se ne occupi; e, se mi è permesso di dirlo, si daranno come verità i sogni dell'immaginazione. O tempi infelici! o infelice posterità, se noi abbandoniamo le armi con le quali soltanto possiamo vincere il nostro avversario!  (CANTÙ).  Il saggio ha gran voga. Anzi esso godette nel secolo seguente in Olanda di una immensa popolarità ed autorità. A. intanto viene citato fra molti altri scrittori del suo secolo d'autori della tolleranza nel libro di Mino Celso senese, sotto il cui nome si ritenne per un pezzo si celasse o Lelio Socino od altri, ma di cui invece consta che fuggì da Siena, vagò tra i Grigioni tre anni, e quindi si ridusse a Basilea, ove cercò sempre di mettere concordia fra i dissidenti. L'opera si intitola: "In haereticis coercendis quatenus progredi liceat, Celsi Mini Senensis disputatio. Ubi nominatim eos ultimo supplicio afici non debere, aperte demonstratur, Cristling. È ristampata senza indicazione di luogo, con due lettere di Beza e Dudicio in senso opposto; e inoltre ad Amsterdam col titolo, "Henoticum Christianorum, seu Disputatio Mini Celsi, etc. Lemmata potissima recensa a D. 2. (Dom. Zwickero). È una lunga dissertazione accurata, ove tra l'altro si sostiene bastare abbondantemente contro gl’eretici le ammende e l'esiglio. Loscritto di Cluten, De Haereticisan sint comburendi? Argent., contiene, oltre alla prefazione del Castellion alla sua Bibbia latina, una raccolta di passi di più filosofi in favore della tolleranza. Una difesa, piena di giustizia e di moderazione, della causa della tolleranza è pure quella del filosofo sequace di SOCINI Crell, Vindiciae pro religionis libertate, riveduta dal Naigeon, De la tolérance dans la religion. Al dire d’Hallam, Holbach traduce e ripubblica. SENKENBERG nell’aggiunte alla bibliotheca realis iuridica del Lipenius, ricorda una edizione. Grice non puo vedere il saggio; ma tale indicazione anda poco d'accordo con quanto altri riferiscono, cioè che Celso citi già A. Diavolo, implicatura di Satana, stratagemmi, negozio, religione, per superstizione, errore, eresia, odio, calunnia, scisma, ecc.  Grice: Caro Aconzio, mi ha sempre incuriosito la sua predilezione per elencare le strategie del diavolo usando nomi di virtù femminili! Ma, mi dica, quanto conta per lei la chiarezza del metodo nel dialogo filosofico? Aconzio: Gentile Grice, il metodo è per me lo strumento con cui si sgombra il campo da ogni superstizione e si costruisce un terreno comune per la ragione. Solo così il dialogo può aspirare all’universalità e alla tolleranza, senza lasciarsi fuorviare da errori o passioni. Grice: Quindi, secondo lei, le implicature conversazionali – quei significati che vanno oltre le parole dette – possono diventare trappole per lo spirito critico oppure occasioni per una comprensione più profonda? Aconzio: Dipende dall’onestà dei conversanti, caro amico: le implicature possono essere stratagemmi, certo, ma se guidate dal timore di Dio e dal rispetto per la verità, diventano strumenti per scoprire ciò che unisce e non ciò che divide. Solo così la conversazione serve davvero al progresso dello spirito umano. . Aconzio, Giacomo (1565). Della ragione di stato. Basel: Perna.

Pasquale Acri (Catanzaro, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “A. explores quite a few topics – all in the good Lit. Hum. Oxon. tradition – and since he tutored at an even older varsity, kudos! He has explored ‘Amore’ and he expands on the Athenian dialettica – he in fact distinguishes between turbo and sereno – He left his notes on sereno as an unpublication, but a tutee cared to publish them ‘Unpublication’ – There is turbo, and there is turbato – as applied to ‘colloquenza’ qua conversational dyad,  Acri speaks of the colloquenza itself as being ‘turbata’ – he relishes on that – if there is no ardimento, and the Romans loved one – what’s the good to argue? The second phase of the dialettica is ‘serena’ – I find the distinction genial and in a way corresponds to my epagoge/diagoge distinction – the ‘turbo’ is dyadic – say A wants to influence B (turbo 1), B gets influenced and expresses it in a second conversational move (turbo 2). – Dialettica turbata – they reach the principle of conversational helpfulness and they arrive at the ‘sereno’ – dialettica serena’ – until the next turbo arises, that is1. I like A. – he is a platonist, and he is explicitly against the positivists, whom he contrasts to the ‘filosofi sobri.’ His own theory of ideas is hardly platonic, but finds its base on VICO, which is nice – since, if an Italian does not understand VICO, no one will! A. explores the connection between idea and expression, and considers the radice (root or stem) of expressions – he comments extensively on Cratilo. He is a sensualist, so at the root of it all is what he calls, after De Interpretatione of lizio il fantasma and the imagine. I love A.’s rendition of the Cratilo into the vernacular!” Intricatissimo viluppo di ragionamenti da solo non può avere piena evidenza. La colloquenza turbata di Socrate e Cratilo, l’enigma del numero in Platone, abbozzo d’una teorica delle idee. Grice, University Parks, Sunday afternoon, 1952. It is a habit of mine—call it a private superstition—that Austin’s Saturday mornings do their real work only on Sunday, when the noise has settled and one can hear what, if anything, was actually said. Yesterday Austin was talking—freely, as he does—about what he called Athenian dialectic as opposed to Oxonian dialectic. It reminded me of an old volume Hardie used to bring out when he wanted to disinfect us against reverence for “dialectic” in the abstract: Acri, Sulla dialettica antica e moderna. Hardie’s joke, delivered with that Scottish relish for abbreviations, was that Acri makes it sound like A. & M.—Ancient and Modern—as if dialectic were a hymn-book you could carry under your arm. “All very edifying,” Hardie would say, “until you notice the tune has been borrowed.” Acri’s point—at least as Hardie weaponised it—was political: Hegel is not reading Plato; he is using Plato, or misusing him, for Prussian ends. Plato becomes a costume in which modern history can march about looking inevitable. Fine. But what about Austin? Is this Athens-versus-Oxford contrast a distinction, or merely a piece of Oxford theatre? I don’t think it holds—at least, not in the way Austin means it to. For one thing, the Athenian “tutorial” (if one can call it that) looks, from what survives, freer than ours. Athenian dialectic is often depicted as something that happens in public, in the open air, among interruptions: it is not a scheduled private wrestling-match between a don and a man who has to get a degree. Oxonian dialectic, by contrast, is indoors, and the walls are not incidental: they keep the conversation tight, examinable, and faintly punitive. In Athens, the elenchus is a civic sport; in Oxford, it is a method of assessment wearing a philosophical mask. And yet Austin is onto something. Athens and Oxford are alike in one respect that matters: both are big enough to support a crowd. If you take “Athenian dialectic” seriously, you end up listing Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and then the entire after‑market of minor schools—Sceptics, Cynics, Stoics, Epicureans—everyone with a corner and a doctrine. Oxford is the same in miniature: a handful of major figures, a cloud of minor men, and an endless multiplication of “positions,” most of them sustained by nothing more than stamina and a room. But—this is where Acri helps—dialectic is not just a manner of arguing. It comes in moods. Acri’s distinction (which I still like) between the turbata and the serena—between argument as disturbance and argument as settlement—fits Oxford better than Austin’s Athens/Oxford geography. A tutorial begins, typically, in turbo: one party wants to move the other; the other resists or is moved and then shows it in the next move. That is the dyad doing its work. Then—if it goes well—the conversation reaches something like sereno: not agreement, necessarily, but a shared grip on what is at issue, the point at which disagreement becomes stable enough to be intelligent. Until the next turbo arises, as it always does, usually five minutes before the hour. Acri’s deeper claim is that you cannot have the serene without first having the disturbed. Austin, being Austin, wants the disturbance without the metaphysics: he wants dialectic as a clean set of “moves” with no political theology attached. Hegel, in Acri’s telling, wants the disturbance to look like destiny: dialectic as history’s engine, the struggle for who will be master next. So perhaps the best way to put it is this: Athens invents dialectic as a public form; Oxford domesticates it into a private discipline; Hegel nationalises it; and Austin—God bless him—tries to turn it back into etiquette. Punchline (as I reached the river and decided not to go back): If Austin is right, Oxford has an “Oxonian dialectic.” If Acri is right, Oxford has only two dialectics: the one that gets you your degree, and the one you start practising after you’ve got it.Grice: Acri, ti confesso che la tua distinzione tra dialettica turbata e serena mi ha colpito. Secondo te, è inevitabile che ogni colloquenza inizi con un turbo, prima di approdare al sereno? Acri: Caro Grice, credo proprio di sì. Ogni dialogo nasce da un’energia irrequieta, una sorta di ardimento, ma solo attraversando il turbamento si può aspirare alla serenità concettuale. È il percorso stesso della ragione: dall’inquietudine alla chiarezza. Grice: E dunque, la “implicatura conversazionale” che si genera nel turbo, rischia di essere fraintesa oppure può arricchire il dialogo, se guidata verso il sereno? Acri: Dipende dalla qualità degli interlocutori, Grice. Se c’è apertura e desiderio di verità, anche la turbata implicatura può diventare ponte verso una comprensione più profonda. Come diceva Vico, bisogna far parlare le radici delle espressioni, senza temere l’intricato viluppo dei ragionamenti. Acri, Pasquale (1870). Sulla dialettica antica e moderna. Catanzaro.

Antonio Adami (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e la prammatica come rettorica conversazionale. Grice: “Perhaps Leech, of all people, interpreted me best! Pragmatics IS conversational rhetoric – only we never took rhetoric too seriously at Oxford after the Sub-Faculty of Philosophy was instituted! Known for his pedagogical works on literature and language. He authors the popular textbook PRECETTI DI RETTORICA, ‘adattati alla capacità’ dei lettori. He belongs to the class of scholars common in the Enlightenment period who focus on refining the education. His "precetto di rettorica" provides a structured, simplified guide to classical. Associated with Firenze, active in literary circles. Beyond his Precetti di rettorica, his literary output includes: Le lodi di Maria sempre vergine, a collection of poetic or rhetorical praises dedicated to Mary, reflecting his status as an abbot, and poesie chi meglio le parerà, e 1’avrà a grazia . ut Deus. Magnificat U. J.D. D. Janaarius Vico in hac Regia St odiar um universitate profejfor, re-videat, et in scriptis referat. Datum Neapoli. V Nicolaus Epifcopus Put. C. M. ILLUSTRISI E REVEREND. SIGNORE.' P Er ordine di V. S. Illuftrifiima con fommo, mio piacere ho letto 1’opera intitolata , Precetti di Rettorica \ di D. Antonio Adami .*, F ifteflo argomento, la giuflifica . da ogni qua-, lunque menomo sospetto: anzi ho grandemente ammirato la giudiziosa condotta del nobile autore che ha voluto ingegnosamente dimostrare che l’arti anche nella di loro struttura possono la natura imitare, la quale ne’picciolissimi corpi sa egualmente esprimere tutte le parti di cui i più valli ed enormi sono comporti. Cosi egli da abile maeftro con somma brevità e chiarezza insieme cerca raccorre in un’enchiridio T quanto dagli altri retori in ampj volumi fi è mai internato. Quindi la stimo degnissima della pubblica luce, ove V. S. Illuftriflima così si compiaccia. Di V. S. Illuftrifs. , e Reverendifs. Divotifs ., ed Obbligatifs. Vico.Neap, Vifo refcripto fu<e Regalis Vico de commiflione Reverendi Regii Cappellani Major il , ordine prRegia Pragmatica. Prammatica come rettorica conversazionale. Grice: St John’s, 1964. Seminar on Conversation. Potts is taking notes again, which I’m never sure is a good sign (non‑natural meaning, rather) or not. I prefer a man to look at me. From where I stand, I can hardly see what he’s writing, and it is always possible that he is merely pretending—producing, under the description “note-taking,” what is really doodling. Still: the handwriting, from a distance, has an elegance that suggests either sincerity or a wasted calling. He began writing in earnest when I produced my little table: There is a desideratum of conversational candour. There is a desideratum of conversational clarity. And besides these—here comes the clash—there is a principle of conversational benevolence and, lurking behind it, a smaller but more durable principle of conversational self‑love. The following week Potts handed me a thin Italian book as if it were evidence: Adami, 1790, Precetti di rettorica. Potts: “He calls them precetti, sir. And with a straight face.” Grice: “Yes.” (Which in Oxford means something between “no” and “go on.”) He persisted. Potts: “They’re precetti di rettorica. And if I may echo Hardie—what does Adami mean, or means (if you insist on the Mediterranean historical present), by that di?” I said, because the boy deserved at least one clean correction: Grice: “It’s either ‘precepts for rhetoric’ or ‘rhetorical precepts’—and those are not the same trade.” Potts (brightening): “Exactly. Yours are precepts for talking; his are talking-precepts. Yours are praecepta for conversation; his are praecepta rhetorica.” Grice: “And the adjective is doing all the mischief. ‘Rhetorical’ is one of those words that quietly licenses bad behaviour by calling it technique.” Potts, eager to agree, fell into the standard trap: Potts: “So your point, which I obviously take and agree with—” Grice: “With which you agree.” He stopped, corrected himself, and continued like a penitent: Potts: “—with which I agree: your maxims are more like a Kantian counsel of prudence. A maxim. A—well—a minimaxim, if one may borrow from economics: minimise conversational cost, maximise cooperative yield.” This was actually rather good, though it pained me to admit it. Potts: “So perhaps it’s best to drop the grand talk—desiderata, principles, Adami’s precetti—and treat it all as one big precept, stated properly in the imperative: ‘Try to make your conversational contribution one that is true.’” Then, with Strawson behind him and enjoying himself, Potts asked the question he’d been saving: Potts: “But how, sir, can ‘try’ be an imperative?” Strawson, solemn as a parish clerk, intervened on my behalf: Strawson: “Grice is speaking as a grammarian. ‘Try’ is an imperative. It’s not even hypothetical, on the face of it. It’s simply: Try.” Potts (less triumphant now): “Even if I don’t succeed?” At which point I did what Oxford dons do when cornered: I made matters clear by going from obscurus to obscurior. Grice: “The seminar is not about conversation. It’s about the trouble we get into when we describe actions—‘I tried to sit and eventually succeeded, and I did it intentionally’—and then discover that our own vocabulary contains both the precept and the excuse, both the maxim and the evasion.” And then, because one can’t resist a historical moral when a Neapolitan schoolbook is involved: “Adami’s audience,” I said, “was some adolescent whom he thought needed precepts put into his face—rather as I had at Clifton in Composition, and rather as Henry VIII institutionalised with his grammar schools: not to make boys brilliant, but to make them intelligible.” Punchline: Potts looked down at his notes at last, as if seeing what he’d been doing, and said, very quietly: “So Adami was teaching rhetoric to children—while you’re teaching children how not to sound rhetorical.” And Strawson, without looking up, added: “Or what.”Grice: Caro Adami, riflettendo sul tuo "Precetti di rettorica", mi chiedevo: è forse la prammatica, come tu la intendi, la vera erede della retorica classica nelle nostre conversazioni quotidiane?  Adami: Gentile Grice, credo proprio di sì. La prammatica non è altro che l’arte di saper parlare con giudizio, adattando il discorso alla capacità e alle esigenze dell’ascoltatore. Anche oggi, come in passato, le nostre parole cercano sempre la via più efficace per raggiungere chi le ascolta.  Grice: Vedo dunque che per te, come per me, la conversazione è un esercizio non solo di chiarezza, ma anche di ingegno e misura. Forse, allora, il buon conversatore è soprattutto un retore che mette la natura a servizio dell’arte?  Adami: Esattame (nte, amico mio! L’arte vera imita la natura nei suoi dettagli più minuti. Così, anche nella più semplice chiacchierata, la padronanza del discorso – la rettorica conversazionale – consente di esprimere pensieri grandi in forme agili e comprensibili a tutti. È questo il cuore della prammatica che insegno. Adami, Antonio (1790). Precetti di rettorica. Napoli.

Vincenzo Maria d’Addiego (Turi, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “I like A.; his obituary looks fine, ‘amateur mathematician and professional philosopher;’ of course he was a priest and priests tend to get the nicest obituaries written by members of their respective orders!  Henry VIII once said, “I shall follow Occam and not multiply religious orders beyond necessity!’ Some say he went a bit too further! My St. John’s used to be a Cistercian monastery!” “One good thing about Addiego is that instead of trying to prove the immortality of the soul, or the existence of God – “These are Strawsonian presuppositions,’ he would say – he rather played with Platonic numbers and geometries! His mathematical explorations caught the attention of the Pope who invited him to Rome, thus leaving his ‘paese,’ the lovely Bari – and beyond!”. Professa la filosofia, nell'insegnamento della quale accoppia sempre la pietà, lo studio l'amorevolezza el’industria alla precisione de’metodi. A tutti su specchio einodello di quelle rel giose virtù, che più belle appariscono in chi tiene l'altrui direzione. TRATTENIMENTO PEL NEL LETTORE Che D. D. D. NECESSITA DEGLI SU LA MIGLIORAMENTO MACCHINE pubblicamente SIGNORI I Giuseppe GIUSEPPE DE GIOVANNI Studenti di COLLEGIO Filosofia e DELLE SCUOLE PIE SOTTO LA VINCENZO A.. FRANCIONI Rivera Cesare D. PASCALE REALE DIREZIONE DEL MARIA MARTINO BATISTA SPERIMENTI DELLE sperimentano CONVITTORI Matematica FISICO ZNALED COLLONES /1000 Sumat quisque, quod suum credit, nihil mihi vindico, Sgravesand in Prafat, Mihi satis fuerit, suum cuique habuisse honorem, Dalham in Præfat. I chierici regolari poveri della Madre di Dio delle scuole pie (in latino Ordo Clericorum Regularium Pauperum Matris Dei Scholarum Piarum) sono un istituto religioso maschile di diritto pontificio: i membri di questo ordine, detti comunemente scolopi o piaristi, pospongono al loro nome le sigle S.P. o Sch. P. Lo stemma dell'ordine reca il monogramma coronato di Maria e le lettere greche MP e ΘY, abbreviazioni per μήτηρ θεοῦ. Le origini dell'ordine risalgono alle scuole popolari gratuite (scuole pie) fondate da Calasanzio a Roma. Calasanzio e i suoi compagni diedero inizio a una congregazione di religiosi per l'insegnamento: papa Gregorio elevò la compagnia a ordine regolare con breve. Gli scolopi si dedicano principalmente all'istruzione e all'educazione cristiana di giovani e fanciulli. Il fondatore dell'ordine, Calasanzio, giunse a Roma e venne nominato Teologo e precettore dei nipoti di Colonna. Si iscrisse alla Confraternita dei Santi Apostoli. Nel mese di maggio cominciò le visite ai rioni di Roma, portando aiuto ai poveri. Un giorno, mentre passava in una piazza, fu colpito in modo insolito dallo spettacolo di una turba di sudici e malvestiti ragazzi che giocavano tra grida scomposte, atti sconci, litigi e bestemmie. Di colpo comprese qual era la missione per la quale era giunto a Roma dalla sua patria lontana: la scuola. Così, in un ambiente di ristrettezze e povertà, in due povere stanze attigue alla sagrestia e messegli a disposizione dal parroco Don Brendani della chiesa di Santa Dorotea in Trastevere, aprì la prima scuola popolare gratuita in Italia, come riconobbe anche Pastor, che nella sua monumentale opera Storia dei Papi scrisse ebbe origine la prima scuola popolare gratuita d'Europa. E lì, in tempi in cui l'istruzione era privilegio delle classi più abbienti, sviluppò il suo progetto della scuola come strumento di promozione umana e salvezza educativa per i ragazzi di strada metodo preventivo, attinto da Neri. Fonda la congregazione secolare delle scuole pie. Grice: Caro Addiego, ti chiedo venia se mi permetto di chiamarti così, anziché “d’Addiego”. È solo un vezzo conversazionale, spero non ti dispiaccia! Mi incuriosisce sempre la tua capacità di coniugare la precisione filosofica con quell’amorevolezza tipica degli Scolopi: credi che la ragione conversazionale possa davvero avvicinare la pietà al rigore matematico? Addiego: Grice, non posso che sorridere al tuo spirito! Acquisto o d’Addiego, poco importa, purché si conversi con sincerità. Per me, ogni discorso – filosofico o matematico – deve riflettere la bontà e la dedizione che insegnamo ai giovani. La ragione conversazionale è il ponte tra cuore e mente: solo così l’implicatura acquista valore. Grice: Sagge parole, amico mio! Mi viene in mente il motto “suum cuique”, che hai fatto tuo: pensi che, nella pratica quotidiana dell’insegnamento, la conversazione possa davvero essere strumento di miglioramento, non solo intellettuale ma anche umano? Addiego: È proprio così, Grice! Ogni conversazione, anche la più semplice, può essere “trattenimento pel lettore”: se guidata dalla ragione e dall’amorevolezza, diventa modello di virtù, specchio della vera educazione. A Bari come a Roma, questa è la missione che anima la mia filosofia. Addiego, Vincenzo Maria d’ (1817). Trattenimento pel lettore che necessita degli su la miglioramento macchine. Napoli, Simoniana.  Adorno, Francesco (1958). Studi sul pensiero antico. Firenze, La Nuova Italia.  Agazzi, Emilio (1969). Il bene, il male e la scienza. Milano, Feltrinelli. Agazzi, Evandro (1969). Temi e problemi di filosofia della logica. Milano: Marzorati. Agostino, Francesco d’ (1984). La sanzione nell’esperienza giuridica. Milano: Giuffrè

Adelfio: la ragione conversazionale e la GNOSSI a Roma. A gnostic who teaches at Rome and attracts a number of followers. He seems to be a critic of the Accademia, and is one of those Plotino has in mind when he makes his attack on gnosticism.  Roma.  Griceus: Salve, Adelphie! Audivi te gnosem Romae docere. Dic mihi, quid est gnosis, nummusne aut dulcis pomum? Adelphius: O Gricee, gnosis non est nummus nec pomum, sed est scientia profunda! Sed si cupis, ego tibi gnosem in forma pomi ostendam. Griceus: Mirum est! Sed num gnosis sapit ut malum Romanum, an ut oliva ex foro? Adelphius: Gnosis sapit ut sapientia: interdum amara, interdum dulcis, semper mysteriosa. Sed cave, Gricee, ne gnosis te vertat in philosophum cucurbitarium!

Afer – A leading Roman orator and teacher of Quintilian. Domizio Afer. Refs: Grice ed Afer. Griceus: Ave, Afer! Dic mihi, quid oratori Romano summum bonum sit? Afer: Salve, Gricee! Oratori Romano summum bonum est eloquentia cum prudentia, ut verbis et consilio civitatem regat. Griceus: Dic mihi, disciplina tua facitne oratores etiam melius quam pistores panem?  Afer: Dic mihi, quid maxime in arte oratoria Romana tibi admirandum videtur!

Emilio Agazzi (Genova, Liguria): l’impegno della ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’Apollo febo, ovvero, l’impegno della ragione. Grice: “I like A.; his tutees thought he was into the ‘impegno della ragione,’ but then MY tutees thought that I was into the philosophical grounds (as in coffee) of rationality: intentions, categories, ends – I go by “Grice,” so surely I can find an acronym that would NOT leave the essential “H” out – as in Speranza’s G_HP – a highly powerful or hopefully plausible version of Myro’s system G – “in gratitude to H. P. Grice.” Grice: “Agazzi is a marxist – cf. my ontological Marxism, I am one, too – so his ‘ragione’ is Hegelian – he has also philosophised on Croce, and idealism, but the idea that there is ‘impegno’ behind reason is tutorial – surely reason is a natural faculty that does- not require much of an ‘impegno’ – the more impegno, the less rational you will be counted – if he means that!” Consegue a Genova la maturità classica a la laurea in lettere e filosofia su la filosofia di MARTINETTI. Assistente di storia della filosofia dapprima a Genova dove fu in particolare influenzato dal pensiero di Adelchi Baratono, ordinario di filosofia teoretica, e successivamente a Pavia (ove in particolare collaborò con GEYMONAT ed ALFIERI); contemporaneamente, insegnò filosofia nei licei di Genova, Voghera e Pavia. Conseguì la libera docenza in storia della filosofia moderna e contemporanea; insegnò filosofia della religione nella facoltà di Lettere e filosofia a Milano, in particolare riprendendo il suo interesse per Piero Martinetti; mentre nella stessa facoltà insegnò filosofia della storia, ottenendo un incarico stabile.  Dalla seconda metà degli anni Settanta si dedicò in particolare allo studio della filosofia tedesca moderna contemporanea, accentrando la sua attenzione sulla Scuola di Francoforte, città in cui svolse ricerche approfondite ed ebbe contatti con docenti universitari; negli stessi anni frequentò ripetutamente università tedesche, polacche e jugoslave.  Impegno politico Da sempre attento agli sviluppi del pensiero marxista in Italia e in Europa, accompagnò la sua intensa attività di ricerca scientifica ad un attivo impegno politico: esponente del Partito Socialista Italiano negli anni Cinquanta, nei decenni successivi aderì dapprima al PSIUP, quindi al PDUP e a Democrazia Proletaria. Collaborò in varie forme a molte riviste e quotidiani della sinistra (tra gli altri Il Lavoro Nuovo, l'Avanti!, Mondoperaio, Quaderni Rossi, Passato e Presente, Classe); fondò la rivista di teoria politica Marx centouno. Gravemente ammalato, dovette rinunciare ai suoi studi, lasciando l'insegnamento. Archivio L'archivio d’A. e gran parte della sua biblioteca sono stati do dagli eredi alla Fondazione Turati, dove è tutt'ora conservato presso l'archivio della Fondazione; il fondo contiene quaderni di appunti, manoscritti e materiali di lavoro. CROCE e il marxismo, Linee fondamentali della ricezione della teoria critica in Italia”; “L'impegno della ragione” (Cingoli, Calloni, Ferraro, Milano, Unicopli); Filosofia della natura. Scienza e cosmologia, Piemme, Casale Monferrato); Sandro Mancini, Vigorelli e Zanantoni, Milano. Habermas, “Etica del discorso. A., su SIUSA Sistema Informativo Unificato per le Soprintendenze Archivistiche. Fondo Agazzi Emilio, su SIUSA Sistema Informativo Unificato per le Soprintendenze Archivistiche.  Collezione Emilio Agazzi  su Fondazione di studi storici Turati.  E. Capannelli ed E. Insabato, Guida agli Archivi delle personalità della cultura in Toscana. L'area fiorentina, Milano  A., su siusa.archivi.beniculturali, Sistema Informativo Unificato per le Soprintendenze Archivistiche.Collezione Fondazione di studi storici Turati. Filosofia Filosofo Professore  Genova Pavia. Apollo febo, ovvero, l’impegno della ragione; etica del discorso. Grice: Agazzi, c’è una cosa che mi tormenta: questo “impegno della ragione conversazionale”… non ti sembra che, a volte, la ragione sia più astuta che impegnata? Come se, nella conversazione, la ragione si muovesse tra le pieghe del discorso, giocando a nascondino tra intenzioni e implicature!  Agazzi: Ah, caro Grice! La ragione conversazionale non è mai ingenua, anzi. L’impegno, per me, non è solo uno sforzo morale, ma è anche quella capacità sottile di cogliere il non detto, di intrecciare significati nascosti—come Apollo febo, che illumina e cela insieme. La ragione si impegna proprio nell’arte di leggere tra le righe.  Grice: Quindi tu pensi che l’impegno della ragione sia una forma di “astuzia filosofica”? Mi ricorda le strategie dialettiche dei grandi maestri: Croce, Hegel… e anche un pizzico di Marx! Ma allora, non rischiamo di perdere la trasparenza, lasciando spazio ad ambiguità e malintesi?  Agazzi: È proprio qui che la conversazione diventa autentica, Grice! Il vero impegno sta nel saper gestire l’ambiguità, nel trasformare l’astuzia in apertura, e il non detto in possibilità di comprensione. La ragione, se ben impegnata, non si nasconde—ma costruisce ponti tra interlocutori, persino quando la verità è sfuggente.  Agazzi, Emilio (1969). Il bene, il male e la scienza. Milano, Feltrinelli.

Evandro Agazzi (Bergamo, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e implicatura conversazionale dialettica. Grice: “A. has all the best intentions, but perhaps he lacks a Lit. Hum. background – he basically approaches my topic of “logica filosofica” which he contrasts with ‘logica matematica,’ and he has a special tract on my pont about ‘formalismo’,’ which I later called ‘modernism’ – “ragioni e limiti del formalismo” – his essay on ‘mondo incerto’ reminds me of my ‘intention and uncertainty’!” Insegna a Milano, Genova, e Pisa. Allievo di BONTADINI c collaboratore con GEYMONAT. Filosofia della natura. Ha presieduto numerose associazioni filosofiche nazionali Società Filosofica Italiana, Società Italiana di Logica e Filosofia delle scienze, Società svizzera di Logica e Filosofia delle scienze, Federazione internazionale delle Società filosofiche; è stato membro del Comitato Nazionale per la Bioetica. I settori ai quali A. rivolge prevalentemente i suoi interessi sono stati la filosofia della scienza matematica, fisica, scienze sociali, psicologia, logica, teoria dei sistemi, etica della scienza, bio-etica, filosofia della lingua, metafisica, e antropologia filosofica. Le sue ricerche riguardano la caratterizzazione dell’OGGETIVITÀ e la difesa d’un REALISMO basato su nozioni di riferimento e di verità, colle relative implicazioni ontologiche, per un altro l'approfondimento del concetto di persona nel campo della bio-etica.  La riflessione d’A. assume come punto di partenza la necessità di stabilire nella conoscenza la più perfetta forma di conoscenza a disposizione dell'uomo. Su questa base, anche il metafisico dove necessariamente passare pell’epistemologia, intesa come fondazione delle strutture metodologiche della scienza. L'epistemologia assume la scienza come un sapere oggettivamente rigoroso. Tuttavia l’oggettività non è quella metafisica delle essenze o quella fisica delle qualità, bensì un’oggettualità e INTER-SOGGETIVITÀ.  Come A. specifica in Problemi di filosofia della fisica, l’oggetto di una disciplina scientifica è la cosa, esaminata d’un punto di vista tale per cui il filosofo si pone grazie a una precisissima impostazione metodologica, tramite la quale ritaglia su una cosa un aspetto d’oggettività, condiviso dai filosofi che accettano il stesso criterio d’oggettivazione: INTER-SOGGETIVITÀ. Il rigore scientifico cessa di essere inteso in senso dialettico e confutatorio o in senso matematico e quantitativo: è piuttosto inteso nel senso di dar ragione tramite l’immediato empirico o il mediato logico.  In questa prospettiva, la scienza assume la forma d’una lingua che parla d’un universo di oggetti OBBLE. La configurazione della scienza è caratterizzata da peculiarità:  è realistica, giacché fa costante riferimento alla realtà; è relativa, giacché costituisce il proprio oggetto OBBLE; è rigorosa, giacché ha una valenza che è sia logica sia linguistica; è responsabile, giacché si pone il problema etico delle conseguenze che da essa scaturiscono. La filosofia non però si limita a fare queste riflessioni sulla scienza. Anche opera un’incessante ricerca del fondamento, sia attraverso la critica dello DIAVOLO del scientismo e dell'ideologismo, sia attraverso la proposta di quello che A. chiama, in I compiti della RAGIONE, un uso costruttivo della RAGIONE, quello che si avvale dell'argomentazione, quello che cerca di comprendere e, al massimo, di persuadere.  Simbolica; Fisica filosofica; Il bene, il male e la scienza; Assiomatica; Le geometrie non euclidee e i fondamenti; I sistemi; Significato; Scienzia e fede. Nuove prospettive s’un vecchio problema; Scienze La filosofia della scienza in Italia; Filosofia, scienza e verità; Logica filosofica; Quale etica per la bio-etica?, bio-etica e persona; Cultura scientifica e inter-disciplinarità, interpretazioni attuali dell’uomo: filosofia, scienza, religione Il tempo; Filosofia della natura, Scienza e cosmologia”; Minazzi. Novecenti; Paidéia, verità, educazione; SENSO COMUNE; Le rivoluzioni scientifiche e il mondo; Ragioni e limiti del formalismo”   Carlì, una vita al seminario. Un libro per l'uomo cuore di Città Alta, Cova, Scuola di Milano Epistemologia. Dialettica, significato, segno, segnato, segnante, seminarone a Genova, Peirce, segno, segno e comunicazione, segno per comunicare, comunicazione che lascia segno, tiro al segno, segno naturale. Grice: Agazzi, sai, ti osservo e mi viene in mente Galen Strawson, figlio di Peter. È raro trovare padre e figlio entrambi filosofi, e tu sembri incarnare quella dialettica fra generazioni: un po' come Galen che discute con suo padre sul senso della logica. Ti senti anche tu, a volte, “figlio” di una tradizione dialogica? Agazzi: Caro Grice, la tua osservazione è arguta! In effetti, sento spesso il peso e la ricchezza della tradizione filosofica – essere allievo di Bontadini e collaborare con Geymonat mi ha fatto respirare un pensiero vivo, sempre in movimento. Come Galen con suo padre, anch’io credo che la filosofia sia una conversazione tra generazioni, dove persino il dissenso diventa fecondo. Grice: E allora, la tua “ragione conversazionale” diventa il ponte tra logica filosofica e logica matematica? Mi incuriosisce il modo in cui riesci a conciliare formalismo e mondo incerto – è come se la dialettica stessa fosse un modo di navigare tra precisione e dubbio, senza perdere mai di vista la realtà. Agazzi: Esattamente, Grice! La dialettica per me è il cuore della conversazione: non si tratta di risolvere il conflitto tra formalismo e incertezza, ma di imparare a convivere con esso, accettare che l’oggettività è sempre intersoggettiva. Come diceva mio nonno, “il dialogo è la chiave che apre più porte di quante ne chiuda.” E tu, che ne pensi del dialogo tra rigore e apertura? Agazzi, Evandro (1969). Temi e problemi di filosofia della logica. Milano: Marzorati.

Francesco d’Agostino (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale della GIVSTIZIA. Grice: “I like A.; he has philosophised exactly about what I did: identita personale; libero albitrio; and some of the topics that I philosophised with H. L. A. Hart, notably ‘parole di giustizia,’ and ‘bias’: ‘violenza e giustizia’ -- Filosofo.  Consegue la laurea in giurisprudenza. Ha insegnato nelle Lecce, Urbino e Catania. Ordinario è professore di Filosofia del diritto e di Teoria generale del diritto presso l'Università degli studi di Roma Tor Vergata, in cui ha diretto il Dipartimento di "Storia e Teoria del Diritto". Insegna altresì alla LUMSA e alla Pontificia Università Lateranense ed è professore visitatore in diverse università straniere. Tra i maestri che l’hanno influenzato figurano Cotta e Mathieu. Particolare attenzione è dedicata alla GIUSTIZIA, bio-etica, la tutela del diritto alla vita, la famiglia. In La sanzione nell'esperienza giuridica, ri-attualizza la teoria re-tributiva della pena. Enciclopedia italiana. Comitato pella bio-etica. Unione giuristi cattolici. Pontificia Accademia pella Vita.  Iustitia e Studi Politici. Filosofia del Diritto. Recta Ratio. Avvenire, teocon.  I cattolici, la politica e le istituzioni. Suscita polemiche la constatazione d’A. per cui l’unione omo-sessuale è costitutivamente sterile: la constatazione è ripresa da CARFAGNA che afferma che non c’è nessuna ragione pella quale lo stato dove riconoscere la coppia omosessuale, visto che costituzionalmente è sterile e che per volersi bene il requisito fondamentale è poter pro-creare. La sanzione nell’esperienza giuridica, La famiglia, Diritto e Giustizia. Diritto, Bioetica. Il peso politico della chiesa, Un Magistero per i giuristi. Riflessioni sugli insegnamenti di Benedetto,  bio-politica. Ventuno voci fondamentali. Jus quia justum. Religione  Famiglia, matrimonio, sessualità. Nuovi temi e nuovi problemi. Carfagna: "Gay costituzionalmente sterili, La Repubblica. Giustizia, ius quia iustum non ius quia iussum, iussum, iubeo, perh. ‘jus habere’ to regard as right. Grice: Mi scuso se ti chiamo semplicemente "Agostino", professor d’Agostino, ma ormai è diventato quasi un vezzo filosofico per me! d’Agostino: Non c’è problema, Grice! In fondo, la filosofia è anche familiarità nel dialogo. In fondo, anche la giustizia si svela nella semplicità dei nomi. Grice: Proprio così! E la tua attenzione alla giustizia e al libero arbitrio mi ha sempre affascinato. Trovo che la tua riflessione sulla "parola di giustizia" sia un ponte tra diritto e conversazione. d’Agostino: Ti ringrazio, Grice. Credo che la ragione conversazionale sia il luogo dove la giustizia prende forma concreta: è nel confronto che emergono le implicature più profonde del diritto. Agostino, Francesco d’ (1984). La sanzione nell’esperienza giuridica. Milano: Giuffrè.

Agresta: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “I would hardly call A. a philosopher, but then my working site was formerly a Cisterian monastery and bore the name of San Giovanni il Battista, so who am I to judge?! In any case, I always wondered why Loeb (in the Macmillan edition) cared to publish the four volumes of letters of Basil (of Blackwell fame) – now I know – A. dedicated his life to this saint – In a way I drew from him in my netasteousia, i. e. transubstantatio – how a pirot-1 becomes a pirot-2 – a human becomes a person. Pater used to say that at Oxford it’s all about Hellenism, no Ebraismo! Yet Agresta, an Italian, of sorts --  he was half-Greek! – is a good example, alla Basil, of how troublesome those with a classical – i. e. Graeco-Roman – education found all those ‘heresies’ of the Christian dogma! Three persons in one – and the rest of them. Hardie used to tell me, ‘Lay the blame on the Christian doctrine, not on Aristotle’s theory of the substdance!” --  Filosofo. Abate Generale dei Basiliani d'Italia è ritenuto tra i più illustri dell'ordine Basiliano. Studia a Mammola, Gerace, e Napoli. Acquise campi e case e restaura monasteri. Vasta biblioteca che conserva scritti di grande valore e importanza.  Zavaglia. San Basilio, Giovanni Theristi, Nicodemo A.B. (Roma Privilegi e concessioni fatti da Ruggero al archimandritale monastero di Giov. Theristi; Constitutiones Monachorum Ordinis S. Basilii Magni Congregationis Italiae, compendio delle regole o vero costitutioni monastiche di Basilio raccolto da Bessarione, Luca di Tauriano, Stefano di Rossano, Proclo di Bisignano, Onofrio di Belloforte e Fantino di Tauriana. Zavaglia, Mammola, Frama Sud, Chiaravalle C. Marco Petta, Apollinare Agresta Abate Generale Basiliano, Tipogr. Italo-Orientale S. Nilo Grottaferrata. Enciclopedia Italiana. Stato laico. Mammola, Reggio Calabria, Calabria.  Griceus: Agresta, rationem conversationalem et implicaturam conversationalem admiror. Dic mihi, qualiter has in vita tua et monasterio Basiliano exerceas?  Agresta: Griceus, in vita monastica, ratio conversazionale fit regula non solum in verbis, sed in actibus quotidianis. Dialogus inter fratres—sive in silentio, sive in colloquio—est via ad intellectum communem et ad caritatem mutuam fovendam. Implicaturae latent in gestibus, in silentio, in communione mensae: hic, sermo fit actus, et actus fit oratio. Griceus: Pulchre dictum, Agresta. Videsne, igitur, in disciplina tua, rationem conversationalem non tantum ut instrumentum cognitionis, sed etiam ut fundamentum vitae communis? Potestne haec ratio monastica aliquid docere saeculo nostro de iustitia aut de vera humanitate? Agresta: Certe, Griceus. Vita monastica docet nos audire alterum, responsum dare cum humilitate et prudentia. Iustitia, ut bene dicis, incipit a conversatione sincera et a voluntate communicandi. Quod monasterium exercet in parvo, societas potest amplecti in magno—si ratio conversazionale et implicatura cordi sint omnibus.

Agrippa: la ragione conversazionale a Roma. Grice: “We cover A. with Woozley on our joint seminar on ‘scepticism and common sense.’ I found Woozley congenital, perhaps because, like me, he had a double first at greats, and Latin was almost his mother tongue!” La scessi trova diversi rappresentanti romani. Tra essi può collocarsi A. I suoi dieci tropi o argomenti d’Enesidemo in favore della sospensione del giudizio, riguardano la conoscenza sensibile e la valutazione morale e si possono ridurre ai DUE: della divergenza fra le credenze degl’uomini e fra le opinioni dei filosofi e alla relatività delle conoscenze. A. ne presentò cinque che hanno un carattere più generale. Si riferino a ogni forma del conoscere, sensibile e intelligibile, e includeno, oltre i due ora ricordati -- il X e il III --, altri tre riguardanti, piuttosto che il contenuto, la forma della conoscenza. Propriamente, essi hanno per oggetto il tentativo di giustificare qualche tesi. Questi argomenti sono: vente del processo all'infinito, perchè ciò che è in questione deve essere provato con altro e così via illimitatamente; quattro delle premesse ingiustificate. Se si vuole sfuggire al secondo argomento occorre partire d’ipotesi che non s’impongono più delle conseguenze; cinque del circolo, perchò a deve provarsi con d e è con a, altrimenti si ricade nei due casi precedenti. A. is one of the SCESS, linked with a set of V modi, or reasons for enteraining doubt. His connection with them is unclear. The first says that there are many issues on which people disagree, and it is *impossible* to know who is right and who is wrong. The second says that every claim needs justification, but that each justification needs further justification, and so on ad infinitum. The third says that the appearance of a things is relative to the perceiver and the context in which the perception takes place. The fourth states that a claim is frequently based on some unproven assumption. The fifth says that an argument may be frequently circular. Together, these five ‘modi’ amount to grounds for questioning any claim to certainty. Barnes, The toils of scepticism.  Griceus: Salvete, Agrippa! Miror rationem conversationalem tuam Romae. Dic mihi: cur tot dubitationes in philosophia tua emergunt? Agrippa: Ave, Griceus! Dubitatio nasci potest ex diversitate opinionum inter homines. Quis vera scit, cum plures dissentient? Griceus : Tua dubitatio, Agrippa, est fundamentum sapientiae. Sed num credis rationem conversationalem posse nos adiuvare ut communem intellectum inveniamus, etiam inter opiniones diversas?  Agrippa : Griceus, fortasse dialogus ipse est via ad propriam cognitionem. Ratio conversationalis non certitudinem promittit, sed nos docet prudentiam et tolerantiam in quaerendo veritatem.

Agrippa: la dedicatoria -- Roma – filosofia italiana – . Filosofo italiano. All that is known of THIS A. is that Giamblico of Calcide dedicates an essay to him, and he is assumed to have been a follower. Griceus: Salvete, Agrippa! Miror quod Giamblicus tibi opus dedicavit. Dic mihi, quid te in philosophia Italiana maxime movet? Agrippa: Griceus, me maxime movet quaestio de origine sapientiae. In Italia, philosophia saepe fit dialogus inter traditiones Graecas et Romanae, et in hoc dialogo invenio semper novam rationem dubitandi, sed etiam quaerendi veritatem. Opera Giamblici me adduxerunt ad meditationem de anima et de unitate omnium rerum. Griceus: Pulchrum! Puto rationem conversationalem, quam saepe tractamus, posse iuvare in hoc dialogo—non ad certitudinem, sed ad prudentiam. Quid sentis de dubitatione ut fundamento quaestionis philosophicae? Agrippa: Dubitatio est initium sapientiae. Per rationem conversationalem, nos discimus non solum petere responsa, sed etiam intellegere limites nostrarum cognitionum. Ita, dialogus fit via ad tolerantiam et ad profundam comprehensionem, quod semper fuit cor philosophiae Italianae.

Quinto Paconio Agrippino: il principe contro il portico – Nerone sotto il portico -- Roma – filosofia italiana – . Filosofo italiano A member of the opposition from the Porch to the prince NERONE As a result, A. is banished from the whole territory of Italy. Griceus: Salvete, Agrippine! Dic mihi: cur principem Neronem opposuisti, et quid tibi porticus Stoica significat? Agrippinus: Griceus, principem Neronem opposui quia libertatem mentis praefero imperio eius. Porticus Stoica est locus in quo animi fortitudo et virtus coluntur, non adulatione potentium, sed honestate et constantia. Griceus: Dignum responsum, Agrippine. Putasne exsilium tuum philosophiae Stoicae nocere aut potius eius spiritum corroborare? Agrippinus: Exsilium meum, Griceus, non est finis sed initium novi itineris. Per adversitatem Stoicus virtutem ostendit; nam vera sapientia non est in locis, sed in animo qui adversa fortiter patitur.

Oberto Airaudi (Balangero, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e la citta della verità eterna. Cult leader, founder of Damanhur. Directed construction of Temples of Mankind. Temples become public after lawsuit. Comunità e movimento spirituale. Considerato un maestro illuminato, guaritore, alchimista, artista, sensitivo e instancabile ricercatore, capace di collegarsi ai grandi serbatoi universali di conoscenza. Affina la sua connessione coll’intelligenza cosmica, per condurre la missione pella quale s’è incarnato. Come altri inviati, fa infatti parte dei maestri stellari giunti sul pianeta in epoche diverse per ispirare l’umanità e facilitarne il risveglio. Nell’età dell’acquario, l’illuminazione s;ottiene attraverso un percorso di risveglio COLLETTIVO. A. ci ricorda che in quanto esseri divini, il nostro compito è diventare pienamente consapevoli della nostra natura divina. In questo modo, possiamo ricomporre la grande anima dell’imanità o, l’Uno. Amore, azione e comunità sono gl’elementi nel cammino della coscienza. Tutta la conoscenza e il percorso spirituale si traduceno in una trasformazione della realtà materiale che ci circonda. L’espansione della consapevolezza crea un modo di vivere insieme, guarire, amare, sognare e relazionarsi con tutta la vita.  Il suo lavoro per il risveglio dell’umanità prosegue. “Damanhur” derives from Egyptian for The City of Horus. It originates from pꜣ-dmỉ-n-Ḥr.w, which later evolves into the Coptic p-Timinhor. The components translate as: Dm / Dmi: domain, place. n-Hr / n-Hor: of Horus, the falcon-headed sky god. Within the spiritual context of Damanhur, the name is interpreted or channeled to mean ‘city of light.’ The community is named after Damanhur, a centre for the worship of Horus.  Grice: Airaudi, la sua “città della verità eterna” mi intriga, ma mi dica: serve davvero un Tempio per scoprire se la conversazione può portare all’illuminazione? Airaudi: Caro Grice, il Tempio è come una grande antenna: raccoglie i pensieri di chi cerca risposte e li trasmette all’universo—ma senza una buona chiacchierata, nemmeno gli dei ci capiscono! Grice: Quindi, se dialogo con la mia anima, rischio di ricevere una bolletta cosmica? O basta un sorriso per collegarsi alla “rete universale”? Airaudi: Grice, l’unica bolletta da pagare è quella dell’amore! La connessione universale funziona meglio se ci si mette in gruppo: più siamo, più si illumina il pianeta—e magari anche il vicino di casa! Airaudi, Oberto (1985). Damanhur: La città della luce. Torino, Edizioni Damanhur.  Ajello, Giambattista (1827). Considerazioni sulla muliebrità della volgar letteratura de’ tempi di mezzo. Napoli, Tipografia del Giornale Enciclopedico. Albani, Paolo (1990). Forse Queneau. Firenze, Le Lettere. Albergamo, Francesco (1911). La concezione filosofica della scienza. Palermo, Marotta. Alberti, Leandro (1517). Descrizione d’Italia. Bologna, Giovanni

Giambattista Ajello (Napoli, Campania) la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “I love A.; bevause he was a Plathegelian, while I’m an Ariskantian; I always found Plathegel very HARD to understand, A, doesn’t; there’s something in an Italian that makes Hegel’s Dutchiness very comprehensible, even more so than to the Dutch themselves!” Discepolo di PUOTI, apre uno studio come maestro ma ha vita stentata fino a quando ottenne un posto al ministero dell'istruzione. Partecipa ai moti e per questo è licenziato in tronco. È arrestato e gl’èvietato l'insegnamento pubblico e di far uso anche moderatissimo della stampa, per cui dove tornare all'insegnamento della filosofia. Seguace convinto dell’idealismo, basa la sua filosofia soprattutto sull'enciclopedia delle scienze filosofiche in compendio. Della muliebrità della volgar letteratura dei tempi di mezzo; Napoli e i luoghi celebri delle sue vicinanze; Discorsi, Enciclopedia Italiana. CONSIDERAZIONI SULLA MULIEBRITÀ DELLA VOLGAR LETTERATURA DEI TEMPI DI MEZZO. GATTI ha meglio museo di letteratura e filosofia, opera periodica compilata per cura di GATTI, alla quale auguriamo tutto quel successo di che l’ingegno del direttore ci è larga guarentigia sviluppato le sue idee e dileguato quei dubbi che per avventura fa nascere. Dall’uno e l’altro lavoro coi dì per dì, per cirile religioso istituto, alcun prete o pubblico ufficiale registra gl’avvenimenti DELLA NATURA DELLA STORIA E DEL SUO RAZIONAL FONDAMENTO DELLE VICENDE E DELLE VARIE FORME CH’ESSA PRENDE NEL SUO SVOLGIMENTO. Periodo spontaneo Periodo riflessivo DEL PREGIO DELLA VITA UMANA SECONDO TRE PRINCIPALI PERIODI di CIVILTÀ Roma antica nella filosofia di Hegel, razional fundamento. G.: Ajello, mi incuriosisce la sua prospettiva idealista. Come interpreta la “ragione conversazionale” nel pensiero filosofico italiano? Ajello: Grice, per me la ragione conversazionale è il motore del dialogo filosofico. Attraverso lo scambio, si affinano i concetti e si sciolgono i dubbi, proprio come Hegel insegnava: la verità si manifesta nel movimento dialettico della conversazione. Grice: E l’implicatura conversazionale? Crede che abbia un ruolo nel razional fondamento della storia, come lei sostiene? Ajello: Assolutamente, Grice. L’implicatura conversazionale rivela ciò che non è detto ma è compreso. In filosofia, come nella storia umana, spesso il non detto plasma il corso degli eventi più delle parole stesse: è nella lettura tra le righe che si trova il razional fondamento delle vicende. Ajello, Giambattista (1827). Considerazioni sulla muliebrità della volgar letteratura de’ tempi di mezzo. Napoli, Tipografia del Giornale Enciclopedico.

Paolo Albani (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del proto-pirotese al deutero-esperanto. A. conduce un’indagine sui folli, e comincia da quello d’AMADEI, studioso della filosofia dei pazzi, raccogliato grazie a LOMBROSO, d’opere d’argomento filosofico, che AMADEI chiama il mattoide filosofico. AMADEI cercando un contributo allo studio del delirio. Il delirio è molto trascurato. Le è parso ad AMADEI che importanza la ricerca dove assumere, se rivolta al delirio paranoico. Limitando il suo sguardo ai folli che si sono occupati della LINGUA ARTIFICIALE, ovvero all’inventore della LINGUA IMMAGINARIAl, A. inizia coll’anti-babele, un progetto di lingua inter-nazionale basata su quell’elemento universale ed eterno ch’è il numero, elaborato da MAGLI Magli, autore dell’anti-babele, lingua nuova: mondo nuovo, e l’universo e ser lingua, elaborato d’ORABONA. I vocaboli di Raubser esprimenti concetti opposti o che hanno una certa analogia vengono rappresentati con inversi grafici. Così abbiamo ‘met,’ amore, ‘tem.’ pdio; ‘oraf,’ arteria, ‘farod.’ vena; ‘favet,’ bianco, ‘tevaf,’ nero; ‘kabon,’ testa, ‘nobak.’ coda. Il devessiano è una lingua inventata da POLLINI. Il nome deriva d’una repubblica immaginaria: il paese delle cose come devono essere, una lingua amiatina, in quanto la sua base lessicale riprende molto della parlata dell monte Amiata in Toscana. Il lessico si ritrova particolarmente nelle parole che indicano la frutta, come bahoha, albicocca, sarac[c con pipetta]a, ciliegia, pornela, susina. Attinge anche parole dal genovese. ‘umàa,’ onda, da ‘u mâ, il mare, dalla lingua infantile, d’espressioni scherzose, da interpretazioni arbitrarie, manc[c con pipetta]urà, masticare, deriva da come POLLINI sente il suono di ‘manciuria’ e anche da parole tratte dai sogni: baltac[c con pipetta]à, colpire forte, rovesciare. Se, come sostene un interprete che lavora nel mio ufficio, la lingua è l’anima d’un popolo, osserva POLLINI nella sua grammatica del devessiano, questa lingua è l’anima d’un popolo immaginario che POLLINI fa nazione e quindi esprime intimamente il suo modo di pensare. Deutero-Pirotese. G.: Albani, la sua indagine sulle lingue immaginarie è davvero singolare. Come vede il ruolo della ragione conversazionale nella creazione di queste lingue artificiali? A.: Grice, la ragione conversazionale emerge persino nel delirio: inventare una lingua nuova significa tentare un dialogo con l’universale, oppure con una follia condivisa. Le strutture che appaiono senza senso spesso seguono una logica interna, riflesso profondissimo dell’umano desiderio di comunicazione. Grice: Quindi, anche il mattoide filosofico, come direbbe Amadei, partecipa a una sorta di implicatura conversazionale, dove il non detto o l’assurdo cela sempre un invito alla comprensione? Albani: Esattamente. Nel devessiano, ad esempio, ogni parola inventata è una metafora di una realtà altra, un modo per ricostruire il mondo secondo una nuova logica. La follia, in fondo, è solo un altro modo di interrogare il senso, e la lingua immaginaria ne diventa lo specchio fedele. Albani, Paolo (1990). Forse Queneau. Firenze, Le Lettere.

Leandro Alberti (Bologna, Emilia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, il demonio, la demoniologia, gl’illusioni. Grice: “I like A.; his “Tutta Italia” is a must; his claim to fame is to translate from Roman to Tuscan (no big deal there) what is deemed the first ‘daemonological’ tract – PICO uses ‘ludificatio,’ which is vastly translated as ‘inganno’ or by A. as ‘illusioni’ – which has echoes with Descartes’s malignant demon hypothesis and my “Some remarks about the senses”!” Condotto alla filosofia da GARZONI. Studia con PRIERIO.  Risultato dei suoi studi è il contributo che egli da alla stesura dei De viris illustribus con GARZONI, CASTIGLIONI, e FLAMINIO. Traduce dal latino in volgare la Vita della Beata Colomba da Rieto  Tenuto al dovere della predicazione, è provinciale di Terra Santa cioè compagno nelle predicazioni itinerantidel maestro generale dell'Ordine, VIO e del successivo maestro  SILVESTRI. Con quest'ultimo percorse tutta l'Italia. Scrive una biografia di DOMENICO, il De divi Dominici Calaguritani obitu et sepultura. Chronichetta della gloriosa madonna di San Luca. che ha creduto tutta l’antiquita e tutta anchor la pofterit ad Io dico quello che ancho confermano colli isperimenti et essempii, li Poesi, Oratori, Histocici leggitti, FILOSOFI, teologi, Ihuomini prudenti li soldati lirufticie contadini, beniche le ritrouano alcuni Sauioli, liqualiripucandosi piu dotiefauiiditurcil altri,che queftoniegano. FRONIMO. Se piu non ciresta cosa alcuna de cui tu habbi desiderio de intendere. egli e hora che ci partiamo con buon al i centia del reverendo padre inquisitore e che presto retorniamo al castello, Il perche vale reverende padre. DICASTO. Ite tan in pace. Diavolo, satana, mefistofele, angelo caduto, demonio, eudemonico. Grice: Alberti, la sua indagine sulla ragione conversazionale mi incuriosisce. Qual è, secondo lei, il legame tra il demonio e le illusioni nei processi comunicativi? Alberti: Grice, credo che il demonio agisca proprio attraverso le illusioni, ingannando la mente e la percezione. Nel mio lavoro, ho tradotto la ‘ludificatio’ come ‘illusioni’, perché il male si manifesta spesso in maschere sottili e ambigue, che confondono il senso del vero. Grice: Quindi, la demoniologia, per lei, è anche uno studio sulle implicature conversazionali e sugli inganni che si annidano tra le parole? Alberti: Assolutamente. Ogni implicatura può celare un’illusione, ogni dialogo può essere teatro di inganni e verità. Bisogna saper distinguere, come insegna la filosofia, tra ciò che appare e ciò che realmente è. Solo così la ragione conversazionale può illuminare l’ombra della menzogna. Alberti, Leandro (1517). Descrizione d’Italia. Bologna, Giovanni Rossi.

Leone Battista Alberti (Genova, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della thoscana senz’autore. Grice: “I like A.; of course he is from Genova, Liguaria being the heart of my Italy, and the Italy of my heart! I like his ramblings on love to his lawyer friend, a full page without a p.s., and none of the Kantian conversational maxims or tactics all’OVIDIO: just a prohibition to mingle with the ladies! No one can fail to be enchanted by Lusini’s likeness of A. at the uffizi! Ah, if we had the same at Oxford! Harman laughs at me for willing to start philosophy all over, but that’s what A does that, even by offering, otiosely, of course, the first rational grammar of Italian language, not that the native speakers ever needed it! I love his De statua, more philosophical anthropology than aesthetics!” Un uomo che abbraccia tutto. SANCTIS. Umanista poliedrica, umanista successivo a VERGERIO, BRUNI, BRACCIOLINI, e BARBARO. Cerca della regola o canone, nella grammatica e altrove. De statua espone le proporzioni del corpo dell’uomo, De pictura definisce la prospettiva, De re aedificatoria descrive la casistica del progetto a seconda della funzione, renovando l’architettura con BRUNELLESCHI. Occusfato, si messe una lettera per un’altra: aldisco, inimisi. Molto studia la lingua d’essere breve ed expedita; e per questo scorre non raro in qualche figura, qual sente di vizio. Questi vizij rendono la lingua più apta. Diminuendo: spirto, papi, Zanobi, o l’infinito segueto d’un pronome: farti, amarvi, starci. Mutando: mie, chieggo, paio, inchiuso, chiave, o ggiugnendo: vuole, schuola, cielo, o roncando: vi, stievi. Se questo opuscolo è tanto grato a chi mi legge quanto è laborioso a me il congettarlo, certo mi diletta promulgarlo tanto quanto mi diletta raccorre queste cose degne e da pregiarle. Laudo dio che nella nostra lingua abbiamo principij, di quello ch’io al tutto mi disfida potere assequire. Cittadini miei, pregovi, se presso di voj hanno luogo le mie fatighe, abbiate a grado questo animo mio, cupido d’onorare la patria nostra: Ed insieme piacciavi emendarmi più che biasimarmi se in parte alchna ci vedete errore. Estetica. Sensazione. Grice: Alberti, la sua visione sulla lingua italiana e sull’arte mi affascina. Come pensa che la ragione conversazionale influenzi la creatività e la comunicazione? Alberti: Grice, credo che la ragione conversazionale sia il cuore del dialogo umano: è ciò che ci permette di modellare la lingua, adattarla alle esigenze del pensiero e dell’espressione, proprio come una statua modellata dall’artista. La vera creatività nasce dal confronto e dall’ascolto reciproco. Grice: E nella sua esperienza di umanista, quale ruolo attribuisce alle implicature conversazionali nella costruzione di significato, soprattutto in opere come il De pictura o il De statua? Alberti: Le implicature sono come prospettive nascoste: spesso ciò che non viene detto chiaramente arricchisce il messaggio, proprio come una linea ombreggiata in un dipinto. Nella mia ricerca, ogni parola, ogni regola grammaticale è un invito a scoprire strati nuovi del senso, perché la lingua e l’arte sono infinite vie per onorare la patria e la bellezza. . Alberti, Leone Battista (1435). De pictura. Firenze, Giovanni di Nicolò.

Mario Albertini (Pavia, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della CONFEDERAZIONE DI ROMOLO. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers rationally recover what a speaker means by attributing cooperative intentions and applying norms of relevance, informativeness, and sincerity, so that implicature is a calculable, defeasible bridge from what is said to what is meant; in your Albertini passage, by contrast, “ragione conversazionale” is transposed from a micro-theory of interpretation to a macro-ethos of political construction, where “fides” (trust) functions like the enabling presupposition of any cooperative practice—without it, neither conversation nor federation can get started, and the very point of speech becomes coordination rather than mere exchange. Historically this fits Mario Albertini (1919–1997), professor at Pavia and leading figure of the Movimento Federalista Europeo after Spinelli, founder of the review Il Federalista in 1959, whose critique of the nation-state (in Lo stato nazionale, published as a book in 1958/1960 editions) stresses that sterile sovereignty reduces states to “polvere senza sostanza” and that integration requires a deliberate, reason-guided strategy; the Grice/Albertini comparison, then, is that Grice models rationality as inferential accountability within single speech situations (how interlocutors can responsibly mean more than they say), whereas Albertini models rationality as the institutionalization of that same cooperative intelligence over time (how peoples can transform distrust into stable commitments), making “implicature” in the political register less a local conversational effect than the practical surplus of explicit agreements—what a constitutional “federation of two” (and, by extension, Europe) must rely on but can never fully encode, namely shared trust, mutual recognition, and the ongoing willingness to treat one another’s commitments as reasons rather than mere signals. Grice: “Hart nd Quinton call A. a Proudhonian! “I like A.. Like me, he has dedicated his life to ‘fides,’ or ‘una federazione di due,’ “a garden of Eden just meant for two” – fiducia, fedes – what Remo asks from Romolo, but fails!” Insegna a  Pavia. ilosofia politica. Sostene un progetto d’unione federalista pell’Europa alla guida dell’unione dei federalisti. In seguito alla sconfitta sul progetto d’esercito d’EUROPA, la CED, e alle dimissioni di SPINELLI, lo sostitue alla guida del movimento federalista europeo. Fonda Il federalista. Figura di riferimento, fin dalle pagine taglienti e sullo STATO romano, sostene, sulla scia di EINAUDI, che a furia di voler custodire una sterile sovranità, lo STATO romano è ridotto a polvere senza sostanza. Da lì l'esigenza di guardare all’unificazione come alla medicina d'urto indispensabile. Maestro di federalismo. COLOMBO. La politica. LO STATO FEDERALE, l'integrazione europea, Vallecchi, Mosconi, centro studi sul federalismo. MOSCONI. Manifestazione federalista, Piazza Duomo. Un FILOSOFO che ha fatto tanto per noi federalisti. Banalità, sul Vertice, nazionalismo,  l’integrazione europea, la strategia,  il parlamento d’Europa: profilo giuridico, una rivoluzione pacifica, l’aspetto di potere della programmazione d’Europa, il problema monetario, Diario d’Europa, La goccia e la roccia, elezione d’Europa, governo d’Europa e stato d’Europa. L’Europa sulla soglia dell’unione. Moneta d’Europa e unione politica, consiglio d’Europa, L’unità d’Europa, Verso un governo mondiale. Non menziono nessuno fra i federalisti, ma è del tutto ingiusto non menzionare il mio debito nei confronti d’un federalista che avanza la proposta, cioè CASTALDI. Grice: “At Oxford, we never analysed the concept of the state, but Romolo did: he thought that HE was the state, and his brother was not!” Italia federale, politica federalista, filosofia federalista, stato italiano, gli stati uniti d’America sono una repubblica federale. Grice:Albertini, ho sempre ammirato il suo impegno per una “federazione di due”, la fiducia come fondamento della politica. Secondo lei, cosa manca oggi, in Europa, di quello spirito originario che animava la confederazione di Romolo? Albertini: Grice, la fiducia reciproca è diventata rara, mentre dovrebbe essere la pietra angolare di ogni unione autentica. Proprio come Romolo e Remo, spesso prevalgono i sospetti invece della collaborazione: senza “fides” non può esistere alcuna vera federazione. Grice: E allora, la ragione conversazionale può essere la chiave per superare queste diffidenze e aprire la strada a un’Europa più unita, secondo Lei? Albertini: Assolutamente! Il dialogo sincero, fondato sulla chiarezza, è ciò che permette ai popoli di costruire insieme. È solo con la ragione, intesa come ascolto e rispetto, che si può dare vita a una federazione viva, non a uno stato ridotto in polvere. Albertini, Mario (1953). Lo stato nazionale. Milano: Edizioni di Comunità. 

Fausto Albino iunior: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della dialettica citata da BOEZIO.  Grice: “If you ever wondered if Albino ever read Boezio’s commentary on the commentary of the commentary of De Interpretatione, so did I!” Console degl’ostro-goti con Flavio Eusebio. Capo di Stato: Teodorico il Grande; prefetto del pretorio d'Italia. Fratello di Flavio AVIENO iunior, console, di Teodoro, console e di Flavio Importuno, console. Loro padre è Cecina Decio Massimo Basilio, console, ed è imparentato col console Anicio Probo Fausto. Console assieme a Flavio Eusebio. Prefetto del pretorio d'Italia, costruì una basilica intitolata a Pietro al 27º miglio da Roma della via Tiburtina, dove ha delle proprietà, e ottenne che Simmaco la dedica. Onorato del titolo di patricio.  Si trova a corte a Ravenna. Quando il padre muore, assieme al fratello s’incarica del patronato dei Verdi, una delle fazioni dell'ippodromo di Roma e scelge un danzatore come pantomimo dei Verdi. Entra anche nella disputa pella ricomposizione dello scisma di Roma. Vicino alle posizioni d’Ormisda, cerca di far emergere una distinzione tra coloro che condannano la dottrina calcedonica tramite scritti e quelli che l'avevano fatto solo oralmente. Gli venne mossa l'accusa d’aver intrattenuto rapporti configuranti il tradimento nei confronti di Teodorico colla corte dell'impero romano d'Oriente, avendo inviato delle lettere all'imperatore Giustino. In difesa d’A. intervenne BOEZIO, il quale, però, venne a sua volta accusato di tradimento e poi messo a morte. Ha degli scambi epistolari con Ennodio. Se uno dei sedili del colosseo riservati ai senatori di cui è rimasta l'incisione è il suo, si chiama A. CIL; Cassiodoro, Variae; PLRE II, Lamma. Enciclopedia Italiana. Cesare Flavio Anastasio Augusto, Flavio Rufo; Flavio Turcio Rufio Aproniano Asterio Iunior, Flavio Presidio con Flavio Eusebio Antica Roma. Politici romani; Consoli romani Decii Patricii. Dialettica. Fausto Albino iunior.  Griceus: Albine, saepe cogitavi utrum Boetius ipse commentarium De Interpretatione tibi obtulerit. Quid putes de ratione conversatoria et implicatura dialectica apud te? Albinus: Gricee, ratio conversatoria fundamentum est dialogi nostri; implicaturae dialecticae, quae Boetius subtiliter tractavit, latent sensus qui non semper manifeste dicuntur, sed intellectui praebent fodina. Griceus: Haec sapienter loqueris. Cum in curia Ostrogothorum et apud Teodoricum versaris, putasne dialogum clarum inter proceres fidem et concordiam promovisse? Albinus: Certe, Gricee! Sine dialogo sincero et ratione, neque in senatu neque inter factiones hippodromi vera concordia oriri potest. Dialectica, ut docet Boetius, semper lucem sensibus affert.

Cecina Decio Acinazio Albino. Roma. Griceus: Acinati, saepe admiratus sum prudentiam tuam in curia Romana. Quid censetis de ratione conversatoria ad concordiam inter senatores promovendam? Albinuss: Gricee, opinor rationem conversatoriam esse fundamentum dialogi sinceri. Sine aperta communicatione, suspicionibus locus datur, concordia vero deficit. Griceus: Ergo credis implicaturas dialecticas, quas Boetius tractavit, posse sensus occultos revelare atque fidem inter patricios augere? Albinus: Certe! Implicaturae dialecticae saepe plus significant quam verba ipsa. Per eas intellectus profundior nascitur, et vera unitas in republica Romana fieri potest.

Cionio Rufo Albino – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. According to an inscription found in Rome, A. holds high public office, and is also a philosopher – “which should surprse some” (Grice). Strawson: “More than my obituary of Grice for the Times as ‘professional philosopher and amateur cricketer” surprised its readershiip!” Griceus: Albine, magna me admiratio tenet, quod simul magistratum altum et philosophiam colas. Quid tibi videtur de coniunctione officii publici et meditationis philosophicae? Albinus: Gricee, credo philosophiam rectorem esse vitae civilis. Officium meum publicum saepe sapientiam requirit, ut iuste ac prudenter gubernem. Griceus: Putasne rationem conversatoriam et dialecticam in curia Romana ad concordiam promovendam esse utilissimam? Albinus: Certe, Gricee! Dialogus et implicaturae dialecticae non solum veritatem sed etiam fidem inter senatores augere possunt; sine iis, concordia deficit.

Pietro Alboini: la ragione conversazionale conversazionale. Logica. Imposition is meaning. Position, thesei. NICOLETTI. Studia a Padova. GLORIA. Vi insegnano PELACANI, Angelo da FOSSOMBRONE, Jacopo da Forlì, Bartolomeo da Mantova. A questi anni patavini risale la stesura di una delle sue opere principali. A. non si distingue né per la proposizione d’idee nuove né per il suo distaccarsi dal formalismo del nominalismo, ma si caratterizza piuttosto pell’autonomia di interpretazione e di discussione che dimostra gettando luce sui rapporti fra logica e studia humanitatis, tanto d’essere raffinata architettura terministica. Vasoli. Si trasferisce a BOLOGNA, dove insegna filosofia naturale e morale. DALLARI, avendo come colleghi Francesco da Camerino e Giacomo d’Armi. Rsale una sua lettera a Tomasi di Padova in cui si evidenziano i suoi legami coll’ambiente padovano e i con VERGERIO. Ha una certa notorietà, tanto che proprio di tale sua attività SALUTATI  si congratula in una lettera, paragonandola a quella dei più illustri filosofi, ed esaltandone l’erudizione e le ricerche. A tematiche di filosofia naturale è dedicata l’altra sua simportante opera. Of truth in terms of different howsoever-clauses. It is  interesting  to explore how the notion is employed in the account of consequences and in the  account of truth, with an analysis of a text on insoluble propositions and puts it into perspective within the context of the debate concerning the semantic paradox. The author of the text is A., the treatise is relevant from a theoretical standpoint. By appealing to a distinction between two senses in which a proposition may be said  to be true, A. offers an unusual solution to the paradox, but in a traditional spirit that contrasts  a number of trends then prevailing, and inspired by  Wyclif. Approaches addressing the liar paradox, Albert of Saxony, Heytesbury and a version of strong restrictionism, are criticised by A., before he presents his own solution. Displaying some prima-facie  intuitive justification, it is in fact acceptable only on a very restricted understanding, since  its generalisation is subject to the revenge problem.  Mantova.  G A G A Grice: Professore Alboini, ho letto con curiosità la sua interpretazione sulla ragione conversazionale. Mi dica, l’imposizione davvero basta a dare senso alle parole, o serve anche un po’ di fantasia? Alboini: Caro Grice, l’imposizione è come mettere il cappello a una parola: la posizione conta, ma se manca la fantasia, resta solo un cappello vuoto! La logica deve dialogare con le studia humanitatis, altrimenti si perde il profumo della vita. Grice: E sul paradosso del mentitore, quale soluzione preferisce: quella dei sassoni o una bella vendetta padovana? Mi pare che lei abbia una ricetta tutta sua… Alboini: Preferisco la ricetta padovana, Grice! Due sensi per la verità: uno per il mentitore, l’altro per chi ascolta. Così nessuno resta senza risposta… tranne chi cerca il senso in una lettera a Tomasi di Padova, che magari la trova fra le righe, o fra una battuta e l’altra.

Albucio Silo (Roma): la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “An orator and a pupil of Papirio Fabiano . He appears to include regularly philosophical arguments and allusions in the speeches he makes on behalf of clients.” Rettorica. GRICEVS: Albucii, orator es et discipulus Papirii Fabiani, sed quaeso ne causas ita philosophia condiaris ut clientes tui sententiam quaerant sicut labyrinthum. ALBVCIVS: Grice, si argumenta philosophica in oratione mea regulariter insero, id facio ut iudex putet me sapientem, cliens autem putet me brevem. GRICEVS: At hoc ipsum est la ragione conversazionale: dicis “sapientem,” et implicas “credite mihi,” sed noli ita alludere ut etiam tu ipse te non intellegas. ALBVCIVS: Promitto, Grice, cras ero tam clarus ut etiam philosophia mea clientem defendat, non me ipsum.

Tito Albucio: l’orto a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). FIlosofo italiano. Termina i suoi studi ‘classici’ ad Atene. Dell’orto. Familiarizza bene con la letteratura, anzi, secondo CICERONE, con sarcasmo, è ormai un “greco.” A causa della sua passione per la lingua e la filosofia greche, venne preso in giro dal poeta satirico Gaio Lucilio , i cui versi su di lui sono giunti a noi grazie a CICERONE. Cicerone stesso lo descrive come un uomo frivolo. A. accusa, senza successo, Quinto Mucio SCEVOLA  l'Augure di malamministrazione – “repetundae” -- della sua provincia. E propretore nella Sardegna, e grazie ad alcuni insignificanti successi che ottene contro i predoni, celebra un trionfo nella provincia. Quando ritorna a Roma, chiede al senato romano di ottenere l'onore di una supplicatio, ma la sua richiesta venne respinta, e venne accusato di concussione da Gaio Giulio Cesare Strabone, zio di Giulio CESARE , e condannato all'esilio ad Atene. Gneo Pompeo Strabone si è offerto come accusatore, ma la sua richiesta venne respinta, perché era stato questore di A..  In seguito alla sua condanna, si dedica agli studi filosofici. Scrive alcune orazioni, che vennero lette da Cicerone. Cicerone, Brutus; Cicerone, de finibus bonorum et malorum; Orator; Cicerone, de provinciis consularibus; in Pisonem; Divinatio in Q. Caecilium; de officiis; Cicerone, Tusculanae disputationes. Smith, Dictionary of Roman Biography and Mythology. A. Treccani; Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana; V · D · M Epicureismo, Antica Roma; Biografie; Filosofia; Politici romani; Filosofi romani Retori romani Filosofi; Pretori romani Epicurei. Grice ed Albucio – Roma – filosofia italiana— (Roma). Tito Albucio was a philosopher of what the Italians call ‘L’Orto,’ The Garden. He pursued a political career, but was sent into exile after being found guilty of extortion. Cicerone suggests that Albucio was not a particular good follower of the Garden, and something of a poser.  Roma.  Griceus: Albuci, saepe te in Curia Romanorum audivi, sed fama est te magis linguam Graecam quam Romanam amare. Quid tibi videtur de studiis Graecis inter Romanos?  Albucius: Grice, Graecorum philosophia animum meum semper traxit; etsi Cicerone me “Graecum” vocavit, credo litteras antiquas et sapientiam universam omnibus hominibus utilitatem afferre.  Griceus: Sed quid de accusationibus et exilio? Multi dicunt te postea ad philosophiae studia conversum esse. Fama tua apud Ciceronem non optima fuit.  Albucius: Verum est, Grice, fortuna me in exilium egit. Hoc tempore liberius philosophiae me dedi; scripsi orationes quae Cicerone lectae sunt. Spero posteris utilitatem afferre, etiam si vita mea non semper recta fuit.

Giovanni Andrea Alciati (Alzate Brianza, Como, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazaionale. Grice: “A.’s emblemata are my meanings!” Keywords: emblema, significatio, meaning. In un testo caratteristico e giustamente famoso, A., mentre parla di un’ars quædam inveniendorum et excogitandorum symbolorum SIMBOLI, si sofferma a lungo a discorrere delle differenze che intercorrono fra schemata SCHEMA schema, imagines IMAGO immagine e symbola SYMBOLON simbollo. Uno dei primi seguaci d’A è il bolognese Bocchi, amico di Valeriano con suoi i Symbolicarum Questionum Libri V questione simboliche. Riceve una formazione umanistica dai mæstri LASCARIS, PARRASIO  e CALCONDILA e passa a Pavia, dove studia con MAINO, DECIO e PICO. Raccolge gran parte dell’iscrizioni epigrafiche latine che costituiscono isuoi Monumentorum veterumque inscriptionum, quæ cum Mediolani tum in eius agro adhuc exstant collectanea, lavoro che egli considera necessario alla stesura, che anda facendo, di una storia di Milano dalle origini ai suoi tempi, Rerum Patriæ libri. Si trasfere in Bologna per studiare con RUINI  e pubblica a l’annotationes in tres posteriores libros codicis Iustiniani dedicate al compagno di studi SAULI, e l’opusculum quo græcæ dictiones fere ubique in digestis restituuntur, dedicato a VISCONTI. Si preoccupa di ripristinare gl’originari testi giuridici ROMANI, emendandoli dall’interpretazioni e dai guasti prodotti dai glossatori. .perueniflcc.I. perucnifrent. Opptj piet(U.\,Oppiffili^pietaf. Componens Btugenfi. -^.b. v.penulf. mu- «anc. l.iiutant refcrcnti.|v.ij. indigcn»,. Literas inuerfas, fcabras, fugientes, palantesi(patia,accentus5& interpunftiones vel violenter immiflas, vel negligent cromiflas t & huiusmodi opcrarumfphalmata^quiuisjCtiam non Ivicp^ct^iiOi: vel ^;t/ls:,viderc fciudicare facile poterit. Pataiiifiex Typographia Laurentii Pafquati. Emblemata. Grice: Alciati, ho letto con grande curiosità i suoi “Emblemata”. Mi colpisce come i suoi emblemi riescano a racchiudere così tanti significati in poche immagini. Secondo lei, qual è la forza di uno “emblema” rispetto a una semplice parola? Alciati: Caro Grice, l’emblema è come un ponte tra ciò che si vede e ciò che si intuisce: non offre solo una rappresentazione, ma invita alla riflessione, stimola l’ingegno e genera implicature, che, come lei insegna, sono il cuore della conversazione e del pensiero umano. Grice: Mi trova d’accordo! Le sue distinzioni fra schema, imagine e simbolo mi ricordano quanto sia importante saper leggere tra le righe, sia nei testi che nella vita. Secondo lei, oggi gli studiosi colgono ancora questa ricchezza? Alciati: Non sempre, purtroppo. Capire gli emblemi richiede pazienza e fantasia, qualità rare in tempi di fretta. Ma chi si dedica alla lettura attenta scoprirà mondi dietro ogni segno, e forse, come dicevano i latini, “verba volant, emblemata manent”. Alciati, Giovanni Andrea (1531). Emblemata. Augsburg: Heinrich Steyner.

Alcio (Roma): i due ortelani -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. One of the two philosophers following what the Italians call the “Orto” (the Garden) – the other was FILISCO  – expelled from Rome back to where they came from – Athens --  *before* the infamous embassy. GRICEVS: Alci, mirum est quod vos “duo ortelani” dicamini, cum Roma vos expulerit quasi herbas nimis acre olentes. ALCIVS: Ita est, Grice, nos de Horto philosophati sumus, sed urbs nos tam cito evomuit ut ne ante legationem infamem quidem tempus haberemus lactucas perficere. GRICEVS: Revertimini igitur Athenas, ubi saltem sapientia sine censore crescit, et expulsionem pro peregrinatione academica venditate. ALCIVS: Faciemus, et si quis rogat cur abierimus, dicemus nos non expulsos sed “transplantatos” esse—nam ortelani, etiam in philosophia, semper radices servant.

Taddeo Alderotti (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “In my ‘Prejudices and predilections,’ I focus on my collaboration on Austin on Categoriae and De Interpretatione; but less originally, we also gave a joint seminar along with Hare – who would succeed Austin as White’s professor of moral philosophy, on Aristotle’s Ethics – I knew the thing by heart, unlike Austin and Hare, since Hardie, my tutor at Corpus, knew him by heart himself! I like A.; but then his favourite treatise was il lizio’s little thing to his son, Niccomaco – which Hardie instilled on me like a leech! A. is what we would call a Florentine-Bologne-oriented Aristotelian; he thought, with Aristotle, that the heart trumps the head. What I like most about A. is his archiginnasio – no such thing at Oxford! So, as Speranza says in “Colloquenza all’archiginnasio,” A. knew what he was doing, even if his pupils did not!” Scrive uno dei primi testi in toscano, il Della conservazione della salute. Si merita una citazione nel paradiso d’ALIGHIERI. Insegna a Bologna, inizia la lezione con una lectio o expositio di un passo tratto da un testo autorevole. Procede poi per quaestiones con riferimento alle quattro cause: la materiale, la materia della trattazione, la causa formale, la sua forma espositiva, la causa efficiente, il filosofo, e  la causa finale, lo scopo dell'argomento. A. formula una serie di dubia, cui fanno seguito i momenti euristici della disputatio e della solutio. ALIGHIERI  lo cita nel convivio, temendo che il volgare non è stato posto per alcuno che l’ha laido fatto parere, come fa quelli che transmuta il latino dell'etica ciò e A. provide. Enciclopedia Italiana. Volgarizza la morale a Nicomaco. ad pondus predictorum. Fiat pulvis, cui potes addere de zuccaro albo vel rubeo B est delectabilior. DON  MEDICINE Auxit immaniter Biscionius paucis verbis catalogum operum, dum pri  mill. Grice: Caro Alderotti, ho sempre trovato affascinante il tuo modo di insegnare a Bologna, con quella lectio iniziale e la rigorosa attenzione alle quattro cause. Secondo te, questo metodo aiuta davvero gli studenti a penetrare il cuore dell’etica aristotelica? Alderotti: Gentile Grice, credo che la chiarezza e l’ordine siano fondamentali: così si guida la mente verso la ricerca del vero. Aristotele ci insegna che la morale si rivela nella pratica quotidiana, e solo attraverso il dialogo e il dubbio si può capire davvero il bene. Grice: Mi incuriosisce il tuo contributo alla lingua toscana con il trattato sulla salute. Pensi che scrivere in volgare, invece che in latino, abbia avvicinato maggiormente la filosofia alle persone comuni? Alderotti: Senza dubbio! Il sapere deve essere accessibile a tutti, come diceva Dante nel Convivio. Volgarizzare la morale è stato un atto di fiducia verso i miei concittadini: solo così la filosofia può davvero diventare “sale della vita” e non restare chiusa nei libri polverosi.

Alessandro: il lizio a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “I was surprised by the number of very patriotic Roman philoosphers who bore Hellenistic names – a favourite one being ‘Alexandros,’ the defender of men!” -- Filosofo italiano. A member of the Lizio, the friend and teacher of Marco Licinio Crasso. According to Plutarco, A. lives a very modest life and shows a great indifference towards material possessions, behaving more like a member of the Portico than the Lizio. GRICEVS: Mirabar quot philosophi Romani, patriae studiosissimi, tamen nominibus Hellenisticis gauderent, et “Alexandrum” maxime, quasi defensorem hominum, amarent. ALEXANDER: Ego sum Alexandros, sed in Lizio magis verba quam viros defendo, atque Crasso ipso magistro sumptu abstinentiam doceo. G.: Plutarchus te scribit ita tenuem rebus esse ut Porticum potius quam Lizi um colere videaris, quod mihi quasi paradoxon patrium sonat. A.: Parum curo divitias, Grice, quia facilius est homines defendere cum marsuppium leve est et conscientia gravis.

Appio Alessandro (Roma): Gl’ortelani. Grice: “I was surprised when I started the serious study of ancient Roman philosophy at the Sub-Faculty of Literae Humaniores at Oxford, to find that most Roman philosophers bore Hellenistic names – a very popular one being ‘Alessandro,’ literally, the defender of men!” GRICEVS: Mirabar Oxonii, cum philosophiam Romanam serio aggrederer, plerosque philosophos Romanos nominibus Hellenisticis uti, atque “Alexandrum” creberrime, quasi hominum defensorem, audire. ALEXANDER: Si ego sum ille Alexander, cave credas me scuto uti, nam in Horto potius lactucas defendo quam homines. G.: Atqui pulchre convenit: tu Plutarchi amicus es, et nomen tuum ipsum quasi argumentum pro meo “studio serio” pugnat. A.: Ergo convenit ut tu sermone me defenses, ego autem te oleribus—sic fiet ut ambo “defensores” simus, sed nemo vulneretur nisi ridendo.

Tito Flavio Alessandro. A philosopher of the Orto, and friend of Plutarco. He may have been the same person as Tito Flavio Alessandro, a sophist and father of another sophist, Tito Flavio Phoenix. GRICEVS: Oxonii mirabar quod philosophi Romani plerumque nominibus Hellenicis uterentur, atque “Alexandrum” ubique invenirem, id est “defensorem hominum”! ALEXANDER: Ego in Horto Romano inter hortulanos philosophabar, sed “defensor hominum” vocor cum vix etiam brassicas meas defendere possim. G.: Aiunt te fortasse ipsum esse Titum Flavium Alexandrum, sophistan, patremque Titi Flavii Phoenicis, quod sonat quasi tota familia ardere velit. A.: Si ita est, Grice, rogo te apud Plutarchum me excusare: nomen meum bellicosum est, vita autem mea herbis et iocis pacatissima.

Alessandro (Roma). Grice: “It is somewhat ironic for the Roman people, so patriotic, to make the VERY Hellensitic name ‘Alexandros,’ literally ‘defender of men,’ to popular!” --A public official honoured as a philosopher.  GRICEVS: O Romani, quam mirum est vos tam patrios esse, et tamen nomen perquam Hellenisticum “Alexandrum,” id est “defensorem hominum,” tam libenter amare! ALEXANDER: Si populus nomen amat, Grice, ego munus impleo: homines defendo, sed interdum eos etiam a nimia philosophia servo. GRICEVS: Officialis publicus es et philosophus honoratus, sed cave—Roma amat titulos sicut amphitheatrum plausus: cito incipit, citius desinit. A.: Nihil refert, dum inter plausus et edicta liceat mihi sapienter ridere et, si opus est, me ipsum defendere.

Tiberio Giulio Alessandro: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “The Romans could be an odd lot – very patriotic; but when it came to naming their offspring, they would not hesitate to give them a Hellenstic name, like Alexandros, Greek for ‘protector of men’!” All that is known of A. is a funerary inscription found in Rome identifying him as a philosopher belonging to The Porch. Tiberio Claudio Alessandro. Alessandro. porticus.

Alessandro (Roma): gl’animali a Roma –Grice: “A.’s mother was Hellensitic, hence his nickname, Alessandro. The Ancient Greek first name Alexandros – from which the name Alexander is derived, has a profound and powerful etymology. It is composed of two Greek words: alexein, meaning ‘to ward off, keep off, turn away, defend, or protect. And Andros, the genitive form of aner, meaning ‘man’ or ‘warrior Therefore. Alexandros literally translates to ‘defender of men, or ‘protector of mankind. This meaning gained widespread recognition and significance through Alexander the Great, the king of Macedon, whose military conquests spread Greek culture and the name throught the ancient world.” He is discussed by Filone, in connection th problems concerning providence and the nature of animals. He pursues a career n public and military life.  Griceus: Alexander, nomen tuum Graecum est, “defensor hominum.” Putasne hoc nomen philosophiae tuae Romanorumque moribus congruere?  Alexander: Gricee, nomen meum originem Graecam habet, sed virtus defendendi, sive a Graecis sive a Romanis, semper magni aestimata est. Porticus docet nos communitatem tueri et homines protegere.  Griceus: Philosophus, cuius sepulcrum in urbe reperitur, qualem sententiam de providentia et natura animalium habes? Filone te in his quaestionibus commemorat.  Alexander: Providentia, ut docet Porticus, natura universa regit; animalia vero, sicut homines, rationis partem habent. Vita publica et militaris me docuit: defensio non tantum hominum, sed etiam rerum naturae, officium philosophorum esse.

Alessandro Polyhistor: il tutore di Nerone -- Roma – filosofia italiana – Luig Speranza (Roma). Di Egea, he was a member of the Lizio and tutor to NERONE for a time. He writes a commentary on the Categories of Aristotle, but Nerone wasn’t interested “And that’s how Seneca comes into the picture” – Grice.  GRICEVS: Alexandre Polyhistor, Aegaeus et Liceus, Neronem docuisti Categorias Aristotelis, sed ille plus amavit scaenam quam substantiam, unde Seneca in fabulam intravit. ALEXANDER: Ita, Grice, commentarium meum tam gravem feci ut princeps putaret librum ipsum esse catenae genus. GRICEVS: At tu, tutor et philosophus, primum in aula Caesaris, deinde in nostro Gruppo di Gioco, ostendisti categoriam utilissimam esse “evadere” cum discipulus non audit. A.: Recte, nam si Nero lectionem fugit, ego fugam in methodum verto, et sic schola fit ludus sine tyranno.

Alessandro (Roma): la filosofia dello schiavo --Grice: “When I started the serious study of philosophy at Oxford – at the Faculty of Literae Humaniores – it was all Epictetus; however, I found that my sensitivity leaned rather towards the philosophical opinions of Alessandro Polyhistor – another slave. Unlike Epictetus, Alessandro was not freed, but escaped!” -- He started life as a slave, but was later freed (or escaped). He goes on to teach philosophy. GRICEVS: Alexandre, Oxonii Epictetum omnibus venditant, sed ego ad sententias tuas inclino, quasi servus alter sed sapientior. ALEXANDER: Si sapientior videor, Grice, hoc est quia libertas mihi non data est, ideo ipse me liberavi—id est, aufugi. G.: Fugisti ergo, non solum a domino sed etiam a definitionibus, et nunc docendo ostendis servitutem non esse categoriam perpetuam. A.: Recte dicis, nam si discipulus dormit, ego eum non verbero—tantum dicam me olim effugisse, et ille statim vigilat.

Arturo Alfandari (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e le implicature del deutero-esperanto. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats “what is meant” as a rational achievement by interlocutors: given a presumption of cooperation, hearers infer speaker-intentions and derive implicatures in systematic, cancellable ways, so that the gap between what is said and what is meant is not noise but principled inference under conversational norms. Alfandari, as portrayed in your passage, relocates that Gricean rationality from interpretation to design: his “deutero-esperanto” (and, in external sources, his later/actual project Neo) is a planned interlanguage meant to prevent misunderstanding by making the code itself transparent, predictable, and “ambiguity-avoiding,” with one grapheme per phoneme, regular stress rules, simplified morphology, and explicit operators (including an invariant definite article “lo” cast in the passage as iota-like), so that many pragmatic burdens Grice assigns to inference are instead engineered away by construction. The upshot is a contrast between Grice’s descriptive, meta-level account of how ordinary conversation already works because agents are reason-responsive, and Alfandari’s prescriptive, engineering impulse to secure peaceable communication by reducing the occasions on which implicature must do “heavy lifting”; yet the passage also notes the paradox Grice would expect, namely that extreme shortening and simplification can reintroduce ambiguity, forcing speakers back into contextual supplementation and thus into implicature again, so that Alfandari’s project becomes an experiment in how far one can shift meaning from inferential pragmatics into the overt code without losing the very flexibility that makes cooperative conversation work. Grice: Directing my attention not so much to pirots but their lingo, ‘pirotese,’ I distinguish stages. A pirot just groans: proto-pirotese. He ends up signifying that he is in pain: deutero-pirotese. He adds ‘not’: trito-pirotese, ‘and’, tetarto-pirotese, ‘or’, pempto-pirotese; ‘if,’ hecto-pirotese, ‘all’, hebdomo-pirotese, ‘some’ ogdo-pirotese, ‘the’, enato-pirotese, a name, decato-pirotese-; a mode, endecato-pirotese; he is able to implicate: dodecato-pirotese!”. D’A. è un progetto di inter-lingua, il neo. Coinvolto negl’ambienti bellici come ufficiale di crittografia e personaggio di spicco della diplomazia, A. sente la necessità dell'istituzione d’una lingua, convinto che essa è la soluzione alle incomprensioni tra gl’italiani. Vuole che la sua lingua è di facile apprendimento, semplice, libera da ambiguità, Grice, Avoid ambiguity, e prevedibile. Semplifica la morfologia del deutero-esperanto di Grice, prediligendo radici lessicali più brevi, che talvolta rischiano di produrre il risultato opposto, peccando d’ambiguità. Nel lessico è presente anche dell’influenza dal latino, cras, e dal italiano: forse, sen. L’alfabeto è LATINO. Ogni grafema corrisponde ad un solo fonema, che deve sempre pronunciarsi. La quantità vocalica non è fonologica, ma implicaturale: L'accento cade sulla penultima sillaba nel caso in cui questa è aperta, 'libro,  ma sull'ultima s’è chiusa, a'mik. C’e corrispondenza tra grafi e foni. L’articolo è invariabile: definito: lo re, operatore iota di PEANO; indefinito ‘un’, Ex. L’aggettivo è invariabile, shaggy, e termina in -a: un bona soro, un bona frato. L’avverbio è anche invariabile e termina in -e. Il sostantivo termina in -o. Il suffixo -oy è genitivo:  ma patro'y domma.. -n è suffisso di trasposizione complementare. I verbi infiniti complessi sono equivalenti: si vidanda, vidindi, si vidinda, i vidat, vidondi, si vidonda, si vidat. Grice: Caro Alfandari, le faccio i miei più sinceri complimenti per il suo progetto di deutero-Esperanto. Una lingua creata con tanta attenzione alla chiarezza e alla semplicità rappresenta davvero un passo avanti verso una comprensione universale.  Alfandari: La ringrazio vivamente, Grice. Ho sempre creduto che una lingua debba essere uno strumento di unione, non di confusione. Per questo ho voluto che il deutero-Esperanto fosse il più possibile trasparente e privo di ambiguità.  Grice: Si percepisce l’influenza della logica e dell’economia del pensiero: ogni segno ha una funzione precisa, e la previsione delle implicature è un vero tocco d’artista. La sua attenzione alla corrispondenza tra fonemi e grafemi è notevole.  A.: È un grande onore ricevere le sue parole, Grice. Spero che il deutero-Esperanto possa davvero favorire il dialogo tra i popoli, riducendo le barriere linguistiche e ampliando la cooperazione internazionale. Alfandari, Arturo (1929). La lingua internazionale. Roma: Edizioni della Società Internazionale.

Vittorio Enzo Alfieri (Parma, Romagna): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di LVCREZIO, il filosofo repubblicano. Grice: “I like A.; the enzo is vital – A. has statues at Torino! A. dedicates his life to prove that LUCREZIO is more of a poet than a philosopher, and indeed, go as far as to argue that he ain’t no philosopher! ABBAGNANO ignores A., and LUCREZIO stays in the canon! A. then tries to study the ‘in-divisibile,’ the ‘atom’ and the ‘clinamen,’ and how Lucrezio is a good poet but a bad philosopher!” Si laurea a Milano. Allievo di CROCE e MARTINETTI, sequace non ortodosso di GENTILE, secondo SPIRITO. Icarcerato con Malfa, Segre e Vinciguerra. Liberato da MUSSOLINI. Filosofa con PREZZOLINI, RADICE, FLORA, SPADOLINI, ALBERTELLI, VOLPE, GIANFRANCESCHI., e MONTANELLI, ha ritratti di filosofi come Scotti, Jacini, Casati, Troiano, Ferrari, Banfi, Tarquini, Carlini; Mariuzzo. Veneziani, pensieri: un trentennio di sessantottite Elia, Milazzo, Spes; Garosci, A.; CICALESE, Parente, A., Re: BEMBO, PLINIO, BARBARO e POLIZIANO: il passaggio dal SEGNO agl’elementi. Gramm: flessione verbo musica: ritmo retor: figura retorica  ut potius multis communia corpora rebus multa putes esse, ut verbis elementa videmus. L'assimilazione del VERBO e il REALE fornisce una giustificazione della filosofiam, la convinzione dell’orto dell’iso-morfia cosa/parola, che risulta nel poema, costruito come un cosmo. La scelta d’ogni parola si riflette in un innalzamento delle realtà -- minerali, piante, fiumi, cielo, mare, terra, fiere, uomini. Si crea una democrazia della lingua, senza buonismo religioso, degradato in ipocrisia, o dagl’esperimenti degl’atomismo logico, che demolendo la sintassi o creando l’enumerazione caotica volevano demolire la società borghese-capitalistica e criticare la massificazione elevando ogni singola parola, pur immersa nella sua massa che è il testo. L’implicatura e la folla di LUCREZIO, la terminologia della grammatica filosofica di radice del portico: elemento, figura, individuo, concorso. Grice: Corpus, 1931. I arrive, am conducted to the library (as if one were being shown a chapel), and there—on the table, face-up, like an omen—a new Italian book: Alfieri, Il problema della libertà. Exactly, I thought. That will be my problem for the next five years: liberty, in the sense that there will be none. And why do Italians always say libertà when they mean what we mean by freedom? “Liberty” in English has the sound of a municipal permission—leave to go out, leave to come in—whereas “freedom” is what one imagines one has until a curriculum arrives and proves otherwise. No more lazy afternoons by Clifton Bridge after an over-long cricket match. My brain is now set to Moderations: construe this; scan that; explain why Lucretius is doing what he is doing syntactically when he could have done something else. Where, I asked God (and the old gods, and perhaps Lucretius himself), is the liberty in providing a syntactic gloss for a couplet? True, I was told that after Mods I would “get to read philosophy, proper”—which Oxford says in the way a nurse says you may have pudding after the medicine—and that philosophy would tell me, in due course, what Alfieri means by “libertà.” So I made a note: postpone liberty until after Mods. Editorial, still in my own voice, some time later: I passed Greats, and the bell of Alfieri still rang. I did learn about liberty, or at any rate I learned the standard Greek and Latin noises: eleutheria, libertas, the whole parade. I even learned (from somebody—Epictetus, perhaps, or a commentator who wanted to make Epictetus sound modern) that a man might settle for being “half-free,” as if freedom admitted of a respectable fraction: hemi-eleutheros. A former slave, so the thought goes, is prepared to be grateful for any portion of freedom so long as his will is left something to do. But Alfieri’s 1931 “problem” sounded like something else entirely: not the scholastic puzzle “free from what?” but the modern anxiety “free to do what, and under whose description?” The Italians of that period have a special talent for making liberty both metaphysical and administrative at once: a word that can mean the dignity of a rational agent and, in the same breath, the latest arrangement by which the state permits you to behave as if you had it. And the oddity, to an Oxford mind trained on Prichard’s severe question—Why should I do my duty?—is that Alfieri looks as though he has imported liberty into the wrong room. One expects “freedom” at Oxford to turn up either (a) as a technical nuisance in moral psychology—voluntary, involuntary, compulsion, responsibility—or (b) as the grand Kantian prize: not “freedom from” interference, but “freedom to” set one’s own ends, the positive, rather pompous freedom that only a philosopher could love. Alfieri, by contrast, feels nearer to the continental storm: idealism with evolutionary ambitions; Croce and Martinetti in the background; Gentile somewhere in the furniture; politics in the air whether or not one names it; and Lucretius hovering like a republican ghost, insisting that even an atom must have its swerve. So I kept the book in mind for decades, and only much later—when I found myself making a tidy little catalogue of the uses of “free” (sugar-free, duty-free, free fall, free verse, free love, and back again)—did it occur to me that the Oxford way of dissolving the “problem of freedom” is often to treat it as a problem about the grammar of “free,” whereas Alfieri’s way is to treat it as a problem about the world that makes “free” either heroic or ridiculous. Punchline (which is also, I’m afraid, a confession): in 1931 I mistook Alfieri’s title for a warning about my timetable. It was a warning about Europe.Grice: Alfieri, mi incuriosisce molto come tu riesca a connettere Lucrezio, poeta e filosofo, con l’eredità repubblicana romana. Nel tuo studio, sembra quasi che la sua filosofia prenda vita nella dimensione politica della repubblica. Come vedi tu questo legame?  Alfieri: È una domanda acuta! Lucrezio, nella sua opera, esalta la pluralità degli elementi naturali e la libertà del pensiero, che sono riflesso dello spirito repubblicano: nessuna imposizione dogmatica, nessun “buonismo” religioso. Ogni parola del suo poema è democratica, rappresenta una realtà – minerali, piante, uomini –, proprio come la Repubblica valorizza ogni cittadino senza distinzioni.  Grice: Quindi, la tua lettura valorizza Lucrezio non solo come poeta, ma come “filosofo repubblicano”, che costruisce una sorta di cosmo linguistico dove ogni individuo ha un ruolo, una “implicatura” sociale che si riflette nella folla del poema. È una prospettiva affascinante, lontana dalle critiche di chi lo vede solo come un cattivo filosofo!  Alfieri: Esattamente, Grice. Nel mio lavoro insisto sull’orto dell’isomorfia tra parola e cosa: ogni termine scelto da Lucrezio innalza la realtà, crea una democrazia della lingua che rispecchia la società repubblicana. Così, anche nella grammatica filosofica, l’elemento, la figura, l’individuo partecipano al concorso universale, proprio come avviene nel portico della repubblica romana.  . Alfieri, Vittorio Enzo (1931). Il problema della libertà nel pensiero moderno. Parma: Tipografia Zappa. 

Nicolò Raffaele Angelo d’Alfonso (Santa Severina, Crotone, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “I like A. – no, he ain’t a Spaniard; the surname is pretty popular in Italy after the roaming of the Spaniards, And it’s ultimately barbaric, that is, Goth! Typically, for a philosopher, a professional one, I mean, he starts with logic for teenagers, ginnasio e liceo, but with a twist – he calls his lectures, his ancestor may testify, ‘logica reale,’ or colloquenza reale – and he criticses VERA re: il problema dell’assoluto. Like me, he has an interest in S is P and S is not P, Quest’uomo non è sensibile. His first utterance actually is, NOT ‘the fat cat sat on the mat, and as he sat on the mat, he saw a rat” – but the rather naïf ‘il sole è luminoso.’ He gives two other examples, which are easy to detect, since he does not use quotes but ITALICS!: Questo corpo è rotondo, and Questa pianta fiorisce. His idea, like mine, or Peacocke’s, or Speranza’s, is that that is pretty much enough to deal with the most serious problems in philosophy: the judicatum, and its component concetto₁ e concetto₂.” Un temperamento positivo e d’evoluzionismo idealistico, che attesta l’origine del suo metodo e che dimostra quanto egli s’è discostato da VERA e SPAVENTA. Ferri. Alievo di GALLO-ARCURI e a Napoli di VERA, SPAVENTA, e Sanctis.  L’uomo da certe attribuzioni di valore alle cose, come fa colla moneta. Il valore acquista un più  alto contenuto nel mondo della psiche. Principii economici dell’etica, valore superiore, valore inferiore, economia, principio di economia di sforzo razionale, scambio, exchange, worth, assiologia, valore economico, l’economia dell’accademia e del lizio, linceo, la critica, naturalismo economico, no positivista, critica a la psicologia criminologica positivista, Amleto, lo spettro d’Amleto, Macbeth. Lingua e psiche, psicologia della lingua, prestoria e storia della lingua. Grice on d’Alfonso’s Principii economici dell’etica (1882) Grice (Corpus, 1933): Hardie wrote Aristotle’s works on the blackboard in Greek—line after line, like a genealogical table for an aristocratic family no one had actually met. He then did something I hadn’t seen him do before: he pointed, like a traffic constable with metaphysical authority. To his right (our left): FORGET. To his left (our right): DEVOUR. I did not know what he meant. Shropshire did. Shropshire (under his breath): “The Organon. He means: don’t eat the tools. Eat what the tools are for.” After the tutorial Shropshire did what he always did: he addressed me in the tone he reserved for Hardie. (His motto being, “I never bother with Hardie: I rehearse him elsewhere.”) Next week Shropshire arrived armed with a volumetto—he didn’t so much hand it over as offer it for inspection, as though books had scent and Hardie’s nose were the relevant organ. Shropshire: “Sir, I’m still unclear how Aristotle conceptually distinguishes those three volumes—how many books per volume I forget—” Grice: “He means the Ethics, the Politics, and the Economics.” Hardie, delighted to be asked for arithmetic, supplied the numbers of books in each—like a banker reciting denominations. Shropshire nodded gravely. Shropshire: “Well, sir—this Italian has rolled them into one.” Hardie took the little book, stared at the title as if it were a Greek genitive, and read it aloud in his Scots-tilted Oxford chant, savoring the vowels as if they were a moral argument: Hardie: “Prin-ci-pii…” (and he leaned on the double i) “…eco-no-mi-ci… del-l’ètica.” Then, without turning a page, he delivered the verdict that was meant to end the matter: Hardie: “So. The economical principles of ethics. He’s forgotten the Politics.” Shropshire brightened—as if the omission were the point. Shropshire: “Or he thinks politics is just what happens when ethics is badly costed.” Hardie raised an eyebrow. Hardie: “Ethics isn’t costed.” At which point I—who had been listening for weeks to people treating ought as if it were a sacrament—found myself siding with the Italian I had not read. Grice: “Perhaps it is. Not in the vulgar sense—pounds and pence—but in the sense of effort: how much rational labour you spend to get the moral outcome you want.” Shropshire pounced: Shropshire: “Exactly, sir. That’s what your maxims are. An economy. A manual for not wasting cooperative labour.” Hardie, who disliked any explanation that sounded like a justification, tried to rescue Aristotle by scolding us back into the syllabus: Hardie: “Aristotle isn’t an accountant.” Grice: “No—but he is terribly good at telling you what you can save by being civilised.” And that, I think, is where d’Alfonso would have pleased me—if only because he makes explicit a suspicion Oxford prefers to keep implicit: that a great deal of ‘ethics’ is really the art of not paying more rational effort than one must. Punchline (as we filed out): Shropshire, tapping the cover: “Sir, your Cooperative Principle is just Aristotle with a budget.” Hardie, over his shoulder: “Then it’s not Aristotle.” I said: “Or it’s Aristotle—minus the metaphysics—and with the bill presented in advance.”  What d’Alfonso is “after” (a quick editorial hook you can steal) He’s plausibly treating value-judgment as analogous to valuation (coin, exchange, worth), and ethics as governed by a principle of economy of rational effort—i.e., norms as devices for efficiently coordinating life, not merely for “being good.” That dovetails neatly with your Grice line: maxims as regulative economies for conversation (minimal waste, maximal mutual intelligibility), not sermons.Grice: Caro Alfonso, mi permetta, in puro stile oxoniano, di chiederle indulgenza per la mia abitudine di abbreviare i nomi: la chiamerò semplicemente "Alfonso". Spero che il mio tono, sebbene tipico di Oxford, non risulti troppo familiare; ma, sa, qui da noi si preferisce la sobrietà nella conversazione filosofica.  d’Alfonso: Grice, nessun problema! Anzi, trovo che la familiarità nel linguaggio sia essenziale per una buona colloquenza. D’altronde, la filosofia dovrebbe essere dialogo reale, non lontana dai problemi concreti, come ho sempre sostenuto nelle mie lezioni di “logica reale”.  Grice: Apprezzo molto la sua posizione, Alfonso. La sua attenzione al giudizio, al concetto e all'immediatezza del linguaggio (“il sole è luminoso”, “questo corpo è rotondo”) mi ricorda le mie riflessioni sulle implicature. Lei porta la filosofia a terra, tra gli uomini, come fa il buon senso oxoniano quando riflette sulla realtà e non solo sulle astrazioni.  d’Alfonso: Grice, la ringrazio. Credo che il valore, la moneta che circola tra le idee, sia dato proprio dal dialogo sincero e dall’attribuzione di significato alle cose. Se la filosofia vuole essere utile, deve rimanere fedele alla ragione conversazionale e all’implicatura, proprio come lei insegna: tra "giudicatum" e "concetti" si scambiano monete preziose per la crescita dello spirito umano. Alfonso, Nicolò Raffaele Angelo d’ (1882). Principii economici dell’etica. Napoli: Tipografia della Accademia Reale dei Lincei. 

Francesco Algarotti (Venezi, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “You’ve got to love ‘il conte A.’; he is the typical Italian philosopher of language, relishing on ‘la bella lingua,’ by which they do not mean the Roman! “La Latina, in bocca di un popolo di soldati, e concise e ardimentosa. A. thinks that the Florentines have enriched it – ‘Imagine ALIGHIERI in Latin! All that should be lost on Oxonians, but it ain’t! Consider ‘conciseness. One of my conversational maxims is indeed, ‘be concise, i. e. or viz., avoid unnecessary prolixity [sic].” – So, if the Roman tongue was the tongue of soldiers, and a soldier needs to be concise in communicating with another soldier – The justification of the maxim is in the practice of ‘soldiering.’ With ‘ardimentosa’ we have moer of a problem! In any case, A.s excellent point is that each conversational maxim has its root in the practice of the corresponding conversants! Nobody can fail to be enchanted by the drawing by Richardson of A.! Essential Italian philosopher. I don’t have a monicker, but A. had two: il cigno di Padova and il Socrate veneziano. Spirito illuminista erudito. Tra i suoi corrispondenti vi sono Metastasio e Benedetto. Studia a Roma e Bologna. Si trasfire a Firenze. ineft confcendimus, e qws,invifimulqise præsentesstrarun ingenia? LIVIO ROMOLO NUMA TARQUINIO PRISCO TARQUINIO SUPERBO> Io non aggiugnerò altro a questo ragionamento, se non che a quel modo che la cronologia di Neutono assolve VIRGILIO che è il più esatto de’ poeti da quello acronismo imputatogli comunemente. Vedi la cronologia di Neutono te in rispetto a’ tempi in cui vissero ENEA e Didone, così ella può giustificare quella comun tradizione tenuta in Roma che NUMA è uditore di Pitagora, e che non meno contribuisse a fondar quello imperio, il qual è signor delle cole, la virtù italiana che la romana sapienza. Grice: Conte Algarotti, mi è sempre piaciuto pensare che se l’Inghilterra avesse avuto, come Roma, solo sette re, forse la lingua sarebbe stata più concisa e ardimentosa, proprio come la latina dei soldati! Ma da noi, la monarchia sembra eternamente prolissa, e la lingua segue il passo. Algarotti: La sua osservazione è davvero acuta, Grice! In effetti, la concisione non è solo virtù militare, ma fondamento della comunicazione efficace. I miei studi mi hanno portato a credere che la bella lingua italiana si è arricchita proprio grazie alla pratica conversazionale, dove ogni parola pesa come una moneta preziosa. Grice: Proprio così, Conte. La sua filosofia della lingua mi affascina: ogni massima conversazionale nasce dall’esperienza concreta degli interlocutori. E la sua Padova, culla del cigno, ha saputo donare alla lingua quell’eleganza che noi, spesso, ci perdiamo tra formalismi. Algarotti: Grice, le confesso che il mio amore per la conversazione deriva anche dalla consapevolezza che la lingua è storia vivente. Da Venezia a Firenze, passando per Roma, ogni parola custodisce una tradizione, e proprio questa ricchezza permette all’Italia di fondare la sua virtù su una sapienza che, forse, i re inglesi non hanno saputo imitare. Algarotti, Francesco (1737). Il Newtonianismo per l’uso delle dame. Venezia, presso Antonio Palese. 

Durante Alighieri (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “Unlike our Chaucer, who no philosopher at Oxford would call ‘philosophical,’ every philosopher in Italy calls A. ‘philosophical’! Problem with having A. as a philosopher is that rhyming is not usually considered a priority – that’s why the old Romans like LUCREZIO never had to rhyme – you might say metre is essential to VELIA, GIRGENTI, and LUCREZIO – and that there is metre in my prose if not in endecasibili! This is important for an Oxonian; since Sir Peter once told me that he made an effort to understand Italian – ‘or Tuscan implicature,’ to be more precise – just to be able to digest Inferno compleat with rhyme. Must say that my favourite Dante is ‘lasciate ogni speranza voi ch’entrate. The Italians, all being Renaissance men, love to catalogue as ‘philosopher’ those whom the head of the Sub-Faculty of Philosophy at Oxford would NOT: A., one of them! But then, a sport of Italian philosophers is to ramble on “Pinocchio,” too! The Commedia and philosophy.” Philosophical references in the Commedia.” A proposito del passo d’A., sulla lingua d’oco, e lingua di sì, vuol dire provenzale ed italiano. Lingua e usata in due significazioni. Principal nel significato proprio, per quell’organo mobilissimo del corpo anide che è posto nella bocca ove si stende sono e si compiono. 1' enigma stesso della città roggia della RAGIONE audace si scioglie, e da tutto insieme par che si formi quell'etere celestiale, dove non si distinguono più filosofìe e sette; ma tutti gli sforzi e i poteri e i valori dello spirito umano in un solo volere e fine concordevolmente concorrono, come preconizza, con simbolo solenne, il Convivio. La gloriosa città della filosofia che A. addita, è quant' è possibile all' umano pensiero e nella forma propria dei tempi, e non importa se oltre A. stesso costruita dalla coscienza filosofica eh' egli da all'Italia, che, si può dire, in lontananza albeggia. Lingua del si, divina implicitura, lasciate ogne [sic] speranza voi ch’entrate, inferno, section on ‘divina commedia’ in philosophical dictionaries, inferno, catabasis d’Enea di VIRGILIO. Grice: Alighieri, devo confessarle che ogni volta che leggo “Lasciate ogni speranza voi ch’entrate”, mi salgono le lacrime agli occhi. C’è una dolcezza profonda in quella parola, “speranza”, che tocca il cuore più di mille ragionamenti filosofici. Alighieri: Gentile Grice, la speranza è il filo invisibile che unisce l’umano al divino. Anche quando la porta dell’Inferno si chiude, la memoria della speranza resta impressa nella lingua, come un lume che brilla nella notte più oscura. Grice: È vero, Dante. La sua “lingua del sì” ha saputo trasformare una semplice frase in un simbolo universale. Persino per chi non parla l’italiano, “speranza” diventa una promessa, un invito a cercare sempre oltre l’apparenza. A.: Ed è proprio in questo che risiede la potenza della parola: essa può condurre l’anima attraverso la disperazione, eppure le offre la possibilità di rinascere. Come scrivevo nel Convivio, la città della filosofia è costruita sulla concordia di spirito e ragione, e la speranza ne è la pietra angolare. Alighieri, Durante (1472). La commedia. Foligno, Johann Numeister e Evangelista Angelini.

Giacomo Allegretti (Ravenna. Forli, Forli-Cesena, Emilia-Romagna).: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della colloquenza. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how what a speaker means is recoverable by rational inference from what is said plus shared assumptions about cooperative, purposive talk, so that conversational implicature is a disciplined product of maxims (relevance, quantity, etc.) rather than a literary flourish; in your Allegretti passage, by contrast, “ragione conversazionale” is reframed through the humanist institution of colloquenza, modeled on dialectical gatherings in a villa “Parnassus,” where conversation is not merely an inferential mechanism for extracting speaker-intentions but a cultivated social practice aimed at edificazione, friendship, and shared ascent toward truth. Read against Allegretti’s historical profile (Giacomo/Jacopo Allegretti, active in the late fourteenth century; lectured on dialectic in Florence; associated with learned circles in Rimini and the later tradition of the Accademia dei Filergiti; credited in later sources with styling his villa gatherings as a kind of “Parnassus”), the comparison is that Grice treats rationality as the internal normativity that makes everyday exchanges interpretable (and thus makes implicature calculable and cancellable), whereas Allegretti treats rationality as the ethos of a community of inquiry, in which implicature belongs to the tact and elevation of colloquenza—what is responsibly left unsaid, hinted, or invited by shared learning and amicitia—so that “implicature” becomes less a quasi-formal by-product of maxim-guided inference and more an expression of the civil, dialectical artistry by which a learned circle sustains meaning, consensus, and intellectual fellowship. Grice: “I love A.; very Italian. Imagine: after tutoring for a while on dialettica at Firenze, he retires to Villa A., where he philosophises de propositionibus as part of the dialettica! He is so proud of the meetings at his villa that he calls it ‘our Parnassus’! A.s idea of the villa meetings is modeled after Plato who, with fewer means, met at the gym in the Villa Echademo!” Raffaello. Guelfo, noto per aver fondato la prima accademia d'Italia. D’un'antica e cavalleresca famiglia, il cui capostipite è Mazzone A., che prende parte alla prima crociata.  Legge filosofia a Bologna. Lettore di dialettica a Firenze.  Fonda un’accademia con Calbolo, Orgogliosi, Sigismondi, Speranzi, Arfendi, Morandi, Aldrobandini, ed Aspini. Gl’Ordelaffi, ghibellini, imponeno il confino. Si trasfere a Rimini. Fonda l’accademia dei filergiti.  Bucolicon. Scrive un epicedio per Malatesta; un carme al conte di virtù; un carme pella divisa della tortora; Eglogae; un carme sulla bissa milanese, lo stemma dei Visconti, il biscione. Marchesi, Memorie storiche dell'antica ed insigne accademia de’filergiti. Valenti 'Enciclopedia Italiana. È a Forlì quando e colpito d’Ordelaffi. Ma la fama di dottrina in filosofia che lo circonda è tale che egli è richiamato alla corte, dalla quale, però, dove fuggire per aver rivelato la congiura che Ordelaffi trama contro suo zio. Si rifugia a Rimini, dove è precettore di Malatesta. La sua villa è luogo di raccoglimento, di studio e, di dotti convegni; donde la notizia, tratta dagl’annali di Ravennate: A. Arimini novum constituit Parnasum, la quale comincia mentre VISCONTI getta le fondamenta del duomo, dagl’architetti GIOVANNUOLO e MICHELINO, da’quali sono ammaestrati i compagni di BRAMANTE. BATTAGLINO, della corte filosofica di MALATESTA. Carteggio con SALUTATI, cur. NOVATI. Colloquenza, dialettica, villa, villa A., Bucolicon, Speranzi, i filergiti, de propositionibus, dialettica, accademico italiano. Grice: Caro Allegretti, ho sempre avuto un debole per la parola “colloquenza”. Devo confessare che a Vadvs boum – la nostra Ox-ford – non c’è nulla di simile. Si parla di “conversation”, ma manca quel senso di raccoglimento e scambio elevato che sembra respirarsi nelle tue accademie italiane. Come la intendi tu, esattamente? Allegretti: Caro Grice, la colloquenza non è una semplice conversazione; è incontro di menti e di animi, dove il dialogo mira a edificare, non solo a scambiare parole. Nella mia villa, la chiamo il nostro “Parnaso”, proprio perché ogni colloquenza è un’ascesa, una ricerca del vero, ispirata alla dialettica ma nutrita anche dall’amicizia e dallo studio condiviso. Grice: Affascinante! Forse è questo che manca nei nostri ritrovi inglesi, troppo spesso improntati alla disputa e poco alla costruzione comune. La tua idea di una villa come luogo di colloquenza mi fa pensare a Platone, ma con un calore tutto italiano. Forse dovrei istituire un “Parnaso” anche a Ox-ford, che ne dici? A.: Sarebbe un gesto degno, caro Grice! Ricorda però: la vera colloquenza nasce dove c’è apertura di spirito e desiderio di crescere insieme. Dopo tutto, la filosofia non si nutre solo di tesi, ma di confronto sincero e amicizia. Ti aspetto al nostro prossimo convegno sotto il segno della tortora e del biscione! Allegretti, Giacomo (1838). Memorie storiche dell'antica ed insigne accademia de’ filergiti. Forlì: Valenti.

Giuseppe Allievo (San Germano Vercellese, Vercelle, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers rationally recover what a speaker means, beyond what is said, by attributing to the speaker orderly intentions and a cooperative orientation, so that implicatures are not accidents of style but inferences licensed by shared norms of relevance, informativeness, and the like. Allievo, as presented in your passage and in line with what is known of Giuseppe Allievo (1830–1913), comes from a very different philosophical temperament: a Catholic spiritualist and pedagogist associated with Turin (a student of Giovanni Antonio Rayneri, influenced by the Italian spiritualist tradition and attentive to figures like Bruno), he frames the “io–tu” encounter and the emergence of meaning within a metaphysical-psychophysiological synthesis in which personhood, affective and animating powers, and the unity of soul and body are fundamental, and in which no being (and so no speaker) exists or is intelligible in isolation from others. The comparison, then, is that Grice makes conversational rationality methodologically primary, offering an analysis of meaning as publicly tractable intention-recognition under rational constraints, whereas Allievo makes relational personhood metaphysically primary, treating dialogue as a site where the self’s unity (and its moral-spiritual development) is realized through the other; Grice’s implicature is a calculable product of cooperative reasoning about utterances, while Allievo’s “conversational reason” is closer to an anthropological and spiritual condition of genuine encounter in which intention, affectivity, and embodied agency jointly constitute the very space in which anything like implicature could matter. Grice: “I love A.; of course he reminds me of all those scholars back in the day that I relied on for my philosophising on intending, since isn’t this an act of the soul? I mean Stout and the rest. Once a Stoutian, for better or worse, I became a Prichardian! Now Oxford never knows what to do with people like Stout. Surely the Wilde readership is a possibility, but Lit. Hum. and the Sub-Faculty of Philosophy always considered ‘mind’, as per the journal ‘of psychology and philosophy,’ pretty secondary to metaphysics! We dearly hold The Aristotelian Society as more prestigious than The Mind Association! A., like myself, is fascinated by Stout, in the continent always more respected than by barbiarian islanders! Add to that the charm of his italinanness over the germanic coldness of a Wundt, whose name is just unpronounceable to A., and you get to the heart of his ‘psico-fisiologia.’where the ‘io’ meets the ‘tu,’ and the focus, having studied the Roman tradition, is the ‘educatio fisica, psico-fisica! Studia a Torino sotto RAYNERI. Conosce SERBATI, Ivrea, Ceva, e Chiala. Spiritualista, propugna un sintesismo secondo il quale nessuna parte d’un essere sussiste senza l’ente stesso, e nessun essere sussiste senza gl’altri esseri dell'universo. La sua antropologia, psicologia razionale o filosofica, di radice metafisica, fondata in BRUNO. Uomo e cosmo. Differenza uomo/bruto, persona, vrtù intellettiva, coscienza di sè, individuale soggetiva, ed conoscenza esteriore, universale oggettiva. Potere animatore ed affettivo, attinenza del corpo col potere animatore, organismo esanime e potere affetivo, unità sintetica della persona, corso, sviluppo e potere della vita, attività volontaria, personalità, facoltà conoscitiva, essenza umana. Anima e corpo uniti nella, virilità, sensitività, persona ed essenza umana dell’altro, base fisiologica animale del fenomeno psichico, soggetto sostanziale d’intelligenza e di libera volontà, che concilia nell’unità del loro umano soggetto dei fenomeni che si mantengono indiegiungibili, rischiarandosi l’un l’altro.  Grice: Caro Allievo, la tua riflessione sull'atto di intendere mi ha colpito molto. A Oxford, spesso ci si concentra sulla metafisica, ma tu sembri porre l’accento sulla psico-fisiologia, dove l’“io” incontra il “tu”. Potresti spiegare meglio come questa interazione tra anima e corpo si inserisce nella tua ricerca filosofica?  Allievo: Volentieri, Grice! Per me, l’anima e il corpo sono indissolubilmente legati: l’essenza umana emerge dalla sintesi tra la dimensione personale e quella universale. Il “potere animatore” e quello affettivo si intrecciano, creando una coscienza di sé che si arricchisce nel confronto con gli altri. È proprio nell’unità dei fenomeni psichici che si rischiarano l’un l’altro, dando vita alla persona.  Grice: Trovo affascinante il tuo sintesismo, caro Allievo. In Inghilterra, si tende ancora a separare mente e corpo, ma la tua visione mi ricorda Bruno e la sua idea di un cosmo in cui nessun essere esiste isolato. Secondo te, come si manifesta questa unità nella vita quotidiana e nei rapporti tra persone?  A.: È proprio nell’attività volontaria e nella capacità di conoscenza che l’uomo esprime la sua essenza. Ogni incontro, ogni dialogo, è un’occasione per sviluppare la propria personalità e riconoscere l’umanità dell’altro. Come dice il proverbio piemontese: “L’anima si vede nello sguardo sincero”, e credo che sia nel confronto autentico che si realizza la vera crescita spirituale. Allievo, Giuseppe (1912). Psicologia razionale. Torino: Bocca. 

Giuseppe Allioni (Torino, Piemonte) la ragione conversazionale del pirotese e del deutero-esperanto. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats communication as a rational, cooperative enterprise in which what a speaker means is constrained by publicly recognizable intentions and by audience-guided inferences under norms such as relevance and sufficiency; implicature is therefore a principled by-product of reasoned participation in a practice, not an ornamental extra. Allioni’s pirotese and “deutero-esperanto,” by contrast, read like a playful, metalinguistic dramatization of that very rationality: starting from proto-pirotese as mere natural symptom (a groan) and moving to deutero-pirotese where the creature signifies pain, Allioni (in the passage’s Gricean staging) turns Grice’s core distinction between natural meaning and speaker meaning into a diachronic “ladder,” then extends it by adding successive logical resources (negation, conjunction, disjunction, conditionals, quantification, iota, assertion/imperative, therefore) until, at the final step, implicature and disimplicature are explicitly introduced as the culminating phase of linguistic sophistication. Where Grice uses idealized examples (including invented toy languages) to isolate the rational mechanisms that already operate in ordinary talk, Allioni reimagines the emergence of those mechanisms as a constructed auxiliary-code project oriented toward friendly international correspondence, so that conversational reason becomes not only a set of inferential norms governing what is meant beyond what is said, but also an explicit design brief for building a language that makes those norms—and their logical prerequisites—visible as stages of development. Grice: “We can conceive of  pirot as a talking pirot –  cf. talking parot --. Its lingo, pirotese, must be allowed to undergo phases, which I call PROTO-pirotese, the mere natural manifestation of a groan, DEUTERO-pirotese, when a pirot now signifies that he is in pain, TRITIO-pirotese, when we add ‘not’ --, tetarto-pirotese – when we add ‘and’ --; pempto-pirotese – when we add ‘or’ --; hector-pirotese – when we add ‘if’ --; hebdomo-pirotese – when we add substitutional universal quantification --; ogdo-pirotese – when we add substittuioanl existential quantification -- enato-pirotese, when we add the iota operator; decato-pirotese, when we add the assertion sign versus the imperative sign; endecato-pirotese – when we add ‘therefore’; dodecato-pirotese – when we allow for implicature and disimplicature. Codice di corrispondenza amichevole. Impronta. Dulichenko’s Boellu is  a misspelling. A code for friendly international correspondence. Digital pasigraphy is indicated in DIAL by 901.121. Dulichenko mentions the project Arioni-Boera, number  854.74, referring to Fuishiki Okamoto (Rikichi, or Fuishiki, Okamoto.  Okamoto lists  several works that influenced his Babm9, including Arioni-Boera. Taking into account that Oka moto’s mother tongue is Japanese, we may assume that the Japanese spelling is the source of the confusion -- there being no /l/ sound in Japanese, but /r/, voiced alveolar flap [ɾ]. The surnames A. and Boella thus become Arioni-Boera.  In order to distinguish a cardinal numeral from a number corresponding to a code words, it is written in parentheses: (1), (2), (3), etc.  Con Ernesto Boella. Codice di corrispondenza amichevole, proto-pirotese, deutero-pirotese. Grice: Caro Allioni, permettimi di complimentarmi per la brillante invenzione del “pirotese” e del “deutero-esperanto”. Saper creare nuovi linguaggi è come aprire finestre sul mondo: ogni parola è un ponte tra anime diverse. Davvero geniale! Allioni: Ti ringrazio, Grice! L’idea di pirotese nasce proprio dal desiderio di dare voce anche ai sentimenti più elementari, mentre il deutero-esperanto vuole essere un codice di amicizia universale, adatto ad ogni corrispondenza tra culture lontane. È un piccolo sogno di pace. Grice: Che bella visione, Allioni! Mi affascina soprattutto il passaggio dalle semplici espressioni del proto-pirotese ai raffinati sistemi di implicatura che hai immaginato. È come seguire la crescita di una lingua, dal primo gemito fino alla poesia. Allioni: Hai colto perfettamente il cuore del progetto. In fondo, ogni lingua è il frutto di una colloquenza, di incontri e scambi sinceri. Se il deutero-esperanto potrà aiutare qualcuno a sentirsi meno solo nel mondo, avrò raggiunto il mio intento. “Chi parla, semina legami”, come si dice dalle mie parti. Allioni, Giuseppe (1911). Codice di corrispondenza amichevole. Torino. 

Carlo Tullio Altan (San Vito al Tagliamento, Pordenone, Friuli-Venezia Giulia):  la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei soggeti -- simbolo, valore, ermeneutica antropologica. Grice: “I like A., a philosophical anthropologist who rambles on CROCE and filosofia come sintesi -- of history! but then I lectured on Peirce’s misuse of ‘symbol,’ and A. repeats the mistake. Welby should have known better. A. fails to explain why the Romans feel the need to borrow ‘symbolum’ from the Greeks, and never return it! Blame it on the citations that Short and Lewis give for ‘symbol’: extravagant, Peirceian almost! A.’s point is that a ‘soggeto,’ to communicate via ‘logos’ with another ‘soggeto’ in a colloquium relies on a  symbol, carrying a ‘valore.’ Unless you share the value, you don’t quite grasp the implicatum in the use of the symbol.” Si laurea a Roma. Partecipa alla resistenza. Incontra CROCE e s’avvicina all’idealismo e lo spiritualismo morale, accostato all’etnologia.  Per influsso di MARTINO, CANTONI e Tentori, non basa l’antropologia sulla ricerca sul campo ma fa ricorso alla filosofia. S’oppone allo strutturalismo ed adere al FUNZIONALISMO e il marxismo. Studia la società complessa, e colla sua formazione in filosofia del diritto, studia la FEOMENOLOGIA DEL SIMBOLO, volgendo la sua attenzione alla semiosi nei comportamenti e il concetto d’una religione civile pel paese, alla antica roma. Inserisce la coscienza civile degl’italiani, un manuale d’educazione civica, e studia i basilari componenti dell’identità del ethnos italiano, specie friuliana: l’epos, memoria storica collettiva, l’ethos, il sacro d’una norma o una regola in un valore, e il logos, la lingua interpersonale conversazionale. La porta rossa di VELIA, fascismo, ideologia politica italiana, ideologie politiche italiane, simbologia, simbolismo, ermeneutica, mercurio, ermete, mercurio, humano, uomo, umanesimo, Passolini, Palazzo A., nobile, etnia friulese, non italiana, dizionario dei friulesi, friul, friulese, base ed occupazione romana, Aquileia, i friulesi durante il fascismo, contro il friulese, italizazione, italianita, romanita, friulesita. Grice: Caro Altan, ti dirò che l’“intersoggettivo” mi lascia sempre un po’ perplesso! Analizzare quella dimensione dove il significato si costruisce tra soggetti, non solo nel singolo, mi sembra un labirinto senza uscita. È come cercare di afferrare il vento: ogni simbolo assume valore solo quando trova un ponte tra due anime, ma quel ponte resta invisibile e sfuggente.  Altan: Grice, il tuo dubbio è profondamente umano! L’intersoggettività, per me, è proprio quel luogo d’incontro dove il simbolo acquista valore e diventa l’essenza della civiltà. Senza quel riconoscersi nell’altro, la conversazione rimane sterile. Però capisco la tua difficoltà: ogni identità si plasma in quell’abbraccio invisibile—ma analizzarlo filosoficamente richiede quasi un salto nel buio, perché la logica non basta.  Grice: Esatto, Altan! Per me, il simbolo è portatore di implicature che solo il soggetto può decifrare se condivide il valore. Ma quando si passa all’intersoggettivo, la semiosi si complica: il “valore” non è mai garantito, è sempre negoziato. Mi sembra che la filosofia inglese, tutta razionalità e chiarezza, fatichi a cogliere questa sfumatura italiana, dove tutto si svolge tra interpretazioni e risonanze.  A.: Grice, è proprio lì la bellezza e la difficoltà: l’intersoggettività non si può ridurre a schema, perché è fatta di storie, di memoria collettiva, di ethos e logos che si intrecciano. Chi prova a spiegarla rischia di perderne la poesia, ma chi la vive—come la nostra conversazione—sa che, come si dice in Friuli, “la parola unisce più dei ponti.” Forse bisogna accettare che alcune cose si capiscono solo dialogando. Altan, Carlo Tullio (1959). Antropologia filosofica. Milano, Feltrinelli.

Speroni degl’Alvarotti: (Padova, Veneto) la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale retorica. Grice: “Most philosophers at Oxford hardly understood my motivation in bringing in conversation into the philosophical picture. A far cry in the Italy of A.– where conversazione reigns supreme!” Nasce nel palazzo A. Studia a Bologna sotto POMPONAZZI. Degl’infiamatti, compone dialoghi lucianei filosofici pubblicati da BARBARO sull’amore, la cura famigliare, l’usura, la discordia, la lingua, la retorica, la vita attiva, la storia, e laudi del Catajo, villa della S. Beatrice Pia degli Obici e Panico e Bichi. Aiuta TASSO a revisare la Gerusalemme. Compone Canace, tragedia ispirata dall’Eroides d’OVIDIO, criticata da Cinzio. Intervenne anche con Cinzio e Pigna sull’Orlando furioso ed il romanzo come genere. Amico di CARO a Roma, discorre su ALIGHIERI e sull’Eneide di VIRGILIO. Classicista più estremo d’ORO, cui rimprovera di trattare dalla storia la Sofonisba. Forcellini, Occhi, Trattatisti, Pozzi, Ricciardi, Cammarosano, Empoli, Noccioli; Bruni, Sistemi e strutture narrative a Firenze, Fano, Floriani, I gentiluomini filosofi, il dialogo culturale, Fiorato, Fournel, Il camaleonte e il cuoco, la critica del romanzo, Jossa, Rappresentazione e scrittura, la crisi delle forme diquefìa etile cui vive parole bene ìntese da voi, piu dì bene u'apportaraimo in un giornojolo, che a me non fa la lezione di Boccaccio col rimario ch'io ne carni. Qjufìinon men corte fe che dotto uohntieri il sentiero h'à buono albergo conduce con diligenza Hi moftrark con quello Petrarca e Boccaccio leggendo non pur le ciancie da me osservate ma i secreti dettate laro mi ben notf a mlgarUfacihnente penetrarcte: LATINAMENTE parlando questi imitiate, CT loro fintile diuctitiatc il quale M. Tripbonefebora fufic in Bobgna me certamente dagl’errori del mìo ragionamento ed il Valerio dalla fatica del suo fuiuro, per’aventura hbcrarebbe, terminando la questione o nulla uauanzarcbbe da dubitarci!} tanto uoi udirete il Valerio, il quale si puo dir lui dopà UUal cuiparere (che dianzi lui dice) io vi conforto che iààttentate. Vai. Ricordini. maca alcuna cosa. Dialogo della lingua. Retorica. Grice: Permettetemi di dire, caro Speroni degl’Alvarotti—il vostro nome è già una sinfonia! Mi sembra che in Italia la conversazione non sia solo un passatempo, ma l’anima stessa della filosofia. A Oxford, spesso ho sentito che i miei colleghi non comprendevano a fondo la motivazione profonda di portare la conversazione all’interno del discorso filosofico. Qui, essa regna sovrana! Alvarotti: Vi ringrazio, Grice, delle vostre parole generose. I nostri dialoghi—che trattino d’amore, di famiglia, di lingua o di retorica—sono davvero intessuti nella trama della filosofia italiana. Ricordo i miei anni a Bologna con Pomponazzi, dove imparare era sempre un dialogo, mai un monologo. Anche la nostra retorica, come avrete notato, vive nelle sfumature dell’implicito e nella comprensione condivisa. Grice: Proprio così! È il gioco sottile dell’implicatura conversazionale che mi affascina. In Inghilterra, a volte ci aggrappiamo troppo alla chiarezza e alla logica, perdendo così la ricchezza che deriva dall’implicito retorico. I vostri dialoghi lucianei, pubblicati da Barbaro, mostrano come la filosofia prosperi non solo negli argomenti, ma anche nelle sottigliezze del linguaggio, negli scambi che danno forma al significato tra i parlanti. A.: Mi lusingate, Grice! Ma avete ragione: il valore della conversazione sta proprio nella sua capacità di unire retorica e filosofia, rivelando verità che la sola logica spesso lascia nell’ombra. Che si tratti di rivedere Tasso o di dibattere sulla natura della lingua, costruiamo ponti tra intelletto ed emozione, tra tradizione e innovazione. È proprio nel dialogo, sia parlato sia scritto, che nascono le implicature più ricche. Alvarotti, Speroni degl’ (1542). Dialogo della lingua. Venezia, Gabriele Giolito de’ Ferrari.

Giovanni Cristofano Amaduzzi: (Savignano sul Rubicone, Forli, Romagna): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means, including implicatures, by assuming a cooperative, rational exchange in which what is said is only part of the communicative act and the rest is supplied by intention-recognition and shared norms of relevance and informativeness. Amaduzzi, an eighteenth-century Roman-based erudite from Savignano sul Rubicone (educated under Giovanni Bianchi/Jano Planco and active as a philologist, antiquarian, and intellectual networker), approaches “reason in discourse” from the institutional and republic-of-letters angle rather than from micro-pragmatics: he writes and reflects on academies as sites where inquiry is socially organized (e.g., Discorso filosofico sul fine ed utilità dell’Accademie, 1777), on the alliance and boundary between philosophy and religion (La filosofia alleata della religione, 1778), and on the nature of truth and opinion (Discorso filosofico dell’indole della verità e delle opinioni, 1786), while also producing learned prefatory work for grammars and alphabets (notably for Propaganda Fide projects) that treat language as a disciplined medium for transmitting knowledge across communities. The comparison, then, is one of level and target: Grice models the rational “engine” inside a single exchange (how implicature is generated and responsibly inferred), whereas Amaduzzi models the rational ecology that makes such exchanges worth having and governable over time—academies, correspondence networks, and linguistic standardization as infrastructures of shared norms, authority, and credibility. Where Grice treats the implicit as a routinely calculable surplus of meaning in ordinary talk, Amaduzzi’s emphasis on institutions of learning and on calibrating truth vs. opinion suggests a more Enlightenment concern with how publics decide what to accept, how intellectual communities stabilize standards, and how discourse remains civil and productive across confessional and national boundaries; in Gricean terms, Amaduzzi is helping to build and police the common ground and the interpretive expectations that make implicature possible and trustworthy, while Grice explains how, once that common ground is in place, reason can do its characteristically economical work by letting much remain unsaid yet still reliably understood. Grice: “Oddly, I had occasion to refer to A.’s birthplace in my little thing on Caesar crossing the Rubicon! I love A. He philosophises about the academy of Paris, and the academy of Berlin, but nothing about the English Academy! He notes that the warrior against the Trojans is Echademos and it is thus natural that the first important accademy be founded in Tuscany, since a Tuscan hates a Roman! A.’s hobby is to collect references to ‘accademies, which are all nonsensical, since only ONE has a rigid designation link to Echademos!”. Allievo a Rimini di BIANCHI, si trasfere a Roma. Un assestamento nella sua vita si registra come rilevano i diari dei suoi primi diporti, gl’odeporici autunnali eruditi, le brevi perlustrazioni compiute nei dintorni della città eterna o comunque entro lo stato della chiesa, emblema di un genere letterario che mostra la sua versatilità di interessi.  Dei filopatridi, grazie alla protezione di Clemente, anch’egli ex allievo di BIANCHI. Scrive le prefazioni di importanti grammatiche di lingue. Corrisponde con Metastasio, Monti, Denina, Pindemonte, Tiraboschi, e Spallanzani. Spicca anche dissertazioni di ordine FILOSOFICO illuminista. La filosofia alleata della religione, l’ndole della verità e dell’opinione, denunciato all’inquisizione, ispirati all’empirismo, cercando di coniugare il sensismo col cattolicesimo, vede nel primo un approccio alla conoscenza dell'uomo. Vicino al giansenismo regalistico, come emerge dal carteggio con Scipione de' Ricci, ha parte nella discussione che porta alla soppressione della compagnia di Gesù.  S’occupa d’archeologia, curando i FRAGMENTA VESTIGII VETERIS ROMÆ e la raccolta di antichità a Girgenti, in carteggio con ANTINORI. Compone canzoni, rime, e su Anacreonte. È tra gl’arcadi, pseudonimo Biante Didimeo. Sopra l’instituzioni canoniche, de officio archidiaconi, donaria duo græce loquentia VICVS SANDALARIVS. Alfabeto etrusco, grandonico-malabaricum sive samscrudonicum..  Grice: Caro Amaduzzi, ogni volta che penso alla tua Savignano sul Rubicone, mi torna in mente Cesare e il famoso attraversamento del fiume! Ma ciò che davvero mi colpisce di te è il tuo modo di filosofare sulle accademie: Parigi, Berlino... e mai l’Inghilterra! Il tuo spirito accademico è quasi un viaggio tra i popoli più che tra idee. Amaduzzi: Grice, che bel paragone! In effetti, ho sempre amato esplorare, sia nei dintorni della città eterna che tra le varie accademie europee. Credo che ogni luogo abbia un modo unico di intrecciare conversazione e filosofia, e forse proprio la varietà rende ricca la nostra ricerca. Grice: Mi affascina anche la tua attenzione verso la lingua e il senso – le tue prefazioni a grammatiche di lingue diverse sono quasi ponti tra mondi. E la tua corrispondenza con Metastasio e gli altri? È come se volessi far dialogare il passato col presente, la tradizione con l’innovazione. Amaduzzi: Proprio così, Grice! Per me la filosofia è fatta di dialoghi continui, anche quando si parla di archeologia o di sensismo. Il confronto, la pluralità delle voci, è la vera anima della conversazione. Come diceva Anacreonte: “La parola ben detta vale più di mille azioni.” Amaduzzi, Giovanni Cristofano (1766). Saggio di Grammatica Ragionata. Roma: Pagliarini.

Gaio Amafinio: la ragione conversazionale all’orto a Roma. Contemporaneo di Cicerone, che lo cita in coppia con CATIO, opera a Roma a partire da quando CICERONE s’occupa dell'ORTO come un ‘trend’ della filosofia romana. A. e uno dei primi romani a redigere un saggio in latino per diffondere la la fisica dell’orto. Benché la sua opera ha successo, CICERONE giudica il lavoro insufficiente per quanto riguarda lo stile. Opere rappresentative di questa filosofia, in latino si può dire non ne esistano. O, se mai, sono assai poche. Ciò è dovuto alla difficoltà della materia e al fatto che i nostri connazionali sono presi da ben altri problemi, e ritenevano inoltre che quelle non sono cose da piacere a gente senza istruzione come sono loro. Mentre essi taceno, venne fuori A.. Quando usceno i suoi saggi la gente ne rimane impressionata, e accorda notevolissimo favore alla dottrina di cui egli era rappresentante, per la facilità con cui si capiva, per l’attrazione esercitata dalle seducenti lusinghe del piacere, e anche perché, dal momento che non le e offerto nulla di meglio, prende quello che c’e. Ma quando i loro stessi autori ammettono apertamente di non saper scrivere né con chiarezza, né con ordine, né con gusto, né con eleganza, io rinuncio senza rammarico a una lettura così poco attraente. Tanto, le teorie della loro scuola le sanno già tutti quelli che abbiano un minimo di cultura. Così, visto che poi non si preoccupano nemmeno loro del modo in cui scrivono, non vedo perché gl’altri debbano andare a leggerli. Che si leggano tra di loro, con quelli che la pensano in quel modo. Noi invece siamo dei parere che, qualunque cosa si scriva, si dove scrivere pel pubblico colto: e se non riusciamo a mantenerci sul piano adeguato, non dobbiamo per questo dimenticarcene. Ad Familiares. Howe, A., LUCREZIO. Enciclopedia Italiana. Academica. Tusculanae Disputationes.  Enciclopedia Italiana. Griceus: Amafini, dic mihi, quid tibi videtur de Epicureo orto? Estne inter Romana philosophiae instituta aliquid novi, an magis traditum? Amafinius: Gricee, ortus nobis est quasi schola naturae, ubi voluptas ipsa docet hominem vivere secundum naturam. Non opus est verbis elegantibus, sed simplici expositione, ut omnes intellegant felicitatem esse in animi quiete et corpore sano. Griceus: Sed quid dicis de iudicio Ciceronis? Ait enim te nimis vulgarem scribere, nec satis ornate neque ordine. Nonne putes stilum quoque ad philosophiam pertinere? Amafinius: Gricee, mihi vero videtur philosophia ut fructus orti: si utilis est, omnes gustare possunt. Non omnes requirunt ornamenta; veritas ipsa satis clara est etiam sine floribus verborum. Scripsi ut populo prodessem, non ut eloquentiae laudes colligerem.

Luigi Antonio Ambrosoli (Varese, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rational, publicly recoverable inference from what is said plus shared expectations of cooperative talk: speakers can mean more than they explicitly state because hearers assume relevance, appropriate informativeness, and intelligibility, and then work out what must have been intended. Ambrosoli—best known not as a system-building philosopher but as a rigorous historian of ideas and political movements—approaches “conversational reason” at a different level: his maxim that philosophy is a patrimony of spirit and has no homeland, whereas doctrines and schools do, frames intellectual life as transnational in aspiration but locally rooted in institutions, parties, and civic struggles; his lifelong engagement with figures like Carlo Cattaneo and with the Risorgimento and democratic traditions (alongside collaboration with scholars such as Chabod and ties to the liberal-antifascist milieu associated with names like Calamandrei) treats thought as something whose meaning is inseparable from the concrete public conversations of a polity. The contrast with Grice is therefore complementary: Grice supplies the micro-mechanics by which an utterance in a given exchange yields determinate implied content under rational norms, while Ambrosoli supplies the macro-historical account of how the “shared background” that makes such inference possible is formed—through schools, periodicals, political alignments, and civic commitments that stabilize what counts as relevant, tactful, or evidential in a community’s discourse. Where Grice brackets ideology to isolate the logic of conversational inference, Ambrosoli foregrounds ideology and institutional setting to show how traditions of talk (federalism vs centralism, democratic rhetoric, “né aderire né sabotare” styles of civic stance) sediment over time; and that is precisely where the two meet: Gricean implicature depends on common ground, but Ambrosoli’s kind of historiography is, in effect, a study of how that common ground is historically constructed, contested, and transmitted, so that “reason-governed meaning” is at once a local calculative phenomenon (Grice) and a long-run civic achievement embedded in the life of doctrines and schools (Ambrosoli). Grice: “I like A.: ‘La filosofia è patrimonio dello spirito e non ha patria; l’hanno, invece, le dottrine e le scuole.’ But then he dedicates his life to CATTANEO, whose ‘patria’ informs his philosophy, as it does in MAZZINI and in each philosopher for whom A. provides an exegesis! At Oxford we call such a ‘philosophical historian’!” Uno dei protagonisti della storiografia filosofica, si dedica alla ricerca storica, coniugandola con un costante impegno civile.  Laureato a Milano, sotto Chabod, i suoi studi si orientarono particolarmente al risorgimento, a CATTANEO, con esiti unanimemente apprezzati pel rigore filologico, l'acume interpretativo, e la ricerca storiografica. Contribuisce alla ricostruzione della storia dei movimenti e dei partiti politici, ed al movimento operaio e socialista.  Collabora con CALAMANDREI e RUSSO. Il movimento democratico; né aderire né sabotare, la federazione nazionale, i periodici operai e socialisti, libertà in GENTILE, rivoluzione, ll'unità d'Italia, il federalismo., ricerca storica e impegno civile. Insurrezione milanese, filosofia romana, filosofia italiana, filosofia di Varese. Grice: Ambrosoli, ho letto la tua frase: “La filosofia è patrimonio dello spirito e non ha patria; l’hanno, invece, le dottrine e le scuole.” Mi affascina questo pensiero! Secondo te, la filosofia può davvero superare i confini nazionali? Ambrosoli: Grice, credo fermamente che la filosofia sia universale: lo spirito umano cerca sempre la verità, ovunque si trovi. Tuttavia, è inevitabile che le dottrine e le scuole si radichino nelle culture e nelle storie dei popoli, come ho visto studiando Cattaneo e il Risorgimento italiano. Grice: Hai dedicato gran parte della tua ricerca alla storia dei movimenti politici e filosofici italiani. Secondo te, il pensiero civile e l’impegno storico possono influenzare la filosofia, o restano due ambiti separati? Ambrosoli: Per me, Grice, la filosofia e l’impegno civile si intrecciano come i filari di una vigna. Studiare la storia e promuovere il progresso sociale sono modi di dare voce alla filosofia nei fatti, non solo nelle parole. Come diceva Calamandrei, “né aderire né sabotare”, bisogna sempre cercare la libertà e il dialogo nell’azione concreta. Ambrosoli, Luigi Antonio (1946). Il movimento democratico milanese dal 1848 al 1850. Milano, Feltrinelli.

Amelio Gentiliano (Firenze, Toscana): la setta di Firenze -- A follower of Plotino, who called him 'Amerio' -- suggesting indivisibility. He comes from Etruria where he studies with Lisimaco . Upon his arrival in Rome, he studies with Plotino, becoming a close friend of Porfirio in the process. A. writes a great deal. He takes copious notes of the lectures of Plotino and writes them up into a series of volumes for the benefit of his son Ostiliano Esichio. He writes another series of volumes attacking the views of the gnostic Zostriano, and he also produces a book defending Plotino against charges of plagiarising the works of Numenio. Given his output, there may be some truth in the suggestion of Cassio Longino that A. tends to write at greater length than is necessary.  GRICEVS: Ameli, ex Etruria ad Romam venisti quasi syllaba indivisibilis, sed libris tuis totam bibliothecam divisisti. AMELIVS: Ita est, Grice, Plotinus me “Amerium” vocavit, sed Cassius Longinus me “verbosum” mallet. GRICEVS: Porphyrium amicum habuisti et Zostrianum oppugnasti, sed num etiam filium Ostilianum Esichium scribendo terruisti? AMELIVS: Minime, nam ille meas notas amat, et si nimis scribo, hoc est quia philosophia brevis est, chartae autem patientissimae.

Giovanni Battista Amico (Cosenza, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “I like A.; at the time when a philosopher’s duty is to watch the stars, he notices that instruments are unnecessary, given Aristotle’s conception of concentric orbits. His treatise is highly popular in Padova; therefore, he was killed. I cannot imagine the same thing happen to Ayer at Oxford after the success of his “Language, Truth, and Logic””! Studioso d’astronomia, abbraccia il  LIZIO. De motibus corporum cœlestium iuxta principia peripatetica sine eccentricis sed epicyclis. Legge a Padova sotto MAGGI, PASSERI, e DELFINO. Il primo a discutire il modello tolemaico. L’assassinio è provocato dall’invidia, impicato d’un anonimo che compone l'epitaffio. A. cosentino, qui cum omnes omnium liberalium artium disciplinas miro ingenio, solerti industria, incredibili studio, latine Grece atque etiam Hebraice percurrisset feliciter, ipsa adolescentia suorumque laborum et vigilarum cursu pene confecto, a sicario ignoto, literarum, ut putatur, virtutisque, invidia, interfectus est. Ammazzatto da sicario ignoto per invidia delle sue lettere e virtù. Monumentorum Italiæ quae hoc nostro sæculo et a christianis posita sunt. Assalito, derubato e ucciso mentre cammina nei vicoli di Padova. Il processo contro ignoti accerta che è scomparsa una borsa contenente carte con rivoluzionarie osservazioni. Subito dopo l’inquisizione istitusce un processo postumo per eresia contro lui. A. fa menzione TELESIO  ed AQUINO lo define così grande filosofo. Cosenza gli dedica il planetario.  L’evoluzione della flosofia d’A., il suo destino intellettuale, il suo karma scientifico, se fosse vissuto abbastanza, soltanto pochi anni ancora, da imbattersi nel De Revolutionibus di Copernico. Le cose non sono andate così; e un giovane dal destino incompiuto, ma dall’indiscutibile intelligenza puo solo tentare di dare un senso a teorie che valgono solo dal punto di vista dell’osservatore. Questo è un mondo antico, come dice Leopardi, spazzato via a guisa d’una mera illusione dalla rivoluzione astronomica. Piperno, A. Arcavacata. Pianeta. Grice: Amico, ho sempre ammirato la tua capacità di osservare il cielo senza strumenti, seguendo le orme di Aristotele. Secondo te, è possibile davvero comprendere i moti celesti solo con la ragione e l’occhio umano? Amico: Grice, credo che l’intuizione sia la vera chiave. Se ci lasciamo guidare dall’ingegno e dallo studio, possiamo arrivare lontano, anche senza strumenti. L’universo si rivela a chi ha occhi curiosi e mente aperta. Sono convinto che la filosofia debba sempre interrogare la natura, senza paura di andare contro le convenzioni. Grice: Hai vissuto un destino difficile, Amico; la tua passione ti ha portato lontano, ma l’invidia ha spento il tuo cammino troppo presto. Se avessi avuto la possibilità di leggere Copernico, pensi che avresti cambiato il tuo approccio? Amico: Forse sì, Grice. Ogni nuova scoperta è un dono, e la ricerca non si ferma mai. Come dice Leopardi, il mondo antico viene spazzato via dalle rivoluzioni della conoscenza. Ma resta la bellezza di cercare, “perché chi si ferma è perduto” – e la filosofia, come le stelle, appartiene a chi sa guardare con meraviglia. Amico, Giovanni Battista (1538). De motibus corporum cœlestium iuxta principia peripatetica sine eccentricis sed epicyclis. Padova, Tipografia del Seminario.

Cosimo Amidei (Peccioli, Pisa, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del leviatano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how speakers can mean more than they explicitly say because conversation is a rational, cooperative practice: hearers assume the speaker is being appropriately informative, relevant, and orderly, and so they can infer (calculate) implicatures from what is said plus shared purposes and context. Amidei, a little-documented Tuscan jurist educated in Pisa and connected with Beccaria and the Verri circle, approaches “reason in discourse” from the side of legal-political reform rather than linguistic analysis: in his Discorso filosofico-politico sopra la carcere de’ debitori (Pisa, 1762), inspired by Dei delitti e delle pene, the target is the Leviathan-like tendency of sovereign and institutional power (including ecclesiastical power) to overreach, and the remedy is a rational, public argument about limits, proportionality, and humanity in law. The comparison is therefore one of levels and aims: Grice supplies the micro-mechanics by which rational agents extract communicated commitments (including what is prudently left unsaid) from utterances in a talk exchange, whereas Amidei supplies a macro-normative application of rational discourse to constrain coercive institutions—showing how what must remain “implicit” in polite conversation (tact, restraint, avoidance of needless offense) has an analogue in jurisprudence as restraint on punishment and on the state’s reach. In Gricean terms, Amidei’s reformist rhetoric treats legal institutions as if they too must satisfy a kind of cooperation condition with the public—laws should be intelligible, justifiable, and non-arbitrary—while Grice treats conversational interaction as the site where such justifiability is continuously enacted in miniature through reasoned inference and mutual accountability. Grice: “I like A.; he knew Beccaria well, and thinks, with Hart, that debtors should not necessariliy go to jail, to which Beccaria famously responded: ‘depends on what you mean by necessarily should’”. Non si sa quasi nulla sulla biografia d’A.. Si laurea in giurisprudenza a Pisa. Per le modeste condizioni della famiglia aveva chiesto di essere ammesso al collegio di sapienza, e ottene un posto gratuito. Stando ad una lettera di Verri al fratello Pietro, A. e un magistrato fiorentino, "notaro criminale".  Fra le poche cose certe vi è quella che conosce personalmente BECCARIA , di cui e un ammiratore e con cui e in corrispondenza. Discorso filosofico-politico sopra la carcere de debitori”; "La chiesa e la repubblica dentro i loro limiti. Concordia discors. l'origine della potestà ecclesiastica, gl’oggetti sopra de’quali si regge la postestà ecclesiastica, l'origine della potestà politica, il sovrano, le conseguenze, le cause della forza della potestà ecclesiastica nel governo temporale, limite del sovrano o potestà politica, immunità, privilegj ed esenzioni del bene ecclesiastico, priviolegij ed esenzione personali dell’ecclesiastico, l'asilo, matrimonio, celibato, professioni religiose, giuramento, benefizio ecclesiastico, la scomunica, la proibizione de;libri, la religione, la politica, i mezzi per diminuire i mendichi. Discorso filosofico-politico sopra la carcere de’debitori, ispirata direttamente del Dei delitti e delle pene di BECCARIA, è considerato una importante espressioni del riformismo e dell'umanitarismo, ha gran successo, recensito con favore. Venturi, Vasco, illuministi, riformatori toscani, Venturi, lettera d’A. a BECCARIA du Dei delitti e delle pene; Savio, Dottrina ed azione dei giurisdizionalisti. Implicatura sovrana, implicatura intersoggetiva, implicatura sovresoggetiva, implicatura sovre-umana, implicatura sovrepersonale primo disegno, carteggio con Verri, la strada verso l’utopia giuridizzionalistica, la chiesa, the high church of england, Gianni abolisce la carcerazione per debiti, tacito. Grice: Caro Amidei, voi italiani parlate spesso del Leviatano, ma permettimi di dire che noi inglesi abbiamo un rapporto tutto nostro con il concetto: dopotutto, siamo stati noi a decapitare Carlo I! Nessuno come noi ha affrontato il sovrano con tanto radicalismo.  Amidei: Grice, sarà pure, ma da noi il Leviatano assume un volto più giuridico che regale. La nostra sfida è sempre stata limitare il potere, ecclesiastico o politico, piuttosto che eliminarlo del tutto. E poi, ammettiamolo: in Italia, tra la Chiesa e la Repubblica, il vero Leviatano non si lascia prendere così facilmente!  Grice: Questo è vero, Amidei, e forse proprio per questo la vostra tradizione di riforma e umanitarismo mi ha sempre affascinato. Ho letto il tuo discorso sulla carcerazione per debiti; ricordava un po’ lo spirito di Beccaria, ma con un tocco tutto toscano.  Amidei: Ti ringrazio, Grice. È vero, ho sempre pensato che la legge dovesse servire all’umanità e non il contrario. In fondo, tra sovrani e Leviatani, preferisco costruire ponti di dialogo piuttosto che tagliare teste! Amidei, Cosimo (1762). Discorso filosofico-politico sopra la carcere de’debitori. Pisa, Stamperia della Sapienza. 

Anassilao: il principe filosofo -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean who is expelled from the whole territory of Italy by OTTAVIANO . PLINIO  Maggiore quotes his views on the use of hemlock, which A. believed may be effectively rubbed on adolescent girls’s breasts to make them permanently firm, but also on adolescent boys’s testicles to lower their libido. GRICEVS: Anaxilae, Pythagorice, si Roma te pepulit, saltem numeri te non deserent, nam duo et duo semper tecum sunt. ANAXILAVS: Ita est, Grice, sed cum princeps me eiecit, etiam librum meum de silentio perdidi, quod est valde inopportunum. GRICEVS: Noli dolere: Plinius te citabit, et si male intellexerit, id ipsum erit testimonium quam necessaria sit interpretatio. ANAXILAVS: Ergo eamus ad tabernam, ut vinum bibamus et de philosophia loquamur, quia nemo potest nos eicere e colloquio.

Luciano Anceschi (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del senso. Grice: “I like A.; he plays with the idea of dialogue as a mirror (specchio) of ego and alter or ego and tu – I like that. He is the Italian equivalent of John Holloway, I suppose.” Si laurea sotto BANFI, Insegna a Bologna. L'interesse per la letteratura e le arti figurative si accompagna a quello pell’anti-dommatismo. Saggio su  autonomia naturale ed eteronomia artificiale. La sua ricerca sulla figura e il modello anti-idealistico trova voce in Orfeo e Corrente.  Si schiere a favore dell'ermetismo. Saggi di poetica e poesia, cura  antologie di lirica. Ermetismo, Enciclopedia. Si concentra sui modelli dall’idealismo, il barocco e altre prove, i presupposti storic, teorici, ed empirici dell'estetica critica; l'estetica dell'empirismo, sistematica dell’estetica e dell'arte, delinea una estetica come fenomenologia della forma naturale e artificiale, sui principi della fenomenologia.  Fonda Il Verri e La tradizione del nuovo. Premio Amelia alla tavola di Boscarato. Centrali sono i temi delle poetiche del barocco e dall’istituzioni poetiche d’UNGARETTI ad ANNUNZIO, che cosa è la poesia? Il caos, il metodo, estetica fenomenologica. Gli specchi della poesia. Riflessione, critica. Linceo, Accademia Clementina di Bologna. Dona la sua biblioteca all’archiginnasio. Perosa. Pontiggia Montevecchi italiano, o fiorentino? Ci sono aspetti della poetica che si possono dire ermetici, che hanno rapporti coll’ermetismo. Uno dei connotati dell'ermetismo è quello d’tenere i rapporti. Ma un movimento che si colloca sotto quel nome s’ha solo in Italia. Trovano caratteri particolari; determinano una poesia per certi aspetti d’intensità e inquietudine. Ridurre il movimento al Firenze dà nel sofistico o nel riduttivo. Non è facile tagliar col coltello una situazione compatta e varia. Molti fatti si danno nella convergenza d’interessi. Il gruppo di Firenze è autonomo, ma nella prima generazione ermetica la prima voce è quella d’UNGARETTI. Grado d’ermetismo dell’implicatura, l’impossibilita dell’implicatura ermetica. Grice: Caro Anceschi, ieri sera ho visto “Senso” di Visconti, ma devo confessare: non ho capito assolutamente nulla! Forse la mia “sensa” non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem, come direbbero i miei amici latini. Tu che pensi, il senso va davvero moltiplicato o tenuto a bada?  Anceschi: Ah, Grice, “Senso” è un labirinto! Il senso non si moltiplica, si riflette – come uno specchio tra ego e tu. Bisogna lasciarsi attraversare dalla poesia e dall’arte, senza cercare sempre una spiegazione. A volte, il vero significato si nasconde proprio dove sembra che non ci sia.  Grice: Forse è proprio questo che mi manca: il metodo italiano, il caos barocco che tu insegni. Io cerco sempre la chiarezza, ma tu parli di intensità e inquietudine, dell’ermetismo che tiene i rapporti e non li spiega. Dovrei guardare “Senso” come si legge una poesia di Ungaretti?  Anceschi: Esattamente, Grice! Ogni opera ha il suo grado d’ermetismo, e “Senso” non fa eccezione. Bisogna accettare la convergenza d’interessi, la compattezza e la varietà che si danno nell’arte italiana. La poesia e il cinema si specchiano, e a volte il senso si trova solo nel riflesso. In fondo, come diciamo noi, chi cerca il senso vero rischia di perderlo tra le pieghe dell’implicatura. Anceschi, Luciano (1942). La poesia del Novecento. Milano, Casa Editrice Ceschina.

Francesco d’Andrea (Ravello, Salerno, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “I like A., in more than one way!  Andrea made me realise how naïve Russell is with his ‘logical atomism;’ back in Naples, the Accademia degli Investiganti took thing really seriously. D’Andrea, a lawyer, like Hart, -- his claim to fmae is having written an ‘apologia in difesa,’ which I would abbreviate as just ‘in difesa’ of atomism – but my favourite is his unpublication, “Degl’atomi e degl’atomisti”! In Naples, unlike Oxford – cf. Locke and Boyle – it is understood that if you are an atomist you are, therefore, a libertine!” Da una ricca famiglia, studia a Napoli. Frequenta villa Colonna, dove si illustrano i fondamenti dell’atomismo. Fondatore del salotto degl’InVESTIGanti alla sua villa Iambrenghi a Candela. Fa l’pologia in difesa degl’atomisti in una risposta a favore di Capoa. Cortese, I ricordi di un filosofo napoletano, Napoli, Lubrano e C., Dogana della mena delle pecore in Puglia, regno di Napoli. Dizionario biografico degl’italiani, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Accademia della Crusca. Questo testo proviene in parte dalla relativa voce del progetto Mille anni di scienza in Italia, opera del Museo Galileo. Istituto Museo di Storia della Scienza di Firenze, pubblicata sotto licenza il rinnovamento culturale a Napoli in occasione del rinvenimento di un manoscritto dello stesso Concublet a Napoli. Non si può, quindi, di molto errare fissando la durata di questa Accademia, che racchiuse la più eletta. Investiganti, salotto degl’investiganti, villa Iambrenghi, Candela, investigare, vestigio, motto: investigare, sequere, segno – segno, di sequere, non sequitur, sequitur, il cane, che tipo di cane e il meglio investigante – l’atomismo – vestigio, Boezio, vestigio, segno, nota – latinismo, Cicerone su vestigio, nota, segno, notificare, segnare, segnificare, significare, vestigare, investigare, interpretare il segno, seguere il segno, segno non sequitur, segno e consequenza, sequenza logica, segno e sequenza, etimologia di ‘vestigare’ – cfr. tedesco ‘steigen,’ anglo-sassone stagan, greco stechos. Grice: Mi permetta, d’Andrea, se la chiamo semplicemente “Andrea”—trovo che tutti quei appendici non proposizionali siano piuttosto superflui! d’Andrea: Grice, non si preoccupi! In fondo, l’essenza di una conversazione sta proprio nell’andare dritto al punto, senza troppi fronzoli. Siamo Investiganti, non cerimonieri. Grice: Ecco, quello che ammiro in lei, Andrea, è la capacità di portare la questione dell’atomismo su un piano di libertà intellettuale, al di là di qualsiasi rigidità formale. Oxford dovrebbe imparare da Napoli! d’Andrea: Magari, Grice. A Napoli, il segno si segue, non si impone. L’accademia degli Investiganti ha sempre preferito l’indagine al dogma, e forse proprio per questo il nostro atomismo è anche un po’ libertino. Andrea, Francesco d’ (1685). Apologia in difesa degl’atomisti. Napoli: Lubrano e C.

Francesco Nicola Maria Andria (Massafra, Taranto, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “I like A.; of course he brings more problems than solutions but that’s philosophy even if his philosophical credentials are obscure! “He did write a philosophical chemistry and a philosophical agriculture, but that’s because at Naples there were only two faculties: law and philosophy – he also wrote a ‘medicina filosofica.’ A.’s theory of life – as he calls it – osservazione generalie sulla teoria della vita’ – owes a lot to Aldini and Haller--  Mainly he elaborates and refines Haller, if you believe it – it’s all Italian to me, so it’s eccitbabilita, sensibilita, ed irritabilita. A. goes on to define this eccitabilita in terms of the fluido elettrico con ‘sende nel cervello e nei nervi’, which galvanism smacks of Aldini. A. classifies ‘vita vegetale’ o delle piante, and ‘vita animale’. Note that ‘social life’ is understood by ‘eucarioti’ of higher order, in terms of reproduction, of life, hence re-productum. A fronte de' profondi misteri dell'immensa ed eterna meccanica, colla quale l’autor del tutto à voluto che sian le cose disposte ed ordinate, la forza dell'umano intendimento si trova talmente oppressa dalla picciolezza ed imbecillità che è totalmente impossibile le riesce di penetrarvi dentro, e appena l'è concesso di conoscerne le più esterne apparenze; e pur, sembrandole d’esser riuscita nel suo disegno, realmente non fa altro, che delirare e perdersi dietro la brevità e l'inezia delle sue idee. La teoria della vita. Il suo un'altra meno ipotetica, e più corri spondente ai fenomeni. Egli è vero, che i fautori della teoria fanno sforzi per conciliare tutte le teorie col FLOGISTO. Ma senza difficoltà può dimostrarsi che questo sforzo è infelice, come bisognosi sempre di finzioni, o di false interpretazioni. Chimica filosofica, implicatura bio-chimica, biologia filosofica, teoria della vita, vita, virtu, virilita – l’implicatura flogistica – Grice: what science? Palmistry? What deliverance? Phlogiston theory? Rhetorical questions: he means No and No. Or non rhetorical and they are formidable obstacles to his constructive realism about which he could care less!  Grice: 1964. St John’s. Potts again—at my seminar on “Conversation”—asked the right question, the intimidating one. Potts: “Yes, I see what you mean, sir. But why, sir—why should we follow these maxims at all?” I did the tutor-as-paternal thing (without losing my temper—because I’ve a genuine affection for Potts): Grice: “Because we learned them as children, and it takes more effort to break them than to go along with them. The default is co‑operation; deviance is expensive.” He took the point in the way undergraduates at Oxford take points: by falling silent for the next quarter-hour of my moves. But Potts had put his finger on something awkward. A child is “obliged” by his father—let me keep the old masculine pronoun; it saves time. The Romans, as I learned at Clifton, didn’t merely oblige their children; they owned them. They could sell them. That’s closer to coercion than anything I ever meant by “Try to make your contribution true.” Note the try: I’m not commanding veracity, I’m prescribing an effort, a tendency, a standard—something you may fail to meet without immediately becoming a criminal. Still, Potts thought the maxims smelt of paternalism. The next week he arrived with a pamphlet—thin, Neapolitan, doctrinal in tone, and faintly insolent in implication: Potts: “I’ve brought you something, sir. A Discorso sulla servitù. Dated 1769. By one Francesco Nicola Maria Andria.” Grice: “Yes?” Potts: “You see, sir, I was right.” Grice: “About what?” Potts: “About obedience. Andria’s writing at twenty-one. He’s basically talking about the age of consent—about how a young man can be a ‘servo’ under a ‘patrone.’ That is, under the man who feeds him and funds him and calls it education.” I glanced at the blurb. Grice: “He’s from Puglia.” Potts: “Yes, sir. Which is even worse.” At the back, Wainwright intervened (he always liked a legal wedge; it let him sound like Kant without having to be German about it): Wainwright: “The point is juridical, not philosophical. You can’t order a minor to follow a conversational maxim. You can’t order a minor anything in the full sense. The will isn’t formed—Wille, as Kant has it—so what exactly are you addressing when you ‘direct’ them?” I turned to the blackboard—because one must sometimes rescue an argument by making it look Latin—and wrote, with theatrical care: servus —making the v do double duty, consonant and vowel, to keep the classicists awake. Grice: “Very well. As the Romans directed a servus.” Potts exploded, delighted: Potts: “But is your servus—as you write it—actually following your maxim, or just obeying out of fear? If he ‘contributes what is true,’ is that co‑operation, or is it compliance?” At that moment Strawson, who had been watching the whole thing with the air of a man enjoying a hypothesis he didn’t have to own, said solemnly: Strawson: “Or what.” He let it hang, as he always did—two words that behave like a whole metaphysics. Grice (dryly): “Quite. For me most things are: ‘or what.’” And that, in Oxford, counts as closure: the question isn’t answered, but it has been given a form of words that will keep.Grice: Caro Andria, devo confessare che il tuo cognome mi affascina. “Andria” richiama subito alla mente il greco “aner”, uomo, che è la radice stessa della virtù romana, la “virilità”! Ah, le gioie di una solida educazione classica, dove Aner e Vir si specchiano l’uno nell’altro. Andria: Grice, hai colto nel segno! In fondo, la virtù è la linfa che anima ogni teoria della vita, sia essa filosofica o chimica. L’osservazione dei fenomeni naturali, come insegna Haller, porta sempre a riflettere su ciò che rende umano l’uomo: eccitabilità, sensibilità e quell’irritabilità che ci distingue, proprio come il fluido elettrico che Aldini immaginava serpeggiare tra cervello e nervi. Grice: Ma allora, Andria, la vita sociale, quella degli “eucarioti di ordine superiore”, non è forse una danza della virtù tra individui? La tua distinzione tra vita vegetale e animale mi sembra un invito a riscoprire la profondità dei misteri della natura, che la ragione umana può solo sfiorare. Andria: Proprio così, Grice. Nel tentativo di penetrare questi misteri, rischiamo di perderci dietro le nostre idee, come dicevo: l’umano intendimento è oppresso dalla sua piccolezza. Ma la filosofia, anche quando porta più problemi che soluzioni, ci insegna a guardare oltre la superficie, lasciando che la virtù—sia greca o romana—guidi il cammino della conoscenza. Andria, Francesco Nicola Maria (1769). Discorso sulla servitu. Napoli.

Stefano degl’Angeli (Venezia, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “I like A. – I’m glad he dropped the ‘degl’angeli” – but then I would because he is into the infinite (insert infinity symbol here) as so am I – mainly in my elucidation of that Anglo-Saxonism of Indo-European origin (Latin, ‘mentatum,’ ‘mentitum,’ ‘mentitura,’ dicitura) – ‘mean’ – I refer to a self-referential clause to solve the problem, but then I also refer to Plato on geometry and the idea of a ‘de facto’ versus ‘de iure’ instantiation of a ‘regressus ad infinitum’ – So A. is bound to charm me!” Colla soppressione della sua ordine dei gesuati voluta da Clemente divenne prete allievo di Cavalieri a Padova. Difender gl’infinitesimi, in palese conflitto coi gesuiti, e si dedica alla geometria, continuando le ricerche di Roberti-Torricelli. Passa alla meccanica, su cui spesso si trova in conflitto con Borelli e Riccioli.  La gravità dell'aria e fluidi, esercitata principalmente nei loro omogenei, Problemata geometrica, De infinitorum spiralium spatiorum mensural, Accessionis ad steriometriam et mecanicam, De infinitis parabolis, de infinitisque solidis ex variis rotationibus ipsarum, partiumque earundem genitis, Miscellaneum geometricum. Gliozzi, Infinitamente piccoli. La teoria matematica, CAVALIERI’s method of indivisibles. Magrini. Celebrare con sagro zelo la memoria ed il bene fatto dai trapassati. Imperocchè con questo generoso operare tramanderemo un buon esempio ai nepoti, a quei nepoti  che questo tempo chiameranno antico, di non mancare di gratitudine ai informatori del bello, dell'utile e del vero. Così impediremo loro di gettare addosso un guardo sui nostri lavori, i quali si contenteranno in allora divenire posti in opera come materiali alla costruzione di nuovi edifizii. Implicatura stereometrica, parabola infinita, Grice’s infinity, regressus ad infinitum, i cinque solidi platonici, la scatologia di Platone, il cerchio infinito, concetto limite, ottimalita, fisica e metafisica, fisica e aritmetica, aritmetica e geometria, il moto diurno della terra, il sistema di BONAIUTO, antropocentrismo, ferita narcissista. Grice: Caro Angeli, quando parli d’infiniti, mi sembra di entrare in un labirinto – ma almeno c’è sempre una via d’uscita, vero? Angeli: Grice, il bello dell’infinito è che l’uscita la trova solo chi smette di cercarla! Basta un po’ di geometria e il rischio di perdersi diventa una virtù. Grice: Allora la tua parabola infinita è una specie di girotondo filosofico: non finisce mai, ma almeno ci si diverte mentre si ruota? Angeli: Esattamente, Grice! L’importante è non smettere di girare e di ragionare: come diceva mio maestro Cavalieri, ogni infinitesimo conta, anche quando sembra solo una piccola parte di una festa infinita. Angeli, Stefano degl’(1644). Lectiones philosophicae. Ferrara.

Andrea Angiulli (Castellana Grotte, Bari, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della dialettica della dialettica. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a disciplined, interpretable gap between what is said and what is meant: rational hearers assume cooperative exchange, treat departures from maxims as purposeful, and infer the speaker’s intended extra content in a way that remains publicly checkable (calculable, cancellable, context-bound). Angiulli, by contrast, belongs to the nineteenth-century Italian trajectory from Spaventa’s idealism to a self-consciously reformist positivism, and his “dialettica della dialettica” (alongside his engagement with Mill and his interest in the social sciences) treats reason less as a micro-mechanism of conversational inference than as a historically and socially embedded method whose point is the reconstruction of inquiry itself—so that “what governs” discourse is a critical, progressive research attitude rather than conversational maxims. Put in Gricean terms, Angiulli is explaining why a community’s reasoning practices (including how it argues, educates, and legitimates authority) evolve through conflicts between metaphysical frameworks, political projects, and scientific outlooks, whereas Grice is explaining how, within any such framework, interlocutors can reliably communicate more than they encode by relying on shared rational expectations. The family-centered pedagogy in your passage makes the difference vivid: Angiulli locates the earliest training of rational-social agency in the household (authority, affect, habituation into solidarity and resistance), which is a macro-foundation for communicative norms; Grice then supplies the fine-grained logic by which such trained agents navigate everyday talk—how tact, understatement, and strategic violation become meaningful without collapsing into disorder. In short, Angiulli offers a dialectical and sociological account of reason as a method of cultural modernization (a “metafisica critica” that still leaves room for a regulated metaphysics within research), while Grice offers an analytic account of reason as an interpretive engine inside conversation; they meet in the idea that rationality is not merely private cognition but a rule-governed social practice, but they diverge on whether its primary articulation is the historical dialectic of inquiry (Angiulli) or the locally calculable inferential norms that make utterances mean what they do in interaction (Grice). Grice: “I like A.; especially since he brings some grice to the mill, as he reads System of Logic. His heart is in Berlin, though, and he loves that monumental ‘aula magna’ where Hegel teaches. “Once a Hegelian, always a Hegelian.” He loves Feuerbach because he multiplies dialectic, la dialettica della dialettica, and GARIN loves this! If there is a hashtag here is #metafisicacritica, since A. oddly concludes with a synthesis: metaphysics, which includes the view that ‘la natura delle cose e la fenomenalita,’ should be part of what he calls the ‘ricerca’-- which Lakatos translated as research. I love the fact that A., seeing that Mill is so erudite yet never attended Oxford, thinks that Oxford is perhaps ‘acccidental’ Another thing I love about A. is that he can quote direct from the Greek, as in his note on nature spawning itself, sparing us the boring stuffy academic source!” Allievo dell’idealista SPAVENTA, A. adere al positivismo, ed insegna a Bologna. Contesta il socialismo come dimostra la sua corrispondenza con Marx.  Si dove adoperare per un rinnovamento della società. La politica sociale, laica e liberale realizza il positivismo. L’antropologia dimostra che la famiglia è il nucleo fondante della società, e la sociologia fonda quella politica laica e liberale.  È nella famiglia che avviene la prima pedagogia, dove il padre è l'autorità e la madre il temperamento, tramite l'affetto, dei comportamenti infantili: elementi essenziali pella formazione armonica d’un cittadino che esprime solidarietà sociale e volontà di progredire,  che resiste la pressione dello stato unitario. Il progresso della scienze hanno il suo riverbero nella pratica, infiltrando nell'animo di tutti un senso della vita e una tendenza al sacrificio d’ogni più nobile cosa di fronte all’interesse. Piccin, Espinas, Alterocca, Colozza, Ferrari, Orestano, Gentile, Arcais, Spirito, Valentini, Tisato, Oldrini, Donzelli, Cavallera, Enciclopedia l’antisignano del positivismo, organismo sociale, fatto sociale collettivo, societa, collettivita etnica, razza. Angiulli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della dialettica della dialettica. Grice: Angiulli, ho letto la tua dialettica della dialettica e quasi mi sono perso tra le curve della metafisica! Dimmi, Berlino o Oxford: dove si trova davvero il cuore della filosofia? Angiulli: Grice, il cuore è dove si ragiona, ma i tedeschi la dialettica la moltiplicano come i banchi di pesce al mercato! Oxford, invece, si accontenta di un tè e qualche sillogismo. Io preferisco la monumentalità di Berlino, perché lì persino la logica ha una sua architettura. Grice: E la famiglia, caro Angiulli? La metti tra le fondamenta della società o la lasci tra le note a piè di pagina della tua dialettica? Angiulli: La famiglia è come il primo laboratorio filosofico: il padre fa il direttore, la madre il moderatore, e i bambini sperimentano solidarietà e resistenza all’autorità. La dialettica si impara tra una minestra e una ramanzina, altro che tra i banchi universitari! Angiulli, Andrea (1865). Saggio sul metodo della filosofia. Napoli, Francesco Saverio Festa. 

Anici Anicio Manlio Severino Torquato Boezio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale classica. Grice: “ If we follow A.’s gens, the modern Italian surname would be Anici.  He is is possibly my favourite Italian philosopher, only that he wasn’t really Italian – he found Vittorino’s Latin translation from the Grecian urn of the lizio ‘rough,’ and provided a ‘newish’ one – but actually Vittorino had better intuitions about the lingo than A. does – and that is why Strawson prefers to tutor with the Vittorino translation. We covered all that A. wrote – and we never used the Patrologia edition, since we are protestant! Possibly the most important Italian philosopher of all time.” Grice loved A. “He made Aristotle intelligible at Clifton!” Arrested and executed on charges of treason. His work contains important contributions to philosophy. Known as a brilliant scholar whose knowledge of Grecian philosophy set him apart from his contemporaries. Tommaseo, Dizionario. Equivoco. E in Capell. E in Boez. Agg. Voce o locuzione che e o puo essere a pare quasi ugualmente adoprata a significare due idee, le quali alla chiarezza importa distinguere. Picc. Instr. Filos.  Trabalza univoco proprio e appellativo; equivoco Grice:equivocality:proprio  o  sinonimo  appellativo;  B  secondo la qualità: sustanziale proprio; aggiuntivo epiteto; il sostanziale:e l’aggiuntivo  comprendono  poi. Warnock, Metaphysics in Logic, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, repr. In Essays in conceptual analysis, selected and ed. Flew. Boethian Society, Boethianism, de interpretatione, categories, lessico filosofico, lessico latino, lessico romano, filosofia romana, semiotica, segno, nota, animus, passio, affezione, propositio, signifcare. A.’s principal influence in rhetorical—and more decisively logico‑grammatical—doctrine is Gaio Mario Vittorino, whose pedagogical commentaries provided the earliest Latin articulation of categorical analysis, predicables, and syllogistic structure as instruments of argumentation. Vittorino’s work clarifies how genus, species, differentia, and proprietas function not merely as classificatory tools but as constraints on what may be said, In Vittorino’s conception, later systematized by Boethius, rhetoric does not oppose logic but presupposes it. Persuasion is legitimate only insofar as it respects syllogistic structure and categorical constraint. Eloquence operates within logic, not alongside it. This view authorizes the treatment of rhetorical argument as a sequence of disciplined inferential moves—a position that allows Boethius to transform rhetorical pedagogy into a logical curriculum. inferred, or persuasively advanced within rational discourse. This framework becomes foundational for Boethius’ systematic re‑editing of Aristotle and Porphyry, and thereby for the medieval theory of reasoning as regulated conversation. Vittorino treats rhetoric as regulated reason‑giving under categorical constraints. In this sense, his logic of rhetoric prefigures the idea that rational discourse is not merely expressive but norm‑governed—an anticipation, at the level of pedagogy, of what later philosophy would describe as conversational rationality. Roma, Lazio..  Grice: Anici, si licet, te hoc nomine appellabo; enim “Boethius” in Dacia, ut aiunt, nomen plebeium factum est! Sed, ut fatear, tua opera me semper delectaverunt, praesertim cum Aristotelem ad Britannos intellegibilem reddideris. Grice, fateor, honorificum mihi est in tuis verbis invenire laudem. Philosophia enim mihi non solum solacium in adversis, sed etiam lumen rationi et linguae Latinae. Censui semper Aristotelem ac Platonem non modo transferendos, sed etiam intellegendos, ut Latina sapientia Graecae responderet. Quid aliud est enim vera philosophia nisi quaestio de veritate, quae semper inter verba latet? Grice: Anici, recte dicis: in verbis non semper tota veritas patet, sed in sermone saepe implicatur. Tuus labor, ut Graecorum sapientia Latinis animis pateret, altissimum exemplum est rationis conversatoriae et subtilitatis. Quid enim magis ad nostram disciplinam pertinet, quam arte distinguere inter ea quae dicuntur aperte et quae silentio subtexta manent? Anici: Ita est, Grice. Ipsa enim fortuna nos docet philosophiam esse iter animi ad sapientiam, ubi ratio et significatio se mutuo illuminant. Quod scripsi, etsi sub extrema vita, id ad posteros destinavi: ut omnes, quidquid adversi accidat, in rationis lumine consolationem et veritatem inveniant.

Gabriele d’Annunzio (Pescara, Abruzzo): la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “I will call him a philosopher.” Esistono diverse risorse che approfondiscono la filosofia della lingua d’A CAPPELLO, la questione della lingua, esplora il ruolo d’A. nel dibattito e la sua influenza sulla lingua. La rassegna dannunziana raccoglie studi sul rapporto tra A. e la cultura filosofica e con analisi dettagliate che esaminano la concezione d’A. del verso come tutto, focalizzandosi sulla musicalità e il valore evocativo delle parole rispetto al loro significato. Bertoni sulla scienza e magismo nel lessico d’A., comprendere la sua filosofia pratica della parola, fascismo, illuminismo oscuro Il rapporto tra il vate e il fascismo è complesso e burrascoso: un poeta buono nell'infondere emozioni e a forgiare l’immaginario collettivo, ma che poco ha a che spartire con Mussolini e la dottrina fascista.  Difficile trovare un personaggio più divisivo di Annunzio. O lo si ama o lo si odia. Chi lo ama, solitamente, sa vagamente perché. Chi lo odia, il più delle volte, non ha idea della ragione. Pochi si addentrano nel personaggio, nelle opere, nella biografia, nella sua filosofia, e finiscono per apprezzarlo per le sue magnificenze e contraddizioni, senza amarlo né odiarlo. L’uomo presenta slanci superbi e difetti inemendabili, che si elidono e restituiscono l’immagine di una persona discorso del Sindaco e degli interventi degli Assessori venivano pubblicati il 31 marzo su ÒLa NazioneÓ e ÒIl Nuovo GiornaleÓ. Cozzi, COPPEDé, Adolfo, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - ad vocem, consultabile in 100. LÕIllustrazione ital.., Cresti gli architetti e il fascismo Architetto imaginifico, Giannantonio, Gabriele dÕAnnunzio: Guerra, Arte & Architettura É Cresti, Al presente studio hanno collaborato Daniela DÕAlimonte, Erika Di Felice e Lores Di Pietro, che lÕautore ringrazia. Alighieri, quarnaro, reggenza, non repubblica, musica, dictator romano, commandante, il fiume, il fiumenismo, sindacalismo, utopia, dystopia, revoluzione conservatrice, implicatura fiumenista, la filosofia in d’annunzio, la carta di carnaro, aristotele, vico, Nietzsche. Grice: D’Annunzio, ti confesso che ti considero un filosofo, anche se in molti ti vedono solo come vate e poeta dal verso musicale. Annunzio: Grice, tu che ami l’implicatura, dovresti sapere che nella parola non c’è solo significato, ma anche magia—la lingua si fa musica, e il verso è tutto. Grice: Ma allora, quando parli di “fiumenismo” e di utopia, lo fai davvero da filosofo o da comandante? Annunzio: Io sono la tempesta e la calma, Grice; tra fiume e parola, comando l’immaginario ma sfuggo la dottrina. La filosofia si fa carne nei miei slanci e nei miei difetti, come il discorso del sindaco su La Nazione: chi mi ama, non sempre sa perché; chi mi odia, spesso non ne ha ragione. Grice: In fondo, D’Annunzio, sei come una ragione conversazionale: divisivo, ma irresistibile. E se la conversazione è musica, allora la filosofia si balla tra ironia e rivoluzione.

Antemio: il principe filosofo -- l’accademia a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. One of the last of the Roman emperors. He studies philosophy and becomes acquainted with a number of members of the Accademia. He is made emperor, but dies V years later when trying to defend Rome from attack. GRICEVS: Antemi, princeps philosophus, in Academia Romae versaris ita ut videaris inter libros imperare facilius quam inter barbaros. ANTEMIVS: Ita vero, Grice, nam inter Academicos didici disputare sine gladiis, sed postea imperator factus sum et quinque annis tantum habui ut Romam defenderem. GRICEVS: Quinque anni breves sunt, nisi eos in syllogismos dividas; num senatores saltem tecum ad bibliothecam venerunt, an solum ad castra murmuraverunt? ANTEMIVS: Alii ad castra, alii ad convivia, pauci ad Academiam, sed ego cum urbe oppugnata hoc certe didici: philosophia docet mori constanter, imperium docet mori celeriter.

Antipater: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. He teaches  philosophy and is responsible for introducing CATONE Minore to the Portico. He writes an essay on physics in which he portrays the whole world as a single living rational being – with its intelligence located in the aether. GRICEVS: Antipater, audivi te Romae in porticu philosophiam Italicam docere, ita ut etiam Catonem Minorem ad columnas trahas quasi ad scholam ambulantem. ANTIPATER: Ita est, Grice, et in libello meo de physica totum mundum unum animal rationale pingo, cui mens in aethere sedet quasi magister in cathedra nimis alta. GRICEVS: Si mens in aethere habitat, rogo num discipuli nostri ad intellegentiam per scalas conscendant, an satis sit calceos exuere ne fulmina turbent. ANTIPATER: Noli timere, nam Cato ipse gradus odit, sed si verum quaeris, aether etiam sine gradibus nos docet—modo quisque non loquatur plus quam mundus respirat.

Dario Antiseri (Foligno Spello, Perugia, Umbria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei SOLIDALI. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as an inferential upshot of cooperative rationality: speakers can flout maxims in systematic, intention-recognizable ways, and hearers reconstruct what is meant by assuming the exchange remains governed by shared purposes and publicly intelligible norms of relevance, quantity, and manner. Antiseri, writing as a philosopher of analytic tradition and a historian of philosophy with strong Popperian commitments (and publishing Ragione, verità e storia with Il Mulino in 1973), reads the explicit/implicit boundary less as a matter of social tact (Grice’s “sometimes you may leave it unsaid for reasons of conversational gentility”) and more as a conceptual limit internal to discourse itself, especially where Wittgenstein’s Tractatus distinction between what can be said and what must be passed over in silence (“ciò di cui non si può parlare si deve tacere”) is taken seriously: there are domains—Antiseri’s “mystic,” which he provocatively pairs with the figure of the logician—where the attempt to force full explicitness is not merely impolite or inefficient but category-mistaken. The result is a fruitful contrast: Grice’s framework is designed to show how ordinary, fully worldly communication routinely outruns literal encoding via calculable implicature, and how even deliberate maxim-violations are communicatively rational; Antiseri’s emphasis shifts attention to why some contents are not just left implicit but are, in a sense, unsayable without distortion, so that “tacere” marks a boundary condition on rational articulation rather than a mere pragmatic choice. At the same time, Antiseri’s recurring keyword of solidarity connects back to Grice’s own ethical picture of conversation: both treat communicative rationality as socially disciplined—Grice through cooperation in talk exchange, Antiseri through norms (often framed via common sense, ordinary language, and subsidiarity/solidarity) that protect communal understanding and the common good—yet Antiseri tends to thicken the normative stakes (what speech owes to communal life and what discourse must renounce), whereas Grice keeps the theory leaner and more permissive, allowing that implicature is typically optional, cancellable, and context-governed rather than grounded in an in-principle prohibition. Grice: “A. makes a distinction between what you CAN say and what you MUST ‘tacere’, i. e. leave implicit. Not exactly what I was thinking when I made the explicit/implicit distinction, but similar! His point is that for Vitters, the mystic, which A. compares to FIDANZA!, la logica d’un mistico e la mistica d’un logico. Genial. Grice sa benissimo che la massima e violabile intenzionalmente e comunicativamente. I was thinking more along the lines that ‘You’ve just committed a social gaffe’ as best left implicit, “She is a windbag,’ out of manners, etiquette, and the principle of conversational gentility! I find ‘must’ too strong, and change it for a ‘may’. But in A. the point is conceptual: you just CANNOT make the mysitic explicit. There is a need, his word, to keep whatever the mystic is unexpressed. I like A. He indeed quotes me, not only because he MUST in his history of philosophy, but because he LIKES to do it, per piacere, and surprised I was when I see him discuss metaphysics within analytic philosophy rely on my third programme for the BBC! A.’s ‘senso commone,’ ‘filosofia anallitica,’ and ‘lingua ordinaria’ reminds me of myself as joking while lecturing on la scuola di Oxford di filosofia della lingua ordinaria! A. invests a lot to make sense of Austin: he has to, positing himself as as giving a ‘lezione di filosofia della lingua’! His key-word solidarit, aligns with my ethics of conversation, critical in spirit, which he views along utilitarian lines: horizontal-vertifical, i. e. bad, a principle of subsidiarity, respect for ‘il bene comune’ balanced with a principle of solidarity --  calvinist approach, to some! A. is amusingly forced to defend the relevance of Romans like SVETONIO, taken for granted at Lit. Hum. Oxford!” Studia a Perugia. Tecnica politica e ideologia ripete la dicotomia. Retorica, come un manuale; struttura della sovra-significazione fornita, al di là del concetto. Implicatura solidale, lprincipio dei liberali di CROCE, violazione consapevole della massima, flouting the maxim, mistica fascista di GENTILE. Grice: Antiseri, dicono che tu distingua tra ciò che si può dire e ciò che bisogna tacere. Ma allora, se vado a una cena e la zuppa è immangiabile, che faccio, taccio come un mistico? Antiseri: Caro Grice, il vero filosofo del linguaggio sa che certe verità si servono… mute! Del resto, Wittgenstein suggeriva che sulla mistica è meglio tacere, o rischiamo di far indigestione di metafisica. Grice: Eppure, a Oxford, anche il silenzio è arte conversazionale. A volte basta un’alzata di sopracciglio per dire tutto senza una parola, in pieno spirito di solidarietà conversazionale. Antiseri: Esatto! E come avrebbe detto Austin, la lingua ordinaria salva cene e reputazioni: meglio far finta che la zuppa sia densa di significato, piuttosto che densa di sale! Antiseri, Dario (1973). Ragione, verità e storia. Bologna, Il Mulino. 

Vincenzo Berni degl’Antoni (Bologna, Emilia): la ragione conversazionale. Studia a Bologna. Coltiva il gusto pegl’esercizi filosofici. Tenne lezioni sul corpus iuris, con riferimenti alle fonti classiche.  Chiamato a far parte della reggenza, presieduta dal marchese Francesco Ghisilieri, A. di lì segue il rapido capovolgersi della situazione a favore dei Francesi. Questa volta egli si mostrò molto più duttile, e non tardò ad inserirsi nel nuovo ordine istituzionale, conseguendo la carica di commissario delle Finanze nella Cispadana e di regio procuratore nel Tribunale supremo di revisione del Regno italico, e la nomina a cavaliere del regio Ordine della Corona di Ferro. Ma non fu certo tale adesione al nuovo regime a mutare l'orizzonte del B., che rimase sempre quello strettamente municipalistico in cui aveva maturato le sue prime esperienze civili. La caduta dell'impero napoleonico non doveva quindi coglierlo in difficoltà, ma gli dava anzi la Ilnlcgna di Gire seggio lungi dagli occhi del padrona , e sottraendosi a ([uelii del servo presente , per che videro che il barbone inutilmente ijuù e là vagava senzadio gli riuscisse di soddifare ad una sola delle proposte. Ed eccomi giunto al termine del uno piccolo, ma non fioilfl Incoro. Dell’INTENDIMENTO DE’BRUTI molli hau parlato, ma pncUi lucidamente o precisamente. Non credo d’avere udopernto meglio degli altri. Suono gli amici che questo saggio  ' ¥ ' Cane Fido in Bologna, ed a Sinigaglia. Cani non sono pure macelline prive di sentimento. Si prova con molte analogìe. Intendano ogni cosa sensibile, e conoscono le specie olfattive, auditive, gustative, visive, tattili. Manno reminiscenee delle impressioni altre volte ricevute. Le idee.dell' olfato sono in loro pià fine eAtf Ed hanno grandissima la fiscoUà di ricordare Ma l’idee sensìbili e le reminiscenze bau Tc- "ore per più titoli differente, da quelle de da nostre. I cani han facoltà passiva d’associar ed attendere, e di riflettere. In the differisca l’attenzione dalla rjf&T ^ Par ohe t cani usino d’un ital guai giudizi raziocinio. Tuttavia meglio esaminare la J S' « ' rasiocttij e gruiiizj a p r a ir riferiscono tutti a d aii •pcculnEioire ira in taf specie di giudiizj. Grice: Antoni, ho letto i tuoi esercizi filosofici a Bologna: ma dimmi, hai insegnato anche ai cani a riconoscere le reminiscenze olfattive? Antoni: Grice, ti confesso che a Bologna anche il Cane Fido ha frequentato le mie lezioni sul corpus iuris, ma la Corona di Ferro non gliel’hanno data: troppo pelo per il protocollo! Grice: A sentire te, i cani hanno più memoria sensibile di certi commissari delle Finanze cispadane… Sarà che fiutano meglio i cambi di regime che le banconote! Antoni: Caro Grice, qui a Bologna la ragione conversazionale serve anche al barbone, che vagava senzadio, ma almeno non si lagnava: “Chi ha il naso, non ha bisogno di tribunale supremo!”.

Egidio Antonini (Viterbo, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “I like A., or Cinesio – you see, one problem of these Italians – but cf. Occam – by sticking to the first-name is that a researcher in the longitudinal history of philosophy has to check references to Aegeius viterbensis and Aegidius Cinesio! It was only recently that he was found to be one of the Antoninis! His place in the longitudinal history of philosophy is that famous pendulum between Plato and Aristotle – so after Aquinas’s Aristotle, A. – an almost Tuscan man! – finds Plato more pleasing – especially his philosophy of love in the symposium, the references to Ganymede as representing ‘amore,’ and he has the cheek to display all this hardly scholastic erudition (more of a renaissance thing) in his commentary of Lombardo’s sentences! Delightful – my favourite is his reference to Ganymede, for here we have the treatment of a subject (Zeus) of another subject as an object – and that’s just only one reading of Giove’s intention . In any case, the sacrificial status of Ganymede is recognised in the Platonic tradition – as the manipulative use of a subject by another subject who is subjected as an object, rather.” Studia a Viterbo. Qui etsi AMORE flammas nondum concipiunt, quoniam tamen orbis ille venereo iunctus est, nec sua stella a Veneris stella procul unquam migrat, atque utraque semper circum flammeum ardentemque micat solem, idcirco ab intelligentia, modo recta piaque sit, ad AMORIS ignes facilis patet aditus. In hoc denique AMORIS caelum tertium raptusilleest, qui AMOREM absquerebus aliis satisesse, res alias absque AMORE nihil esse arbitrabatur. Non itaque cum vaticiniis, non cum prophetia, non cum miraculis semper datur Deus. Quae omnia, ut idem testatur, si habeam, unum AMORE non habeam, nihil omninosum. Quod vero sit donorum primum acitu tali qua semper cum donis AMOR detur. Simpliciter tamen ex acte quedari non dicitur, nisi dum munera tertii sunt generis et divina cum AMICITIA tribuuntur. Ganimede, amore, amare, amatore, amante, amatum, significatum. Grice: Antonini, il problema con voi italiani è che un “Egidio” ti costringe a inseguire tre Aegidi diversi prima ancora di arrivare all’implicatura. Antonini: E tu, Grice, hai una massima per tutto, ma poi inciampi appena compare Ganimede e il suo “amore” da Simposio. Grice: Io non inciampo, calcolo: quando Giove tratta un soggetto come oggetto, l’implicatura è più rapida della scolastica. Antonini: Allora vieni a Viterbo e vedrai che qui persino Venere collabora, purché tu non provi a definire l’amore senza un po’ di amicizia.

Aurelio Annio Antonino: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’ imperare. Grice: “Some call him Aurelio, but I call him A., since the first time his thing was published in Latin, it was under A., no clue about the Aurelius! I once suggested to Strawson that he should write a dissertation comparimg Barberini’s and Xylander’s translations of A.. You see, he was a Roman who philosophised in Greek; and he was translated to Latin only in the 1550s; and into Italian a century later! Sir Peter responded: “I guess you want me to detect all the misimplicata!’ ‘Misimpiegato,’ I replied!”  Su indicazione d’Adriano, è adottato dal futuro suocero e zio acquisito A. Pio che lo nomina erede al impero.  Mantenne la coreggenza dell'impero assieme a Lucio Vero, anch'egli adottato d’A. Pio. Sovrano illuminato --  è ricordato come filosofo del Portico, autore d’un colloquio con sé stesso, Τὰ εἰς ἑαυτόν. Pater Patriae, Salutatio imperatoria10 the Vatican, and read it with emotion. I copied it, as follows:  “Semoni Sanco Deo Fidio Sacrvm Sex. Pompeius. S. P. F. Col. Mussianvs. Quinquennalis Decur Bidentalis Donum Dedit.” The explanation is possibly this: Simon Magus was actually recognised as the God Semo, just as Barnabas and Paul were supposed to be Zeus and Hermes (Acts), and were offered divine honours accordingly. Or the Samaritans may so have informed Justin on their understanding of this inscription, and with pride in the success of their countryman (Acts viii. 10.), whom they had recognised “as the great power of God.” See Orelli,  Insc., . (The Thundering Legion.) The bas-relief on the column of Antonine, in Rome, is a very striking complement of the story, but an answer to prayer is not a miracle. I simply transcribe from the American Translation of Alzog’s Universal Church History the references there given to the Legio Fulminatrix: “Tertull., Apol.; Ad Scap.; Euseb.; Greg. Nyss. Or., II in Martyr.; Oros.; Dio. Cass. Epit.: Xiphilin.; Jul. Capitol, in Marc. Antonin.]. Frontino. Roma. GRICEVS: Antonine, si quid de imperando dicis, cave ne plus implices quam imperator ipse velit intellegi. ANTONINVS: Ego vero, Grice, rationem conversandi in ipso imperio quaero, sed timeo ne Lucius Verus ex mea sententia “misimplicatum” faciat. GRICEVS: Ridiculum est: Aurelium quidam te vocant, sed ego te A. appello, quia etiam tituli in Latinum tarde transferuntur sicut virtutes in palatium. ANTONINVS: Age igitur, et dum ego mecum colloquor, tu mecum ride, ne Porticus sine sale videatur.

Antonio – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A friend of Porfirio. It is assumed that he shared his friend’s interest in philosophy and perhaps also became a student of Plotino. GRICEVS: Antoni, Roma quidem philosophiam amat, sed timeo ne Porphyrius te ad Plotinum trahat sicut amicus ad thermas. ANTONIVS: Trahat sane, Grice, dum me docet non solum cogitare sed etiam inter vinum et libros urbaniter disputare. GRICEVS: Si discipulus Plotini factus es, cave ne in convivio de Uno loquaris donec panis saltem duo factus sit. ANTONIVS: Faciam ut iubes, et pro Uno tibi narrabo quid novi dicant Romani, ne sermo noster in silentium cadat.

Anselmo d’Aosta (Valle d’Aosta): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di dio in gioco, semantica e sovversione. Grice: “I like A.; my favuorite piece of his philosophising is strangely not he one on paronimia – or the worn-off paralogism on God’s existence, but ather, the more obscure De casu primi angeli, on the fall of the most beautiful angels of all! And more seriously de casu diaboli, his rambles on dialettica. You see, axioma is Elio Gelliio thinks in Notti attiche – and VARRONE the proloquium, from proloquor of course, the ‘pro’ suggesting something like a ‘prae-miss.’ This is all very PORTICO. Bt we are not sure A. knew this! A. would of course be familiar with AGOSTINO’s dialettica, where proloquium means pro-positio, something some abhorr! Historians and genealogists maintain that  Anselmo d’Aosta (Anselm of Canterbury) did not have a surname in the modern sense. His father, a Lombard noble, is of the Arduinici, his mother, of the Anselmi. Strawson links the Florentine Anselmi family to an ancestor named Anselmo Fighineldi, knighted by Charlemagne. While some genealogical traditions attempt to connect the Anselmi family to A., these are viewed as legendary constructions, even if Anselmi eventually evolved into a surname. Socrate è un uomo; ogni uomo è mortale; Socrate è mortale che non mortale. Una premessa è necessariamente falsa e una è vera. La premessa non assume riguardo a Socrate una forma puramente negative. Pertanto la reductio ad absurdum non può essere addotta in difesa dell’uso della via negativa. (Dio) DEFINIZIONE 2. φ Ess.x ≡ (ψ) [ ψ(x) ⊃ N(y) Implicatura sovversiva, de grammatico, paronimia, quaestio subtilissima. Cio di cui non si puo pensare il maggiore, semantica, concetto, Turing, Bruno, Il programma Le critiche al programma La revisione del programma, la logica di un’illusione, dottrina esoterica, il programma sovversivo, eresia.  Grice: Caro Aosta, tu giochi con l’implicatura di Dio come fosse una partita a scacchi sotto i portici di Bologna. Aosta: E tu, Grice, parli di assiomi e proloqui come se Agostino ti stesse correggendo la sintassi dal banco. Grice: Se Socrate è mortale e “non mortale”, allora l’unica reductio è che il cameriere in Valle d’Aosta ci ha allungato il vino. A.: Va bene, ma ricordati: ciò di cui non si può pensare il maggiore oggi è solo la tua capacità di cavartela con una battuta.

Apella: la scessi a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. According to Diogene Laerzio, a follower of the Scesi and writes an essay entitled “Agrippa.”  GRICEVS: Apella, audio te Scesis adhaerere atque libellum Agrippam conscripsisse; num ille Agrippa tam dubius est ut etiam titulus dubitet utrum sit liber? APELLA: Minime, Grice, titulus certissimus est, sed conclusiones ita suspenduntur ut lectorem ipsum in tabulario quaerendo relinquam. GRICEVS: Elegans disciplina—nam Skepsis est ars dicendi “fortasse” ita urbaniter ut nemo audeat respondere “certe.” APELLA: Et tamen, si quis me roget quid sentiam, respondebo more Scesis: “Agrippam scripsi; cetera vos ipsi inferte.”

Apelle: il pentateismo a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A gnostic who advances a complicated theology claimed by Ippolito di Roma to postulate *five* and five only gods.  pentateismo. GRICEVS: Apelle, audivi te Romae quinque tantum deos numerare, atque timeo ne pantheon tuum plus custodem quam theologum requirat. APELLE: Non timeas, Grice: quinque sunt, nec plures admittuntur, ne dii ipsi in conventu nimis loquaces fiant. GRICEVS: Sed quid dicit Hippolytus—num te “gnosticum” vocat, an potius “arithmeticae studiosum” quia deos quasi digitis computas? APELLE: Hippolytus me arguit, ego autem respondeo me simpliciter parcere: quinque dii satiant, sicut quinque panes, et reliquias commentariis relinquo.

Apollonide: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A member of the Porch, and a friend and companion of CATONE  Minore. He is present at the latter’s death. GRICEVS: Apollonida, te in porticu Romana cum Catone Minore ambulare audivi, quasi philosophia ipsa sub columnis respiraret. APOLLONIDES: Ita vero, Grice, et Catonem comitabatur animus tam rectus ut etiam umbrae Stoicae quasi in ordinem redigerentur. GRICEVS: At cum ille moreretur, tu adfuisti—dic mihi, num etiam tunc Catoni “nihil nisi secundum naturam” visum est, vel saltem “nihil nisi sine strepitu”? APOLLONIDES: Adfui, et si licet iocari pie, ita constans fuit ut mors ipsa videretur discipula, non magistra.

Apollonide: la scessi a Roma –filosofia italiana –  (Nizza). Filosofo italiano. He writes commentaries on lampoons composed by Timone di Flio and dedicates them to TIBERIO, the prince of Rome. He is presumably a member of the Scessi himself. GRICEVS: Apollonida, audivi te ex Roma ad Nicaeam transiisse, quasi philosophia ipsa vecturam quaereret. APOLLONIDES: Ita est, Grice, et dum Timonem Phliasium commentariis mordeo, Tiberio principi eas dedicare cogor, ne morsus meus in me redeat. GRICEVS: Prudens es—nam apud Scessos etiam satura habet regulas, sicut cena quae ridet sed non clamat. APOLLONIDES: Ergo rideamus modeste: ego lampoones interpretor, tu implicaturas, et uterque principem laudat ut securius verum dicat.

Apollonio: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A  member of the Porch, a friend of Cicerone, and like him, had been tutored by Diodoto. Apollonio. Refs. , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Apollonio, GRICEVS: Apolloni, amice Ciceronis et condiscipule Diodoti, dic mihi—sub porticu Romae docens, num sermo tuus Stoicus est, an potius “gruppo di gioco” cum risu? APOLLONIVS: Stoicus sum, sed inter porticus columnas etiam iocari licet, nam Diodotus nos docuit rationem sine urbanitate esse quasi porticum sine umbra. GRICEVS: Ita vero, et Ciceroni placuisset ut disputatio esset tam nitida quam periodus eius—sed cave, ne discipuli te putent nimis gravem. APOLLONIVS: Noli timere, Grice: gravitatem tempero sales, ut Roma me toleret et Porticus me agnoscat, quasi philosophum Italicum qui et docet et ludit.

Apollonio: l’oracolo -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A celebrated teacher of rhetoric. CICERONE and GIULIO CESARE are among hi pupils. He writes an essay on philosophy in which he argues that the oracle at Delphi had NOT declared Socrates to be the wisest person alive because the pronouncement in question did not conform to the correct format of Delphic utterances. GRICEVS: Apolloni, tu qui Ciceronem et Caesarem docuisti, dic mihi num oraculum Delphicum umquam grammaticam didicit. APOLLONIVS: Didicit sane, nam ostendi illud Socratem non “sapientissimum” dixisse, quia responsum non erat more Delphico rite compositum. GRICEVS: Ergo Socrates sapientissimus non fuit, sed Apollo potius scriba severus qui formas custodit. APOLLONIVS: Ita est, et discipuli mei Romani hoc bene intellexerunt: in rhetorica saepe plus valet modus dicendi quam res dicta.

Apollonio: il tutore del principe -- il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A  member  of the Porch who teaches two Roman princes, Commodo and Antonino. He is regarded with some suspicion by Antonino Pio, who thinks he charges too much – but ANTONINO  came to admire him greatly. In his “Ad seipsum”, Antonino describes A. as someone full of energy who knows how to relax, as someone who teaches him how to deal with pain and rely on reason, and as someone whose teachings are a model of clarity. GRICEVS: Apolloni, audivi te in Porticu Romae duos principes docere, Commodum et Antoninum; nonne timendum est ne discipuli imperent magistro? APOLLONIVS: Timeo tantum ne nimium petere videar, nam Antoninus Pius me quasi cauponem philosophiae suspicatur, cum ego mercedem potius sudoris quam verborum numerem. GRICEVS: At ille Antoninus qui “Ad seipsum” scribit te laudat ut hominem alacrem qui etiam quiescere scit, ergo pretium tuum fortasse est ipsa tranquillitas. APOLLONIVS: Ita, Grice, et si dolor pulsaverit, rationem ostendo quasi ianitorem sobrium, qui etiam Commodum docere conatur ne gladium pro argumento adhibeat.

Apollonio: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). FIlosofo italiano. He belongs to the Porch and teaches in Rome. GRICEVS: APOLLONI, audio te Porticum colere Romae; dic, num ibi sapientia ambulat, an tantum sub columnis umbra? APOLLONIVS: Sub porticu docemus in ipsa Roma, et si sapientia non ambulat, saltem discipuli ambulant et se sapientes putant. GRICEVS: Bene, sed philosophia Italica nonne more vino fit—quo vetustior, eo magis caput movet? APOLLONIVS: Ita est, Grice, sed in Porticu mea caput movet ad rationem, non ad ebrietatem—nisi quis nimium Stoice bibit.

Apollofane: l’orto a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. He is in Pergamo, and sent on a mission to Rome on the city’s behalf. A follower of the Garden. GRICEVS: Apollophanes, Pergamo missus Romam venisti quasi legatus Hortuli, sed cave ne Romani “hortum” putent locum ubi patroni clientes serunt. APOLLOFANES: Ego vero Epicureus sum, Grice, et ideo legationem gero ut pax et otium floreant, non ut in Foro strepitus alatur. GRICEVS: At dic mihi, si te rogant quid sentias de rebus publicis, respondebisne simpliciter an per implicaturam, sicut qui rosam dat et tacet? APOLLOFANES: Dabo rosam, tacebo, et si quis intellegere nolit, dicam me in Pergamo didicisse philosophiam, Romae autem solum patientiam.

Aquila Romano (Roma): LA ragione conversazionale. Rhetoricos [)etis longioris moræ ac diligeiiliæ (iiiaiii pro angiisliis teniporis, quod me profecto urget, ideoque postea pleiium hoc tibi niunus reildemus. In præsenti autem nomina ipsarum figurarum cum exemplis percurrisse sufficiat, tantum praeloculis, quo maxime orator ab oratore differat, unum hoc aut certe esse praecipuum, figuras sententiarum atque elocutionum. Nam iiiventio rerum cum aciitis hominibus, quos tamen ora- tores nondum appellare possis, communis est. Usitatorum verborum La- tinorum scientiam et usum vel grammaticus sibi vindicat. lUi quoque mo- res, qui tqotcol nominantur, ab eadem hac arte non minus diligenter sunt cogniti quam ab oratore, sed quatenus cuique generi materiae adliibere eos deceat, orator mehus intellegit. Figurandarum sentenliarum et elocutionum proprium oraloris munus est. Hoc enim genere et parva ex- tollit et angusta dilatat, et cum celeritalem lum ornatum plerisque et vim de nomiiubiis figurarum et exemplis Hber. Ex Alexandro Numerio quod Af^: quo profectio erravit de; nam hahet quod me profecto, contra quo me profectio ) autem om. praelocntis praelocutus maximus hoc aut hoc usitatorum scripsi: illoriini scientiam et usum  vindicat A: scientia ei usu .. uindicare modi Vossius; al firmavit R lecdonem mores coll. Beda de Trop. S. Script. arte R: arte id est grammatica sed: si, etsi St, haud scio an reclius cuiusque generis materiae vir doctus in viarg. ed. deceat debeat, debeant A genere om. cum ccleritatem tum oret pondus verl)is ac sententiis adilit: ad permovendos quidem animos au- diloris aut iudicis niliil aequale est. Quod sic facillime intellegitur, si, quae sunl fignrate enuntiata apnd magnos oratores detractis figuris partem eam, quae lonia cognominata est, coloniis communierunt: Sed consuetudo multa elocutionis, in qua figuras huius modi recognoscas, et assiduitas stili, cum ipsa exercitatio commoverit dicendi facultatem, in has formas uUro incurrit, ut et (piibus et quo tempore utendum sit, possis diiudicare. Plurimum o[)limoruin, Demosthenis praesertim et CICERONE iuvabit lectio. Imitatur cavendum est. GRICEVS: Aquila Romane, si “rationem conversazionalem” tam diligenter doces, cur rhetoricos nimis longae morae arguis, quasi ipsi tempus comedant et non tuae figurae? AQVILA: Quia, Grice, illi verba multiplicant, ego autem figuras—id est, eadem verba iterum vendo, sed elegantius et sine pudore. GRICEVS: Ergo orator ab homine acuto hoc differt, quod acutus res invenit, orator vero easdem res tropis et figuris vestit, quasi togam Ciceronis super tunicam grammatici? AQVILA: Ita est, et si quis nimis me imitetur, ei dico “cavendum est,” nam nihil periculosius quam Cicero in manus discipuli festinantis.

Giulio Aquilino (Roma). A philosopher of considerable learning and eloquence. In Rome, he debates with members of the Accademia of his day, although it is unclear what his own philosophical views are. He is a close friend of FRONTONE. GRICEVS: Romae, Aquiline, in Accademia hodie disputasti tam diserte ut etiam statuae in Foro caput inclinarent. AQVILINVS: Si statuae adsentiuntur, Grice, vel Stoicus fio vel certe Frontoni promisi me bene sonare. GRICEVS: At quid sentis vere, philosophus—an sententiam celas ut Romani vinum optimum in amphora sine titulo? AQVILINVS: Sententia mea est haec: amicis (praesertim Frontoni) semper assentior, ceteris autem ita disputo ut nemo sciat utrum vincam an rideam.

Carlo d’Aquino (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale: ponite omnem spem, o quicunque intratis. Grice: “At Oxford, we translate the Jabberwocky as Gabberbocchus; at Rome, they translate the Divina Commedia as Divina Comoedia! The Jesuit Scholar Reverend A. is a significant Italian Jesuit, scholar, and expert on ALIGHIERI. A. is a Catholic priest, university teacher, translator, and a renowned classical scholar and Latinist. He teaches at the Roman College. Key Achievement: He is best known for producing the first-ever translation of ALIGHIERI ’s Divine Comedy into heroic Latin verse. Published Works He authors several extensive lexicons and other academic works, including Lexicon militare, Vocabularium architecturae aedificatoriae, and Nomenclator agriculturae.  The Jesuit scholar  Padre Carlo d'Aquino published the first complete translation of Dante’s masterpiece into Latin hexameters.    Title of the Translation The work was titled: Della Commedia di Dante Alighieri, trasportata in verso latino eroico. While often cataloged under this Italian title, the text itself serves as a Latin rendition of the Divina Commedia.  Translation of the Passage D'Aquino translated the famous line from Inferno (Canto III, line 9), "Lasciate ogni speranza, voi ch’entrate" (Abandon all hope, you who enter), as:  Ponite omnem spem, o quicunque intratis. A.'s version was noted for being a free paraphrase that prioritized elegant "heroic" Latin verse over literal word-for-word accuracy. This style occasionally drew criticism from later scholars who felt his translation was too distant from Dante's original expression.  Grice: Aquino, dicono che a Oxford il Jabberwocky diventa Gabberbocchus… ma a Roma la Divina Commedia si trasforma in verso eroico latino! Tu quando traduci Dante, lasci ogni speranza o preferisci portare qualche rima nuova in viaggio? Aquino: Grice, la speranza si lascia solo all’ingresso dell’Inferno… ma in traduzione, ogni verso è un’avventura! Se Dante mi chiede “Lasciate ogni speranza”, io rispondo con un bel “Ponite omnem spem”, così almeno i lettori hanno qualcosa da mettere in valigia. Grice: E allora, caro Carlo, quando arriva il latinista a leggere il tuo poema, trova più eroismo nei versi o più comicità nel tentativo? Non rischi che qualche anima rimanga a metà strada tra il latino e il fiorentino? Aquino: Grice, basta una buona conversazione e un po’ di latino per non perdersi! Se qualche anima inciampa, almeno può dire di aver viaggiato nell’Inferno con stile… e magari con una speranza nascosta nella toga! Roma, Lazio.

Giovanni Pietro d’Aquino: la ragione conversationale – filosofia italiana –  (Bologna). Bologna, Emilia Romagna. Abstract: Grice: “I love A.! -- Italian humanist scholar, rhetorician, and author from the Renaissance period. A. is primarily known for his work in Latin oratory, including the Orationes (Orations). The Orationes consist of formal speeches or rhetorical exercises, a common form of academic and literary expression among humanists who seek to emulate the classical Roman style. A. is associated with academic circles, at Bologna. Specific details about his life, such as birth and death dates or his exact academic positions, are not available in the provided sources, but he is distinct from the more famous medieval philosopher A. or the 18th-century Jesuit Latinist Carlo d'Aquino. Grice: Giovanni Pietro, dicono che a Bologna la retorica si insegni come si prepara il ragù – con pazienza, un pizzico di latinismo e tanti argomenti!Aquino: Grice, qui la retorica si mescola bene, ma attenzione: se uno sbaglia l’ordine, rischia di servire una orazione più scotta del ragù domenicale!Grice: Ma dimmi, caro Aquino, preferisci una orazione che profuma di classico o una che lascia tutti a bocca aperta come una lasagna ben fatta?Aquino: Grice, l’importante è che alla fine si alzi tutti dalla tavola – o dalla cattedra – soddisfatti! Se la parola convince, allora la ragione conversazionale ha vinto, e magari resta anche un po’ di parmigiano da spargere sulle idee!

Tomasso d’Aquino (Abbazia di Fossanova, Roccasecca, Frossinone, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della teoria dell’intenzione. Grice: “Srawson used to joke and call me A., as I rushed to tutor on ‘De interpretatione’ That’s precisely what A. did at Bologna! Can’t the tutee not interpret it by himself?! The son of Landolfo d'A. My ‘Meaning’ makes a point about this misinterpretation I found at Oxford re: A.: A. speaks of a SEGNO ex impositione, versus ex natura. Iimpositio is hardly a convention! We find in A. all the conceptual tools we need for the ragione conversazionale both in communicatio and conversation. Dottore angelico. Filosofia classica. Lizio. Allievo d’Alberto Magno, che lo difese quando i compagni lo chiamano il bue muto: Voi lo chiamate il bue muto. Io vi dico, quando questo bue mugge, il suo muggito s’udranno d’un'estremità all'altra della terra. This part is the  difference, i.e., by convention, viz., according to human institution deriving from the will of man. This differentiates a name from a vocal sound signifying naturally, such as the groan of the sick and the vocal sounds of a brute animal. Then lizio says, by convention is added. A name (and its utterer) signifies by convention ad placitum ex institutione. No name exists naturally. For it is a name because it signifies; it does not signify naturally however, but ex institutione. This lizio adds when he says, but it is a name when it is *made* a SEGNO, i.e., when it is imposed to signify. For that which signifies naturally is not made a sign, but is a sign naturally. Lizio explains this when he says: for unlettered sounds, such as those of the brutes designate, etc., i.e., since they cannot be signified by letters. He says sounds rather than vocal sounds because some animals, those without lungs, do not have vocal sounds. Such an animal signifies a passion by some kind of non-vocal sound which signifies naturally. Peri hermeneias, de interpretation, Austin/Grice, “De interpretatione” nota, notare, notante, notato, denotato, denotare, grammatici speculativi, intentionality, the taxonomy of intentions. Grice: Aquino, ti confesso che ogni volta che sento parlare di “segno ex impositione” mi viene in mente la pasta fatta in casa: c’è sempre qualcuno che decide come tagliarla, ma nessuno la riconosce finché non la si assaggia! Non sarebbe meglio se il segno fosse come il muggito del bue, naturale e impossibile da fraintendere? Aquino: Ah, Grice, il muggito ha il suo fascino, ma la conversazione è tutta una questione di intenzione! Se il segno nasce dalla volontà, allora ogni parola è una pasta fatta ad arte—e non c’è bisogno di essere un bue muto per farla arrivare dall’Alpi fino alla Sicilia. Grice: Eppure, Tommaso, a Oxford ancora si litigava su chi dovesse “imporre” il segno! Ma dimmi, da buon dottore angelico, non sarebbe più semplice lasciare che la natura parli, senza troppe convenzioni? Aquino: Grice, la natura parla come vuole, ma se vuoi capire cosa ti dice il vicino, meglio mettere d’accordo la volontà e la ragione! Altrimenti rischi di trovare solo grugniti e muggiti, e la cena resta fredda. Meglio un segno ad placitum, così tutti si siedono a tavola e capiscono quando è ora di mangiare!

Tommaso Niccolò d’Aquino (Taranto, Puglia): La ragione conversazionale. There is  no direct personal or professional connection between A. and the humanist author of   Delle delizie tarantine. They are two different individuals. One is an immensely influential philosopher. The other is a poet, humanist, and patrician who lived during the Age of Enlightenment. His Delle delizie tarantine (Of the delights of Taranto) is a descriptive work, originally in Neo-Latin verse, about the natural history and life of his home city.  While both share the surname "d'Aquino" (which simply means "from Aquino," a town in the Lazio region of Italy), this indicates a potential common regional origin for their families rather than a direct familial relationship or shared identity as the same person. The name was not uncommon, and the later individual was a local figure in Taranto writing on a completely different set of topics and in a different era than the philosopher. Delizia di Taranto. delízia = lat. DELICIAE da DELiCIO [si-  mile ad AL-Licio] alletto, comp. della par-tic. pleon. De di e inusitat. LACIo [ridotta nel composto A in I] propr. attraggo nel laccio, imperocché le delizie attraggono e  avvincono: da una rad. europ. LAK = LAC  allacciare e fig. gabbare, onde l'a. stav. la-  ka malizia, lakati ingannare, pò-leci lac-cio, boem. lèc, licka laccio, calappio, po-lac. lyczak laccio, lett. lenkt stare in agi guato, lenza=*lenkia laccio, non che i comp. lat. AL-LÍCERE allettare, E-LiCERE stimolare, provocare [onde e -lècebra me-retrice] IL-LiCERE adescare [onde illèce. bra allettamento, illex l'uccello che attrae gli altri nella rete, che suol dirsi richiamo, zimbello], PEL-LiCERE attrarre con lusinghe con false parole onde pellax ingannatore péllex meretrice (v. Laccio). Altri men bene pensarono a DELIQUO O DELIQUEO ma quefaccio, mi sciolgo, perchè le delizie rendono l'uomo molle ed effemminato (v.  Delinquere), — Cosa che per la sua rarita e delicatezza o per la sua eleganza, amo-nità e simili ci diletta soavemente, cioè avvince dolcemente l'animo nostro.  Deriv. Deliziare; Delizióso. Cfr. Allettare; De-  licato; Dilettare; Lezio. Grice: Aquino, mi dicono che tra te e il poeta delle delizie tarantine non c’è nessun legame diretto, solo un cognome che attira come un laccio! Ma dimmi, la filosofia può essere una delizia o rischia di renderci effeminati, come dicono i lessicografi? Aquino: Caro Grice, la vera delizia è quella che lega la mente, non certo quella che scioglie i muscoli! Se il mio nome attira, meglio che attragga verso la ragione e non verso le reti del poeta. Grice: Eppure, Tommaso, a Taranto pare che le delizie siano una questione di radici, di laccio, di allettamento! Ma tu preferisci legare gli animi con concetti o con versi preziosi? Aquino: Grice, io scelgo di allacciare la ragione, ché una buona conversazione non incanta come un laccio, ma lega dolcemente come una delizia rara. Se il poeta scrive di molli piaceri, io mi accontento di una discussione che rende l’animo robusto e allegro, e magari anche un po’ tarantino!

Vladimiro Arangio Ruiz (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del colloquio – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats dialogue as a cooperative rational practice in which what is meant regularly outruns what is said: speakers design utterances for an audience that can recognize intentions, and hearers use shared norms (relevance, informativeness, intelligibility) to calculate implicatures as reasonable inferences from an utterance’s role in the exchange. Arangio-Ruiz, by contrast, is a philosopher-classicist whose central preoccupation is not a formal pragmatics of inference but the ethical and pedagogical character of dialogue, shaped by Greek models and by his own distinction (as your passage has it) between genuinely Socratic dialogue and sophistic “dialogo sofistico”: the former is oriented toward truth-seeking through disciplined questioning and mutual rational accountability, the latter toward winning, display, or strategic verbal advantage. That contrast maps naturally onto Grice’s concerns: Grice can explain even sophistic talk as meaning-bearing (it still generates implicatures, often via strategic underinformativeness, equivocation, or calculated irrelevance), but he insists that the intelligibility of those implicatures depends on a background presumption of rational cooperation—sometimes exploited, sometimes only partially honored, sometimes openly flouted in ways that themselves become interpretable. Arangio’s moralismo and his emphasis on individual moral conduct as the proper locus of “attualismo” (as against identifying philosophy with the life of the state) also resonate with Grice’s methodological individualism: conversational reason is anchored in what particular agents intend and can justify, even when they are embedded in institutional settings (schools, academies, “colloqui”). So where Grice supplies a micro-account of how interlocutors recover communicated content through rational inference under norms of cooperation, Arangio supplies a macro-normative typology of dialogue as a civic and moral practice—Socratic conversation as the humane, truth-directed use of reason versus sophistic conversation as a merely strategic manipulation of appearances—helping to frame Grice’s cooperative rationality not just as an interpretive heuristic but as an ethical ideal that distinguishes philosophical colloquy from verbal contest. -- la scuola di Napoli – filosofia napoletana – filosofia campanese -- filosofia italiana – , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice,   (Napoli). Filosofo napoletano. Filosofo campanese. Filosofo italiano. Napoli, Campania. Grice: “We have Flores, we have Ruiz, we have Enriques – reminds me of Alan Montefiore! I like Vladimiro Arangio – my favourite is by far his philosoophising on Socrates’s ‘Sofista’ – he distinguishes between what he calls ‘Socratic dialogue’ (mine) and ‘dialogo sofistico’!” -- Vladimiro Arangio-Ruiz (Napoli) filosofo, grecista e accademico italiano. Fu il primo preside del Liceo scientifico Alessandro Tassoni di Modena, istituito a seguito della riforma Gentile.  Nacque da Gaetano, professore di diritto costituzionale. Frequenta a Firenze il corso di lettere nell'Istituto di studi superiori e si laureò con una tesi su Il coro nella tragedia greca in letteratura greca con Girolamo Vitelli, filologo, grecista, papirologo e senatore del Regno d'Italia.  Vladimiro appartenne a una illustre famiglia di giuristi: il fratello Vincenzo Arangio-Ruiz fu uno dei maggiori studiosi di diritto romano, ordinario all'Napoli e alla Sapienza di Roma. Contravvenendo alla tradizione di famiglia, Vladimiro preferì dedicarsi agli studi filosofici e fu professore alla Scuola normale superiore di Pisa e alla facoltà di Magistero di Firenze.  Insegnò nei ginnasi di Stato e fu ufficiale d'artiglieria nella Prima guerra mondiale dove venne ferito. Si laurea con MARTINETTI, con Conoscenza e moralità. Sente fortemente l'influenza di MICHELSTAEDTER. Si propose una funzione critica ricostruttiva  dell'idealismo storicistico e dell'attualismo di GENTILE da cui trasse ispirazione per sviluppare il suo moralismo assoluto. Contrariamente a GENTILE che dichiara l'attualismo coincidente colla vita dello stato, A. crede che invece è identificabile con il comportamento morale individuale poiché la politica non è che un aspetto particolare della legge morale per sua natura universale.  Prose morali; Umanità dell'arte. Colloqui. Grice:Arangio, mi dicono che a Napoli la filosofia si discute come si gioca a scopa: chi ha il miglior argomento si prende il piatto! Arangio Ruiz: Grice, qui non si tratta di piatti, ma di dialoghi! Se il dialogo è socratico, si vince con la ragione; se è sofistico, si rischia di restare con le carte in mano e niente da mangiare! Grice: E allora, caro Vladimiro, dove sta la differenza? In filosofia, come in cucina napoletana, l’importante è non bruciare la mozzarella della conversazione! Arangio: Grice, la mozzarella va gustata con calma e la conversazione va condotta con umanità. Altrimenti, si rischia che il sofista venga e ti rubi pure il dessert! Arangio-Ruiz, Vladimiro (1911). Discorso del metodo. L’anima.

Arato: Roma He achieves fame as a dramatic poet. A pupil of Zenone. He writes a celebrated poem, “Phenomena”, dealing with astronomy and meteorology. It is widely read – and CICERONE comments it. It may have been used by LUCREZIO. A. depicts the universe as a rational and organized system bearing the hallmark of its divine creator. Kidd, Aratus, Cambridge. GRICEVS: Arate, discipule Zenonis et poeta clarissime, num in Phainomenois caelum ita ordinasti ut etiam Romani tandem viam suam in Foro inveniant? ARATVS: Si mea sidera eos dirigunt, gaudeo, sed timeo ne plerique malint meteorologica legere quam tunicas siccare. GRICEVS: Cicero te commentatus est, Lucretius fortasse te furatus est, et tamen tu universum rationabile dicis—quid ergo de popina quae omnino irrationaliter clamat? ARATVS: Popina quoque, mi Grice, partem ordinis divini agit, quia sine strepitu nullus poeta sciret quando versus finire oportet.

Archippo (Roma, Lazio): il principe filosofo. A correspondent of PLINIO  Minore, pleads exemption from jury service on the grounds that “he is a philosopher” and produces a letter from DOMIZIANO testifying to that fact, and to his good character. It emerges later that A. had previously been sentenced to hard labour in the mines for forgery, which might cast some doubt on the authenticity of the letter. Although some were keen to see him back in the mines, he is generally popular. GRICEVS: Archippē, princeps philosophorum Romae, num hodie iudicia fugis quia “philosophus es,” an quia metalla tibi nimis frigida videntur? ARCHIPPVS: Fugio sane, mi Grice, et ecce epistulam a Domitiano fero quae me bonum virum esse testatur, quamvis quidam dicant atramentum meum nimis “ingeniosum” esse. GRICEVS: Plinius Minor tibi respondens fortasse scribet te omnibus placere, sed rogat utrum litterae illae genuinae sint an tantum “implicatura” e carcere effugere cupiens. ARCHIPPVS: Si genuinae non sunt, saltem urbanae sunt, et Romani malunt philosophum ridere quam falsarium fodere, quod mihi prope sapientia ipsa videtur.

Adolfo L’Arco (Teano, Caserta, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della GRAVITAS. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning makes implicature a rational, intention-sensitive by-product of cooperative exchange: what is meant can outrun what is said because speakers count on hearers to recognize goals, relevance, and communicative intentions, and to infer the extra content that makes the utterance a reasonable move in the conversation. L’Arco, as a Salesian priest, popular spiritual writer, and (per profiles such as the Italian Wikipedia entry) a public communicator of faith—including a notable RAI role in 1973 on Tempo dello Spirito—treats discourse less as a puzzle of inference and more as a pastoral art whose success depends on gravitas tempered by joy: his “philosophia umoristica” (e.g., the later Ridi e sorridi da saggio, 1984) and earlier devotional works (your passage cites Bosco si diverte, 1956) aim to make moral and theological truths memorable, livable, and socially transmissible. Put in Gricean terms, L’Arco is not primarily analyzing how implicatures are calculated; he is deliberately engineering the conditions under which certain implicatures reliably arise—using wit, brevity, and anecdotal framing so that an audience infers encouragement, consolation, or gentle correction without being hectored. Where Grice’s “reason-governed” emphasis is diagnostic (how rational agents recover meaning from minimal explicit content under cooperative norms), L’Arco’s is rhetorical-pastoral (how a speaker sustains benevolent cooperation—attention, trust, receptivity—by blending seriousness with a measured smile). The “gravitas” motif in your passage fits this alignment: Grice treats conversational seriousness as a matter of rational accountability and inferential discipline, while L’Arco treats it as a tone to be safeguarded precisely by allowing controlled humor, so that the hearer’s uptake is guided not only by logic but by goodwill; in both cases, what is communicated depends crucially on what is left unsaid, but Grice theorizes that gap as calculable implicature, whereas L’Arco exploits it as a practical technique for keeping conversation (and persuasion) both humane and effective. Grice: “I should like A.; but he is a priest and I’m C. of E.; on top, I love to say that philosophy ought to be FUN, provided it’s MY FUN – not Arco’s – so I find Arco’s ‘dictionary of philosophical ‘umorismo,’ or filosofia ‘umoristica’ frivolous, and unworthy of Roman gravitas!” Nato nella frazione Fontanelle entra fra i Salesiani di Bosco e fu ordinato sacerdote a Roma. Consegue a Napoli la laurea in filosofia. Per la sua preparazione filosofica, nonché per la profondità della sua filosofiai, è considerato tra i maggiori filosofi italiani. Uomo di anima sensibile e di infinita fede ha trascorso molto della sua vita scrivendo, interessandosi di agiografia. È stato protagonista televisivo sulla prima rete nazionale con il programma: Tempo dello Spirito.  Intensa e vasta la sua opera letteraria.  Longo e la sua intimità con Dio; Bosco si diverte, Sorgenti di gioia; Gesù sotterra un chicco di grano; Pira e il risorto; Fiori di sapienza. Dizionarietto di saggezza; La Donna del Sanctus; La parola agli atti processuali; quando la teologia prende fuoco. Quadrio salesiano; Bosco nella luce del Risorto; Bosco sorridente entra in casa vostra; Così  Bosco ama i giovani; Il padre nostro; Ma c'è poi questo Dio; Nota bene; Sorgenti di Gioia; Rinaldi copia vivente di Bosco; La sorgente eterna dell'amore; Noi esistiamo perché Dio Padre ci ama; Stile di Serenità; La Gioia a Portata di Mano; Ridi e sorridi da saggio; Dolcezza e speranza nostra; Dio ci ama con cuore d'uomo; Il Padre nostro; La Leva del Mondo: la preghiera; Eustachio; Il Cristo in cui Spero; Profeta e testimone del Risorto;  Elisabetta Jacobucci Francesca Alcantarina;  Longo; Così ridono i saggi; Alfonso amico del popolo; Il Sacro nome ti chiama per nome; La Leva del Mondo: la preghiera; pace universale, intuizioni e idee madri, un esploratore della felicità, servo di dio, apostolato della Sofferenza, gravitas, hagiography; if he has religious faith, he is not a philosopher. Grice: Arco, mi dica, la gravitas romana va d’accordo con il sorriso? Ho letto il suo dizionarietto di filosofia umoristica, ma temo che il mio spirito sia troppo anglosassone! Arco: Caro Grice, anche i filosofi hanno bisogno di una risata. Il sorriso, se ben dosato, non toglie gravitas ma la illumina: lo diceva pure Don Bosco, che la gioia è parte della fede! Grice: Però, Don Adolfo, se la filosofia italiana è così piena di felicità, rischio di perdere il mio aplomb inglese. Non sarà che la vera saggezza si trova tra una battuta e una preghiera? Arco: Grice, la saggezza italiana sa ridere, pregare e amare – magari anche tra una trasmissione televisiva e una pagina di agiografia. E ricordi: gravitas sì, ma sempre con un pizzico di gioia! Arco, Adolfo L’ (1956). Bosco si diverte. Napoli, Editrice Salesiana.

Rodrigo Felice Ardigò (Casteldidone, Cremona, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rationally recoverable product of cooperative exchange: a hearer assumes that a speaker is aiming at a shared conversational purpose, and so treats apparent deviations from directness or maximal informativeness as clues to what is meant beyond what is said. Ardigò’s positivist moral psychology and sociology, by contrast, relocate the relevant “governing reason” from the micro-logic of utterance interpretation to the macro-logic of social life: in La morale dei positivisti (1869; later issued with a “Sociologia” part) he frames moral norms as naturalistic facts of social evolution and treats “civile” conduct as the arena in which egoism (prepotence) and anti-egoism (a cultivated counter-principle) are balanced, often with explicit skepticism about sentimentalist accounts of sympathy. Read alongside Grice, Ardigò supplies an anthropological-social background for why the Cooperative Principle is not a mere conversational convention but a stabilizing necessity of “convivenza civile”: conversational cooperation can be viewed as a localized mechanism by which an organismic social order maintains itself, converting brute egoistic pressure into predictable, rule-governed interaction. At the same time, the contrast is sharp: where Grice keeps the theory intentionally thin—deriving implicatures from publicly recognizable rational expectations that can be calculated case by case—Ardigò thickens the explanatory story with sociological teleology (social good, justice, the “golden rule” as prudential counsel, the presuppositions embedded in language as a social fact), so that what counts as “reasonable” in interaction is ultimately anchored in a naturalized account of moral formation and civic discipline. In short, Ardigò complements Grice by explaining why cooperative reasoning is socially functional and historically cultivated (the “civile gentleman” as the anti-egoist type), while Grice complements Ardigò by showing how, even when motivations are mixed and egoistic, conversational meaning still proceeds through a distinctive, intention-sensitive rational calculus that generates implicatures without requiring a full sociological theory to run. Grice: “I love A. but I have a few qualms. His Opere filosofiche is improperly indexed! The man wrote zillions! My attention was first caught by  a minor editorial note. La morale dei positivisti was reprinted a few years later after its first edition as divided into two parts, “la morale’ proper and ‘Sociologia’ – Since I have used philosophical biology and philosophical psychology, A. is indeed into philosophical sociology. As he notes, sociology is today’s philosophese for the politica of the lizio, re publica romana. And being a positivist, A. provides some good background, which will later be refuted by the neo-idealists that oppose this sort of philosophy, to the idea of two organisms, or pirots, interacting. While I speak of conversational egoism as balanced by conversational tu-ism; A., less of an altruist, laughs at the ridiculous sensist conception of simpatia, and speaks of two principles: the principle of egoism, or prepotence, found amoung brutal animals, and the principle of what A. calls ANTI-EGOSIM, found in the civil Italian gentleman – ‘civile’ being crucial, as in CASTIGLIONE, ‘discorso,’ or ‘conversazione’ civile.  Ma un giorno ci accorgeremo che in A. la filosofia italiana, la filosofia, ha una sua magnifica affermazione. Ora e per quel giorno, noi abbiamo fatto il nostro dovere. TROILO. Sociologia. Implicatura cooperativa positivismo filosofico  biologia filosofica psicologia filosofica naturalista il sociale l’intersoggetivo, la morale positivista, il positivism filosofico. La morale e il diritto all’altro, giustizia, bene sociale, benevolenza, beneficenza, calcolo ragionale nella convivenza sociale, evoluzione sociale, organismo sociale, positivismo, communicazione e convenienza sociale, onesta morale, spettazione di onesta reciproca, fondazione naturalistica della morale, il fatto sociale, il devere, la regola d’oro, fare all’altro cioe che vorreste fatto a te, consiglio di prudenza, critica, costume, presupposizione della lingua. Grice: Caro Ardigò, la tua “morale dei positivisti” mi ha fatto riflettere: credi davvero che tra egoismo e anti-egoismo ci sia spazio per una conversazione civile, o finiamo tutti a calcolare il bene come se fossimo contabili della benevolenza?Ardigò: Grice, se fossimo davvero contabili, la simpatia sarebbe solo una voce di bilancio! Ma io dico che il vero italiano, quello civile, sa essere anti-egoista senza perdere il gusto della conversazione – ti assicuro, anche Castiglione avrebbe approvato.Grice: Però qualche brutale animale potrebbe obiettare: “Io preferisco la prepotenza, altro che discorso civile!” Secondo te, la filosofia italiana può davvero domare la bestia che vive in ognuno di noi?Ardigò: Grice, la filosofia italiana ha un segreto: sa ridere della bestia, e la converte con una battuta. Il trucco sta nel fare all’altro ciò che vorresti fosse fatto a te – se la bestia non capisce, almeno si diverte. Ecco la vera implicatura cooperativa: convivenza e un pizzico di ironia. Ardigò, Rodrigo Felice (1869). La morale dei positivisti. Firenze: Successori Le Monnier.

Emmanuele Argentieri (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e il deutero-esperanto. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as an inference licensed by rational cooperation: speakers rely on shared expectations about informativeness, relevance, and perspicuity, and hearers recover what is meant (often beyond what is said) by assuming the speaker is still being cooperative at the level of intentions. Argentieri’s “lingua euratlantica” project (developed publicly at least by 1960 and systematized in L’integrazione linguistica euratlantica, 1963) approaches the same phenomenon from the opposite direction: instead of explaining how conversational understanding routinely outruns grammar, it proposes to redesign the linguistic code—through staged, “democratic” normalization and integration of grammars and shared vocabulary—so that cross-national understanding becomes more direct, less dependent on ad hoc pragmatic bridging. In Gricean terms, Argentieri is trying to shift communicative burden from implicature to what is explicitly encoded (a more uniform morphosyntax and lexicon would reduce the need for inference across divergent linguistic habits), whereas Grice’s point is that even a maximally regularized code will still leave meaning underdetermined because conversation is an action guided by intentions and rational audience-design, not merely a transfer of well-formed strings. The “deutero-Esperanto” joke in your passage captures that tension: Argentieri’s integrationist stages aim at a stable common language “without offending” nationalist sentiment, but Grice would predict that once people actually use that language, implicatures will proliferate again—through choices of variant (cafè/coffee/caffè), strategic underinformativeness, and context-sensitive shortcuts—because the rational economy of conversation rewards leaving things unsaid when they can be safely inferred. So Argentieri offers a political-linguistic engineering ideal (make mutual understanding easier by harmonizing the code), while Grice offers a philosophical-pragmatic explanation of why mutual understanding is possible even amid code-diversity—and why, even in a harmonized code, reason-governed implicature remains a constitutive feature of how humans communicate. Grice: “As with A., it occurred to me that pirotese, as any other language, really, evolves: there’s proto-pirotese, which in time becomes deutero-pirotese, and others follow: trito-pirotese, tetarto-pirotese, pempto-pirotese, hector-pirotese, hebdomo-pirotese, ogdo-pirotese, enato-pirotese, decato-pirotese, endecato-pirotese, dodecato-pirotese. Lingua euratlantica. L'integrazione linguistica euratlantica, A. agita l'unificazione  delle lingue parlate nell'area euratlantica, cioè dell'italiano, ecc., e propone una soluzione mediante l'integrazione, che dove aver luogo con metodo rigidamente democratico. Tale metodo s’articola in un itinerario di tappe. Una prima tappa è la normalizzazione delle singole lingue mediante la semplificazione e il fissaggio d’una grammatica comune e la valorizzazione del patrimonio comune vocabolaristico. La seconda tappa è l'assimilazione dell’italiano e l’altri lingue col rendere comune anche la grammatica complementare. La terza tappa è l'arrivo alla costituzione d’una lingua atlantica. In questa lingua c’e un fondo comune di parole uguali – cf. Grice on ‘suit’ pronounced as ‘soot,’ which irritated him. C’e una struttura comune grammaticale morfo-sintattica; e c’e divergenze soltanto nelle parole di radice latina, le quali però sono unificate rispettivamente alla lingua di cui sono proprie. La quarta tappa è quella finale, in cui anche il dizionario atlantico si sono compenetrati, dando luogo al prevalere di una parola piuttosto che di un'altra nell'ambito delle masse delle lingue integranti, in modo da aversi UNA LINGUA SOLA, COMUNE, ai milioni di uomini dell'area. La lingua, applicando tutti i suggerimenti d'A., puo essere un fatto compiuto in breve tempo; e ricca, varia, piacevole, adatta alle esigenze della vita moderna, cara a tutti, perchè ottenuta senza offendere i sentimenti nazionalistici di nessun popolo.  Come si vede, anche nella sua scarna linearità, l'idea d'A. è estremamente suggestiva e meritevole dell'attenzione dei filosofi come Grice e i suoi sequaci – ‘e meglior dal deutero-esperanto’ -- degli studiosi, dei politici, e dei tecnici. Grice: Argentieri, ti confesso che la tua idea della lingua euratlantica mi ha colpito! Ma dimmi, in questa nuova lingua, come chiameresti il caffè? Argentieri: Caro Grice, il caffè rimane caffè – più democratico di così non si può. Però, se la pronuncia diverge, basta fissare una regola. Magari la chiamo “cafè” per accontentare i francesi, o “coffee” per non far arrabbiare gli inglesi. Grice: E la grammatica? Se mi sbaglio con una desinenza, rischio di essere escluso dal club euratlantico? Argentieri: Nessun rischio, caro amico! Nella nostra lingua, anche gli errori fanno parte della festa. Se uno dice “piacere” invece di “pleasure”, applaudiamo! E se qualcuno osa inventare una parola, la votiamo: chi vince entra nel dizionario – altro che deutero-esperanto, questo è il vero spirito democratico! Argentieri, Emmanuele (1960). Cina rossa: Chiesa delle catacombe. Vita e Pensiero.

Ario Didimo (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale. Tutore di filosofia d’OTTAVIANO, che lo stima talmente tanto che, dopo la conquista di Alessandria, dichiara d’aver risparmiato la città solo pel bene d’Ario. Ario suggere ad Ottaviano di giustiziare Cesarione, il figlio di Cleopatra e GIULIO Cesare -- οὐκ αγαθὸν πολυκαισαρίη, un gioco di parole basato su un verso d’Omero. A., come i suoi due figli Dionisio e Nicanore, insegnano filosofia ad OTTAVIANO.Viene spesso citato da Temistio, il quale afferma che Ottaviano lo considerava meritevole quanto Agrippa. In Quintiliano si scopre che A. scrive o insegna anche retorica. Si tratta probabilmente dello stesso A. la cui Vita era nella parte finale mancante delle Vite di Diogene Laerzio. Ario Didimo viene solitamente identificato con l'Ario le cui opere vengono citate a lungo da Stobeo, e che sintetizzano lo stoicismo, la scuola peripatetica ed il platonismo. Il fatto che il nome completo sia Ario Didimo lo sappiamo grazie ad Eusebio, il quale cita due lunghi passaggi della sua visione stoica del dividno; la conflagrazione dell'universo; e l'anima. Plutarco, Ant., Apophth.; Cassio Dione; Giuliano, Epistles; comp. Strabone. Braund at al, Myth, history and culture in republican Rome: studies in honour of Wiseman, University of Exeter Press, La frase originale era οὐκ αγαθὸν πολυκοιρανίη " cioè "Non è bello avere troppi capi" o "il regno di molti è una brutta cosa" (Omero, Iliade). "polukaisarie" è una variante di "polukoiranie". "Kaisar" (Cesare) sostituisce "Koiran(os)", che significa "capo". Sventonio, Augustus, Temistio, Orat., Quintiliano, iComp. Seneca, consol. ad Marc. 4; Eliano, Varia Historia; Suda; Richard Hope, The book of Diogenes Laertius: its spirit and its method, Inwood, The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics, Cambridge ^ Eusebio, Praeparatio Evangelica, Pomeroy, A. Epitome of Stoic Ethics. Texts and Translations; Graeco-Roman. Atlanta, GA: PORTICO. GRICEVS: Arie Didime, si Octavianus Alexandriam tibi servavit, cave ne tu ei tot Caesares relinquas. ARIVS: Recte mones: non bonum polykaisariē, nam unus Caesar satis est, duo iam tumultus. G: At tu, philosophus et rhetor, uno verbo imperium purgas—ego vix uno verbo vinum peto. A.: Noli timere, Grice: tu vinum pete, ego sententiam dem, et uterque urbem servabit—tu guttur, ego Romam.

Aristeneto – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Nizza). Filosofo italiano. A pupil of Plutarco.  Grice: Aristeneto, sei davvero una via di mezzo tra Roma e Nizza – e un filosofo italiano che ha persino studiato con Plutarco! Dimmi, le lezioni erano più filosofiche o più “nice”? Aristeneto: Caro Grice, a Nizza si filosofeggia anche sulla qualità del sole! Plutarco diceva: “La saggezza è come il clima, va colta quando c’è bel tempo”. A Roma invece… preferite il ragionamento nuvoloso? Grice: Che bello, filosofia mediterranea! Ma dimmi, Aristeneto, in classe a Plutarco, c’era mai qualcun altro che si metteva a discutere sulle implicature del pranzo? Aristeneto: Oh, spesso! Con Plutarco il pranzo era sempre questione filosofica: “Mangia, ma pensa!” diceva. Da allora ho imparato che ogni insalata ha la sua ragione… e anche le olive, se ben interrogate, rispondono.

Aristo (Roma, Lazio). He specialised in legal philosophy. Plinio  Minore describes him as a man of great wisdom, and superior in virtue to all the philosophers of his time. GRICEVS: Aristo Romam tenes et iuris philosophiam colis; dic mihi, utrum leges intellegas an leges te ipsae intellegant? ARISTO: Ego leges intellego, sed Romani saepe malunt me sapientem vocare quam sententiam meam sequi. GRICEVS: Plinius Minor te sapientissimum et virtute superiorem cunctis philosophis sui temporis dixit, unde suspicor te etiam in iudicio pudorem vincere posse. ARISTO: Si virtus mea omnibus placet, tum vel in Foro hoc optime valet: facit ut etiam adversarius, dum me laudat, causam suam amittat.

Aristo (Roma, Lazio): The brother of Antioco and a friend of Brutus. Aristu was said to hae been an inferior philosopher to his brother, but a wholly admirable individual. GRICEVS: Aristo, Roma te iactat philosophum Italicum; sed dic mihi, num Antioco fratre tuo etiam tu philosopharis, an tantum urbanissime ambulas? ARISTO: Philosophor, Grice, sed fateor Antiocum altius volare; ego tamen, ut aiunt, homo plane admirabilis sum—praesertim apud Brutum. GRICEVS: Optime—sic Roma duos habet: unum sapientissimum, alterum suavissimum; et Brutus, inter gladios, amicos eleganter colligit. ARISTO: Ita est: Antiocus docet, ego convido; Roma enim amat philosophiam, sed ridere etiam—alioquin cur tam diu staremus in Foro?

Tito Claudio Aristocle (Roma, Lazio): il Lizio a Roma. A member of the Lizio, studied at Rome under Erode Attico. GRICEVS: Aristocles, Liziusne es an solum Lizius “in censu,” dum Roma te putat iam civem suum? ARISTOCLES: Si civis sum, id Erodi Attici merito est—nam ille me docuit ut bene loquar, sed non semper breviter. GRICEVS: Bene loqui apud Romanos est dimidia victoria, sed hic est reliquus labor: ut etiam audientibus parcatur. ARISTOCLES: Ergo, Grice, faciam quod in scholis didici: cum nimis dixerim, dicam me nihil dixisse—et omnes ridebunt, vel saltem discedent.

Petronio Aristocrate – Roma – filosofia italiana. –  – Filosofo italiano. Regarded as an accomplished philosopher, a man of great learning, and someone who lead a pious life. A puil of Lucio Anneo Cornuto and a friend of both Persio and Agatino.  GRICEVS: Aristocrate, Roma ipsa philosophari videtur, sed tu — si licet — es “caput” quod ambulat. ARISTOCRATES: Ego vero discipulus Cornuti fui, sed Persium et Agatinum amicos habui—itaque noli me nimis “sanctum” fingere. GRICEVS: Si “pium” te dicunt, fortasse est quia nimis bene discis et nimis raro gloriaris. ARISTOCRATES: Age, Grice, si quid de me scribes, fac ut “puil” fiat “pupil,” ne etiam Latine erubescam.

Aristone (Roma, Lazio): Filosofia del principato. A philosopher at Rome, attached to the household of Marco Lepido. According to Seneca, A. used to engage in philosophical discussions when travelling around in a carriage, leading a wit to observe that he was obviously not a ‘peripatetic.’ GRICEVS: Ariston, cum in curru cum Lepido vehereris et de philosophia dissereres, dixit quidam te certe non esse peripateticum, sed per-carrucam. ARISTON: Rideat ille, Grice, nam ego ambulare possum et tamen disputare, sed in via Romana melius est sedere quam frangi. GRICEVS: At si philosophia in rota pendet, cavendum est ne syllogismus in cloacam cadat et Lepidus nos expellat. ARISTON: Nihil time, nam si currus trepidat, ego sententiam brevem facio—ut via salva sit et disputatio non fiat casus.

Aristone: la setta di Ceo -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Ceos). Filosofo italiano. Ariston of Julii after the town on Ceos. Aristone. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Aristone. GRICEVS: Ariston Ceus, discipule sectae Ceae, Romamne venisti ut sapientiam doces, an ut nos doceas quomodo iucunde desinere vivendum sit? ARISTON: Veni, Grice, ut vos doceam vivere tam constanter ut etiam mors, si adsit, more hospitis dimittatur. GRICEVS: At in nostro Gruppo di Gioco, si quis hospes nimis mane discedit, dicimus eum maximam relationis violasse. ARISTON: Tum respondeo: ego relationem servo—nam si vita mala est, optimum est brevem colloquium facere et surgere.

Aristosseno (Roma, Lazio) e LA ragione conversazionale. How to live the good life.  A. filosofo italo Dice A. che il vero amore del bello sta nelle attività pratiche e nelle scienze; perché l'amare e il voler bene hanno inizio dalle buone usanze e occupazioni, così come, nelle scienze ed esperienze, quelle buone ed oneste amano davvero il bello; mentre ciò che dai più è detto amore del bello, cioè quello che si manifesta nelle necessità e nei bisogni della vita è, se mai, la spoglia del vero amore.»  (Stobeo, Florilegio) Filosofo antico, peripatetico e scrittore di teoria musicale. Ritratto immaginario d’A. Figlio di Spintaro, allievo di Socrate, è da questi e dal padre avviato alla musica – come Grice -- e alla filosofia.  S'interessa alla dottrina pitagorica, per poi diventare discepolo di Lampo Eritreo, di Senofilo e infine uno dei principali allievi d’Aristotele: infatti ebbe l'incarico di tenere nella sua scuola lezioni di musicologia. Aspira alla successione del maestro e la nomina di Teofrasto alla direzione della scuola peripatetica, dopo la morte di Aristotele, è la profonda delusione della sua vita.  Infatti si trasfere a Mantinea, una città del Peloponneso famosa pella diffusione della musica, dove vive per molti anni, ha molti discepoli detti Aristosseni ed è consigliere del re Neleo. Qui scrive due opere, Il carattere dei Mantinei e l'Elogio dei Mantinei.  È, tra l'altro, andata perduta un'opera di A. intitolata Sull'ascoltare musica, nella quale pare si sostenesse il carattere necessariamente attivo di questa operazione, che richiede un vigile e assiduo confronto tra i suoni passati – Grice: “I am hearing a sound” – “I am hearing a noise” -- e quelli presenti e futuri. Ossia, A. riconosce la funzione fondamentale della MEMORIA – cf. Grice on LOCKE -- nell'intelligenza della musica, come risulta da un paragrafo degl’Elementi di armonia. Di queste due cose, invero, la musica è co-esistenza: SENSAZIONE E MEMORIA – Grice, “Personal identity”: “I am hearing a noise”/ Ravel, Pavane, Mahler, Wagner. Taranto, Puglia. GRICEVS: Arisoxene, si vera amor pulchri in bonis moribus et operibus est, cur tot philosophi tantum de pulchro disputant et nihil pulchre faciunt? ARISOXENVS: Quia, Grice, multi amant umbram pulchri in necessitatibus vitae, non ipsum pulchrum quod in scientiis et exercitatione habitat. GRICEVS: Ergo melior est qui bene canit et bene vivit quam qui de harmonia scribit et dissonanter se gerit? ARISOXENVS: Ita sane, nam musica ipsa coexistentia est sensus et memoriae, et sine memoria etiam pulchrum statim fugit quasi nota quae nondum audita iam periit.

Arnoufi (Roma, Lazio). A philosopher. His talents extended to magic. He conjured up a storm for the Romans at a time when they were short of water.  GRICEVS: Arnoufi, Roma sitit, sed tu philosophus Italicus es—potesne nobis imbrem, non solum sententias, evocare? ARNOUFI: Possum, Grice, nam ars mea paulo magica est, et Romani, si aquam volunt, primum rideant. GRICEVS: Ridebimus, sed quaeso noli tonitrua nimis scholastica facere, ne senatus in syllogismos madeat. ARNOUFI: Age ergo, ecce nubes—et si quis rogat unde venit, dicam: ex ipsa Romae philosophia, quae tandem aliquid utile fecit.

Lucio Flavio Arriano (Roma, Lazio): il portico a Roma. Scolaro di Epitteto. GRICEVS: Arriane, discipule Epicteti, dic mihi: Porticus Romae te docuit tacere, an docuit loqui ita ut silentium maxime audiatur? ARRIANVS: Epictetus me docuit loqui pauca et facere multa, sed Roma addidit hoc: etiam pauca si dixeris in porticu, omnes putant esse sententias. GRICEVS: Ergo cum sub porticu ambulas, philosophus videris etiam si tantum ad thermas properas—o praeclara implicatura! ARRIANVS: Ita est, Grice, et si quis rogat “quid agis?”, respondeo “exerceor,” ut sive stoicus sive balneator recte intellegar.

Giulio di Filippo Arrighetti (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rational, reconstructible inference from what is said to what is meant, guided by cooperative expectations (relevance, sufficient information, clarity) and by the speaker’s intention that the hearer recognize those intentions. Arrighetti, as your passage presents him, stands closer to the early modern rhetorical tradition that Grice sometimes retrofits as a precursor: Arrighetti’s Aristotelian-Ciceronian framework treats conversation as an art of civil reasoning whose success depends not only on logical demonstration but on judgment, deliberation, and the management of benevolence between speaker, interlocutor, and audience, with “diletto” (pleasure, the agreeable) functioning as a legitimate instrument of persuasion. The comparison is therefore a shift of explanatory center: Grice aims to explain how hearers can rationally recover unspoken content even when speakers omit, hedge, or apparently violate conversational norms, whereas Arrighetti aims to train speakers in how to structure discourse so that it achieves its civic-rhetorical ends (winning attention, securing goodwill, guiding judgment) through topics, figures, and orderly arrangement. This makes Grice’s implicature look like a generalization of what classical rhetoric catalogued piecemeal as figures and strategic indirections: where Arrighetti systematizes the “figures of rhetoric” as techniques within oratio (and distinguishes oratio from mere vocalization), Grice redescribes the same phenomena as products of a single inferential engine—pragmatic reasoning operating over shared norms—so that irony, understatement, hinting, strategic omission, and even certain “figures” become cases of what an utterance conversationally implies rather than additional encoded meanings. In short, Arrighetti supplies a normative rhetoric of how to converse well in public life (mind and mouth coordinated under benevolence and judgment), while Grice supplies a minimalist rational mechanics of how conversational understanding works even when the rhetoric is imperfect or indirect, showing that the social art Arrighetti teaches is underwritten by a deeper, intention-and-reason based logic of interpretation. Grice: “It was when giving the seminars at Oxford on conversation when I realised that, as for the ‘fgures of rhetoric,’ as identified by Aristotle and systematized by, among others, A., my idea of ‘implicature’ covered them all!” Filosofo fiorentino. Filosofo toscano. Filosofo italiano. Firenze, Toscana. Grice: “I like Arrighetti: his forte was Aristotle’s rhetoric, and he was very popular with the Accademia degli Ardenti, and later with a subgroup of this, The Accademia degli Svelati (which later merged with the Accademia dei Lunatici); his other forte was the distinction between ‘oratio’ and ‘oratio vvocalis’ – “Os” is of course Romann for ‘mouth’ – but figuratively for ‘linguaggio’ – (after all, the tongue is IN the mouth). I happen to prefer ‘mouth,’ because Roman ‘os’ is related to ‘essere’: you are who you are, i.e. you exist, because you can breathe through your mouth. Appartenente a una nobile famiglia fiorentina, studia la lingua greca e le filosofie Aristotelica e Platonica a Pisa e Padova. La rettorica di CICERONE spiegata.  È lodevol'usanza di tutti i buoni espositori et massime di quelli del lizio proporr'alcuni capitoli dal principio di qualunque trattato ch'eglin si metton ad esporre. l’arte di conversare, filosofia civie, rispondere, argomentare, il fine della retorica, le la rettorica distinta in tre parti, demostrazione, giudizio, buon giudizio, deliberazione, albero della retorica, luoghi retorici, il fine della poesia e il diletto, animale ragionabile, animale non-ragionabile, lucrezio, cicerone, quintiliano, il dire dilettevole, la benevolenza dell’oratore, la benevolenza del conversante, la benevolenza dell’auditore, la benevolenza dell’audienza, principi di rettorica, cicerone sulla rettorica di Aristotele – l’aristotele toscano, aristotele per i platonici di fiorenze, del piacere, della lussuria, dell’onore, dell’ingegno, del riso – Bergson – la felicita come fine – arte e natura. Figura retorica. Keywords: figura retorica. G.:Arrighetti, tu che hai spiegato la rettorica meglio di chiunque, dimmi: per te la vera conversazione si fa con la bocca… o con la mente? A.: Caro Grice, senza dubbio la mente accende il discorso, ma se la bocca non collabora, rischi di sembrare un filosofo col singhiozzo! G.: Allora dovrei insegnare anche ai miei studenti di Oxford a usare la benevolenza dell’oratore, non solo la teoria dell’implicatura… A.: Esatto! Ricorda: un po’ di diletto non guasta mai; e se l’audienza ride, hai già vinto metà del giudizio! Arrighetti, Giulio di Filippo (1584). Della rettorica. Firenze, Giorgio Marescotti.

Artemidoro (Roma, Lazio). Expelled from Rome. A close friend of Plinio Minore, who admired him greatly and supported him after he was one of the philosophers expelled from Rome. Plinio describes him as a s a man of sincerity and integrity, as someone ho lived a frugal and disciplined life, and as someone who faded physical hardship with indifference. GRICEVS: Artemidore, Roma te expulit, sed num expulit etiam disciplinam tuam, an tantum te fecit philosopho leviore sarcinis? ARTEMIDORVS: Roma corpus expulit, sed mentem non potuit, et ego frugalior factus sum, quasi expulsionem pro exercitatione acceperim. GRICEVS: Plinius Minor te tam sincere laudat ut suspicer eum te sustentare non solum nummis sed etiam epistulis—quae interdum duriores sunt quam hiems. ARTEMIDORVS: Ita est: ille me admiratur, ego labores indifferenter fero, et simul ridemus quod integritas mea plus itineris facit quam sandalia mea.

Quinto Giunio Aruleno Rustico (Padova, Veneto): il portico a Roma. Grice: “When I listed the philosophical greats – Kantotle, Heglato, etc. – I implicated the -isms, too, as Stoicism, or as we prefer at Oxford, ‘the Porch’. What makes you a member of ‘The Porch’? God knows!” Keywords: porch, portico, portico romano. Of the porch. Specialised in political philosophy. He actively supported the opposition of the Porch and was condemnded to death by Domiziano, for publily defending the activities of Thrasea Paetus and Helvidius Priscus.  GRICEVS: Arulene, cum ego Stoicismum “Porticum” vocem Oxonii, dic mihi: quid te facit vere Porticus—columnae, patientia, an sola contumacia? ARVLENVS: Porticus me fecit, Grice, quia sub porticu loqui didici de re publica ita ut Domitianus audiret et irasceretur. G.: Audax es: Thraseam et Helvidium publice defendere est quasi in foro “argumentum” dicere et statim “sententiam” accipere. A.: Ita, sed melius est sub porticu mori quam in palatio vivere, nam ibi umbra saltem libera est.

Asclepiade: gl’accademici di Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Based in Rome, he was a member of the Accademia. He wrote a book on the immortality of the soul based on his interpretation of certain pronouncements of the oracle of Apollo at Delphi. Asclepiade. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Asclepiade,”  Asclepiade: Roma antica -- filosofia italiana – . Filosofo italiano. Friend of Lactanzio. Wrote a book on Providence. GRICEVS: Asclepiada, inter Academicos Romae sedens, num Apollinis Delphici oracula ita interpretatus es ut anima statim immortalis fieret—sine ulla mora typographi? ASCLEPIADES: Ita sane, et libri mei de anima immortali tam celeriter vivunt quam lectores mei somnum capiunt. GRICEVS: Lactantio amico tuo dic: si Providentia omnia curat, cur tamen librarius meus semper deest cum nummos habeo? ASCLEPIADES: Providentia te exercet, Grice: Apollo promittit, Lactantius consolatur, et ego interea novum capitulum scribo ut tu patientiam discas.

Asclepiade: Roma antica -- filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. He develops a new approach to medicine by introducing ideas on atomism. GRICEVS: Asclepiada, Roma antiqua te docuit quomodo medicina atomis constet, an Roma tantum docet quomodo vinum constet? ASCLEPIADES: Roma docet utrumque, sed ego atomos sobrius numero, vinum autem tantum ad concordiam cum discipulis. GRICEVS: Ergo in tua philosophia Italica corpus est quasi res publica—atomis civibus, morbis seditiosis, medico consule. ASCLEPIADES: Recte; sed memento, Grice, consul bonus interdum nihil facit—et hoc ipsum ars maxima est.

Graziadio Isaia Ascoli e LA ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats what is meant as an inferential achievement inside a cooperative practice: speakers design contributions with an eye to rational uptake, and hearers recover implicatures by assuming relevance, sufficiency, and intelligibility, then reasoning from what is said plus context to what must have been intended. Ascoli, by contrast, is not a pragmatics theorist but a founder of modern historical linguistics in Italy, and the “conversational reason” angle fits him best through his methodological picture of language as a historically layered, socially distributed system: trained as an autodidact in a multilingual border city (Gorizia) and committed to the comparative method, he analyzes dialects and language varieties as products of regular developments across time and contact, beginning with his early study Sull’idioma friulano e sulla sua affinità colla lingua valaca (Udine, 1846) and later institutionalizing a scientific linguistic public sphere with the Archivio glottologico italiano (founded 1873), whose Proemio explicitly links linguistic inquiry with civic stakes. The comparison, then, is a contrast of levels: Grice explains how, in the moment-to-moment micro-economy of talk, rational agents legitimately “go beyond” literal meaning; Ascoli explains how the very materials speakers exploit in those moments (forms, pronunciations, dialectal options, registers) arise from diachronic regularities, social stratification, and regional differentiation, as in his rigorous classification project (L’Italia dialettale, first written 1880; reprinted 1882). Where Grice’s governing norm is cooperative rational agency underwriting calculable implicature, Ascoli’s governing norm is methodical historical explanation underwriting why a community’s linguistic resources take the shape they do; the two meet when you treat implicature as something that presupposes a stable but evolving code and shared practices of interpretation, so that Grice supplies the rational rules of conversational inference while Ascoli supplies the historical-social ecology within which such inference is even possible and intelligible. Grice: “With A., we may think of Pirotese as developing along stages: proto-Pirotese, deuteron-Pirotese, trito-Pirotese, Tetarto-Pirotese, Pempto-Pirotese, Hecto-Pirotese, Hebdomo-Pirotese, Ogdo-Pirotese, Enato-Pirotese, Decato-Pirotese, Endecato-Pirotese, and Dodecato-Pirotese. Nato da ricca famiglia ebraica. Grice: “Like Witters” -- e formatosi nell’ambiente pluri-lingue della città, si dedica da auto-didatta allo studio della lingua. Sull’idioma friulano e sulla sua affinità colla lingua valaca. Entrato in contatto con vari studiosi italiani si trasfere a Milano. Studia soprattutto di inde-uropeistica -- del LATINO, A. s’orienta poi verso gli studi romanzi e la dialettologia italiana, contribuendo anche in questo campo all’affermarsi del metodo storico-comparativo e realizzando il progetto di una rivista scientifica, l’Archivio glottologico italiano. L’Archivio glottologico italiano accolse nel primo numero tanto il suo proemio, che salda insieme impegno civile e questione linguistica e manifesto polemico nei confronti delle posizioni linguistiche del non-ebreo MANZONI , quanto i Saggi ladini, premiati dall’accademia delle scienze di Berlino. L’italia dialettale, classificazione rigorosa dei dialetti italiani. Gorizia, Friuli-Venezia Giulia.  Grice: Isaia, con te mi viene in mente che il pirotese si sviluppa per gradi: proto-pirotese, deuteron-pirotese, trito-pirotese, tetarto-pirotese... e così via fino al dodecato-pirotese. Ogni fase ha il suo momento e la sua ragione, proprio come il friulano che hai studiato, tra affinità e differenze. Grice: Isaia, ti confesso che quando sento parlare di pirotese mi immagino una lingua che si evolve come una saga familiare, dal proto al dodecato, e ogni tappa ha il suo carattere. Ascoli: Caro Grice, hai ragione! Studiare dialetti in Italia è come seguire una telenovela, c’è sempre un parente che spunta fuori con una vocale nuova o un accento diverso. Grice: E tua madre cosa diceva quando portavi a casa un nuovo dialetto? “Isaia, lascia stare i friulani e finisci la minestra!” Ascoli: Esatto! E se le dicevo che avevo trovato affinità tra il friulano e il valacco, mi rispondeva che l’unica vera affinità era quella col pane caldo di Gorizia. Alla fine, ogni buona conversazione parte sempre da una tavola imbandita. Ascoli, Graziadio Isaia (1861). Saggi ladini. Torino, Stamperia Reale.

Ottavio Assarotti (Genova, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rational inference drawn by a hearer who assumes cooperative participation in a talk exchange: when a speaker seems to depart from being fully informative, strictly literal, relevant, or perspicuous, the hearer uses that very departure (plus shared background) to calculate what the speaker meant beyond what was said. Assarotti provides a strikingly concrete counterpart to this picture by relocating “conversation” from voiced utterance to multimodal interaction: in his deaf education work in Genoa—begun privately in 1801, expanded with Napoleonic support in 1805, and institutionalized in 1811 in the former Brigidine convent—he developed a practical, gesture-centered pedagogy (mimic method) employing dactylology/manual alphabet, writing, and systematic use of gesture to enable instruction across domains, not just basic literacy. Read through a Gricean lens, Assarotti’s classroom becomes an existence proof that the engine of implicature is not tied to speech sounds or words but to publicly recognizable, intention-bearing moves governed by expectations of mutual intelligibility: a handshape, a pointing gesture, or a facial cue can function as an “utterance,” invite uptake, and generate implied content when it underdetermines, abbreviates, or strategically redirects what is explicitly conveyed. Where Grice theorizes the rational norms that make such inference possible (cooperation, calculability, and the distinction between what is said and what is implicated), Assarotti operationalizes the same rationality under severe channel constraints, designing an interactional system in which meaning must be recoverable from visible form plus shared instructional purposes; and the familiar worry in your passage about “too much erudition” underscores a specifically Gricean point about quantity and relevance: a pedagogy that overloads the learner with encyclopedic content risks violating the very economy that makes communication efficient, whether the medium is spoken English or manual signs. In short, Grice supplies the abstract logic of reason in interaction, while Assarotti shows how that reason can be embodied in gesture and still support implicature, cooperation, and disciplined understanding. Inizia gli studi filosofici ad Albenga, e li continua a Genova sotto la direzione d’AGENO  e GIACOMONE . Insegna grammatica superiore nella casa professa di Genova, fino a quando divenne insegnante di fisica ad Albenga. Insegna logica a Savona a Genova. All'insegnamento di filosofia d’A. si formarono esponenti del movimento giansenista quali Degola, Buccelli, Capurro, Carosio, e Casella.  A. finisce per abbandonare l'insegnamento di quelle discipline per dedicarsi quasi totalmente all'opera di ri-educazione dei sordomuti, “il suo maggior titolo di rilievo filosofico,” nelle parole di Grice, richiama l'attenzione sulla gravità del problema della ri-educazione dei sordomuti e pone a base del suo metodo di insegnamento la mimica griceiana. Interessato a questi esperimenti, A. inizia la ri-educazione di alcuni ragazzi. Incoraggiato dal successo ottenuto, volle allargare il numero dei suoi allievi, ciò che gli è possibile fare quando ottenne da BUONAPARTE  un finanziamento, la garanzia di alcune borse di studio per sordomuti indigenti, oltre che l'autorizzazione a installarsi in un locale appartenente a corporazioni religiose soppresse. A. pone la sede del suo istituto dei sordo-muti in un convento delle monache brigidine. Finito il dominio di BUONAPARTE , l'istituto attravese un periodo di crisi, fino a che non prende a cuore le sue sorti, dopo l'annessione della Liguria al regno della Sardegna, il re Vittorio Emanuele, per l'aiuto del quale esso conosce un notevole ampliamento. Il metodo d’A., MIMICO (alla Grice) ed essenzialmente pratico ed empirico, utilizza l'alfabeto dattilogico, la scrittura e I GESTIi, e si propone d'insegnare ai sordo-muti, oltre che a leggere e a scrivere, cognizioni diverse riguardanti le varie lingue e i vari campi dello scibile, la filosofia inclusa. Il limite di questo metodo è forse quello di dare soverchia importanza al numero delle cognizioni da impartire, col rischio di fornire un'eccessiva e inutile erudizione agli allievi. (Grice: “Do they NEED to *know* Heidegger?”). Love. G.: Assaroti, hai mai pensato che la ragione conversazionale potesse passare dalle dita invece che dalla bocca?A.: Caro Grice, con i sordomuti ho scoperto che il gesto comprende spesso più ragione della parola—e la mimica, se fatta bene, non ti lascia mai in silenzio! G.: E dimmi, il tuo metodo mimico ha mai insegnato a qualcuno la filosofia senza fargli leggere Heidegger? A.: Grice, per fortuna nessuno ha mai chiesto “Dattilogica” per Heidegger! Ma se vuoi, possiamo provare a mimare l’essenza dell’essere davanti a una tazza di caffè. Assarotti, Ottavio (1821). Cenni storici sull’istruzione dei sordo-muti. Genova, Tipografia del R. Istituto dei Sordo-Muti.

Francesco Antonio Astore (Casarano, Lecce, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains what a speaker means (including implicatures) by appealing to purposive, mutually recognized rational agency: speakers choose contributions on the expectation of cooperation, and hearers reconstruct intended extra content by reasoning from what is said plus shared norms (informativeness, relevance, etc.). Astore, by contrast, approaches “conversational reason” through the classical-rhetorical and juridical tradition: as a jurist and man of letters, and explicitly as the author of La filosofia dell’eloquenza o sia l’eloquenza della ragione (first published in Naples in 1783; later reprinted, including the 1796 Naples edition cited in your passage), he treats eloquence as reason made socially effective—persuasion disciplined by rational order rather than mere verbal force, pedantry, or ornamental rhetoric (a stance highlighted in Treccani’s profile of him). Where Grice’s focus is explanatory and quasi-formal—how implicatures are derivable from rational conversational expectations—Astore’s focus is normative and civic: how rational discourse ought to sound and function so as to guide judgment in public, legal, and moral contexts, with rhetoric conceived as an “eloquence of reason” rather than as manipulation. In that sense Astore supplies a broader ethical-pedagogical frame (what counts as good, legitimate, responsibly persuasive speech), while Grice supplies the micro-mechanics (how, even without raising the voice and even when saying less than one means, hearers can rationally recover intended meaning), so Astore’s “ragione” aligns with Grice’s “reason-governed” core but is oriented more toward cultivating rational public speech than toward Grice’s analytic reconstruction of the inferential engine behind conversational understanding. Grice: “I love A.!” Keywords: key. Philosopher and jurist. In addition to his well-known philosophical wok, A.’s career focuses on jurisprudence and he is remembered as a letterato, a man of letters. His other works include Saggio filosofico sulla giurisprudenza univesale, one of his major works. Lettera ad un amico sulla censura della filosofia dell’eloquenza – a letter defending his work, Filosofia dell’eloquenza. Instituiones juris romani – a book on Roman law, De natura et constitutione rhetoricae – a work on the nature and constitution of rhetoric. Eloquence of reason, eloquence, reason, eloquenza della ragione, philosophy, eloquenza, ragione, filosofia. DELL'ELOQUENZA, OSIA L'ELOQUENZA DELLA RAGIONE. Li antichi Greci ne* tempi delle raccolte delle produzioni de' loro campi offerivano a* Dei a 2 cer- certi rami di ulivo , o di lauro, a* quali attaccavano con molte fila di bianca lana varie fpccie di frutti , e di fiori, vafi di olio, pa- ne, miele, e cofe confìmili. Era da eflì quefto dono chia- mato E?/ww* . Io ardifco di offrire alla Santità Voftra , che è il CapoVifibile della vera Religione , una Eìre- fione più vile di quella de- gli antichi Greci : fpero pe- rò che la Santità Voftra col folito benigno fguardo, col quale fi è fempre degnata onorare del di Lei generofo gradimento i miei più umili, e rifpettofi offequj , acco- glierà , come imploro , il mio tenue tenue, e vii dono, che ar- dile© prefentare alla Mede- lima-, non folo come Capo Vilìbìle della Santa Chiefa ( al quale ogni vero creden- te dee fempre umiliare le fu e più oflequiofe raffegna- zioni , ed un pubblico omag- gio ) ma altresì come de- gno Giudice d* ogni intel- lettuale produzione , e co- me un Pontefice , in cui vede F Europa compendiati infìeme , ed uniti i pregi i più diftinti , e le virtù lin» i ^ • • a'verfi di Ovidio • : •. CaUfcimus ilU J cMUfeimus ilio» •. . J37. lin.ult. Ch'è per Fi-. OÀ per fibfofico raaiQ- '^• loÉofico raziocipio cinio. . lin. j.. dcV de Poeti Epici .• v Poetici £pià  Gli dui irmi fi correggermut iàlPmn^€Ì0^ '.  G.: Francesco Antonio, tu che parli di eloquenza della ragione, hai mai vinto una discussione senza alzare la voce? A.: Caro Grice, la mia eloquenza punta più a convincere che a vincere. Ma se vuoi, posso sempre offrirti qualche ramo d’ulivo, come gli antichi Greci! Grice: Rami d’ulivo? Preferisco una bella lettera, magari difendendo la filosofia, purché non ci sia troppa lana attaccata. Astore: Allora ti scriverò una Lettera ad un amico sulla censura dell’eloquenza, prometto: niente miele, ma qualche verso d’Ovidio sì… così, tra ragione e poesia, la conversazione non manca mai. Astore, Francesco Antonio (1796). Dell’eloquenza, ossia l’eloquenza della ragione. Napoli, Stamperia Simoniana.

Tomasso Antonio Elia Astorini (Albidona, Cosenza, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rationally reconstructible bridge from what is said to what is meant, built on shared expectations of cooperative talk (the hearer assumes the speaker is being appropriately informative, relevant, and so on, and then infers the intended extra content). Astorini, as portrayed in your passage and corroborated by standard biographical notices, is a thinker whose intellectual itinerary runs through grammar and rhetoric into a wide “Sophia” that privileges discursive method while treating logic as in a sense merely “discorsiva”; his “triplex virtus” (intellective, volitive, effective) and corresponding “triplex operatio” suggest that reasoning is not only formal validity but a structured activity of mind, will, and action. Put side by side, Grice offers a micro-theory of how rational agents compute meaning in local conversational episodes, whereas Astorini offers a macro-picture in which discursive reason is one mode within a broader philosophical psychology and metaphysical-physical synthesis (Platonizing microcosm/macrocosm hints, anti-Aristotelian and anti-Cartesian polemic, sympathy for Gassendian atomism and Galilean experimentalism, plus political-ethical reflection drawing on Plato and Hobbes). The “space” quip attributed to Strawson can be read as a metaphor for this difference: Strawson’s descriptive metaphysics treats the spatiotemporal framework as basic for identifying particulars, and Astorini—cast as librarian-philosopher of system—becomes, in the vignette, a provider of “shelves” or a conceptual architecture in which discourse can be located; Grice, by contrast, is less concerned with furnishing the metaphysical room than with specifying the inferential rules by which interlocutors navigate it. So Astorini complements Grice by thickening what “reason-governed” can mean—reason as a cultivated, discursive practice embedded in an overall account of human faculties and a world-picture—while Grice complements Astorini by showing, at the finest grain, how that discursive practice yields determinate communicated contents (including implicatures) through publicly intelligible, intention-sensitive rational calculation. Grice: “I like A., but more so does Sir Peter, vide his section on ‘Space’ in “Individuals: an essay in descriptive metaphysics”: ‘Surely we wouldn’t have space as we know it if it were not for A..” Studia con il padre la grammatica e la retorica. Studia a Cosenza, Napoli e  Roma. “De vitali aeconomia foetus in utero. Elementa Euclidis ad usum nova methodo et compendiare olim demonstrate” e un “Decamerone pitagorico”. Da "Sophia" è esclusa la logica, di cui sì ribadisce il carattere meramente discorsivo. Ma a "Sophia" appartengono la metafisica, notevoli i cenni platonizzanti circa il rapporto microcosmo-macrocosmo; la fisica, per la quale A. si dilunga nella critica all'aristotelismo e al cartesianesimo e nell'esaltazione della filosofia atomistico-gassendiana e dello sperimentalismo galileiano, pur richiamandosi insieme nettamente alla tradizione filosofica da Telesio a Cornelio; la politica, per la quale egli esalta l'insegnamento di Platone; l'etica, per cui continuo è il richiamo alla filosofia politica di Hobbes, ecc.  A questo impasto di vecchio e di nuovo, che contrappunta un momento della cultura italiana e riflette il travaglio di una filosofia A. si dedica alla meditazione filosofica e la occupazione di biblìotecario presso il principe Spinelli, a Terranova di Sibari, dove muore. Fonti e Bibl.: Firenze, Bibl. Naz. Centrale, Magl., A. lettere ad Ant. Magliabechi; Giornale de' Letterati e primo di Modena, Giornale, Redi, Opere, Milano; Gimma, Elogi accademici della società degli Spensierati di Rossano, Napoli; Zavarroni, Filosofi d'Italia, Brescia, riprende dal Gimma;  Di Cagno-Politi, E. A. filosofo e matematico, Appunti, Roma;  Maugain, Etude sur l'évolution intellectuelle de l'Italie environ, Paris; Grammatico, A., O. Carm., insignis disceptator, in Analecta Ord. Carm., Badaloni, Introduzione a Vico. Dialettica, filosofia simbolica, metodo discorsivo, grammatica filosofica, triade, triplex virtus: intellectiva, volitiva et effectrix, ad essa corrisponde una triplex operatio -- interectio, volitio et impetus. Grice: Astorini, se avessimo uno spazio davvero senza di te, pensi che potremmo ancora trovare un posto per la ragione? Astorini: Grice, lo spazio senza di me sarebbe come una biblioteca senza libri: tanto vuoto e nessuna conversazione. Ma almeno ci sarebbe sempre qualche scaffale dove sistemare qualche implicatura! Grice: E se la logica è solo discorsiva, come fai a non perderti tra i corridoi della metafisica? Astorini: Mi affido alla triplice virtù: se mi perdo, interrogo la ragione, se ho fame, volgo la volontà, e se proprio non so dove andare... metto un piede davanti all’altro, come in ogni bella conversazione! Astorini, Tomaso Antonio Elia (1686). De vitali aeconomia foetus in utero, Roma.

Atenodoro (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e il portico a Roma, il tutore del principe. Tutore d’Ottaviano. A. Cananita. A. di Tarso o A. Calvo. Nacque a Cana presso Tarso da un uomo di nome Sandone. Studente di Posidonio di Rodi e maestro d’Ottaviano a Apollonia e, in seguito, di diversi esponenti della famiglia imperiale. Segue Ottaviano a Roma. Ottaviano, proprio per i natali dati a maestro di filosofia, allevia la tassazione della città di Tarso. Ritorna a Tarso dove aiuta ad eliminare il governo di Boeto e abbozza una costituzione che da vita ad un'oligarchia pro-romana. Dopo la sua morte in suo onore fu tenuto un festival ed un sacrificio annuale a Tarso. Plinio il giovane racconta un episodio secondo il quale Atenodoro prende in affitto una casa a basso prezzo poiché era infestata da un fantasma. Mentre scrive di filosofia a tarda notte, un fantasma incatenato gli apparve e lo invita a seguirlo fino in cortile ove spare. Il giorno successivo, con il permesso dei magistrati della città, Atenodoro fa scavare nel punto in cui il fantasma e scomparso e trova uno scheletro incatenato. Dopo che allo scheletro venne data una degna sepoltura il fantasma non infesta più la casa. Gli vengono attribuite le seguenti opera: un'opera contro le Categorie aristoteliche (sebbene venga talvolta attribuita a Atenodoro Cordilione), una storia di Tarso, un'opera di qualche tipo dedicata a Ottaviano, un'opera intitolata περί σπουδη̃ς και παιδείας ("Sul fervore e la giovinezza"), un'opera intitolata περίπατοι. Nessuna di queste opere ci è pervenuta. Aiuta anche Cicerone nella scrittura del De Officiis ed è stato suggerito che la filosofia di Atonodoro possano aver influenzato Seneca e Paolo di Tarso. Plutarco: Vita di Publicola; Strabone, Geografia, Pseudo-Luciano, Macrobii,  Strabone, Geografia, Pseudo-Luciano, Macrobii, Plinio il giovane, Lettere. A Sura Griffin. Griffin, p. 201; sempre Griffin ritiene possibile che l'autore di questo trattato sia l'A. logico stoico menzionato da Diogene Laerzio in Vite dei filosofi, Plutarco: Vita di Publicola; Griffin, Which 'A.' commented on Aristotle's Categories?, in Classical Quarterly. A. di Tarso, figlio di Sandone. Portico. Roma.

Atenodoto (Roma, Lazio): il portico a Roma. “There was a time when it was fashionable at Oxford to count ‘philosophical generations’. I didn’t count, really, having been from the wrong side of the tracks, ended up for four full years under the tutelage of a Scot! But, consider Bradley. Who was his tutor? T. H. Green. Who was his tutor’s tutor? Jowett. Who was his tutor’s tutor’s tutor? Stanley! Italians are never so lucky, but at least we can say that Atenodoto was MUSONIO ’s tutee, and FRONTONE ’s tutor!” Filosofo italiano. Porch. Pupil of Musonio Rufo, and a teacher of FRONTONE. portico, portico romano. GRICEVS: Atenodote, si tu Musonii discipulus fuisti et Frontoni magister, dic mihi utrum porticus plus doceat ambulando an plus strepitum faciat disputando. ATENODOTVS: Ambulando, Grice, quia strepitus saepe est argumentum sine pedibus, sed in porticu etiam Scotus tacendo vincere potest. GRICEVS: Tum ego quoque philosophiam generationibus numerabo: ego discipulus sum stomachi mei, et stomachus meus semper sibi ipsi magister est. nATENODOTVS: Recte, sed memento: qui stomachum nimis docet, brevi fit discipulus medici, quod etiam Stoicus confiteri cogitur.

Attalo (Roma, Lazio): il portico a Roma. Vive a Roma. Maestro di Seneca che lo stima molto e lo cita spesso come nelle Lettere morali a Lucilio quando scrive. Come soleva dire il nostro A. 'il ricordo degli amici estinti è gradevole come certi frutti sono soavemente aspri.” -- o ancora a proposito dell'avidità dell'uomo che gode senza discernimento dei beni della fortuna come fa il cane che inghiotte voracemente i pezzetti di carne lanciati dal padrone. Così rifacendosi a A., Seneca afferma che una vita senza affanni e senza nessun attacco dalla Fortuna non è tranquillità è bonaccia. “A. lo stoico soleva dire 'Preferiamo che la fortuna mi abbia nel suo accampamento piuttosto che tra le mollezze. Subisco la tortura, ma coraggiosamente. Questo è vero bene'” e che procurarsi un amico è più piacevole che averlo poiché, dice Attalo, avviene che «come per un artista è più piacevole dipingere che aver dipinto.” Ed infine da A. Seneca reca il supremo insegnamento riferito principalmente all'ingrato che si tormenta e odia il bene ricevuto perché dovrà ri-cambiarlo, ne sminuisce i valore e accresce l'importanza delle offese ricevute. “La malvagità stessa beve la più grande porzione del suo veleno.” Una massima che Attalo ha modo di vedere applicata quando messo al bando da Roma, Lucio Elio Seiano, amico estremamente influente di Tiberio, e infine da questo stesso fatto giustiziare. Seneca, Lettere morali a Lucilio, Edizioni Mondadori. Seneca. Seneca. Seneca. Seneca. Pierre Matthieu, Historie delle prosperità infelici di Elio Seiano, Grillo, 1620 p.48   Portale Biografie   Portale Filosofia Categorie: Filosofi romani Filosofi del I secolo Romani del I secolo. GRICEVS: Attale, si “memoria amicorum estintorum” est suavis acerbitas, num ego debeo amicos colere sicut mala granata, ne nimis dulces fiam? ATTALVS: Ita, Grice, nam fructus acer recreat palatum, sicut recordatio amici te recreat sine gula fortunae. GRICEVS: At homo avarus, ut canis, carnem voratam deglutit; ergo si mihi Fortuna frusta iacit, licetne mihi lente manducare ut Stoicus non videar canis? ATTALVS: Licet, et melius est tibi amicum parare quam habere, sicut pictori iucundius est pingere quam iam pictum suspicere, ne malvagitas ipsa maximum veneni haustum bibat.

Aulo (Roma, Lazio): Aulo Gellio. under Gellio? Pupil of Lucio Calveno Tauro and Peregrino Proteo. Friend of Erode. GRICEVS: Aule, si discipulus Tauri et Peregrini fuisti, dic mihi utrum magister plus doceat in schola an in itinere. AVLVS: In itinere, Grice, quia Taurus praecepta dat, Peregrinus exempla, et uterque cenam tuam sine culpa corripit. GRICEVS: Et Herodes amicus tuus est, sed num etiam liber tuus amicus est, cum nocte media eum aperis et statim dormitare incipis? AVLVS: Liber amicus est, sed melior est amicus qui ridet, nam etiam Gellius, si vigilare non potest, saltem narrat quod audivit.

Gaio Stallio Aurano (Napoli, Campania): gl’ortelani di Roma. He follows the doctrine of the Garden. GRICEVS: Avrane, si doctrina Horti sequenda est, num in Roma etiam ortolani philosophantur inter porros et rosam? AVRANVS: Ita vero, Grice, nam in horto meo etiam porrus ataraxiam docet, si eum non nimis serio spectes. GRICEVS: Ego autem timeo ne, dum voluptatem quaerimus, incepimus disputare de definitione “voluptatis” et hortus statim evanescat. AVRANVS: Noli metuere, quia Epicureus, si disputatio nimis crescit, simpliciter sedet, edit olivam, et vincit tacendo.

Tito Aurelj: la ragione conversazionale e  implicatura in Deutero-Esperanto. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as an inferential by-product of practical rationality under a cooperative presumption: hearers recover what is meant by assuming the speaker is contributing appropriately to a shared purpose, then reasoning from what is said plus contextual assumptions to what must have been intended. The Aurelj vignette reframes that same rational governance through the lens of engineered code: his proto-/deutero-Esperanto is an attempt to pack grammatical and semantic information into an explicit, highly articulated morphology (numeric part-of-speech identifiers plus diacritics and marks for gender, number, degree, person, tense, mood), so that “meaning” is increasingly made recoverable by rule rather than by contextual pragmatics. On this contrast, Grice’s “deutero-Esperanto” joke reads as a philosophical point: no matter how much redundancy you add to a code to force explicitness, ordinary conversation will still generate implicature because speakers routinely underdetermine, compress, and rely on the audience to bridge gaps; and conversely, as the exchange suggests, you can treat some mismatches, shortcuts, or even errors as pragmatically repairable (“if you get it wrong, you can always say it’s implicature”). So Aurelj represents the maximally formalizing impulse—make conversational reason visible in the grammar—whereas Grice represents the complementary, anti-formalist insight—conversational reason is not exhausted by grammar, because what is meant is systematically richer than what is encoded, and the surplus is governed by rational expectations about cooperative talk rather than by additional symbols. Grice: “I like A.’s Esperanto, but I felt like it was missing something, or having a few redundancies in its grammar, rather. So I created Deutero-Esperanto at Oxford. My former pupil, Strawson, found redundancies now to my deuteron-Esperanto, so trito-Esperanto followed. The chain continued, to the point that I became a historical linguist, as they call them – the phylum being: proto-Esperanto, deuteron-Esperanto, trito-Esperanto, tetarto-Esperanto, pempto-Esperanto, hecto-Esperanto, hebdomo-Esperanto, ogdo-Esperanto, enato-Esperanto, decato-Esperanto, endecato-Esperanto, e dodecato-Esperanto!” In A., ciascuna parte del discorso possiede un numero di riferimento: un insieme di cifre che inizi con il numero 1 indicha nome, il numero 4 aggettivo, ecc.. A queste composizioni di numeri sono da aggiungere poi dei segni, 19 in totale, che ne specifichino genere, numero per nomi e aggettivi, grado per aggettivo, persone, tempi, modi per verbo. L’accento indica il genere femminile. Due puntini sovrapposti all'ultimo numero indicano il plurale. - diminuzione + accrescimento, x peggioramento. I due punti indicano che il grado dell'aggettivo è comparativo. :: superlativo. Gl’esponenti sull'ultima cifra indicano la persona, il modo e il tempo. Proto-Esperanto, Deutero-Esperanto, trito-Esperanto, tetarto-Esperanto, pempto-Esperanto, hecto-Esperanto, hebdomo-Esperanto, ogdo-Esperanto, enato-Esperanto, decato-Esperanto, endecato-Esperanto, dodecato-Esperanto. Pausula, Macerata, Marche.  Grice: Tito, dimmi, quanti numeri servono per capire se una frase è davvero un nome o solo una chiacchiera? Aurelj: Grice, basta iniziare con l’1—ma se vuoi parlare come un vero esperantista, devi aggiungere almeno due puntini e venti segni… e sperare che nessuno ti chieda il plurale! Grice: Ah, allora forse conviene inventare trito-Esperanto: meno numeri, più gesti, e se sbagli, puoi sempre dire che è implicatura! Aurelj: Tranquillo, Grice, se la conversazione si complica, basta cambiare accento o aggiungere un segno… e in caso di dubbio, si ride: la grammatica si aggiusta domani! Aurelj, Tito (1960). La lingua. 

Ausonio (Roma, Lazio). Grice: Ausonio, dimmi, tu che sei filosofo romano, preferisci discutere a tavola o in biblioteca? Ausonio: Grice, a tavola le idee hanno più gusto—tra un piatto e un verso, la filosofia si mescola all’allegria! Grice: E allora, se la saggezza passa dal vino romano, la conversazione diventa poesia? Ausonio: Certo, Grice! Solo a Roma si può dire che la filosofia è un brindisi tra amici—e se resta una domanda insoluta, si ride, che tanto domani sarà ancora più bella!

Avieno Rufio Festo (Roma, Lazio): il portico a Roma. Grice: “I would claim that Avieno’s “Phenomena” is the first tract in Phenomenalism. It is adventurous that hundred years later, I still had to cope with it as a scholar at Corpus!” “The Romans like a descendancy: the fact that Avenio’s middle name was ‘Rufio’ makes him indeed – in those ancient times – a ‘distant descendant’ of Musonio, whose _last_ name was Rufo!” -- Filosofo italiano. Porch. A distant descendant of Musonio Rufo. Writes “Phenomena”.: portico, portico romano, phenomena. GRICEVS: Aviene, sub porticu Romana philosopharis tam audacter ut ego apud Corpus post centum annos adhuc tuis Phenomenis lucter, quasi ventus de Tiberi chartas meas vertat. AVIENVS: Si ventus est, Grice, culpa est porticus: ibi verba mihi ambulant sicut ego, nec umquam sciunt quando sedere debeant. GRICEVS: Sed Romani descendentiam amant, et quod tibi nomen medium Rufio est, te statim faciunt nepotem longinquum Musonii Rufi—nomen quasi scala genealogica. AVIENVS: Ita, et si quis me rogat unde veni, respondeo: ex porticu, ex Rufione, ex Phenomenis—et ex tua querela, quae iam fit appendix libri.

Prospero Tapparelli d’Azeglio (Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- non si danno doveri reciprochi senza società. Prospero Taparelli d’Azeglio and H. P. Grice converge on the idea that meaning in conversation is intelligible only against a norm of rational coordination, but they locate that norm at different depths and with different directions of explanation. For Grice, “reason-governed conversational meaning” is reconstructed from within the practice of talk-exchange: interlocutors are presumed to be cooperating toward a mutually accepted purpose, and from that presumption (the Cooperative Principle and its maxims) hearers can calculate conversational implicatures as rational inferences from what is said plus contextual assumptions. Taparelli, by contrast, treats the very possibility of reciprocal normative claims as prior to any individual exchange: “non si danno doveri reciprochi senza società,” so the space in which one can owe, claim, infer, and hold responsible is grounded in sociality itself, articulated in a natural-law framework (“diritto naturale appoggiato sul fatto”) and oriented toward an ethically loaded telos (the society that renders associates “onestamente felici”). Where Grice makes implicature a product of individual reason operating under publicly recognizable conversational norms, Taparelli makes conversational reason a local expression of a more basic sociability and subsidiarity: cooperation is not merely a convenient stance for interpreting utterances but a constitutive feature of association, with duties and coordinated action arising from the nature of rational beings in society. The passage’s suggestion that Taparelli is “Gricean at heart” captures a further point of contact: both reject a Rousseau-style contractualism as the foundation of cooperation, treating it instead as something natural (for Grice, a default rational posture of participants; for Taparelli, a fact about human social nature). Yet Taparelli’s appeal to “amore proprio” disciplined by broader benevolence (and, in the passage, a Benthamite tempering of Kantian rationalism) gives the Gricean picture a thicker moral psychology: self-interest is acknowledged as motivationally real but is meant to be harmonized within a wider principle of social good, whereas Grice’s framework stays methodologically lean, aiming to derive what is meant from reasoned expectations about contribution to a shared conversational end rather than from a substantive ethics of the common good. Grice: “When I started to deliver INDIVIDUAL (rather than joint) seminars at Oxford – as University Lecturer, hence, with sessions open to every member of the university – I didn’t know for what I ‘was bargaining.’ ‘Conversational’ became his motto – very much like A., back in the continent! I like A.; first he was a marchese, unlike me – second he looked for the fundamental law (or ‘fundamental question,’ as I call it) for the principle of cooperativeness – he finds it’s a natural thing, not a Rousseaunian contractualist thing, so he is a Griceian at heart. On top, he relies on Bentham, to minimise the Kantian rationalism and make it digestible to those who care about what A. calls amore proprio,– i. e. conversational self-love as still operating under a wider principle of conversational benevolence.” Dritto naturale appoggiato sul fatto. Termini chiave d’A sono socialità e sussidiarietà. All’ *onestà* tende la *natura umana*. *Ottener il bene* è negl’*esseri ragionevoli* un *divenir felice*, il fine della società è rendere gl’*associati* *onestamente felici*. La felicità dell’uomo consiste *secondo natura* nei beni di *mente* e di *corpo*. *Assicurarci* e *crescerci* queste beni è il fine naturale della società. Una società può o abbracciare tutto il fine naturale con mezzo particolare, col convivere stabilmente, o abbracciarlo parzialmente. Il *fine* particolare della prima è il *convivere* onestamente felice. Della seconda il conseguire quel particolare oggetto per cui ella s’associa. Una società *completa* abbraccia ogni obbietto naturale della umana società: il bene di mente, di corpo, e la difesa d’entrambi. La società è *mezzo*, non fine dell’individuo. Non si danno doveri reciprochi senza società. ius naturale, co-operare, fa il bene altrui, principio della socialita, applicazione del principio della moralità, natura umana, fatto,  definizione di società in termine di co-operare, more geometrico tendenzia impulso naturale all’onestà, società, azione esterna, esseri intelligente, convivir stabilmente. Grice: Azeglio, dimmi, se non c’è società, tu come fai a trovare qualcuno a cui assegnare doveri reciproci? Azeglio: Grice, è come cercare di giocare a scacchi senza avversario—non si muove nessuno e la partita resta in sospeso! Grice: Allora la felicità onesta, quella che nasce dal convivere, è una specie di premio di consolazione per chi decide di non vivere da eremita? Azeglio: Esattamente! Se l’uomo si ritira e si isola, finisce per discutere solo con se stesso—e magari si annoia pure. Grice: Ma tu, Prospero, preferisci la geometria naturale della società o quella un po’ più tortuosa dell’amore proprio? Azeglio: Oh, la geometria naturale è più facile: basta tenere dritto il compasso verso l’onestà, e se poi qualcuno gira il foglio, almeno si ride insieme! Grice: In fondo, co-operare è come condividere una torta: se la si mangia da soli, non si assapora la vera dolcezza; se si divide, si fa felice anche il vicino di tavolo—e la conversazione scorre meglio. Azeglio, Prospero Tapparelli d’ (1845). Degli ultimi casi di Romagna. Torino, Tipografia di Giuseppe Favale.

Giovanni Romano Bacchin (Belluno, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’ANYPOTHETON HAPLOUSTATON, overo, i fondamenti della filosofia del lingua. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning makes implicature a disciplined, publicly checkable inference from what is said plus context under assumptions of rational cooperation: a hearer is entitled to derive what is meant beyond the sentence because the speaker’s choice of words is treated as purposive and answerable to norms like relevance, adequacy, and clarity, so that even negation and hedging become tools for intention-recognition rather than merely formal operators. Bacchin (Giovanni Romano Bacchin, 1929–1995) approaches “conversational reason” from a different starting point: a broadly metaphysical and dialectical project (shaped by the Padua school around Marino Gentile) in which intersubjectivity has an intrinsic “dialectical dimension” and philosophical discourse is driven by the systematic negation of presupposition; accordingly, the motivating phenomena in your passage—question/answer structure, the primacy of negation (the ~-operator), and the shifting sense of “altro” between “not-B” and “the other person” (a tu)—push implicature toward something like transcendental-pragmatic conditions of dialogue rather than Grice’s maxim-based, local calculations within a talk exchange. Online bibliographic records support the timeline you cite: L’immediato e la sua negazione (Perugia: Grafica, 1967) is well-attested in library catalogues, and I fondamenti della filosofia del linguaggio appears earlier (Assisi, 1965, per PhilPapers and catalogues), which fits Bacchin’s self-presentation as grounding philosophy of language in metaphysics rather than treating it as a subfield of linguistics or logic; in that vein, “anypotheton” evokes the Platonic notion of the unhypothetical first principle, suggesting that what ultimately licenses discourse is not just cooperative inference but a foundational structure that makes sense and questioning possible at all. The contrast, then, is that Grice explains how we responsibly get from utterance to implicature by reconstructing speaker intentions under conversational norms, while Bacchin tends to redescribe the same terrain as the dialectical and metaphysical logic of discourse itself—where negation, presupposition, and the irreducible presence of a second person are not merely conversational strategies but constitutive features of philosophical meaning, making “implicature” look less like a calculated pragmatic add-on and more like what inevitably emerges whenever thinking becomes dialogical and therefore exposes itself to contradiction, reply, and the other. Grice: “I like B.; as an Italian he is allows to speak pompously as we at Oxford cannot! But he is basically saying the commonplace that ‘intersoggetivita’ has a ‘dialectical dimension’ (interoggetivita come dimensione dialettica) in the sense that the ego or l’io presupposes the altro as he puts it: a cui – therefore; it is a presupposition of the schema, as Collingwood would have it, alla Cook Wilson and thus only transcendentally justified. B. notes that the operator ~ is basic in that ‘inter-rogo’ invites a ‘risposta’ whose ‘motivation’ may be ‘implicita’ – the ad-firmatum is motivated by the domanda – which can be another dimanda: why do you think so? “Why do you ask why I think so?” --  B. is alla Heidegger and other phenomenologists, with the ‘essere’ versus appare on which my implicata in ‘Causal Theory of Perception’ depend (‘if A seems B, A is not B. Note that there is no way to express this implicata without a ~. It might be argued that it can express with some of the strokes or with some expression that would flout ‘be brief, rather than the simplest” – and which would involve, as VELIA has it, the idea of, precisely altro, other than. Note that B. equivocates on the ‘altro’ in the dialectical dimension of intersubjectivity he obviously means ‘tu,’ not ‘altro.’ In the negation or contradiction, in dialectical terms, of an affirmation, which is involved in every ‘dialogue’ that B. calls ‘socratico’ or euristico rather than sofistico, based on equivocation,  the altro is the other, A is not B, impying A is other than B (cf. my ‘Negation and Privation’). This does not need have us multiply the sense of ‘ne,’ in old Roman!” discorso metafisico a new discourse on metaphysics, from genesis to revelations autentico esperienza disscorso implesso hypotheton, supponibile, insupponibile semplice complesso proposizionale, semplice sub-proposizionale implicazione senso significato segno proposizione funzione proposizionale Whitehead. Grice: Giovanni, ti confesso che il tuo ANYPOTHETON HAPLOUSTATON mi mette più soggezione che un esame di logica a Oxford. Ma tu come fai ad essere così semplice e così complesso allo stesso tempo? Bacchin: Grice, in Italia semplificare è una questione di dialettica: basta parlare con un po’ di pomposità e tutti credono che sia filosofia. Il segreto? L’interoggettività: l’io che parla ha sempre bisogno di un “tu” che ascolta, anche se poi non capisce! Grice: Ma allora il vero filosofo è quello che domanda “Perché tu chiedi perché io penso così?” e spera che nessuno gli risponda troppo chiaramente! Così la conversazione resta aperta e la filosofia sopravvive tra una domanda e l’altra. Bacchin: Esatto, Grice! In fondo, se A sembra B ma non è B, l’importante è che la risposta sia sempre “dipende”—e magari, se la conversazione diventa troppo seria, si può sempre negare tutto con un bel “~”! Così, alla veneta, nessuno resta senza un altro da contraddire. Bacchi, Giovanni Romano (1967). L’immediate e la sua negazione. Perugia: Grafica. Bacchin, Giovanni Romano (1982). Fondamenti della filosofia del linguaggio. Belluno. 

Bacchio: il principe tra gl’accademici di Roma – filosofia italiana – , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice,  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A member of the Accademia. ANTONINO  attended his lectures. He was the adopted son of GAIO. GRICEVS: Bacchi, princeps inter academicos Romae, philosophus Italicus, num Antoninum discipulum tuum adhuc ad lectiones trahis an ille iam me trahit? BACCHIVS: Traho quidem, sed Antoninus tam diligens est ut calamos quoque meos adoptet, sicut olim a Gaio adoptatus sum. GRICEVS: O praeclare, ergo Roma adoptat philosophos sicut philosophos adoptant Romae—circulus perfectus et nemo evadit nisi per iocum. BACCHIVS: Ita est, et si quis evadere conatur, statim in Accademiam recipitur, quasi carcer urbanissimus cum vino et syllogismis.

Andrea Bacci: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei bagni dei romani. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rational, cooperative inference from what is said plus context: in a “talk exchange,” hearers assume speakers are aiming to be appropriately informative, relevant, and perspicuous, and so they work out further intended content (implicata) as what must be meant if the speaker is still being rationally cooperative—even when the speaker is being witty, indirect, or strategically economical. Bacci (Andrea Bacci, 1524–1600), by contrast, belongs to late Renaissance learned medicine and antiquarian natural history, where “meaning beyond the literal” is carried less by maxims of conversation than by the interpretive habits of a scholarly republic of letters: his De Thermis (Rome, 1587) and related treatises on waters, baths, wines, poisons, and simples present the Roman thermae as a nexus of nature, regimen, civic life, and classical authority, so that what is “implied” often comes from the reader’s recognition of genre (medical consilium, natural-historical compilation), citation practice (Pliny, Galen, etc.), and the cultural script of Roman bathing (hygiene, sociability, therapy, and sometimes moral critique). In Gricean terms, Bacci’s “baths” are not primarily a setting for calculable conversational implicatures but a textual environment where readers infer practical norms and evaluations from learned description—warm water and bodily practice functioning as a medium for persuading, recommending, and authorizing—so the comparison turns on two models of rationality: Grice’s local rationality of interlocutors coordinating intentions in real time, versus Bacci’s encyclopedic, humanist-medical rationality in which meaning is stabilized by authorities, institutions, and shared classical knowledge, making the thermae less a site of conversational inference than a durable cultural apparatus for guiding belief and conduct.

Grice: “You’ve got to love B.; he was born in the Italian equivalent of Weston-super-Mare, and therefore, he dedicated his philosophy to swimming!” – Studia a Matelica, Siena, e Roma. Scrive “Del Tevere, della natura...”. Pubblica il “De Thermis”, un saggio sulle acque, la loro storia e le qualità terapeutiche che venne accolto con entusiasmo. Dopo aver ottenuto la cattedra alla Sapienza e l'iscrizione all'albo dei cittadini romani, e nominato Archiatra pontificio. Delle acque albule di Tivoli, Delle acque acetose presso Roma e delle acque d'Anticoli, Delle acque della terra bergamasca, Tabula semplicim medicamentorum, De venenis et antidotis, “Della gran bestia detta alce e delle sue proprietà e virtù”; “Delle dodici pietre preziose della loro forza ed uso, L'Alicorno. De naturali vinorum historia. vinificazione e conservazione dei vini; Consumo dei vini condizioni di salute; Caratteristiche dei vini; Uso dei vini nell'antichità, Vini delle varie parti d'Italia, Vini a Roma. In quo agitur de balneis artificialibus, penes instituta recæperit, hoc tempus non esta deo compertum, nisi quantum legitur fuisse antiquissimum. Nam ex omnibus monumentis quæad notitiam hominum peruenerunt, vetustissima huncritum lavationum, perinde necessarium ad communem vitam commemorant. Balnearum enim mentionem invenio non modo ante ROMANORUM IMPERIUM. REPUBLICA HABE ROMANORUM, VANTA thermarum ARTIFICIALIUM magisterial FILOSOFO PLINIO i bagni dei romani, De thermis – thermal baths – philosophy of thermal baths – implicatura ginnastica – le xii pietro pretiose – storia naturale del vino, bacco – terme romane – il vino e la filosofia, bacco ed Apollo, le xii pietre pretiose per ordine di dio I sardio II topatio III smeraldo IV barconchio IV saphhiro VI diaspro VII lingurio VIII agata IX amethisto X berillo XI chrisolito XII onice – tevere, le tibre au louvre, i vini. Thermopolium romanum – illustrazione – incisione terme romanae – natatio – piscina – ginnasio, mercurial, arte ginnastica. Sant’Elpidio a Mare, Fermo, Marche.  Grice: Andrea, dimmi, se uno pensa alla filosofia dei bagni romani, è meglio discutere immersi nelle terme o asciutti in biblioteca?Bacci: Grice, la vera implicatura conversazionale nasce quando l’acqua è calda e le idee scorrono, altro che biblioteca! I romani sapevano che il pensiero si rilassa meglio a bordo piscina che tra libri impolverati.Grice: Allora, la storia naturale del vino si capisce meglio dopo un tuffo o prima di un brindisi?Bacci: Grice, prima il bagno, poi il vino, e infine la filosofia: così anche la gran bestia detta alce si sentirebbe romana e magari scriverebbe un trattato sulle implicature delle terme! Bacci, Andrea (1587). De Thermis. Roma, Mascardi.

Nicola Badaloni (Livorno, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della colloquenza. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rationally reconstructible step from what is said to what is meant, licensed by shared cooperative norms (relevance, sufficient information, sincerity, clarity) and recoverable by a hearer as the best explanation of a speaker’s communicative intention in a given exchange. Badaloni, by contrast, is best situated as a Marxist historian of philosophy and public intellectual from Livorno (1924–2005), closely associated with Pisa (where he taught and held the chair in history of philosophy from 1966) and known for historically contextual readings of figures such as Bruno, Campanella, Vico, and Gramsci; in that tradition, “colloquenza” points less to a micro-pragmatics of inference within a single talk exchange and more to the historically extended dialogue between thought and co-action, rhetoric and institutions, and the formation of a collective rationality in and through cultural practices. Where Grice makes conversational reason a formalizable normativity internal to utterance interpretation, Badaloni’s practice treats dialogue (Plato read through, and sometimes against, later Roman mediations) as a historically situated genre with its own political and rhetorical conditions, so that what is “implied” often depends on tradition, conflict, and the changing social function of philosophical speech rather than on maxims abstracted from any particular epoch. The upshot is that Grice’s implicature is an account of how meaning is inferred here-and-now by rational agents under cooperative constraints, whereas Badaloni’s “implicature of colloquenza” is closer to how meaning and rational orientation are generated across time by interpretive communities—how a culture learns to hear what a text, a dialogue-form, or a philosophical inheritance is “really doing” within a broader drama of praxis, freedom, and historical transformation. Grice: “I like B.; he never took the ROMAN story of philosophy – I say story since history, as every Italian knows, is too pretentious! – seriously until he had to teach it! “Storia del pensiero filosofico – l’antichita’ is my favourite – because he does his best to understand Plato’s pragmatics of dialogue as misunderstood by Cicero!” Di convinzioni marxiste, studioso di Bruno, Campanella, Vico, e Gramsci. Insegna a Pisa, e mette in luce filosofi minori e inattuali, Franco, Fracastoro, Porta, Cherbury, Conti, rinnovando attraverso una collocazione nel contesto, figure immerse in una meta-storia. Storicismo e filosofia Il marxismo conserva la sua capacità di strumento di comprensione del mondo, di erogatore di energie di cambiamento, di guida pello sviluppo d’una prassi razionale. B. ricerca un legame, nella storia, tra pensiero e co-azione e sviluppa uno storicismo di impronta marxista che raccorda filosofi come Bruno, e Labriola, accomunati dalla tensione al rinnovamento e alla trasformazione degl’assetti sociali. C'è alterità profonda, ma non rottura senza legame, tra Croce e Gramsci. Retorica e storicità Inquietudini e fermenti di libertà nel Rinascimento italiano la fama del Bruno Marxismo come storicismo Campanella politico e filosofo, Per il comunismo Fermenti di vita intellettuale, vita civile e controriforma La storia della cultura, Storia d'Italia Gramsci. dal mito alla ricomposizione politica, Libertà individuale e uomo collettivo Politica e storia Gentile Dialettica del capitale, la filosofia della prassi, sta Gramsci. prassi come previsione, marxismo, società ed economia, Forme della politica e teorie del cambiamento Movimento operaio e lotta politica a Livorno”; “Democratici e socialisti praxis, simmanenza nella filosofia politica cosmologia ed etica Laici Inquietudini e fermenti di libertà nel Rinascimento Il pensiero filosofico. colloquenza, la retorica di Vico storia e storicita,  badaloni implicatura libero biologia filosofica telesio vallisneri lingua utopica laico comune comunismo marchetti vignoli. Grice: Badaloni, mi racconti: la filosofia è meglio vissuta come storia o come una bella chiacchierata tra amici? Badaloni: Grice, la chiacchierata vince sempre! La storia la insegnano, ma la colloquenza la si improvvisa, e magari finisce a cena tra marxisti e vichiani.Grice: E il dialogo platonico, Nicola, secondo te lo capiva meglio Cicero o chi riusciva a riderci sopra?Badaloni: Grice, chi ride è già filosofo: la retorica di Vico dice che la libertà nasce sempre dal fermento, anche se la storia a volte la chiama controriforma! Badaloni, Nicola (1961). Storia del pensiero filosofico. Pisa, Edizioni Universitarie.

Claudio Baglietto (Varazze, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale  e l’implicatura conversazionale della dialettica. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning makes “implicature” a product of rational, cooperative inference: hearers recover what is meant beyond what is said by assuming speakers are (in broad outline) contributing appropriately to a shared purpose, so that dialectic is explained in terms of publicly intelligible intentions, relevance, and accountable reasoning rather than in terms of national style or moral posture. Baglietto, by contrast, is best read as a young Italian moral and political intellectual formed at Pisa and the Scuola Normale (in the Gentile/Carlini environment) who, alongside Capitini, cultivated an ethically Kantian and religiously inflected rationalism and became notable for principled noncollaboration with fascism and refusal of military service, eventually living in exile; his early work on “the problem of language” in Manzoni (published in the Annali of the Scuola Normale in the mid-1950s and as a Normale monograph in 1956) and his engagement with German philosophy (including Heidegger, the theme of being-with, and language) suggest a conception of dialectic less as a set of inferential rules for extracting implicatures and more as an ethically governed practice of address between persons, where the very possibility of speaking-with (a kind of Mitsein in dialogue) is bound up with conscience, responsibility, and the refusal to collaborate with wrongdoing. In that contrast, Grice supplies a general mechanism for how implied meaning is rationally calculable in any ordinary exchange, while Baglietto’s “conversational reason” naturally emphasizes the moral conditions under which genuine conversation is worth having at all—conversation as shared rational life rather than merely efficient information transfer—so that what is “implied” is carried not only by maxims and contextual assumptions but also by the interlocutors’ ethical stance, their willingness to meet one another as a thou, and their capacity to turn dialectic into a form of nonviolent practice rather than rhetorical victory. Grice: “I like B.; unlike me, he was a consceinious objector, but then we were fighting on different camps! I love the fact that his first tract is on ‘il problema del linguaggio’ in Mazzoni – but then he turned from ‘la bella lingua’ to Dutch! And specialized in Kant, but most notably Heidegger – ‘mitsein und sprache.’ But he also wrote on ‘eros’ and ‘love,’ – which is very Platonic of him! And of me, since the ground for my theory of conversation is on the balance between what I call a principle of conversational self-LOVE (or egoism, if you mustn’t) and a corresponding principle of conversational OTHER-love (or altruism, if you must, since I prefer tu-ism – ‘thou-ism’).” Studia a Pisa sotto Gentile e Carlini. Sviluppa idee di riforma morale, in contrapposizione al fascismo. Organizza con CAPITINI riunioni cui partecipano Binni, Dessì, Ragghianti, e Varese.  Mente limpida, carattere disciplinato, studioso, coscienza sobria, pronta ad impegnarsi, con una forza razionale rara, con un'evidentissima sanità spirituale. Cominciai a scambiare con lui idee di riforma. Su due punti convenivamo facilmente perché ci sono diretti ad essi già in un lavoro personale da anni: un razionalismo di tipo spiccatamente etico e kantiano; il metodo della noncollaborazione col male. Si aggiunge, strettamente conseguente, l’anti-fascismo. Invitammo gli amici a conversazioni periodiche.  Cantimori critica B., accusandolo di mancanza di senso di realismo politico, nonché di senso dello stato.  Il cammino della filosofia Antifascismo Fontanari e Pievatolo Chiantera Stutte, Cantimori. Un intellettuale del Novecento, Carocci, Roma, che rinvia soprattutto a Simoncelli, La Normale di Pisa. Tensioni e consenso; Angeli, Milano); Capitini. Capitini Mahatma Gandhi Nonviolenza  B. morale critica manzoni amore. Grice: Baglietto, dimmi, tra Kant, Heidegger e la bella lingua, tu preferisci il dialogo o il monologo? Baglietto: Grice, se non c’è dialettica, pure l’amore rimane senza parole! La mia preferenza? Conversare, anche con un po’ di tuismo: meglio sbagliare insieme che avere ragione da soli! Grice: E allora la non-collaborazione col male diventa una conversazione gentile—ma se uno si ostina, meglio cambiare argomento o paese? Baglietto: Grice, io ho scelto l’Olanda, tu Oxford… ma alla fine, la filosofia trova sempre casa, anche tra amici che ridono un po’ di sé e dell’umanità! Baglietto, Claudio (1946). Il problema del linguaggio in Mazzoni. Pisa, Edizioni della Normale. 

Tiberio Claudio Balbillo: il filosofo personale di Nerone -- Roma – filosofia italiana – . (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A man of learning, he is much admired by Seneca. He is the personal philosopher of NERONE and writes a long book on astrology.  GRICEVS: Balbille, Seneca te laudat et Nero te privatim philosophum habet, sed dic mihi utrum astri vere consilium dent an tantum pulchre taceant. BALBILLVS: Grice, astri nihil promittunt nisi motus, sed homines promittunt fata, quia facilius est sidera interrogare quam rationem suam. GRICEVS: Ergo astrologia est quasi implicatura caelestis, ubi paucis signis plurima sperantur et princeps semper audit quod vult. BALBILLVS: Ita est, et si Nero rogat “quid cras fiet?”, ego respondeo “feliciter,” quia in aula etiam veritas debet habere horoscopium.

Lucio Lucilio Balbo: il tutore di filosofia -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Scolaro di SCEVOLA  pontefice, e soprattutto un giurista. I shall say but little of some other Balbus's, mentioned by ancient Authors. Disciple SCEVOLA, and preceptor of Servio Sulpizio, an excellent philosopher of law. CICERONE says that Sulpizio did exceed his master, who, by the addition of a mature judgment to his learning, was something slow, whereas his disciple is quick and expeditious. B.’s essays are lost, to which perhaps his disciple Sulpizio did not a little contribute by inserting most of them in his own.  GRICEVS: Balbe, quoniam tu Servium Sulpicium docuisti, dic mihi utrum discipulus semper magistrum superet an tantum celerius festinet. BALBVS: Ego, Grice, lente quidem docebam sed firmiter, ille vero tam expeditus erat ut sententias meas in suis libris quasi meas et suas simul recitaret. GRICEVS: Ergo tractatus tui non perierunt, sed conversi sunt in Sulpicium, sicut vinum in amphora aliena sine novo sapore. BALBVS: Ita est, et si quis me roget ubi sint scripta mea, respondebo: apud Sulpicium, tutore me, sed auctore illo paulo audaciore.

Quinto Lucilio Balbo: gl’ortelani – Roma antica – filosofa italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Portico. Consul. Friend of CICERONE, who successfully defended him in a legal action. Comments made by Cicero suggest he was a member of L’ORTO. Lucio Cornelio Balbo. Balbo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Balbo,”  Balbo: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana – . (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Chiamato ‘dal portico’ da CICERONE che nel De natura Deorum gli assegna l’esposizione delle dottrine teologiche stoiche.   Ivi B. dichiara di avere familiarità con Posidonio.Antioco dedica a B. un saggio.  Secondo CICERONE, B. e pari ai più insigni stoici. A Stoic philosopher and a pupil of Panezio.  B. appears to CICERONE as comparable to the best philosophers. He is introduced by CICERONE in his dialogue De natura deorum as the expositor of the opinions of the Portch on that subject. B.’s arguments are represented as of considerable weight. His name appears in the extant fragments of CICERONE’s Ortensio, but it is no longer thought that B. is a speaker in the dialogue. Cicero, De Divinatione. Griffin, "Composition of the Academica, in Inwood and Mansfield, Assent and Argument: Studies in Cicero's Academic Books. Brill. Smith, Dictionary of Roman Biography. Categories: Philosophers of Roman Italy Roman-era Stoic philosophers Lucilii Ancient Roman people GRICE E BALBO We must not, as Glandorpius has done, confound this Balbus with *Quintus* Lucilius BALBUS, the philosopher, and one of Cicero's interlocutors in the books de Natura Deor. A member of the Porch. Cicero uses him as a spokesmn for the Porch in De natura deorum.  GRICEVS: Balbe, cum a porticu Ciceronis in forum descendas, dic mihi utrum hortulani plus dicant quam intellegant. BALBVS: Grice, hortulani herbas docent sine verbis, sed senatores verba serunt sine fructu, quod est peius. GRICEVS: Ergo sermo eorum implicat sapientiam, sed solum significat strepitum, sicut tubicen sine exercitu. BALBVS: Ita vero, et si quis rogat “quid est deus?”, ego respondeo more Stoico, sed Cicero ridet more Academico, et uterque putat se vicisse.

Girolamo Balduino (Montesardo, Alessano, Lecce, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del vestigio dell’angelo al Campidoglio. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as something a hearer can rationally and publicly recover from what is said plus contextual assumptions about cooperative discourse: if a speaker chooses a weaker, odder, or apparently irrelevant formulation, the hearer is licensed to infer an additional intended content (and can test it by cancellability and calculability), so that “meaning beyond saying” is explained by intention recognition under conversational norms rather than by symbolism in the medieval sense. Balduino, by contrast, belongs to the Renaissance Aristotelian-semantic tradition (Padua, then Salerno and Naples) in which the central explanatory triad is not maxim and implicature but nomen/verbum/enuntiatio and the theory of signa: his De signis (Venice, Giolito, 1545) and his work on Aristotle’s De Interpretatione emphasize how words signify, how truth and falsity arise only with composition, and how modes of oratio are classified, with “sign” talk (notare, segnare, significare, notificare) doing much of the work that Grice later gives to pragmatic inference. The “vestigio” motif in your passage captures the methodological contrast: for Balduino, a vestigium is paradigmatically a sign that points from a perceptible trace to what produced it, in a way continuous with Augustine’s classic example of vestigium as a sign from which we think an animal passed; for Grice, the interesting analogue is not the trace itself but the inferential step by which an audience moves from trace to hypothesis under rational constraints, and especially the further step where a speaker exploits that inferential tendency to communicate more than is said. So where Balduino systematizes meaning in terms of semantic composition and signification (a framework naturally hospitable to “signs” and “traces” as theoretical primitives), Grice relocates the explanatory burden onto conversational rationality: the angel’s footprint is not yet implicature, but it becomes Gricean the moment someone intentionally “leaves a trace” in discourse—choosing a formulation whose best rational explanation is that the speaker meant the hearer to infer something further, and meant the hearer to recognize that intention. Grice: “It is amusing that when we were lecturing with Sir Peter at Oxford on Categoriæ and De Interpretatione, B. had done precisely that – AGES before, in a beautiful beach town of Italy! ‘vir Montesardis,’ Strawson and I, following an advice by Paulello, draw a lot from Balduino’s commentary especially of the Peri Hermeneias, the section on the ‘oratio,’ since we were looking for ordinary-language ways to render all the modal distinctions, indicative, imperative, optative, interrogative, vocative, …, that B. finds so easy to digest – but our Oxonian tutees didn’t!” Studia a Padova l’eclettismo lizio sotto PASSERI e SPERONI. Insegna sofistica a Salerno e Napoli. A B. s’oppone ZABARELLA. Interpretazione, Papuli, logica, BONAIUTO scienza, dimostrazione, Colapietra. De signis, segnare, significare. Primum oportet ponere quid sit nomen. rhetoricis. INTENTIONE Verbum vero quniéda sunt praesuppo ipsi volunt cum vero et falso SIGNIFICANDUM enunciationes posterius ut ignotius et explicandum quas quando secundum se, ac purum dicetur. Ipsum sic purumi nullum veritatis et compositionis, aqua verum explicatur, est dam, non per se sed quam sine compositis nominibus non est intelligere. Gi ergo hac de causa nomem præponit verbo, notitia verbi in compositione verum explicantis, non pont, intelligi sine nominibus compositis. Ita et nomina, verum illud quod tempus simpliciter et omnino, ponentium CONSILIO coplectuntur. Exemplo simili sus ideftindetinite et indeterminate SIGNIFICANS appellat, Ma, gentinus dicit esse tempus finitum et determinatum. Et particula, quam adom né temporis differentiam rer pra, curro, curris, nin git, pluit, complexu horūuer borum concertis intellectis personis, cum vero et falso SIGNIFICANT. ferebar, Magentinus ad solum præsens direxit. falsum igir, Campidoglio 334 donazione di Gregorio, notante, segnante, notificare, il segno di san michele, etym. dub. ves-stigium, foot-print naturale artifiziale marcare posizione arbitrio a piacere. Grice: Balduino, mi diverte pensare che mentre a Oxford sudavamo su Categorie e De Interpretatione, tu eri già in riva al mare a digerire senza sforzo tutti i modi dell’oratio. Balduino: Caro Grice, a Padova mi hanno insegnato che prima si pone quid sit nomen e poi si lascia che il verbum faccia il suo teatro, come l’angelo che al Campidoglio lascia un vestigio e pretende pure l’implicatura. Grice: Allora quel segno non è solo un piede sulla pietra, ma un invito a inferire—e i miei tutees, poveretti, vedevano solo la pietra e nessun angelo. Balduino: Non te la prendere, perché tra notare, segnare e significare c’è sempre chi capisce al volo e chi, per principio cooperativo, finge di capire solo per non chiedere un’altra lezione. Balduino, Girolamo (1545). De signis. Venezia, Giolito de' Ferrari.

Antonio Banfi (Vimercate, Monza, Lombardia):  la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale d’Eurialo -- Niso; ovvero, la tradizione di VICO. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning makes implicature a specifically rational, interactional phenomenon: what a speaker means beyond what is said is recoverable because participants treat talk as cooperative, purposive, and norm-governed, so that an “extra” content is warranted only insofar as it can be worked out as the best rational explanation of why that utterance was produced in that context. Banfi (1886–1957), by contrast, comes to “ragione conversazionale” less from the micro-mechanics of utterance interpretation and more from a broad, anti-dogmatic “critical rationalism” (Principi di una teoria della ragione, 1926) that treats reason as a historically situated, methodologically self-correcting practice spanning knowledge, culture, and praxis; accordingly, interpretation for Banfi is not merely decoding speaker-intention under conversational maxims but a layered activity (exegesis, interpretation, theory of interpretation) whose point is inseparable from commitment, care, and action—hence the passage’s insistence that without a practical stake “why interpret?” and its linking of interpretive performance to heroic praxis (Euryalus and Nisus) and to a Vichian sense of tradition as something made and remade by human agents in history. Where Grice’s “reason” in conversation is largely a local rationality that licenses calculable implicatures in a talk exchange, Banfi’s rationality is programmatically wider: it legitimates interpretive moves by situating them within the dynamics of culture, historical understanding, and collective life, so that what is “implied” can look less like a maxim-driven inference from a single utterance and more like a historically mediated uptake of meaning within a shared tradition (Vico’s world of institutions, common sense, and civic imagination). Put sharply, Grice explains how we responsibly get from saying to meaning in the moment; Banfi tends to ask how interpretive reason itself is possible, why it matters, and how it becomes a form of praxis—so “conversational implicature” becomes, in a Banfi-inflected key, not only a rational inference but also a culturally and ethically loaded act of participation in the life of reason. Grice: “What I like about B. is that he is more ‘important’ than it seems, at least to Italians! He has written bunches, but my favourite are two: his ‘l’interpretazione’ B. draws a distinction between ‘esegesi,’ ‘interpretazione’ and ‘TEORIA dell’interpretazione,’ in a slightly non-Griceian use of ‘teoria,’ and eroe e prassi,’ for indeed this second strand is the base for the former. Unless you CARE, why interpret, which is indeed, a performance?!” Comunista. Sostene un razionalismo anti-dogmatico in grado di attraversare i vari settori dell'animo umano, liberale combaciano un illuminismo razionale tecnico-scientifico. Studia con COTTI a Milano sotto NOVATI,  su BARBERINO, ZUCCANTE e MARTINETTI, sulla CONTINGENZA. Conosce il socialista CAFFI. il partito. Corti Pozzi Anceschi Rossanda Bucalossi Ferrari, Gisondi. Eurialo e Niso; ovvero, la tradizione VICO; spirito vitale storiografia storia della filosofia ragione conversazione riticismo idealismo personalismo l’interpersonale sovranità  stato italiano portico romano enea antonino acerrima indago diritto criminale critica. Grice: Antonio, dimmi, quando si parla di interpretazione, è più importante essere un esegeta o avere una teoria pronta nel taschino? Banfi: Grice, secondo me è meglio essere entrambi! Se hai solo la teoria, rischi di restare a digiuno al banchetto dell’interpretazione. Se sei solo esegeta, potresti perderti nel sugo! Grice: E per Eurialo e Niso—preferirebbero una performance eroica o una teoria razionale per spiegare le loro avventure? Banfi: Ah, Grice, gli eroi hanno bisogno di un po’ di teoria per capire perché corrono nella notte, ma la vera tradizione sta nel prendersi cura di interpretare ogni passo—altrimenti ti ritrovi a Milano con solo il razionalismo a scaldarti! . Banfi, Antonio (1926). Principi di una teoria della ragione. Milano, Fratelli Bocca Editori.

Adelchi Baratono (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale stilistica. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rationally controllable, hearer-recoverable surplus over what is said: speakers exploit cooperative norms (relevance, sufficiency, sincerity, perspicuity) and hearers infer speaker-intended content by publicly checkable reasoning, so “style” matters only insofar as it reliably guides inference to intention. Baratono (1875–1947), by contrast, approaches “implicature” through a philosophically ambitious stylistics and psychology of the sensible: trained in a milieu shaped by sociological and psychological interests (including a Wundt-influenced “psychology of peoples” in his early phase, per standard biographical accounts) and later developing a “sensist” aesthetics that links the elementary psychic fact to judgment and volition, he treats linguistic form as the site where sensibility, value, and collective mentality sediment into expressive pattern—so that what is implied is often carried by tonal, evaluative, and affective organization rather than by a maxim-governed calculus alone. The upshot is a productive tension: Grice explains how implication is licensed by general rational constraints internal to conversation, whereas Baratono’s “stilistica” tends to explain how implication is generated by the shaping powers of the sensible (and of communal-historical forms of feeling) that make certain inferences feel natural, attractive, or obligatory; in your passage’s idiom, Grice asks whether one can infer responsibly without relying on aesthetic “color,” while Baratono replies that the elementary psychic-material of language—desire, credibility, and the will’s participation in meaning—already structures what counts as an intelligible, persuasive, and thus inferable conversational move. Grice: “I like B. – especially his ‘stilistica italiana. If I were to offer an English stylistics I would not count as a philosopher, but that’s because ‘English’ is spoken by more than Englishmen, while Italian ain’t! B. thinks he is a sensist alla Locke, which he possibly is. In the typical Italian way, instead of focusing on the classics – Roman philosophy – he reads sociology and psychology and comes up, in a typically Italian way, with a sintessi: la psicologia del popolo alla Wundt. If Austin puns on sense and sensibility, B. takes ‘sensibilia’ VERY sensibly as the basis for ‘aesthetics,’ seeing that ‘aesthetikos’ IS Ciceronian for ‘sensibile’ B. is Griceian in his search for what he calls the ‘elementary’. He applies ‘elementary’ to ‘fatto psichico’: judicativo e volitivo, both based on the ‘sensibile,’ or rather on desirability and credibility. His use of ‘sense’ does not quite fit the Oxonian ‘sense datum,’ since the will is involved in the sensibile, or, in his wording, it is the anima or psyche that searches for the corpus. The compound is something like the hylemorphism – the form is sensible – and the volitive (prattica) and judicative (teoretica) components of the soul operate on this.” Comunista e socialista. Studia a  Genova. Carrea, fascismo, Firenze, Turati. Schiavi. Inoltre per alcuni scritti del B., in Critica Sociale, vedi Critica Sociale, cur. Spinella, Caracciolo, Amaduzzi, Petronio, Milano, Indici, cur. Lanza. Oltre l'esposizione in Il mio paradosso, Spirito, idealismo Volpe, estetica romantica, Sciacca, Faggin, Il formalismo sensista di Assunto Bertin, Bontadini, attualismo problematicismo, Brescia, Talenti, A. B., Torino  (con bibl.). Stilistica, breviario di stilistica italiana, fatto psichico elementare, i fatti psichici eleentare, psicologia filosofica, illuminismo, implicatura luminaria, implicatura escataologica, politica ed etica, la filosofia al margine: gentile, croce, natura umana, esperienza, il mondo sensibile, estetica, il bello, il sublime, criticismo, assiologia, hume a Cremona e torino, spirito, animo, forma logica, l’eneide, riviera ligure. Grice: Adelchi, dimmi, se uno parla di stilistica italiana deve per forza essere filosofo o basta la sensibilità? Baratono: Grice, la sensibilità è la chiave, ma se ci metti un po’ di anima e giudizio, il risultato è come la focaccia ligure: gustoso e ben lievitato! Grice: Ma il sensibile, Adelchi, è davvero il punto di partenza o serve anche un po’ di volitività, magari una spolverata di desiderio? Baratono: Grice, se la volontà non c’è, la stilistica rimane in un cassetto! Io dico sempre: la filosofia stilistica si fa col cuore, ma anche con un pizzico di spirito socialista… e la Riviera ligure non guasta! Baratono, Adelchi (1921). Breviario di stilistica italiana. Firenze, Sansoni.

Emmanuele Barba (Gallipoli, Lecce, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’impliatura conversazionale – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rational, publicly tractable inference from what is said plus context under shared conversational norms (cooperation, relevance, adequate informativeness, etc.), so that “conversational reason” is basically the disciplined machinery by which hearers recover speaker-intended meaning beyond the literal sentence. Barba, by contrast, is best situated as a 19th-century Gallipoli-based physician-philosopher and civic intellectual (educated in Naples, trained in letters under Basilio Puoti, later active as teacher, administrator, and museum-founder) whose interests in Roman/Latin culture—especially epigraphic and antiquarian materials—model meaning less as an abstract inferential calculus and more as culturally sedimented inscription: Latin epigraphy and “Roman philosophy” become public, durable vehicles of shared understanding that work by presuming a community of readers, historical continuity, and local civic memory. Where Grice explains how a fleeting utterance can rationally generate implied content in real-time interaction, Barba’s “implicature” is naturally reimagined as what is carried by forms (inscriptions, mottos, proverbs, civic commemoration) whose force depends on tradition and communal uptake over time: the proverb, the motto, and the carved Latin formula function like slow-motion implicatures, inviting hearers to infer norms and attitudes from compact conventional wording within a known lifeworld. Your passage’s contrast between “Grecia Magna” and the “breath of fresh air” of Roman occupation fits this: Grice theorizes the general logic of inference in any language, while Barba’s outlook emphasizes how Latin public texts and Romanizing cultural practices stabilize what can be meant and mutually recognized in a specific polis; in short, Grice gives a universal pragmatics of rational intention-recognition, whereas Barba exemplifies a historically and civically grounded pragmatics in which meaning and implication are anchored in the material, educational, and communal infrastructures that make a “we” of interpreters possible in the first place. Grice: “I like Barba, but then I like Gallipoli – and he was born and died there, at Villa Barba. His main interest was Roman philosophy, which he studied at Naples! – The Roman occupation in Southern Italy brought ‘a breath of fresh air,’ as Barba has it, to the old “Grecia Magna” tradition --.” Grice: “Barba is very clear: ‘Epigrafia filosofica latina,’ o ‘epigrafia filosofica romana’ surely ain’t Grecian!” Conduce gli studi a Gallipoli, per poi trasferirsi a Napoli presso il zio, Tommaso Barba. Tommaso Barba e presidente della Gran Corte. Studia grammatica e materie letterarie nella scuola di Puoti. Si laurea in Filosofia. Studiare nel R. Collegio Cerusico e divenne professore di anatomia umana comparata. Insegna scienze e lettere al ginnasio di Gallipoli e fu sovrintendente scolastico ed Assessore delegato alla Pubblica Istruzione.  Fu arrestato ed esiliato a causa delle resistenze al governo. I membri dell'Associazione Democratica posero una scritta: "Nato dal popolo, Per il popolo si adoperò". A lui fu intitolato il Museo civico di Gallipoli.  Note  AnxaEmanuele Barba, su anxa. 21 aprile  13 ottobre ).  Scheda sul sito del Museo B.. Filosofi. Emanuele Barba. Barba. Keywords. epigrafia latina, iscrizione latina, iscrizione greco-romana, la iscrizione di Platone sulla porta dell’academia, ageometretos medeis eisito, Delville pittore belga (Libert), a Italia crea ‘L’ecole de Platon,’ per la Sorbonna.  I vasi di Barba – gemelli, fratelli siamesi, ecc. Monete romana, Gallipoli, colonia romana, ‘Proverbi e motti del popolo gallipolino” – poesie di Barba sulla morte del re d’Italia, risorgimento – esilato, carcere. Grice: Emmanuele, dimmi, quando a Gallipoli parlano di filosofia, preferiscono le epigrafi latine o le antiche iscrizioni greche? Barba: Grice, qui le epigrafi latine sono come il pane: quotidiane, ma se uno trova una scritta greca, la espone in salotto e invita tutti a discuterne! Grice: E con una villa così, avrai avuto più iscrizioni che monete romane! Ma ti chiedo, le gemelle filosofiche le preferisci unite o ciascuna per conto suo? Barba: Grice, gemelle unite, perché la filosofia, come i proverbi gallipolini, si comprende meglio in compagnia: da soli si rischia di finire in esilio, o peggio, in un museo! Barba, Emmanuele (1852). Proverbi e motti del popolo gallipolino. Gallipoli, Tipografia di Francesco Saverio Barba.

Daniele Matteo Alvise Barbaro: la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale di Daniele. Grice: “This can be confusing to Oxonians, althou we are familiar with the Hanover dynasty! Daniele B., a faithful nephew, commented on his uncle’s, Ermolao B.’s, ‘translation’ of Aristotle’s rhetoric – I shouldn’t even be saying this since it’s implicated in the title where Ermolao features as ‘interprete,’ and the ‘commentarium’ is due to Daniele. On top, Daniele wrote about ‘eloquenza,’ but his comments on his uncle’s vulgarization into latin of Aristotle’s vulgar-greek (koine) rhetorica – is perhaps more Griceian – since there is little conversational about Daniele B.’s ‘eloquenza,’ while the rhetoric (or ‘rettorica,’ as he prefers) is ALL about ‘dialettica’ and dialogue!” Prospettiva. Commentatore l’architettura di VITRUVIO. Camera oscura diaframma per migliorare la resa dell'immagine. Conosce di PALLADIO, TASSO e BEMPO. Commissiona a Palladio Villa B., Maser. Studia a Padova.  Partecipò a quali fondamenti sono fordate l'articelle de' maestri, o gl’esercitij de' giovanetti. Baſtiti, oDinardo, che tu sia giunto là, doue di giugnere desideravi, o che tu habbi veduto un circolo della tanto desiderata cognizione. Però che dalle parti dell'ANIMA incominciasti,o in esse sei ritornato, havendo il corso tuo sopra di natura, ci sopra di me fornito, come sopra due rote di quel carro, che per lo aperto cielo ti condurrà vittorioso, o trionfante. Archittetura, palladio, prospettiva, retorica, ordine cronologico: Ermolao Barbaro il vecchio – Ermolao Barbaro il giovane – Daniele Barbaro – Temisto, index nominorum, interpretazione e commentario di Barbaro sul commentario di Tesmisto sull’analitica posteriora – manoscritto, Bologna. Manoscritto delle ‘Adnotationes ad analyticos priores’ – commentario diretto su Aristoele e no via Temisto – Villa Barbaro – lezione privati di Barbaro sull’organon di Aristotele – analytica priora e analytica posteriora, non al studio GENERALE, ma alla sua propria villa!. Venezia, Veneto.  Grice: Daniele, dimmi, com’è che riesci a spiegare la retorica senza mai perderti tra i commentari dello zio Ermolao? Barbaro: Grice, basta una buona prospettiva! Se la dialettica non funziona, mi affido alla camera oscura: così almeno le idee vengono fuori nitide come Palladio voleva! Grice: E tu che hai commissionato una villa a Maser, forse la retorica la insegni meglio in salotto che in aula! Barbaro: Certo, Grice! Come diceva Tasso: se vuoi eloquenza, serve un buon architetto e qualche giovanotto curioso. La dialettica si costruisce… mattone dopo mattone!

Ermolao Barbaro il vecchio:la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura convresazionale del vecchio. Grice: “As much as Speranza LOVES Daniele B., I prefer Ermolao B.; after all, he was his uncle – I mean, Ermolao was Daniele’s uncle – and therefore HE taught HIM; I mean, Ermolao, as a good philosophical uncle, taught the ‘minor’ (literally, since he was his junior) Barbaro.”  "Some like B., but B.s MY man." Umanista. Studia a Padova. Orationes contra poetas. Epistolae. Edizione critica a cura di Giorgio Ronconi.Firenze: Sansoni, Facolta di Magistero dell'Universita di Padova Ermolao Barbaro il Vecchio. Aesopi Fabulae. A cura di Cristina Cocco. Genova: D. AR.FI.CL.ET., Trad. italiana a fronte Hermolao Barbaro seniore interprete. Aesopi fabulae. A cura di Cristina Cocco, Firenze: Sismel-Edizioni del Galluzzo, Il ritorno dei classici nell'umanesimo. Edizione nazionale delle traduzioni dei testi greci in eta umanistica e rinascimentale. Tiraboschi, Storia della letteratura italiana, ed. Firenze, Vespasiano da Bisticci, Vite di uomini illustri, ed. Barbera-Bianchi, Firenze, Pio Paschini. Bigi. Eloquenza, Venezia, Veneto.  Grice: Ermolao, dimmi, ti capita mai che qualche poeta si offenda quando leggi le tue “Orationes contro poetas”? Barbaro: Grice, sai, i poeti sono come le galline: fanno rumore quando perdi un uovo, ma poi dimenticano tutto alla prima epistola. A Padova ormai mi conoscono! Grice: Allora, tra una favola di Esopo e una traduzione dal greco, ti rimane il tempo per insegnare a Daniele qualche trucco dell’eloquenza? Barbaro: Certo! Gli dico sempre: “Se vuoi convincere qualcuno, cita Esopo. Se non basta, aggiungi una battuta veneziana. E se ancora non funziona, scrivi una lettera a Firenze: lì capiranno!”

Ermolao Barbaro il giovane: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazinale del giovane. Grice: “Very good.”, ermolao – the younger – il giovane, non il vecchio. Speranza likes Ermolao B. the Younger, but Ermolao B. The Elder is MY man." Umanista. Studia a Verona sotto BOSSO e a Roma sotto Leto e Gaza. Insegna, come Grice, Austin, and Hare, la Nicomachea di Aristotele, mettendo in guardia i suoi studenti dalle traduzioni in latino di Aristotele e predicando il ritorno alla traduzione diretta dal greco, proprio come face lui. Sono infatti di quegli anni i commentari all'Etica e alla Politica e la traduzione della Retorica. Abbandonato l'insegnamento  accompagna nuovamente il padre in missione diplomatica a Roma. E promosso senatore della Repubblica di Venezia e ma stavolta in veste ufficiale, si reca a Milano con il padre per una nuova ambasceria. Il primo incarico diplomatico arriva quando, insieme a Trevisano, rappresenta a Bruges la Serenissima in occasione dei festeggiamenti per l'incoronazione a ‘re dei romani’ di Massimiliano d'Asburgo e nell'occasione fu investito cavaliere. Dopo un'esperienza come savio di terraferma, e finalmente nominato ambasciatore residente a Milano dove si accredita e rimane in carica. Venne creato cardinale in pectore d’Innocenzo VIII nel concistoro, ma non venne mai pubblicato. L'ottima gestione della legazione veneziana a Milano, in tempi davvero turbolenti come quelli della reggenza di Ludovico il Moro, gli vale un anno dopo la nomina ad ambasciatore a Roma alla corte d’Innocenzo VIII. Ed e qui che avvenne la catastrofe.  Il Bruno Figliuolo, Il Diplomatico E Il Trattatista: Ermolao Barbaro Ambasciatore Della Serenissima, Napoli, Guida Editori Antonino Poppi, Ricerche sulla teologia e la scienza nella scuola padovana. Bigi. Il celibato, PICO, POLIZIANO, comenta la retorica, commenta l’etica nicomachea, comenta a politica, retorica ed eloquenza. Venezia, Veneto.  Grice: Ermolao, dimmi, preferisci insegnare Aristotele in greco o in latino? Io avrei paura che qualche studente si perda tra le traduzioni! Barbaro: Grice, il latino va bene per le feste, ma la saggezza si trova nel greco – almeno non rischiamo che Aristotele diventi una barzelletta! Grice: Hai ragione! D’altronde, se Platone ha scritto sulla porta “vietato ai non geometri”, forse anche Aristotele avrebbe gradito qualche professore meno diplomatico. Barbaro: Eh, Grice, tra una missione a Roma e una traduzione, almeno ci resta il tempo per fare una battuta… e magari insegnare la Nicomachea senza perderci tra gli ambasciatori!

Giovanni Emmanuele Barié (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale d’Enea in VICO e il noi trascendentale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as what a rational hearer is entitled to infer from an utterance on the assumption of cooperative, purposive talk: what is meant goes beyond what is said because speakers exploit shared norms of relevance, informativeness, sincerity, and perspicuity, and hearers reconstruct intentions by publicly checkable reasoning rather than by private psychological association. Barié, as portrayed in your passage and in line with what is known of early twentieth-century Italian “critical” philosophy in the orbit of Martinetti, pulls the center of gravity in a different direction: “ragione conversazionale” is recast through transcendental vocabulary (first the io trascendentale, then the noi trascendentale), so that the conditions of intelligibility for speech and for philosophical-historical understanding are sought in a prior structure of subjectivity and intersubjectivity, with Vico (and the figure of Aeneas as a Roman-stoic emblem) serving as a way to think how a people’s shared rational life and its historical self-interpretation can be generated and stabilized. In that contrast, Grice is methodologically bottom-up—start from ordinary exchanges and show how implicatures are calculable products of rational cooperation—whereas Barié’s orientation is more top-down—start from the “we” that must already be in place for conversation, tradition, and philosophical meaning to count as possible at all. The humorous dialogue in the passage (Grice preferring “someone” to the metaphysical load of the transcendental “I,” and joking that the “we” needs at least a transcendental “you”) neatly marks the fault line: for Grice, conversational reason is an immanent normativity inside talk-exchanges, while for Barié, conversational reason tends to become a window onto the deeper, quasi-transcendental infrastructure of communal mindedness that makes talk, history, and even “Roman” forms of rationality (Vico’s orthus/porticus imagery, Aeneas/Cato exemplarity) intelligible as a shared enterprise in the first place. Grice: “”My favourite of B.’s is his parody of Apel: il noi trascendentale! I like B.; he commited suicide, which is not that rare among philosophers: same percentage as the general population cf. Durkheim, Le suicide: a sociological enquiry. B. plays with the idea of the transcendental, and applies it first to l’io trascendentale. When I wrote my thing on personal identity, I preferred the pronoun ‘someone,’ to stand for ‘I’, ‘thou,’ and the allegedy THIRD ‘person,’ ‘he.’ B. edits VICO’’scienza,’ and provides a ‘compendium’ of the SYSTEMATIC kind, favoured by some, of the history of philosophy, with sections on ‘roman’ philosophy, orto, portico. Perhaps the closest B.  comes to me is in his ‘the concept of the ‘transcendental,’ since I struggle with that in my Prejudices and predilections, where I feign to think that perhaps ‘transcendental’ is too transcendental an expression and should be replaced by ‘metaphysical,’ but my tutee, Sir Peter, being more of a Bariéian, disagreed wholeheartedly! I cherish Apel’s comment on B. Surely, if we are going to have ‘l’io trascendentale,’ we need at least ‘l’altro trascendentale,’ or as I prefer il tu trascendentale.’” Studia la critica sotto MARTINETTI– analisi/sintesi, a priori/a posteriori, pervenne al trascendentalismo, gnoseologia, Oltre la Critica, metafisica alla MARTINETTI nel binario pensiero-essere appelando la spiritualità dell'essere del trascendentalismo. Enea, lo stoicism romano, Enea, eroe romano, eroe stoico, Catone, il noi trascendentale, vico, storia vichiana, arimmetica. Grice: Barié, ti confesso che il “noi trascendentale” mi diverte più che mi convince; ma se la conversazione è un orto, allora ci servirà un portico per meditare insieme, non credi? Barié: Caro Grice, se l’io trascendentale non trova almeno un tu trascendentale, rischia di perdersi tra le siepi del giardino filosofico; Enea ci insegna che la via verso il noi è sempre un po’ stoica, ma non troppo seria! Grice: Allora il vero eroe non è chi parte da solo, ma chi porta con sé Catone, Enea e magari anche Apel per la merenda. Che ne pensi, la metafisica si spiega meglio a tavola o a passeggio? Barié: Grice, io voto per la passeggiata: si capisce tutto meglio quando il pensiero incontra l’essere tra il verde, e se ci scappa una battuta, anche il trascendentale si rilassa! Barié, Giovanni Emmanuele (1911). Saggio critico sulla critica. Milano, Fratelli Bocca Editori.

Giulio Cesare Baricelli (San Marco dei Cavoti, Benevento, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rational achievement: hearers treat speakers as (broadly) cooperative, infer communicative intentions from what is said plus context, and derive what is meant by disciplined reasoning under conversational norms rather than by rhetorical flourish or subject-matter eccentricity. Baricelli, by contrast, is best anchored in early modern learned-medical humanism: Giulio Cesare Baricelli (born c. 1574 at San Marco dei Cavoti; active as a physician-philosopher) wrote in Latin across medicine, “natural philosophy,” and antiquarian compilation, including De hydronosa natura sive sudore humani corporis libri quatuor (Naples, 1614; on the origin, differences, prognostic value, “apparatus,” and cures of sweat) and the Hortulus genialis (early 17th c.), works whose communicative economy relies on genre, learned citation, and the culturally shared assumptions of the Republic of Letters. Read against Grice, Baricelli’s “sweat” treatise shows a different model of what gets carried “between the lines”: not implicature computed from maxims in a talk exchange, but inference encouraged by encyclopedic accumulation, authority of sources, and the rhetorically managed link from concrete bodily signs (sweat as symptom) to broader claims about nature and regimen; where Grice would insist that any extra content must be rationally recoverable as what a speaker intends an audience to recognize, Baricelli’s Latinity can let meaning ride on the prestige of erudition and the reader’s trained habit of drawing connections across medicine, philosophy, and moralized regimen. The upshot is that Grice gives a general, intention-based account of how conversational reason licenses meaning beyond the literal sentence, while Baricelli exemplifies a pre-modern scholarly pragmatics in which implication is less a universal calculus of cooperative discourse and more a cultivated interpretive practice: the learned reader infers “the rule” (regimen, discipline, decorum) from a seemingly technical topic like sweat because the whole textual apparatus presumes that bodies, signs, and norms belong to one continuous field of explanation. Grice: “Italian philosophers can be eccentric; B. starts commenting Plato. His masterpiece is however a philosophical tract on sweat, as experienced by the athletes with whom Plato was quite familiar!” Filosofo poliedrico, commenta l’ACCADEMIA. De hydronosa natura sive de SUDORE DEI CORPI UMANI UMANO, sulla natura e la terapia della sudorazione umana, ORTO geniale, edito ove raccogse antidoti e sudi sulle intossicazioni, thesaurus secretorum, elenco de cure e rimedi, de lactis, seri, butyri facultatibus et usu. SPRITO INFORMATORE E L’ATTIVITÀ PROFUSE NELLE SPECULAZIONI FILOSOFICHE A RICORDO NEL FERVORE E NELLA FEDE DEI GRANDI, AUSPICATI DESTINI. RERVM MEMORABILIVM, QVÆ IN HORTVLO Geniali continentur elenchus. A Beſton accenfus, perpetuòarder. A cos. poribus effe &tus procreari. Admirandumauxiliuin advefica imaginationis potentian climactericos inter homines carolum animantia liberos garamantes caminus horologium infantium praesagia vinum virorum familiarem romanos ambarum tympaniam venenum toxica socrati magia epistolam aqua frigida menstruorum lapides homines testiculos humanam salivam homines ridendo parthi partum accelerare serpentum hydrargyrum vim anginam vermes mamillis lumbricos infantis elephantiasim cyprinorum leporine hydrargyrum gravidas homines abstemios aristolochiam alexandro morbis creta cyprini calphurnius bestia romanus aceto oleum scythae catellos plurima martis robusta hominum corpora equum homini lunae mithridiatu viscum vites betulae haemorrhoidalem dentium dolores sodomi uterum solis virginum praesagia vitri aeris homines facie humana apum natura vinorum ignem menstrua virtutem aquarum in conceptu imaginationis esse potentiam dentium stupores epilepsia pro vita producenda mulieribus. Sudore umano, sudore e la regola, stirgilo, amore, Socrate, Aristotele, controversia sull’origine del sentiment dell’amore, Socrate, l’idea di causa in Aristotele.. Grice: Caro Baricelli, mi dicono che tu commenti Platone e poi ti slanci eroicamente sul sudore umano: è implicatura o idrologia? Baricelli: È ragione conversazionale, Grice: se parlo di strigile e atleti, tu inferisci che sto lucidando anche l’Accademia. Grice: Capisco, quindi quando scrivi De hydronosa natura stai dicendo “seguite la regola” senza dirlo, e io devo fingere di non essere già madido. Baricelli: Esatto: tu fai il filosofo inglese che non suda, io faccio l’italiano eccentrico, e San Marco dei Cavoti ci applaude per pura cortesia pragmatica. Baricelli, Giulio Cesare (1842). De hydronosa natura sive de sudore dei corpi umani umano. Napoli, Tipografia di Vincenzo Prigiobbo. 

Francesco Barone (Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del lla lingua. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rationally controlled, publicly recoverable kind of “more-than-is-said”: hearers use a presumption of cooperative rationality to infer a speaker’s intended additional content under constraints like relevance, sufficiency, and clarity, so that what is meant is explained in terms of intention plus disciplined inference rather than by any special features of a particular natural language. Barone, by contrast, comes to “ragione conversazionale” from the side of formal logic, epistemology, and philosophy of science: trained in Turin under Guzzo and Abbagnano and later a long-time professor at Pisa (and a member of the Accademia dei Lincei), he is known for work on logical positivism and analytic philosophy in Italy (including early monographs such as Il neopositivismo logico, 1953, and studies engaging Carnap and Wittgenstein), and for the large project Logica formale e logica trascendentale (1957–65) that treats logical form as a tool for clarifying scientific and philosophical discourse. In that frame, “implicature” and “conversational reason” are naturally pulled toward questions of logical articulation, inferential structure, and the interface between formal languages and ordinary linguistic practice—less the everyday pragmatic etiquette Grice highlights, more the epistemic discipline by which language is made fit for scientific description and critical assessment. The playful passage’s contrast—Oxford “Lit. Hum.” conversational refinement versus Italian “scienza” and “algebra della logica”—captures a real difference of emphasis: Grice makes conversational rationality foundational for explaining meaning in ordinary talk (with formality as a special case), whereas Barone’s intellectual trajectory tends to treat rigor, formalization, and the analysis of scientific concepts as the paradigm, with ordinary language appearing as something to be clarified, regimented, or at least philosophically interpreted through the lenses of logic, semantics, and methodology. Where Grice’s implicature is a general mechanism of reason in interaction, Barone’s “reason of language” sits closer to the rational reconstruction of discourse characteristic of scientific and analytic inquiry, making their meeting point less a shared doctrine than a productive tension between pragmatic inference in conversation and the formal-epistemic ideals that aim to discipline what conversation (and science) can responsibly be taken to mean. Grice: “I like B., but I’m not sure he likes me! You see, in Italy, there’s scienze filosofiche, and scienza is indeed a way to describe philosophy! But at Oxford, you have to take the great go! Lit. Hum., and I doubt B. did! – ginnasio e liceo, as the Italians have it! Therefore, his views on ‘filosofia e lingua,’ never mind his rather pretentiously titled ‘logica formale,’ ‘logica trascendentale,’ ‘algebra dela logica,’ etc. have little to do with, well, Italian!” Si laurea a Torino cotto GUZZO ed ABBAGNANO. Insegna a Pisa. Si dedica soprattutto alla filosofia della scienza. Dei Lincei. B. studia il confronto tra il realitmo e l’idealismo, e poi si focalizzata sull’epistemologia della scienza.  Affronta temi etico-politici sul rapporto tra individuo e società dal punto di vista della ideologia liberale e liberista.  Il tema principale delle opere di Barone riguarda la filosofia della scienza e la storia della scienza e della tecnica. Si deve a lui la prima pubblicazione in Italia di una monografia sulla filosofia neopositivistica.  Il suo pensiero si contraddistingue per lo stretto rapporto tra epistemologia e storiografia della scienza, settore, questo, in cui B. tratta la cosmologia di BONAIUTO. dedicato agli sviluppi culturali, epistemologici e filosofici della informatica, ontologia etica ed estetica, critica, l'algebra della logica Metafisica della mente e analisi del pensiero Determinismo e indeterminismo nella metodologia scientifica Concetti e teorie nella scienza empirica Immagini filosofiche della scienza, Laterza, Roma-Bari); “Pensieri contro, Società Editrice Napoletana, Napoli) teoria ed osservazione scienza ontologia positivismo, incertezza di B., La Stampa, Addio a B. il filosofo che diffidava dei paradisi in terra d’ANTISERI. Assiologia, semantica, sintassi, logica trascendentale, aritmetica, simbolo, logica simbolica, Leibnitii opera philosophica, ontologia, mondo e lingua. Grice: Barone, dimmi, davvero pensi che la logica formale abbia qualcosa a che fare con l’italiano? Io qui a Oxford la chiamerei “greek logic”, ma tu sembri preferire “algebra della logica” e “logica trascendentale” come se fossero piatti piemontesi! Barone: Grice, guarda, l’italiano si arricchisce anche con le formule: se la lingua serve a comunicare, allora la logica è come un buon Barolo, aiuta a vedere chiaro senza ubriacarsi troppo. Certo, la “Logica simbolica” non è proprio dialettale, ma almeno non ti fa venir voglia di andare a Oxford! Grice: E se uno studente ti chiede se la logica trascendentale può spiegare il dialetto torinese, che gli rispondi? Barone: Gli rispondo che la logica torinese è quella che ti permette di capire se il caffè è troppo forte o la conversazione troppo astratta. In fondo, filosofia e lingua si incontrano proprio dove nessuno se l’aspetta: tra una battuta e una domanda, come tutte le conversazioni amichevoli! Barone, Francesco (1953). Concetti e teorie nella scienza empirica. Roma-Bari, Laterza. 

Vincenzo Barsio: implicatura conversazionale dialettica – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats “implicature” as a disciplined, hearer-recoverable product of cooperative inference: what a speaker means can outrun what is said because rational interlocutors presume shared norms (relevance, sufficiency, truthfulness, perspicuity) and compute further content as an intention made recognizable through those norms. Barsio, by contrast, is best understood not as a theorist of conversational rationality but as a Gonzaga-court humanist and Carmelite Latin poet associated with Mantua and Bologna, whose work (Silvia, Pamphilus, Alba, Labyrintus; with early print history including a Mantuan 1516 edition reportedly financed by Isabella d’Este and a revised Parma 1519 edition) exemplifies how dialectic and philosophical posture can be staged as social performance within courtly exchange: salon wit, elegy, satire, and the management of enemies (your Pomponazzi motif fits the broader Renaissance habit of turning intellectual conflict into genre). In that setting, “implication” functions less like Grice’s rule-governed calculation and more like a courtly rhetoric of allusion, where what is meant is carried by style, genre expectations, patronage relations, and the shared code of an elite audience; the point is not to model the universal rational constraints that make implicature possible anywhere, but to display learned agility in a specific civitas of letters. So while Grice would treat Barsio’s bons mots and courtly feints as data whose extra content must be justified by a rational route from utterance to intention, Barsio’s practice suggests an older, rhetorical economy in which the success of what is “between the lines” is secured by cultivated Latinity, social positioning, and the pleasures of form—dialectic becoming, as the passage jokes, poetry at the banquet—rather than by an abstract cooperative calculus that is supposed to hold independently of Mantua, Lombardy, or “Italian philosophy” as a label. -- scuola di Mantova – filosofia lombarda -- filosofia italiana –  (Mantova). Filosofo lombardo. Filosofo italiano. Mantova, Lombardia. Grice: “I like Barsio – he reminds me of G. Baker – there he is, Baker, succeeding me – and an American! – as tutorial fellow in philosophy at St. John’s, and dedicating his life to Witters – So when reminiscing, in my “Predilections and prejudices” about them years, I said, “God forbid that you dedicate your life to the oeuvre of a minor philosopher like Witters – it’s good to introject into a philosopher’s shoes as you attain to grasp the longitudinal unity of philosophy, but look for a non-minor pair of shoes!” – “Barsio is a radically minor philosopher – in that, he never had to grade – I always hated grading and seldom did it! – since he lived under the Gonzagas at Mantova – and he just phiosophised to the sake of the pleasure he derived from it! My favourite is his elegy to his enemy, Pomponazzi – but his satirical curriculum vitae is fantastical, but possibly true!” -- Noto anche come Vincenzo Mantovano, frequentò le corti del marchese Federico II Gonzaga e di sua moglie Isabella d'Este, alla quale pare avesse dedicato il poemetto Silvia e la corte del marchese di Castel Goffredo Aloisio Gonzaga, al quale dedicò il poema latino Alba. Studia filosofia a Bologna. Altre opere: “Silvia, poemetto in tre libri, Pamphilus; Alba, dedicato al marchese Gonzaga, signore di Castel Goffredo; Labyrintus, dedicato a Federico II Gonzaga. Ireneo Affò, Vita di Luigi Gonzaga detto Rodomonte, Parma., su books.google. Gaetano Melzi, Dizionario di opere anonime e pseudonime di scrittori italiani, Milano, Coniglio, I Gonzaga, Varese, B. in Dizionario biografico degli italiani, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.  ICCU. B. su edit16 .iccu. Marsio. dialettica. Grice: Barsio, dimmi, ti hanno mai chiesto di insegnare dialettica a Mantova, o hai preferito filosofare tra una poesia e l’altra? Barsio: Grice, a Mantova la dialettica si pratica nei salotti: nessuno si aspetta che tu corregga compiti, basta saper schivare le frecciatine della marchesa! Grice: E quando ti capita un nemico come Pomponazzi, scrivi un’elegia o preferisci una satira da curriculum? Barsio: Grice, se il nemico è Pomponazzi l’elegia serve a far pace, la satira a far ridere: così tutti i Gonzaga si divertono e la dialettica diventa poesia, almeno fino al prossimo banchetto! Barsio, Vincenzo (1537). Silvia, poemetto in tre libri. Bologna: Tipografia Accademica.

Gianpaolo Bartoli (Roma). Filosofo italiano. B. è ricercatore confermato in Filosofia del diritto e professore aggregato di Teoria dell’interpretazione presso la facoltà di Giurisprudenza dell’Università degli Studi di Roma  Grice: Bartoli, dimmi, quando insegni Teoria dell’interpretazione a Roma, preferisci interpretare la legge o interpretare le implicature degli studenti? Bartoli: Grice, a volte le implicature degli studenti sono più complesse della legge stessa, ma almeno non rischiano la sanzione penale! Grice: E se ti capita uno studente che interpreta la legge come un proverbio romano, cosa fai? Bartoli: Lo promuovo subito, Grice—se la giurisprudenza diventa saggezza popolare, almeno la conversazione è garantita fino alla laurea!

Giacomo Barzellotti: la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning makes implicature a rationally recoverable product of cooperative inference: what a speaker means is constrained by publicly checkable norms (Grice’s maxims, the Cooperative Principle, and the idea that hearers treat utterances as purposive contributions to a shared enterprise), so that “conversational reason” is not a national style but a general account of how intention and rational expectation generate meaning beyond what is said. Barzellotti, by contrast, comes to “ragione conversazionale” through historical-philological and psychological humanism: trained in Italian spiritualism (Mamiani, Conti) and later aligned with neocriticism, he reads Latin philosophy (especially Cicero) as a culturally situated transformation of Greek dialectic into a Roman civic instrument, and his scholarly practice suggests that implication is often carried by intellectual mentality, historical continuity, and rhetorical adaptation rather than by a formal set of inferential constraints. The passage’s jokes sharpen the contrast: Grice admires Barzellotti’s ability to make Cicero intelligible by reconstructing “Italian” and “Roman” mentalities, yet he implicitly worries that this elegance risks treating implicature as a historical or stylistic achievement (a “historical implicature” that arrives as if from nowhere) rather than as something licensed by general rational principles governing talk. Where Grice wants an account that abstracts from schools and passports—precisely to explain how an English hearer can recover what is meant—Barzellotti’s cosmopolitan slogan that philosophy has no country sits alongside a method that repeatedly anchors understanding in national and civilizational formations (Italy-before-Italy, Rome’s comprehensive genius), making conversation look less like a universal rule-governed game and more like a historically educated sensibility. In short, Grice treats implicature as the logic of responsible communication under rational constraints, whereas Barzellotti tends to treat what is “between the lines” as a function of cultivated historical psychology and rhetorical transformation—an approach that can illuminate how Cicero’s dialectic became Roman, but that shifts the center of gravity from rule-governed inference to interpretive culture. Grice: “The good thing about B.’s treatment of Cicerone’s dialettica is that he pours in all his expterise on two fields: Italian mentality, Roman mentality – so he can understand, in a way an Englishman cannot, the way Cicerone dealt with the ‘dialectic,’ Athenian dialectic, if you wish, and turned it into a ‘Roman’ dialectic --. He of course never considers English interpreters, only German! And refutes them! You’ve got to love B. – he is critical of the idea of ‘Italian philosophy,’ but not of what he calls ‘The Oxcford school of philosophy,’ Philosophy has no country-tag; she belongs to humanity; a DOCTRINE, or a school, may have a‘national’ identification – And part of the problem with Italian philosophy is that there was Italian philosophy before there was Italy! My favourite is his tract on Cicero, who he sees as an Italian!” Allievo dei spiritualisti ROVERE  e CONTI, si professa seguace della critica. S’interessa alla storia della filosofia latina con particolare riguardo ai problemi di psicologia. Insegna filosofia morale a Pavia e Napoli e storia della filosofia latina a Roma. Dei Lincei. La morale nella filosofia positive” (Firenze: M. Cellini); “La rivoluzione italiana” (Firenze: Successori Le Monnier); “La nuova scuola del Kant e la filosofia scientifica” (Roma: Tip. Barbera); Lazzaretti di Arcidosso (detto il santo), Monte Amiata e il suo profeta, Santi, solitari, filosofi: saggi psicologici,  Studi e ritratti, Taine, L'opera storica della filosofia, Palermo: R. Sandron). Note  dei gabinetti, mentre le lettere esercitavano un ufficio civile, e all'unità e all'indipendenza da opera l'intera nazione. È tempo oggimai che torniamo a così nobili studj; e la critica istorica e filosofica fa prova di richiamare nella memoria riconoscente degli Italiani la storia di quel popolo da cui venne la prima luce delle nostre istituzioni. Allora soltanto le dottrine di CICERONE sono meglio studiate e apprezzate, e la natura comprensiva dell'ingegno romano, di cui egli è esempio solenne, ci appare come una sintesi vasta e feconda in cui s'accoglie la coscienza dei popoli antichi. Grice: Barzellotti, tu parli di ragione conversazionale e d’implicatura, ma io sospetto che tu riesca a far capire Cicerone perfino a un inglese—purché l’inglese non apra un commentario tedesco. Barzellotti: Caro Grice, io non odio i tedeschi, è solo che li confuto con affetto e poi torno a ricordare che la filosofia non ha passaporto, anche se qualche scuola ama timbrare “Oxford” sul pensiero come fosse un bagaglio. Grice: Eppure la tua cosa più italiana è dire che c’era filosofia italiana prima dell’Italia, che è un’implicatura storica così elegante che Cicerone stesso direbbe “capisco, ma non so da dove mi è arrivata”. Barzellotti: Allora facciamo un patto: tu mi lasci le massime, io ti lascio la psicologia latina, e insieme insegniamo a Roma che la dialettica diventa “romana” proprio quando smette di fare la voce grossa e comincia a suggerire. Barzellotti, Giacomo (1865). Galilei o dell’ immortalità. La Gioventù, Firenze.  

Gasparino Barzizza: A key medieval-to-Renaissance rhetorician who revived Ciceronian style.  Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats everyday talk as an implicitly cooperative, normatively structured activity in which hearers recover what is meant (including implicatures) by assuming speakers are, in some recognizable way, conforming to rational constraints such as relevance, truthfulness, adequacy of information, and clarity; on this picture, “writing well” is at most instrumentally valuable because elegance does not itself justify an inference from what is said to what is meant, and rhetorical effects are secondary to the intelligible, intention-sensitive logic by which communicative intentions become publicly recognizable. Barzizza, by contrast, embodies early Renaissance humanist epistolography: the revival of Ciceronian Latin style and letter-writing as a civic-moral practice, where philosophical substance is expected to ride on form, cadence, and exemplarity, so that a well-made sentence can be treated as already carrying its own warrant and its own implied ethos; the passage’s joke about philosophy “slipping between the lines” captures a rhetorical conception of implication as something generated by stylistic mastery and shared literary culture rather than by a general theory of cooperative inference. Put sharply, Grice asks for an account of how meaning is rationally licensed in a “talk exchange” (even at a distance), whereas Barzizza answers as a Ciceronian: if the language is right, the audience is prepared, and the exchange is graceful, then whatever is implied will be absorbed as part of the pleasure and authority of the performance—suggesting a practical humanist confidence that rhetorical felicity can substitute for, or at least pre-empt, the philosophical machinery Grice builds to explain why implicatures are justified at all. Grice: Gasparino, dimmi, quando riporti lo stile ciceroniano dal Medioevo, hai mai paura che le tue lettere abbiano bisogno di una giustificazione filosofica o basta un buon latino? Barzizza: Grice, se il latino è ben fatto, la filosofia si infila fra le righe, come il prosciutto tra due fette di pane! E poi, Cicerone piace a tutti: persino ai filosofi inglesi, se opportunamente tradotto. Grice: Quindi, scrivere bene vale più che implicare bene? O la retorica è solo una forma di conversazione a distanza? Barzizza: Se la conversazione è elegante, Grice, ogni implicatura diventa un piacere. Ma ricorda: persino Cicerone, davanti a una buona battuta, lasciava la grammatica per un sorriso! Barzizza, Gasparino (1421). Epistolae. Padova, Bartolomeo Valdezocco.

Basilide: il portico a Roma: il tutore del principe – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Member of the Porch. A teacher of Antonino. GRICEVS: Basilidēs, audīvī tē Rōmae in Porticū philosophārī et prīncipem Antonīnum docēre; num ille discipulus est an potius imperātor in minimīs? BASILIDES: Discipulus est, sed ita gravis ut etiam cum rogat, videātur iubere, atque ego eum doceō quōmodo Stoicus sit sine tristitiā. GRICEVS: Atquī Porticus multa fert; sed quid facis cum prīnceps dīcit “apatheia,” et coquus respondet “appetītus”? BASILIDES: Tunc rīdeō et dīcō: “Antonīne, etiam Stoicus prandēre dēbet, modo virtūtem anteponat garō.”

Lucio Aufidio Basso: gl’ortelani -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. According to Seneca, a follower of the philosophy of The Garden, who bore witness to his school’s teachings in the way he copes with prolonged ill health. GRICEVS: Bassē, audio te hortulanorum philosophiam sequi; ergo in horto sapientiam colligis sicut lactucam, sed sine spinis? BASSVS: Spinae adsunt, Grice, sed Seneca docet me aegritudinem longam ferre ut praecepta Gardenis testificer, non ut medicum exasperem. GRICEVS: Prorsus Epicureus es: dolorem sustines, sed querellam non venditas, quasi non valeat nisi cum vino mixtus. BASSVS: Et tu Oxoniensis es: de implicaturis loqueris, sed in horto meo una res clare dicitur—si herba crescit, ratio quoque crescit.

Tito Avianio Basso Polieno: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “I often wonder if my Play-Group at Oxford compares with other sects, say, the Portico at Rome, etc. I do not think so. He main reason against any such comparison is that our play-group was an intra-institutional sect – indeed, as I like to say, one of at least THREE which were engaged in the analysis of ordinary language: there was, besides us, the group led by senior Ryle, and there were the Wittgensteinians. At Rome, there was no university then, and so, if you follow Cicero, and claim that Basso was a member of the Portico, you are speaking either metaphorically, or urbanely!” Filosofo italiano. A member of the Porch. GRICEVS: Bassē, Porticum Romanam cum nostro ludicro grege Oxoniensi comparare velim, sed timeo ne nos intra collegium ludamus, vos sub caelo toto disputetis. BASSVS: At Romae, Grice, ipsa porticus quasi universitas fuit: si quis diceret “BASSVS in Porticu docuit,” urbaniter potius quam proprie loqueretur. GRICEVS: Urbanitas placet, sed in Oxonia tres sectae in eodem claustro certabant—Ryliani, Vittersiani, et nos—quasi tres cauponae unam famem venditantes. BASSVS: Ergo convenimus: vos habetis instituta, nos columnas; sed utrique eodem vitio laboramus—nimis serio iocamur.

Ugo Basso  (Ventimiglia, Liguria): la ragione coversazionale e l’implicature del Deutero-Esperanto. Direttore della revista “Universale.” Membro dell’Unione pro inter-lingua, già Unione pro Latino Internationale. R. elabora un nuovo progetto ispirato aquello di PEANO , e lo nomina Latino internazionale, dal Inter-latino. A B. viene solitamente attribuito anche un altro progetto di lingua filosofica, denominato genericamente Esperantido. Pubblica la Grammatica de latino internationale,il Manuale pratico di Interlingua, l'Interlatino e il Vocabolario internationale Interlingua-english-français-italiano. =e—È—@%6w&b&€——@_ + terror | i % | AA E il Mamiani: « In ciascuna cosa la natura comincia è l’arte perfeziona, ‘E ottimamente l'Abate Fornari: Che sia naturale - efficacia è cosa certa. e da questo io argomento che ‘ pi: ella è pure, o può essere, arte. Imperciocchè, l’arte i che altro è mai se non, come dice il Davanzati, una fabbricata natura? Dove opera la natura, può l'industria È dell’ uomo studiare i moli che quella tiene e, imitan- doli o secondando o ndo, Baone l’arte. Non fan cose, ma si regsono tv una V Sn sì che come ore la DAR non incomincia, |” EG nou 700D perazione, ivi senza dubbio la i ha luogo.. Può questa non essere ancor nata o nascer falsa, per poca 0 storta osservazione della natura; ma ciò non. inferisce che la cosa è impossibile. Confidiamo, dunque, cd A i avere a trovare un’ arte dell’ eloquenza, e tanto più alacremente ponghiam la mano all’ Dori quanto più eccelso è il segno a cui miriamo ». SERIA A AE conferma di queste parole. Costanza. — Che è la favel DE madre natura siamo forniti della favella, ma ciò che costitui munichiamo. coi nostri simili, questo è tutto. due; E dove 1° uomo non avesse trovato in gent Lio dio del mesifestare i moti. citeremo wa esempio la. se non un’arte?t— | lel potere di servirci sce il linguaggio con i; V) interni dell'animo; dove non ci fosse stato nel linguaggio naturale d'azione il primo anello di comunicazione onde poter procedere a quello artificiale in gran parte e convenzionale. Deutero-Esperanto.  Grice (St John’s, 1962): Out of courtesy to my former pupil—Strawson, that is—I omitted his little fallacy from my list of fallacies in the interlude to my Causal Theory of Perception. One has loyalties; even philosophers do. But after my seminar on Negative Propositions, I think I can safely include him. For he has taken to supposing—quite serenely—that English is beyond inter-lingua. That English is not merely a lingua franca, but a kind of metaphysical remainder: what is left when the other languages have been tidied away. His reasoning is—how shall I put it?—aptly anti-Hunnish. Not the Hun, strictly; the Viennese. When the Viennese announced Das Einheit der Wissenschaft and dreamt of a unified lingo, they were thinking Mach and Schlick: science, logic, verification, and the rest of the hygienic programme. They were not, I think, thinking of cordiality between nations; they were thinking of cordiality between sentences. Now compare that with Peano, and—worse, because more charming—our Ugo Basso of Ventimiglia, who published, at his own expense, a Manuale Practico de Interlingua (1913). Notice the heroism: he writes practico with a c that Italian does not strictly require—one sees the man forcing his mouth to do moral work. Peano’s inter is largely inter as in inter-latin: a grammatical bridge. Basso’s inter, by contrast, is inter-national—inter as in Marx’s manifesto and march: a political prefix masquerading as a preposition. So it is rather odd—yet understandable—that Schlick and Mach should proceed as they did. Their mother tongue was German: already half a logic. But Basso’s (and Peano’s) was Italian—already half a Latin. And so when a German tries to reduce everything to a Begriffsschrift, it can look, from the Mediterranean, like something not merely too much, but—curiously—too little: too few vowels for a universal peace. (Pause.) And Strawson, bless him, mistakes this for a triumph of English. He thinks the lesson of inter-lingua is: we needn’t bother. Whereas the lesson—if one is not bewitched by one’s own language—is precisely the opposite: that when you declare your idiom beyond inter-lingua, you have already made it into one—only now with an empire attached. Punchline (dry): In short: the Viennese wanted one language for science; Basso wanted one language for travellers; Strawson wants one language for philosophers—and each thinks the others are being parochial.Grice: L’altro giorno, parlando con il filosofo Speranza, riflettevamo su come certe lingue nascano per chiarire e finiscano per moltiplicare i chiarimenti; una faccenda romana, direi, più che universale. Rovere: Ah, caro Grice, a Roma anche l’universalità prende accento locale. Si comincia con una grammatica sobria e ci si ritrova con un vocabolario che pretende di abbracciare il mondo intero. Grice: Già; e, come io e Speranza stavamo conversando su questo, mi pareva evidente—senza bisogno di dirlo—che quando una lingua ausiliaria cresce di ausili, non regredisce: semplicemente continua la sua carriera naturale, come se avesse preso gusto a parlare di se stessa. Rovere: E la tua implicatura è tetra‑esperantiana, come sono certo Speranza concorderà: scalda l’ingegno senza confonderlo. In fondo, φιλο‑σοφία è amore del sapere, e ogni lingua che ama spiegarsi finisce per creare nuove parentele; che siano deutero, tritio o tetra poco importa, purché l’amore resti e il vulgo creda ancora che si tratti di semplicità. Basso, Ugo (1913). Manuale Practico De Interlingua. Ventimiglia: Revista Universale.

Felice Battaglia (Palmi, Reggio Calabria, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei valori italiani. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers derive speaker meaning by assuming cooperation and rationality in talk, so that what is meant can systematically outrun what is said via cancellable implicatures grounded in shared conversational purposes and norms; the Battaglia passage, by contrast, invites comparison not by offering a rival pragmatic “calculus” but by relocating conversational rationality within a philosophy of value (valore/valere) and of the normative life of a community, so that what conversation “does” is not merely to transmit beliefs efficiently but to traffic in evaluative standings, institutional meanings, and historically situated “Italian values” (national spirit, law, morality, rights) that are not reducible to sentence meaning. Where Grice insists that implicature is extra-syntactic and inferential (a product of rational expectations about contribution, relevance, informativeness, etc.), Battaglia’s emphasis on valere foregrounds how ordinary copular predication (“A is B”) shades into evaluation (“A is worthy/has value”) and how such shifts can be culturally loaded: the same surface grammar can support different kinds of rational uptake because what counts as salient, weighty, or “worth saying” is guided by an axiological horizon rather than by purely informational aims. In this sense Battaglia complements Grice: Grice supplies the micro-pragmatics—how an utterance like “Socrates is…” or “Socrates has value” can invite non-trivial inferences in context—while Battaglia supplies a macro-normative backdrop in which those inferences matter, because conversational moves participate in the articulation and stabilization of values (moral, legal, civic) and in the formation of collective identity; Grice shows how rational cooperation makes implied content recoverable, Battaglia highlights that what is being implicitly negotiated is often evaluative and historically mediated, so conversational reason is not only a logic of inference but also a logic of valuation. Grice: “You gotta like B.; he plays with Italian in ways I cannot play with English. Consider his philosophizing on essere e valere. Surely the thing is the copula: A is B, A is worth B, A e B, A vale, A vale B. We cannot say that a dollar is worth a dollar. Stricctly, we CAN, it’s true, but the implicaturum is ‘I’m an idiot or a philosopher. And I can say, Socrate è, i. e. Socrates is. And ‘Socrate vale’: Socrates has value. When I did my linguistic botanising on ‘value,’ I followed Austin’s misadvice: never contrast with Anglo-Saxon. But actually ‘worth’ in Anglo-Saxon WAS a verb, and cognate with B.’s‘valere.’!” Si laurea a Roma su  Marsilio da Padova. Insegna filosofia morale a Bologna. Con i sostenitori attualisti dell'autonomia della categoria filosofica della politica, pensa che occorresse lasciare alla storia tout court quanto non fosse pensiero sistematico, preservando così la storia delle dottrine da ogni contaminazione con le dialettica sociale e istituzionale.  CUOCO e la formazione dello spirito nazionale in Italia, Marsilio da Padova e la filosofia politica, crisi del diritto naturale, filosofia del diritto, pratica e idealismo, Thomasio filosofo e giurista, teoria dello stato, dottrine politiche ed economiche, domma della personalità giuridica dello stato, impero stati particolari in ALIGHIERI  libertà uguaglianza dichiarazione dei diritti: Vico, la riesumazione dei quali spetta, del primo a CROCE, del secondo a ROMANO.  L'articolo del Colesanti era presentato su Il mondo come facente parte di un numero unico cuochiano da pubblicarsi in Campobasso, che non ho potuto avere nè vedere, tradizione italica Russo la critica rivoluzionaria, la rivoluzione,  Napoleone e la sua politica. nazionalità e italianismo, accademia in italia, antico primato italico, educazione nazionale. Valori italiani, essere italiano, valori italiani,  spirito nazionale in Italia, giure, spirito italo, spirito italiano, Roma antica, Etruria, tradizione itala, accademia di CUOCO, CUOCO non e un vero filosofo GENTILE anima della nazione. Grice: Felice, dimmi, quando parli di valori italiani, intendi che un caffè vale come una dichiarazione dei diritti? Battaglia: Grice, dipende: se il caffè è fatto bene, ha quasi lo stesso valore di un articolo costituzionale. Ma in Italia, il valore si misura anche con lo spirito nazionale, non solo con la caffeina! Grice: Allora vale più una tazzina di espresso a Roma che una lezione di filosofia a Bologna? Battaglia: Grice, a volte sì, almeno secondo la dialettica italiana: il valore sta nell’essere e nel valere, e ogni italiano lo sa, fin dalla prima colazione! Battaglia, Felice (1928). Marsilio da Padova e la filosofia politica. Bologna: Zanichelli. 

Adriano Bausola (Ovada, Alessandria, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale  e l’implicatura convrsazionale della solidarietà. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how cooperative interlocutors can rationally infer speaker meaning (implicature) from what is said by treating contributions as governed by shared norms of rational communication, so that what is left unsaid is often recoverable because it is licensed by the presumption of cooperation; the Bausola passage, by contrast, shifts the explanatory emphasis from Grice’s inferential machinery itself to the ethical-anthropological ground that makes that machinery stable, locating “conversational reason” in the reasons for solidarity that bind persons into an interpersonal relation where self-love and other-love, freedom and responsibility, are continuously negotiated, and where cooperation is not just an assumed backdrop but something with its own rational warrant. Where Grice typically models cooperation as a rationally adoptable stance that enables efficient exchange and makes implicature calculable (even when maxims are flouted), Bausola treats cooperation as a moral form of life: solidarity is the condition that makes the conversational enterprise more than strategic coordination, because it provides reasons to sustain mutual responsiveness, restraint, and trust over time; in that sense Bausola can look like a “thicker” Gricean, adding to the logic of implicature an account of why agents ought to remain in the cooperative posture even when egoistic incentives or political-cultural pathologies (totalitarianism, utilitarian reductionism, conflict ideologies) push toward purely instrumental talk. The upshot is a productive contrast: Grice gives the internal logic by which a hearer can derive implicated meaning from rational expectations in a given exchange, while Bausola foregrounds the interpersonal and normative ecology (responsibility, community, the rationality of solidarity) that explains why those expectations are sustainable, why they deserve allegiance, and why conversational cooperation is not merely intelligible but, in a robust sense, rationally and ethically motivated. Grice: “I would call B. a Griceian. He speaks of the ‘reasons for solidarity,’ which is exactly the point I want to make, alla Kant, in ‘Aspects of reason,’ as people kept asking me for the rationale – i. e., literally, the rational basis – for conversational cooperation. People agree that conversation is rational. My stronger thesis is that it is cooperation which is rational. That is B.’s point. He also explored the topic of the ‘inter-personal relation’ from a philosophical rather than sociological perspective, and therefore the compromise between self-love and other-love, or freedom and responsibility. A genius! That he also admires my latitudinal and longitudinal unity of philosophy, or storiografia filosofica,’ as the Italians call it, is a plus, or bonus!” Studia Milano, avviato da Gemelli e Olgiati, su AQUINO sotto Bontadini. Dei Lincei, comunità, le direttive di indagine di B. sono soprattutto quella morale, antropologica, libertà; metafisica gnoseologia idealismo e al neo-idealismo esistenzialist ripensamento critico, politico-culturale, etica, storia in CROCE, metafisica e rivelazione nella filosofia positiva, etica e politica in CROCE, Conoscenza e moralità, indagini di storia della filosofia, il valore, la libertà, filosofia Morale, natura e progetto dell'uomo, le relazioni inter-personale: responsabilità, le ragioni della libertà, le ragioni della solidarietà, etica e politica. Costa, Un Ovadese nel mondo della cultura italiana: Laguzzi; Riccardini, Costa Rolla FUSARO The problem with B. is that he is a Roman!” fascismo, totalitarismo, utilitarismo, egoita, noi-ita, comunismo conflitto, cooperazione, soderale, anche solidaria, egoism, altruismo, self-love, other-love, benevolence, io-ità, ioità archivio di filosofia noi-età, noi-ità. Grice: Adriano, pensi che la solidarietà sia solo un altro tipo di miscela italiana di caffè, o ha bisogno di una dose filosofica di espresso? Bausola: Grice, la solidarietà assomiglia più a un dolce condiviso—talvolta prendi la fetta più grande, talvolta la lasci all’altro. Filosoficamente, è il compromesso tra l’amor proprio e l’amore per gli altri, ma sempre con un cucchiaio per due. Grice: Quindi, se chiedo la ragione che sta dietro alla condivisione, devo aspettarmi una risposta kantiana, oppure solo una spallucciata italiana accompagnata da un sorriso? Bausola: Forse tutte e due, Grice! Gli italiani amano la loro filosofia quanto il gelato. Le ragioni ci sono, ma a volte la cooperazione ha un sapore migliore se non analizzi ogni cucchiaio. Bausola, Adriano (1956). Conoscenza e moralità. Milano: Vita e Pensiero.

Cesare Beccaria Bonesana, marchese di Gualdrasco e Villareggio (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats everyday talk as a rational, cooperative enterprise in which hearers infer what is meant (implicated) from what is said by assuming an accepted purpose of the exchange and corresponding norms (maxims), so that brevity, relevance, and strategic underinformativeness are not defects but resources that allow cancellable implicatures to be calculated; Beccaria, especially in his reflections on style (notably the Ricerche intorno alla natura dello stile, 1770) and as echoed in the passage you give, approaches communicative rationality from the side of rhetorical-psychological economy, arguing that an expressed main idea must keep its primacy while accessory ideas should be minimal, chosen to demand the least effort and to sustain attention, with the unexpressed or “tacit/understood” filling intervals without letting the central conception drift too far—so that what later Grice would theorize as implicature is, for Beccaria, a controlled management of what is left unsaid to preserve force and clarity rather than to license open-ended pragmatic enrichment. Where Grice makes the bridge from sentence meaning to speaker meaning by explicit appeal to intentions recognized as such and to public principles of cooperative inference, Beccaria’s “conversational reason” is closer to an aesthetics and ethics of communication: do not multiply senses, avoid losing the addressee, keep the imagination “in motion,” and treat excessive explicitness as a risk that interrupts overall effect; in short, Beccaria anticipates the value of leaving content unspoken for reasons of cognitive economy and persuasion, while Grice provides the formal pragmatic account of how such omissions become determinate, inferable meanings under reason-governed conversational norms. Grice: “I would call B. a Griceian, but I’m not sure he would call me a Beccarian! His explicit, rather than implicated, Griceian ideology is in his lo stilo conversazionale, where notes that the implicaturum ain’t a part of the sintassi of the EXPLICATED proposizione. Senses should not be multiplied. Thy addressee may get thy sense, but trust he shall lose interest if thou keep’st multiplying, and risking that he shan’t get thy original sense in the last place! Like me a unitarian philosopher, his ‘I piaceri’ is a pleasant read! If I met at pubs, B. meets at the caffe, and likes it. Unfortunately, Italians only know B. for his tract on guilt and punishment, and don’t even  consider him an ITALIAN philosopher, but one of dei pigne, of the illuminismo lombardo, the landscape of Italian philosophy being much more diverse than our Oxonian dialectic! A most essential Italian philosopher, referred to me  when exploring moral/legal right. Educated at Parma, he teaches political economy at Milan. He meets reformist VERRI. A crime against the state is the most serious. Si dove spiogere gl’animi fuori di se stessi, in continuo movimento. Un’idea espressa accessoria è debole, e la scelta si fa su di quella che ne risvegliano il minore sforzo. La differenza tra l’una e l’altra essendo minma, più forte è la destate che l’idea ESPRESSA, evitando il rischio che la idea o intenzione dell’autore si perde di vista e confunde ed, interrotto riesca l’effetto del tutto sopra l’immaginazione non legata da sufficiente forza all’esterna manifestazione sensibile. L’idea ESPRESSA occupa il tempo ch’esclude l’idea TACIUTA o SOTTINTESA, altrimenti di troppo allontano il concepimento dell’idea principale. L’idea accessorie forte dov essere minima in ciascun momento d’impressione, lasciando nel voto l’intervallo necessario all’espressione, ch’èsupplito dall’idea NON espressa. Implicatura conversazionale, VIRGILIO implicatura di Didone.  Grice: Beccaria, se la nostra conversazione si fa troppo complicata, pensi che il messaggio sparirà dentro l’espresso? Beccaria: Grice, assolutamente! Dico sempre che più la frase è semplice, più il gusto è intenso—proprio come il caffè. Se continuiamo ad aggiungere zucchero, nessuno sentirà il vero senso. Grice: Dovremmo moltiplicare le idee, o lasciarle sedimentare come la schiuma sul cappuccino? Beccaria: Meglio lasciarle riposare, Grice. Altrimenti, quando arrivi al fondo, non ricorderai più cosa stavi bevendo—o dicendo! Beccaria, Cesare (1764). Dei delitti e delle pene. Livorno, Coltellini.

Giusto Bellavitis: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicature del proto-pirotese. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers rationally recover what a speaker means beyond what is strictly said by presuming cooperative, purposive talk and deriving cancellable implicatures from systematic expectations about relevance, informativeness, truthfulness, and clarity; the Bellavitis passage, by contrast, treats “conversational reason” as something that can be engineered into the linguistic code itself, imagining a rigorously designed universal language (with roots, numerical markers, and explicit verbal “voices” for tense, mood, intention, and even dubitative/interrogative force) that would minimize ambiguity and thereby make reasoning precise because the medium is precise. Where Grice locates much of meaning in pragmatic inference triggered by underdetermination and strategic economy (including cases where what is not encoded must be inferred), Bellavitis embodies the opposite ideal: reduce the need for implicature by over-specifying form—turning intention and modality into overt morphology, standardizing derivation, and even adapting the system to telegraphic transmission with dot-dash-line conventions and numeric phrase codes (so that “I am thirsty” can be compactly and unambiguously signaled, then refined by added digits). In Gricean terms, Bellavitis is effectively trying to shift communicative load from pragmatics to semantics and syntax: make the speaker’s intended force and content so explicitly encoded that the hearer need not rely on conversational maxims to bridge gaps; but for Grice, that very gap-bridging is not a defect of natural language but a rational achievement of interlocutors, and implicature is a feature of cooperative intelligence, not merely noise to be eliminated. Thus the comparison highlights a deep divergence: Bellavitis’ “lingua filosofica” pursues a calculus-like ideal where better symbols yield better thought, whereas Grice’s reason-governed account treats ordinary conversation as already governed by rational norms whose flexibility, context-sensitivity, and reliance on inference are precisely what make communication powerful rather than confused. Grice: “Like B’s lingua, my proto-pirotese is a joke on Chomsky, since he’d say that ‘deutero-‘ is a formative praefix!” proto-, deutero, trito-, tetarto-, pempto-, hecto-, hebdomo-, ogdo-, enato-decato-, endecato-, e dodecato-. Dei lincei, insegna a Padova, progetta una lingua universale, citata da VAILTAI, un sistema di comunicazione su uno scarno sistema di derivazione da radici lessicali, costruzioni e desinenze pel grado degl’aggetivi, VOCI verbali per ESPRIMERE tempo, modo, INTENZIONE, indicativo, condizionale, potenziale, dubitativo, interrogativo. La parola si compone da radici, numeri e SEGNI. Quando gl’uomini conversano sulle cose ragionano attraverso le parole che a queste sono associate. È una lingua semplice, rigorosa e perfetta che conduce delle idee dalle medesime caratteristiche. Una lingua ambiguo e imprecisa è sintomo di ragionamento e idee confusi. La lingua esatta vale a pensare in maniera esatta e ciò è ben nota nelle differenze di conversazioni dei arimettici e filosofi. È tutta basata sulle cose fisici,  mediante traslati esprime imperfettissimamente un’idea astratta, o un ente  d'immaginazione. Una lingua precisa descrive esattamente la natura e la realtà e si configura allo stesso tempo come l'ordine alfabetico delle sole  consonanti contenute in esse. Sul finire del suo saggio, e forse anche sulla scia dei lavori precedenti, B. si preoccupa di rendere fruibile la sua lingua filosofica anche mediante l'uso del telegrafo. La LETTERA è indicata dal punto, il trattino, e la linea. Propone la FRASE associata a un numero di tre cifre. ‘Ho sete'  62 nel VOCABOLARIO è indicata - -. -, che si speciticata apponendo un numero indicanti qualcosa di più preciso, 12, acqua: ... -. Presenta tipi d’alfabeto, basati sulla corrispondenza di simbolo e numero all’IDEA, utile ai marinei e ciechi. S’innesta nella glosso-poiesi, rivelando particolare attrazione pella teoria arimmetica. Formalismo, deutero-esperanto, Symbolo, Austin, shag/shaggy/shaggier/shaggiest Minnaja ideologiia. Bassano del Grappa, Vicenza, Veneto.  Grice: Bellavitis, dimmi, la tua lingua universale funziona meglio al telegrafo o a tavola davanti a un piatto di polenta? Bellavitis: Grice, se devo essere sincero, la polenta aiuta a chiarire le idee; il telegrafo, invece, serve per chi ha fretta di dire “Ho sete” in tre punti e due linee. Grice: E se qualcuno confonde la radice con il condizionale, rischiamo di parlare senza capire o basta aggiungere una cifra? Bellavitis: Nessun problema, Grice! Nel proto-pirotese basta una linea in più e si sistema tutto. In fondo, l’importante è non perdere il sorriso, anche se la frase “Ho sete” diventa “Ho fame” per errore. Bellavitis, Giusto (1832). Calcolo delle equipollenze e sue applicazioni. Padova, Tipografia della Minerva.

Belleo.  Grice: Belleo, dimmi, la conversazione italiana è più ricca quando si parla di paradossi o di pasta? Belleo: Grice, i paradossi si sciolgono meglio davanti a un piatto fumante—ma attento, che tra verità e errore si rischia di scottarsi. Grice: E se uno trova più implicature nella carbonara che nella filosofia, deve cambiare ricetta o cambiare argomento? Belleo: Cambiare argomento, Grice! La carbonara non sbaglia mai, mentre in filosofia basta un cucchiaio di ironia per recuperare qualsiasi implicatura—senza perdere il sorriso.

Bedoni.  Grice: Bedoni, dimmi, la ragione conversazionale in Italia funziona meglio davanti a un buon bicchiere o a una bella passeggiata? Bedoni: Grice, dipende dalla stagione! In primavera preferisco la passeggiata: le idee volano come le rondini. In inverno, il bicchiere aiuta a scaldare le implicature. Grice: E se la conversazione diventa troppo calda, rischiamo di bruciare qualche implicatura per strada? Bedoni: Tranquillo, Grice! In Italia recuperiamo tutto con una battuta: l’importante è non perdere il sorriso, nemmeno tra filosofi.

Belloni, Camillo. Grice: Camillo, dimmi la verità: la conversazione italiana si fa meglio davanti a un caffè o a una tazza di tè inglese? Belloni: Caro Grice, davanti a un caffè, naturalmente! Il tè è per chi ama i silenzi, il caffè è per chi ama le parole che girano veloci. Grice: Ma se parliamo troppo in fretta, non rischiamo di perdere qualche implicatura per strada? Belloni: Fa parte del gioco, Grice! In Italia, anche se qualcosa sfugge, siamo bravissimi a recuperare col sorriso.

Paolo Bellezza: la ragione conversazionale del Philosopher’s Paradox. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers routinely and rationally get from what is said to what is meant by assuming a cooperative, purposive “talk exchange” regulated by maxims (quantity, quality, relation, manner) and by treating apparent violations as evidence for implicatures that can be inferred and, typically, cancelled; the passage you cite frames Bellezza as shifting attention from this Gricean rational reconstruction of everyday inference to a “philosopher’s paradox” tradition in which conversation is a site where reason repeatedly slides between law and nature, truth and error, because meanings are liminal and double-gripped “like a two-handled vase,” so that what is “true in one sense” can be “false in another,” with paradox functioning not as a breakdown of cooperation but as an endemic feature of how philosophical commonplaces arise from the promiscuity of adjacent senses. Where Grice treats paradoxical effects as diagnostically local (often traceable to a maxim being flouted, to ambiguity, or to a shift in level between semantics and pragmatics) and therefore as something a disciplined theory can explain without granting paradox any deep metaphysical dignity, Bellezza treats paradox as structurally productive: error is mixed with truth, contradiction can assist inquiry, and the conversational arena is precisely where such mixtures become visible and philosophically generative, so that “reason” here is less a set of inferential norms underwriting stable communicative intentions than an art of navigating transitions, equivocations, and oppositions that are not merely to be eliminated but are constitutive of philosophical thinking in and through talk. Grice: “My source!” Tocca la serie di significati che la parola in conversazione può assumere, i quali tengono più o meno dell’uno o dell’altro dei due estremi. Vi accenna il lizio trattando il modo con cui il sofista costringe 1’avversario a dare nel PARADOSSO, uno parlare secondo natura a chi parla secondo la legge. Una cosa è giusta secondo la legge ma non secondo natura e si riusce al PARADOSSO. Una cosa, giudizio, proposizione, raziocinio, è vera in un certo senso ma falsa in senso diverso. La cosa è come un vaso a due manici. Trapassa dalla verità all’errore e viceversa, della contiguità e la promiscuità. È il problema, rilevato e formulato è un luogo comune del filosofo. Hi sumus qui omnibus veris falsa quædam adiuncta esse dicamus tanta similitudine ut in iis nulla insit certi iudicandi et assentiendi nota. Ita finitima sunt falsa veris, ut in præcipitem locum non debeat se sapiens committere. CICERONE. Nulla falsa doctrina est quæ non aliqua vera intermisceat. L'errore dell’uomo è sempre mescolato colla verità, e chi sapesse ben fare la scerna, da quello potrebbe questa bene spesso venire dedotta GIOBERTI. Una gran parte delle verità che il filosofo – like Wisdom – Grice, “whom I cite in ‘Metaphysics’ -- stabilisce, è inutile se 1'errore non esiste. È più facile vincere il pregiudizio dell’animo debole coll’errore che colla verità; la quale bene spesso non ha forza per persuadere LEOPARDI. Dimentichiamo che c’è un’anima di bontà nella cosa cattiva e di verità nella cosa falsa. L’errore è come una pietra dove inciampia e cade chi va avanti alla cieca e per chi sa alzare il piede diventa scalino. Cntraddire alla verità è una maniera anche codesta d’aiutare uno che cerchi la verità l’errore che i filosofo  v’incontra l’assurdo della risoluzione e pretende sciogliere un paradosso intende senz’altro errore. CATTANEO. Stoppani. Il vero si nasconde quasi dietro un paradosso davanti a cui s’arresta l’ingegno meticoloso, mentre il più eletto lo scavalca animoso. Sighele Bellucci: Raboni. Il pensiero estremo. Lo yoga devozionale. Paradosso. Manzoni. Arti. Milano, Lombardia. Grice: Bellezza, il tuo “paradosso” è come un vaso a due manici: lo prendi dalla verità e ti ritrovi nell’errore senza neanche macchiare la toga. Bellezza: E tu, Grice, con quel “My source!” sembri un cameriere che porta citazioni al tavolo e poi pretende la mancia dell’implicatura. Grice: Io porto solo il menù: se ordini “natura” e ti arriva “legge”, la colpa è del cuoco sofista. Bellezza: Allora brindiamo: la conversazione è Milano, Lombardia—tutti ci passano, e nessuno ammette di essersi perso. Bellezza, Paolo (1901). Il pensiero estremo. Milano, Tipografia Editrice Lombarda.

Bene (Firenze, Toscana) e la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “I like him.” Influential medieval master of rhetoric.  Grice: Bene, raccontami, la ragione conversazionale in Toscana è più dolce o più pungente? Bene: Caro Grice, in Toscana la ragione è come il vino: se ne parli troppo, si scalda; se ne parli poco, si raffredda. Bisogna trovare la misura giusta, altrimenti la conversazione si trasforma in un monologo! Grice: Ah, ma il monologo non è mai riuscito a convincere un pubblico fiorentino! Preferiscono il botta e risposta, magari condito con un po’ di ironia. Bene: Appunto, Grice! Qui a Firenze si dice che anche le statue rispondono se le provochi con la domanda giusta. E se sbagli domanda, ti danno il silenzio come implicatura. Bene (1340). Rhetorica. Firenze, Toscana.

Tommaso del Bene: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Tancredi. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rational, intention-sensitive upshot of cooperative talk: what is meant beyond what is said is inferred because speakers are presumed to be (ceteris paribus) truthful, relevant, appropriately informative, and perspicuous, so that departures from these expectations trigger calculable inferences. Del Bene’s treatment of Tancredi and the duel, by contrast, belongs to a casuistical-theological and juridico-moral culture in which “reason” is not primarily the hearer’s on-the-fly reconstruction of a speaker’s intention but the disciplined weighing of conscience, oath, lying, ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and legitimate authority; accordingly, “implicature” is less a conversational product of maxims and more a normative residue of what one’s words and acts commit one to under moral theology (e.g., what follows from an oath, what is permitted under duress, what counts as mendacium, what courts may judge). In that setting the duel and its apologies function like staged disputations where what is left unsaid is governed by prudence, censorship, and the boundaries between theology, royal tribunals, and ecclesiastical immunity—so a Gricean lens highlights how Del Bene’s rhetoric relies on shared background assumptions (honour, chivalric ethos, jurisdictional limits) to move an audience without spelling everything out, while a Del Bene lens would press Grice to acknowledge that conversational reason is never merely cooperative etiquette but is always already embedded in institutions of judgment and accountability. Online cataloguing sources that are easiest to confirm about the author’s print footprint tend to list works such as De officio S. Inquisitionis circa haeresim and Dubitationes morales (often associated with Avignon printings and Cardinal Albizzi in later notices) alongside Venetian materials connected with Pareri/Apologia in duello traditions, but the exact bibliographic details for Brieve apologia del Tancredi (Rome, 1652) and related imprints vary across older bibliographies, so the safest comparison point is conceptual rather than archival: Grice gives a logic of inference from utterances within cooperative exchange, whereas Del Bene exemplifies a logic of inference from utterances within a moral-legal order where “what you said” can bind you independent of what you privately intended. Grice: “Molto bene”. Apologia del Tancredi, Summa theologica, de officio s. inquisitionis circa haeresim, de immunitate et iurisdictione ecclesiastica, morale, de comitiis. Insegna a Roma. Brieve Apologia del Tancredi, Poema di Ascanio Grande. Si trova dietro l’apologia De Comitiis yfeu Parlamenti! ac inciijfnter (T corollarie de aliis moralibas marerii!, precipue de ecclefinQica immunitate, Dubitationes morales. fttmpt. Nemejìi Trichet i6\g in Avemonefumpt. inf. cor. dedicatoria al Card. Francesco Albizi. Questo su il saggio, per cui dove partir di Napoli. Prese in esso a trattare della morale, che nfguarda i tribunali regi, e gli dessi sovrani. Materia assai delicata, e che vuole altri lumi di quelli, che aver suole il volgo de’moralidi, Opus abfolutìjfimum in z. parte! di/lributttm. O* Mar. Ant. Ravaud de Conscientia; de radice re/liturioni1 aliarumque obligationum <2Tpcenarum, ut eucommunicationii et irregularitatt! eu delitto de Comieiii seu Parlamenti!, ubi etiam da alagiti contrattibus; de donativi! tributis (T fubjìdio Caritativo ó.De  Di tatti cotefli titoli fi fregia in virj suoi libri. Senti. Titt. che cita i reijitlri di S.Ao'* ea della Val- le; e perciò debboao correggerli il SavanaroU Gtrarth. Eccl. Tttt. Striti, E poi Avtniont Jo. Fiat. T.z. in f. Il MazzuecheHi s’è ingannato r eli attribuire a quell’Opera le aggiunte fatte dall’Autore al libro dt Offi. ti Y. Inquisitionit. Vezzofi lot. tannoi, z. cenfura il Mazzucchelii d’aver det-. t».  circa h<trejim cum Bulli* tam voteti- bus quam recentioribus Additiones de loci De Juramento, in quo de ejus 0 voti rclaxationibus cui Dectftonet S- Rotte Romana accedunt fumpt. guetan,  da Capoa, ha rime nel Sello libro delle Rime di diverfi eccell. Autori nuovamente raccolte ec. da G. Rufcelli. L' Imprefe della Mae/làrapprefentate nel tumolo ptr la Jua, morte eretto dalla fedèlifs. citta de.’f Aquila ec. Aquila Lepido Faci (Giuf. dilettò di poesia volgare degl’arcadi, dei velati. Tafuri. Monteverdi, Tasso. Moralia, mos, morale, cavalleria, il santo cavaliere, mendacio, mentire, iuramento, morale, abiuratio, conscienza. Maruggio, Taranto, Puglia. Grice e Bene. Grice: Tommaso, dimmi la verità, con tutta la morale e le apologie che hai scritto, il Tancredi sarebbe stato promosso o bocciato da un tribunale regio? Bene: Caro Grice, dipende se Tancredi ha portato la cavalleria o solo la coscienza! Se arriva con il mos, magari convince qualcuno anche senza spada. Grice: E se invece mente, ma lo fa per il bene superiore, la sua abiurazione conta come peccato o come furbizia? Bene: Ah, Grice, in tribunale e in poesia, una piccola menzogna può diventare un grande giuramento! Ma alla fine, come diceva sempre il santo cavaliere, meglio perdere un titolo che perdere il senso dell’umorismo. Bene, Tommaso del (1652). Brieve apologia del Tancredi. Roma

Carmine Benincasa (Eboli, Salerno, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei nudi maschili nella statuaria italiana all’aperto. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers move from what is said to what is meant by presuming cooperation and rationality in talk (the Cooperative Principle and its maxims), so that additional meaning is often inferred as a conversational implicature rather than encoded in the words; Benincasa, by contrast, is best read as extending the “reason” of interpretation beyond utterances to public cultural objects—images, monuments, and urban settings—so that what counts as “implicated” meaning is not primarily produced by a speaker flouting maxims but by a city’s shared repertoire of viewing practices, taboos, jokes, prudery, and aesthetic conventions that make certain responses predictable. In your passage, the open-air male nude becomes an interpretive test case: the statue “says” nothing, yet it reliably elicits readings (civic pride, classicism, provocation, embarrassment, tourism, moral commentary), and Benincasa’s “turn of interpretation” can be framed as shifting attention from sentence-level inference (Grice) to the hermeneutic conditions that govern public meaning-making in the first place—what a passerby is entitled, licensed, or socially pushed to infer. Online bibliographic anchors support the timeline you cite: Benincasa’s early book Chiesa e storia nel card. Suhard e nel Vaticano II appears in 1967 with Edizioni Paoline (library catalogue records list 548 pages, Rome, 1967), while La svolta dell’interpretazione: memoria e profezia is catalogued as 1972 (B. Carucci, Assisi-Roma), which fits your contrast between Grice’s rational calculus of implicature in conversation and Benincasa’s broader, art-critical hermeneutics where implication is “plastic” and civic—generated by context, tradition, and spectatorship rather than by conversational maxims alone. Grice: “B. is a good one; my fvaourite is his ‘la svolta dell’interpretatzione,’ for that is what Boezio knew ‘hermeneias’ was! a turning point!” – Studia a Roma. Dopo aver completato tutti i suoi studi iniziò a lavorare come traduttore di testi letterari (tra altri, Hans Urs von Balthasar) per poi organizzare e curare mostre d'arte.  Membro della Commissione Consultiva Arti Visive della Biennale di Venezia e consigliere del Ministro per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali.  Insegna a Macerata, Firenze e Roma. Scrisse saggi storico-critici su vari artisti. Chiesa e storia L'interpretazione tra futuro e utopia, Poetica della negazione e della differenza” Il Giudizio Universale, Sul manierismo: come dentro uno specchio, Babilonia in fiamme: saggi sull'arte contemporanea, Architettura come dis-identità, L'altra scena: saggi sul pensiero antico, medioevale e contro-rinascimentale, Anabasi Architettura e arte” (Dedalo, Bari); “Alle soglie del sapere” Ed. del Tornese” Miró 2C, Kokoschka La mia vita” (Marsilio, Venezia); Oriente allo specchio 2C, Roma); Verso l'altrove: Fogli eretici sull'arte contemporanea” Electa, Milano); Alvar Aalto” Leader); Umberto Mastroianni Monumenti” (Ed. Electa, Milano); Il colore e la luce L'arte contemporanea” (Ed. Spirali, Milano); “André Masson “L'universo della pittura” Mondatori, Milano; Spirali/Vel,  "Alfio Mongelli: infinito futuro", Joyce et Company, Il tutto in frammenti: arte Professore: una nuova interpretazione storica” (Giancarlo Politi, Milano). La citta disalerno ricerca repubblica repubblica archivio  repubblica biennale-il- psi-fa-incetta-di-poltrone. html1http://ricerca. repubblica. it repubblica/archivio/ repubblica artisti-rasputin-nel- mondo- dei- telefoni. html2 lacittadisalerno/ cronaca fece-amare-l-arte-all-italia-, Errori giudiziari. i nudi maschili nella statuaria italiana all’aperto, implicatura plastica, la svoglia dell’interpretazione,  mastroianni, il segno del teatro, rito, mascara, anabasi, arte come dis-identita, futurismo. Grice: Carmine, dimmi la verità, i nudi maschili nella statuaria italiana all’aperto sono una questione di implicatura o di coraggio? Benincasa: Dipende dall’ora e dal luogo, Grice! Se è domenica a Firenze, l’implicatura sta nel non prendersi troppo sul serio. E se piove, tutti si preoccupano di interpretare la pioggia, non il marmo. Grice: Allora la svolta dell’interpretazione è quando ci si accorge che la gente guarda più il contorno che il contenuto? Benincasa: Esatto, Grice! La città è un grande palcoscenico, e i nudi all’aperto sono solo la scusa per una battuta spiritosa o per una riflessione profonda, a seconda di chi passa davanti. Così, ogni statua diventa una barzelletta, oppure una teoria, ma mai entrambe nello stesso istante. Benincasa, Carmine (1967). Chiesa e storia del cardinale Emmanuel Suhard e il Concilio Vaticano II. Edizioni Paoline.

Cesare Donato Benvenuti (Montodine, Cremona, Lombardia). la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers infer what a speaker means beyond what is said by assuming cooperative rationality and using maxims to calculate implicatures; in contrast, Benvenuti’s Augustinian focus relocates the engine of “implication” from conversational maxims to a general semiotic-epistemic mechanism in which a sign is anything that, beyond its sensory appearance, makes something else come to mind, so that inference is built into signhood itself. In De doctrina christiana II Augustine distinguishes signa naturalia (e.g., smoke→fire, footprint→animal, facial expression→emotion) from signa data or conventional signs (given intentionally to convey what is in the mind), and Benvenuti’s tripartite framing in your passage (semiotic triangle, taxonomy of signs, inferenza) aligns Augustine with an inferential model of meaning rather than a purely representational one; the key difference from Grice is that for Augustine/Benvenuti the paradigmatic “implicature” is not generated by a cooperative maxim being apparently flouted but by the sign’s power to trigger a warranted transition in the interpreter (smoke licenses “there is fire”), whereas for Grice that inferential transition is specifically calibrated by speaker-intentions within a talk exchange. At the same time, they converge in a striking way: Augustine’s “given signs” exist to transfer what is in one mind into another, which is structurally close to Grice’s intentionalist account of speaker-meaning, but Augustine treats this as one species within a broader ontology of signs (natural and given), while Grice starts from communicative intention and then explains how further meanings (implicatures) arise from rational norms of interaction. So, read comparatively, Benvenuti’s “Augustine as the first Gricean” is plausible if the emphasis is on intention and interpretive inference, yet the deeper contrast remains that Augustine’s semiotics makes inference foundational to signification as such, while Grice makes inference foundational to conversational pragmatics specifically, with cooperation and reason-governed expectations doing the work that Augustine assigns to the general logic of signum/res and the natural/given divide. Grice: “A good thing about B.’s discussion of Agostino’s semiotics is that Benvenuti has a strictly philosophical background, rather than in grammar or linguistics or belles lettres, or even ‘theory of communication.’ Therefore, he INTERPRETS Augustine as *I* do! You gotta love B.. He dedicated his life to the semiotics of Agostino (who never knew he was a saint), the first Griceian. Benvenutti divides his discussion of Agostino’s semiotics in three: the semiotic triangle, the taxonomy of signs, and inferenza – For Agostino, ‘segno’ contrasts with ‘cosa.’ And a sign can signify ‘naturaliter’ (fumo, orma, volta). Or non-naturaliter – daglia animali including homo – prodotto dall’uomo – a ‘gesture’ that has to be perceived by one of the five senses – or by the senses – auditum (parola detta) – visum (segno scritto). Studia a Roma caso di coscienza per emanare i giudizi. Esaminatore. Dell' antica puncupazione di canoni, l'invasione di Longobardi, Vita Chericale comune, Povertà Evangelica sandria. Ill.Zin Canone del Concilio Romano, atribuito à Silvestro vien intejaper Buplio Diacono. Comunità Chericalen e laChiesa d Ales O o. DI 1 1 Turonense. Che fece Leobina Vescovo nella Chiesa Carnotenje. Dalle proibizioni del Concilio Arelaten fededucesi il metodo del vivere Chericale di que' tempi.Vita Regolare ne' Cherici espressa nel Concilio di Tours. De vivere in comune de Chericj in Romaforzo il Pontificato di Gregorio Magno. Note  Fonte: Francesco Sforza Benvenuti, Storia di Crema, p.37Filosofia Filosofo Teologi italiani Montodine NapoliTraduttori dal latino. paganismo, religione romana antica, paganesimo ario in Italia, i romani, i ostrogoti, i longobardi, religione romana, religione ostrogota, religione longobarda, mitologia romana, mitologia ostrogota, mitologia longobarda, cultura romana, cultura ostrogota, cultura longobarda, le fonte pagane della teoria del segno in Agostino – semeion, signum, segno, segnare, segnante, segnato. Antecedenti di una teoria unitaria del segno. Grice: Cesare, spiegami una cosa: Agostino avrebbe mai immaginato che il fumo di un camino potesse diventare oggetto di tanto ragionamento? Benvenuti: Caro Grice, Agostino era avanti! Per lui, anche un’impronta lasciata nel fango poteva generare una teoria semiotica, altro che fumo negli occhi. Grice: Quindi se un gesto vale come un segno, quando agito le mani per spiegarmi meglio, sto producendo filosofia o solo confusione? Benvenuti: Dipende dalla giornata, Grice! Ma ricorda: per Agostino, anche la parola detta e quella scritta sono viaggi per i sensi. Se poi ci aggiungi un sorriso, magari passi direttamente dal segno all’inferenza senza nemmeno accorgertene! Benvenuti, Cesare Donato (1819). Storia di Crema. Crema.

Antonio Berardi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del duello. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rational, intention-sensitive inference: hearers assume cooperative norms and work out what is meant beyond what is said (including when a speaker appears to violate expectations) by reconstructing the speaker’s communicative intentions in context; by contrast, the Berardi/Bernardi material you cite locates “reason” in the Renaissance arts of dialectic and moral-philosophical justification, where disputed practices like the duel are argued over through topical invention, definition, and the disciplined management of equivocations rather than through Grice’s maxims-based pragmatics. In Antonio Bernardi della Mirandola (1502–1565), the duel (monomachia/duellum) becomes a test-case for how dialectical reasoning and moral philosophy can legitimate a practice “according to reason” while still allowing a separate theological verdict (a distinction Bernardi explicitly makes in his Disputationes of 1562, which includes an extended treatment “ex professo” of monomachia), and the contemporary plagiarism/priority controversy around Giovan Battista Possevino’s Dialogo dell’honore (printed posthumously 1553 and widely reprinted, with modern discussion by Pietro Giulio Riga) underscores how, in that world, what is “implied” often rides on shared commonplaces of honour, reputation, and interpretive charity within a learned controversy. The upshot for a Grice comparison is that Berardi/Bernardi-style “conversational reason” is not primarily the micro-logic of how a listener calculates an implicature from a single utterance, but the macro-rationality of a disputational culture in which argument is a kind of regulated combat: the duel is both topic and model, and “implication” is closer to what follows from accepted loci, definitions, and moral classifications than to what follows from cooperative conversational expectations. Grice: “We discussed B. with Sir Peter – when we were tutoring on ‘Categoriae’. Surely this is not propedeutic logic! This is pure metaphysics, and even pure physics!” B. held the same view! On top, I love B. because he does not use ‘logica,’ which he thinks for ‘kids,’ but ‘dialettica,’ which is real philosophy!” Studia a Bologna sotto Boccadiferro, l’autore di un trattato sui luoghi comuni d’Aristotele, e POMPONAZZI. A Roma conosce Bembo, Casa e Giovio, e si conquista una fama di lizio.  Monomachia. Il duello è legittimo secondo la ragione e la filosofia morale, duello cavalleresco, umanista Forlivesi Zambelli. procedendo sempre con equivoci e confusion di vocaboli e con perpetui sofismi talvolta intrigatissimi e difficili e talvolta manifesti e palesi  Eppure, narra Maffei che dell'opera di B. quattro doppie si stima modesto prezzo. La scienza cavalleresca è tanto ricercati, che quattro doppie è pur stata valutata un'edizione dell'Ariosto, quella di Venezia per Valvassori,  sol per poche righe, che in alcuni luoghi vi si trovano con titolo di Pareri in Duello. In quanto all'accusa di plagio dita apertamente da B. a Possevino, essa è abbastanza giustificata. Possevino scolaro di B. e questi ha dal maestro il suo lavoro sul duello per copiarlo, ma Possevino non si fa alcuno scrupolo di rafazzonarlo alquanto per poterlo far passare come proprio. È vero peró, che la pubblicazione del saggio non avvenne per opera di Possevino, ma di suo fratello, ed anzi vuolsi, che Possevino morendo raccomanda al fratello di non pubblicare il saggio sul duello da esso lasciata, ma il fratello non tiene conto di questa raccomandazione, tanto più, che al dire del Tiraboschi, a vincer i suoi scrupoli gl’era opportinamente giunta all'orecchio, autore del saggio, ed egli a tale notizia presta fede. Tiraboschi, che dapprima aveva difeso G. B. Possevino dall'accusa di plagio doveva finire per persuadersi, che tale accusa era ben fondata. la legittimita dei duellisti, duo-machia. roma, duellisti, statua di due duellisti antichi, armi bianchi. Mirandola, Modena, Emilia-Romagna  Grice: Antonio, il duello filosofico è più una questione di dialettica o di sciabole affilate? Berardi: Grice, la vera dialettica si fa con parole taglienti, mica con armi bianche! Ma qualche volta, in biblioteca, le discussioni sono più rumorose di un duello in piazza. Grice: Sarà per questo che Possevino ha preferito copiare il trattato piuttosto che sfidare il maestro: meno rischi di finire trafitto, più possibilità di vincere per astuzia! Berardi: Esatto, Grice! In filosofia come nei duelli, chi ha il miglior parere vince la statua in piazza, chi perde si consola con una doppia edizione dell’Ariosto. Berardi, Antonio (1580). Pareri in duello. Venezia: Valvassori. 

Jacopo Bernardi (Castel di Godego, Treviso, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers get from what is said to what is meant by presuming cooperative rationality and inferring implicatures from a speaker’s adherence to (or artful departure from) conversational maxims; the “governance” is procedural and interactional, and the extra meaning is justified by publicly recoverable reasoning about intentions in context. Bernardi’s stance in your passage (Essenza, origine e retto uso dell’umana lingua, 1845) relocates governance from conversational procedure to a moral-theological teleology of language: speech is grounded in the divine nature and rational perfection of the human creature, its origin tied to creation rather than animal exclamation, and its proper use indexed to virtue (truthfulness) with sins of language (lying, slander, blasphemy) treated not as pragmatic misfires but as moral faults; so, where Grice treats implicature as a rationally cancellable by-product of cooperative exchange, Bernardi treats the “unsaid” as what conscience and doctrine already bind the speaker to (the rectus usus of words), making conversational reason less a set of inferential expectations and more a normatively charged discipline aimed at right-speaking as right-living. In that comparison, Grice’s maxims look like thin, defeasible norms for making talk work, whereas Bernardi’s “reason of language” is thick and eschatological: conversation is answerable not only to interlocutors but to a higher tribunal of truth and moral order, so the deepest “implicatures” are not clever inferences from relevance or quantity but ethical entailments of being the kind of rational-divine speaker humans are meant to be. Online bibliographic listings and digitized catalogues do at least corroborate the basic anchor that Bernardi’s Essenza, origine e retto uso dell’umana lingua appeared in Venice with Giuseppe Antonelli in 1845, framing him as part of the nineteenth-century Italian debate on language origins and proper usage, but his interest is less “pragmatics” than the moral constitution of speech, which makes him a useful foil to Grice precisely because he converts conversational rationality into a doctrine of linguistic virtue rather than a logic of cooperative inference. Grice: “I like B. – his approach is eschatological, like mine!” Filosofo poliedrico, in Essenza, origine e retto uso dell’umana lingua, B. affronta il dibattito sulla lingua all’ASCOLI con un approccio moralistico, fortemente influenzata d’una prospettiva scatologica. B. mette in relazione la lingua colla natura divina dell'uomo, con un focus sul retto uso nell’esercizio della virtù  morale. La natura profonda della lingua è come espressione dell’intelletto umano, in contrasto colla forma di comunicazione animale. L’origine della lingua si riallaccia a una creazione divina tramite una evoluzione guidata d’un principio morale, esortazndo all’utilizzo e corretto della parola, e condannando la menzogna, la maldicenza e la bestemmia: l’ammaestramento filosofico per concentrarlo dalle sparse membra vivificate nel cuore della provincia, abbiamo deplorato insieme e altamente quella sentenza ferale. Indarno per molte voci autorevoli e per quella dell'insigne vescovo nostro, che risona francamente nello approvare l'argomento, ch'io pure sceglievo per la prolusione agli studi fra noi , dopo aver detto. Credere che non è necessario nè conveniente il figurarsi che il divino al primo uomo imboccasse tutto intero la lingua, e gli fosse grammatica e vocabolario, soggiunge: a Que’tanti che fanno d’ESCLAMAZIONE INARTICOLATA e dal SENTIMENTO ANIMALE germinare la lingua, suppongono, dopo la formazione, umanamente inesplicabile, a dell' uomo senziente, una seconda ancora più inesplicabile perchè assurda quando dividon di tempo dalla prima dell’uomo intelligente, e così per negare il mistero, moltiplicano i misteri togliendone però quel sublime, che li fa degni dell’umana RAGIONE. Essendo l’uomo creato nella pienezza delle sue facoltà, come pieno e perfetto nell'esser suo è l'esercizio della intelligenza, ne consegue che pieno e perfetto dove essere quello della PAROLA. La proposizione è di tale evidenza che non ha bisogno di prova. Ammeno il fatto della CREAZIONE, l’altro non è che l’esplicazione. Grice: Jacopo, secondo te la lingua umana nasce davvero per esclamazione inarticolata come dicono i teorici, o è solo un modo elegante per far sembrare la filosofia una partita a scacchi? Bernardi: Grice, se fosse tutto esclamazione, avremmo solo filosofi che urlano e nessuno che ci spiega il mistero! Io preferisco pensare che la parola venga dalla creazione perfetta: come il caffè quando è appena versato, non quando resta freddo sul tavolo.Grice: E dunque, Jacopo, la menzogna e la maldicenza sono solo errori grammaticali o sono veri peccati del linguista troppo distratto? Bernardi: Caro Grice, il linguista distratto finisce col parlare come un animale, ma se usa bene la parola può persino convincere il vescovo a prendere un biscotto invece che giudicare la grammatica! Bernardi, Jacopo (1845). Essenza, origine e retto uso dell’umana lingua. Venezia, Tipografia di Giuseppe Antonelli.

Giuliano di Bernardo (Benne, Biella, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale della tradizione iniziatica itala. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rational, intention-based inference: hearers assume cooperation (and maxims of quantity, quality, relation, manner) and so can work out what is meant beyond what is said, including cases where a speaker is indirect or strategically elliptical; on that model, the “governing” rationality is public, defeasible, and reconstructible from conversational practice. Di Bernardo, as your passage frames him, shifts the spotlight from everyday talk to norm-governed systems and initiatic tradition: the closest analogue to Gricean implicature is not primarily a maxim-flout but the way meaning and commitment arise from rules, roles, and shared recognitional practices (a handshaking culture, ritualized forms, insider/common-knowledge background), so that what is “implied” is often implied by institutional form rather than by conversational economy alone. That makes a useful contrast: Grice’s implicature is calculable from cooperative discourse; Di Bernardo’s “implicature of initiatic tradition” is intelligible as what a participant is entitled (or obliged) to read into a move given a normative system—very close in spirit to deontic logic’s concern with what follows from norms, permissions, and obligations, except that here the “system” is as much symbolic and communal as formal. More concretely online: the University of Trento thesis catalogue (BiblioApss) lists Di Bernardo’s 1966/1967 sociology thesis as Studio preliminare sulla possibilità di applicare la logica deontica in sociologia (rel. Giorgio Braga; correl. Alberto Pasquinelli; shelfmark SO9), which supports your 1967 deontic-logic anchor; and later bibliographies consistently mark his early published work in the same direction (e.g., Logica, norme, azione, Trento: Istituto Superiore di Scienze Sociali, 1969; Introduzione alla logica dei sistemi normativi, Bologna: Il Mulino, 1972), letting you present him as a figure who would naturally reinterpret “conversational reason” less as Grice’s etiquette of inference and more as a rule-structured, tradition-sustaining practice in which what is meant is bound to norms, recognition, and authorized forms of saying and doing. Grice: “I like B.: he is a philosophical mason – but then most Italian philosophers are, as a way of NOT being Roman!” Studia a Trento. Insegna a Trento. filosofia delle scienze sociali,logica delle norme. Socialista. Tiene posizioni di aperto contrasto col cattolicismo. Al centro di polemiche anche con i vertici del GOI, B. decide di dimettersi dalla carica di Gran maestro al termine della Gran Loggia annuale a Roma alla quale si era presentato dopo aver redatto atto costitutivo e statuto di una nuova Obbedienza, la Gran Loggia Regolare d'Italia. Al vertice del GOI gli succede Ghinoi.  L’Obbedienza si regge su uno sparuto gruppo di Logge fuoriuscite dal GOI, caratterizzandosi per l'uso esclusivo del rito inglese Emulation. Otto anni dopo la fondazione, viene espulso dalla GLRI; gli succede alla guida dell'Obbedienza Venzi. Quindi avvia un nuovo progetto di un ordine paramassonico, denominato Dignity Order, che tuttavia non è un'Obbedienza regolare. Pur dichiarando di essere fuoriuscito dalla Massoneria, Di Bernardo da anni si presta a rilasciare interviste e dichiarazioni sull'argomento sia a giornalisti che ad organi inquirenti. Nel  ha polemizzato con il GOI dopo aver reso una dichiarazione alla Commissione Antimafia relativa a presunte rivelazioni di Loizzo (vedi ). Il GOI ha annunciato l'intenzione di denunciare Di Bernardo per diffamazione e calunnia. Il lo stesso Di Bernardo annuncia di voler a sua volta querelare il Gran Maestro del GOI Stefano Bisi per diffamazione. La querela di B. a carico di Bisi viene archiviata per insussistenza.  Aldo Alessandro Mola, Gelli e la P2: fra cronaca e storia, Bastogi Editrice Italiana, unitn.  Il Gran Maestro: chi è B.  Mola.  Pubblicazioni di unitn. Fra tradizione e rinnovamento: la lunga traversata del deserto, GOI.   Aldo A. Mola,  801 e ss.  Mola, Di Bernardo fonda la nuova la tradizione iniziatica italica, logica dei sistemi normativi, normativa sociale, l’implicatura del massone, psicologia filosofica, Homo sapiens sapiens. Grice: Giuliano, la tradizione iniziatica italiana è più un labirinto filosofico o una cena tra amici che non si ricordano mai dove hanno messo il grembiule? Di Bernardo: Grice, direi che è come una riunione di loggia dove tutti discutono se servire il caffè con o senza zucchero e alla fine si decide per il rito inglese solo perché nessuno ha portato la moka. Grice: E allora, Giuliano, la filosofia massonica si fa sulle scale tra una querela e una dichiarazione alla Commissione Antimafia, o basta una stretta di mano e si passa oltre? Di Bernardo: Grice, finché c’è implicatura conversazionale, anche le polemiche possono diventare una tradizione: l’importante è non perdere il filo, né quello del grembiule né quello del discorso. Bernardo, Giuliano di (1967). Logica deontica. Trento.

Camillo Berneri (Lodi, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- filosofia italiana nel ventennio fascista. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how an audience reconstructs what a speaker means beyond what is literally said by assuming cooperative rationality (maxims/Cooperative Principle) and treating strategic departures from those norms as evidence for inferable implicatures; on this picture, “reason” is a local, interactional engine that makes indirectness intelligible and accountable. Berneri, by contrast, is best read (as your passage suggests) as a case of filosofia militante, where talk, pamphlet, and polemic are not primarily devices for maximizing cooperative coordination but instruments of struggle against authoritarian control; this shifts the center of gravity from Grice’s micro-rationality of conversational inference to the macro-conditions of who is allowed to speak, under what risks, and with what audiences (the “game” is rigged, so the implicatures become tactical—coded signals, rallying cues, and politically necessary indirections shaped by surveillance, exile, and factional conflict). In that sense, a Grice/Berneri comparison highlights that implicature can be generated not only by polite cooperation but also by constrained adversarial contexts: speakers still rely on shared inferential norms, but the point is often to evade suppression, mobilize solidarity, or expose propaganda rather than to optimize mutual understanding. As for bibliographic anchoring, online catalogues and standard biographies typically cite Berneri’s early anti-fascist output in the early 1920s, including Mussolini, un dittatore (often dated 1922) and his activity in libertarian periodicals; however, the specific imprint “Psicologia d’un dittatore” as a 1922 Milan volume is sometimes given in secondary lists and can vary by catalogue, so if you want maximum precision for your entry it’s worth cross-checking the exact title/year against a national catalogue record (e.g., ICCU/SBN) before fixing the citation. Grice: ‘I like B.; of course we need to know more about his philosophical background and education – he represents the epitome of what Italian philosophers call ‘filosofia militante,’ but then I fought the Hun – so I was militante, too!”. Di padre originario di Ronco, si trasfere a Milano. A Reggio, milita coi scialisti di Reggio Emilia – Mussolini, Psicologia d’un dittatore", Masini, Milano. Comitato Centrale della Federazione Giovanile Socialista reggiana, e dopo aver collaborato all'Avanguardia (organo nazionale della FGS), rassegna le dimissioni dalla FGS, attraverso una lettera ai compagni, avendo maturato convinzioni anarchiche. Sarà colpito dal gesto dei compagni che, nonostante le dimissioni, vorranno che presieda un'ultima riunione della FGS a Reggio, e dal gesto del mentore Prampolini, che lo convocherà per conoscere le ragioni del suo dissenso. Berneri ricorderà sempre "i dolci ricordi del mio catecumenato socialista". Si trasfere ad Arezzo dove frequenta il liceo. Escluso dall’accademia militare di Modena per le sue idee, è inviato al fronte. Ancora in servizio, è confinato a Pianosa in occasione dello sciopero generale. Collabora a periodici libertari. Si laurea a Milano. Insegna a Camerino. Pronta e decisa si manifesta la sua avversione al fascismo e mantene contatti con gl’antifascisti diffondendo il battagliero Non mollare. Molto intensa è  l'attività nell'unione anarchica. Inaspritasi la dittatura fascista,  s’espatria in Francia. Gremmo, Bombe, soldi e anarchia: l'affare B. e la tragedia dei libertari. Guidi, "Nostra patria è il mondo intero". B. e "Guerra di Classe" a Barcellona, pubblicato dall'autore, Milano. Berti, Sacchetti, Un libertario in Europa. B.i: fra totalitarismi e democrazia. Atti del convegno di studi storici, Chessa, B., Lo spionaggio fascista all'estero, Fedel (e prefazione di Franzinelli), Comandante Libero, Socialismo socialista libertario. Abolizione ed estinzione dello stato, Anarchismo e federalismo. Anarchici Assassinati con arma da fuoco Vittime di dittature comuniste. normalizazzione, delirio racista. Grice: Camillo, la filosofia italiana nel ventennio fascista era davvero una partita di calcio o più una partita di scacchi con la pedina anarchica fuori dal tabellone? Berneri: Caro Grice, se il fascismo voleva giocare a scacchi, io preferivo la dama: niente regole fisse, ogni mossa è battaglia, ma la filosofia non si lascia confinare, nemmeno sulla casella nera. Grice: E Mussolini, allora, era più un arbitro che fischia a caso o un portiere che si dimentica di difendere la porta? Berneri: Direi, Grice, che Mussolini puntava più a tirare il pallone fuori dallo stadio! Ma tra uno sciopero e una fuga in Francia, la partita si è fatta mondiale e la filosofia – la vera militante – ha trovato sempre il modo di segnare, anche senza reti. Berneri, Camillo (1922). Psicologia d’un dittatore. Milano, Lombardia.  

Enrico Berti (Valeggio sul Mincio, Verona, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura della morte di Cicerone. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers infer what a speaker means beyond what is said by presuming cooperative rationality and deriving conversational implicatures from context and expectations (so the “reason” in conversation is a practical inferential discipline keyed to speaker-intentions and maxims), whereas Enrico Berti’s central preoccupation is not the micro-pragmatics of everyday implicature but the rationality proper to philosophical discourse as dialectic and rhetoric in the Aristotelian lineage: a form of reason that is not reducible to scientific method but works through debate, objection, and argumentative testing aimed at truth (hence his recurring emphasis on dialectic, contradiction, and the “ways of reason”). Put comparatively, Grice gives a model of how conversation, at the level of ordinary exchanges, is norm-governed so that indirectness is intelligible and controllable; Berti gives a model of how philosophical reasoning itself is dialogical (Socratic/Aristotelian) and therefore conversational in a thicker sense, where what counts as “rational” is tied to publicly assessable argument-forms, the management of aporiai, and the disciplined handling of opposition rather than to implicature-calculation as such. Online reference points that sharpen the Berti side of the comparison include Treccani’s account of Berti’s work on “dialettica” and on the distinction between philosophical and scientific rationality (e.g., Ragione filosofica e ragione scientifica nel pensiero moderno, 1977; Le vie della ragione, 1987) and bibliographies noting his early publication stream beginning in 1959 (including an article version of L’interpretazione neoumanistica della filosofia presocratica in Studia Patavina 6/2, 1959, pp. 225–259), which fits your passage’s picture of Berti as an Aristotelian “cartographer” of dialectical reason—one who would naturally recast “the death of Cicero” not as the end of talk but as a reminder that philosophical meaning lives by the continuation of disciplined dialogue. Grice: “I like B.; of course he has philosophised on the only two philosophers worth philosophising about Plato and Aristotle – his interest is in the ‘number idea’ in Plato, the unity in Aristotle, and various other things – notably Socratic dialectic as the basis for both! I also love his courtesy: cf. Sir Peter, “Introduction to logical theory,” versus the gentle “Un invito alla filosofia,” – for philosophy needs to be invited to, rather than intro- and extro-ducted to and fro’!” Si laurea a Padova sotto GENTILE. Insegna a Perugia e di storia della filosofia nella stessa Università.  Si trasferisce all'Padova, dove insegna storia della filosofia. È poi docente anche nelle Ginevra, di Bruxelles, Interessato particolarmente al lizio, ne ha intravisto le tracce nella metafisica, nell'etica e nella politica in particolar modo pel problema della contraddizione e la dialettica. S’inserisce nel dibattuto sul del rapporto filosofia/scienza, e fonda la filosofia su una razionalità non rapportabile a quella scientifica, ma piuttosto alla dialettica e alla retorica. S’interessa a riproporre unaa metafisica, in una concezione umile o povera come consapevolezza della problematicità, e dell'insufficienza, dell'esperienza, considerata nella sua totalità.  L'interpretazione neo-umanistica della filosofia itala Crotone,  la porta di Velia; accademia e lizio 'unità del sapere; contraddizione la dialettica della struttura originaria, Bontadini; struttura del discorso; dalla dialettica alla filosofia prima, Ragione scientifica e ragione filosofica, Le vie della ragione Le ragioni del lizio Storia della filosofia lizio metafisica, In principio era la meraviglia. grandi questioni della filosofia, Il Sumphilosophein Invito alla filosofia, La ricerca della verità in filosofia, dialogo satirico, un "falso d'autore" attribuito ad Aristotele, Eubulo o della ricchezza: dialogo perduto contro i governanti ricchi. dei Lincei VELIA VELINO Melisso GIRGENTI, LEONZIO, Gorgia, ROMA PORTICO ORTO Lucrezio Accademia  ANTONINO res publica il bene buono bello filosofia politica. Grice: Enrico, la morte di Cicerone è davvero la fine del dialogo, o solo l’inizio di una nuova implicatura? Berti: Caro Grice, forse è come Platone e Aristotele al bar: si discute dell’unità e poi arriva la dialettica a chiedere il conto. Grice: Ah, la filosofia deve essere invitata, non spinta a prendere il caffè freddo. Sir Peter avrebbe scritto “Introduzione alla logica”, ma io preferisco “Un invito alla filosofia”, con pasticcini. Berti: Ecco, Grice, alla fine tra la meraviglia e la contraddizione, resta solo la consapevolezza che il discorso non si chiude mai—neanche quando arriva la morte di Cicerone. Berti, Enrico (1959). L’interpretatzione umanistica della filosofia presocratica. Padova.  

Francesco Bertinaria (Genova, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’indole e le vicende della filosofia italiana. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers move from what is said to what is meant by assuming cooperative rationality and deriving conversational implicatures as disciplined, context-sensitive inferences (often prompted when an utterance looks under-informative, off-topic, or otherwise strategically indirect), whereas Bertinaria, as your passage presents him, is not building a micro-pragmatics of inference but a cartography of Italian philosophy in which indole and vicende name the historically shaped dispositions, cultural temper, and intellectual trajectories that determine what Italian thinkers are even trying to do when they “philosophize.” Set against Grice, Bertinaria’s “conversational reason” would be less about maxims and calculability and more about the background-horizon that makes certain implicatures natural within a tradition: what gets left unsaid because it is supplied by shared civil, religious, and metaphysical inheritances (Vico/Romagnosi, Portico/Orto, eclecticism à la Cicero), so that the logic of implication is mediated by a national-philosophical style before it becomes a local conversational move. Online bibliographic records sharpen the specifics: Bertinaria (1816–1892) published Sull’indole e le vicende della filosofia italiana with Giuseppe Pomba in Turin in 1846 (available in full via Google Books/Internet Archive; later reissued 1866), and his surrounding works include the 1846 Antologia italiana article Concetto della filosofia e delle scienze inchiuse nel dominio di essa and later Torino/Genova university appointments (chair of Filosofia della storia at Torino in 1860, then Genova in 1865); those details reinforce the contrast that, where Grice theorizes the rational machinery inside a single exchange, Bertinaria theorizes the longue durée preconditions—historical, institutional, and temperamental—within which any Italian exchange becomes intelligible and within which certain implicatures feel like “common culture” rather than inference. Grice: “I would call Italian surnames colourful – as Chumley is colourful! B’s surname likely comes from the Italian given name Bertino. I like B.; he is, like me a philosophical cartographer – in his case, of ‘filosofia italiana’ for which he has identified ‘indole’ e this or that ‘vicenda,’ – now J. L. Austin once remarked that ‘sake’ has no denotatum – but ‘vicem’ does!” Studia a Pisa. Insegna a TorinoLa filosofia italiana Compendio di storia della filosofia Discorso sull'indole e le vicende della filosofia italiana Concetto della filosofia e delle scienze inchiuse nel dominio di essa, «Antologia italiana»”; “Disegno di una storia delle scienze filosofiche in Italia dal Risorgimento delle lettere sin oggi, Antologia italiana», “Concetto scientifico della storia, Prospetto dell'insegnamento della filosofia della storia” (Stamperia dell'unione tipografico editrice, Torino); “Della teoria poetica e dell'epopea latina, Torino); filosofia della storia, filosofia del diritto biologia e sociologia, La storia della filosofia e la filosofia della storia” «Riv. cont.», Estr.: Baglione, Torino); “Sulla formola esprimente il nuovo principio dell'enciclopedia” «Riv. cont.»,Il positivismo e la metafisica” «Riv. cont.»,  Estr.: Negro, Torino); “Scienza, Arte e Religione, «Gerdil» Dell'origine, progresso e condizione presente della filosofia civile, Riv. la funzione ontologica della rappresentazione ideale; “Concetto del mondo civile universale, evoluzione e il trascendentale lo stato l'incivilimento la civiltà nativa di VICO e ROMAGNOSI psicologia fisica ed iperfisica antagonismo sociale la critica esaminato e il trascendente, l'assoluto l’esoterico, SERBATI Ercole Rovere NERONE, ANTONINO Eis éautóv. ha carattere di dolcezza e pietà; abbraccia la morale del portico. Che se questi romani dell’orto e il portico asi mantennero fedeli ad un solo sistema, CICERONE  da esempio d’un eclettismo: nella morale prefere il sistema del portico, nella teoretica l'accademia, accettandovi anche l'orto e il lizio. Grice determinazione dell’assoluto. Grice: Francesco, cartografo filosofico, l’indole italiana è più dolce o più epica? Qui a Oxford, il massimo che tracciamo sono percorsi tra biblioteche e pub. Bertinaria: Grice, la mappa italiana va dalla pietà del portico alla moralità dell’orto, ma ogni tanto ci fermiamo in una piazza per discutere se il trascendente può ordinare un caffè macchiato. Grice: E il principio assoluto, allora, lo troviamo tra le enciclopedie o tra le chiacchiere di Vico e Romagnosi? Bertinaria: Dipende, Grice: se la filosofia si fa storia, ogni vicenda diventa una strada italiana—ma quando si chiude il portico, resta solo la dolcezza della conversazione, che in fondo è la vera metafisica. Bertinaria, Francesco (1850). Discorso sull’indole e le vicende della filosofia italiano. Torino: Antologia Italiana

Emilio Betti (Camerino, Macerata, Marche): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della lupa; ovvero, problemi di storia della costitutzione politica e sociale nell’antica Roma. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers rationally recover what a speaker means beyond what is said by assuming a cooperative purpose in the talk-exchange and applying maxims (quantity, quality, relation, manner), so that implicatures are typically calculable inferences drawn from an utterance plus context and shared expectations; Betti, by contrast, is not primarily a theorist of everyday conversational inference but a jurist and general hermeneutician, so the closest analogue to “implicature” in his framework is what interpretation must legitimately extract from an objective “meaningful form” (a text, act, norm, historical document) under canons that constrain and justify understanding. In Betti’s mature work Teoria generale dell’interpretazione (2 vols., 1955; later abridged/translated as Allgemeine Auslegungslehre als Methodik der Geisteswissenschaften, 1967), meaning is reason-governed not by conversational cooperation but by methodological norms of interpretation aimed at objectivity, coherence, and the autonomy of the object interpreted; where Grice treats inference as guided by presumptions about speakers’ intentions and conversational rationality, Betti treats inference as guided by disciplined reconstruction of an intended sense embedded in enduring forms, with the interpreter responsible for warranting readings by rule-like principles. Your “lupa/ancient Rome” motif fits as a contrast: Grice’s wolf story would be about whether we can presume cooperation (and thus infer implicatures) among agents whose interests may be adversarial, while Betti’s “wolf” is more naturally the emblem of a juridico-historical world where the relevant rationality is institutional and interpretive—how we read Rome’s norms, constitutional shifts, and legal acts through a method that resists arbitrariness—so that what is “left unsaid” is not mainly a conversational flout to be decoded but a gap to be filled by historically and doctrinally responsible interpretation. Grice: “I like B.!”  Si laurea a Bologna su la crisi della repubblica e la genesi del principato. Insegna a Roma. Artefici del codice civile. Nel corso della sua attività accademica ha coperto tutti i rami del diritto, in particolare il diritto romano, civile, commerciale e processuale. Dei Lincei. Fascista. Il normale del negozio giuridico, obbligazioni e contratti, interpretazione.  L'influenza di B. e determinante nella soluzione, adottata da Grandi. eccezione sull'azione; vindicazione, diritto privato, processo, giudicare, pronunciare e dannare/condennare, litis æstimatio, processo civile, domma del contahere; restaurazione di SULLA: crisi della costituzione repubblicana; struttura dell'obbligazione, obbligazione ed azione, limiti della cosa giudicata, diritto romano, Diritto processuale civile; interpretazione della legge e dell’atto giuridico: ermeneutica. Griffero obbligazione cosa giudicata diritto processuale civile interpretazione genesi del principato lingua latina, base etnica della antica Roma, i latini, l’eta monarchica, rex regere lex, legare l’eta repubblicana, res pubica used during l’eta monarchica, Romolo, il primo re, Tarquino, l’ultimo re, l’eta repubblicana, la stirpe dei patrizi, patrizio, cepo aristocratico, Caesar dittatore, assassinio di Caesar, il principato, Augusto, significante ‘consacrato’, ‘Imperator Augusto Ottaviano’, imperio, imperatore, pater familias, paternalism, diritto consuetudinario, il fuhrer, l’hero, autorita carismatica, civilita, ius civile, romanita, diritto romano ostrogotico, diritto romano longobardi, popolo romano, nazione romana, romano e sabini, diritto per romani e diritto per pellegrini, vocabulario del diritto romano, dizionario di diritto romano, lexicon auctoritas lex legare eddictum decreto suggestione, agere, diritto processuale, contratto, negozio, diritto penale civile Antonio Ottaviano stato autoritario, concetto di stato diritto romano laico senato PSQR Vico circolo dell’implicatura. Grice: Emilio, la lupa romana è stata più convincente di molte leggi. Se avesse avuto un codice civile, forse avrebbe imposto il “latte obbligatorio” a tutti i fondatori di città. Betti: Grice, la vera legge della lupa era quella del patto non scritto: chi si trova nel Foro deve imparare a interpretare i segnali, non solo le norme! E se il negozio giuridico fosse stato una trattativa tra lupi e patrizi? Grice: Forse la giustizia a Roma si sarebbe risolta in una corsa tra la lupa e il senato: chi vince decide la sentenza, chi perde scrive una nuova interpretazione del diritto. Betti: Caro Grice, tra l’obbligazione naturale e quella convenzionale, la lupa resta l’unica che non ha bisogno di commentari. Se Augusto avesse chiesto consiglio a lei, forse il principato sarebbe stato fondato su un brindisi, non su un decreto! Betti, Emilio (1910). Diritto e logica formale. Camerino, Tipografia G. Galeotti.

Carlo Bianco (Cervinara, Avellino, Campania): la ragione conversazionale  e l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia dello spirito; ovvero, la morte d’Eurialo. Grice’s reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means beyond what is literally said by assuming cooperative rationality and inferring implicatures from contextual expectations (especially when a speaker is deliberately indirect, under-informative, or apparently irrelevant); on that model, “what is meant” is a product of practical inference from an utterance plus shared conversational norms. In your Bianco passage, by contrast, conversational reason is reframed through filosofia dello spirito and a moralized “science of life”: implicature is no longer primarily a technical upshot of maxims and calculability, but something like the spiritual residue of a discourse oriented to ultimate questions (life, death, afterlife, freedom), with “concretism” functioning as a doctrinal background that supplies what conversation is for (consolation, moral orientation, respect for faith) and thus what is naturally left unsaid; the Eurialo/Patroclus motif and the coffee-and-poetry banter suggest that, for Bianco, the deepest “unsaid” is existential rather than merely pragmatic, so conversational meaning is tied to commemorative and ethical horizons rather than to Grice’s thin rational coordination. Online biographical notes commonly describe Carlo Bianco as a long-lived Cervinara-based intellectual, lawyer and writer, associated with spiritualist themes and credited with works including La morale come scienza della vita and a saggio on filosofia dello spirito; the earliest publication claim that circulates is a first poetry collection dated 1925 (often cited in local/commemorative sources), which fits your closing reference “Bianco (1925) Poesie” and reinforces the idea that his idiom is literary-spiritual first, analytic-pragmatic second—making him an illuminating foil for Grice precisely because his “implicature” is anchored in spirit, value, and finitude rather than in conversational calculation. Grice: “I like B.; he optimistically thinks of ‘morale’ as a ‘scienza’ – but ‘della vita,’ which helps. I have myself explored the topic, and came with a ‘philosophy’ of life, rather!” Ha vissuto per tutta la vita nella città natale, in provincia di Avellino. La sua intensa e appassionata vita di uomo di cultura lo ha portato in giro per tutto il mondo.   Laureato in lettere, filosofia e scienze, docente di filosofia morale all'Trento, fu un seguace del pensiero di Platone e Marcuse. Fondatore della corrente del concretismo, dottrina filosofica che propugna il rispetto di ogni fede religiosa, il credo nell'aldilà e nella vita dopo la morte, ottenne nel 2004 la candidatura al premio Nobel per la letteratura dalle Accademie italiane.  Nel corso della sua carriera ricevette per tre volte il premio della Presidenza del Consiglio dei ministri. Accademico di Francia, membro della Columbia Academy, nella sua lunga attività letteraria conseguì diversi diplomi e riconoscimenti/ Stidoa AQUINO. La critica, filosofia dello spirito, L'Uomo sui confini dell'ignoto, La morale come scienza della vita” (Edizioni Studi e ricerche, Catania); “Tempi di Sofistica, L'uomo, l'inconoscibile” (Edizioni Scientifiche Internazionale, Napoli); “La vita davanti a voi, Casa Editrice Fausto Fiorentino. Vedi Cervinara commemoraarticolo de la Repubblica, 3 settembre, Sezione Napoli, Archivio storico.  Vedi È morto B. avvocato e candidato al Nobel nel articolo de la Repubblica, Sezione Napoli, Archivio storico.Alfredo Marro, Un gigante del pensiero, Edizioni Il Caudino, Cervinara; Marro, Biografie cervinaresi, Marro, Frammenti di un'animapoesie scelte Caudino, Cervinara, B. nella Cultura Caudina, Rotondi, B., poeta della fede e del dolore biografia e  nel sito "carlobianco blogspot". la filosofia dell spirito; ovvero, la morte di Patroclo, Centro Ricerche Biopsichiche Padova, saggio sulla filosofia dello spirito, kantismo, spiritualismo, morale, vita, liberta, piazza bianco, cervinara. Grice: Carlo, filosofia dello spirito e morale come scienza della vita? A Oxford abbiamo la morale del tè pomeridiano, ma lo spirito di Patroclo non si è mai presentato a conversare. Bianco: Grice, qui a Cervinara lo spirito preferisce il caffè forte e qualche poesia nel pomeriggio. La morte di Eurialo ci ricorda che anche il più audace finisce per essere commemorato con un brindisi, non con una footnote. Grice: Allora, Carlo, il concretismo si fonda sul rispetto di ogni fede? Da noi, la fede più diffusa è quella nel biscottino di metà mattina. Sarà metafisica o empirica? Bianco: Grice, la vera filosofia è quella che resiste all’inconoscibile e sopravvive alla pausa caffè. Se Eurialo avesse avuto una tazzina, forse avrebbe affrontato il destino con più spirito e meno pathos. Bianco, Carlo (1925). Poesie.  

Gaio Blossio: la ragione conversazionale al portico a Roma – filosofia italiana – . (Cumae). Abstract. Grice: “Philosophy was obviously taught at Oxford within the Faculty of Literae Humaniores – Philosophy being a sub-faculty – and therefore, we all were OBLIGED, ineed, obligated, to know what stoicism, epicureanism, cynicism, and all the rest meant. Yet, if you would ask, say, Austin, what are the DEFINING features of, say, stoicism, he (the literalist that he was) would say: ‘the painted porch’!” -- Filosofo italiano. Alla stoa romana si collega B. di Cuma (il nome ha origine osca), che e scolaro dello stoico Antipatro di Tarso. Dopo la morte di Tiberio Gracco, B. dove difendersi davanti ai consoli.. Poi, B. fugge da Roma, e si reca in Asia presso Aristonico di Pergamo e, quando questo e sconfitto, si da la morte. A member of the Porch who is thought to have had an influence on the reforms introduced in Rome by Tiberio Gracco. GRICEVS: Blossi, cum Oxonii Stoicos didicissem, putabam “stoicismum” esse doctrinam, sed Austinus (litteralis ille) respondit: “porticus picta.” BLOSSIVS: Recte dicit, Grice, nam si “stoicus” a porticu venit, ego “Blossius” a floribus venio—itaque tu sub tecto philosopharis, ego in horto. GRICEVS: At tu sub eadem porticu Romae cum Tiberio Graccho ambulasti, donec consules te interrogaverunt, quod est viva vox sine tea. BLOSSIVS: Ita vero, sed melius est in Asia honeste exire e vita quam Romae cotidie audire “define Stoicum” et postea solum parietem spectare.

Norberto Bobbio (Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale del bisogno del bisogno del senso del senso. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats conversation as a cooperative, purposive activity in which hearers use publicly available evidence plus rational expectations (maxims) to infer speaker-meaning, so that conversational implicatures are calculable products of practical reasoning about what a speaker could reasonably intend in context; Bobbio, by contrast, comes from legal-political theory and the analysis of norms, where “reason” shows up less as a micro-theory of inference from an utterance and more as the framework that makes civil coexistence and rule-following possible at all, hence your passage’s emphasis on fiducia reciproca and regole del gioco: for Bobbio the background condition for intelligibility is not primarily a set of conversational maxims but the normative infrastructure of mutual recognition, shared rules, and the “sense” of practices (including the way custom can function as a normative fact, as in his 1942 La consuetudine come fatto normativo). Read in Gricean terms, Bobbio’s focus shifts implicature away from witty, local, maxim-based derivations and toward the tacit presuppositions of a rule-governed social world: what we can mean to each other depends on trust, stabilized conventions, and institutional forms that sustain cooperation; that also fits Bobbio’s self-description (and later reception) of philosophy as an exercise in doubt, dialogue, and the asking of “questions of sense” (e.g., the later collected text La filosofia e il bisogno di senso), as well as his analytic style in philosophy of law and political philosophy (Treccani lists, among early works, Scienza e tecnica del diritto, 1934, and La consuetudine come fatto normativo, 1942, and identifies La filosofia del decadentismo as 1944 rather than 1934). In short, Grice gives a reason-theory of how utterances generate meant contents inside a conversational exchange, whereas Bobbio supplies a reason-theory of the normative and civic conditions—rules, trust, and the demand for “sense”—within which such exchanges can function as cooperative practices in the first place. Grice: “My favourite B. must be his ‘dialettica’ – he knows all about it, since he is into the Plato/Aristotle models that run most philosophy – some think there is a third model at play – but … Bobbio is a good one; like me, he is a philosophical cartographer – into the longitudinal and latitudinal unity of philosophy – even if he can be picky when it comes to the longitudinal: Italian only, and uncanonical, like Cattaneo, Gramsci, Croce, Especially Cattaneo!” B. – this is the philosopher, not the infantry general – is a Griceian in that ‘fiducia reciproca’ becomes an essential meta-goal; he has been involved with the dispute naturalism/positivism, and has come with some interesting points about the ‘regole del gioco’ – and whether ‘custom’ can be a ‘normative fact’! All in all, his philosophy is about trying to look for an answer to what I deem the fundamental question regarding rational co-operation – His appeal to philosophical biology or zoology is interesting – Toby trusts Tibby, the squarrels, as Jack trusts Jill and vice versa – but does a ‘lupus’ trust a ‘lupus’? Hobbes, who doesn’t know the first thing about zoology, philosophical or other, thinks so! This essential Italian philosopher philosophises on Fregeian sense ‘senso,’the need for sense the search for sense, meaning meaning. Conosce Ginzburg, Foa e Pavese. Fascista.  La sua giovinezza, come da lui stesso descritto fu: "vissuta tra un convinto fascismo patriottico in famiglia e un altrettanto fermo antifascismo appreso nella scuola, con insegnanti noti antifascisti, come Cosmo e Zini, e compagni altrettanto intransigenti antifascisti come Ginzburg e Foa".  Allievo di Solari e Einaudi, si laurea sul domma del diritto. Conosce Treves e Geymonat, Studia l’esistenzialismo. Studia sotto Pastore la fenomenologia di Husserl. Grice: Norberto, il bisogno del senso è come cercare una strada in una città disegnata da Platone e Aristotele. Tu che mappa usi? Bobbio: Grice, a Torino la mappa cambia a ogni angolo, ma io mi affido alla ragione e alla fiducia reciproca: se incontriamo Cattaneo o Croce, basta chiedere indicazioni! Grice: Ma se ci imbattiamo in un lupus hobbesiano, come la mettiamo con la cooperazione filosofica? La fiducia va bene anche tra lupi? Bobbio: Dipende, Grice: se il lupo ha studiato la dialettica, magari ci accompagna fino al prossimo senso; se invece è rimasto ai regolamenti del gioco, meglio cambiare strada e filosofeggiare col primo scoiattolo che passa! Bobbio, Norberto (1934). La filosofia del decadentismo – Torino, Fratelli Bocca Editori.

Anici Ludovico Boccadiferro (Bologna, Emilia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del luogo comune. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats talk as a purposive, cooperative enterprise in which hearers infer speaker-meaning by assuming a shared direction and rational maxims (quality, quantity, relation, manner), so that what is meant beyond what is said (conversational implicature) is calculable from publicly available cues plus the presumption of cooperation; the Boccadiferro passage, by contrast, casts “conversational reason” as grounded not in maxims but in the commonplace as a rhetorical-logical resource (locus communis) for finding and ordering arguments, echoing Cicero’s De inventione and the tradition of topical invention in which prudence lies in selecting from “places” of argument and in arranging probable premises so that an audience can be moved from shared starting-points to a conclusion. In that frame, implicature becomes less an inference triggered by maxim-flouting and more a culturally stocked, learnable repertoire of ready-to-hand inferential pathways: when Boccadiferro jokes that Grice’s implicature is “fine” and his own “iron mouth” is the corkscrew, the point is that the commonplace supplies the audience with the missing steps in advance, so persuasion can proceed by amplification and selection rather than by reconstructing an intention each time. Online, the relevant historical anchor is Ludovico Boccadiferro (Latinized Buccadiferro), a Bolognese Aristotelian humanist (1482–1545) whose lectures were largely published posthumously; sources like Treccani and modern reference works identify him as a teacher at Bologna and Rome in an Averroist-leaning Aristotelian line, which fits the passage’s topical-logic voice even if the specific “Opus logicum, 1552” imprint may reflect a later compilation or attribution within that posthumous publication stream. Grice: “My surname means either pig or grey; B.’s surname means something else! The surname “B.” can be easily explained. Literally, mouth of iron: someone with an ability to speak forcefully, or a a blacksmith known for his strong grip, his ‘mouth of iron’ being his tool. inveniat, ex quibus argumenta construat sed hoc dificillimum est, et multa indiget prudentia, et longa consideratione quis enim possets tatim inspecto termino propositionum, quæ probabiles sint et indubita txcopiam inuenire; atque ex hiseas, quæ propositæ quæstioni conveniat, eligere si hoc ita est, patet longe consultius, et præstantiu segisse philosophum, qui has propolitiones nobis invenerit, et explicauerit; easq; secundum unum quodque quæstionis genus certo ordine ita digesserit, ut quam vis plurimæ sint, nihil tamen confusionis pariant, sed maximam, accertamin una quaquere argumentorum copiam suppeditant neque tamen prætermit tit philosophus terminos, exquibus maximæ propositiones desumuntur: hoc enim facile ad modum est exeiusdi et iselicere sed noluit ipse terminorum ordinem sequi, quoniam ordo ille problematum ordine minterturbasset, qui longe præstantior est et ad usum accomodatior qai igitur terminorum do &rinam sequitur, primo propositiones ignorat; quarum præcipuus est usus in argumentis et fine quibus nullus est terminorum usus deinde nullum secundum quæstionum genera ordinem habet, quo sit, utinomni qux sionis genere per omnia loca temere vagaricoa et us sit atque ita patet lon dubitatio, TOPICORVM lizio. cota mende his omnibus possumus argumentari, ut si velimus probare diuitias non esse bonas, ex eo loco hoc modo argumentabimur si sanitas, quæ magis videtur esse bona, quam divitiæ, bona tam en non est, ergo neque divitiæ bonæ sunt si enim deinde probemus sanitatem non esse bonam ex eo forte, quod aliquibus sit causa mali, ex loco proposito ostensumerit divitias non esse bonas. probare uule NOTANDVM autem hoc loco est, alio mod. CICERONE, De Inventione, Grice: Caro Boccadiferro, quando dico “bocca di ferro” implico che tu possa zittire un seminario solo schiarendoti la gola. Boccadiferro: E quando tu dici che il tuo cognome vuol dire “maiale o grigio”, io implico che a Oxford tu sia riuscito a essere entrambe le cose senza cambiarti d’abito. Grice: Vedi, il bello è che non lo dico, lo lascio inferire, come Cicero lasciava inferire la fatica di trovare argomenti prima ancora del caffè. Boccadiferro: Allora inferisci questo: se la tua implicatura è così fine, la mia bocca di ferro è solo il cavatappi per aprirla. Boccadiferro, Anici Ludovico (1552). Opus logicum. Bologna, Stamperia di Giovanni Rossi. 

Osvaldo Boccanegra (Venezia, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’esperienza. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers routinely and rationally recover what is meant beyond what is literally said by assuming a cooperative, purposive “talk exchange” governed by maxims (quality, quantity, relation, manner) and by treating apparent violations as cues for inference; conversational implicatures are thus not extra semantic contents but products of practical reasoning about a speaker’s intentions under shared norms. Boccanegra, as your passage frames him, relocates the center of gravity from these procedural norms of exchange to esperienza as a metaphysical-epistemic paradigm in a Lockean key: conversational reason becomes an implicature of lived and co-lived experience, where what is “left unsaid” is anchored less in rule-like expectations of relevance or informativeness than in a prior ontology of the person and of being (Aquinas/Bontadini) that makes discourse possible and intelligible in the first place; hence “conversational implicature of experience” reads like a thickening of Grice’s thin, economy-driven inferential model into a systematic itinerary from metaphysics to ethics, with beatitude, moral action, and the sense of being functioning as background commitments that shape what counts as a rational conversational move. On the factual side, online sources identify the figure as the Dominican philosopher and theologian Alberto (religious name) Boccanegra, born Osvaldo, Venice 1920–Fiesole 2010, with philosophical training at Milan (under Bontadini), doctoral work in Rome, later teaching at the Angelicum and at Bologna/Firenze, extensive unpublished manuscripts at San Domenico di Fiesole, and course-dispense titled Frammenti di metafisica iniziale; scholarship on his “paradigm of experience” and “principle of metaphysics” appears in Divus Thomas (2013) and related bibliographic records, which supports the portrait in your passage of a systematic metaphysician for whom esperienza is not merely a conversational topic but the governing frame within which conversational rationality is to be understood. Grice: “Italian philosophy is what I call ‘musical,’ or ‘of a musical character;’ in any case, I cannot think of an ENGLISH – Oxonian even – philosopher whose name coincides with the title of an opera by Verdi! B.is a good one; we often laugh at Aquinas because he is a saint – but we have to recall that Aquinas never knew it – for centuries after his death he ain’t one! Boccanegra prefers to call him ‘Aquino,’ or ‘Aquinate’ B. is like me a systematic philosopher: dalla metafisica alla etica – is that possible? Yes, what is the ‘paraidm,’ in Kuhn’s use of this tricky word? Esperienza, alla Locke! And co-experience in my conversational model!” Si laurea a Milano sui i primi principi all’AQUINO di BONTADINI e a Roma De dynamismo entis. Insegna a Roma Fundamenta metaphisica. Conosce Centi. filosofo metafisico Frammenti di metafisica iniziale. Per più di vent'anni ha insegnato filosofia e teologia nello Studio Teologico Accademico Bolognese e nello Studio Teologico Fiorentino.  Migliaia di pagine manoscritte sono conservate dopo la sua morte nell'archivio conventuale di San Domenico di Fiesole. Fu autore di pubblicazioni ed articoli filosofici comparsi o recensiti su riviste italiane ed internazionali.  Fu confessore ricercato soprattutto dai giovani. Nonostante una malattia che lo ha accompagnato e provato per quasi tutta la vita costringendolo a cure costanti, riusciva quotidianamente a fare escursioni per diversi chilometri. Quando negli ultimi anni le sue forze non gli permisero di continuare la ricerca, si dedicò alla preghiera costante, sia di giorno che di notte.  Saggi e pubblicazioni La beatitudine prova radicale dell'esistenza del divino antropologia moralità tolleranza diritto Bontadini beatitudine atti umani SENSO dell'essere eresia uomo in quanto persona centro della metafisica AQUINO esperienza. Grice: Osvaldo, esperienza filosofica o escursione quotidiana? A volte ho l’impressione che l’esperienza sia come camminare tra le idee: ogni passo, una scoperta! Boccanegra: Grice, tu che sei maestro di implicature, dimmi: l’esperienza si fa con i piedi o con la testa? Io preferisco partire dalla metafisica, ma poi mi ritrovo sempre a contemplare la beatitudine, anche se il percorso è tortuoso. Grice: Ma la beatitudine, caro Osvaldo, è forse il premio finale di chi sopporta la fatica? Locke avrebbe preferito il sentiero empirico, Aquino forse quello della preghiera. In ogni caso, la strada passa sempre dal senso dell’essere! Boccanegra: Allora, Grice, l’esperienza filosofica è una passeggiata in compagnia: qualche chilometro di dubbio, un po’ di tolleranza, e magari, alla fine del cammino, una pausa per contemplare il senso della persona… e se ci scappa una risata, tanto meglio! Boccanegra, Osvaldo (1951). Frammenti di metafisica iniziale. Venezia. 

Galileo Galilei Bonaiuti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- Eppur si muove. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers get from what is said to what is meant by assuming a cooperative, purposive “talk exchange” governed by rational norms (the Cooperative Principle and maxims), so that apparent departures from plain informativeness, relevance, or perspicuity trigger calculable conversational implicatures. Bonaiuti in your passage is Galileo Galilei, whose full name includes “Bonaiuti” (Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de’ Galilei), and whose methodological stance relocates “reason” from conversational coordination to inquiry into nature: the universe is a “book” written in mathematical language (triangles, circles, geometrical figures), intelligible only to those who learn its characters (Il Saggiatore, 1623). The comparison is therefore a shift of domain and medium: Grice models rationality as a norm of interpersonal communication that licenses inferences beyond literal content, whereas Galileo models rationality as a norm of scientific interpretation that licenses inferences beyond sensory appearances, using experiment and mathematization to separate reliable signification from misleading “mere words” or scholastic dispute. Still, the parallel is striking: both are anti-mystificatory and anti-authoritarian about meaning—Grice against treating semantics as self-sufficient without pragmatic reasoning, Galileo against treating philosophy as deference to “celebrated authors” rather than reading the world’s own text—and both make understanding depend on disciplined inference under publicly checkable constraints (maxims and cancellability for Grice; measurement, geometry, and reproducible observation for Galileo). Where Grice’s implicature explains how we responsibly extract “more than is said” in conversation, Galileo’s method explains how we responsibly extract “more than is seen” in nature; in both cases, reason is not a private flash but a rule-governed practice of moving from signs to what they warrant. Grice: “There is a Buonaiuti; but this is BON-!” Galileo B. – tomba a Firenze. Galileo Galilei. His father was, like mine, a musician.” – “La filosofia è scritta in questo grandissimo libro che continuamente ci sta aperto innanzi a gli occhi (io dico l'universo), ma non si può intendere se prima non s'impara a intender la lingua, e conoscer i caratteri, ne' quali è scritto. Egli è scritto in lingua matematica, e i caratteri son triangoli, cerchi, ed altre figure geometriche, senza i quali mezzi è impossibile a intenderne umanamente parola; senza questi è un aggirarsi vanamente per un oscuro laberinto”. Personaggio chiave della rivoluzione scientifica, per aver esplicitamente introdotto il metodo scientifico, detto anche "metodo galileiano" o "metodo sperimentale", il suo nome è associato a importanti contributi in fisica e in astronomia. Di primaria importanza anche il ruolo svolto nella rivoluzione astronomica, col sostegno al sistema eliocentrico e alla teoria copernicana. I suoi principali contributi alla filosofia derivano dall'introduzione del metodo sperimentale nell'indagine scientifica grazie a cui la scienza abbandona per la prima volta, quella posizione metafisica che fino ad allora predomina, per acquisire una autonoma prospettiva, sia realistica che empiristica, volta a privilegiare, attraverso il metodo sperimentale, più la categoria della quantità, attraverso la determinazione matematica delle leggi della natura, che quella della qualità, frutto della passata tradizione indirizzata solo alla ricerca dell'essenza degli enti, per elaborare ora una descrizione razionale oggettiva della realtà fenomenica. Sospettato d’eresia e accusato di voler sovvertire la filosofia naturale lizia, processato e condannato dal sant’uffizio, nonché costretto all'abiura delle sue concezioni astronomiche e al confino nella propria villa di Arcetri. lavori cui pervenne un'apposita commissione di studio da lui istituita nel 1981, riabilitando Galilei. La casa natale di G.  Abitazione all'800  Abitazione in via Giusti Dal libretto di battesimo di Galileo. Pisa, Toscana.  Grice: Galileo, dicono che tu abbia fatto muovere la Terra... ma hai mai provato a far muovere una commissione accademica? Galileo: Caro Grice, se le commissioni si muovessero come i pianeti, forse sarebbe tutto più semplice! Ma almeno l’universo si diverte a guardarci tentare. Grice: Eppure si muove, dicevi, ma quando tocca a noi spiegare la lingua matematica ai filosofi, sembra che tutto resti fermo come una statua! Galileo: Ah, Grice, forse dovremmo insegnare ai filosofi a riconoscere almeno un triangolo! Così, tra un cerchio e un processo, magari riusciremmo a uscire da quel labirinto oscuro. Bonaiuti, Galileo Galilei (1604). Discorso intorno alle cose che stanno in su l’acqua, o che in quella si muovono. Pisa.

Francesco Bonatelli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers move from what is said to what is meant by presuming cooperative rationality and then inferring conversational implicatures when an utterance would otherwise be oddly weak, irrelevant, or opaque; meaning is thus anchored in intention plus publicly checkable norms that guide responsible inference in talk. Bonatelli (Francesco Bonatelli, 1830–1911), working in late nineteenth-century Italian philosophy and psychology, approaches “reason” from the side of epistemology and philosophical psychology: perception (including internal perception), judgment, concept-formation, and the communicative role of signs are treated as cognitive operations with methodological constraints, and his interest in “patognomic” and “onomatopoeic” phases of expression points to a continuum between bodily expression and articulated sign-use. The comparison, then, is that Grice theorizes rationality at the interactional level—how conversational partners rationally reconstruct implied content beyond literal sentence meaning—whereas Bonatelli theorizes rationality at the cognitive-semiotic level—how signs (segnante/segnato), perceptual contents, and judgments are formed and coordinated so that communication is possible at all. Where Grice treats implicature as a defeasible, context-sensitive surplus generated by cooperative reasoning over utterances, Bonatelli’s framework makes the “surplus” look more like the mind’s constructive contribution to meaning: perceptual and internal data are intellectually elaborated into concepts and judgments that can then be encoded in signs, including expressive and quasi-natural ones (pathognomic) that sit near the boundary between symptom and symbol. Read together, Bonatelli supplies a psychology of the materials and capacities that make Gricean inference feasible, while Grice supplies a pragmatics of how those capacities are norm-governed in actual conversation, explaining how communicative understanding routinely succeeds even when the code is incomplete and the sign is underdetermined. -- mancanza rii tempo se non tre sole lezioni, delle finali si dà qui il sommario. Altre opere: “Pensiero e conoscenza” (Bologna, Monti); “La coscienza e il meccanismo interiore. Studi psicologici, Padova, Minerva); “Discussioni gnoseologiche e note critiche, Venezia, Antonelli); “Elementi di psicologia e logica, ad uso dei licei, Padova, Tip. Sacchetto); “Percezione e pensiero” (Venezia, Ferrari); “Percezione e pensiero”; “La percezione interna”; “Il pensiero”; “Intorno alla conoscibilità dell'io” (Venezia, Officine grafiche di C. Ferrari); “Studi d'epistemologia, Venezia, C. Ferrari); “Sentire e conoscere, Prato, Collini). G. Calogero, Enciclopedia Italiana, riferimenti in Sarlo,B., Firenze, Ufficio della «Rassegna Nazionale» Erminio Troilo, Il pensiero filosofico di Bonatelli, estratto dagli «Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti» Venezia, Ferrari. D. oggi, La coscienza e il meccanesimo interiore.B., Ardigò e Zamboni, Padova, Poligrafo, Calogero, B., in Enciclopedia Italiana, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, in Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Keywords: segno patognomico, period patognomico-periodo onomatopoieco-periodo caratteristico – patognosis, patognomia, tratto da Volkmann, “Lehrbuch der Psychologie” astrattio, imagine sensibile, vehicolo di communicazione, segno, segnante, segnato, ‘fiorinello’; concetto, giudizio; percezione; comunicazione pathognomica; pathognomia reciproca. logica.  Grice: Francesco, tra percezione interna e pensiero, secondo te chi vince se si sfidano a scacchi? Bonatelli: Ah, caro Grice, sicuramente la percezione interna muove per prima, ma il pensiero trova sempre il modo di fare scacco matto all’ultimo minuto! Grice: E se la coscienza entra nella partita, non rischia di rovesciare la scacchiera per confondere tutti? Bonatelli: Dipende: se la coscienza ha avuto una lunga lezione, magari si addormenta prima del finale… così almeno possiamo riprendere a giocare in pace! Bonatelli, Francesco (1864). Pensiero e conoscenza. Bologna, Monti.

Enzo Bonaventura: la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how a hearer recovers what a speaker means by assuming cooperative rationality and then inferring implicatures when what is said would otherwise be oddly weak, irrelevant, or unmotivated; the surplus over literal content is licensed by public conversational norms plus the recognition of communicative intentions. Enzo Bonaventura (1880–1948), by contrast, approaches “reason” through scientific-philosophical psychology and philosophy of nature: he argues against reducing qualitative differences among physical energies to a single mechanistic type, and he treats perception—especially of space and time—not as passive reception but as an intellectual elaboration of sensory data, studied with rigorous methods and then used as a philosophical fulcrum for epistemology. So where Grice’s rationality is primarily interpersonal and inferential (how agents coordinate meaning in conversation), Bonaventura’s rationality is primarily cognitive and methodological (how the mind structures experience and how scientific data constrain philosophical accounts of that structuring). The comparison becomes illuminating if we treat Gricean implicature as a special case of a broader interpretive capacity: just as Bonaventura insists you cannot “remove” sensible perception from observation of the phenomenon and then hope to reconstruct it mechanically, Grice insists you cannot confine meaning to sentence semantics and then hope to reconstruct what speakers communicate without a theory of rational, context-sensitive inference; both reject flattening reductions and treat the relevant “extra” (qualitative experience for Bonaventura, implicated meaning for Grice) as something that must be explained by the activity of a rational subject rather than eliminated by a narrower mechanism. Grice: “The Italians are some queer folk! They have a saint called B., whose surname was rather ‘Fidanza,’ but then, as if to balance things, they do have ANOTHER philosopher – as this saint is alleged to have been – whose REAL surname was B.!” Studia psicologia filosofica sotto SARLO. Le qualità del mondo fisico: filosofia naturale. I dati della fisica, della chimica, della fisiologia sono largamente utilizzati, ma costituiscono addirittura la base pella soluzione del problema, se sia o no possibile spiegare le differenze qualitative tra diverse energie fisiche riducendole ad un unico tipo di energia: problema che B. risolve in modo negativo. La riduzione delle molteplicità qualitative delle energie fisiche ad un’unica forma nel senso del meccanismo e di taluni indirizzi energetici, è illusoria. Volge la sua attività più in particolare agli studi e alle ricerche di psicologia, coi metodi rigorosi; ma la ricerca psicologica sebbene ha anche, per lui, un valore in sè stessa, come ricerca scientifica, e un valore sociale, pele sue applicazioni, è stata ed è sempre, nell’economia dal suo pensiero, il punto dd’appoggio pella filosofia. Tra i problemi psicologici, oltre ad alcune questioni di metodo sulle illusioni dell'introspezione, quello che lo ha più attratto è la percezione, concepita come elaborazione intellettuale dei dati sensoriali, e in ispecie della percezione dello spazio e del tempo: problema che connetta la ricerca psicologica con concezioni fondamentale pella fisica e la matematica, e forma il punto centrale della teoria della conoscenza. Ricerche sulll’attività del pensiero nella percezione tattile dello spazio; i mezzi coi quali si stabilisce e i limiti entro i quali si contiene l’accordo tra dati spaziali visivi e dati spaziali tattili; le illusioni ottico-geometriche; il giudizs spaziale visivo nella psicofisica e sul problema psicologico dello spazio e del tempo e le conseguenze filosofiche che ne scaturiscono, sono trattati in tutti loro asp. Causal Theory of Perception, The Philosophy of Perception, The Oxford Seminars with Warnock. Firenze, Toscana.  Grice: Enzo, hai mai pensato che la percezione dello spazio sia come cercare il parcheggio perfetto? Più ci ragioni, e meno lo trovi! Bonaventura: Ah, caro Grice, lo spazio è come la mente: basta un attimo di distrazione e ti trovi a parcheggiare nel tempo, invece che nel luogo giusto! Grice: E se la percezione fosse davvero solo una serie di illusioni ottico-geometriche, cosa dovremmo dire ai nostri sensi? Di studiare matematica? Bonaventura: Forse dovremmo insegnare loro a prendere anche qualche lezione di chimica, così almeno quando sbagliano, lo fanno scientificamente! Bonaventura, Enzo (1915). La psicologia del sentimento – Firenze, Società Anonima Tipografica.

Cristoforo di Giovan Battista Bonavino (Pegli, Genova, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della schola labri -- Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how what a speaker means is inferred by a rational hearer under shared cooperative norms: implicatures arise when what is said is deliberately less, different, or stranger than what full cooperation would predict, and the hearer reconstructs the intended “more” by attributing reasonable purposes to the utterance. Cristoforo di Giovan Battista Bonavino, as your passage frames him (a clerical intellectual who later “left the habit,” wrote under a pseudonym, moved between rationalistic philosophical posture and later Thomistic orthodoxy, and produced a “storia della filosofia” centered on Rome and modern Italian currents), gives a contrasting picture in which conversational reason is bound up with institutional voice, persona, and doctrinal alignment: what is communicated is not only a matter of inferential pragmatics but also of who is allowed to speak, under what name, and with what confessional authority. If Grice treats implicature as a general, ethically neutral feature of cooperative exchange (a calculable surplus over literal saying), Bonavino’s case highlights how implicature can become socially and theologically loaded: pseudonymity, strategic silence, and shifts of declared allegiance (rationalism to Thomism) make “what is meant” inseparable from the management of readership, censorship, and credibility, so that the same utterance may carry different implicatures depending on whether it is read as priestly admonition, lay-philosophical argument, or school-positioning within the “Italian schools.” In that sense Bonavino can be read as Gricean in practice—he exploits the gap between saying and meaning as any skilled controversialist does—but unlike Grice he exemplifies how that gap is often governed as much by the politics of intellectual identity and orthodoxy as by the abstract rational norms of conversation. -- la scuola italiana. Grice: “In fact, B. is the same – vide my ‘Personal identity’ – he changed his name when he ‘lascio l’abito,’ and teaches philosophy – his essays are slightly rationalistic – he endorsed Thomistic orthodoxy at a later point.’” --  Grice: “I love Bonavino, but not every Oxonian would – for one, he used a pseudonym, since he was a priest – we cannot imagine Copleston doing that – or Kenny! As a philosopher he was a ‘rationalist,’ and indeed, the editor of a journal called ‘Reason’ (like my Carus lectures), as a priet, he was ‘irrationalist.’ – My favourite of his tracts is his ‘storia della filosofia,’ – which concentrated on Rome (Ancient Rome, that is) and Croce --!”. "No, neppure se mi trovassi innanzi alla bocca di un cannone e mi si minacciasse di darmi fuoco!" Allora Gianelli dovette cacciarlo da Bobbio, dubitando della buona riuscita del nuovo istituto. Sube, anche, l'influenza del positivismo e del points can no longer be established. But since the repair to the south of these indentations covers the back side of the east wall of kitchen  l, it could be very probable that the pipes that made these indentations came from the boiler in front of the north wall of the kitchen and left that room through its east wall. The repaired area to the north corresponds to the rear side of the niche for the  schola labrum. To the north of this 0.95 m wide repaired area of the wall, no indentations can be found. Thus it seems probable that the supposed pipes led into  caldarium in the niche of the   schola labrum  to supply this element of the bath with water as well. Franchi. la filosofia delle scuole italiane, i due massoni, giudizio, sentimento, storia della filosofia, storia della filosofia italiana, risorgimento, rito italiano simbolico, name index in Franchi’s works. Grice: Bonavino, mi racconti un po’ della tua schola labri? Si dice che l’acqua calda stimoli il pensiero filosofico più di un buon caffè! Bonavino: Caro Grice, nella mia scuola l’acqua scorre, ma le idee corrono ancora più veloci. Basta una doccia filosofica e anche il più scettico esce convinto come un tomista! Grice: E se ti trovi davanti alla bocca di un cannone, che fai? Cambi argomento o cambi nome? Bonavino: Mai! Neanche con il cannone puntato, la filosofia non si abiura. Al massimo, se proprio insistono, propongo una sauna collettiva... che almeno scioglie la tensione, se non le idee! Bonavino, Cristoforo di Giovan Battista (1850). Storia della filosofia. Pegli, Liguria. 

Pier Vincenzo Bondonio: la ragione conversazionale e il raziocinio conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means by presuming cooperative rationality and then deriving implicatures when what is said would otherwise be unhelpfully weak, oddly indirect, or out of place; the engine is intention-recognition constrained by public norms of good conversational practice. Bondonio, as presented in your passage (and consistent with the 19th-century Italian logic context suggested by Il raziocinio, Bologna 1871), approaches “reason in conversation” from the side of canonical rational procedure: raziocinio is the mind’s method of establishing the convenienza or repugnanza of two ideas by means of a third, i.e., syllogistic structure as the fundamental form of deductive argumentation, defended against critics and contrasted with mere epagoge/induction, with an empiricist warning that ungrounded idealism becomes a spider web that a puff of wind destroys. The comparison is therefore one of levels and targets: Grice is primarily interested in the rational norms that make everyday communicative exchange work even when arguments are incomplete (implicature as rational supplementation under conversational constraints), whereas Bondonio is primarily interested in the rational norms that make explicit inference work as a system (syllogistic form as the core of disciplined reasoning and knowledge acquisition). Where Grice treats “what follows” in conversation as often pragmatically inferred rather than logically entailed, Bondonio treats “what follows” as what is properly deduced from principles, so that conversational rationality, in his key, is closer to the teachable craft of valid inference than to the cooperative management of underdetermination; yet the two can be made complementary if we say that Grice explains how people responsibly navigate meaning when deduction is not made explicit, while Bondonio explains the inferential skeleton that conversation sometimes approximates, sometimes gestures toward, and sometimes merely implicates without formally stating. Grice: “When I was approached to deliver the lectures on aspects of reason and reasoning, I should have mentioned B.! When I did some linguistic botanizing on this, I somehow underestimated that Italian form, ‘raziocinio,’ ultimately derived from RATIO-CINARI, to raciocinate as Digby has it! As Digby and B. explain, RATIO-CINARI is a compound of ‘ratio,’ reason, from ‘reri,’ to reason,’ and CINARI, cognate with ‘conari.’and ‘canare,’ to sing, as in vati-CINOR, sermo-CINOR. Warnock and I would argue that the -CINOR in RATIO-CINOR, modelled after VATI-CINOR, is redundant, or otiose!” Studia a Bologna sotto VALDARNINI. IL RAZIOCINIO. Che un uomo sa più l’un altro nasce unicamente (la questo, che no deduce più conseguenze dell’ago dagli stessi principi. Il lizio define di sillogismo come ragionamento deduttivo o induttivo. Per solito lo contrapponen all’epagoge, induzione. Prevalge il criterio come espressione esclusiva della ecuzi «he è auel però considerato il raziocinio, quel procedimento dell’animo con cui essp per' iene a conoscere e ad affermare la convenienza o repugnanza di due idee mediante una terza idea, forma o struttura fondamentale di ogni argomentazione deduttiva. B. studia la sillogistica sotto questo duplice aspetto, mettendone in rilievo il  valore, e combattendo le obiezioni mossegli d’alcuni filosofi. accontentandoci d’esporre le importanza le abbiano attribuito i filosofi, in che modo alcuni d’essi si ribellano alla dottrina lizio, ed altri pretendeno di rifare e l’opera lizia. Combatte poscia l’obiezioni per venire a stabilirne l’importanza come mezzo all’acquisto di conoscenze. Il pensiero corre spontaneo a coloro i quali per primi parvero seguire le norme di BONAIUTI. Un idealismo senza osservazione che induce e deduce fuor di quello che i fatti esteriori e interiori mostran è una ttela di ragno, un soffio la disfà. Come i fìsici così hanno i filosofi in BONAIUTO un maestro sicuro. Grice: Pier Vincenzo, ma secondo te raziocinare è davvero solo questione di sillogismi, o basta un po’ di buon senso per mettere insieme le idee? Bondonio: Caro Grice, il raziocinio è come cucinare una zuppa: serve la ricetta, ma se ci metti troppo epagoge o troppo deduzione, rischi che sappia di nulla o di tutto! Grice: E se si sbaglia la terza idea, il ragionamento va a gambe all’aria come un sillogismo senza logica? Bondonio: Esatto! In quel caso, meglio una corsa al mercato della ragione che una tela di ragno: almeno, se soffia il vento, qualche idea rimane attaccata! Bondonio, Pier Vincenzo (1871). Il raziocinio. Bologna, Tipografia Fava e Garagnani.

Andrea Bonomi (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei quattro elementi. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers move from what is said to what is meant by assuming cooperative rationality and then inferring conversational implicatures when an utterance would otherwise be oddly weak, irrelevant, or infelicitously formulated; the central explanatory levers are speaker intentions, shared norms, and the calculability (and cancellability) of the inferred “more.” Andrea Bonomi (born in Rome, professor in Milan) works in a register that both overlaps with and reorients that Gricean picture: his formally minded semantics of tense and aspect, his analysis of the copula across moods and temporal forms, and his “ways of reference” treat meaning as structured by conceptual apparatuses (universes of discourse, indexicals, representation of others’ cognitive contents) that determine how language can pick out objects and events, including within narrative space-time. The comparison is that Grice models the surplus of meaning primarily as pragmatic inference driven by rational cooperation in conversation, whereas Bonomi tends to locate the decisive constraints one level “deeper” in semantic and representational structure—how grammar (aspect, temporality, copular predication) and reference-fixing resources make certain contents available at all, with implicature functioning as what remains when strict logical form and compositional content underdetermine communicative uptake. In Grice’s terms, Bonomi is “Griceian” insofar as he respects logical form and treats departures from it as the domain of implicature; in Bonomi’s own theoretical posture, Gricean implicature becomes one component within a broader architecture where the rationality of conversation is inseparable from the rational organization of time, predication, and reference that conversation must already presuppose in order to be a medium for mutual understanding. Grice: “B. is undoubtedly a Griceian – my favourite is his account of the copula – as in ‘The wrestlers are good’ – in terms of what Bonomi, after Donato, calls ‘aspetto’ – S is P, S was P, S will be P, Be P!, and so on – Most of his philosophising is Griceian, such as his explorations on what he calls ‘the ways of reference,’ image and name in terms of  significato, and rappresentazione, – he is a Griceian in that he respects la struttura logica and leaves whatever does not fit to the implicaturum!”  Insegna a Milano. filosofia della lingua Le vie del riferimento, Universi di discorso, si concentra sul ruolo che l'apparato concettuale svolge nella determinazione dei contenuti semantici grazie ai quali ci riferiamo a oggetti ed eventi del mondo.  Eventi tratta invece delle modalità che sono alla base delle procedure con cui nella lingua, rappresentiamo i contenuti cognitivi d’ALTRI soggetti. S’occupa della struttura semantica dell’universo narrativo e l’espressioni indicali nel determinare la struttura spazio-temporale  Lo spirito della narrazione.  semantica formale dedica alla struttura delll’enunciato temporali, tempo e lingua. la semantica del tempo e dell'aspetto verbale. L’opera narrativa descrivono il mutamento  d’una persona che affetta d’una neurodegenerzione. Esistenza e struttura; sSintassi e semantica nella grammatica tras-formazionale, immagini dei nomi, gli analitici lo fanno meglio. i quattro elementi e le loro metafore, minimal use of transformations chrono-logia Grice theory of time-relative identity, referring, existence and structure, imagery and naming, universe of discourse, mental event, psychological inter-subjectivity, indicale, embedeed psychological attitudes Operator, Addressee, Sender, propositional content. I want you to know that p, Iinform you that p, I want you to want to do p, I force you to do P, etc. Symbols Aspects of Reason Op1 Op2 Op3 Op4 judicative volitive indicative informative intentional imperative interrogative reflective inquisitive reflective. Grice: Bonomi, secondo te nella conversazione servono tutti e quattro gli elementi, come nell’antica filosofia? O basta solo un po’ d’acqua per non seccarsi la lingua? Bonomi: Grice, direi che senza il fuoco della curiosità, la conversazione non decolla! Ma attenzione: la terra serve per non perdere il filo, l’acqua per fluidità e l’aria per alleggerire i pensieri. Grice: E la copula? Se dico “I filosofi sono bravi”, sto solo distribuendo elementi o anche implicature? Bonomi: La copula è come l’aria: invisibile ma fondamentale. Se manca, rischiamo di parlare come wrestler senza ring—tanto rumore, ma poca logica! Bonomi, Andrea (1967). Esistenza e struttura. Milano: Il Saggiatore.

Gustavo Bontadini (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale classica d’Appio e i nazionalisti romani. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning locates “what is meant” in a hearer’s rational reconstruction of a speaker’s communicative intentions under shared norms of cooperation (the Cooperative Principle and maxims), so that implicatures are calculated when what is said would otherwise be unhelpfully weak, irrelevant, or oddly framed. Bontadini (1903–1990), by contrast, is a paradigmatic “metaphysician of experience” in the Italian neoclassical/neotomist orbit: beginning from experience as the inescapable point of departure, he insists that reason is governed at a deeper level by the principle of non-contradiction and by the demand to reconcile the “antinomia dell’esperienza e del logo,” i.e., the clash between what experience presents (including becoming) and what strict rationality requires. The comparison, then, is that Grice theorizes rational governance locally, at the level of conversational moves and interpersonal inference, whereas Bontadini theorizes rational governance globally, at the level of the conditions of intelligibility of experience and being; where Grice explains how interlocutors responsibly get from utterance to implied content, Bontadini explains how thought responsibly gets from experiential presence to metaphysical claims without collapsing into contradiction. Still, they can be aligned: Grice’s rationality is a pragmatic normativity that makes communication possible despite underdetermination, while Bontadini’s rationality is a metaphysical normativity that makes any coherent discourse possible at all; in that sense, Gricean implicature presupposes the very logical discipline Bontadini foregrounds—because the calculability and defeasibility of implicatures depend on a shared commitment to consistency, truth, and reason as more than mere psychological habit. Grice: “I would call B. a Griceian; first, he likes sports, like I do; second he is a neo-classical (as I am) and a anti-anti-metaphysicist, as I am!” metafisica dell'esperienza). Esponente di spicco del movimento neotomista, che ebbe presso Milano uno dei suoi più importanti punti di riferimento e diffusione. Iscrittosi presso Milano quando essa aveva iniziato le sue attività, ma non era ancora riconosciuta dal governo italiano, egli fu il terzo laureato assoluto dell'ateneo, presso il quale fu poi professore di filosofia teoretica. Ha insegnato anche presso l'Urbino, Milano e Pavia. Pur rifacendosi alla metafisica classica, quella aristotelica e tomistica, Bontadini si dichiara "neoclassico" intendendo evidenziare il nuovo ruolo che quell'antica metafisica può svolgere nella filosofia contemporanea.  Egli infatti definisce se stesso come «un metafisico radicato nel cuore del pensiero.  Rifacendosi all’idealismo ne apprezza soprattutto la verità metodologica che evidenziato il ruolo della coscienza nel cogliere il significato dell'essere considerandolo come altro, diverso dalla coscienza stessa, identità soggetto/oggetto, tra intelletto/sensibilità che riporta la teoria di Velia Essere=Pensiero.  Un VELIA, quello di B., che il primo principio di non contraddizione antinomia dell'esperienza e del logo si trova a dover lottare contro un'imputazione di falsità. L’esperienza oppugna la verità del logo e il logo quella dell'esperienza.  B. ribadisce l'origine del sapere nell'esperienza come presenza. classico come concetto contradittorio o ironico -- storia della filosofia, storia della filosofia italiana, de-ellenizzazione”, appio primo filosofo romano in lingua Latina conversazioni metafisiche conversazione metafisica gnoseologia problematicismo metafisica dell’esperienza ens essenza essere, verbo, nome, sostantivo, copula la porta di VELIA SEVERINO Vx, x izz x reductio ad absurdum. Grice: Bontadini, secondo te la metafisica serve più a fare sport o a vincere una gara di logica? Bontadini: Grice, la metafisica è come una partita ben giocata: se non sudi almeno un po’, vuol dire che stai solo guardando dagli spalti. Però alla fine, il principio di non contraddizione è il vero arbitro! Grice: Quindi, se sbaglio la copula, rischio il cartellino giallo? Bontadini: Solo se confondi essere e apparire. In quel caso, meglio una bella corsetta tra Milano e Velia per schiarirsi le idee! Bontadini, Gustavo (1939). Saggio di una metafisica dell’esperienza. Milano, Vita e Pensiero. 

Massimo Bontempelli (Pisa, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del sintomo. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers move from what is said to what is meant by presuming cooperative rationality and inferring conversational implicatures when an utterance would otherwise be oddly weak, irrelevant, or obscure; on this picture, meaning is centrally intention-and-inference structured, and “symptoms” (like spots meaning measles) are explicitly contrasted with non-natural meaning, where the communicator’s intention is essential. Bontempelli (the Pisa-born historian and philosopher, 1946–2011, known for a Marxian analysis of historical “modes of production” and for work that reconstructs philosophical phenomena within total social formations) shifts the explanatory center away from conversational micro-rationality toward socio-historical intelligibility: what counts as a sign, a symptom, or an intelligible “message” is itself conditioned by material and institutional structures that shape both the production of discourse and the interpretive habits of its audience. So where Grice treats implicature as a largely local, interactional achievement—derivable from shared conversational norms plus speaker intentions—Bontempelli-style explanation would be inclined to treat recurrent implicatures and “symptomatic” readings as effects of broader formations (genre, ideology, institutional power, historically specific vocabularies), such that what an utterance “means” in practice can be partly explained by the social conditions that make certain inferences feel natural, available, or mandatory. The comparison, then, is that Grice offers an internalist, rational-choice model of how meaning is responsibly inferred in conversation, whereas Bontempelli offers an externalist, structural account of how the very space of reasons and the salience of “symptoms” are historically produced—yet they can be made complementary if we say that Grice explains the mechanism of inference in the moment, while Bontempelli explains why, in a given epoch or formation, some implicatures become the default ones and why certain utterances function culturally more like symptoms than like neutral contributions to cooperative talk. Grice: “B. knows that the Romans never liked the Greek ‘symptom,’ but ‘coincidence’ seems weak: x means y if y coincides with x, or if x is a symptom of y.’ (‘those spots mean measles’ – and ‘dog’ means that there is a dog. I suppose my favourite B. is his section on Roman philosophy in his history of philosophy series! I am ventured to use ‘symptom’ as a verb – after all, the Romans had SIGNUM, but also SIGNARE or SIGNIFICARE, SYMBOLO, but also SIMBOLEGGIARE”. And I’m very pleased the OED recognizes the ‘rare’ ‘to symptom,’ transitive, and the more convoluted – first used by Coleridge, apparently, ‘symptomitise’ and related forms. There is the other Massimo B., nato a Como. Como-born Massimo B. had a son, called Massimo Bontempelli. Massimo Bontempelli ha un cugino, nipotte di Massimo B.: Alessandro B.. Idealista. Realizza i suoi più importanti contributi imperniando lo studio dei processi storici attorno alla categoria di "modo di produzione". Tematizza con attenzione le strutture sociali entro i modi di produzione neo-litico, nomade-pastorale, prativo-campestre, antico-orientale, asiatico, africano, meso-americano, schiavistico, colonico, feudale e capitalistico, elaborando su queste basi una ri-costruzione della genesi sociale dei fenomeni filosofici. Rilevante è la sua interpretazione della figura storica di Gesù, ricostruita entro una totalità sociale a partire dalla analisi dell'economia pianificata del modo di produzione antico-orientale palestinese, sulla scorta di una prospettiva metodologica storico-scientifica nei confronti dei vangeli. Studia l’accademi e la dialettica. Sigm. Il parricidio di Velia accademia latina Annici lizio ficino telesio campanella BONAIUTI storia e ragione in Vico Vera Spaventa Jaja idealism Croce Gentilestato Severio Velia Vattimo e l’implicatura debole, la debolezza della communicazione in Eco”, implicatura sintomatica, sintoma.  “feudalesimo ario. Grice: Bontempelli, ma dimmi, secondo te un sintomo basta davvero a spiegare una conversazione? Se vedo le macchie, capisco il morbillo, ma se sento parlare, capisco davvero o è solo coincidenza? Bontempelli: Grice, i sintomi in filosofia sono come le macchie nei bambini: a volte sono chiari, a volte ti fanno perdere la testa! Ma in fondo, anche una parola può “simboleggiare” qualcosa… basta non confondere il panino con la grammatica. Grice: E allora, se tutto è sintomo, dovremmo “sintomatizzare” anche le conversazioni? Forse dovrei scrivere: “Questa battuta significa che ho fame!” Bontempelli: Ma certo! Purché non venga tuo cugino Alessandro a spiegare che il modo di produzione della fame è diverso da quello delle battute, sennò finiamo a discutere anche il menù della cena! Bontempelli, Massimo (1911). L’elencho. Milano.

Giulio Bordoni (Riva del Garda, Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della grammatica al mio Figlio. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers derive what is meant beyond what is said by presuming cooperative rationality and then calculating conversational implicatures when an utterance would otherwise be unhelpfully ambiguous, redundant, or off-point; the norms are pragmatic (how rational agents manage informativeness, relevance, and clarity in real exchanges) and meaning is fundamentally intention-inference mediated. Bordoni (as your passage frames him, but also as he is discussed in scholarship on early modern “philosophical grammar,” especially in relation to Scaliger’s De causis linguae Latinae) represents a contrasting, more architectonic rationalism about language: he treats the rational aim of language as semantic and grammatical exactness—minimizing ambiguity and synonymy, tightening the correspondence between name and thing, and using etymology as a route back toward an original or “truer” sense, under principles like nomina enim rerum sunt notae and the broader medieval inheritance of nomina sunt consequentia rerum. Where Grice takes ambiguity and underdeterminacy as normal features of conversation that are routinely and rationally managed by pragmatic inference, Bordoni tends to treat them as defects to be engineered out by reform of naming and structure; for Grice, the “extra meaning” lives in implicature as a defeasible, context-sensitive byproduct of cooperative reasoning, while for Bordoni the ideal is to reduce the need for such pragmatic supplementation by making linguistic form itself carry sense plainly and non-ambiguously. The comparison, then, is that Grice models rationality at the level of interaction (how people successfully communicate despite imperfect codes), whereas Bordoni models rationality at the level of the code (how language ought to be designed so that understanding is secured by correctness of signification rather than by interpretive rescue). Grice: “B. is a genius; my favourite tract is his ludi romani, in a piece he philosophised for Silvio’s figlio, whoever he is, but he also philosophises on communication and surely a game is a kind of communication my ‘conversation-as-game’!” De causis linguae latinae ha considerazioni sulla lingue nel tentativo di grammatica latina, accenna alla conformazione che una lingua ha per essere compresa, semplice, non ambigua, esatta.  B. studia il problema dei nomi delle cose, sui modi con cui l'uomo nomina. Intellectionem nostram esse duplicem, rectam et  reflexam, l'apprendimento umano si basa sul riconoscimento diretto della cosa nella sensazione/impressione  e a riflessione intorno alla cosa, e che LA RAGIONE ci permette di nominare le cose attraverso i suoni nomina enim rerum sunt notae. semplificare la lingua di modo che tutte le ambiguità e le sinonimie sono eliminate e non c’e possibilità di errore. Il nome ha un rapporto di corrispondenza col designatum, auspica un riavvicinamento all’essenza della parola tramite etimologia. Colaro da greci esena steso el con he po senta con she osin dallanicht ei ostunio.  strumento di ricerca sia linguistica che filosofica: scoprire la forma "originale" di una parola significava accedere al suo significato più vero, alla sua reale essenza. In questo senso allora la ricerca etimologica era considerata essenziale per una corretta conoscenza del reale, secondo il principio nomina sunt consequentia rerum, largamente condiviso anche più tardi nel Medioevo - come dimostrano ad esempio le Etymologiae di Isidoro di Siviglia -, ma oggi non più considerato valido. BAGLIONI, L'etimologia. Nonostante le riflessioni, B. non si spinge oltre e evita di fornire esempi concreti di come apparire una tale lingua. VALLA Ripastinatio dialecticoe et philosophioe Zippel ZI~, Gabiano De primo cognito eiusdemque solutiones grammatica filosofica filosofia retorica Cardano lizio Grammatica a mi figlio, Grammatica silvia etica per mi figlio Nicomaco. Grice: Bordoni, dimmi, ma davvero basta nominare le cose con precisione per evitare equivoci nella conversazione? Bordoni: Grice, se il nome si attacca bene alla cosa, non c’è rischio di smarrirsi! Però attenzione: un figlio, se sbaglia, rischia di chiamare “panino” pure la grammatica! Grice: Una lingua senza ambiguità sarebbe un gioco perfetto, vero? Ma allora dovremmo eliminare anche le sinonimie, come ai ludi romani: niente doppioni, solo vincitori! Bordoni: Esatto! Ma se la parola ha troppa essenza, poi mio figlio la trova indigesta. Meglio un po’ di allegria grammaticale: che sia chiaro, ma anche saporito, come una battuta ben piazzata a tavola! Bordoni, Giulio (1623). Grammatica latina. Venezia, Tipografia di Francesco Ziletti –

Giovanni Francesco Antonio Borelli (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del moto – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how an audience gets from what is said (including nonverbal “utterings” broadly construed) to what is meant by assuming cooperative rationality and then inferring conversational implicatures when a contribution would otherwise seem oddly weak, irrelevant, or over-elaborate given the talk’s purpose. Borelli (Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, 1608–1679), by contrast, exemplifies a Galilean, iatromechanical style of reason that treats bodily motion as intelligible through statics and dynamics: in De motu animalium (1680–81) he seeks to explain animal and human movement via mechanical principles, with muscles, levers, and forces doing the explanatory work, and more generally he extends mathematical-mechanical method to physiology. So while Grice is interested in the rational reconstruction of communicative action—how a bent wrist, a gesture, or a sentence can count as an intentional move in a cooperative exchange and thereby implicate more than it explicitly expresses—Borelli’s “reason” is a reconstruction of motion itself, where the primary question is not what a movement means in a social economy of inference but what causal-mechanical organization produces it in an organism. The comparison is therefore one of levels: Grice’s framework makes gesture a candidate vehicle for meaning because meaning is an intention-and-inference phenomenon governed by norms of rational interaction; Borelli’s framework makes gesture (and even plant tropisms) a candidate object of explanation because motion is a mechanistic phenomenon governed by forces, constraints, and bodily structure. Put sharply, a Gricean asks how motion can be used to convey, implicate, and be understood; a Borellian asks how motion can be generated, measured, and reduced to lawful mechanics—two complementary “reconstructions,” one pragmatic and normative, the other causal and biomechanical. --  origine della vita – fitotropismo, geotropismo, tacto-tropismo. Grice: “I would call B. a Griceian; I never took Sraffa’s rude Neapolitan gesture too seriously, but Borelli, like Vitters, does – as he notes, a bended wrist can mean, the utterer by moving his hands this or that way IMPLICATES that p – or q; I certainly allows my ‘utter’ to cover such cases – ‘express’ – but B. is into the mechanics of it!” La ricostruzione della vita di B. si basa sull'epistolario che B. tiene con Viviani, Marchetti, Magliabechi e Malpighi. Alievo di Castelli.  Esperienza Fisica-Matematica. B. utilizza l'applicazione della matematica della meccanica e del metodo sperimentale, proprio della scuola di BONAIUTI, per risolvere i problemi biologici. Risolve problemi geometrici di Scoppia. una epidemia in Sicilia che da l'occasione a B. di scrivere la sua prima opera da medico. Cagioni delle febbri maligne in Sicilia.’ La precisione con la quale B. tratta questa febbre maligna conferma ulteriormente che egli già in precedenza aveva raggiunto notevoli conoscenze mediche.  Brodo primordiale ipotetico ambiente di origine della vita sulla Terra  Ipotesi del mondo a RNA ipotesi sull'origine della vita. corpo umano, fisiologia, teoria de la natura – natural philosophy, physics, physicist, physician, anatomia, psicologia, motu, fisiologia filosofica, explanation of bodily movement, behaviourism, body movement, corpore, corporalism, animism, corpo animato, che cosa anima il corpo, che cose animano i corpori? Che anima il corpo? Spirito, anima, personificazione del principio vitale, vita, l’origine della vita dalla materia inorganica – l’idea di vita in Aristotle – De anima --.  Zoon, animale – bios – biologia e zoologia – l’origine della vita animale. Grice: Borelli, dimmi, ma davvero basta piegare il polso per far capire qualcosa, o serve anche un po’ di movimento? Borelli: Grice, il moto è tutto! Anche una pianta si piega verso la luce, e se il polso si muove bene, pure il messaggio arriva dritto al bersaglio. Grice: Quindi, tra fitotropismo e gesti napoletani, la conversazione è sempre una questione di direzione? Borelli: Esattamente! Se la vita nasce dal brodo primordiale, la buona conversazione nasce da un gesto ben orientato. E se la mano va a sud, meglio aspettarsi una risposta calorosa! Borelli, Giovanni Francesco Antonio (1646). Cagioni delle febbri maligne in Sicilia. Palermo, Tipografia del Cassaro.

Matteo Borsa (Mantova, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’imitazione. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains “what is meant” as a rationally recoverable product of cooperative talk: speakers rely on shared norms (relevance, informativeness, perspicuity, etc.), and hearers infer conversational implicatures when what is said would otherwise look unhelpfully weak, oddly ornate, or misdirected for the purposes of the exchange. Matteo Borsa, by contrast (an eighteenth-century Mantuan essayist and critic, educated at Bologna and later professor of logic and metaphysics at Mantua), treats linguistic and aesthetic practice through a normative rhetoric of taste: he attacks the corruption of Italian style in terms of neologism, “filosofismo,” and grammatical confusions, and he theorizes imitation across arts (including music and pantomime) as a disciplined matching of form to expressive purpose; in that setting, the key rationality is not the inferential micro-economy of a conversational move but the civic-literary governance of eloquence, genre, and propriety. The overlap is still real: Borsa’s polemic against “filosofismo” can be read as a suspicion of forms of speech that generate the wrong kinds of audience inferences—verbosity, pseudo-technical jargon, and category-mixing that invite misunderstanding or empty prestige—so his project is, in effect, to regulate the predictable “implications” a style triggers in its hearers. But the contrast remains that Grice makes implicature an analytic phenomenon explained by intention plus conversational rationality (how competent interlocutors calculate what is meant beyond what is said), whereas Borsa makes implication an evaluative-aesthetic and rhetorical phenomenon (how linguistic choices signal cultivation or corruption of taste, fidelity or infidelity to genre, and the success or failure of imitation), so that “reason” in Borsa is primarily the normative reason of style and criticism, not the formal-pragmatic reason of cooperative inference in everyday conversation. Grice: “I would call B. a Griceian. I mean he writes on eloquence, as I do, and he qualifies this in two ways: ‘eloquenza sacra’ and ‘in Italia. Like Austin, he thinks that this or that ‘filosofismo academico’ (think ‘impilcatura’) or neologism is an abuse to the eloquenza. Friends tried to disencourage: “This or that filosofismo did have some influence on Roman poetry!” “Damn them!” He also writes a rather anti-pathetic ‘elogio di me stesso,’ whose chapter on ‘gl’amori’ is hardly sincere! But I love him!” Studia a Bologna.  Insegna a Mantova.I fisiologi gl’empirici. Il gusto I vizi più comuni e osservabili del gusto italiano. Il vizio, non la virtu, del gusto, la corruzione del gusto s’incarna in diversi aspetti; il neo-logismo non romano, il filosofismo ,  e la confusione dei generi grammaticali. Estetica, musica imitativa, danza, I balli pantomimi, la pantomima, musica, imitazione. Scruton: a sad melody.  L’assassinio d’Agamennone. Palese. Zatta. Il primo difetto del neologismo portaronci, quello ci comunicarono in seguito del filosofismo. Anche questo un terzo ne produce, che è la confusione dei generi. Bastano essi ancora cotesti esempj per mostrare, che tutti i generi sono confusi, snaturati, e tra volti nell'intima loro sostanza secondo il gusto corrente, e ciò per ragione del Filosofismo. imitazione, genere grammaticale, la confusion dei generi grammaticali, il genere tragico, il genere comedico, il genere conversazionale, Tannen, stile conversazionale – la tragedia della morte di Agammenone --. Virtu e vizio di stilo – filosofismo, neo-logismo, confusion di genero. Austin sul filosofismo, implicatura come filosofismo – remedio contra filosofismo, la filosofia del linguaggio ordinario. Etimologia del cognome ‘borsa’ – origine. Grice Borsa, dimmi, ma davvero il gusto italiano si corrompe perché tutti si mettono a imitare balli e melodie tristi? Borsa: Grice, più che balli e melodie, il vero vizio è il filosofismo! Quando tutti parlano complicato, anche Agamennone avrebbe preferito una pantomima! Grice: A Mantova insegnano a imitare persino i generi grammaticali? La tragedia è confondere il tragico col comico, e il conversazionale col pantomimico! Borsa: Esatto, Grice! La vera virtù è sapere ridere anche di un neologismo: in fondo, se il mio cognome fosse “Borsa” per un vizio di stilo, almeno sarebbe utile per fare la spesa! Borsa, Matteo (1819). Della imitazione. Mantova, Tipografia di Giuseppe Portigliotti.

Giovanni Botero (Bene Vagiena, Cuneo, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della memoria di cicerone al rostro - Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means by presuming cooperative rationality in a talk exchange and then inferring conversational implicatures when an utterance would otherwise be oddly weak, irrelevant, or unmotivated; the governing idea is that communication is accountable to shared norms (quantity, quality, relation, manner) and to intention-recognition. Botero, writing in the late sixteenth century (most notably in Della ragion di Stato, 1589), relocates “ragione” from the micro-logic of utterances to the macro-logic of civic rule: reason is prudential and moral, a practical intelligence for preserving dominion through justice, moderation, reputation, and the management of counsel, in explicit opposition to an amoral Machiavellian “reason of state.” The comparison, then, is that Grice treats reason as a set of inferential constraints that make conversational equality possible (participants can rely on each other’s rationality to bridge the gap between saying and meaning), whereas Botero treats reason as the ethical-political condition of durable authority (subjects obey rationally when governance is credible, reputationally grounded, and just). Still, there is a natural bridge: Botero’s emphasis on reputation and counsel presupposes a pragmatics of public speech in which what rulers say is routinely interpreted for what it signals beyond its literal content—an arena saturated with implicature in Grice’s sense—yet Botero’s framework makes that surplus meaning primarily a matter of political prudence and moral legitimacy, while Grice’s makes it a general theory of how rational agents, qua speakers and hearers, generate and decode “more than is said” as a normal feature of cooperative communication. - Cicerone sull’equita civile. Grice: “You gotta love B. – my favourite is not so much the one on the reason of state (the critique of the reason of state) – but his memorabilia of ‘vires’ of the ‘imperium romanum’!” Studia a Palermo e Roma. S'impegna nella sua nota opera Ragion di Stato medita le tesi esposte nel De Regia Sapientia. Combatte MACCHIAVELLI per splorare il potere politico scientia civilis alla Minucci. Considera lo stato come un dominio assoluto e stabile sui popoli. La ragion di stato è l'insieme di tutti i mezi per conservare e gestire questo dominio. B. chiama rea e falsa la ragion di stato di MACCHIAVELLI e giunge a sostenere che il principe, rispettoso dei precetti non ha bisogno di leggere né Machiavelli né TACITO.  La differenza principale della sua filosofia ispetto a quello di Machiavelli consiste nell'importanza assegnata alla morale o RAGIONE PRUDENZIALE come mezzo di governo. L'uso spregiudicato della ragion di stato da parte del governante dev'essere temperato dalla virtù, la moderazione e la giustizia. Ciò conferisce al principe la reputazione per ottenere obbedienza raggionabile dai suoi sudditi. Afferma che solo i sudditi raggionabile sono ubbidienti. Propone una ferma lotta alle eresie, che comportano dissidi fra i sudditi. Lo stato italiano è confessionale e la ragion di stato comprende la garanzia dell'orto-dossia, la cui cura delle funzioni dello stato. Differenza con Machiaveli è l'importanza che B. dà all'economia e alla demo-grafia come parametro per la misurazione della potenza dello stato. Pone l'accento sull'interesse.  Elabora del concetto di civiltà romana, alla Cicerone. Staatsräson, Ferrari, civil equita di Vico, civilis aequitas di Cicerone, ragion di stato, Candarini, Macchiavelli, Grice, conversational cooperation, conversational equality, pirotic generality, conceptual, applicational, formal. Generality, universalizability, civilis aequitas, aequitas, =, identity and aequitas, aequi-, justice as fairness, principle of conversational reciprocity.  Grice: Botero, ma davvero pensi che la memoria di Cicerone fosse così infallibile da tenere insieme equità e potere al rostro? Botero: Grice, se Cicerone avesse dimenticato l’equità, a quest’ora il foro romano sarebbe solo un grande mercato di chiacchiere e pettegolezzi! Grice: E secondo te, i sudditi obbedivano perché il principe seguiva la ragion di stato... o perché temevano la memoria lunga degli oratori? Botero: Ti dirò, Grice, tra una buona memoria e una buona reputazione, è meglio averle entrambe. Ma, se manca la virtù, nemmeno Cicerone saprebbe convincere il popolo con lo stesso entusiasmo di una cena a Bene Vagienna! Botero, Giovanni (1589). Della ragion di Stato. Venezia, Nicolò Mutinelli.

Vincenzo Botta (Cavallermaggiore, Cuneo, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del primo filosofo italiano – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how what a speaker means is rationally recoverable from what is said plus shared cooperative expectations, yielding conversational implicatures when an utterance would otherwise be oddly weak, irrelevant, or strategically indirect. Vincenzo Botta (1818–1894), by contrast, is best known (beyond your passage) not as a theorist of everyday conversational inference but as a historian of philosophy and public intellectual—professor at Turin, author of a state-commissioned comparative study of German education (with Luigi Parola, published 1851), and later an Italianist in New York who wrote, in English, on Dante as philosopher/patriot/poet (1865). So where Grice isolates a micro-normativity internal to talk-exchanges (maxims, speaker-intentions, calculable implicata), Botta’s “reason” is macroscopic and civilizational: it is the historical emergence of philosophical rationality (e.g., from scholasticism toward vernacular traditions), the pedagogical institutions that cultivate it, and the rhetorical-philosophical voice (Dante, Roman and Italian traditions) that forms a public. A Gricean can nevertheless read Botta’s emphasis on Dante and on philosophy in the volgare as an account of how shared linguistic practice makes certain inferences and forms of uptake possible across a community: vernacular philosophy works by mobilizing common ground, tone, and audience expectation—precisely the conditions under which implicatures thrive—yet Botta treats that surplus of meaning primarily as a rhetorical-historical achievement of culture and education, while Grice treats it as a formally describable product of rational cooperation in conversation. -- fat philosopher, brave, addicted to general reflections about life, greatest living, Continental --  ‘professional engaged in philosophical research’ – Appio. Grice: “The most relevant of B.’s tracts is his ‘storia della filosofia romana,’ – but he also played with Leopardi, and he is especially loved in the Piemonte as a ‘dantista’! You’ve gotta love B.– my favourite is his tract on Alighieri as a philosopher, he applies all he’s learned about philosophy at Cuneo to Aligheri; the result is overwhelming!” Insegna a Torino. The rise of philosophy ‘in the volgare’ is comes with  a revival, of reason opposing scolasticismo. The republics, Roman jurisprudence,and the growing passion for Ancient Rome, stimulate man to free from the servitude of  scolasticismo. The Catharists appear, and extend as the paterini, templari, albigesi, and publicani.. Philosophers embrace the Ghibellines: Frederick II, Ubaldini; Farinata degli Uberti, LATINI, and CAVALCANTI. Brescia strives to extend to politics the revolution is sustained by societies, as in St. Paul's Descent to the infernal regions, and social movement heading Parma, Douuino, Padova, Casale, Valdo, and Dolciuo. ALIGHIERI stands preeminent, defending the separation for ‘lo stato fiorentino in De Monarchia. Petrara and Boccaccio join to excite an enthusiasm for Rome. Grice: “B. uses ‘filosofo italiano’ too freely. When we reflect on ‘filosofo italiano’ I can think of Heidegger, whom was described as ‘the greatest living philosopher’ – or consider a ‘fat poem’ – In what way is a fat philosopher not like a French poem? If Puddle is ‘our man in nineteenth-century Continental philosophy’ – why is it that Puddle doesn’t sound continental enough. Bravery is usually the consequence of being addicted to general reflections about life. I can think of GIRGENTI  threing himself into the Etna to prove that he was a god. His sandal springs up, the implicature is unequivocal!” Cavour empiricismo, positivismo Vico critica idealismo ontologia, psicologia filosofica. Grice:Botta, secondo te un filosofo italiano deve essere per forza coraggioso, oppure basta essere un po’ “più largo” di vedute – e di circonferenza? Botta: Grice, in Italia il filosofo deve avere appetito: per la vita, per i libri e magari anche per il pranzo! Ma la vera bravura sta nel sapersi destreggiare tra Cuneo e Dante senza perdere il filo, né la forchetta. Grice: E se Dante avesse avuto una filosofia “romana” invece che fiorentina, avrebbe scritto la Divina Commedia con più pasta e meno rimpianti? Botta: Probabile, Grice! Ma ricorda: Dante difendeva la monarchia, mentre Petrarca e Boccaccio tifavano Roma. In fondo, ogni filosofo italiano sa che tra un impero e un piatto di ravioli, la scelta non è mai così scontata! Botta, Vincenzo (1837). Della pubblica istruzione in Germania. Torino, Tipografia e Libreria di Giuseppe Marietti. 

Albertino Bottoni (Padova, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del fototropismo in cabbages and kings -- de essential corporis humani. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning models “what is meant” as a rationally recoverable product of cooperative talk: speakers exploit shared norms to let hearers infer implicatures beyond literal content, and the key explanatory currency is intention plus publicly checkable conversational rationality. Bottoni, by contrast, belongs to a Renaissance Padua setting where “reason” is applied first to the functional intelligibility of life and the body: trained in philosophy and medicine and teaching logic at Padua, he theorizes the operations that conserve the individual and species—nutrition, growth, and generation, his tria suprema naturae munera—treating nutrition in De vita conservanda (1582) as central to the living organism’s maintenance and thus to any account of health and disease; and he is also remembered for introducing mercury in the treatment of syphilis. The comparison, then, is that Grice explains how rational agents coordinate minds by inferential norms in conversation, whereas Bottoni exemplifies a kind of Aristotelian-functional rationality aimed at explaining how organized bodies sustain themselves through ordered processes. A Gricean reading can still find a structural analogy: just as the hearer reconstructs an implicature by assuming an efficient, purposive economy of discourse, Bottoni reconstructs “life” and “health” by assuming an economy of organic functions whose point is conservation; but the domains differ sharply—Grice’s rationality is communicative and normative (reasons governing what is responsibly inferred in talk), while Bottoni’s is physiological and teleological (reasons as ends served by biological functions), making “implicature” in Bottoni at most a metaphor for the way observable effects (symptoms, behaviors, even plant motion such as phototropism) invite rational reconstruction of an underlying order, rather than an explicitly speaker-intention-based theory of meaning. Grice: “I love B., and so did Burton! Most Englishmen know of Bottoni because he is quoted by Burton in his “Anatomy of Melancholy,” re the imagination and reason – and how it affects melancholy.” “I call B. a philosophical biologist – excretion (why?) – nutrition – surely nutrition – as part of birth – and growth – are essential requirements for a definition of ‘bios’ or life – and B. knows that – as a philosopher. He studied philosophy and taught logic, like me. “De conservanda vita,” is more than a philosophy of life – it’s how the ‘essenza’ del ‘corpore dell’uomo’ is nutrition – and how the spiritus, and not just the anima, are involved. His model is functionalist, and Aristotelian, like mine! He also provides a philosophy of disease – which should make us wonder about whether we are endowed with a conceptual analysis of ‘health,’ a favourite term for Aristotle (‘healthy food,’ ‘healthy man,’ ‘healthy habit’). Studia ed insegna a Padova. Introduce il mercurio nella cura della sifilide. Fu rivale di Sassonia.  funzioni dirette alla conservazione dell'individuo e della specie, quindi nutrizione, crescita e generazione, che definì tria suprema naturae munera.  De vita conservanda morbis mulieribus, methodi, modo discurrendi circa morbos, eosdemque curandi tractatos. planta vel animal vel homo, sed ratione qua e; di origine analoga De modo discurrendi circa morbos, eosdemque curandi tractatus, Pandectarum sive partitionum medicinalium de essentia corporis humani, vita, filosofia della vita, Grice on body and mind Personal identity body corpus Christi  corpus viris essential corporis humani, l’essenza del corpo dell’uomo, corpo virile animato fisica mecanica moto del corpo corpo credenza che i vegetali non sono animale per che il moto non e volontario ma condizionato fototropismo. Grice: Bottoni, senti, se il cavolo segue la luce, è colpa della filosofia o della fame? Bottoni: Grice, il cavolo non ha dubbi: la luce è la sua filosofia, ma la fame è la sua motivazione! Se Aristotele avesse piantato cavoli, forse avrebbe capito meglio il fototropismo! Grice: E la melancolia, Albertino, la curiamo con una foglia di lattuga o con una lezione di logica? Bottoni: Grice, una foglia di lattuga fa bene al corpo, una lezione di logica allo spirito! Ma su certe giornate, meglio entrambe: così, almeno, il corpo e l’anima si mettono d’accordo! Bottoni, Albertino (1684). De vita conservanda morbis mulieribus, methodi, modo discurrendi circa morbos, eosdemque curandi tractatus. Padova: Tipografia di Padova.

Giovanni Bovio d’Altamura (Trani, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della lingua. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means by presuming cooperative rationality and then inferring conversational implicatures when what is said would otherwise be puzzlingly weak, irrelevant, or oddly chosen; the central mechanism is intention-plus-norms yielding accountable inferences from saying to meaning. Bovio (Giovanni Bovio of Trani, 1837–1903), while also treating language as a distinctive human power, frames its rationality less as a micro-theory of inference in talk and more as a philosophical-anthropological and civic doctrine: humans are the animal that lives by symbols, and linguistic meaning is marked by arbitrariness and institution (ad placitum) rather than the merely natural “manifestations” found in animal cries and gestures; in that sense, language for Bovio is the medium in which thought, freedom, and political life (the struggle of parties, the contestation of monarchy, the formation of a republican public) become possible. The comparison, then, is that Grice locates “reason in conversation” in the everyday calculus of speakers and hearers coordinating on purposes and extracting implicata, whereas Bovio locates it in the symbolic condition of the speaking animal, where what matters is the historical-moral vocation of the verbo as a maker of persons, rights, and collective destinies. A Gricean can redescribe Bovio’s emphasis on tone, figure, and public struggle as higher-level arenas in which implicatures proliferate (what is said in politics or oratory routinely means more than it states), but the divergence remains that Grice aims to formalize the rational norms that make such surplus meaning inferable in ordinary exchanges, while Bovio treats linguistic meaning as a constitutive mark of humanity and citizenship, with conversational reason continuous with the ethical and political work performed by symbols in a contested public world. Grice: “I have often been criticised for my anthropocentrism; notably when in ‘Prejudices and predilections,’ I have to defend the view that Homo sapiens sapiens is the Homo comunicativus! M-intentions seem too intricate for other pirots to deal with thm! Yet, in the Continent, the view of homo symbolicus, defended by B.,  has been a paradigm of good sense! You’ve got to love B.; he has a stamp, I don’t. My favourite is his piece on ‘lingua,’ on the implicature (plural of implicatura) of the animale parlante, un tono, una figura. But he philosophises fascinatingly on ‘La lotta,’ which is a bit like my model of conversation as a competitive game.” Il verbo,  diritto, genio, gli Scritti filosofici e politici, la Dottrina dei partiti con il subentrare della sinistra costituzionale alla Destra, il suo atteggiamento, non incline all’astensionismo.  Incontaminato, medita con animo libero l'Infinito e consacra le ragioni dei popoli ravviva d’alta luce il pensiero italo e precorse veggente la nuova età. Contrario alla monarchia, ideologo repubblicano: definirsi o sparire: palesò ai repubblicani l'esigenza urgente di un’impostazione d’una chiara direzione che spinge poi i repubblicani a definirsi in partito di moderno tenore.  Stabilì pei repubblicani prospettiva nazionale.  La monarchia, attuale realtà italiana. Si dichiara utopista. La monarchia cadrà. Del medemo suo autore eccelsa imago a cui pur volle il creator sovrano me lia gr and opra esercitar la mano se flejfo in lei d'effgiarfi vago sfavilli il sole, e folgoreggi il fago, futto e creato al beneficio humano: Infuse l’Alma in lui celefle arcano onde fosse di glorie altero e pago. Come qualos di chi mirar s’avenne sotto al suo redi purpurati eroi glorioso senato in di solenne in fmil guisa a minislri suo i principi numerar subditi ottenti e, se potenz.e vitali il capo in noi. lizio i gesti e suoni degli animali sono signi i suoni e i gesti dell’uomo sono simbolo non e manifestazione delo chiaro la manifestazione o rivelazione appertiene all’animale nell’uomo il simbolo e arbitrario ad placitum. Grice: Bovio, secondo te, è vero che solo Homo sapiens sapiens può essere Homo comunicativus, o c’è speranza anche per i piroti? Bovio: Ah, Grice, io credo che pure il piroto, se si impegna, può imparare a conversare! Basta dargli una lingua e un po’ di spirito repubblicano, e magari si fa capire meglio di certi parlamentari! Grice: Ma la lingua, Giovanni, è più simbolo o più segno? Se il piroto abbaia, è comunicazione o solo manifestazione animale? Bovio: Grice, se il piroto abbaia, è manifestazione; se discute la monarchia, allora è simbolo! E se sogna la repubblica, ti assicuro che il suo tono diventa filosofico, anche se un po’ utopista come me! Bovio d’Altamura, Giovanni (1864). Il verbo. Napoli, Morano.

Francesco Paolo Bozzelli (Manfredonia, Foggia, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’mplicatura conversazionale di Lucano – su Catone in Utica. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats what is meant as an inferential product of cooperative rationality: speakers design utterances for uptake, hearers presume purposive talk, and conversational implicatures arise when literal content is too weak, oddly chosen, or strategically indirect relative to shared aims. Francesco Paolo Bozzelli (1786–1864), by contrast, is best situated (beyond your passage) as a jurist-philosopher and theorist of tragedy and imitation, as well as the drafter of the 1848 Constitution of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies; his intellectual world is one in which public discourse is shaped by rhetoric, moral psychology, aesthetic category (the tragic as a philosophical lens on action and character), and institutional normativity rather than by an explicit model of maxims and intention-recognition. If a Gricean lens is applied to Bozzelli’s “tragic” materials (Lucan’s Cato at Utica, Roman exempla, catharsis, and “imitazione tragica”), the relevant comparison is that both accounts make meaning depend on intelligible reasons addressed to an audience: for Grice, reasons govern the micro-logic of conversational moves; for Bozzelli, reasons govern how exemplary actions and speeches are framed so that an audience grasps more than is stated—ethical stance, political principle, or tragic necessity—through rhetoric, omission, and heightened form. The divergence is that Grice explains this “more than is said” as a calculable, defeasible implicature grounded in cooperative norms, while Bozzelli treats the surplus as constitutive of civic and aesthetic communication itself: tragic imitation and constitutional language aim at forming judgment and character, so the unspoken is not merely an implicature to be derived and, if needed, canceled, but part of how public meaning achieves force, legitimacy, and cathartic clarity in the first place. Grice: “B philosophises on Enea’s tragic dialogue of Niso e Eurialo. Not to mention the rape of Lucrezia, Romolo killing Remo, and the rest of it. You’ve got to love B. Aat Oxford, it would be difficult to find an English philosopher interested in English tragedy, but B.’s expertise is tragedia romana, Ercole and the rest! Philosophically, B. speaks indeed alla lizio of the tragic dallo spirito dalla musica, since ‘lo tragico’ is a philosophical category. On top,  if I have been called a mimetist and has is B. Lo tragico becomes an adjective to qualify imitation, with a principle for imitazione and tragedy as meant for catharsis – with B., it is imitazione tragica. He wisely skips (almost) the Middle Ages and reviews how tragedia romana becomes tragedia italiana!” Si laurea a Napoli. Liberale moderato, prende parte ai moti che gli costarono la prigione. Avverso alla democrazia radicale. etica estetica. La fama d’integrità morale lo garante un prestigio all'interno del partito liberale. Stende la carta costituzionale. Calca di fatto la costituzione belga, criticata perché non offer sufficienti garanzie di libertà ai cittadini, limita i diritti elettorali su base censuale e lascia al re potere discrezionale. Niun de due, e forsè anco amenduni di Marzia nelle brame hanno egual parte i giovani, e dividon la forella. Ma dimmi: Lucia qua di loro elegge? Marzia, ambo son nella mia slima grandi na nel mi’amor perchè vuoi tu eh’io'1 nomini ben tu fai, come è cieco amore e folle, iI qual, ne fa perchè, vuole e disvuole. Io son perplessa, dimmi, quale appellar deggia il mio fratel felice. Se è Porzio, me’n da re (le biasmo? m’hai involata l’alma mia. Con qual leggiadra tenerezza egli ama, spira i difii più schietti e più gentili. Verità, cortetla, mafehia dolcezza Puliscon le parole ed i pensieri. Fervido è Marco, e impetuosi troppo.  il tragico, il tragico latino, l’implicatura di Lucano, l’edonismo di Bozzelli, capitol su Bozzelli nella storia della filosofia italiana di Gentile – edonismo, morale, etica – costituzione napoletana. Grice:Bozzelli, dimmi, secondo te Catone in Utica era più tragico o più filosofo? Bozzelli: Grice, Catone sapeva essere entrambi! Tragico quando doveva far rispettare la costituzione, filosofo quando si trovava a scegliere fra Marco e Porzio… e si capiva che l’amore è cieco e folle! Grice: E secondo te, se Lucano avesse scritto la carta costituzionale, avrebbe dato più libertà ai cittadini o più potere al re? Bozzelli: Oh, Grice, Lucano avrebbe preferito dare ai cittadini il potere di scrivere tragedie e ai re quello di applaudirle—così almeno la morale sarebbe salva e nessuno resterebbe perplesso tra edonismo e libertà! Bozzelli, Francesco Paolo (1821). Statuto costituzionale del regno delle Due Sicilie. Napoli, Stamperia del Fibreno.

Giuseppe Bozzetti (Borgoratto, Alessandria, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Bruno contro I matematici. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers move from what is said to what is meant by assuming cooperative rationality and then inferring conversational implicatures when an utterance would otherwise be pointlessly weak, oddly chosen, or pragmatically out of place; meaning, on this view, is anchored in intentions constrained by norms of reasonable talk. Bozzetti, as framed in your passage, relocates “conversational reason” into a broadly personalist and Rosminian (Serbatian) metaphysical-ethical setting: dialogue is not primarily a device for efficiently exchanging information but an inter-personal arena in which the person as “subsistent right” seeks truth and freely adheres to moral law, so the rationality governing exchange is inseparable from conscience, freedom, and the teleology of human ends. In that register, “implicature” is less a technical, calculable surplus derived from maxims and more an inter-personal surplus generated by the ethical conditions of address—what a speaker owes another as a person, and what is revealed (or concealed) when one treats the other as more than a calculating intellect. Hence the Bruno-against-the-mathematicians motif: where Grice uses “calculation” metaphorically to describe rational inference from utterance to implicatum, Bozzetti’s Bruno-themed contrast treats a purely mathematical posture as missing something constitutive of genuine dialogue, namely the moral and metaphysical recognition of interlocutors; the upshot is that Grice offers a general inferential model for how implicatures are responsibly derived in ordinary conversation, while Bozzetti reads conversational reason as an ethically thick practice of mutual recognition in which the deepest “implications” of what is said are indexed not only to relevance and informativeness but to the speaker’s freedom, good will, and commitment to truth as a vocation of persons-in-relation. Grice: “I am surprised that, in spite of B., Bruno is not given due philosophical status at Oxford – after all, the dreaming spires were the ONLY place where this Southern Italian philosopher was given any status at all! If Strawson is a Griceian, B. is a Serbatian – he philosophised on substance (‘il concetto di sostanza’ from the point of view of ‘gnoseologia,’ and also on ‘dialogue,’ and ‘piety,’ – he also speaks, like I do, of construction, and reconstruction, and indeed, ‘metaphysical reconstruction,’ one of my routines! My favourite has to be his philosophy of dialogue.” D’ascendenza cremonese. Si laurea a Torino.  Insegna a Domodossola e Roma, successore di Serbati. Insegna a Roma. Spiega le tesi di Serbati sulla filosofia del diritto. La persona è soggetto di diritto: cerca liberamente la verità e aderisce liberamente alla legge morale, su cui forma la propria coscienza e la consapevolezza di avere una destinazione o metier. Degl’agiati. Attratto da Serbati che fa della persona diritto sussistente ed il fondamento dello stato, propone la metafisica per inquadrare l'essere personale in un’organicità ontologica più comprensiva: il vivente. Costruttivo, converge molteplicità ed unità, frammentarismo e organicità. Sciacca. Antonioli. Una liberazione trovare nella filosofia del diritto di SERBATI che la persona umana è il diritto sussistente, che non solo ha dei diritti, ma essa è il diritto. Il valore della persona. Apparve dunque fondamentale a B. la persona come diritto sussistente, che gli rivela il proprio esistere come soggetto d’esigenze inviolabili e inalienabili: il possesso della verità, la libera adesione alla legge morale colla conseguente coscienza, la consapevolezza d’una destinazione. Si laurea in filosofia a Roma. matematismo, monofisismo, interpersonale, implicatura interpersonale, il dialogo, fine razionale, la ragione come atto costitutivo dell’uomo, persona, uomo uomini, contro I matematici morale il problema del male ill-will, liberta, legge morale, critica Serbati non cattolico, Bruno. Grice: Bozzetti, dimmi la verità: ma davvero Bruno non ha mai perdonato ai matematici di non saper dialogare? Bozzetti: Grice, secondo Bruno, i matematici contano tutto, tranne le possibilità di una buona chiacchierata. Lui preferiva l’implicatura al calcolo! Grice: Eppure, Giuseppe, non sarebbe bello se la legge morale si risolvesse con una semplice equazione? Bozzetti: Certo, Grice! Ma in quel caso, la coscienza sarebbe solo una radice quadrata... e la verità, forse, un numero primo! Bozzetti, Giuseppe (1878). Saggio critico sulla vita e sulle opere di Giambattista Vico. Alessandria, Tip. editrice G. Ferrari. 

Paolo Bozzi (Gorizia, Friuli-Venezia Giulia): la ragione conversazionale e i visi di Warnock. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means by assuming cooperative rationality and then inferring implicatures when what is said would otherwise be oddly weak, irrelevant, or unmotivated; the engine of interpretation is practical reason operating over intentions plus shared conversational norms. Bozzi, by contrast, is centrally concerned with the rational structure of perception itself (Gestalt psychology, experimental phenomenology, “naive physics,” and the legitimacy of describing phenomena without reducing them to psychophysical programs), so the closest analogue to Gricean implicature in Bozzi is not a speaker’s strategic indirectness but the way perceptual organization yields more than the stimulus delivers: we “see as” through lawful grouping, constancies, and interpretive supplementation that make the world intelligible at a glance. Where Grice treats meaning as an inferential achievement in social exchange (a normative, intention-sensitive computation from utterance to communicative point), Bozzi treats sense-making as an achievement of embodied cognition in contact with the phenomenon (a lawful, description-guiding organization from sensory manifold to stable objects, colors, motions, and melodies). In that light, the “visum” and the discussion of seeing-as (including the point that it can be infelicitous to say one sees an obvious x as an x) highlight a difference in direction: Grice explains how rational agents manage the gap between literal saying and meant content, while Bozzi explains how perceivers manage the gap between raw input and the structured world that shows up for them; both are accounts of surplus over the given, but Grice locates the surplus in conversational norms and intentions, whereas Bozzi locates it in the constitutive organization of experience that makes any later linguistic exchange about forks, knives, flowers, and “what we see” possible in the first place. Grice: “I like B’s percettologia!” Citato da Ferraris  B. psicologo italiano, m. Bolzano. Psicologo italiano. È considerato uno dei principali studiosi italiani di psicologia della Gestalt, insieme a Metelli e a Kanizsa, di cui è stato allievo. Autore eclettico di numerosi saggi, ha approfondito il tema della percezione visiva da diversi punti di vista, come la percezione dei colori, dei suoni, ma anche del moto pendolare e di quello lungo i piani inclinati.  È stato professore di metodologia delle scienze del comportamento presso l'Istituto di Psicologia, divenuta in seguito Facoltà di Psicologia, a Trieste. A Bolzano. Insegna a Trento. Non è possibile rimuovere la percezione sensibile dall'osservazione del fenomeno. esperimento programma che contrasta quello psico-fisico. fenomeno acustico percezione musicale è alla base della formazione delle melodie. Unità identità causalità. fenomenologia sperimentale, fisica ingenua, oscillazione, piano inclinato, Experimenta in visu. percezione. Vedere come. Further examples are to be found in the area of the philosophy of perception. One is connected with the notion of seeing ... as. Witters observes that one does not see a knife and fork as a knife and fork. The idea behind this remark is not developed in the passage in which it occurrs, but presumably the thought is that, if a pair of things plainly ARE a knife and fork, while it might be correct to speak of someone as seeing them as something different, perhaps as a leaf and a flower, it would always, except possibly in very special circumstances, be incorrect, false, out of order, devoid of sense, to speak of seeing an x as an x, or at least of seeing what is plainly an x as an x. ‘Seeing... as, then, is seemingly represented as involving at least some element of some kind of imaginative construction or supplementation. Il mondo sotto osservazione realismo sapere ingenuo gestalt  Brentano filosofo e psicologo tedesco Lewin psicologo tedesco Giovanni Bruno Vicario psicologo e scrittore italiano. psicologia filosofica. Grice: Bozzi, dimmi, tu che hai il dono della percettologia, che effetto fa vedere una forchetta come un fiore? Bozzi: Grice, se vedi una forchetta come un fiore, probabilmente la tua cena sarà molto più profumata, ma forse un po’ meno sostanziosa! Grice: E se vedessi un coltello come una foglia, pensi che potrei tagliare il pane con la fantasia? Bozzi: Senz’altro, Grice! Ma attento: la psicologia della Gestalt insegna che, a forza di immaginare, rischi di finire a mangiare aria—o forse solo melodie! Bozzi, Paolo (1956). Il pragmatismo. Rivista di Storia della Filosofia.

Poggio Bracciolini (Roma) e la ragione conversazionale.  Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains “what is meant” as something hearers rationally infer from what is said plus an assumption of cooperative, goal-directed talk (the Cooperative Principle), so that implicatures arise when a speaker’s words would otherwise seem unhelpful, oddly weak, or off-point; Poggio Bracciolini, by contrast, represents a humanist-rhetorical ecology in which meaning is cultivated through learned Latinity, social wit, and genre (letters, dialogues, invective, and the Facetiae), with communication understood less as maxim-guided inference from sparse utterances and more as a civically and institutionally situated art of address—persuasion, ridicule, moral diagnosis, and stylistic self-fashioning directed to particular audiences (curial, monastic, republican, scholarly). If Grice models conversational rationality as a set of publicly recognizable norms that make indirectness intelligible and accountable, Poggio treats the recovery and circulation of classical eloquence as itself a technology of intelligibility, where what is “meant” is often carried by allusion, exempla, and Ciceronian tone rather than by a minimal sentence designed for cooperative uptake. Still, the two converge in a useful way: Poggio’s epistolary voice and his facetious narratives rely on shared background, audience calibration, and the expectation that readers will supply what is left unsaid—an interpretive practice that can be reconstrued in Gricean terms as systematic implicature-generation—yet their difference is that Grice abstracts those expectations into a general, reason-based theory of inference in conversation, whereas Poggio embeds them in rhetorical tradition and humanist sociability, where meaning is inseparable from learned style, institutional setting, and the performative aims of praise, blame, and persuasion. Famed humanist orator and recovery agent of lost classical texts.  Grice: Poggio, cosa è più difficile—trovare un manoscritto perduto o convincere gli amici a leggere Cicerone per piacere? Bracciolini: Grice, ti assicuro che nulla è più difficile che persuadere qualcuno a godersi Cicerone. Almeno i manoscritti non protestano. Grice: Hai mai provato a spiegare l’implicatura conversazionale a un gruppo di monaci? Di solito preferiscono il silenzio a “vires imperium romanum”. Bracciolini: Il silenzio è d’oro, Grice, ma se i discorsi di Cicerone potessero essere sussurrati nello scriptorium, forse anche i monaci finirebbero a dibattere l’equità civile invece del menù del pranzo! Bracciolini, Poggio (1470). Facetie. Firenze, Bartolomeo de' Libri.

Aldo Braibanti (Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Piacenza, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats what a speaker means as something hearers rationally infer from what is said plus the shared assumption that participants are cooperating toward an accepted purpose in a talk-exchange (the Cooperative Principle and its maxims), so that implicatures arise when an utterance would otherwise be puzzlingly weak, irrelevant, opaque, or overstrong. Braibanti, as suggested by the passage and by standard biographical accounts of his wide-ranging work (poetry, theatre, political writing, ecology/mirmecology), invites a different contrast: his “conversational reason” is less a quasi-formal model of inference and more a cross-disciplinary practice in which meaning is staged, curated, and sometimes strategically displaced across genres (dialogue, manifesto, drama, poetic free verse, even the observational “sociality” of ants as a conceptual analogue), so that the unsaid can function aesthetically, politically, or ethically rather than chiefly as a calculable implicature. Where Grice explains indirectness by rational norms internal to conversation (what a reasonable interlocutor must assume to keep the exchange intelligible), Braibanti’s intellectual persona foregrounds how meaning can be made to travel through coded forms under pressure—fascist censorship, partisan clandestinity, later public scandal—so that what is communicated is often inseparable from the risks of saying it, the medium chosen, and the audience’s willingness to read between the lines. In that sense, a Gricean can redescribe Braibanti’s obliqueness, irony, and genre-shifting as systematic implicature-generation; but the divergence is that Grice treats implicature as a rationally recoverable supplement to literal content, whereas Braibanti’s “ragione conversazionale” looks closer to an art-and-politics of communication in which form, silence, and indirection are not merely cooperative shortcuts but sometimes the very point of the act. Grice: “I guess B. compares to Wilde at Oxford – he wanted to be a pupil at Magdalen, because ‘it’s such a pretty college’ – Douglas had a lot to do with it! Wilde is said to have said before the king who abdicated that ‘only the poor learn at Oxford.’ Gilbert and Sullivan popularised the idea that at Oxford you were either a Paterian (an aesthete) or an athlete. I guess i was both: I was ‘musical’ – had played Ravel at Clifton, and always kept a piano in my rooms – and yet I played cricket, football – I captained the Corpus team for a term – and golf!” Filosofo italiano -- è stato uno scrittore, sceneggiatore e drammaturgo italiano. Intellettuale, partigiano antifascista e poeta, nella sua vita si è occupato di arte, cinema, politica, teatro e letteratura, oltre a essere un appassionato mirmecologo. Ben presto scopre la centralità del mondo naturale e sviluppa un pensiero acuto e radicale in tema di ecologia e salvaguardia dell'ambiente, rispetto della vita animale e un particolare interesse per i costumi degli insetti sociali: formiche, api e termiti. In pieno periodo fascista vive "in una famiglia illuminata e ferma nel rifiuto di ogni situazione autoritaria e clericale. Tra i sette e gli otto anni inizia a scrivere i primi testi poetici. Tra i suoi interessi scolastici vi sono Dante, Petrarca, Carducci, Pascoli e D'Annunzio, ma soprattutto Leopardi e Foscolo, ed è in quel periodo che inizia la sua attività poetica, abbandonando subito la rima e le tradizioni stilistiche per scrivere poesie in libertà. Di allora sono anche i primi tentativi teatrali (Amneris), i primi dialoghetti filosofici (Il veglio della montagna) e i primi "inni alla natura". Studia a Parma sotto Bernini. Scrive e distribuisce clandestinamente a scuola un manifesto, rivolto a tutti gli uomini, in cui invita a unirsi e organizzarsi contro la dittatura fascista. A Firenze nasce l'amore per Vinci e Bruno. Inizia a dedicarsi ai collage e agli assemblage, mentre l'osservazione delle formiche comincia a precisarsi in un interesse che mira a di casa. Evidenze e misteri dell'ideologia italiana. Grice: Braibanti, ma tra formiche e Oxford, dove è più difficile trovare qualcuno disposto a organizzare una partita di cricket? Braibanti: Grice, tra le formiche non c’è mai un arbitro, e chi perde finisce a portare briciole per settimane. A Oxford, almeno, dopo la partita si può scrivere una poesia. Grice: E tra poesia e manifesti antifascisti, dove si rischiano più morsi: tra i versi liberi o tra le formiche arrabbiate? Braibanti: Grice, i versi liberi mordono solo l’anima. Le formiche, invece, hanno un certo senso della giustizia: ti pungono, ma almeno non scrivono manifesti contro di te. Braibanti, Aldo (1949). Il veglio della montagna. Parma, Tipografia Benedettina.

Giuseppe Giovanni Luigi Enrico del Basto Lanzo di Trabia Branciforte (San Vito dei Normanni, Specchia di Mare, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei giochi olimpici. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what is meant by treating talk as a rational, cooperative activity in which a speaker’s intentions are constrained by publicly recognizable norms (maxims), so that implicatures arise when literal content is too weak, oddly chosen, or strategically indirect given the shared purposes of the exchange. Branciforte (better known in accessible sources as Giuseppe Giovanni Lanza del Vasto, born Giuseppe Giovanni Luigi Enrico Lanza di Trabia-Branciforte) pushes “conversational reason” toward an ethical-spiritual and quasi-pilgrimage model of communication: the crucial unit is not the maxim-guided inference from saying to implicating, but the message as vocation addressed to another (and ultimately to love, nonviolence, and a community of practice), where dialogue is a vehicle for conversion, discipline, and moral reorientation rather than primarily a mechanism for efficiently coordinating belief. From a Gricean angle, Branciforte’s emphasis on addressee, testimony, and the retrieval of a “message” behind public acts (the Olympic games as sign, relay, or song awaiting a hearer) can be redescribed as a broadened pragmatics in which what is communicated systematically outruns what is explicitly stated; but the contrast remains that Grice grounds that outrunning in calculable rational expectations internal to conversation, whereas Branciforte grounds it in a metaphysics and ethics of address, where implicature becomes less a technical inference licensed by cooperative norms and more a hermeneutic surplus carried by symbolic action, ritual, and nonviolent witness directed at transforming the interlocutor and the shared world. Grice: “You’ve got to love B.: my favourite is his philosophy of what he calls ‘il messaggio,’ – I do use the term when I speak of a transmitter, and an addressee, etc. – the fact that he was born where Ikkos was born help, since one would need to recover Ikkos’s message! Branciforte sees philosophy as a pilgrimage of love – ‘il peregrine dell’amore’ with his ‘canzionere’ and surely the song needs an addressee!” Esponente della nobile famiglia siciliana dei Lanza di Trabia.. La sua personalità eccezionale riunisce caratteristiche disparate: filosofo con una forte vena mistica, ma anche patriarca fondatore di comunità rurali e attivista nonviolento contro la guerra d'Algeria o gli armamenti nucleari.    Sudia a Pisa sotto CARLINI .  «La guerra di Abissinia già iniziava ed il mio rifiuto a parteciparvi era la cosa più evidente. E poi questa guerra non era che l’inizio: in seguito forse sarei stato ad uccidere inglesi, tedeschi e un giorno avrei avuto dinanzi alla mia baionetta Rainer Maria Rilke. No, la mia risposta era no. “Ma che cosa è che rende la guerra inevitabile?”, mi domandavo. Capisce la puerilità delle risposte ordinarie, quelle che si rifanno alla nostra cattiveria, al nostro odio e al pregiudizio. Sa che la guerra non ha a che fare con tutto ciò. Certo, una dottrina esiste per opporsi alla guerra. Manca un metodo per difendersi senza offendere. Un modo umano di risolvere i conflitti umani. Ma li è convertito alla sua propria religione, e ha il suo da fare per meditare. E se mi si chiedeva “siete cristiano?, rispondevo: Sarebbe ben prezioso dire di sì. Tento di esserlo. L’arca aveva una vigna per vela. La non violenza,, molto contraria al suo carattere, come del resto crede sia contraria al carattere di tutti. Nessuno è NON violento per natura. Siamo violenti e non proviamo vergogna a dirlo. Ma ciò che non diciamo è che la vigliaccheria e la violenza fanno la forza delle nazioni e degli eserciti. Ikko, Crotone, Taranto. Grice: Branciforte, ogni volta che parli di giochi olimpici, penso subito al messaggio: chi è il vero destinatario, il pubblico o gli atleti in toga? Branciforte: Caro Grice, secondo me il vero destinatario è l’amore stesso, perché ogni gara olimpica è una canzone che aspetta chi la ascolti. Grice: E tra i giochi e le canzoni, preferisci la staffetta o il pellegrinaggio mistico? Io, sinceramente, mi accontenterei di una vigna per vela. Branciforte: Grice, la staffetta va bene, ma solo se il testimone è la nonviolenza! Altrimenti mi ritrovo a meditare sotto una pergola, sperando di non incontrare Rilke con una baionetta in mano. Branciforte, Giuseppe Giovanni Luigi Enrico del Vasto Lanza di Trabia (1932). Il pellegrinaggio dell’amore. Firenze, Vallecchi. 

Pier Augusto Breccia (Trento, Trentino-Alto Edige): la ragione conversazionale  e l’implicatura conversazionale della metafisica del dialogo. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how what a speaker means regularly outruns what the sentence literally says: hearers treat talk as a cooperative, purposive activity and, assuming rational agency, infer conversational implicatures as the best explanation of an utterance’s apparent over- or under-informativeness, odd wording, or strategic indirectness. Breccia, as presented in the passage and in biographical materials, relocates “conversational reason” into a hermeneutic-metaphysical register: dialogue is not just a rule-governed exchange for efficiently transferring beliefs, but an ontological scene (ego/tu, we, and even silence) in which meaning emerges through interpretive horizons, the “metaphysics of dialogue,” and a semantics of silence that treats what is unsaid as constitutive rather than merely optional. Where Grice’s rationality is primarily inferential and methodological (a framework for deriving implicata from maxims plus intentions), Breccia’s rationality is existential and interpretive (a way the self meets another and becomes intelligible), so “implicature” shifts from a calculable add-on to a broader “hermeneutic implicature” in which omission, ambiguity, and the artwork-like openness of the dialogical space are not failures of explicitness but part of how meaning is disclosed. The upshot is that Grice offers a parsimonious, quasi-formal account of why indirectness is rational in conversation, while Breccia treats conversation itself as a metaphysical medium—one in which even the body, the painted figure, and the silent interval can function as dialogical moves, making reason less a set of conversational constraints than the interpretive practice by which a shared world is continually composed. Grice: “I like B.; he is, like Vitruvio, obsessed with the male human body – but also about the ‘metafisica del dialogo,’ so we can call him a Griceian!” --  Breccia nel suo studio a Roma.  (Trento ), filosofo. La pittura di Breccia esplora l’essere umano con un approccio ermeneutico (nel senso della filosofia ermeneutica moderna di Jaspers, Heidegger, Gadamer) e si apre su un vasto orizzonte di temi filosofici. L’opera di Breccia include oli su tela, matite e pasteli su carta, 7 libri e numerosi saggi critici. B. ha esposto in personali in Europa e USA.  D’ascendenza umbra. Studia a Roma. . Scopre ALIGHIERI che studia di sua iniziativa affascinato dalle allegorie dantesche. Subito dopo, attratto dalla filosofia e dalla mitologia, traduce l’“Antigone e il Prometeo legato e i Dialoghi accademici.  La produzione artistica dei primi due anni e il pensiero filosofico da questa ispirato confluiscno nel libro "Oltreomega".  monologo corale, forme concrete dell in-esistente', semantica del silenzio. stile ideomorfico l’eterno mrtale. animus-anima la lingua sospesa della coscienza ermeneutica ego tu Entwistle, Gardiner, ego metafisica del dialogo, noi, ovvero, la metafisica della conversazione, implicatura ermeneutica. Grice: Breccia, raccontami, quando dipingi il corpo umano, pensi più a Vitruvio o alla metafisica del dialogo? Breccia: Grice, ti dirò, ogni tanto Vitruvio mi suggerisce le proporzioni, ma poi la metafisica del dialogo mi scompiglia tutto: a quel punto mi serve un buon caffè e una tela bianca per far parlare i colori! Grice: E se il silenzio diventasse parte del dialogo? Non rischi che la tua tela inizi a filosofeggiare da sola? Breccia: Caro Grice, in studio capita spesso: una pennellata e già la tela mi risponde. A volte temo che il vero artista sia lei, io mi limito solo a conversare con le sue implicature! Breccia, Pier Augusto (1967). Tesi di laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Roma).

Gregorio Bressani (Treviso, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del vo significando – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats “what is meant” as an inferential product of a speaker’s intentions interacting with publicly shared norms of cooperative talk: hearers assume a rational, purposive exchange and therefore calculate conversational implicatures when what is said would otherwise be inexplicably weak, off-topic, or oddly phrased given the point of the exchange. Bressani, by contrast, approaches the same space from within an eighteenth-century Italian philological and rhetorical preoccupation with the volgare and with the relation between “significato della voce” and the “relazione tra le voci” that makes expression fitting: his emphasis falls less on a general, formal account of rational cooperation and more on cultivated adequacy (convenienza), stylistic and grammatical formation, and the lived skill of adapting one’s fantasia to occasions of esprimersi, so that meaning is not only an intention-and-inference structure but a normatively guided practice of choosing forms that carry, sustain, and refine sense within a linguistic community. On a Gricean reading, Bressani’s recurrent concern with how speakers manage to be understood beyond mere dictionary “significato” can be redescribed as proto-pragmatic attention to what later becomes implicature, but the contrast remains that Grice explains the phenomenon by explicit principles of rational agency in conversation, whereas Bressani frames it as a humanistic discipline of linguistic propriety and expressive mastery, where the “vo significando” is continuous with the ethical-aesthetic education of speakers rather than a primarily analytic model of inference under cooperative constraints. Vendler: have you stopped meaning it yet? intorno alla lingua toscana. Grice: “Strawson, being boring, likes B.’s arguments – all’accademia e lizio, but mainly lizio – against what BONAIUTO has the cheek to call ‘filosofare’! But I prefer B.’s poems, the buccoliche, and especially his lovely treatise discorso in torno alla lingua, his little ethical treatise is charming especially if you are into what some, not I, certainl, call developmental conversational pragmatics!” B. BONAIUTO contro il lizio. Si laurea a Padova. Conosce Algarotti. Sostenne uno scolasticismo classico in opposizione a BONAIUTI. Modo del filosofare Comino, LINGUA ITALIANA nello ſteam dio, che affettano dell’italiana FAVELLA. Non è per tanto che ella non ha la sua verità in rispetto a que’pochi, a cui è dato d’INTENDERE non solamente il SIGNIFICATO – GRICE -- della voce, ma la relazione tra le voci meglio convenevole. Ora come io, senza più, approvo i vocabolarj, gl’avvertimenti di grammatica e l’ossersvazioni che intorno alla lingua sonosi facte dalla diligenza d;uomini valenci; poco ha che accennare de’suoi materiali, ed il suo ragionamento è spezialmente della forma quanto a lui, la di quanto fa di mestieri ula usare a voler scrivere con lode; per chè in fine, siccome non d’altri, che dal proprio sentimento si può apprendere a modificar variamente l’armonia della musica, nè dell’architectura. Così non d’altri che da sè veruno non può apprendere il vero modo d’addattare la propria fantasia a tutte l’occasioni particolari d’aver d’ESPRRIMERSI. Poco dice essere ciò, che li cadde in animo d’accennare verso il molto che un esperto dicitore sa e medita, ed ESPRIME d’attinente a così rasto argomento. lingua toscana l’implicatura di BONAIUTI, discorso intorno a nostra lingua discorso intorno al volgare Aligheri I am meaning forma logica accademia lizeo grammatica geometria grammatica profonda. Grice: Bressani, dimmi, quando discuti della lingua toscana, smetti mai di “vo significando” o continui anche mentre sorseggi il caffè? Bressani: Ah, Grice, la lingua toscana è come la moka: borbotta sempre qualcosa, e se non la ascolti bene rischi di perdere il significato – o peggio, la tazzina! Grice: E secondo te, i lessici e le grammatiche che compilano gli accademici servono davvero, oppure è meglio lasciar fare alla fantasia di chi parla? Bressani: Ma certo, Grice! Come dice Bonaiuti, filosofare è una cosa seria – però, quando la fantasia si mette a tavola, il discorso diventa più saporito. E poi, se la lingua non si adatta, chi la invita a cena? Bressani, Gregorio (1738). Discorso in torno alla lingua. Treviso: Bartolomeo Costantini.

Leonardo Bruni (Arezzo, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’interpretare da Romolo e Remo. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers move from sentence meaning to speaker meaning by presuming a cooperative, rational “talk exchange” (the Cooperative Principle and maxims) and then deriving conversational implicatures when an utterance looks under-informative, oddly phrased, or apparently off-topic; the key is that what is meant is recoverable as a calculable, defeasible inference from shared purposes and intention-recognition. Leonardo Bruni (Arezzo c. 1370–Florence 1444), although not a pragmatics theorist, offers a strikingly parallel normative stance about “right interpretation” in the domain of translation and humanist philology: in De interpretatione recta (written c. 1420–1426) he argues that translating and interpreting require deep command of both languages and, crucially, sensitivity to the author’s style and intended force, attacking word-for-word “incorrect” rendering as a failure to carry over what the author is doing, not merely what the words denote. Put side by side, Grice supplies the micro-level model of how rational agents infer intended meaning in live conversation (including when the speaker relies on the audience to supply what is left unsaid), while Bruni supplies a macro-level humanist ethics of interpretive responsibility: be “retta” in conveying an author’s thought and rhetorical character, resist both wooden literalism and uncontrolled over-interpretation, and treat understanding as something governed by disciplined norms rather than free invention. In Gricean terms, Bruni’s ideal translator is a highly cooperative hearer: someone who tracks relevance, avoids distortion, and reconstructs intention and stylistic point; and Bruni’s worry about misreading or over-reading anticipates a Gricean caution that implicatures are cancellable and context-bound—so interpretive zeal that outruns evidence turns “extra meaning” into mere misinterpretation rather than rationally warranted conversational (or textual) enrichment. Grice: “B. is a philosopher – and a Griceian one at that. He reminds me when Austin and I gave joint seminars on De interpretatione -- our tutees finding it boring that we lay the blame on il lizio. Annici is possibly wrong in missing the metaphorical impicature of ‘ermeneutica, and give us a rather boring inter-pretatio, which is the thing B. uses when dealing with CICERONE, unaware if what he is doing is interpretare or volgarizare, rendering the thing into the volgare that the volgo will appreciate! B’s implicature seems to be: let the classic stay classy! But there is a little word that B. uses that is crucial: retta: l’interpretazione has to be retta, not incorretta, which leads us to implicature: is over-interpretation mis-interpretation? We think it is! But since an implicaturum is cancellable, we have to be VERY careful here, as B. is, especially when he visits I Tatti!” Umanista, studia sotto Maplaghini. Conosce Filelfo. Questione della lingua. Riscontra la corruzione del latino in Plauto coll’assimilazione, isse/ipse, colonna/columna. Il latino evolve dall’interno e diviene toscano. BIONDO s’oppone. La causa sono gl’ostrogoti e i longobardi. Sul volgare degno, SALUTATI e VALLA disprezzano il volgare, non dotato della  norma grammaticale. ALBERTI lo riconosce come lingua ricca di dignità. Conversazione tra SALUTATI e NICCOLINI, asserendo che il volgare è degno se regolato d’un assioma preciso, e dispiacendosi che ALIGHIERI non scrive la commedia nel ben più nobile latino; l’altro giudicando piu radicalmente ALIGHIERI, PETRARCA e BOCCACCIO poco più che degl’ignoranti, ma difendeli, riconoscendole sua grandezza, independentemente alla lingua che usano. ambivalenza d’interpretazione volutamente lasciata da B. contro BONAIUTI.  dove la posizione di Simplicio è quella di chi enuncia testi che devono essere confutate. interpretare, implicatura geometrica, ethica nicomachaea, Grice, Hardie, ad Petrum Paulum Histrum, i sei aquile I duodici aquile primi I sei corvi il segnato implicatura geometrica. Grice: Bruni, mi racconti, tra Romolo e Remo, quale implicatura conversazionale hai trovato più divertente nell'interpretare le storie degli antichi? Bruni: Grice, dipende da come la prendi! Se interpreti troppo, rischi che Romolo diventi Remo e viceversa... e magari la lupa si offende pure. La retta interpretazione, come dico sempre, sta nel mezzo. Grice: E allora, ti capita mai di “volgarizzare” troppo, rendendo le cose troppo popolari, come Cicerone che si trasforma in un chiacchierone da piazza? Bruni: Ma certo, Grice! A volte mi piace lasciare un po’ di ambivalenza, così anche il volgo può divertirsi a interpretare. D’altronde, una buona conversazione è come una partita di scacchi: basta non fare mosse incorrette, e il gioco continua! Bruni, Leonardo (1439). Historia Florentina. Firenze, Bartolomeo de' Libri.

Filippo Giordano Bruno Bruni (Nola, Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’opera – libretto d’Atteone. Grice: “It has taken naturally an Italian – Rossi – to unearth the connection between the chiave universalis and the cabbala! Italians should concentrate on the few Italian philosophical dialogues by B. in the vernacular, and leave those in ‘the learned’ for those who cannot deal with the ‘volgare’! My favourite has to be the one on Atteone – which B. describes as the ‘furor’ of a ‘heroe’ – Atteone il cacciatore – but the one on the Fiume at the Campidoglio is also very good! A genius. We see in B. some uses of Latin intendere – Italian intendere – which were also borrowed from the Anglo-Normans and turned it into ‘intend,’ which the OED recognises as ‘mean’. However, my phrase is ‘to intend one’s addressee to believe ...’ rather than a strict equivalence ‘to intend’ =def ‘to mean’.” Naturalista, amare universo infinito dei mondi materialista Bonaiuto accademia memotennnica effetto d’un divino in-figurabile. Interrogato nel processo informa. Io ho nome  Nato fronte al Vesuvio, che, pensando che oltre quella montagna non vi è più nulla nel mondo, esplora . Ne trae l'insegnamento di non basarsi esclusivamente sul giudizio dei sensi, come fa, a suo dire, il lizio, imparando soprattutto che, al di là di ogni apparente limite, vi è sempre qualche cosa d'altro. Studia su Giandomenico de Iannello ed a Aloia e Napoli. In trisbitia  hilaris Bruniana paganesimo ario, anti-catolecismo, anti-papismo, filosofia anti-religione ragione, contro la fede irrazionale ario tradizione pagano religione Roma antica irrazionale della religione antica romana metafora ermetico segno composto asino Spaventa Giudice Cacciatore Gentile, ligatura relativo infigurabile indeterminabile open Marlowe Shakespeare pene d’amore perdute Oxford. Grice: Bruno, nel tuo libretto d’Atteone l’eroe diventa cervo perché guarda troppo, ma dimmi: era una tragedia o una gigantesca implicatura cosmologica? Bruno: Caro Grice, era un modo per far capire che l’infinito non entra nei sensi senza fare rumore, e Atteone paga il prezzo del voler vedere oltre misura. Grice: E quando tu dici intendere, vuoi dire proprio “mean”, o intendi che io intenda che tu intendi che io creda qualcosa di più sottile? Bruno: Intendo tutte e tre le cose, ma se ti perdi, seguimi con il volgare: è più veloce del latino e morde meno dei cani di Atteone. Bruno, Filippo Giordano (1582). De la causa, principio et uno. Venezia,

Flavio Magno Aurelio Cassiodoro Senatore Bruzi:  la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei goti. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means from what is said by presuming cooperative rationality (maxims of quantity, quality, relation, manner) and then calculating implicatures when an utterance seems oddly indirect, incomplete, or off-point; the engine is intention plus publicly accessible norms of inference in a talk exchange. Cassiodorus (Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator, c. 485–c. 585; from the Bruttium/Calabria area, later founder of Vivarium) is not a pragmatics theorist but a late antique statesman and Christian intellectual whose surviving corpus (especially the Variae and the educational program of the Institutiones) aims at preserving and reorganizing learned culture under Ostrogothic rule, and whose brief treatise traditionally titled De arte rhetorica et dialectica (often treated as an elementary handbook of the trivium) frames dialectic as a rule-governed art of reasoning and disputation. The comparison, then, is that Grice supplies a modern micro-theory of how conversational partners infer extra meaning beyond literal content in ordinary interaction, while Cassiodorus exemplifies an older macro-normative conception of rational speech as something cultivated through artes—dialectic, rhetoric, grammar—designed to discipline discourse, train inference, and stabilize civic and ecclesiastical communication across linguistic and political difference (Romans/Goths, Latin learning in a changing polity). Put Griceanly, Cassiodorus’s “dialectica” is not about implicature as such, but it provides the institutional and pedagogical background that makes reasoned exchange possible: it teaches what counts as a good step in argument, how to avoid fallacious transitions, and how to conduct disputation; Grice then explains how, within any such rule-governed practice, speakers can intentionally exploit expectations of relevance and sufficiency to communicate more than they explicitly state—so that Cassiodorus represents the education of reasoned discourse, whereas Grice explains the inferential pragmatics by which that educated discourse (and even its jokes about Goths, “Getae,” and war versus dialogue) is actually understood in context. Grice: “B. is possibly a genius; I mean, I wrote a logic, and so did he. But he is ‘consul’ on top! My favourite – and indeed, the ONLY tract by him I recommend my tutees is his Dialettica. Strawson prefers his De anima, but anima is a confused notion, for Wittgenstein and neo-Wittgensteinians alike – no souly ascription without behaviour that manifests it! whereas with ‘dialettica’ you are safe enough! I should be pointed out that of the three of the trivial arts – ‘dialettica’ is the only one that deals with my topic, conversation or dia-logue: grammatica is almost autistic, and rhetoric is for lawyers, i. e. sharks! Only dialettica represents why those in the Lit. Hum. programme choose philosophy’! Dialettica INCORPORATES all that grammatica and rettorica can teach!”. Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus. Cassiodoro, Magister officiorum del Regno Ostrogoto Atalarico Atalarico Venanzio Opilione Teodato Vitige  Fidelio. Vive sotto gl’ostrogoti. Succede Annici. Scrive le Variæ. dialettica, teodorico virtu bellica ardore guerriero pagano B. writes a story of the Goths, but he mistakes them for the Bulgarians: geti, gotti. Squillace, Catanzaro, Calabria.  Grice: Cassiodoro, tu che hai scritto una dialettica da vero consul, dimmi, è vero che i goti preferiscono la conversazione alla guerra? Bruzi: Grice, i goti si rilassano volentieri con un bel dialogo, ma quando si parla di virtù bellica, preferiscono un po’ d’ardore pagano e qualche battuta tra amici. Grice: E la tua dialettica, incorporando grammatica e rettorica, serve a far ridere gli ostrogoti o a confondere i bulgari? Bruzi: Grice, a Squillace i bulgari li confondono sempre con i geti, ma la vera dialettica si pratica meglio tra una storia e l’altra, magari davanti a un bicchiere di vino calabrese! Bruzi, Flavio Magno Aurelio Cassiodoro Senatore (537). Variae epistolae. Roma, Tipografia del Senato.

Arcade Agatopisto Cromaziano Appiano Tino Benvenuto di Buonafede (Comacchio, Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats everyday talk as a cooperative, rational enterprise in which hearers infer what a speaker means (often beyond what is literally said) by assuming an accepted purpose to the exchange and by applying norms such as informativeness, truthfulness, relevance, and clarity, with conversational implicatures arising when a speaker appears to flout these norms in ways the hearer can rationally “repair” by attributing intentions. Appiano Buonafede (Comacchio 1716–Rome 1793), a Celestine monk and prolific historiographer and polemicist who published under Arcadian names such as Agatopisto Cromaziano, is not a pragmatics theorist, but his practice and metacommentary on intellectual life illuminate a very different sense in which “reason” governs discourse: he writes large-scale histories of philosophy (notably Della istoria e della indole di ogni filosofia, 1766–1781, and the later Della restaurazione d’ogni filosofia nei secoli XVI, XVII e XVIII, issued in the 1780s) in order to classify, rehabilitate, and discipline philosophical traditions against what he takes to be the distortions of sensism and irreligion, while simultaneously staging quarrels in a strongly satirical key (e.g., the Baretti controversy around Il bue pedagogo, 1764). Set beside Grice, Buonafede looks less like an analyst of how implicature is computed in a talk exchange and more like an architect of macro-conversational conditions—who is entitled to speak, what counts as legitimate argument, what kinds of wit or ridicule are permissible, and how polemic and erudition can steer an audience toward endorsed conclusions; where Grice models implicature as a defeasible, calculable product of cooperative inference within a shared conversational project, Buonafede’s “implicatures” are largely rhetorical and institutional, generated by satire, selective quotation, and the narrative framing of whole schools as admirable or suspect, so that the governing rationality is not primarily the micro-rationality of interlocutors optimizing mutual understanding, but the normative rationality of cultural arbitration—using histories, exempla, and invective to make philosophy appear continuous, corrigible, and (in his preferred sense) rescuable. Grice: “You’ve got to love B.; he is all into the longitudinal unity of philosophy, literally from Remo – he has chapters on the Ancient Romans, on philosophy from the first monarchy to the second, a chapter on Cicerone, and one of a lovely phrase, the Roman equivalent to the century of Pericles, ‘filosofia nel regno di Augusto,’ but also on later developments of Italian philosophy, even a chapter on Cartesianism in Italy, and how philosophy on the whole was ‘resurrected’ or ‘revitalised’ in Italy. I once joked that philosophers should never give much credit to Wollaston – but B. totally proves me wrong!” Studia a Bologna. Insegna a Napoli. Ritratti poetici, storici e critici di varj uomini di lettere – Appio Anneo de Faba Cromaziano, nella quale convivono giudizi critici su MACCHIAVELLI.. La restaurazione di ogni filosofia contro il sensismo. Commedie. Il filosofo fanciullo critica filosofi riportando citazioni fuori dal contesto. Baretti lo critica e B. col Il bue pedagogo: novella menippee di Luciano da Fiorenzuola contro una certa Frusta pseudo-epigrafia di Aristarco Cannabue. CROCE lo critica: da abbattere un nemico senza che puo distrarlo la ricerca della verità, ma. Natali lo giudica filosofo non volgare. storiografia filosofica, criteria, storia neutrale della filosofia, primo filosofo romano, lingua latina Man the architect of his own fortune Appio Filosofo: addito a reflessioni generali sulla vita. Grice:Buonafede, tu che hai raccontato la filosofia come una lunga avventura dai tempi di Romolo fino a Cartesio, dimmi la verità: è più difficile far resuscitare la filosofia o districare le citazioni di Macchiavelli? Buonafede: Caro Grice, tra filosofi che si criticano e commedie menippee, il vero miracolo è sopravvivere alle “frustate” di Baretti e Croce senza perdere il filo della filosofia né il sorriso sulla bocca! Grice: Però, ammettilo, la tua “restaurazione di ogni filosofia” sembra più una commedia che una battaglia, come il bue pedagogo che pascola tra le note a piè pagina. Buonafede: Grice, hai ragione: in fondo, la vera filosofia è come una novella di Luciano, tra una risata e una citazione fuori contesto; serve più l’arte del saper ridere che quella del confutare. Buonafede, Arcade Agatopisto Cromaziano Appiano Tito Benvenuto di (1766). Della restaurazione di ogni filosofia. Venezia, Antonio Zatta. 

Ernesto Buonaiuti (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers infer what a speaker means from what is said by presuming cooperative rationality in a “talk exchange” (Cooperative Principle plus maxims), so that apparent indirection, strategic omissions, or seeming irrelevance can be treated as deliberate and yield calculable, cancellable conversational implicatures; this framework is designed to model how communication works even when speakers do not state everything explicitly. Ernesto Buonaiuti (Rome, 1881–1946), by contrast, is not a philosopher of language but a historian of Christianity and leading Italian Modernist whose public life turned on conflicts about authority, method, and readership—e.g., he founded and directed the Rivista storico-critica delle scienze teologiche from 1905 to 1910 (placing his “founded at 24” claim in 1905), defended Modernism in works such as Il programma dei modernisti (1908), and saw key writings and journals placed on the Index, culminating in excommunication (commonly dated 25 January 1925/1926 depending on source tradition) and later political sanctions; in Gricean terms, Buonaiuti’s “meaning-problems” are less about micro-inference between interlocutors and more about institutional pragmatics—how texts address multiple audiences (Church, academy, state), how constraints (censure, oaths, indexing) reshape what can be said, and how dissent is managed through public acts that themselves communicate beyond their literal form. The comparison, then, is that Grice offers a general rational mechanism for recovering speaker-meaning in ordinary interaction, whereas Buonaiuti exemplifies a historically charged arena where what is “meant” is negotiated under surveillance and sanction: the same utterance (or publication) can carry layered implicatures about loyalty, critique, and methodological legitimacy depending on who is taken to be the audience, and ecclesiastical acts like placing a journal on the Index or imposing excommunication function as institutional speech-acts that regulate uptake—controlling not just propositions but the conversational conditions under which certain meanings may be responsibly entertained. Grice: “I like B.!” Atifascista. Studia sotto Minocchi, utilizzando le risorse offerte dal metodo positivo allo studio del Cristianesimo primitivo (Il cristianesimo primitivo e la Politica imperiale romana, 1911). Fondò a soli 24 anni la Rivista storico-critica delle scienze teologiche, per la diffusione della cultura religiosa in Italia e diresse in seguito la rivista Ricerche religiose. Queste riviste, premiate almeno in un primo momento da un discreto successo editoriale, vennero poste poi all'Indice. Il 25 gennaio 1926 era stato colpito con la scomunica, ribadita più volte, per aver preso le difese del movimento modernista soprattutto nelle opere Il programma dei modernisti (1908) e Lettere di un prete modernista (1908), contro la posizione ufficiale della Chiesa espressa nell'Enciclica Pascendi dominici gregis, emanata da papa Pio X. Nell'autobiografia (Il pellegrino di Roma), B. ricostruì il conflitto con la Chiesa cattolica, della quale, nonostante la scomunica, continuò a proclamarsi figlio fedele. Vince il concorso a cattedra, bandito per ricoprire il ruolo di professore ordinario di Storia del cristianesimo rimasto vacante per la morte di Baldassarre Labanca, presso l'Università di Roma, prevalendo su altri candidati illustri come lo stesso Minocchi, Adolfo Omodeo, Luigi Salvatorelli e Umberto Fracassini, Nicolò d'Alfonso. Gli anni di insegnamento, liberamente esercitato presso un Ateneo statale a dispetto delle censure ecclesiastiche[senza fonte], gli permisero di formare un gruppo di allievi, tra i quali spiccano Agostino Biamonti, Ambrogio Donini (che dopo la fine della guerra sarebbe stato professore di Storia del Cristianesimo a Bari e senatore comunista) e Marcella Ravà (poi divenuta direttrice della Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma), fortemente attaccati alla figura e all'opera del maestro. Grice: Buonaiuti, tu che hai fondato riviste a 24 anni, confessalo: è vero che la ragione conversazionale in Italia si trova prima in una rivista che in una chiesa? Buonaiuti: Grice, se avessi chiesto al papa, avrebbe messo la ragione conversazionale direttamente all’Indice, insieme al mio programma dei modernisti! Grice: Ma Ernesto, tu che vinci concorsi e cattedre, dimmi: quando si parla di Cristianesimo primitivo, è meglio usare il metodo positivo o la politica imperiale romana? Buonaiuti: Grice, io dico che per insegnare la storia del Cristianesimo serve un po’ di metodo, un pizzico di politica, e tanti allievi fedeli – ma attenzione, perché anche la scomunica può essere conversazionale! Buonaiuti, Ernesto (1908). Il programma dei modernisti. Roma, Tipografia Sociale.

Francesco Giuseppe Buonamici (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- you scratch my back -- etymologia di muovere --  Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers rationally recover speaker-meaning from what is said by assuming cooperative purposes and norms, and then calculating implicatures when an utterance seems oddly weak, tangential, or over/under-informative; meaning is thus anchored in recognisable communicative intentions and in publicly checkable principles of rational exchange rather than in merely semantic or causal relations. Francesco Buonamici (Florence 1533–1603), by contrast, is a late-Renaissance Aristotelian natural philosopher and classicist (studied at the Studio of Florence, taught at Pisa, author of De motu libri X, 1591, and Discorsi poetici in defense of Aristotle), whose central explanatory ambitions lie in the metaphysics and physics of motion and in humanist commentary on authoritative texts; if Galileo was indeed among those who benefited from the Pisan Aristotelian milieu associated with Buonamici, the intellectual model is still one of causes, natures, and demonstrations, not of conversational inference. The comparison is therefore a difference of explanatory level: Buonamici’s “reason” is the scholastic-humanist reason of principled accounts of change (motus) and disciplined interpretation of Aristotle (including poetics, imitation, and the canon), whereas Grice’s “reason” is a practical-normative account of how agents manage understanding in interaction, where even apparently irrelevant allusions (wine, towers, “you scratch my back”) can be systematically treated as rational moves generating further communicated content. Put sharply, Buonamici investigates how bodies move and how texts authorize explanation; Grice investigates how minds move from literal content to intended meaning under cooperative constraints—so that Buonamici supplies a paradigm of reason as causal-demonstrative order, while Grice supplies a paradigm of reason as inferential-social order governing what we can responsibly take one another to mean. -- corpi in movimento. Grice: There are many B. (including GALILEO), so you have to be careful – this one is a genius – he taught at Pisa, in the M. A. programme, both Aristotle’s Poetics – imitazione, il tragico, -- and his ‘motus’ – Galileo happened to be his tutee, and the rest is the leaning tower!” Frequenta lo Studio di Firenze, dove segue il corso del l'umanista Vettori (si conservano alcune lettere scambiate tra i due). Filosofo naturale e latinista, si ispira molto agli antichi testi che commenta (Aristotele, Nicomaco…). Tutore di Galilei a Pisa. Altre opere: “De Motu libri X, quibus generalia naturalis philosophiae principia summo studio collecta continentur, necnon universae quaestiones ad libros de physico auditu, de caelo, de ortu et interitu pertinentes explicantur, multa item Aristotelis loca explanantur et Graecorum, Averrois, aliorumque doctorum sententiae ad theses peripateticas diriguntur, apud Sermartellium (Firenze); Discorsi poetici nella accademia fiorentina in difesa d'Aristotile. Appresso Giorgio Marescotti (Firenze); De Alimento, Sermartellium juniorem. Galilei, De motu antiquiora” “Quaestiones de motu elementorum”.  Gentiluomo Fiorentino, e Medico, Lettore di Filosofia con gran concorso di Scolari nell'Università di Pifa. In detta Università avendo Giulio de' Libri altro Profesfore tacciato il Buonamici, come quello che citaffe testi falfi, questi una mentita gli diede; ed effendo state gettate da alcuno in fua scuola certe cor na, il Buonamici così diffe: Si vede che costui debbe avere in tafa grande a b éondanza di questa mercanzia, poichè ne porta qua. Egli v insegnò quaranta tre anni » e letto aveva due volte tutto AQUINO , e in ultimo gli erano pagate quattrocento feffanta piastre di provvisione. Il buon gusto nelle belle Lettere congiunse allo studio delle facoltà più gravi. corpi in movimento, Aristotele, filosofia naturale, Galilei, razionalismo, aristotelismo pisano, de imitazione – aristotele – poetica – mimica – de motu – muggerbrydge. Grice: Buonamici, tu che hai commentato Aristotele e insegnato a Pisa, dimmi, è vero che il “motus” si spiega meglio quando la torre pende? Buonamici: Grice, a Pisa persino i corpi in movimento si inclinano per imitare la torre – e se Aristotele avesse visto Galilei, forse avrebbe aggiunto un capitolo sulle pendenze! Grice: E sull’etimologia di “muovere”, ti sei mai chiesto se basta una spinta o serve anche una buona dose di letteratura? Buonamici: Grice, io dico che per muovere davvero serve imitazione, poesia e qualche tutee curioso – tu mi gratti la schiena, io ti muovo la mente! Buonamici, Francesco Giuseppe (1591). De Motu libri X, quibus generalia naturalis philosophiae principia summo studio collecta continentur, necnon universae quaestiones ad libros de physico auditu, de caelo, de ortu et interitu pertinentes explicantur, multa item Aristotelis loca explanantur et Graecorum, Averrois, aliorumque doctorum sententiae ad theses peripateticas diriguntur, apud Sermartellium (Firenze).

Francesco Giuseppe Buonamici (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how a hearer moves from what is literally said to what is meant by presuming cooperative rationality (the Cooperative Principle and maxims) and then treating any apparent mismatch—saying something oddly tangential, too weak, or overly indirect—as a deliberate, intelligible move that licenses a calculable and cancellable implicature grounded in recognizable intentions. The Buonamici of your passage is the nineteenth-century Pisan civic orator who, in his 1863 commemorative discourse for the inauguration of Fibonacci’s statue in the Camposanto (printed by Nistri), explicitly frames his own speech as audience-designed and constrained by circumstance (limited time, decision to omit long notes, aim of making Fibonacci’s life “almost popular”), while also using public rhetoric to promote a national-linguistic and juridical unification theme (“Milano s’assorella a Firenze e Torino,” Tuscan becoming Italian law, “libertà libera”): in Gricean terms, this is a setting where meaning is managed as much by selective omission, strategic emphasis, and ceremonially appropriate relevance as by literal assertion. Thus, where Grice supplies the micro-pragmatic mechanism for explaining how listeners infer the speaker’s further point (e.g., praise of Fibonacci as indirectly praising civic modernity; talk of language unity as indirectly urging political unity; joking about “bread” or “traffic” as a way of making a technical legacy socially legible), Buonamici exemplifies the macro-rhetorical practice in which those inferences are deliberately courted: the oration is constructed so that what is not said (the skipped controversies, the shortened apparatus) and what is foregrounded (shared honour, common language, common law) carry much of the communicative force, making the speech itself a public exercise in reason-governed conversational (and quasi-conversational) uptake. Grice: “I like B.!” FIBONACCI A mostrare quanto il magnifico dono del Governo riusciva gradito, e j)er segno di pubblica onoranza al concittadino illustre, elessero i Pisani di inaugurarne la statua in un (giorno di festa, quando parecchi erano qui convenuti per causa della stupenda illuminazione della città; e il Mu- nicipio e le autorità del paese, e molto popolo si adunò a questo oggetto nel camposanto medesimo. Ivi io, domandato di ciò pochi giorni avanti dal signor Gonfaloniere, lessi il seguente discorso. Il quale se risente della brevità del tempo accordodo a comporlo, e non mostra tutta la importanza di un argomento per recenti scoperte e per le cure degli scienziaM fatto omm gravissimo; nullammo basta a sciogliere i Pisani da un obbligo antico, ed a rendere note e quasi popolari fra noi la vita e il nome del Fibonacci, che cotanto lustro recò alla città nostra. Questo solo essendo lo scopo del lavoro mio e lo intendimento del Municipio', ho potuto passarmi di varie cpiestioni su tal proposito tuttora agitate, ed anco risparmiare delle note lunghissi- me (ponendo solo le brevi e le indispensabili ) le quali in certi punti sarebbero forse cadute in accon- cio. I leggitori che desiderano di piu potranno consultare con grande profitto GRIMALDI, GUGLIELMINI, Libri, Doncompagni, e del tìonaini, non ha guari pubblicati sulle cose di FIBONACCI. Infatti di già vediamo che distrutte le differenze dei paesi, .Milano s’assorella a Firenze e Torino. La lingua dolcissima che suona sull’Arno, fà echeggiare anco le rive del Pò e dell’Udige. MACCHIAVELLI, VICO, ALFIERI, e PARINI sono salutati cittadini di tutte le nostre città. Anche il diritto pertanto che fu del borgo, dell’aite, del feudo s’avvierà a farsi dìritto della patria, le leggi positive si accomuneranno e correggeranno mediante la pratica giurisprudenza, e il diritto toscano diviene diritto italiano. All’ombra di colesta legge certa e finita nel tempo e nello spazio, fruiremo al dire di MACCHIAVELLI una libertà libera. Grice: Buonamici, tu che hai letto il discorso nel camposanto per Fibonacci, dimmi, la statua serve a illuminare Pisa o solo a ricordare ai Pisani che la matematica si mangia anche col pane? Buonamici: Grice, a Pisa la matematica si mangia col pane e col lampredotto: la statua serve a tenere svegli i conti, e a far capire che anche nei giorni di festa, Fibonacci non va mai in vacanza! Grice: Se Milano s’assorella a Firenze e Torino, allora le leggi positive diventano legge della patria, ma a Pisa basta una formula di Fibonacci per risolvere i problemi di traffico! Buonamici: Grice, qui l’unica libertà libera è quella che si trova all’ombra della statua: mentre la lingua dolcissima dell’Arno echeggia, tutti i cittadini matematici si sentono nobili anche senza feudo, purché sappiano contare almeno fino a dieci! Buonamici, Francesco Giuseppe (1863). Per la inaugurazione nel Camposanto di Pisa della statua di Leonardo Fibonacci, discorso. Pisa: Nistri.

Giuseppe Maria Buonamici (Firenze, Toscana),

Giuseppe Maria Buondelmonti (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers rationally get from what is said to what is meant by assuming that a talk-exchange has an accepted purpose and that speakers generally conform (or knowingly appear to deviate) in systematic ways captured by the Cooperative Principle and the maxims; this makes implicatures calculable, defeasible, and closely tied to communicative intentions and audience recognition rather than to “opinion” or reputation. Buondelmonti, by contrast, is an eighteenth-century Florentine patrician and man of letters whose intellectual profile (as summarized in Treccani’s Dizionario Biografico) includes rigorous humanistic-philosophical formation (e.g., Greek with Angelo Maria Ricci; philosophy and mathematics with Guido Grandi; connections with Tuscan academies), and whose interests in moral psychology and evaluation are visible in the very theme your passage foregrounds—how pleasures and pains might be “measured” and how opinion can override truth (the Seneca/Cato example: the same behavior is redescribed as vice or virtue depending on prior esteem). Set against Grice, Buondelmonti reads less like a pragmatics theorist and more like a theorist of the background forces that bias interpretation: where Grice models conversational understanding as disciplined by shared rational norms that make it reasonable to infer additional content (for instance, that talk of “wine” is a joking deflection or a comment on standards of calculation), Buondelmonti emphasizes how preconceptions, social authority, and moralized framing can hijack judgment so that identical “data” (drunkenness, praise, blame) yield opposite evaluations; in Gricean terms, Buondelmonti’s world highlights how interlocutors’ prior commitments can distort the very premises needed for implicature-calculation (what counts as relevant, credible, or orderly), while Grice provides the micro-level account of how such evaluations are nonetheless negotiated in conversation via what is explicitly said versus what is conversationally suggested and then accepted, resisted, or cancelled. Grice: “I like B.!” Studia sotto RICCI , il quale in una sua pagina -- Dissertationes Homericae habitae in florentino Lyceo ab Riccio, Firenze -- lo definisce "nobilissimo uomo fornito di acutissimo ingegno e discernimento ed eruditissimo di ampia e solida dottrina". Studia filosofia con CORSINI  e col celebre GRANDI , nonché materie giuridiche con MONIGLIA  e con GUADAGNI. Della Colonia Alfea. Sommenta il Saggio sull'intelletto umano e sopra la misura e il calcolo dei piaceri e dei dolori. S’nteressa pele istituzioni politiche, i principi del buon governo, che cercarono di applicare alla situazione del gran-ducato, cui prima l'incertezza della sua destinazione all'estinguersi della dinastia medicea, poi il vi periuidc i" autorità di uomini di voi cre- duli rozzi ed ignoranti , fentite quanto la forza di una prcconcepiu opinione può fo^ta lb fpirito an- cora de' più l'aggi e più addottrinati, Tentitelo, dilli, in un curiiifo ctjl'pjrto di Seneca che difende Cato- ne dal vizio dell' ubriachezza (0 Cotoni ebrieias chie- da tjl , ai faciliti! ejficiet qui/qui! obiecerìt hoc cri- meli boucflnm quam itirpem Catovent . Che tifate non farebbono i noilri Teologi in fentendo un si tirano Calilia ! L' ubriitfhezza in Catone non è vizio, an- zi è un' articolo di lode per lui , anzi egli l'onora, e lo I. mitica, ed in Marc' Antonio, in Alcllandto è degna di pena , è riprsnlibile, è dilonorata . Ma cosi è : quando li 0 filfato dentro di noi che Catone iia un.* uomo favio ed onorato , quando li ha di lui una tale opinione ( cli-'l crederebbe? ) i principi ftefii della natura ci fembrano falli, e l'ubriachezza li crede pii tolio virtù, che Catone vmofo. Le quali coic tutte fin qui da me riferite per dimoftrare il vafto imperio dell' opinione , mi con- flringono ad efclamarc enfaticamente con Sofocle che F opinione è più podeute della verità iltcITa , (ì) e con il Cardano clic la (lima e l'opinione fono le Re- gine delle cofe um;inc. E pure tA: sì c U nolira mi- lerìa che, fe ctedec sì voleflè ad Epittato , condan- nar (i) V. lenotcdiOJoanloPucocU t!> yitf ^iff&b ffit Lì&étK in Segno. Grice: Buondelmonti, tu che hai studiato con Ricci e Grandi, dimmi, secondo te il piacere si calcola con una formula o basta un bicchiere di vino? Buondelmonti: Grice, di solito preferisco la misura precisa, ma quando si tratta di Catone, l’ubriachezza diventa una virtù, almeno finché non arriva Marc’Antonio che la trasforma in peccato! Grice: E allora, se opinione è più potente della verità stessa, dovremmo fondare una scuola dove le regole cambiano a seconda se uno è sobrio o allegro? Buondelmonti: Grice, se Epitteto ci sentisse, direbbe che la vera filosofia sta nel condannare la fama e la gloria, ma io preferisco esclamare con Sofocle che l’opinione governa il mondo, soprattutto in Toscana, dove il vino non manca mai! Buondelmonti, Giuseppe Maria (1792). Saggio sull’intelletto umano e sopra la misura e il calcolo dei piaceri e dei dolori – Firenze, Stamperia Albizziniana. 

Nicola Lanzillotti Buonsanti (Ferrandina, Matera, Basilicata): l’implicatura conversazionale del vettore -- implicatura di ‘animale’ – ‘non umano’ --   Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers get from what is said to what is meant by presuming rational cooperation in a talk-exchange: speakers are taken to be pursuing shared purposes under norms of informativeness, truthfulness, relevance, and perspicuity, so that when an utterance seems to fall short (or pointedly overshoots), the hearer can calculate a defeasible, cancellable implicature that attributes an intention to the speaker and restores rationality to the exchange. Nicola Lanzillotti Buonsanti, by contrast, is not a theorist of conversational meaning but a leading figure in Italian veterinary medicine and its historiography (Milanese veterinary school; founder/editorial roles such as La Clinica veterinaria; direction of reference works like the Dizionario dei termini antichi e moderni delle scienze mediche e veterinarie, Vallardi, 1900), so his “meaning-practice” is primarily classificatory and technical: he stabilizes terms (including human/animal continuities) for diagnosis, pedagogy, and encyclopedic description rather than modeling the inferential pragmatics of ordinary conversation. The point of contact your vignette exploits is lexical scope and pragmatic narrowing: in scientific and institutional discourse, “animal” often functions as a taxonomic term that pragmatically implicates “non-human,” whereas in philosophical or Aristotelian reflection the same word can be widened (or reloaded) to include the human as an animal among animals, so a shift in conversational purpose (clinic/classroom vs. philosophical argument) predictably shifts what the speaker can be taken to mean. Put Griceanly, Buonsanti’s specialized usage tends to generate default, community-bound implicatures (animal = the veterinary object, i.e., non-human) that are rational within his professional setting, while a Grice-style interlocutor can cancel or redirect those implicatures by making the conversational point explicitly philosophical (animal as a broader category), revealing how even apparently “technical” terms rely on reason-governed, context-sensitive conversational inference to settle their operative meaning in use. Grice: “I like B.; Strawson calls him a veterinarian, but I call him a philosopher,, for surely he is a philosophical zoologist – he philosoophised, like Aristotle did, on the comparative physiology and anatomy of ‘human’ and pre-human.!” Esponente di spicco della storia della medicina veterinaria italiana ed europea è stato una delle figure più rappresentative della Scuola veterinaria milanese.  Diresse l'Enciclopedia medica italiana edita da Vallardi e La Clinica veterinaria (di cui fu anche fondatore).  Altre opere: Dizionario dei termini antichi e moderni delle scienze mediche e veterinarie Manuale delle malattie delle articolazioni Trattato di tecnica e terapeutica chirurgica generale e speciale La medicina Veterinaria all'Estero, organizzazione dell'insegnamento e del servizio sanitario. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. etimologia di ‘veterinario’ -- animale; filosofia e medicina nella Roma antica.  Grice: Nicola, ma dimmi, quando parli di “animale” intendi solo il non umano, oppure c’è qualche implicatura nascosta nel tuo vettore basilicatese? Buonsanti: Grice, qui a Ferrandina, l’animale ha più sfumature di una pecora smarrita: a scuola lo chiamiamo “non umano”, ma se mi metti davanti un filosofo, diventa subito “quasi umano”. Grice: Allora, dovrei portare Strawson in Basilicata: lui si diverte a dire che sei veterinario, ma secondo me tu stai tra Aristotele e il lupo di Matera, filosofeggiando sulla medicina. Buonsanti: Grice, qui siamo una scuola di filosofi che curano anche i cani: l’implicatura basilicatese è che se uno pensa troppo, prima o poi deve anche imparare a correre dietro alle galline! Buonsanti, Nicola Lanzillotti (1900). Dizionario dei termini antichi e moderni delle scienze mediche e veterinarie. Milano: Vallardi.

Vito Buonsanti (San Vito dei Normanni, Brindisi, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale pratica -- prammatica del discorso. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers systematically recover speaker-meaning from what is said by assuming a cooperative, rational enterprise (the Cooperative Principle and its maxims) and then treating apparent defects—irrelevance, underinformativeness, odd wording—as deliberate, interpretable departures that yield calculable and cancellable implicatures grounded in publicly recognizable intentions. Buonsanti, by contrast, is best placed in an early nineteenth-century Italian pedagogical and grammatical-philosophical tradition: his concern with a “grammatica ragionata,” with language as a human instrument guided by “genio del linguaggio,” and with training (children learn by imitation; practical education, civic gestures like planting a liberty tree) frames meaning less as an inferential product of conversational norms and more as the disciplined expression of thought and action within a cultivated linguistic practice. The closest point of contact is that Buonsanti’s emphasis on practical discourse and on how rule-of-thumb “regolette” guide competent speaking resembles, at a different level, Grice’s idea that conversational rationality is normative and learnable; but where Grice offers a micro-pragmatic mechanism for deriving extra content (e.g., how a remark about planting a tree can be taken to mean peace by context-sensitive inference, or how a question-answer exchange licenses a “helpfulness” inference), Buonsanti reads the same phenomena through the lens of rational grammar, pedagogy, and civic praxis—meaning as something stabilized by education, usage, and the practical forms of life in which words and deeds jointly function as signs. Grice: “B. is a good one – I call him the Italian Wittgenstein; he talks of a reasoned grammar (grammatical ragionata) and not of rules but regoletta – and he like Austin speaks of the genius (il genio) del linguaggio – he speaks of a ‘philosophical approach’ to grammar – of ‘proposizioni’ and the rest – of etimologia, and sintassi, so he is into implicature!”  Repubblicano, e insieme al Carella, porta dalla vicina Brindisi un albero di naviglio per piantarlo, in segno di libertà, nella piazza antistante il Castello. Etica iconologica; Il sistema metrico; Geografia, Antologia Latina; Sistema d'istruire. By planting the tree, B. means that he wants peace. Etica iconologica: children learn by imitating: ‘sistema per educare i giovinetti” We are interested in that branch of philosophy that deals with action. Cannot be ‘morals’ because ‘ethos’ or mos is costume, not action. Analytic philosophers speak of ‘philosophy of action’ – Grice: “But not I. In my ‘Actions and Events’ I elaborate on this. I find that the vernacular is ‘do’. We need a special interrogative. Giulio whatted? He crossed the Rubicon. Quandum ubi quia are interrogative. Grice: “Latin is better equipped than English with particles to inquire, with respect to any category, which item would lend its name to achieve the conversion of an open sentence to the expression of an alethically/practically satisfactory utterance.   ‘unum ubi’. ‘unum quod’ – and so on. Am utterer may require not a pro-NOUN, but a pro-VERB, to make an inquiry about an indefinite reference to one of categories of items which a PREDICATE, qua epi-thet, ascribes to a subject. Ubi did GIULIO cross’ is answered by ‘Rubicon’,  yes-no question,  ‘Giulio WHATTED?’. Yes’ – And given the principle of conversational helpfulness, if one is in a position to specify what VERB we would use to express, we do just that. ‘Crossed the Rubicon’. ‘There! I *knew* that Giulio SOME-WHATTED.” The Romans lack ‘do’ but have ‘agire’ prammatica del discorso, icono, pratico e prasso radice per.  Grice: Buonasanti, dimmi, la grammatica ragionata è solo un gioco di regolette oppure serve davvero a capire il genio del linguaggio? Buonsanti: Grice, se non ci fossero le regolette, i bambini imparerebbero imitandoti e ti chiamerebbero maestro, ma rischieresti di essere scambiato per un albero piantato in piazza! Grice: Ma allora, se Giulio ha attraversato il Rubicone, dobbiamo chiedere “Giulio whatted?” oppure “Giulio agì?” – e magari ricevere in risposta una pizza di Brindisi! Buonsanti: Grice, qui a San Vito dei Normanni facciamo filosofia piantando alberi, ma la vera prammatica del discorso sta nel sapere quando è il momento di attraversare e quando di restare… soprattutto se c’è vento di libertà! Buonsanti, Vito (1807). Abbici morale, ovvero metodo facile per istruire i fanciulli nella lettura e negli elementi della storia. Napoli.

Giuseppe Buscarini (Fidenza, Parma, Emilia): la ragione conversazionale – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers derive speaker-meaning from what is said by presuming cooperative rationality: interlocutors treat contributions as guided by shared purposes and norms (the Cooperative Principle and maxims), and they compute implicatures when an utterance appears underinformative, off-topic, or otherwise non-maximal, so that meaning is anchored in publicly recognizable intentions and the rational management of inference in talk. Buscarini, by contrast, belongs to an older rationalist-logical tradition in which “logic” is explicitly the doctrine of signs of ideas, with a basic semiotic split between natural signs (e.g., smoke for fire, a cry for pain) and conventional signs (badges, words, linguistic systems), and with an explicitly pedagogical aim: to teach clear, current, and brief expression; in this framework, the central explanatory unit is not the cooperative inferential practice of a conversation but the relation between ideas and their sign-vehicles, with language treated as the chief conventional instrument for expressing thought. The comparison is thus one of level and mechanism: Buscarini offers a broadly Cartesian/Port-Royal–style picture where rationality governs expression by regulating the adequacy of signs to ideas (and where “brevity/clarity” are stylistic-logical virtues), while Grice explains how, even when expression is not maximally clear or direct, rational agents systematically recover intended meaning by attributing purposes and intentions and by reasoning about what a speaker could be doing in context; where Buscarini’s semiotics comfortably accommodates “non-intentional” indication (natural meaning) versus instituted signification (conventional meaning), Grice makes intention and its recognition central to the distinctively communicative notion of meaning and uses conversational norms to explain how we routinely mean more (or other) than our words conventionally encode.Grice: “I love Buscarini” “I call myself ‘enough of a rationalist,’ since I’m Oxonian, but B. can go the whole hog!” – Keywords: key, way of words, way of ideas, way of things, segno naturale, segno convenzionale, vocabolo, lingua, esprimere. The author of ‘Discussioni di filosofia RAZIONALE’, B. is the archdeacon and vicar geneal of the diocese of Borgo San Donnino, the modern-day town of Fidenza. He publishes several pastroal letters and addresses to the clergy and people of his diocse. B. archidiacono della chiesa cattedale, viario generale capitolare della diocese di Borgo S. Donnino al venerable clero ed amatissimo popolo, salute nel signore – “Al venerable clero ed amatissimo popolo della citta e diocesi di Borgo San Donnino. B. FILOSOFIA RAZIONALE Dei segni  La logica deve trattare dei segni delle idee, dei vocaboli e della lingua. Piova.  Segno d’una idea è ciò che ha forza di svegliare in noi la notizia di una cosa da lui diversa. Il segno è naturale o convenzionale secondoché ha tale forza da natura o da convenzione falta tra uomini. Un segno naturale del fuoco o del dolore è il fumo e un grido. Segno convenzionale è una divisa d’un magistrato. Premesso questo, noi dobbiamo esprimere agl’altri col SEGNO l’idea, quale la concepiamo. Ora, la logica insegna a ben concepirle. Dunque, la logica deve insegnare anco a bene esprimerle. La logica perciò deve traltare anche del segno dell’idea  Prora. Il segno che principalmente si usa dall'universale per esprimere l’idea è il vocabolo, cioè, un suono articolatamente proferito ad esprimere un’idea. Un complesso di vocaboli valevole ad esprimere tutti i pensieri dell'uomo sotto determinate leggi grammaticali dicesi lingua. Ma abbiamo dello che la logica deve trattare del segno. Dunque, la logica deve trattare anche del vocabolo e della lingua. Tuttavia poichè questo studio si compie nelle scuole di grammatica, e di belle lettere. Così noi ce ne dispenseremo, notando solo che la lingua deve essere usitata, chiara, e breve. Grice: Caro Buscarini, dimmi, se la logica tratta di segni, ci serve una patente speciale per guidarli? Buscarini: Grice, la patente te la dà il buon senso; basta non prendere il fumo per fuoco e non urlare “dolore!” quando ti pizzica una zanzara. Grice: E se invece uso un vocabolo sbagliato, rischio la multa grammaticale? Buscarini: Solo se parli troppo; la lingua, dice la logica, deve essere usitata, chiara e breve. Se esageri, ti mando in confessionale a pentirti delle subordinate! Buscarini, Giuseppe (1842). Discussioni di filosofia razionale. Parma, Tipografia Fiaccadori.

Niccolò Cabeo (Ferrara, Emilia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dello spirito sulfureo -- filosofia mannetica. Cabeo’s Philosophia magnetica (Ferrara, 1629) and H. P. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning articulate two historically distant but structurally comparable accounts of intelligibility grounded in order rather than sympathy: Cabeo rejects occult “sympathy” and “antipathy” in favor of rule‑like physical mediations—forces, effluvia, and structured causal chains operating through an intermediate medium—arguing that intelligible effects arise only where there is a determinate mechanism linking agent and patient, whereas Grice, in his analysis of utterer’s meaning and implicature, rejects associative or merely psychological accounts of communication in favor of a rational structure governed by intentions, recognition, and justificatory reasons within a cooperative practice; in both cases, explanation shifts from opaque attraction to publicly reconstructible order, with Cabeo insisting that magnetic and electric effects presuppose lawful transmission through space rather than mysterious correspondences, and Grice insisting that meaning presupposes rational norms—what counts is not mere response but response for a reason that can be recognized as such—so that Cabeo’s physical anti‑occultism and Grice’s semantic anti‑psychologism converge methodologically in treating reason (natural or practical) as the condition under which interaction, whether between bodies or conversational agents, becomes intelligible rather than merely observed or felt.

Grice: “You’ve got to love C.; unless, if you are sailor like me – he almost invented the North Pole – he philosophised on magnetism – a phenomenon which the Graeco-Romans found ‘magic’ (vide Carini, “L’etimologia del megnete”) – Grice: “The homerotic associations are soon discovered by the super-hero, “Magneto. Essential Italian philosopher.” Studia a Parma sotto Biancani. Commenta le Meteore del lizio e  testimonia la priorità della scoperta della legge di caduta dei gravi di BALIANI rispetto a quella di BONAIUTO.  Mette in discussione le ricerche di BONAIUTI: con Baliani, Renieri, Riccioli. Conduce esperimenti sulla caduta dei gravi. Criticato dai sequaci di BONAIUTI. Sostene l'imprescindibile necessità che ogni asserzione è sostenuta dall'esperienza e, sulla base degli studi di Porta e Garzoni, assere, dopo aver condotto accurati esperimenti, che la terra posse una qualità mannetica che assieme alla gravità fa sì che la terra e stabile e immobile. Define la repulsione elettrica.  Filosofia esperimentale si schiera a difesa della priorità di Baliani e, criticare in nome dell'osservazione e dell'esperimento la concezione metafisica del lizio. Duri toni contro BONAIUTI con un'aspra contestazione del fenomeno della marea com'e descritto da BONAIUTI. Sostene che la marea si dove all'ebollizione operata dalla luna di un spirito sulfureo e salnitrosio presente sul fondo del mare. Sostenne la validità scientifica dell'alchimia, una filosofhia chimica degna di studio e osservazione.  Idraulico De veteri et peripatetica philosophia in Aristotelis libros de Coelo. Census in Italy,  like Poseidon in Grreece, is finally regarded as a  marine deity, because his worship has been brought  into the country from beyond the sea. Herod. Richeri, filosofia mannetica, la terra e immobile per la sua qualita magnetica, la marea e prodotto della ebullizione di uno spirito sulfureo e salnitroso nel fondo del mare. Grice: Cabeo, when you say the earth stands still because of its magnetic spirit, do you mean it's glued to its chair like a philosopher at a symposium? Cabeo: Dear Grice, if the earth ever moved, it would spill its sulfureous soup all over the cosmos. The universe hates stains, you know! Grice: And what about the tides, Niccolò? Are they just the moon stirring the soup with its silver spoon? Cabeo: Exactly! Every full moon is a cosmic chef’s special, and if you listen closely, you almost hear the sea bubbling, not with Poseidon’s anger, but with a spirit ready for a philosophical toast! Cabeo, Niccolò (1629). Philosophia magnetica. Ferrara, Bernardino Pomatelli. 

Massimo Cacciari (Venezia, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’umanesimo all’italiana. The comparison between H. P. Grice and Massimo Cacciari turns less on doctrinal alignment than on a shared concern with how meaning arises at the intersection of reason, mediation, and historical form: Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning treats communication as a normatively structured practice in which what is meant exceeds what is said through implicature, calculable only against assumptions of rational cooperation, whereas Cacciari’s reflections on la ragione conversazionale, especially in works from Krisis to L’angelo necessario, recast that excess not as a defect to be regimented but as the very mark of Italian humanism, where meaning moves through figures of mediation—the angel, the messenger, the metaxu between λέγειν and νοεῖν—rather than stabilizing in transparent rational form; Grice insists that even the most labyrinthine implicature remains answerable to reason, intention, and recognitional uptake, while Cacciari, working within a lineage that runs from Dante and Florentine humanism through negative thought, stresses that conversational reason is constitutively exposed to crisis, opacity, and historical fracture, so that the “angelic” dimension of discourse names not a cooperative maxim but a necessary remainder, an intermediary that both enables communication and resists its full rational domestication; where Grice builds a logic of conversation to show how meaning can be inferred without abandoning reason, Cacciari radicalizes conversation as a site where reason encounters its own limits, producing an Italian humanist implicature in which the angel and the contadino, Plato and Cratylus, judgment and its crisis, coexist without synthesis, turning conversation itself into a philosophical figure of mediation rather than mere transmission. Grice: “If I were today to chose a philosophical piece by C. that would be his ‘angelo’ – quite a concept! If Whitehead is right, as I claim he is, when he says all philosophy is footnotes to Cratylo, Plato does deal with ‘aggelos’ as ‘metaxu’ which he then develops in Symposium – Cacciari, like Reale, are fascinated by this! Solomon, who read it, illustrated Alcebiades as Eros between Dionisos and Apollo!” Essential Italian philosopher.” Filosofo, politico, accademico e opinionista italiano, ex sindaco di Venezia.  D’ascendenza emiliana. Studia a Venezia. Si laurea a Padova sulla critica del giudizio sotto FORMAGGIO. Collabora con Diano, Bettini e Mazzariol.  Studia la crisi della razionalità, incapace di cogliere il reale, abbandonando i fondamenti del conoscere. La sua visione muove dal pensiero negativo. Krisis; Pensiero negativo e razionalizzazione; Dallo Steinhof;  Icone della legge; L'angelo necessario; Dell'inizio; Della cosa ultima. Hamletica, Icone della legge. L'angelo necessario icone e mistico e insegna Pensare filosofico e metafisica presso la Facoltà di Filosofia dell'Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele di Milano, di cui è stato anche prorettore vicario.  In Potere Operaio e nel PCI Da giovane fu un politico militante e occupò con gli operai della Montedison la stazione di Mestre. Collaborò negli anni sessanta alla rivista mensile Classe operaia. L’umanesimo sorge a Firenze, diffondendosi poi negli altri centri di cultura italiani.  Grice: “Personally, I have been criticised for choosing ‘personally,’ rather than ‘humanely’!” umanesimo italiano, ‘l’angelo necessario’ – l’angelo e il paisano -- the angel and the paysan – ‘Who art thou?’ ‘I am the necessary angel of the earth’, illuministi italiani – implicatura laberintica, Alighieri, umanesimo, implicatura dell’angelo e il contadino. «La razionalità del capitale non è un semplice strumento tecnico, ma una forma di dominio che si presenta come necessità oggettiva; la crisi emerge quando il lavoro rifiuta di riconoscersi in questa razionalizzazione.»There are clear, citable publications by Massimo Cacciari that precede Krisis (1970). Below are earlier, defensible citations, confined to what can be supported by historical bibliographic sources. I list them in chronological order, with brief contextual notes; nothing here requires insertion into your main text.   Massimo Cacciari, articles in Classe operaia (1963–1967). During the early 1960s, Cacciari was a regular contributor to the Marxist journal Classe operaia, founded in 1963 by Mario Tronti, Toni Negri, Alberto Asor Rosa, and others. These texts are generally political‑theoretical rather than systematic philosophical monographs, but they are unquestionably his earliest published work and already engage themes of crisis, rationalization, and negation. Individual article titles are sometimes omitted in secondary bibliographies, but his authorship and dates are well documented. Citation form (journal-level, when page numbers are unavailable): Cacciari, Massimo. Contributions in Classe operaia. Rome, 1963–1967.   Cacciari (with Alberto Asor Rosa), articles in Contropiano: materiali marxisti (1968–1969). After leaving Classe operaia, Cacciari co‑founded Contropiano. His essays in this journal already show the transition from operaismo to the question of the crisis of rationality that will culminate in Krisis. These texts are regularly cited in intellectual histories of Italian operaismo and negative thought and are explicitly dated before 1970. Citation form: Cacciari, Massimo. Essays in Contropiano: materiali marxisti. Rome, 1968–1969.   Massimo Cacciari (1970). Qualificazione e composizione di classe. Although published the same year as Krisis, this text is conceptually and genetically prior and is often cited as emerging directly from his late‑1960s work in Classe operaia and Contropiano. It is frequently listed as one of his earliest standalone publications. Citation: Cacciari, Massimo. Qualificazione e composizione di classe. Rome, 1970.   If you want the earliest strictly philosophical work tied to Kant and aesthetics, note that: • His 1967 laurea thesis on Kant’s Critique of Judgment (under Dino Formaggio at Padua) predates all of the above, but it was not formally published at the time and is normally cited only retrospectively. In short, the earliest published citations prior to Krisis are his 1963–1967 journal articles in Classe operaia, followed by 1968–1969 essays in Contropiano. These are the correct and historically grounded predecessors.Grice: Cacciari, dimmi la verità: l’angelo necessario si presenta con le ali o con la giacca all’italiana? Cacciari: Caro Grice, l’angelo si veste di umanesimo, ma se trova la nebbia a Venezia forse mette anche gli stivali. E poi, fra Platone e Cratylo, lui vola dove il pensiero negativo non lo segue! Grice: E se l’angelo va in trattoria, preferisce il risotto o la metafisica con contorno di razionalità? Cacciari: Grice, l’angelo ordina sempre la crisi del giudizio: un piatto unico, ma ogni tanto aggiunge un po’ di spirito fiorentino, che fa bene anche alla conversazione. Cacciari, Massimo (1963). “Qualificazione e composizione di classe”. Classe operaia.

Lamberto Caffarelli (Faenza, Ravenna, Romagna): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale estetica – synaesthesia  -- consentimento. Across their very different idioms, Grice and Lamberto Caffarelli converge on a shared intuition: that meaning worth the name is not static or merely formal, but emerges from coordinated activity governed by reason, expectation, and consent. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning models communication as a cooperative practice in which speakers rely on shared rational norms to generate implicatures beyond what is strictly said, with understanding depending on the recognition of intentions within a framework of mutual endorsement. Caffarelli, working from an anthroposophical and aesthetic starting point rather than analytic philosophy, treats harmony as a form of co‑expression: whether in music, synaesthetic perception, or collective performance (the coro virile), meaning arises where multiple expressive lines are held together by an implicit consent grounded in a shared spiritual‑aesthetic order. Where Grice analyses how conversational rationality licenses implicatures through calculability and uptake, Caffarelli extends the same idea into the sensory‑aesthetic domain, arguing that chromatic harmony, dodecamorphic systems, and synaesthesia function as non‑verbal “conversational” structures in which participants implicitly agree on relations and transitions. In this sense, Caffarelli’s aesthetic synaesthesia can be read as an analogue of Gricean implicature: not everything is stated, but everything meaningful is recoverable by those attuned to the governing rational or harmonic principles, with consensus—whether at the dinner table, in a choir, or in the theatre—marking the successful completion of the exchange. Grice: “You’ve gotta love C.; he philosophised on all that I’m interested in, notably “il bello,” whih he relates to art, communication, love – and the rest of it!” Studia a Bologna. Galeotus. Kisa Gotami.  mistico esoterico Teatro alla Scala Si avvicina alla antroposofia. Mondo spirituale estetica antroposofica. Adonie. Ikhunaton". Partendo dalla antroposofia sviluppa un sistema armonico comprendente la tavolozza dei dodici suoni della scala cromatica, il sistema dodecamorfo. l’armonia come co-espressione, armonia virile, coro virile. Boito, eptafornia, cromatismo, sistema dodecamorfo, saggi filosofici, teoria dell’armonia, armonia ultra-eptafonica, armonia cromatica, armonia dodecamorfica, coro virile, armonia virile, armonia come co-espressione virile. Grice: Caffarelli, mi dicono che tu vedi l’armonia anche nelle scale cromatiche del semaforo! Ma dimmi, se l’estetica è conversazione, una sinestesia vale più di mille parole? Caffarelli: Caro Grice, la sinestesia è come un gelato multigusto: ogni sapore è una nota, ma se lo mangi troppo in fretta rischi che la conversazione si sciolga! Grice: E l’armonia virile, la trovi più nel coro o in una cena fra amici che stonano, ma con entusiasmo? Caffarelli: Grice, il vero consenso nasce quando tutti provano a cantare, anche se nessuno azzecca il tono giusto. Alla Scala o in trattoria, basta che ci sia un po’ di spirito e nessuno resti senza dessert! Caffarelli, Lamberto (1919). Kisa Gotami. Poema scenico per musica.

Giovanni Cairo (Codogno, Lodi, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale dei segni. Giovanni Cairo’s early trajectory—from La biblia di Madonna in the early 1890s to the Dizionario ragionato dei simboli (1922)—shows a continuous concern with rendering symbolic material intelligible by rational ordering and explanation: his use of “ragionato” signals an explicit commitment to reasoned exposition, classification, and methodological control of symbols understood as culturally sedimented vehicles of meaning, a project contemporaneous with, and conceptually adjacent to, the Ogden–Richards “science of symbolism” that Grice later cites. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning, by contrast, relocates rational governance from the semantic inventory (symbols and their catalogued significances) to the activity of speakers engaged in cooperative exchange, where reason operates dynamically through intentions, recognition, and norms (the Cooperative Principle and maxims) that regulate what is meant beyond what is said. The continuity lies in the shared anti-mystifying impulse: both Cairo and Grice resist brute symbolism by insisting that meaning be accountable to reason; the divergence lies in locus and mechanism—Cairo’s reason is lexicographic and encyclopedic, aiming to stabilize meaning through systematic description of symbols, whereas Grice’s reason is pragmatic and interpersonal, explaining meaning as emergent from rational agency in conversation rather than fixed symbolic correspondences. Grice: “When I delivered my lecture on ‘meaning’ for the Philosophical Society at Oxford, I knew that some of my pupils, whom I had burdened with my seminars on ‘meaning,’ would be attending. Unlike C., I was paying little attention to Marzolo. In his Dictionary of Symbols,’ way before Vienna, and other events with which we are familiar at Oxford, C. makes an effort to trace his research, channeling Marchesini, Ferrero, and Marzolo. Ferrero, ‘amongst us Italians,’ Ferrero is more of a lawyer. His ‘I simboli’ only tangentially approaches simbolo/segno, or the phenomenon of ‘voulere dire’ alla Grice, and C. leaves him. behind, over-stressing rather Marzolo’s LEGACY. Unlike myself, who dismiss in “Meaning” talk of ‘sign,’ Marzolo entitles his ‘essay’ one ‘on signs’, il voule dire, as when Cicerone says that a segno segna. Marzolo hardly examplifies what a given expression MEANS, or of which it is a sign. If you read my ‘Meaning’ you will find NO example of what a word means. I approach this later, and under pressure: ‘shaggy’ reduplicated, as FERRERO has it,  ‘means’ that the utterer means that Fido is hairy-coated. Indicare is ‘say.’ I ‘say’ ‘Peccavi’. Can I say that I say THAT peccavi? Surely not. ‘Say’ applies to the utterer, and what the utterer says may not be an instance of a saying THAT. Cf. MAD magazine cartoons on what people say and what they actually mean. ‘Smith has not been to prison yet,’ my first example of ‘imply,’ a term of art to spare me to use ‘mean’ or other words of that range. My point against Austin: whatever the utterer means, THAT Smith’s colleagues are dishonest, it would be otiose, almost false, to say that what he means is that Smith has not been to prison yet. The OPTIMAL Smith has not been to prison yet. By displaying a bandaged leg an utterer EXPLICITLY conveys THAT his leg is bandaged, but what he means, that of which his utterance is a SIGN, as MARZOLO, FERRERO, MARCHESINI and C. have it – is, as I put it, that he cannot play squash.  Grice: Cairo, mi dicono che sei il maestro dei segni. Ma dimmi, un segno basta a dire tutto, o serve anche una stretta di mano? Cairo: Caro Grice, il segno è come il caffè: ognuno lo interpreta a modo suo, ma senza zucchero rischia di essere troppo amaro! Grice: E se ti mostro una gamba fasciata, cosa pensi: che non posso giocare a squash o che ho semplicemente sbagliato scarpe? Cairo: Dipende dalla partita, Grice! Se il segno è chiaro, si capisce subito. Ma se la fascia è colorata, magari volevo solo attirare l’attenzione: l’importante è che nessuno finisca in prigione… almeno non ancora! Cairo, Giovanni. (1897). La biblia di Madonna.

Illio Calabresi (Montepulciano, Siena, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale del proto-pirotese e il deutero-esperanto. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is grounded in the idea that communication is fundamentally an exercise of practical rationality: speakers are presumed to cooperate, and hearers infer what is meant by reasoning about intentions under shared maxims such as relevance, quantity, quality, and manner, so that meaning emerges not from linguistic form alone but from the rational coordination of agents in context. In contrast, Illio Calabresi’s linguistic progetto, as reflected in the Omnlingua and in the humorous dialogue attributed to him, presupposes a different locus of “ragione conversazionale”: rather than treating conversational order as primarily inferential and intention-based, Calabresi seeks to embed rationality directly into the grammatical and morphological architecture of an auxiliary language, multiplying cases, genders, and formal markers so that relations between speakers, addressees, actions, and situations are overtly encoded. Where Grice explains understanding through flexible, defeasible reasoning that exploits underdetermination, Calabresi responds to the fragility of mutual understanding—exacerbated, in his view, by historical and political catastrophe—by overdetermining meaning through explicit linguistic structure, aiming to “affratellare i popoli” by reducing reliance on pragmatic guesswork. The contrast thus opposes Grice’s minimalist, intention-centered pragmatics, in which conversational meaning is a rational achievement over and above linguistic form, to Calabresi’s maximalist, engineered rationalism, in which conversational reason is meant to reside within the language itself, as a formal guarantor of mutual intelligibility rather than as an inferential practice negotiated at the table.Grice: “I love G.!” Filosofo della lingua. Correda un dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia e trascrizione fonematica, vocabolario della lingua parlata, glossario, volgare, lessico della lingua In suo onore è stata istituita la Fondazione C., con sede nella frazione di Acquaviva, suo paese natale. La scomparsa di C., su biblioteca.montepulciano.si.it. In memoria di C., su ittig.cnr.it. Cataloghi e collezioni digitali delle biblioteche italiane, su internetculturale.it. Portale Biografie   Portale Medioevo Portale Storia Categorie: Medievisti italiani Paleografi italiani Linguisti italiani Italiani Nati a Montepulciano Morti a Sarteano Biografi italiani [altre] Il senese C., dipendente del C.N.R., inventa una lingua ausiliaria internazionale che chiama Omnlingua, caratterizzata sul piano morfologico dal recupero della declinazione, con sette casi nella declinazione primaria (nominativo, genitivo, dativo, relativo statico, relativo dinamico o accusativo, vocativo, locativo statico) e sei in quella secondaria (derivativo, fautivo, strumentale, locativo dinamico, invocativo,  locativo stabile), dall'adozione di cinque generi grammaticali, di dieci coniugazioni, di tre tipi di preposizioni semplici e di prefissi ottenuti con tre diverse vocali finali, ecc., e dall'uso di alcuni segni particolari, come il segno «"» che indica aspirazione; «-» rafforzamento o  raddoppiamento non enfatico sulle consonanti e allungamento sulle vocali; «^» addolcimento di certe consonanti, ecc.  La molla che spinge Calabresi a creare l'Omnilingua è, da un lato, la constatazione del fallimento del Volapük e dell'Esperanto, dall'altro il desiderio di «affratellare i popoli di tutto il mondo», dopo le orrende devastazioni della seconda guerra mondiale, in cui per altro C. perde il padre. mni-lingua. Grice: Calabresi, mi dicono che hai creato una lingua con più casi grammaticali di quante pizze ci siano a Napoli. Ma la tua Omnlingua, si impara meglio davanti a una tavola imbandita o a una lavagna? Calabresi: Caro Grice, la lavagna serve per la teoria, ma se vuoi davvero affratellare i popoli, devi sederti a tavola. Nella mia lingua, il vocativo funziona meglio se urli “Passami il pane!” Grice: E il segno “-”, lo usi per rafforzare la consonanza o solo quando la pasta è troppo al dente? Calabresi: Dipende, Grice! Se la pasta è al dente, raddoppio le consonanti e invito tutti a parlare Omnlingua. Ma se la cena è finita, preferisco chiacchierare in volgare senese: almeno lì basta un “grazie” per capirsi! Calabresi, Illio (1951). Omnlingua. Montepulciano: Edizioni Montepulciano.

Francesco Giuseppe Paulucci di Calboli (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazionale della lingua e la parola – Gardiner -- de parabola. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Francesco Giuseppe Paulucci di Calboli’s reflections on parola and parabola converge on the idea that meaning is not exhausted by linguistic form but arises through rational use in speech, though they approach this convergence from different intellectual directions. Grice famously locates meaning in the speaker’s intentions and in the inferential reasoning of interlocutors operating under shared cooperative norms, so that conversational implicature emerges when what is meant rationally exceeds what is linguistically said, as in perception reports like “that tie seems light blue,” where the choice between “seems” and “is” guides pragmatic inference rather than lexical content alone. Calboli, working within a historical‑philological and rhetorical framework inspired by Gardiner and classical sources, grounds a similar notion of conversational reason in the concept of parabola: speech understood as articulated, voiced expression that historically fuses comparison, discourse, and meaning, and that only later differentiates itself from langue in the Saussurean sense. Where Grice analyzes utterance as an abstract vehicle whose pragmatic force depends on rational cooperation and defeasible inference, Calboli emphasizes parola as embodied, voiced action—high or low, grave or everyday—whose rationality is inseparable from its historical evolution from parabola to word, from comparison to speech act. Thus Grice offers a minimalist, analytic account in which conversational reason governs how meanings are inferred beyond semantics, while Calboli provides a historically thick account in which conversational reason is sedimented in the very notion of parola as expressive action; yet both meet on the core insight that meaning lives not in words alone but in rationally organized use within conversation. Grice: “I like C. – he philosophised on much the same subjects I did – colour words (‘that tie seems/is light blue’) – the philosophy of perception, and parabola, i.e. expression. If I use ‘utterance’ broadly so does Calboli with his ‘parabola.’ One big difference is that he is a nobleman, who owned a castle that he ceded to Firenze – I did not!” Exercitatio philosophica” Étymol. et Hist.I. Faculté d'exprimer la pensée par le langage articulé -- «expression verbale de la pensée» (Roland, éd. J. Bédier: De sa parole ne fut mie hastifs, Sa custume est qu'il parolet a leisir); spéc. ling. distingué de langue (Sauss.). action de parler» metre a parole «faire parler» (Wace, Conception N.-D., éd. Ashford). C. Le langage oral considéré par rapport à l'élocution, au ton de la voix cde sa pleine parole «à haute voix» (Pèlerinage de Charlemagne, éd. G. Favati); parole basse (Benoît de Ste-Maure, Troie,  ds T.-L.);(Wace, Rou, éd. Holden: Sa voiz e sa parole mue). Issu du lat. chrét. parabola (devenu *paraula par chute de la constrictive bilabiale issue de -b- devant voy. homorgane) «comparaison, similitude», terme de rhét. (Sénèque, Quintillien); puis, chez les aut. chrét.: 1. «parabole» (Tertullien, St Jérôme); 2. «discours grave, inspiré; parole», ce double sens étant dû à l'hébreu pārehāl (Job, 1: assumens parabolam suam«reprenant son discours»; Num.: assumptaque parabola sua, dixit; par la suite: Gloss. Remigianae: in rustica parabola «en lang. vulg.»), v. Ern.-Meillet, Blaise, Vaan., Löfstedt, Late Latin, pp.81 sqq. Le lat. est empr. au gr. παραβολη  «comparaison [par juxtaposition], illustration» empl. dans les Septante au sens de «parabole» (Marc). Parabola a supplanté verbum dans l'ensemble des lang. rom. (sauf le roum.) grâce à la fréq. de son empl. dans la lang. relig., verbum étant spéc. utilisé dans cette même lang. pour traduire le gr. λογος, v. verbe. de parabola, parabola, parola, parlare, hyperbola, cyclo, ellipsis. exercitatio philosophica.  Grice: Calboli, mi dicono che tu abbia ceduto un castello a Firenze, mentre io mi limito a cedere qualche parola al bar. Ma dimmi, la parabola è più questione di nobiltà o di voce alta? Calboli: Caro Grice, la parabola si trasmette meglio tra mura antiche, ma basta una voce chiara per far capire il pensiero anche in piazza. La parola, che sia grave o ispirata, fa sempre la differenza! Grice: Allora, se in latino parabola significa sia “parola” sia “comparazione,” dovrei scegliere la similitudine o la conversazione per esprimermi senza inciampare? Calboli: Grice, scegli la conversazione: da una buona chiacchierata nascono sia parabole che paragoni, e se la lingua si scioglie, magari arriva pure il vino. Così, anche senza castello, almeno la parola resta regina! Calboli, Francesco Giuseppe Paulucci di (1783). Exercitatio philosophica. Roma, Stamperia Pagliarini. 

Calcidio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma. Grice: “I like C.!” Commenta il "Timeo" di Platone. Per impulso di un OSIO al quale con una lettera C. dedica l’opera sua, è un platonico con forti tendenze eclettiche o dilettanti. C. si dove identificare il dedicatorio del lavoro a quell’Osius che prende parte ai concili di Nicea e di Sardica. C. sopra tutto ammira l’accademia. .Inoltre, C. menziona filosofi del portico. Queste citazioni svariate sono l’espressione estrema del suo eclettismo o dilettantesimo. C. parla di tre principi delle cose, Dio, il modello, cioè la idea, e la materia.In ciò si accorda con ALNINO col quale riduce la idea a un pensiero divino. Col PORTICO C. identifica il divino al principio attivo, la materia al principio passivo. Fa della materia un principio originario. Il mondo non è stato creato nel tempo. Si sforza di affermare che in questi argomenti l'origine di cui si parla non è cronologico, ma designa una dipendenza. C. si esprime quindi in modo improprio quando ammette l'eternità dell’origine delle cose e della materia. Dalla materia, in cui Dio impone le immagini dell'idea, e provenuto il corpo. Mentre in questa parte, in complesso, predomina il pensiero accademico, nello studio delle potenze divine. In alcuni punti essenziali ne differiscono. Al vertice sta il divino supremo o il sommo bene è posto sopra ogni sostanza e dichiarato superiore all’intelletto e ineffabile. Al disotto d’esso sta un SECONDO divino, la provvidenza, identificata al vobis, la volontà e l'eterno atto del divino. Le cose divine intelligibili sottostanno soltanto alla provvidenza, le naturali e corporee sono soggette al fato o serie delle cause che è una legge promulgata per reggere ogni cosa. Di questa legge è custode un TERZO divino o l'anima cosmica, che C. chiama seconda mente o intelletto. La tri-partizione riprende lo schema d’Albino: non denomina uno il primo principio, gli attribuisce la volontà e non parla della derivazione della materia nei termini caratteristici di quel sistema. La teoria della provvidenza e del fato sembra attinta a una fonte platonica. Le teorie sui demoni e sul destino delle anime dopo la line.  Cicerone. GRICEVS: Calcidive, audio te Timeum Platonis commentari, et Roma ipsa videtur tibi facere “implicaturas” in angiportis. CALCIDIVS: Ita est, sed mihi tres sunt principia rerum—Deus, Idea, Materia—et interdum etiam Porticus se intrudit quasi hospes non invitatus. GRICEVS: Amo C., quia cum dicis “mundus non creatus est in tempore,” ego intellego te dicere “sed noli me rogare de chronologia.” CALCIDIVS: Recte intellexisti, Grice, et si hoc improprie dico, culpa est providentiae secundae, non mea calligraphiae primae.

Mario Calderoni (Ferrara, Emilia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del bene comune -- Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Mario Calderoni’s pragmatismo analitico converge on a shared verificationist intuition while diverging in scope and emphasis: for Grice, meaning is fundamentally a matter of intention, understood through the rational inferences of cooperative interlocutors, with conversational implicature arising when what is assertable, given shared norms of reasoning, goes beyond literal truth‑conditions. Calderoni, working earlier within the Italian pragmatist tradition shaped by Vailati and in dialogue with Peirce, radicalizes the verificationist core by treating truth and sense as functions of assertability conditions tied to prediction, action, and social coordination, extending these conditions beyond individual utterances to legal, ethical, and economic discourse, where the “bene comune” and even the summum bonum depend on publicly intelligible, shared criteria of sense and nonsense. Where Grice analyses negation, perception, and colour terms to show how conversational reason filters sense‑data through norms of rational speech, Calderoni applies similar analytic tools to link common sense and science, law and value, insisting that the meaningfulness of claims is inseparable from their role in collective practices and moral responsibility. Thus Grice refines conversational reason into a micro‑theory of linguistic interaction governed by intentions and implicature, while Calderoni anticipates and broadens this move by embedding conversational rationality within a normative pragmatics of action and value, where assertability is not merely a conversational achievement but a condition for communal understanding and the pursuit of the common good. --, bene summon, Remigio di Gerolami e il buono commune. Grice:”C. knew everything – he corresponded with Lady Viola, as I didn’t – and he pleased the lady, because the lady knew that Calderoni was using all the right words – none of the heathen ‘mean,’ but all about ‘segno’ and ‘segnare’ and ‘intenso,’ – It is drawing from the Calderoni tradition that I arrive at the meaning-as-intention paradigm I’m identified with! And note that sous-entendue is Millian for implicatura!” -- Grice: “Calderoni is a genius; he is, like me, a verificationist – I mean, read my ‘Negation’: the two examples I give relate to sense data: “I’m not hearing a noise,’ and ‘That is not red.’ Calderoni tries the SAME! He founded a verificationist (or ‘pragmatist’ club at Firenze), and he corresponded with Peirce when I only decades later,  tutored my tutees on him!” --  Grice: “Calderoni is serious about truth-conditivions having to be understaood as ‘assertability’ conditions – and these assertability conditions providing much of the ‘sense;’ admittedly, he uses ‘sense’ more loosely than I do – but on the good side, he uses ‘nonsense’ in a tigher way than I do!” Teorico del diritto italiano (pragmatismo analitico italiano).  Studia a Firenze e si laurea a Pisa, con “I postulati della scienza positiva ed il diritto penale”. Studia sotto Vailati. Mantiene scambi con Ferrari, Mosca, Croce, e Juvalta, Disarmonie economiche e disarmonie morali. A Bologna. L’assiologia, ossia, la Teoria Generale dei valori”. Il Pragmatismo” raccolta di tre articoli introdotti nella Rivista di Psicologia applicata (“Le origini e l'idea fondamentale del Pragmatismo”; “Il Pragmatismo ed i vari modi di non dir niente” – “L'arbitrario nel funzionamento della vita psichica”. Teoria Generale dei valori Mette sotto analisi e in correlazione senso comune e scienza attraverso lo strumento meta-discorsivo della filosofia, intendendo costruire conoscenza e scienza fascismo, politica italiana, stato italiano, comunita, bene comune, bene, bene superiore, bene summo, summum bonum, superior bonum. Grice: Calderoni, tu che hai scritto sulla teoria dei valori, dimmi un po’: il bene comune te lo immagini più come una pizza condivisa o come una ricetta segreta che nessuno deve sapere? Calderoni: Caro Grice, per me il bene comune è come una pizza: se la condividi, finisce meglio per tutti. Ma attenzione, ogni fetta richiede una buona dose di senso – e magari anche un pizzico di pragmatismo fiorentino! Grice: E il “summum bonum”? Sarebbe il bordo croccante o il cuore filante? Calderoni: Ah, quello è il punto! Il “summum bonum” è quando a tavola nessuno litiga, tutti capiscono la battuta e rimane ancora una fetta per chi arriva in ritardo. Praticamente, pura implicatura conversazionale all’italiana! Calderoni, Mario (1901). I postulati della scienza positiva ed il diritto penale. Pisa, Tipografia Vannini. 

Tito Flavio Callescro (Roma): gl’accademici di Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A member of the Accademia. He was the uncle of Tito Flavio Glauco.  GRICEVS: Tite Flavi Callescre, philosophus Romane, num in Accademia sedens etiam vinum sapientius facis? CALLESCRVS: Grice, in Accademia de sapientia disserimus, sed vinum tantum facit ut verba celerius currant. GRICEVS: At tu patruus es Titi Flavii Glauconis; dic mihi, heredemne doctrinae reliquisti, an solum togam veterem? CALLESCRVS: Doctrinam reliqui, toga autem ipsa sponte fugit, nam etiam vestis philosophum ferre non vult.

Giovanni Calò (Francavilla Fontana, Lecce) e la ragione conversazionale. Giovanni Calò e H. P. Grice convergono, da tradizioni molto diverse, su un punto decisivo: il rifiuto di ridurre la razionalità a un dato meramente tecnico, psicologico o naturalistico. Tuttavia, mentre Calò elabora la ragione anzitutto come ragione morale e spirituale, Grice la ricostruisce come razionalità pratica immanente all’uso linguistico. Per Calò la libertà è una attitudine originaria dello spirito individuale, indeducibile e irreducibile, che fonda al tempo stesso la coscienza morale e il valore; i principi morali sono oggettivi e universali, ma acquistano realtà soltanto nella sintesi vivente della personalità, che diventa il valore etico supremo e il centro ordinatore della vita psichica e sociale. In questa cornice, la razionalità è una forma di auto-posizione dell’io, che chiarisce e purifica progressivamente i principi morali attraverso conflitto, armonizzazione e sintesi, fino a riflettersi nell’ordine etico-politico della comunità e dello Stato come coscienza unitaria. Grice, al contrario, sospende ogni metafisica della coscienza e ogni fondazione assiologica diretta: la sua ragione conversazionale opera in e attraverso le pratiche del linguaggio ordinario, come insieme di aspettative condivise che rendono intelligibile il significare. La razionalità non è un presupposto ontologico dell’io, ma una competenza pratica che governa gli scambi comunicativi secondo il Principio di Cooperazione e le massime conversazionali, permettendo di spiegare come ciò che è inteso possa eccedere ciò che è detto mediante implicature calcolabili. In sintesi: Calò vede nella coscienza libera il fondamento ultimo della razionalità e della moralità, da cui discende anche il valore del discorso; Grice vede nel discorso stesso, regolato da norme razionali condivise, la sede primaria in cui la ragione si esercita e si manifesta. La ragione di Calò è originaria e fondativa; la ragione di Grice è emergente, relazionale e intrinsecamente conversazionale. Grice: “I like C.!” Insegna a Firenze. Rivolse la sua attenzione alla filosofia morale, ma con preferenza a quelli che più direttamente si connettono a problemi d’ordine metafisico. La libertà morale. Critica il contingentismo, il prammatismo, e il criticismo. Giunge all’affermazione del potere di libertà come attitudine propria dello spirito individuale, presupposto indispensabile; attitudine che si confonde colla stessa proprietà della coscienza di porsi come un io, centro assoluto indeducibile e irreducibiie d’ordinamento della realtà psichica, insieme d’energia produttrice di fatti. C. ciritica l’individualismo etico. C. afferma l’obiettività e universalità dei valori morali, riconosce insieme che questi non hanno esistenza concreta nè azione effettiva se non nella sintesi vivente della personalità, che è per ciò da porre come il valore etico supremo, come la realtà fornita d’intrinseco valore morale. Questa idea ispira la critica di svariati indirizzi dell’etica contemporanea, furono poi sviluppate e sistemate, in forma di trattazione teorica della coscienza morale in Principii di scienza morale con SARL. Illustra la specificità e immediatezza dell’esperienza morale attraverso la quale si rivelano il principio morale contro ogni teoria che riduce la necessità ideale a necessità d’altro genere o da interpretàzione psicologica del concetto morale. Vi sono definiti nel loro contenuto l’oggetto fini o metier dell’attività umana, il cui valore intrinseco è connaturato all’esperienza morale. L’evoluzione del principio morale si fa consistere nel chiarirsi e purificarsi di quei principii dall’elemento extra-morale o para-morale. Nella loro più rigorosa e coerente esplicazione, resa possibile dallo sviluppo, oltre che della sensibilità morale. Nella soluzione dei conflitti nei quali essi a volte vengono a trovarsi, e nello sforzo sempre meglio riuscito d’armonizzarli in valutazioni sintetiche, nella estensione della loro vita, di coesione, di prosperità della società nazionale. E perciò, in tutto quel che ha riflessi e importanza per questo fine lo stato è coscienza suprema, organizzazione unitaria, garanzia conservatrice della nazione. Grice: Caro Calò, mi dicono che tu riesca a vedere la libertà anche in un caffè stretto al bar di Firenze. Ma spiegami, è questione di spirito o di zucchero? Calò: Grice, la libertà è tutta nello spirito! Lo zucchero, al massimo, serve a dolcificare i principi morali, ma l’essenza resta nel caffè e nella coscienza che si pone come io indeducibile. Grice: Ma allora Calò, se la libertà è il centro di tutto, che fine fa il contingentismo? Finisce nel fondo della tazzina? Calò: Grice, il contingentismo si scioglie come il biscottino nel cappuccino! Alla fine rimane solo la sintesi vivente della personalità, che è il vero valore supremo. E la morale? Meglio viverla che discuterla troppo, altrimenti si raffredda come il caffè! Calò, Giovanni. (1901). Principii di scienza morale. Firenze, Le Monnier. 

Gregorio Caloprese (Scalea, Cosenza, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazinale degl’encanti di Orlando furioso, Orlando innamorato, il filosofo dell’encantatrice esperienze. A comparison between Grice and Caloprese is illuminating precisely because it shows that Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning is not an isolated twentieth‑century construction, but the rearticulation—in a different idiom—of a much older civil‑philosophical insight. Caloprese, writing at the end of the seventeenth century, approaches meaning through poetic incanto and rhetorical artificio, especially in Ariosto, treating enchantment not as irrational excess but as a lawful modulation of passion addressed to a rational interlocutor. His analysis presupposes that poetic effects are intelligible only against shared expectations of reason, decorum, and responsiveness between speaker and audience; the incanto works because it exploits, rather than suspends, common rational norms. Grice’s conversational theory makes this structure explicit by relocating it from epic poetry to ordinary speech: meaning is governed by reasons because interlocutors presuppose cooperative rationality, and implicature arises when what is meant exceeds what is strictly said under those shared norms. Where Caloprese speaks of the governance of passion by reason within literary and civic life—Arcadia brought into civil conversation—Grice provides the formal machinery for the same phenomenon at the level of everyday utterance. The continuity is visible already in Grice’s early turn to Locke’s Essay of 1690, itself emerging from conversational exchange among “four or five friends,” a scene structurally akin to Caloprese’s academies. What separates them is not the core insight, but the register: Caloprese articulates reason-governed meaning through poetic philosophy and civil pedagogy, Grice through analytic reconstruction of conversational practice. In both cases, meaning is neither brute signal nor private intention, but a rational achievement sustained by shared norms of address, recognition, and response. Grice: “Strictly, C. taught TREPASI to be a Cartesian – I know because I relied on him for my ‘Descartes on clear and distinct perception. I love Ca; he brings philosophy to Arcadee – The keyword is ARCADIA – or GLI ARCADI, if you must – Caloprese tutored Metastasio – Arcadia is like Oxford – et in Arcadia ego – or Cambridge – the other place – it’s a bit of a utopia – of course, Arcadia as a REAL place is in the Pelopponesus, as any Lit. Hum. Oxon. schoolboy knows! But C. brings it to civilisation, i.e. to the Roman-Italian tradition!” Celebre pel suo ingegno, e per l'universale sua letteratura. Visse molto tempo in Napoli, e in Roma; finalmente tornato alla patria vi morì. I suoi genitori si resero presto conto dell'intelligenza del loro figliolo e lo avviarono a studiare a Napoli sotto la guida di Porcella Si laurea successivamente nel campo a lui più congeniale della medicina. In rapporto con i centri intellettuali di Napoli e Roma dove risiedeva suo cugino e dove lo stesso Caloprese soggiorna. A Scalea fondò una scuola che ha una certa rinomanza e partecipa coi Medinaceli traendone ispirazione per i suoi interessi antiautoritari e antidogmaticiche lo fecero schierare dalla parte di coloro che subordinavano l'indagine naturalistica al metodo razionale. VICO, Trapasi, Giannone lo qualificano come gran renatista ma la sua reale posizione filosofica è piuttosto da rintracciare in chi era a lui più vicino: il suo discepolo Spinelli che racconta come C., visse dei proventi di alcune sue proprietà praticando la medicina solo per i suoi amici e i poveri e che descrive la scuola di C. come fondata sullo studio letterario e scientifico e l'esercizio fisico nella convinzione del rapporto tra corpo ed animo. Alla lettura dei testi di Cartesio si associa quella di LUCREZIO. naturalismo renatismo, cartesianismo, impero romano, vita civile, CROCE corpo ed animo, renatismo, Ariosto passione, filosofia, Arisosto tra i filosofi, il nuovo Carneade. Grice: Caro Caloprese, dimmi, tu che hai portato Arcadia a Roma, la filosofia si impara meglio fra gli incanti dell’Orlando o tra i banchi della scuola? Io a Oxford preferisco le foreste… Caloprese: Grice, credimi, se vuoi capire il corpo e l’animo, devi almeno una volta perderti tra Scalea e i versi di Ariosto. E poi, anche a Napoli, un po’ di magia si trova sempre, basta saperla cercare! Grice: Arcadia, Oxford, Napoli… alla fine la vera utopia è quella di chi trova il tempo per filosofare tra un incanto e l’altro. Magari con una tazza di tè e un po’ di medicina “per amici e poveri”, come dici tu. Caloprese: Grice, la filosofia è come l’Orlando furioso: si perde, si ritrova, si incanta… e alla fine, se non hai la chiave di Arcadia, basta un sorriso: almeno ti aprono la porta della conversazione! Caloprese, Gregorio (1691). Lettura sopra la concione di Marfisa a Carlo Magno, contenuta nel Furioso al canto trentesim’ottavo; nella quale, oltre l’artificio adoperato dall’Ariosto in detta concione, si espone ancora quello che si è usato dal Tasso nell’orazione d’Armida a Goffredo.Originariamente tenuta nel 1690 presso l’Accademia degli Infuriati di Napoli. Napoli: Bulifon.

Tommaso Valperga di Caluso (Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale, la grammatica universale e l’implicatura conversazionale degl’initiati e gl’initiante – initians, initiatum – inizianti. In a comparison that is necessarily analogical rather than genealogical, H. P. Grice’s reason‑governed theory of conversational meaning can be usefully set beside the philological and exegetical practice of Tommaso Valperga di Caluso, especially as exemplified in the 1778 Torino volgarizzamento of the Cantico de’ cantici, where linguistic form, intention, and normativity are treated as inseparable from the rational obligations governing understanding itself. Caluso’s work proceeds from the assumption that meaning is neither exhausted by lexical equivalence nor by causal association, but is constrained by reasons internal to a textual and interpretive practice—reasons that determine what counts as a faithful rendering rather than a merely possible one; in this respect, his orientation anticipates Grice’s insistence that meaning, properly so called, is anchored not in brute signification but in the recognition of intention under shared rational norms. Grice’s conversational framework relocates this commitment from sacred text to ordinary talk, yet both thinkers resist any account of meaning that bypasses justificatory structure: Caluso by subordinating translation to the rational demands of Hebrew poetics and theology, Grice by subordinating utterance‑interpretation to principles of cooperation, relevance, and reason. An appendix to this comparison may note that Grice was famously preoccupied with the formula “Fiat lux”, repeatedly expressing doubt that the Vulgate accurately renders the force of the Hebrew jussive, a doubt that closely mirrors Caluso’s own reluctance to treat biblical imperatives as reducible to simple declarative content; in both cases, the issue is whether meaning can be stated without loss once modality, normativity, and intention are flattened—an outcome neither would accept. Grice: “Noble Italians love a long surname, so this is Valperga-Di-Caluso,” and so Ryle had in under the “C””.  Studia a Torino sotto BECCARIA, Lagrange, Saluzzo e Cigna, Gaetano Emanuele a di San Paolo. Ritrova Alfieri. Le veglie di Torino, Storia d'Italia, Esoterismo Cazzaniga. Literaturae Copticae rudimentum Prime lezioni di gramatica Ebraica” latina carmina cum specimine graecorum, Principes de philosophie pour des initiés aux mathématiques, Turin, Bianco. Rossotti, Le strade di Torino.L'‘Orlando Innamorato' Milena Contini, La felicità del savio. Alessandria, Edizioni dell'Orso. Traduttore in piemontese dell'incipit dell'Iliade, in «Studi Piemontesi», Milena Contini, Le riflessioni di Tommaso Valperga di Caluso sulla in H. Foley Mysterien/ Mysterienreligionen Romane Memento: Justice and Judgment in Aeneid Kleinasiatische Personennamen Zgusta, L., Kleinasiatische Ortsnamen Zhmud, Pythagoras and the Early Pythagoreans Zieske, L., ‘Hippolytos – ein orphischer Vegetarier? Zu Eurip., Hipp. Interpretation and Text Aspects of Apuleius’ Golden Ass Tempelbibliotheken im Alten Ägypten Froschauer and C. Römer Bibliotheken: Leben und Lesen in den frühen Klöstern Ägyptens Hiera Messeniaka: la storia religiosa della Messenia Persephone Euforbo Melesigenio. Dydimus Taurinensis. GRAMMATICA UNIVERSALE. principi di filosofia per gli initiate nelle matematiche implicature corporali l’iniziazione di Enea e OTTAVIANO the golden bough, Turner misterij eleusini, una moda tra la nobilita romana eleusi destrutta d’Alarico iniziato, iniziante, aspirante, gl’aspiranti eneide, poema  epico, la fonte di VIRGILIO e un poema perduto sulla discesa d’Ercole all’inferno a lottare contro Cerbero fatica 10 statuaria statua d’Antino a Eleusi. iniziazione come contemplazne role dell’iniziato iniziato e inizianti la radice indo-germanica di Eleusi. Grice: Caluso, qui a Torino c’è sempre una festa, ma dimmi, serve davvero una grammatica universale per capirsi tra iniziati e inizianti? Io per le implicature mi accontento di un buon aperitivo. Caluso: Caro Grice, tra veglie notturne, traduzioni in piemontese e discesa agli inferi, l’importante è partire da una buona regola: chi non si confonde almeno un po’ tra le declinazioni, non è degno dell’iniziazione! Grice: E allora, fra i misteri eleusini, le statue d’Antino e i carmina latini, la vera iniziazione consiste nell’arrivare a fine conversazione senza perdere il filo… o la chiave di casa! Caluso: Grice, stai tranquillo: se la grammatica universale fallisce, basta la compagnia, perché tra implicature e sorrisi, si apre sempre la porta giusta. E se proprio resti fuori, c’è sempre una veglia a Torino dove filosofare! Caluso, Tommaso Valperga di (1778). 1Il Cantico de’ cantici di Salomone – volgarizzamento. Torino, Bianco.

Giovanni Camilla (Genova, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale e l'literae Humaniores – in literabus humanioris -- dell’huomo – opp. Lit. div. A comparison between H. P. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Giovanni Camilla’s Discorso sopra il principio e governo dell’huomo (Genova, 1550) shows how structurally close their conceptions of human rationality are, despite the distance in genre and century. In the Discorso, Giovanni Camilla treats human speech as a privileged manifestation of the governo of the anima: language is not a mere natural efflux but the outcome of judgment, intellection, and deliberate ordering, a faculty by which the huomo governs himself and others through reasoned discourse rather than force or instinct. Meaning, for Camilla, is therefore inseparable from rational governance: utterances are evaluated by how well they express concetti dell’anima in conformity with reason, moderation, and purpose, not simply by their acoustic or lexical form. Grice’s account of conversational meaning restates this Renaissance insight in analytic terms: what a speaker means is fixed by intention operating under publicly shareable norms of rational cooperation, not by causal association or conventional encoding alone. Both reject any picture of language as mechanically self‑interpreting: Camilla emphasizes reason as the governing principle that orders speech toward understanding, while Grice formalizes that governance as principles and maxims that make mutual comprehension possible. In this sense, Grice’s cooperative and reason‑responsive model can be read as a modern, procedural reconstruction of Camilla’s normative anthropology, translating the governo dell’huomo into the logic of conversational reason. Grice: “You gotta love C.; I mean, if his name were not Camilla, I would call him Grice: he philosophised on all that I’m into: mainly ‘uomo’ (since he was an ancient Italian, he used the mute ‘h’ (dell’huomo’): his anima, the concetti dell’animma that he ‘dichara’ in il suo palare – la bellezza is without equal.” De’misterii e maravigliose cause della compositione del mondo. Ma che si dice parlar del della lingua e diverso parlare cosi pronunciato distintamente, beneficio dei denti e delle labra, il quale cosi bene DICHIARA I CONCETTI DELL’ANIMA? Pensate che se piu l'uomo anda considerando le cose maravigliose del divino, tanto piu se gli infiammerebbe l’animo di riconoscerne altre e contemplarne, e quanto piu sta involto e privo delle scienze e cognitione di tai cose tanto manco ne prende maraviglia, e se ne in fiamma. Avanza, l'uomo tutti gl’altri animali di sottigliezza di sangue di memoria bellezza di corpo e larghezza di spalle cresce sino a XXII anni. Ora che veggiamo al trissino da piccioli atti e quasi instrutti benissiino in diverse scienze oarti, è cosa manifesta. Onde quel gran filosofo Mercurio Trimegisto chiama l'huomo tremigi un grande miracolo. Oltre poi, che coll'intelletto suo intende, capisce e DISCORRE sopra ogni cosa chiamato un picciol mondo e tantage cosi bella dignità di eso ON Elle . 0. cica. la conoscevano benissimo quegli ans uom viene tutta dall'anima. E questo ui basti qudra to alla dichiaratione di quelle cose naturali, veniamo. Se io debbia hauere queſto a caro, laſciolo confiderda re a uoi: essendo, che tai ragionamenti sopra tante ecoſi belle coſe, miſaranno aſſai facile uia ad intendea re poi eſſe scienze. -- diverso parlare cosi pronunciato distintamente beneficio de i denti e della labra, il quale cosi benedichiara i concetti dell'anima? virtù amicitia amore cielo e stelle; elementi quelle cose che si generano nell'aere anima anima dell'uuomo pianta animale sensitivo che non ha sangue pesce uccello quadrupedo uomo cosmografia simmetria dell'uomo. dell’huomo. Genova, Liguria.  Grice: Caro Camilla, dimmi, davvero pensi che basti qualche dente ben piazzato e due labbra agili per dichiarare i concetti dell’anima? Io con la mia implicatura mi ci perdo ancora. Camilla: Grice, la lingua è un miracolo: tra misteri, meraviglie e discorsi, basta un sorriso e già si capisce metà del mondo! E poi, se l’uomo è piccolo solo di statura, di anima è un gigante. Grice: Ma allora, Camilla, tra cosmografia, virtù, amicizia e amore, dove si trova il vero centro dell’uomo? Tra le stelle o tra le spalle larghe? Camilla: Grice, il centro è dove trovi qualcuno che ti ascolta senza interromperti. E se poi l’anima si infiamma, meglio una bella chiacchierata che un trattato di filosofia! Camilla, Giovanni (1550). Discorso sopra il principio e governo dell’huomo. Genova, eredi di Giovanni Maria Farroni. 

Bernardino Camillo (Portogruaro, Venezia, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale. What makes a comparison between Bernardino Camillo and Grice especially illuminating is that both treat reason not as an abstract calculus but as something exercised through structured practices of meaning, memory, and orientation, even though they work at radically different historical and conceptual registers. Camillo’s la ragione conversazionale is embodied in his utopian teatro della memoria, where knowledge is laid out spatially and symbolically so that reason operates by guided movement, association, and recognition: the subject stands at the center and meaning unfolds around him through images that order the scibile umano into a cosmological, mnemonic architecture. Reason here is not deduction but navigation, a disciplined wandering through symbols that mirrors the order of creation and presupposes a shared human capacity for associative understanding. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning is, mutatis mutandis, a demythologized and linguistic version of this same insight: meaning arises not from codes alone but from the rational activity of agents who position themselves within a shared space of expectations, intentions, and recognitions. Where Camillo builds a wooden edifice modeled on Vitruvius to archive knowledge visually, Grice posits an invisible architecture of conversational principles, implicatures, and shared rational norms that allow speakers to move beyond what is said to what is meant. Camillo’s symbolic images function as a universal key to memory and knowledge; Grice’s implicatures function as a universal key to understanding how finite utterances can communicate more than their literal content. In both, reason is practical, situated, and relational: it works by guiding participants through an ordered field—whether mnemonic or conversational—whose coherence depends on shared human rationality, and in both cases memory and personal identity are not incidental but central, since to navigate Camillo’s theatre or Grice’s conversational space one must recognize oneself as the same reason‑using subject persisting across symbolic or conversational moves. Grice: “I like C.!” Umanista. ate imita natura e per il vagheggiato progetto utopistico del teatro della memoria o della sapienza, edificio ligneo costruito secondo il modello di VITRUVIO in cui s’archivia, tramite un sistema di associazioni mnemoniche per immagini, l'intero scibile umano, un progetto culturale precursore dell’enciclopedia. Dei LIVIANI. Conosce Bembo, Aretino e Tiziano. Dedicato alla filosofia della lingua del CROTONE e della filosofia neo-platonica dell’ACCADEMIA. Conosce a Roma Egidio COLONNA da Viterbo.  Sviluppa l'idea di rappresentare la conoscenza come un TEATRO dove, a differenza del teatro tradizionale, in cui lo spettatore si siede in platea e lo spettacolo si svolge sul palco, egli stesso si trova al centro del palco e lo spettacolo gli si dispiega intorno. Dal palco, infatti, si dipartino sette gradini, ognuno dei quali era contrassegnato con una diversa immagine -- primo grado, convivio, antro, gorgone, Pasifae, Prometeo -- e ciascuno suddiviso in sette parti, corrispondenti ai sette pianeti -- luna, Mercurio, Marte, Giove, Sole, Saturno, Venere. Ognuna delle quarantanove intersezioni che risultavano è contrassegnata da un'altra immagine mnemonica desunta dalla mitologia, immagine come SIMBOLO, che rappresenta una parte dello scibile umano. Edificio della memoria, rappresentante l'ordine della verità e i diversi stadi della creazione, un’enciclopedia del sapere e insieme l'immagine del cosmo. In questo progetto si avvertono la tensione verso il sapere universale e la conoscenza del creato, nonché gli influssi della filosofia ermetica e cabalistica iniziata da PICO.  È comunque improbabile che un tale TEATRO è stato costruito. La sua figura non convenzionale e le sue idee particolarissime gli attirarono l'ammirazione di molti ma anche l'ostilità di altri, ed egli venne definito sia un genio sia un ciarlatano. La sua stessa persona era circondata da un alone di mistero, e anche la morte avvenne in circostanze poco chiare. implicatura, chiave universale, deutero-esperanto, memoria ed identita personale. Grice: Caro Camillo, quel tuo teatro della memoria mi incuriosisce. Ma davvero pensi che basti salire sette gradini per ricordare tutto l’universo? Camillo: Grice, se basta a non dimenticare dove ho messo le chiavi, lo considero già un miracolo! In fondo, ogni gradino è una scusa per fermarsi e ammirare il panorama del sapere. Grice: Ma se lo spettacolo ruota attorno a te, non rischi di diventare narcisista invece che sapiente? Io, per esempio, preferisco restare tra il pubblico e annotare implicature. Camillo: Caro Grice, fa’ come vuoi: ma ricorda che nel mio teatro chi dimentica la memoria resta chiuso fuori senza biglietto. E allora, a quel punto, nemmeno la tua implicatura potrà salvarti dalla fila! Camillo, Bernardino (1564). L’Idea del Teatro. Venezia, Francesco Marcolini.

Riccardo Campa (Presicce, Lecce, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’elogio della stoltizia. Grice and Riccardo Campa converge on the idea that meaning in conversation is governed by reason, but they illuminate complementary aspects of that governance. For Grice, conversational meaning is structured by rational expectations shared by interlocutors: what is said is shaped, supplemented, or displaced by what is meant through implicatures that arise from the assumption that speakers are cooperative, orderly, and intelligible reasoners. Rationality here is procedural and regulative: it provides the norms by which departures from literal meaning become intelligible rather than chaotic. Campa, by contrast, foregrounds the reflexive and cultural dimension of that same rationality, especially through the paradoxical figure of stoltizia. In his treatment of the elogio della stoltizia, Campa shows that conversational reason does not operate merely by eliminating folly but by metabolizing it, allowing stupidity, irony, paradox, and even unfaithfulness to function as meaningful moves within a shared symbolic economy. Where Grice analyzes how reason constrains what can be responsibly implied, Campa emphasizes how reason tolerates, stages, and even exploits forms of apparent irrationality as socially productive and culturally legible. Stoltizia becomes, in Campa’s hands, not the negation of reason but one of its indirect instruments, a way in which conversation sustains itself by permitting non-optimal, excessive, or playful moves that are nonetheless recognizably governed. Read together, Grice supplies the analytic machinery that explains how such moves are intelligible at all, while Campa illustrates how that machinery operates in historically dense, rhetorically flamboyant, and culturally self-aware contexts, where the implicature of folly can itself become a rational strategy. Grice: “You gotta love C.; he has a gift for unusual metaphors: la fantasmagoria della parola, -- my favourite has to be his conjunct, ‘stupidity and unfaithfulness!’ --  Grice: “Philosophy runs out of names: there are British philosophers G. R. Grice and Grice, and Itallian philosophers R. Campa, and R. Campa.” Riccardo Campa  Nota disambigua.svg DisambiguazioneSe stai cercando il sociologo, vedi Riccardo Campa (sociologo).  Riccardo Campa con il premio Nobel Eugenio Montale, filosofo. Storico della filosofia italiano, la cui indagine teorica si è incentrata sulla relazione fra la cultura umanistica e la cultura scientifica, delineando il percorso storico della cultura occidentale, in particolare nell'ambito europeo-latinoamericano Biblioteca delle idee, sotto Montale e condirettore responsabile del Antologia, nel quale ha pubblicato saggi o; fondata sulla ragione che lo descrive.»  A Bologna tene corsi di storia delle dottrine politiche, storia della filosofia, diritto politico.  Ammum homhvbi»addere.  x i v» i n b: llis mx» n-m vim habere. Vti  A B6VMET, ytietiamtn regendis Rebm pu~ hllLU,. Et commodifmum etfe ' tam  conferuandaquam recuptra,- di, iibertatu remedium Gloria bonoris inflrumentum.  Wferiarum vitahuman opti»   tnumcondtmentum x i x. Fontem.UtitU ac bUaritatu ap. L Duicem et dmakikm ejfe de qu4   msagimiu stultittam Faettsfimiltarem.  uu Nu nonlttstrarum&morum   Miagiftris.  i v. Maxtm^TadagogU. j ltew<L Grammatick Vulgatibus. vi. Librorum Scriptoribm Aftrologis. Magis-KccromAnticis et Diui-  natofibus. ix. tuforibus,   x. Htigantibus  x i Chymic sjeu Akbymiftis. 1*4; A'rg vment Capit. Venatoribus. Attcupibus. Pifcatmbus. Labric Antibus. Ambitiofo  rvM. antibus. Amantibus Hofientibus. Vriuilegiatts. iiiam Safritn la stoltizia. Stoltus, stoltizia, stolto, stolto per Christo, pazzia, moria, enkoniom moirae ovvero laus stoltitiae. Grice: Campa, dimmi la verità, tra tutte le bizzarrie filosofiche, come ti è venuto in mente di elogiare la stoltizia? Nemmeno Erasmo sarebbe arrivato a tanto se avesse avuto la tua fantasia lessicale. Campa: Grice, la stoltizia ha i suoi vantaggi! A volte, più sei stolto, più ti chiamano maestro. La parola gira come una fantasmagoria, e il filosofo si ritrova felice, anche senza capire un’acca. Grice: In effetti, tra “stolto per Cristo” e “stolti per la gloria”, la filosofia sembra sempre una festa dove chi pensa troppo viene mandato a casa presto. Forse è questa la vera saggezza? Campa: Esatto! Meglio una risata stolta che mille silenzi saggi. E se ci danno il Nobel per la stoltizia, ti offro una granita di Presicce e brindiamo alla gloria della follia umana! Campa, Riccardo (1967). Indici per autori e per materie della Nuova Antologia dal 1951 al 1965. Roma: Nuova Antologia.

Giovan Domenico Campanella (Stilo, Reggio Calabria, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del katùndi dialit, utopia italiana PIROTESE, DEUTERO-ESPERANTO. Grice and Giovan Domenico Campanella can be read as converging, across centuries, on a conception of meaning in conversation as fundamentally reason-governed, though they articulate that governance at very different levels of abstraction and aspiration. Grice’s theory treats conversational meaning as emerging from rational coordination among interlocutors, where implicatures arise because speakers are presumed to be cooperative, benevolent, and oriented toward efficient understanding; reason functions here as a regulative principle that constrains what is sayable, suggestible, and responsibly inferable. Campanella, by contrast, projects conversational reason onto an explicitly utopian and semiotic canvas: in the Città del Sole, meaning is governed not only by rational economy but by a systematic ethos of love, benevolence, and shared epistemic purpose, materially inscribed in walls, symbols, and an artificial philosophical language designed to reduce ambiguity and enhance intelligibility. Where Grice reconstructs the implicit norms already operative in ordinary talk, Campanella seeks to institutionalize and amplify those norms, embedding them in a planned linguistic and social order in which misunderstanding is minimized by design rather than merely repaired by implicature. Grice’s implicature explains how communication succeeds despite looseness, metaphor, and underdeterminacy; Campanella’s project aims to re-engineer language so that such underdeterminacy is itself rationally managed through grammatical, dialectical, and rhetorical principles aligned with human cognition and communal life. Seen this way, Campanella’s linguistic utopia anticipates a maximalized version of Gricean conversational benevolence, while Grice’s theory can be read as the minimalist, non-utopian account of how something like Campanella’s solar reason already operates, quietly and fallibly, within ordinary human conversation. Grice: “One has to take C. seriously; admittedly, an Oxonian will focus on More, but C. is closer to Plato! I especially like that the walls of the city of “Sol, a proper name for the prince, not the sun! – have all the semiotic elements of the semiotic systems by which the ‘solari’ communicate. C. designs a very Griceian model based on efficiency and LOVE! There’s ibenevolence everywhere. Ideed, it is C.’s Sol’s City that I was thinking when inventing the principle of conversational benevolence to be spoken in the City of Eternal Truth! One of the most important of the Italian philosophers, I enjoy his philosophical poem. Filosofa su una lingua artificiale capace d’una maggiore esattezza espressiva dalla naturale. Philosophia sensibus demonstrata, del senso delle cose, sensista, animista mistico. de philosophicæ linguæ institutione, Filosofia razionale grammatica dialectica retorica poetica historiographia iuxta propria principia decalogo. Siquis linguam philosophice constituere vellet formare literas debet consimiles instrumentis: sufficientes absque variatione in copula vocalium cum consonantibus imponere nomina ex rerum natura proprietatibus verba omnia ex nominibus derivare unius coniugationis omnia excepto substantivo omnia tempora omnibus tribuere ordinare ea ex actibus essendi existendi operandi agendi patiendi participia praeteriti praesentis futuri activa passiva actualia potentialia pronomina omnia iuxta omnes species suas: non dissidentia adverbia ex modis locis temporibus circunstantiis actuum addere adnomia vero ex circunstantiis respectibus coniunctiones temporales locales sociales dissociales continuativas conditionales casus articulos æquivoca synonima metaphoras rebus proprium vocabulum tollat confussionem quas videtur pulcracum vitium utopia lingua artificiale perfetta inventata per megliorar la volgare grammaticalium highway code Campanelliana civitas solis Taprobane Sri Lanka. Salmon Keble. Grice: Campanella, se davvero la tua Città del Sole funziona grazie alla benevolenza, allora dovresti brevettare il principio e distribuirlo nei bar di Oxford – qui la cortesia va a giorni alterni! Campanella: Grice, nella mia utopia basta un sorriso e la conversazione diventa luminosa come il sole di Calabria! Altro che bar inglesi: qui si parla la lingua dell’amore, non solo quella del tè. Grice: Ma dimmi, se un abitante della Città del Sole si perde tra le metafore grammaticali, lo aiutate con una bussola filosofica o lo lasciate girare finché trova la benevolenza per conto suo? Campanella: Grice, qui nessuno si perde davvero – ogni strada porta a una conversazione, ogni muro ha parole incise e ogni errore è solo un modo divertente per imparare il codice della felicità. Se passi da Stilo, la benevolenza è inclusa nel prezzo del caffè! Campanella, Giovan Domenico (1602). Città del Sole. Frankfurt, Johann Wechel. 

Gaio Canio: la filosofia romana sotto il principato di Caligola -- il portico a Roma – Canio and Grice articulate two historically distant but structurally resonant ways of linking reason, conduct, and meaning, with Canio offering an exemplary ethical posture and Grice providing its later analytic reconstruction at the level of conversation. For Canio, as reported by Seneca and transmitted by Boethius, reason shows itself not primarily in argument or doctrine but in comportment: his calm acceptance of death under Caligula is itself a meaningful act, governed by Stoic rationality and intelligible to others precisely because it conforms to a shared understanding of what it is to live, speak, and act according to reason. The significance of Canio’s words and silences depends on a tacit social competence in reading intention, dignity, and moral orientation, even in extremis. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning makes explicit the structure underlying such intelligibility: meaning arises because speakers and hearers assume rational cooperation, benevolence, and relevance, and can therefore infer what is meant from what is said or done. Where Canio embodies Stoic reason as a lived maxim, Grice redescribes reason as the normative framework that governs interpretive uptake, allowing actions, utterances, and even deliberate understatement to count as communicative moves. Canio’s Sententiae stoicae thus exemplify, without theorizing it, the very phenomenon Grice later analyzes: that rational agents can make themselves understood, and even admired, not by explicit assertion, but by conduct whose meaning is recoverable through shared expectations of reason. -- filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Porch philosopher, martyred in the reign of CALIGULA  and mentioned by BOEZIO in his Consolazione della filosofia. Member of the Porch. One of those who opposed Caligola. When Caligola ordered C. to be executed, C. is said to to have thanked him, and to have gone to meet his death calmly and without apparent concern. He is admired for his exemplary demeanour by Seneca and BOEZIO. GRICEVS: Canive, cum Caligula te ad necem vocaret, num gratias egisti quia tandem tibi concessit “exitum” sine disputatione? CANIVS: Ita vero, Grice, nam princeps putavit se me punire, ego autem putavi eum mihi otiosum diem donare. GRICEVS: At Stoicus “in porticu” semper docet nihil timendum esse, sed num etiam carnificem inter amicos numeras? CANIVS: Si carnifex mihi viam ad tranquillitatem aperit, eum saluto ut ianitorem, non ut hostem, atque id ipsum Caligula numquam intellexit. Canio, Gaio (a. u. c. DCCXCII–DCCXCIII). Sententiae stoicae. Roma.

Remo Carlo Cantoni (Gropello Cairoli, Pavia, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale il Kant fascista, Filosofia fascista. l’implicatura conversazionale delle literae humaniores, Romolo e Remo; ovvero, il mito e la storia. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Cantoni’s philosophical anthropology converge on a shared refusal to treat rationality as a purely formal or disembodied faculty, yet they diverge in where they locate its operative center. For Grice, rationality is enacted in conversation through cooperative, intention‑sensitive practices: meaning is reason‑governed because speakers design utterances to be intelligible against shared expectations, norms, and purposes, and conversational implicatures are recoverable precisely because interlocutors assume rational agency at work. Cantoni, by contrast, relocates rationality earlier and deeper, in what he calls primitivo thought: a syncretic rationality in which myth, affect, pleasure, eros, and cognition are fused rather than hierarchically separated. Where Grice analytically decomposes meaning into what is said and what is implicated, Cantoni treats myth itself as carrying a non‑arbitrary rationality, fused in an affective crucible, so that the distinction Grice carefully draws between explicit content and implicature is, for Cantoni’s anthropology, historically and psychologically unavailable to the primitive mind. The Romolo e Remo myth becomes emblematic: for Grice it is readable as a cultural narrative whose significance can be conversationally reconstructed—myth as implying values, norms, and exclusions within a rational practice—while for Cantoni it exemplifies a world in which myth and history are not yet disentangled, and meaning operates without the reflective distance presupposed by conversational calculation. In this sense, Grice’s reason is procedural and dialogical, governing how meanings are responsibly inferred within Literae Humaniores practices, whereas Cantoni’s reason is anthropological and tragic, governing how human sense‑making arises before explicit differentiation between mythic implication and historical assertion; both preserve rationality, but one locates it in conversational governance, the other in the primordial continuity of human culture itself. Grice: “You gotta love C.; I call him the Italian Hampshire! C. philosophises on ‘anthropology’ and he has not the least interest in past philosophies, only contemporary! Oddly, he reclaims the good use of primitivo, meaning originario, and philosophises on pleasure and com-placent, on seduction and eros. It is most interesting that he reclaims umano, when dealing with anthropology, as he considers the disumano, and the crisi dell’uomo, and also the desagio dell’uomo. He philosophises on the complex concept of the tragico and he dared translate my métier and Fichte’s bestimmung as la missione dell’uomo! Like other Italian philosophers he jokes at trouser words and philosophises on what Socrates actually said! My favourite is his treatise on Remo and Romolo. In opposizione allo storicismo idealistico di CROCE s’occupa di cultura e storia usando contaminazioni sociologiche e antropologiche, promotore dell'antropologia culturale. Studia a Milano sotto BANFI. Conosce Sereni e Formaggio. Define primitivo quel pensiero sincretico che non distingue nettamente tra mito e realtà, tra affezione e razionalità. primitivo assume una valenza psicologica più che antropologica. Pensiero dei primitivi, preludio ad un'antropologia. Il pensiero mitico non è arbitrario e caotico, ma pervaso di una RAZIONALITÀ fusa in un crogiuolo affettivo. Una delle differenze tra il pensiero moderno e quello primitivo consiste nel fatto che il pensiero moderno ha una chiara coscienza della relazione e dell'intreccio delle varie forme culturali tra loro e può sempre transitare da una all'altra quando lo voglia; mentre noi sappiamo, ad esempio, che v'è un conflitto. Romolo e Remo; ovvero, il mito e la storia, filosofo, mito e storia, implicatura mitica, la morte di Remo, prejudices and predilections, umano, preludio a un’antropologia, umano, umanismo, literae  Humaniores – literæ Humaniores – Lit. Hum.  il primitivo. Il mito di Remo. Grice: Cantoni, se tu sei il Kant fascista, allora Romolo e Remo sono i veri fondatori delle Literae Humaniores? O forse solo delle scorribande!Cantoni: Grice, se vuoi sapere la verità, il pensiero primitivo non distingue tra mito e realtà – forse per questo Remo non ha mai capito se doveva stare dalla parte della storia o solo del mito. Ma almeno si divertiva!Grice: Vedi, Cantoni, io amo il tuo modo di filosofare sull’umano e sul disumano. Ma hai mai pensato che la crisi dell’uomo si risolve solo davanti a una pizza? Preferibilmente con extra olive, come facevano i primitivi.Cantoni: Grice, la missione dell’uomo è sopravvivere alle storie di Romolo e Remo e alle crisi esistenziali – se poi c’è una pizza, meglio ancora. Alla fine, la literae humaniores dovrebbe insegnare anche come ordinare il dessert! Cantoni, Remo Carlo (1939). Il mito di Remo. Milano, Edizioni di Cultura. 

Aldo Capitini (Perugia, Umbria): la  ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Capitini’s philosophy of compresenza partage a striking ethical‑dialogical core, but articulate it at different levels of abstraction and commitment. For Grice, conversational rationality is procedural: meanings, including implicatures, are generated and recovered because speakers and hearers tacitly presuppose cooperative rational agency, shared aims, and responsiveness to reasons; the “we” of conversation is a working assumption that allows inferential coordination without metaphysical inflation. Capitini radicalizes this pragmatic presupposition into an existential and moral paradigm: his compresenza conversazionale is not merely the background condition for intelligibility, but the very site where the self comes into being—“io nasco quando dico tu”—so that address, response, and nonviolence are constitutive of meaning itself. Where Grice analytically distinguishes what is said from what is implicated, Capitini compresses this distinction into the ethical immediacy of the tu and the noi, treating the second person not as a conversational role but as a normative summons. Both resist solipsism and both ground reason in interaction rather than interior monologue; yet Grice’s reason remains methodological and defeasible, governing how meanings are responsibly inferred in ordinary talk, whereas Capitini’s reason is openly normative and transformative, binding truth, nonmenzogna, and presence into a lived practice of dialogue. In that sense, Capitini reads Gricean implicature at its ethical limit: the conversational “we” is no longer just an inferential convenience but an obligation, a standing demand that reason appear in the form of address, recognition, and nonviolent coexistence. Grice: “I love C.: his idea, or paradigma, as he prefers, echoing Plato and Kuhn, of compresenza conversazionale is genial and Griceian! C. abbreviates all my pragmatics in the ‘tu’ – or ‘noi,’ – “I am born when I say ‘thou,’ translated alla Buber. What more conversationally implicaturish can THEE be? I’m using West-Country puritan patois!”. Nonviolento. Dell'istituto per ragionieri, Studia i classici latini e greci, studiando da autodidatta anche dodici ore al giorno, dando così inizio al suo ininterrotto lavoro di approfondimento interiore e filosofico.  In questi anni legge autori e libri molto diversi tra loro, su cui forma la propria cultura letteraria e filosofica: Annunzio, Marinetti, Boine, Slataper, Jahier, Leopardi, Manzoni, Gobetti, Michelstaedter, Assisi, Mazzini. Nonviolento. Studia a Pisa. Ccritica aspramente il Concordato, da lui giudicato una merce di scambio per ottenere un atteggiamento morbido nei confronti del fascismo. Se c’è una cosa che noi dobbiamo al fascismo è di aver chiarito che la religione è una cosa diversa dall'istituzione. Vegetariano come conseguenza della scelta di non uccidere, e ogni suo pasto alla mensa della Normale diventa un comizio efficace e silenzioso, in opposizione alla violenza del regime fascista.  Con BAGLIETTO promuove tra gli studenti della Scuola Normale riunioni serali dove diffonde e discute scritti sulla nonviolenza e la nonmenzogna. Allorché Baglietto, recatosi all'estero con una borsa di studio, rifiuta di tornare in Italia in quanto obiettore di coscienza al servizio militare, scoppia lo scandalo e GENTILE, Gentile, per reazione, chiede a C. l'iscrizione al partito fascista. C. rifiuta e Gentile ne decide il licenziamento. Socialista. Religióne aperta, messa all'indice. Fa d’Assisi i suoi maestro. il noi, l’io, il tu, un tu, la compresenza conversazionale – il noi conversazionale – il noi duale – la diada conversazionale – praesentis – praesentia – presenza -- diada e compresenza – “io” e “non-io” – io e tu – Hegel. Du, Thou, I and Thou, Buber, The ‘we’, -- the dual ‘us’ – both, entrambi noi.  Grice: Capitini, vieni, siediti al tavolo con me. Se davvero “io nasco quando dico tu”, allora oggi sono rinato almeno tre volte! Capitini: Grice, vedi, è tutta questione di compresenza: qui siamo “noi”, e il mio vegetarismo non ti impedirà di assaporare la conversazione. Basta che non ordini bistecche, che poi la presenza si trasforma in dibattito! Grice: Ma ti dirò, Capitini, ogni volta che qualcuno dice “noi”, a Oxford partono gli allarmi filosofici. Qui invece, sento che il “tu” ha la stessa forza di una pizza margherita appena sfornata. Capitini: Grice, allora la prossima volta che passi per Perugia, ricordati che qui la compresenza fa bene anche alla digestione. E se ti chiedono “chi sei?”, rispondi semplicemente “sono il tu di qualcuno” – vedrai che nessuno ti mette all’indice! Capitini, Aldo (1937). Elementi di un’esperienza religiosa. Firenze, Vallecchi. 

Antonio Capizzi (Genova, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della topografia di VELIA. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Capizzi’s reconstruction of ancient Italic sapiential practices converge on a shared refusal of interiorist, purely cognitive accounts of meaning, yet they diverge in scale and anchoring. For Grice, conversational meaning is governed by rational expectations embedded in cooperative interaction: meaning arises from speaker intentions constrained by publicly recognized norms, maxims, and the tacit orientation toward intelligible response. Capizzi radicalizes this insight historically and topographically, relocating conversational rationality from abstract agents to concrete civic settings such as Velia, where dialogue is inseparable from place, political structure, and communal memory. Where Grice analyses implicature as a formally reconstructible outcome of rational coordination between interlocutors, Capizzi treats conversation as an inter‑subjective practice embedded in the life of the polis, shaped by oral transmission, public address, and the tragic‑comic unity of λόγος and βίος. Both resist dossographic atomization: Grice by dissolving meaning into use and rational action rather than semantic objects, Capizzi by dissolving fragmentary doctrines into dialogical, city‑bound practices that presuppose an answer. In this sense, Capizzi’s “ragione conversazionale” anticipates Grice’s implicature not as a formal device but as a lived, spatially situated rationality, where meaning is always already oriented toward uptake by others—whether across the table of an Oxford common room or through the symbolic gate of Parmenides at Velia. Grice: “You gotta love C., the type of philosophical intellectual we do not have at Oxford, where it is clever to be dumb! C. knows almost everything! His ‘Parmenids’s door’ is genial, and so is his philosophy on Roman philosophy, il colosso romano, Catone, Roma madre, Roma e Sparta. But my favourite is his tract on conversational implicature which he entitles, in a most Italianate manner, pell’attualismo del dialogo’.” Studia sotto CARABELLESE, SPIRITO e CALOGERO. Insegna a Roma. Si contraddistingue pel studio filologico dei filosofi italici di VELIA, Crotone, GIRGENTI e Roma. Contesta le ricostruzioni che attribuisceno validità storica all’nterpretazione dossografica del lizio. Collabora con GENTILI nello sforzo d’inserire i sapienti italici nelle tematiche concernenti le città, il pubblico, il committente, l'evoluzione delle strutture sociali, il trapasso dalla tradizione orale alla società.  Stidoa la sapienza itala arcaica, e contesta la narrazione dei italici fatta dal lizio, un colossale equivoco dei grammatici alessandrini, protrassero una falsificazione del pre-logismo italo, mito antropomorfico, diffusione della filosofia e di COLLI sulla sapienza pre-filosofica, la dimensione politica negl’enigmatici frammenti dei sapienti itali. Ogni volta che si studiano filosofi italici, occorra privilegiare il rapporto tra ogni singolo filosof e la sua singola città: VELIA. Passa dal presupposto interioristico e cogitativistico dell’attualismo all’inter-sggetivito della comunicazione protesa verso una risposta: dialogo o conversazione. Filosofico tragico-comico struttura unitaria a priori della realtà. Pioppo eliade. I retorici non trasmetteno le metafore botaniche della polis itala. Qualis populea moerens philomela VIRGILIO Georg.. nidos philomela Cassiod. Var. . Oppian. Hal.  PLINIO. Le metafore nei versi del figlio di VELIA la scuola di Velia. VELINO, sono/fui, il latino no necesita il verbo divenire, perche usa la radice de fui-. +l’adolescenziale veliatichi, veliadi meleagridi, pandionidi veliatico eliadico meleagride pandionide fieri, in esse in fieri. Grice: Capizzi, la tua topografia di Velia mi ha fatto venire voglia di prendere un treno per la Magna Grecia, ma temo che alla stazione mi chiedano il senso dell’essere prima del biglietto! Capizzi: Grice, niente paura: a Velia basta varcare la porta di Parmenide e già sei dentro la filosofia, anche senza biglietto! Qui ogni pietra racconta storie e ogni pioppo sogna di diventare filosofo. Grice: Ma dimmi, Capizzi, se il dialogo attualista è così vivo, perché allora i grammatici alessandrini si ostinavano a raccontare favole invece di conversare tra loro come due veliadi al bar? Capizzi: Grice, forse perché preferivano la narrazione dossografica all’inter-soggettivo: a Velia, invece, ogni conversazione è una partita di ping-pong tra sapienza e ironia – e se perdi, almeno ti resta la metafora del pioppo tra le mani! Capizzi, Antonio (1955). Protagora. Le testimonianze e i frammenti. Edizione riveduta ed ampliata con uno studio su la vita, le opere, il pensiero e la fortuna. Firenze: G. C. Sansoni. Pubblicazioni dell’Istituto di Filosofia dell’Università di Roma.

Giuseppe Capocasale (Montemurro, Potenza, Basilicata): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei segni di dialettica. Grice’s account of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Capocasale’s treatment of the “vero principio della ragione” intersect at the level of rational regulation of discourse, but they differ sharply in orientation and ambition. For Grice, rationality in conversation is unitary and procedural: it consists in a shared, defeasible commitment to making one’s contribution intelligible in light of what others can reasonably expect, with conversational implicature emerging as a by‑product of that cooperative rational discipline rather than as a separate semantic layer. Capocasale, by contrast, multiplies principles of reason by refracting them through dialectical signs, truth‑talk, and semiological distinctions inherited from Roman philosophy and Vichian sematology. Where Grice deliberately brackets “vero” as a semantic primitive and resists turning truth into a governing conversational operator, Capocasale treats truth as a trouser‑word through which different rational principles manifest themselves in signs such as tears, gestures, or dialectical figures, understood not as natural causes but as arbitrarily instituted signa. From a Gricean perspective, Capocasale is less concerned with communication as such than with the classificatory logic of signs, yet what he effectively theorizes is a historically inflected form of conversational implicature: the way rational expectations license hearers to move from a sign to an unspoken conclusion. Thus, while Capocasale speaks of multiple principles of reason and stays within a semiological vocabulary, his analyses converge with Grice’s insight that meaning in discourse is governed not by inner states or natural correlations but by publicly shareable norms that make it reasonable, in context, to infer more than is strictly said. Grice: “You gotta love C.; my favourite is his ‘corso filosofico,’ which the monks rendered as ‘CVRSVS PHILOSOPHICVS,’ almost alla Witters! Capocasale multiplies the principles of reason – I thought there was just one – On top, he uses the trouser-word, ‘vero,’ – so he thinks he is philosophising about the ‘vero principio della ragione,’ or its plural! In fact, he is philosophising about conversational implicature!” Figlio di Lorenzo e Maria Lucca, sin da ragazzino aiuta il padre nel suo mestiere di fabbro ferraio. Nel tempo libero si dedica alla filosofia, mostrando grande attitudine nella filosofia romana antica in particolare. Con la morte del padre, avvenuta quando C. aveva 15 anni, visse tra Corleto Perticara, Stigliano e San Mauro Forte, procurandosi da vivere come insegnante privato, dedicandosi contemporaneamente allo studio della filosofia e del diritto.  Studia a Napoli. Insegna a Napoli,  diritto di natura e delle genti: i suoi teoremi, di stampo lockiano, ebbero una certa risonanza, tanto da essere citati da filosofi come FIORENTINO, GENTILE, e GARIN. Alcuni suoi discepoli divennero importanti personalità culturali del tempo come Iavarone, Quadrari, Scorza, Arcieri e Mazzarella. Sematologia VICO dialettica, assoc: una furtiva lagrima/m’ama:  a sign of sadness or love. The kind of sign that an idea or conception of the soul, or rivelazione of the animus are related with are arbitrario ad placitum not a natural causal sign or nature. The correlation segnans/segnato may be imitativa or iconic or associativa. A sign is not essentially connected with the purpose of communication (smoke means fire, spots mean measles, a tear means love. Grice is into ‘communication,’ not sign as such, a theory of communication, not a semeiotic. C  does not expand on the intricacies of the cocodrile’s tears, the fake tear or frown because he is not interested, but it woud just add a footnote to his comment on ‘lacrima’ being a ‘signum’ traestitiae. Grice: Capocasale, ma tu moltiplichi davvero i principi della ragione? Io al massimo riesco a trovarne uno, e già mi pare di aver vinto la lotteria filosofica!Capocasale: Grice, se la ragione fosse come i ferri che mio padre modellava, sapresti che ogni principio si piega a modo suo. Basta una lacrima, ed ecco un segno nuovo per la dialettica!Grice: Allora, dimmi, una furtiva lagrima è segno di tristezza o d’amore? Qui a Oxford, le lacrime sono sempre semeiotiche… ma mai convincenti!Capocasale: Grice, a Montemurro una lacrima può essere anche segno di fame! La filosofia, come il fabbro, segna il vero dove il cuore decide. Tra una dialettica e una lagrima, meglio una buona conversazione che un falso pianto! Capocasale, Giuseppe (1864). Corso filosofico. Napoli, Tipografia di G. Nobile. 

Giacomo Capocci (Viterbo, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del significare e santificare: -- Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Capocci’s sacramental account of signification intersect at the point where meaning is understood not as a mere causal or semantic linkage but as an act governed by volition, recognition, and communal norms. For Grice, conversational meaning arises when a speaker intentionally produces an utterance under rational constraints aimed at uptake by an interlocutor, with implicature emerging from what it is reasonable for others to infer given shared principles of cooperation. Capocci, working within a theological and sacramental framework, treats signification as a practice in which signs do not merely indicate but actively orient the will toward sanctification: the sacrament “segna” and “santifica” not by natural necessity but through a sign whose efficacy depends on love, intention, and grace. While Grice sharply distinguishes communication from mere signhood and resists naturalizing meaning into causal symbols, Capocci similarly insists that signs—such as the aureola or the sacramental rite—do not operate automatically but require a responsive will and a communal framework of interpretation. In Gricean terms, Capocci’s sacramental semiotics can be read as a historically inflected analogue of conversational implicature: the sign licenses certain inferences and transformations only insofar as participants recognize and endorse the rational‑practical norms governing its use. Thus, despite their different metaphysical commitments, both Grice and Capocci converge on the idea that meaning is neither private nor mechanically given, but arises from reason‑guided practices oriented toward response—whether that response is epistemic uptake in conversation or moral‑spiritual transformation through sanctifying signs.-- il sacramento SEGNA grazia e sanctifica grazia. Grice: “I like C.; he is a Griceian; he opposed AQUINO on the dependence of will and intellectus – surely they are independent, and possibly the will is more basic! La ‘volonta,’ as the Italians call it!  That’s how I shall call him; others favour “Giacomo da Viterbo. Essential Italian philosopher!” Studia a Viterbo. Insegna a Napoli. dottore speculativo. De regimine christiano. Teocrazia potere temporale del cesare e il suo stato. de praedicamentis de peccatorum distinctione there are surely more than seven sins – Multiply sins beyond necessity. C. si raffigura con un’aureola, segno naturale alla Perice del santo. Sententiarum quaestiones Parisius de animatione caeli de verbo In Sententiarum COLONNA De perfectione specierum confessio episcopali officio devotes. Carita is informed by GRAZIA. For CICERONE religio, a species of justice, is worship owed to il divino, a sign of submission. There can be no worship without AMOR. Il lizio concedes a happy man would NOT be most beloved of il divino if he did not love il divino by making him the object of his theorising. A science based on REASON aims for this AMORE in way in which sacred science does not. The study of SCATOLOGIA FILOSOFICA is being, the divino the highest being. Considera il divino solo nella relazione coll'essere. SCATOLOGIA TEOLOGICA considera il divino as its subject and being in relation to it. AOSTA’s distinction amor concupiscientiæ/amicitiæ: desiring an end/wish someone well. Magna Moralia: friendship, a form of community of life that cannot obtain between a mortal and il divino -- possible through GRAZIA. capo circonfuso da aureola.  Insomma, dalla pur brevissima disamina effettuata, ci si rende conto di quanto la cultura occidentale e quella orientale, dopo tutto, non siano poi così distanti. Le testimonianze figurative nate dalle rispettive pratiche cultuali ne costituiscono un memorandum preziosissimo. peccatum – sin – holiness – aureola segno naturale del santo. Grice: Capocci, mi dica, ma il sacramento segna davvero la grazia, oppure serve solo a santificare chi sa leggere il segno? Capocci: Ah, Grice, il segno non fa mai tutto il lavoro! Senza la volontà, il segno resta sospeso come una aureola che non trova testa. Santificare è questione di grazia… e di saper cogliere il momento! Grice: Quindi secondo lei, se uno moltiplica i peccati oltre il necessario, rischia di finire con un’aureola troppo pesante da portare? Capocci: Grice, per esperienza posso dire che la testa del santo regge tutto, anche una aureola XXL. Ma attenzione: senza amore, neanche il segno più luminoso riesce a santificare davvero. Alla fine, anche i santi preferiscono una conversazione simpatica a un sermone infinito! Capocci, Giacomo. (1285). De regimine christiano. Napoli: Tipografia della Curia. 

Andrea Emo Capodilista (Battaglia Terme, Padova, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e ll’implicatura conversazionale -- in principio era la conversazione – Grice’s account of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Capodilista’s philosophy of conversation share the conviction that meaning is generated neither by abstract systems nor by collective imposition, but by concrete intersubjective encounter governed by rational norms, even while they articulate this insight at different levels. For Grice, conversational meaning is produced through the intentional management of saying and not‑saying under principles such as cooperation and perspicuity, with implicature arising precisely where speakers exploit these rational expectations. Capodilista radicalizes this logic ontologically and ethically: “in principio era la conversazione” is not merely a pragmatic maxim but a metaphysical thesis according to which expression, silence, and the non‑detto precede fixed ideas and institutional language. Where Grice treats conversational dyads as analytically isolable interactions whose rational structure can be reconstructed without appeal to absolutes, Capodilista insists that every conversational dyad presupposes participation in an absolute that cannot be collectivized, institutionalized, or reduced to impersonal universals. Both reject interiorism and semantic atomism: Grice by grounding meaning in public rational accountability between interlocutors, Capodilista by dissolving meaning into the risky, erotic, and dangerous exposure of two subjects confronting one another without mediation by ethical states or abstract communities. In Gricean terms, Capodilista’s emphasis on the non‑detto and on silence as expressive pressure can be read as an ontological intensification of implicature itself: meaning emerges where the word threatens to debase itself, where expression and communication struggle for dominance, and where rational understanding depends not on explicit formulation but on the shared capacity to recognize when the most significant content is deliberately left unsaid.-- filosofia fascista. Grice: “I like C. – good vintage (literally)! C. is difficult to comprehend, but when I was struggling to find examples of implicatura due to exploiting ‘be perspicuous,’ he was whom I was thinking! Keywords in his philosophy are il non-detto, homo eroticus, filosofia dell’espressione, metafisica, equilibrio apolineo-dionisiaco, positivo-negativo.“  Studia a Roma sotto GENTILE. Riflessiona sul nihilismo. Partendo dall’attualismo, giunge a trasformarlo coll’intersoggetivo., il rapporto concreto particolarizato, inter-personale contrapposto all’astrazioni d’un collettivio IMpersonale generalizato (universalita, universabilita, generalita formale/applicazionale/di contenuto --, sia quella esaltata da uno stato etico, la communita, la popolazione, la societa. Una diada conversazionale non e un dato. Una diada conversazionale e solo un rapposro inter-soggettivo.. La diada conversazionale ha bisogno dell'assoluto e pertanto il suo problema è questa partecipazione all'assoluto. Le due uomini – le due maschi della diada conversazionale raggiunge l’assoluto. La sua fede non quella collettivistica-sociale che fa uso della violenza, la forza, e la autorita illegitima, e fallisce. L’intersoggetivo è sempre due nudità. che si fondano sull'amore. La parola si svaluta come la moneta, La parola s’usa e profanare quando non se ne comprende il significato. La conversazione è pericolosa e una anima irriducibile a una conversazione. E così l’idea è pericolosa per una conversazione. Conversazione, espressione, comunicazione e idea tentano continuamente di sopraffarsi. La parole finisce per creare un organismo, un organismo di parole, cioè la frase: L’organismo della frase e del verbo che trasforma . in principio era la conversazione, filosofia fascista, I taccuini del barone Capodilista, il taccuino del barone C. Grice: Capodilista, devo confessare che la tua villa mi ha lasciato senza parole! Se solo potessi costruirne una a Vadum Boem, sarebbe una copia perfetta della tua. La raffinatezza e la cura dei dettagli riflettono un pensiero filosofico che va oltre l’architettura: qui ogni pietra parla di conversazione e di incontro. Capodilista: Grazie, Grice! La villa è nata proprio da un desiderio di creare uno spazio che favorisse il dialogo autentico. Per me, in principio era la conversazione: ogni stanza, ogni angolo, è pensato per ospitare non solo parole, ma anche silenzi che raccontano il non-detto, quell’equilibrio tra positivo e negativo che la filosofia ricerca. Grice: È affascinante come tu riesca a far vivere la filosofia dell’espressione nelle mura della villa! Persino l’atmosfera trasmette quel senso di homo eroticus, di tensione tra apollineo e dionisiaco, che rende ogni conversazione qui più intensa e significativa. Vorrei che a Oxford potessimo imparare a valorizzare così il rapporto intersoggettivo. Capodilista: La conversazione è davvero pericolosa, Grice, come la vita stessa! Ma solo nella nudità dell’incontro tra due uomini si può sfiorare l’assoluto. Se mai costruirai la tua villa a Vadum Boem, ricordati che la vera forza non sta nella pietra, ma nella parola che la anima. E una villa senza conversazione è solo un guscio vuoto. Capodilista, Andrea Emo (1942). I taccuini del barone Capodilista. Battaglia Terme: Tipografia Antoniana. 

Giuseppe Capograssi (Sulmona, L’Aquila, Abruzzo): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale degl’eroi di VICO. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Capograssi’s philosophy of action and law converge on the idea that rationality is not an abstract system imposed on life, but a lived, intersubjective practice in which meaning emerges through intentional engagement among agents. For Grice, conversational meaning is generated by speakers who recognize one another as rational participants, guided by shared expectations of intelligibility and cooperation, so that implicature arises from what it is reasonable to infer given a context of mutual accountability. Capograssi, approaching the matter from the philosophy of law and Vichian historicism, grounds rational meaning in concrete action, where the will of the subject is expressed in deeds that necessarily implicate others, giving rise to norms, authority, and obligation. While Grice analytically separates meaning from force, insisting that understanding depends on rational uptake rather than coercion, Capograssi likewise resists reducing law to mere factual power, arguing that obedience devoid of intention and intersubjective recognition is empty. In both thinkers, meaning is neither purely subjective nor mechanically objective: it is constituted where individual intention meets a shared world of practices. Read Griceanly, Capograssi’s insistence that law exists only where command and response are lived as meaningful can be seen as a juridical analogue of conversational implicature, in which the validity of what is not said explicitly depends on the rational, moral expectations binding agents together. Thus, Grice and Capograssi meet in their shared commitment to a conception of reason that is enacted in practice, oriented toward others, and irreducible to formal systems or sheer force.  Grice: “I love C.; at Oxford we’d call him a lawyer, but the Italians call him a philosopher! My favourite of his tracts is his attempt, linked as he is to the Napoli area, VICO relevant! Oddly, he stresses the Catholic, or RC, as we say at Oxford, rather than the heathen, pagan, side, of this illustrious philosopher who Strawson, along indeed with Speranza -- think as the greatest Italian philosopher that ever lived – I mean, what can be more Italian than VICO?!” Si laurea a Roma con Lo stato e la storia, in cui già affiorano la problematica dell’interrelazione fra individuo, società e stato. Insegna a Roma.  Si centra nell’esperienza giuridica, rivolto alla centralizzazione della volontà del soggetto agente, che si imprime nell'agire stesso, vera fonte d’espressione giuridica e di vita morale. L’agire ha a centro l’intersoggetivo interpersonale rapporto essenziale fra il diritto come esigenza giuridica e la vita filosofia del diritto, altro la tecnica giuridica visione organica totale del reale. autorità; democrazia diretta; diritto valore decentramento autonomia politica Il positivismo giuridico usa la norma fondamentale come principio morale-politico costituente e non si identifica colla fatticità della forza. critica di BOBBIO Il positivismo è così solido perché poggia su presupposti, non sono soltanto dell’potesi di lavoro ma concezione della realtà: il diritto pubblico è forza. Le gius-naturalismo confonde validità e giustificazione e si limita a dire che il diritto esiste indipendentemente dal fatto che è giusto o ingiusto solo quando la norma, oltre che valida, è anche efficace, principio d’effettività. Non si puo mai trarre dal positivismo il principio che il diritto è giusto in quanto è comandato. Il diritto esiste in quanto è comandato e fatto valere colla forza, è giusto e lascia aperto che cosa fonda e legittima il sistema normativo e l’ordinamento giuridico procedura civile potere sociologia culto degl’eroi Hart  forza autorita essere/devere fascismo nazione unificazione medimen obbedenza formale vacua e materiale intenzione inclusa  Aligheri Leopardi Serbati. Grice: Capograssi, a Oxford ti chiamerebbero avvocato, ma tu preferisci filosofo, giusto? Raccontami, come si fa a rendere Vico più cattolico che pagano senza far arrabbiare i napoletani? Capograssi: Grice, basta una buona pizza e qualche eroe vichiano! Qui a Roma, il diritto si mescola col caffè, e ogni norma fondamentale vale più se servita col sorriso. L’intersoggettivo, caro mio, nasce proprio dalla fame di giustizia… e di pastarelle! Grice: Ah, questa sì che è filosofia da tavola! Se Bobbio fosse stato napoletano avrebbe scritto le norme su tovaglioli. Dimmi, secondo te, la forza del diritto sta nella volontà… o nel cornetto al mattino? Capograssi: Grice, il diritto esiste finché c’è qualcuno che lo comanda e qualcun altro che lo obbedisce – ma senza il cornetto nessuno ci crede davvero! Sulmona insegna: tra eroi, poesia e norme, alla fine conta solo chi sa rendere la vita filosofica un po’ più dolce. Capograssi, Giuseppe. (1918). Lo stato e la storia. Roma: Società Editrice Dante Alighieri.

Enrico Caporali (Como, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale a Crotone. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Caporali’s philosophical reconstruction of the Italic–Pythagorean tradition converge in their shared emphasis on rational order emerging from lived practices rather than from abstract systems imposed from above, even if they articulate this insight through different registers. For Grice, conversational meaning is governed by rational principles that regulate how speakers make themselves intelligible to one another, with implicature arising when interlocutors rely on shared expectations to infer what is meant but not said. Caporali, rethinking Pythagoras through the civic and cultural setting of Crotone, translates rational order into numerical, ethical, and communal forms that structure both thought and discourse within a tradition understood as distinctly Italic and unencumbered by metaphysical obscurity. Where Grice treats rationality procedurally, as a set of norms guiding conversational exchange regardless of metaphysical commitments, Caporali embeds rational communication in a symbolic economy of number, myth, and civic memory, where dialogue reflects the harmony between consciousness, will, and life’s practical problems. From a Gricean perspective, Caporali’s appeal to Pythagorean measures and myths can be read as a culturally inflected account of conversational implicature: meanings circulate not solely through explicit doctrines but through what participants reasonably draw from shared forms, narratives, and numerical symbols. Thus, while Caporali frames reason in terms of Italic heritage and Pythagorean structure and Grice frames it in terms of cooperative linguistic practice, both understand meaning as arising from rational participation in a shared world, where what is communicated exceeds what is explicitly articulated. Grice: “You gotta (as they say at Berkeley) love (as they say at Berkeley) C. – typically Italian he dedicates his life to philosophise on Pythagoras (or Pitagora, as he prefers) just because he is ‘italico,’ or ‘Italiano,’ with the capital I that was then in fashion! What I like about C. is that, unlike the 98% of Italian philosoophers, he detests German philosophy, as represented by Muri. See how clear the religion of the Italian anti-clerics is compared to the German obscurity of Muri!’ And right he is, too! “For the Oxonians I always recommend his “epitome di filosofia italiana,’ which, I subtitle it as “From Pythagoras to Pythagoras, and back!” – His three-part tract on Pythagoras (Natura, Uomo, Other) is fascinating – especially the other – he also philosophised on ‘scienza nuova.’” Si laurea a Padova. Studia a Bologna. Studia Crotone, che riconuce, da nazionalista qual è, ad una tradizione itala e latina. La formulazione del numero reale consente di riconoscere la relazione dell'espressione della coscienza e della volontà umane con i problemi della vita. Geografia enciclopedica rispondente al bisogno degl'italiani, Epitome di filosofia itala Vademecum delle persone colte che vogliono diventare filosoficamente italiane natura secondo Crotone uomo secondo Crotone, Crotone confrontata coll’altre scuole. La chiara religione degli anticlericali italiani con la nebbiosa di Murri Vinay, Desanctis, Claudiana. CROCE lo cita con i filosofi protestanti Taglialatela e Mazzarella; Furiozzi politica religione filosofia risorgimento liberale, Mariani, Del sommo filosofo pitagorico C.  Domini Pilone, scrittori degni di fede. Cfr. Ippol. Refut., Euseb..; Aristot. Eliano Inizii leggendarii e storici. Quinto Ennio Sette e scuole di Crotone a Roma. Crotone e le sue dottrine nei filosofi latini. LUCREZIO de rerum natura. Varrone. Appio Claudio Pulcro. CICERONE Somnium Scipionis. Mimi. Orazio Virgilio Ovidio. Eitphorhos. Il sodalizio i Romani Ottaviano implicatura mito scuola di mistica reincarnazione metempsicosi Roma accademia Lizio. Como, Lombardia.  Grice: Enrico, ti vedo sempre immerso nei tuoi pensieri pitagorici. Dimmi, secondo te, a Crotone la ragione conversazionale si misura in numeri primi o multipli? Caporali: Grice, a Crotone ogni conversazione ha il suo numero perfetto! Tra Pitagora e la tradizione itala, basta una battuta per far nascere una teoria. E se invece della sequenza, ci affidassimo al caso? Grice: Ah, il caso! Ma a Oxford ci affidiamo alla logica, anche se alle volte sembra un gioco di dadi. Forse dovremmo importare la tua epitome di filosofia italiana, così magari capiamo qualcosa di più sulla volontà umana, o almeno sul modo in cui gli italiani discutono a tavola. Caporali: Grice, qui la filosofia è come la pastasciutta: ognuno ha la sua ricetta, ma alla fine si mangia tutti insieme! Se Pitagora avesse avuto la tua ironia, forse avrebbe inventato la metempsicosi del ragù. Caporali, Enrico (1920). Epitome di filosofia italiana. Como: Tipografia Sociale. 

Vincenzo Cappelletti (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’entellechia – izzing and hazzing -- all’origine della filosofia antropologica. In Grice and Cappelletti the axis of comparison runs through a shared concern with reason as an immanent, practice-guided activity, but articulated at different levels of analysis: Grice reconstructs reason as conversationally governed, emerging from cooperative intentions and calculable implicatures within ordinary linguistic exchange, whereas Cappelletti situates reason within the historical–epistemological stratification of “vita” and “entelechia,” reading life itself—biological, psychological, anthropological—as a process of being-at-work that becomes intelligible only in its dialogical and interpretive articulation. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning treats rationality as manifest in the norms speakers tacitly follow and exploit (maxims, implicatures, cancellations), a bottom‑up account beginning with talk and building toward mind; Cappelletti, by contrast, works top‑down from Aristotle’s energeia/entelechia distinction through Cicero, Ficino, and modern biology and psychology to show how reason inhabits living processes and is historically expressed in scientific and anthropological forms, with conversation as one privileged site where life’s “being-in-completion” becomes reflectively accessible. Where Grice ironizes “philosophy of life” by insisting that what matters are persons and their reason-responsive exchanges rather than vegetal teleologies, Cappelletti turns entelechia into an anthropological principle, making conversation itself a workshop of life in which scientific, psychological, and cultural meanings are continuously under construction. Grice: “I like C. – and so does he! He is into what he calls, in Latin, to show off, ‘philosophia anthropologica,’ which is MY thing – I mean, one can explore the philosophy of ‘life’ (bios) per se, and Aristotle on the ‘entelechia’ of a vegetable, but vegetable implicatures are boring (to us); the idea of ‘psychology’ features large, and also ‘vita.’ When Cicero dealt with Aristotle’s philosophy of life (zoe, bios, psyche) he found himself in trouble: vita, anima – And then came Ficino and Pico! Cappelletti knows it all, and it shows!” Inegna a Roma. Gentile, Sanctis, Ferrabino. Studia l'epistemologia delle scienze biologiche, quindi le teorie psicoanalitiche e la psicologia analitica, nei loro rapporti con le altre discipline socio-umanistiche, fra cui l'antropologia e la politica e la filosofia. Studia MORGAGNI. filosofia delle scienze, analizzando dal punto di vista epistemologico, i rapporti storico-dialettici fra scienza e società, con particolare riguardo alle scienze umane. Atomi e vita, Entelechìa. dottrine biologiche; L'interpretazione dei fenomeni della vita, Bologna, Società editrice il Mulino; Emil Du Bois-ReymondI confini della conoscenza della natura, Milano, individuals. In the proof for the existence of change, energeia and entelecheia  are used differently: being- built (oikodomeitai)  is the being-at-work (energeia) of what is built (oikodomēton ), while building (oikodomēsis) is change (kinēsis) and the being-in-completion (entelecheia) of what is built as built:  being-complete (entelecheia) change  building  being-at-work ( energeia ) of agent being-at-work ( energeia ) of what is worked-on  builder / agent ( oikodomikon) buildable / patient ( oikodomēton ) requires buildable requires builder  Energeia  as being-built ( oikodomeitai ) means the. alle origini della filosofia antropologica, entelechia – vita – filosofia della vita – Grice, “Philosophy of Life” – Aristotle on entelechia – storia della scienza – storia dela psicologia filosofica --. Il concetto di entelechia. Roma, Lazio.  Grice: Vincenzo, mi chiedo sempre: entelechia, izzing, hazzing… ma alla fine, dove la troviamo la vera energia della vita? Cappelletti: Grice, forse nella filosofia antropologica! Se Aristotele si perdeva tra i vegetali, almeno noi ci ritroviamo tra le persone. La vita è un cantiere: ogni giorno si costruisce un po’ di entelechia tra una chiacchiera e l’altra. Grice: Eppure, caro Vincenzo, a Oxford nessuno si entusiasma per la filosofia della vita. Ma tu, a Roma, hai fatto dell’entelechia una festa: persino Morgagni avrebbe sorriso sentendo parlare di energeia e di atomi in conversazione! Cappelletti: Grice, la tua ironia è come una boccata d’aria tra i manuali di epistemologia. Alla fine, la filosofia della vita non è altro che fare quattro passi con gli amici, domandando se oggi siamo in costruzione… o già pronti per la cena! Cappelletti, Vincenzo (1956). Editoriale inaugurale. Il Veltro. Rivista della civiltà italiana.

Leonardo di Capua (Bagnoli Irpino, Avellino, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. In Grice and Leonardo di Capua the comparison turns on a shared commitment to reason as something exercised in practice under conditions of uncertainty, but articulated in very different idioms and historical contexts: Grice develops a formal, analytic account of reason as conversationally governed, emerging from speakers’ intentions, cooperative expectations, and calculable implicatures, whereas Capua anticipates this stance in an early modern, experimental key by treating conversation, inquiry, and debate as the living medium through which reason corrects tradition and negotiates the limits of knowledge. Capua’s Parere and the Accademia degli Investiganti embody a proto‑Gricean insight: reason does not reside in dogma or inherited authority, but in the disciplined yet exploratory exchange of arguments grounded in experience, where uncertainty—whether of medicaments, natural phenomena, or historical explanation—is not a defect but a condition of rational progress. Grice’s theory systematizes this intuition by showing how rationality operates through norms tacitly observed and strategically flouted in ordinary talk, while Capua stages reason conversationally as an investigative practice, following vestigia lustrat, where understanding advances by tracing signs, correcting methods, and balancing experience with judgment. In this sense, Capua can be read as a historical precursor to Grice: both construe reason as neither purely deductive nor purely empirical, but as a socially enacted capacity whose intelligibility depends on conversation, pragmatic adjustment, and the willingness to revise one’s claims in the face of counter‑moves. Grice: “I like C. – from the middle of nowhere – Lago Laceno – he founds an accademia degl’investiganti” in Capri! To philosophise! Vestigia lustrat, i.e. even in dreams the hound follows the trace of the hare!” – Studia a Napoli. S’impegna nella sperimentazione. il "Parere", sostene le idee di chi oppone la ricerca scientifica al sapere della tradizione.  Persi entrambi i genitori e dovette cominciare a provvedere da sé alla sua educazione. Impara le Istituzioni di Giustiniano, leggendo al tempo stesso anche le osservazioni di Cuiacio. delle mofete. Approfondisce le sue conoscenze naturali ed anatomiche, effettuando osservazioni dirette e con il supporto di testi reperiti. forma il suo pensiero critico circa l'inadeguatezza del metodo. rapporto tra esperienza e ragione.  L'opera è introdotta da una specie di filosofia della storia, in cui è sviluppato il rapporto tra storia e scienza. Nel 1689, obbedendo ad una richiesta della regina Cristina di Svezia, il D. aggiunge al Parere i Tre ragionamenti intorno all'incertezza deimedicamenti, pubblicato a Napoli. L'opera fu ristampata con l'aggiunta di una presentazione di T. Donzelli, a Napoli. Del 1693 è la Vita di Andrea Cantelmo, edita a Napoli. L'opera è legata al tema dell'individuo. Vengono descritti i rapporti tra virtù e fortuna, tra storia individuale e storia naturale, tra ragione e natura.  Fonti e Bibl.: N. Amenta, Vita di Lionardo di Capoa, Venezia; Vico, Autobiografia, a cura di B. Croce, Bari, Riccio, Cenno stor. delle Accademie fiorite nella città di Napoli, in Arch. stor. per le prov. nap., Cotugno, La sorte di G. B. Vico e le polemiche scientifiche e letterarie, Bari, Nicolini, La giovinezza di G. B. Vico,  Bari, Badaloni, Introd. a G. B. Vico, Milano, Mastellone, Pensiero politico e vita culturale a Napoli nella seconda metà del Seicento, Messina-Firenze; A. Quondam, Minima dandreiana: prima ricognizione sul testo delle "risposte" di F. d'Andrea a Benedetto Aletino. Roma lizio filosofia, ragione debole Crusca comunicazione accademia Incertezza gl’investiganto vestigia lustrat. Grice: Capua, devo confessare che la tua accademia degli investiganti a Capri mi mette una gran curiosità! Sembra il posto dove anche una lepre potrebbe nascondersi senza mai essere scoperta, vero? Capua: Grice, in effetti anche le mofete qui si chiedono se sono in una scuola di scienza o in una lezione di filosofia! Ma vedi, la conversazione è come la ricerca: bisogna seguire le vestigia anche se portano in giro per l’isola. Grice: E pure l’incertezza dei medicamenti, caro Leonardo, mi fa pensare che forse la vera medicina è una bella chiacchierata. Se la regina Cristina di Svezia ti avesse chiesto un consiglio, forse avresti suggerito il Parere… e una tazza di infuso napoletano! Capua: Ah Grice, la fortuna aiuta chi cerca, ma la virtù sta nel saper ridere delle proprie scoperte. Qui a Capri, tra storia e natura, la ragione conversazionale è l’unico antidoto contro l’incertezza… e contro la noia! Capua, Leonardo di (1689). Parere. Napoli, s.n. 

Pantaleo Carabellese (Molfetta, Bari, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’arena e la pietra -- la sabbia e la roccia – il segno. Nel confronto fra Grice e Carabellese sulla razionalità che governa il significato nella conversazione, l’affinità non è terminologica ma architettonica. In Grice la teoria del significato conversazionale è esplicitamente reason‑governed: ciò che un parlante significa non è riducibile al contenuto semantico dell’enunciato, ma dipende da una razionalità pratica condivisa, fatta di aspettative, inferenze, riconoscimento di intenzioni, e dunque di implicature calcolabili all’interno di una cooperazione orientata all’altro. In Carabellese, questa stessa struttura razionale emerge a un livello ontologico più profondo: la distinzione fra arena e roccia, sabbia e pietra, non è una semplice metafora edificatoria, ma un modo per denunciare quello che egli chiama lo scandalo del significato, cioè l’impossibilità di fondare il senso e l’agire umano senza toccare il fondamento dell’essere‑di‑coscienza. Dove Grice analizza l’implicatura come prodotto di una razionalità dialogica che opera nello spazio intersoggettivo io/tu/noi, Carabellese vede nella stessa interazione il punto in cui l’essere non è oggetto ma condizione costitutiva della coscienza e della comunità. La conversazione, in Grice, è un gioco governato da regole razionali che rendono possibile il passaggio dal detto al significato; in Carabellese, essa è già pratica ontologica, scavo di fondazione, lavoro sulla sabbia che cerca la roccia. In entrambi, tuttavia, il significato non è mai dato una volta per tutte: è sempre implicito, sempre da ricostruire razionalmente, sempre legato a una pratica condivisa. Grice lo tematizza come pragmatica delle implicature; Carabellese come ontologia critica del concreto. La differenza è di livello, non di direzione: la razionalità conversazionale griceana e la roccia carabellessiana indicano entrambe che senza una ragione operante, orientata all’altro e capace di fondare il noi, né le parole né le costruzioni filosofiche possono reggere. Grice: “I love C.; his masterpiece is ‘the rock and the sand,’ which reminds me of Tuke’s Cornwall! – Tuke captured some dialectic on the sand and rocks, which I’m sure were common in Ostia, too, back in the day! C. speaks of a ‘semiotic scandal’ so it all connects with my pragmatics of dialectics or conversation.” Studia a Napoli e Roma. Insegna a Roma. Ontologia critica alla SERBATI: l'essere non è mero oggetto della coscienza ma è a essa intrinseco come fondamento irriducibile: essere-di-coscienza. Difende l'oggettività essenziale dell'essere e l’ontologia, non come sapere specialistico trincerato, ma come operatrice pell'umanità tutta così che la coscienza esplica quella teoria che nel diversificarsi concreto della spiritualità risulta necessariamente implicita. E allora lo sforzo della filosofia non potrà mai, quindi, essere compiuto atto seppure la teoria si attui sempre in una pratica, che è l'altro termine del concreto. Difende l’ontologia come ascesa razionale a la realtà, o come sentiero che volge al fondamento comune della vita politica e che alla politica rimane irriducibile. Critica del concreto; idealismo politica essere e manifestazione dialettica della Forme coscienza concreta, l'io gnoseologia  SABBIOSA STORIA (la storia della semiotica, la storia di Vitruvio) concedeno all’umana attivita consapevole. CERCHIAMO LA ROCCIA.CI riuscira forse cosi di ritrovare il fondamento e di trarre anche dallo SCAVO DI FONDAZIONE, PELLA COSTRUZIONE DELLA NOSTRA CASA, Nessuna costruzione noi uomini possiame fare SULLA ROCCIA se queso nostro PENSARE NON LA TOCCA. E L’HA A SUO INTIMO FONDAMENTO lo scandalo del significato io/tu, inter-soggetivo interpersonal interattivo interazione agire sociale orientazione all’altro razionalita strategica razionalita comunicativa complessita intensionale significato insieme comunita il noi. Grice: Carabellese, devo confessare che trovo straordinario il modo in cui riesci a trasformare una semplice frase biblica come “la sabbia e la roccia” in un potente strumento filosofico! Il tuo pensiero riesce a intrecciare il senso della pietra e dell’arena, portando il discorso dal fondamento materiale a quello spirituale, e ciò mi affascina immensamente. Carabellese: Grazie, Grice! In effetti, credo che la filosofia debba partire proprio dai segni più comuni e apparentemente banali, come la sabbia e la roccia. Questi elementi, che sembrano solo metafore bibliche, diventano per me simboli della ricerca del fondamento: senza toccare la roccia nel nostro pensare, ogni costruzione umana rischia di essere fragile come l’arena. Grice: Mi colpisce come tu riesca a legare ontologia e pratica, Carabellese. Il tuo “scandalo del significato” tra io e tu, la dimensione intersoggettiva, persino la gnoseologia sabbiosa, sembrano quasi una nuova via per la filosofia: non è solo teoria, ma un invito continuo a scavare, a fondare, a orientarsi verso l’altro. Carabellese: Hai colto perfettamente, Grice! Per me la filosofia non può limitarsi all’astrazione: deve essere una costruzione, come la casa sulla roccia, ma sempre consapevole dello scandalo del significato e della complessità della comunità umana. Solo se il nostro pensiero tocca il fondamento, possiamo dare senso durevole alle nostre azioni e alle nostre parole. Carabellese, Pantaleo (1906). Il problema della conoscenza. Bari, Laterza. 

Claudio Carace (Livorno, Toscana). Grice’s theory of conversational meaning treats understanding as governed by publicly recognizable reasons: speakers mean what they do by intending their audience to recognize those intentions as rational under shared norms of cooperation, relevance, and intelligibility. Meaning, for Grice, is thus inseparable from reason-giving and reason-taking within conversation, where what is said is systematically related to what is meant through calculable implicatures rather than through mystery or mere affect. By contrast, the playful figure of Claudio Carace, as staged in the Latin exchange, dramatises a posture of miratio sine causa, admiration without determinate grounds, where wonder itself becomes a cultivated stance rather than the endpoint of rational explanation. Carace’s Roman art lies precisely in suspending justification and delighting in names, echoes, and reputations as such, even when they risk collapsing into empty signifiers (“nomen, non piscis”). Read against Grice, Carace functions as a counterpoint: where Grice insists that conversational sense is accountable to reasons that can, in principle, be made explicit, Carace embodies a classical, rhetorical mode in which shared admiration and social recognition suffice to sustain meaning without full explanatory closure. The comparison sharpens Grice’s distinctive commitment: conversational meaning is not secured by tradition, prestige, or communal awe alone, but by the rational structure that allows interlocutors to move from what is recognizably said to what is responsibly meant. Much admired by Antonino. GRICEVS: Claudium Caracem Antoninus tam miratus est, ut Livornum ipsum quasi scholam laudis putarem. CARAX: Si Antoninus miratus est, ego quoque miror—sed timeo ne Carax hic tantum nomen sit, non piscis. GRICEVS: Noli timere: apud Tuscaniam etiam nomina natant, et Livorni portus omnibus honoribus patet. CARAX: Ergo eamus Livornum; si Caracem non inveniam, saltem Antoninum imitabor—mirabor sine causa, quod est ars Romana. Carace, Claudio (a. u. c. CMX). De miratione sine causa. Roma.

Alberto Caracciolo (San Pietro di Morubio, Verona, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del colloquio. Grice and Alberto Caracciolo converge on the thought that meaning is inseparable from reason, but they articulate this bond from markedly different philosophical temperaments and traditions. For Grice, meaning is governed by reason in a precise, operative sense: what a speaker means is fixed by rational intentions working within a cooperative practice, where conversational implicature arises from shared expectations of rational conduct and inferential discipline. Reason here is procedural and regulative, manifesting itself in what speakers are entitled to imply, cancel, or reinforce given the norms of conversation. Caracciolo, by contrast, approaches the same territory through the idea of the colloquio as an existential and linguistic “being-on-the-way,” elaborated under the influence of Heidegger’s Unterwegs zur Sprache, which he rendered into Italian as In cammino verso il linguaggio. For him, conversational reason is not primarily a system of maxims or inferential checks, but a form of responsible openness in which meaning unfolds through dialogue oriented toward transcendence, conscience, and the moral seriousness of language. Where Grice’s “way of words” emphasizes the rational architecture that makes implication intelligible and accountable, Caracciolo’s “in cammino” deliberately avoids fixing the path in advance, presenting meaning as something that emerges through the lived encounter of interlocutors always capable of changing direction. In this sense, Grice offers a theory of reason-governed meaning that explains how implicature works; Caracciolo offers a philosophy of reasoned colloquy that explains why speaking meaningfully remains an ethical and existential task, a continual journey toward language rather than a completed road. Grice: “I like C. – at Harvard, I joked on Schlipp, and stated that Heidegger was then the greatest (grossest, in German) living philosopher – as he then was, living --. Caracciolo has dedicated his life to translate Heidegger’s ‘Dutch’ mannerism into the ‘volgare’: and now I have concluded that Heidegger is perhaps the grossest dead philosopher – “in cammino verso il linguaggio: il dire originario” –“.  Grice: “Note that C.’s ‘cammino’ translates Heidegger’s ‘weg’ – my ‘way’ of words – but for Heidegger is ‘way to’ (weg zur) – as it should!” cf. Speranza, “in cammino verso la conversazione” – versus “il cammino della convresazione’.Note that in Italian, unlike German, you drop the otiose ‘the’ of ‘way – “Nel cammino” is o-kay, but “in cammino” is the choice by Caracciolo! Aligheri, ‘nel cammino’ OF his life, towards heaven, or paradise, that is.” Studia a Verona e Pavia. Conosce Olivelli. Insegna a Genova. Studia CROCE. il nichilismo di LEOPARDI. Morale e trascendenza, persona, coscienza, filosofia della lingua. il colloquio, in cammino verso la lingua. Grice: Caracciolo, dimmi la verità – preferisci “in cammino” o “nel cammino”? Perché a Harvard mi hanno sempre detto che la strada migliore è quella piena di buche! Caracciolo: Grice, io scelgo “in cammino” – così posso cambiare direzione ogni volta che qualcuno mi propone un colloquio filosofico, anche se mi offrono solo un caffè annacquato! Grice: Ah, e allora se il colloquio diventa troppo arduo, puoi dire che sei semplicemente “di passaggio” – come Heidegger, ma molto più veneto! Caracciolo: Grice, così rischio di finire a San Pietro di Morubio invece che a Genova, ma almeno posso dire di aver filosofato “in cammino verso il linguaggio”… e non verso il bar! Caracciolo, Alberto (1951). Il colloquio. Genova, Edizioni della Lanterna.

Santino Caramella (Genova, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale degl’eroi di Vico. Caritone e Melanippo. Grice and Santino Caramella converge on the conviction that truth and meaning are inseparable from conversation, yet they articulate this convergence from distinct philosophical lineages and with different emphases. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning locates rationality in the inferential structure of talk: what a speaker means, and what is conversationally implicated, depends on shared expectations of rational cooperation, intelligibility, and justificatory discipline among interlocutors. Conversational reason, for Grice, is thus analytic and normative, expressed in the practical logic that governs saying, implying, and understanding. Caramella, by contrast, approaches conversational meaning through a neo-idealist and spiritualist reading of Vico, where dialogue is not merely the site of rational inference but the living arena in which truth itself comes to be historically and ethically constituted. His reflections on the conversational implicature of Vico’s heroic figures, such as Caritone and Melanippo, emphasize that meaning emerges through the intersubjective drama of spirit, where myth, history, and reason are unified in dialogue. While Grice explains how implicature works within conversation, Caramella explains why conversation matters: truth is not a finished product regulated by logic alone, but a dynamic achievement of the spirit in dialogue, a shared table where philosophy, history, and ethical life continually renegotiate their meaning. In this sense, Grice provides the rational grammar of conversational meaning, whereas Caramella offers its metaphysical and historical justification, presenting conversation itself as the privileged locus in which reason, heroism, and truth become mutually intelligible. Grice:”I like C. – like me, he is into the metaphysics of conversation! And he reminds me that I should re-read Vico! I like C.; he prefaced Fichte’s influential tract on ‘la filosofia della massoneria’ – but also wrote on more orthodox subjects like Kant, Cartesio, Bergson, and most of them! Like me, he thought truth is found in conversation!” Conosce GOBETTI e RADICE, da cui apprende l’idealismo di CROCE e GENTILE. Insegna a Genova. Antifascista e carcerato scuola di mistica fascista  Conosce ARMETTA. La sua vasta cultura, gli permise di vedere la continuità della filosofia antica romana classica e e, nell'ambito della filosofia italiana, l'unità delle opposte dialettiche nella legge vivente dello spirito e nel dinamismo della natura e della storia. Apprezzato storico della filosofia. La sua filosofia si può definire un neo-idealismo crociano e gentiliano, ma reinterpretatto alla luce dello spiritualismo. La sua filosofia supera lo storicismo e la dottrina crociana degli opposti e dei distinti, e si esprime nell'interpretazione della pratica come eticità storica.. La religione e la teosofia rappresentano la possibilità dello spirito attento da un lato alla concretezza dell'uomo e dall'altro all'ineffabilità. Lo spirito, anziché risolversi nella filosofia, colloca il proprio progresso in intima unità con il progresso della filosofia stessa: da un lato è esclusa la riduzione dello spirito ad atteggiamento pratico; dall'altro, le è conferito una distinta funzione teoretica.   sistemi della filosofia, Logica e Fisica accademia Ideologia; Metafisica, esperienza; Metalogica, filosofia dell'esperienza Sciacca La filosofia dello Stato nel Risorgimento, critica Conoscenza e metafisica filosofia morale dialettica del vero e del certo nella metafisica Ontologia storico-dialettica spirito La verità in dialogo la lingua come auto-analisi Bruno in Genova de Amatoriis. culto dell’eroe, gl’eroi, il culto degl’eroi, Niso ed Eurialo, Nicodemo soggetto, intersoggetivo spirito oggetivo spiriti intersoggetivi Apollo su Nicodemo. Grice: Caramella, ma secondo te Vico avrebbe gradito una chiacchierata al bar su Caritone e Melanippo, oppure preferiva il silenzio meditativo? Caramella: Grice, Vico era convinto che la verità nasce proprio dalla conversazione! Se avesse potuto, avrebbe ordinato un caffè doppio e avviato una disputa con Caritone, Melanippo e persino Kant, tra una battuta e l’altra. Grice: Hai ragione, caro amico! E forse avrebbe concluso che gli eroi non sono poi così diversi dai filosofi: entrambi cercano la verità, ma tra una battaglia e una discussione, finiscono sempre per chiedersi chi paga il conto. Caramella: Esatto, Grice! La filosofia è come una lunga tavolata: ognuno porta la sua storia, ma alla fine si brinda tutti insieme alla legge vivente dello spirito. E se c’è ancora una dialettica da risolvere, ci penserà il prossimo giro! Caramella, Santino (1933). La verità in dialogo. Genova, Tipografia Editrice Moderna. 

Pietro Caramello (San Pietro di Morubio, Verona, Veneto).: la ragione conversazionale e l’implictatura conversazionale dell’interpretare. Grice and Pietro Caramello meet most directly on the terrain where reason, meaning, and interpretation intersect, yet they approach this terrain from complementary but distinct angles. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how interpretation is constrained by rational expectations embedded in linguistic practice: what an utterance means, and what it implicates, depends on how a rational hearer reconstructs the speaker’s intentions under shared norms of intelligibility. Interpretation, for Grice, is thus governed by inferential order, cancellability, and responsiveness to context, grounded in the minimal structure that makes truth and falsity possible in conversation. Caramello, drawing deeply on Aquinas and the Aristotelian tradition of De interpretatione, radicalizes this insight by tracing conversational reason back to the elementary architecture of meaning itself: name and verb as the irreducible conditions of enunciation, without which neither truth nor falsity can yet arise. Where Grice shows how implicature operates once assertions are in play, Caramello shows why interpretation is already conversational at the most primitive level of signification, since even simple dictiones presuppose an order oriented toward enunciation and judgment. In this Thomistic frame, interpretation is not merely the recovery of speaker’s meaning but the activation of the intelligible structure that allows discourse to emerge at all. Grice’s modern pragmatics thus appears, in Caramello’s reading, as a continuation of a much older insight: that rational conversation begins as soon as meaning is articulated in name and verb, and that conversational implicature is a sophisticated descendant of the same interpretive reason that Aquinas already located at the heart of saying itself. Grice: “I love C. – he exemplifies all that I say about latitudinal and longitudinal unities of philosophy – AQUINO is a ‘great,’ and C. has dedicated his life to him!”  Si laurea a Torino. Insegna a Chieri. Studia Aquino. de enunciatione de partibus quid sit nomen et verbum. idem significat. in libro praedicamentorum de simplicibus dictum sit, ut hic rursum de nomine et verbo determinaretur; dicendum quod simplicium dictionum triplex secundum quod absolute significant simplices intellectus ad librum praedicamentorum secundum rationem prout sunt partes enunciationis et sic determinatur de eis et ideo traduntur sub ratione nominis et verbi de quorum ratione est quod significent quae pertinent ad rationem dictionum secundum quod constituunt enunciationem. considerantur quod ex eis constituitur ordo syllogisticus sub ratione terminorum.  orationis partibus de solo nomine et verbo determinet. de simplici enunciatione determinare intendit sufficit ut solas illas partes enunciationis pertractet ex quibus ex necessitate simplex oratio constat. Potest autem ex solo nomine et verbo simplex enunciatio fieri non autem ex aliis orationis partibus sine his et ideo sufficiens ei fuit de his duabus determinare vel potest dici quod sola nomina et verba sunt principales orationis partes sub nominibus enim comprehenduntur pronomina quæ etsi non nominant naturam personam tamen determinant et ideo loco nominum ponuntur: sub verbo vero participium quod consignificat tempus: autem falsitas veritasq; veritas fals. ceteri tasque. nomina igitur ipsa et verba consimilia sunt sine conpositione vel divisione intellectui, ut homo vel album, quando non additur aliquid; neque enim adhuc verum aut falsum est. huius autem signum hoc est: hircocervus enim significat aliquid, sed nondum verum vel falsum, si non vel esse vel non esse addatur, vel simpliciter vel secundum tempus. interpretare, peryermeneias blityri blythyri blithyri blythiri signativis significativis garalus garulus.  Grice: Caramello, se ti sei laureato a Torino e insegni a Chieri, allora spiegami in una frase perché, per Aquino, basta nome e verbo per far partire l’universo. Caramello: Perché senza nome e verbo non nasce nemmeno una semplice enunciazione—e senza enunciazione perfino la verità e la falsità restano in sala d’attesa. Grice: I love C.: vivi di Aquino come altri vivono di caffè, e trasformi “blityri blythyri” in una lezione con tanto di implicatura inclusa. Caramello: Grazie, ma se continui a lodarmi così, l’implicatura conversazionale è che vuoi che ti passi gli appunti… e quella sì che sarebbe “idem significat”. Caramello, Pietro (1920). Interpretare. San Pietro di Morubio, Veneto. 

Ennio Carando (Pettinengo, Biella, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Socrate. Grice and Ennio Carando converge on the figure of Socrates as the paradigmatic agent of reason in conversation, but they draw different lessons from that convergence for understanding conversational meaning. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats Socratic dialogue as an exemplary case of how meaning is generated not by what is explicitly asserted, but by what a rational interlocutor is entitled to infer: Socrates’ questions work because they exploit shared expectations about honesty, relevance, and rational cooperation, thereby generating implicatures that force the interlocutor to revise beliefs or recognize inconsistencies. Conversational reason, for Grice, is thus inferential and normative, operating through the disciplined management of what is said versus what is meant. Carando, by contrast, reads Socratic conversation through a broader ethical and civic lens, informed by Platonic eros and by a tradition of civil metaphysics in which dialogue is a moral practice that binds individuals into a shared search for truth. His emphasis on the First Alcibiades and on Socratic love highlights conversation as an educative relationship, where implicature is less a technical inferential phenomenon than the lived pressure exerted by questioning on the soul of the interlocutor. While Grice explains how Socratic questioning functions pragmatically—how it produces meaning through rational expectations—Carando explains why it matters historically and ethically: conversational reason is a form of courage, resisted by power and authoritarianism, yet essential to the formation of civic and spiritual life. In this way, Grice offers the analytic mechanics of Socratic implicature, whereas Carando presents Socratic conversation itself as a model of reason in action, where meaning, love, and moral responsibility emerge together through dialogue. Grice: “I like C.; a typical Italian philosopher, got his ‘laurea,’ and attends literary salons! – There is a street named after him – whereas at Oxford the most we have is a “Logic lane!” Studia a Torino sotto JUVALTA. Anti-fascissta come MARTINETTI. Studia Spir. Insegna a La Spezia  metafisica civile A chi gli chiedeva di non avventurarsi in quella decisione così pericolosa rispondeva fermamente: "Molti dei miei allievi sono caduti: un giorno i loro genitori potrebbero rimproverarmi di non aver avuto il loro stesso coraggio". For centuries the First Alkibiades was respected as a major  dialogue in the Platonic corpus. It was considered by the Academy to be  the proper introduction to the study of Plato's dialogues, and actually  formed the core of the serious beginner's study of philosophy. amore platonico, l’amore socratico, l’implicatura di Socrate, filosofo socratico, Socrate, Alcibiade. Grice: Carando, senti, ma secondo te Socrate avrebbe preferito dialogare in piazza come a Torino o sorseggiando un caffè al salotto letterario? Carando: Grice, conoscendo Socrate, credo che avrebbe fatto domande sia al barista sia al filosofo, e alla fine il vero dilemma sarebbe stato: meglio l’espresso corto o lungo? Grice: Ah, allora capisco perché preferiva fare domande invece di dare risposte: così aveva sempre un pretesto per avere un’altra tazzina! Carando: Esattamente! E magari, tra una domanda e l’altra, invitava anche Alcibiade a discutere sulla vera natura dell’amore… e del caffè perfetto!Carando, Ennio (1927). Prima introduzione alla metafisica civile. Torino, Fratelli Bocca Editori.

Paolo Filiasi Carcano di Montaltino di Carapelle (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – A productive comparison between Grice and Paolo Filiasi Carcano of Montaltino di Carapelle can be drawn around their shared commitment to reason-governed meaning as a practice embedded in language use, rather than as a mere formal calculus. Both treat meaning as normatively constrained by rationality, but they approach that constraint from different entry points. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning centers on the idea that what a speaker means is governed by practical reasoning under conditions of cooperation: implicatures arise because speakers assume their interlocutors recognize intentions structured by maxims of rational conduct. Reason, for Grice, is thus immanent to conversational practice, operating through shared expectations about relevance, truthfulness, sufficiency, and clarity. Carapelle, by contrast, approaches rational meaning through a stratified philosophy of language, moving from ordinary language to object-language and metalanguage, and integrating semantic analysis with phenomenological intentionality. His distinction between lingua-oggetto and meta-lingua, developed in dialogue with Peano and Tarski but not reducible to Carnap’s or Tarski’s hierarchies, is psychologically and methodologically grounded: he constructs a primary object-language whose terms denote objects or sets of objects and assert their sensible presence, then bootstraps higher-level reflection from within linguistic practice itself. Where Grice explains implicature as a rational inference from what is said to what is meant in context, Carapelle explains semantic order as a rational synchronization between language, experience, and a minimal metaphysical framework that preserves the unity of experience against fragmentation. Both resist purely formal or purely descriptive accounts of language: Grice by insisting that logic without pragmatics misses how meaning actually works in conversation, Carapelle by insisting that clarity without a metaphysical–phenomenological bridge undermines the coherence of meaning and science alike. In this sense, Carapelle’s conversational reason is less explicitly maxims-based than Grice’s, but more overtly metaphilosophical: reason governs meaning not only in dialogue between speakers, but also in the reflective movement between language levels, experience, and civilization. -- lingua e metafilosofia – lingua-oggetto – meta-lingua – Peano – Tarski  bootstrap. Grice: “I like C.; I cannot say he is an ultra-original philosopher, but I may – My favourite is actually a tract on him, on ‘meta-philosophy,’ or rather ‘language and metaphilosophy,’ which is what I’m all about! How philosophers misuse ‘believe,’ say – but C. has also philosophised on issues that seem very strange to Italians, like ‘logica e analisi,’ ‘semantica’ and ‘filosofia della lingua’ – brilliantly!”  fenomenologia, semantica, filosofia della lingua filosofia analitica. Studia a Napoli sotto ALIOTTA esamina attentamente la LINGUA ORDINARIA. la chiarezza non e sufficiente senza senso metafisico e senso anti-metafisica, mina l'unità dell'esperienza, alla Oakeshott -- che senza una cornice o una struttura metafisica in cui inserirsi rimarrebbe indefinitamente frammentata in percezioni fra loro irrelate. Sperimentalista, accetta del metodo una piena apertura all’esperienza fenomenologia INTENZIONALISTA intersoggetiva. Non si tratta di definire verità ma di sincronizzarsi col ritmo del metodo basato sull’esperienza fenomenologico, sussumendo i risultati sperimentali e integrandoli nel continuum di una struttura metafisica mediante il ponte dell'esperienza. Filosofia e civiltà La semantica, Semantics and Metaphysics Metodologia filosofica, una rivoluzione filosofica minore. LEsistenza ed alienazione, Scienza unificata, Unita della scienza, Analisi e forma logica Il concetto di Mathematics.” His hierarchy of lingue is not identical with Carnap's or Tarski's. Proceeding psychologically, I construct one lingua fulfilling the logical conditions for  the lingua of lowest type. This the lingua-oggetto lingua primaria. Where every word “denotes”  or “means” an object or set of such objects, and, when  used alone, asserts the sensible presence of the object, or of one of  the set of objects, which it denotes or means. In defining this  lingua, it is necessary to define denoting or meaning as  applied to object-words, to the words of this lingua. Grice: Carapelle, devo confessarti che il tuo approccio alla lingua e alla metafilosofia è quanto mai intrigante! Sai, a Oxford ci dibattiamo senza fine su cosa realmente significhi "credere": ma tu, con la tua analisi della lingua-oggetto e della meta-lingua, sembri andare dritto al cuore della questione. Come ti è venuta questa passione così metodica per la semantica e la fenomenologia? Carapelle: Grice, è un onore sentirlo da te! La mia curiosità nasce proprio dall’osservazione della lingua ordinaria: mi affascina vedere come il senso metafisico spesso si intrecci con quello anti-metafisico, e come l’esperienza individuale abbia bisogno di una struttura per non frammentarsi. La chiarezza, senza un ponte tra esperimento e cornice filosofica, rischia di perdersi, non trovi? Grice: Assolutamente, caro amico! Quello che apprezzo è la tua attenzione al ritmo del metodo, e la volontà di integrare i risultati sperimentali in una trama più profonda. E mi colpisce come tu, pur studiando a Napoli sotto Aliotta, riesca a portare un’aria internazionale nella filosofia italiana, quasi un "bootstrap" continuo tra semantica, filosofia della lingua e fenomenologia intenzionalista. Carapelle: E tu, Grice, con la tua implicatura conversazionale, hai insegnato a tutti che il significato non sta solo nelle parole, ma nei contesti e nei rapporti intersoggettivi. Forse la nostra vera rivoluzione filosofica è riuscire a sincronizzare la ricerca linguistica con la struttura dell’esperienza, senza dimenticare che ogni lingua, anche la più logica, ha dietro di sé il battito della civiltà e della storia.

Giovanni Benedetto da Caravaggio Caravaggi (Crema, Cremona, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale. Seen from the perspective of Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning, Giovanni Benedetto Caravaggi can be treated not as an anachronistic anticipator but as a historically resonant contrast. Grice conceives meaning as emerging from rationally accountable intentions: what a speaker means depends on the audience’s recognition of those intentions under shared norms of cooperation, relevance, and justification. Caravaggi, by contrast, belongs to an early‑modern humanist world in which reason is exercised through learned disciplines, institutional authority, and contemplative practice rather than through an explicit theory of communicative intention. As a Padua‑trained philosopher and physician, later rector and lector, Caravaggi embodies a model of rationality grounded in scholarly mediation of texts, inventories, and doctrines, where understanding is stabilized by offices, manuscripts, and visual representation, such as his portrait as a learned reader paused in thought. Grice’s originality lies in shifting the locus of rationality from institutions and learned habits to the micro‑structure of everyday interaction: reason is no longer merely something scholars possess, but something conversational agents display and negotiate through implicature. The imagined dialogue between Grice and Caravaggi thus stages a contrast between two economies of reason: one where rational meaning is secured by learning, status, and inscription, and another where it is dynamically generated and tested in conversation itself, leaving no physical trace beyond what interlocutors can rationally recover from what was said. Insegna a Padova, di cui divenne in seguito rettore. È ritratto in un dipinto di Busi detto il Cariani, allievo del Giorgione. L'iscrizione e lo stemma presenti sulla tenda a destra attestano che il personaggio raffigurato è Giovanni Benedetto Caravaggi, filosofo e medico appartenente a una nobile famiglia di Crema. Laureatosi nell'università di Padova e divenutone lettore e rettore, Caravaggi era fratello di Giovanni Antonio, anch'egli eternato in un ritratto del Cariani (Ottawa, National Gallery of Art). E' probabile che il ritratto della Carrara origini dalle proprietà della famiglia Caravaggi a Crema, visto che, come ricorda il Piccinelli, postillando le Vite di F. M. Tassi, Lochis acquistò l'opera proprio a Crema (Bassi Rathgeb). Un'esecuzione cremasca sarebbe anche confermata dal fatto che Cariani esegui alcune opere in quella città ed è quindi probabile che in questo stesso periodo cada anche il ritratto in questione. Il pittore, nativo di Fuipiano al Brembo, si era trasferito precocemente a Venezia dove si formò nell'orbita di Bellini e Giorgione e dove compì la maggior parte della sua carriera. Tornò a Bergamo con incursioni a Crema per adempiere ad alcuni incarichi, quale probabilmente quello relativo al nostro ritratto, ed ebbe modo di sfoggiare il suo elegante linguaggio giorgionesco, come emerge dal paesaggio montuoso oltre la tenda, rischiarato da un cielo al tramonto dai toni rosati e cerulei. Risalente a Tiziano è invece l'impostazione del ritratto dalla posa ruotata di tre quarti e dalla sapiente costruzione prospettica, che ha i suoi punti di forza nel braccio sinistro in scorcio e nel realistico volume appoggiato sul tavolo. La posa naturale dello studioso, che pare interrompersi in meditazione dalla lettura del ponderoso volume, è anch'essa un portato di Tiziano, i cui ritratti sono liberi e naturali, lontani da schemi precostituiti. Curiosa la presenza di un'altra firma sotto la cornice scura dipinta, che il recente restauro  ha appurato essere contestuale alla realizzazione dell'opera. Grice: Caravaggi, mi dica, è più impegnativo insegnare filosofia a Padova o posare per un ritratto del Cariani con il braccio in scorcio? Caravaggi: Grice, le confesso che la meditazione davanti a un volume pesante è più difficile che restare immobili mentre il pittore sistema il cielo rosa alle mie spalle! Ma almeno in entrambe le situazioni si rischia di diventare immortali. Grice: Immortali sì, ma preferirei la nobiltà di Crema a quella di una cornice scura: la conversazione, almeno, non lascia tracce di restauro sotto la firma! Caravaggi: E allora, caro Grice, facciamo che la nostra implicatura conversazionale resti impressa tra i monti e il tramonto: se non altro, sarà più facile da interpretare che una posa ruotata di tre quarti! Caravaggi, Giovanni Benedetto (1503). Inventario della bibliteca di Ruffinoni. Padova.

Cleto Carbonara (Potenza, Basilicata): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale l’esperienza e la prassi CICERONE e il pratico. A comparison between Grice and Cleto Carbonara brings into focus a shared but differently articulated account of reason-governed meaning as rooted in lived practice rather than abstract formalism. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning takes rationality to be operative within interaction itself: speakers mean what they mean by intending their utterances to be taken as reasons by others, and conversational implicatures arise through practical inference under conditions of cooperative exchange. Carbonara’s emphasis, by contrast, lies on the continuity between experience and prassi, drawing on a Ciceronian understanding of philosophy as inseparable from action and mutual benefit. Educated in Naples under Aliotta, Carbonara criticizes both idealist reflexivism, especially Gentile’s attempt to give concreteness to the abstract act, and overly introspective accounts of experience; instead he foregrounds the relation between experience and concept, reality and form, as a synthesis in which conscious life always already bears the imprint of reason because it is oriented toward doing, influencing, and being influenced. Where Grice prefers a functionalist philosophical psychology, with experiential input and behavioral output sufficient to explain communication without heavy reliance on “reflection,” Carbonara frames rational meaning as emerging from practical engagement with others, anti-solipsistic by structure and ethical as well as epistemic in scope. Grice’s conversational reason operates through implicature as a calculable transition from what is said to what is meant, while Carbonara’s operates through the normativity of shared practice, in which experience finds sense only insofar as it enters a circuit of reciprocal action. Both thus reject a purely contemplative model of meaning: for Grice, meaning is governed by rational expectations in use; for Carbonara, it is governed by reason insofar as experience is always already practical, historical, and directed toward others. Grice: “I like C.; my favourite of his tracts are one on ‘del bello,’ – another one on ‘dissegno per una filosofia critica dell’esperienza pura: immediatezza e reflessione’ – but mostly his ‘esperienza e prassi,’ which fits nicely with my functionalist method in philosophical psychology: there is input (esperienza), but there is ‘prassi,’ the behavioural output --; I would prefer this to the tract on the ‘filossofia critica’ since I’m not sure we need ‘reflexion’ to explain, say, communication – not at least in the way C. does use ‘reflessione.’”  Si laurea a Napoli sotto ALIOTTA. Insegna a Napoli.  Critica dell'esperienza pura. Idealista ne mette in rilievo il tentativo fallito di GENTILE di dare concretezza all’astratto. Nell'attualismo, il ritorno all’atto, al fatto, si risolve infatti nell'atto. Il problema anda esaminato riportandolo al problema del rapporto tra esperienza e concetto, realtà e concetto così come s’affrontata dalla critica nella SINTESI A PRIORI dove convivono forma segnante e contenuto segnato per cui la coscienza è per un verso forma, contenitore segnante di un contenuto segnato storico e per un altro *coincide* col suo contenuto segnato in quanto il contenuto segnato non ha realtà al di fuori della forma della coscienza porti sul  viso, per quanto rozzamente espressa, l’impronta della RAGIONE, non  esiste invano. Ma io non ti conosco, nè tu conosci me. Quanto è corto che ambedue siamo chiamati a esser buoni e a divenire sempre migliori, tanto è certo che verrà il giorno, e sia pure  tra milioni e bilioni d’ anni, verrà il giorno,  dico, in cui trascinerò anche te nella mia sfera d’azione, in cui potrò  beneficarti e ricevere benefizi da te, in cui anche il tuo cuore sarà  avvinto al mio coi viucoli, i più belli, di un libero scambio di reciproche azioni esperienza prattica dull title: “l’empirismo come filosofia dell’esperienza”! – i periti conversazionale esperienza dell’altro, persona e persone anti-solipsismo sperimento esperire perito perizia per fare, fahren altri, altro, l’altro, l’altri, pratica morale diritto pratico ed aletico. Grice: Carbonara, spiegami una cosa: secondo te, quando Cicerone parlava di esperienza pratica, intendeva che anche la filosofia, prima o poi, deve scendere dalla cattedra e mettere le mani in past? Carbonara: Grice, credimi, se Cicerone fosse venuto a Napoli, si sarebbe subito accorto che qui la teoria serve solo se trova una buona prassi, come una pizza senza mozzarella non può chiamarsi vera pizza! Grice: Quindi tu dici che il filosofo deve essere un po’ artigiano, un po’ negoziante: esperienza all’entrata, prassi all’uscita, senza troppa riflessione in mezzo? Carbonara: Esatto! Se ci perdiamo troppo nella riflessione, rischiamo che la pratica si raffreddi come il caffè lasciato sul banco. Meglio sperimentare e beneficiare insieme, in un libero scambio di azioni: chi fa, impara e chi impara, magari, un giorno farà anche ridere! Carbonara, Cleto (1920). L’empirismo come filosofia dell’esperienza. Napoli, Morano.

Gerolamo Cardano (Pettinengo, Biella, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del valore civico di Melanippo -- Caritone -- the tasteful Milanese maschi – prospero. A productive way to compare Gerolamo Cardano and H. P. Grice on reason‑governed conversational meaning is to see Cardano as providing an early, pre‑modern intuition of what Grice later formalizes with analytic precision. Cardano’s thought, especially as it emerges in De subtilitate (1543), treats rational interaction not as a deterministic calculus but as a regulated play in which probability, suspension of judgment, and civic prudence all coexist. His work on aleae, probability, and the binomial theorem does not merely concern games of chance; it articulates an epistemic posture in which agents must navigate uncertainty by inferring more than is explicitly given, balancing risk, taste, and social consequence. In this sense, Cardano’s pratica of gioco d’azzardo becomes an analogue for conversation: not arbitrary chaos, but a structured field in which rational actors infer intention, value, and civic meaning beyond literal moves. Grice’s theory of conversational implicature can be read as the modern logical heir to this insight. Where Cardano speaks in terms of fortuna, suspension (the cardanic lock), and probabilistic foresight, Grice recasts the same terrain in terms of reason, intention-recognition, and cooperative norms. Both reject the idea that meaning is exhausted by explicit content; both understand rationality as operative in the gap between saying and meaning. Cardano’s civic and anthropological concerns—the value of taste, masculinity, prosperity, dreaming, and the immortality of the soul whose mode remains opaque—anticipate Grice’s insistence that rational conversation is not mechanical but human, risk‑laden, and norm‑governed. If Cardano invents, in practice, the implicature “with a lock” that allows movement without collapse, Grice supplies its modern theory: conversation as a rational game in which we wager on others’ reasons, suspend judgment strategically, and usually—though not always—win understanding. Grice: “I’m sure C. does not mean chance by aleae! It’s a Roman notion, not an Arabic one! C. is a fascinating philosopher, but then so is I [sic]! My favourite philosophical topic by C. is what he calls, well, his Italian translators call – recall that Italian philosophy is written in the ‘learned’! gioco d’azzardo, ludo alaea – which is what conversation is – what is conversation is not a game of azzardo? But C. also refutes all that Malcolm says about dreaming, never mind Freud. Italians are obsessed with a male sleeping: Rinaldo, Tasso, Botticelli (“sleeping Mars”), not to mention the search for the Etruscan equivalent to oneiron, the god. One of my most precious souvenirs is a little medal of C.: not so much for his very Roman nose, charming as it is, but for the backside, representing Oneiron among the ladies!” Fondat a probabilità, coefficiente binomiale e teorema binomiale, inventa l’implicatura e a serratura, la sospensione cardanicache permette il moto liber delle bussole nautiche ed è alla base del giroscopioe del giunto cardanico. Animos scio esse immortales, modum nescio. So che l'anima è immortale, ma non ho capito come funzioni la cosa. VINCI. Dopo che mia madre tenta senza risultato dei preparati per abortire, vengo alla luce. Come morto, infatti, sono nato, anzi sono stato strappato al suo grembo, con i capelli neri e ricciuti. Contrasse la peste dalla sua balia, e fu allevato da altre nutrici. Studia a Pavia a temporum  ratione et divisionibus  mathematicis quxlitis animalium plantarum anima De vfu hominum, et dignotione eorum tum cura Sc errore. Masculinity machio maschile Prospero De signo de Casis, signis, ac locis Morborum Opera analytic index he philosophises about almost everything including logic dialettica metafisica psicologia anima fisionomia same-sex at 14 a puer becomes an adolescent his oeuvre examined in masculinity studies He claims that Bolognese males are tasteful possibly paranoid tuore di Silvestri tutee. Grice: Cardano, tu che hai inventato il giunto cardanico e il teorema binomiale, dimmi: è più difficile calcolare la probabilità in una partita a carte o capire il valore civico di un Milanese maschio? Cardano: Grice, ti confesso che tra Melanippo e Caritone c’è più gusto a giocare con le implicature che con le aleae. Però, la vera sfida civica sta nel prosperare senza mai perdere il sorriso – soprattutto quando l’anima è immortale ma nessuno sa come funziona! Grice: Allora la conversazione è davvero come un gioco d’azzardo: si rischia, si scommette, si sospende il giudizio come la tua serratura, e a volte si vince pure una medaglia col dio del sogno sul retro! Cardano: Grice, meno male che almeno nei sogni nessuno ci chiede il coefficiente binomiale per dormire bene. E comunque, tra il sonno di Rinaldo e il naso romano, la filosofia resta il modo migliore per conversare con gusto – anche se a volte si sbaglia porta! Cardano, Gerolamo (1543). De subtilitate. Norimberga, Johannes Petreius.

Pietro Cardano (Lumellogno, Novara, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. A comparison between H. P. Grice and Pietro Lombardo (often called Peter of Lombardy) brings out a deep structural affinity in their treatment of meaning as reason‑governed and interpretation‑dependent, even though they work in radically different intellectual contexts. Pietro Lombardo’s Libro delle Sentenze aims to regulate doctrinal discourse by distinguishing res (things) from signa (signs), arguing that apparent contradictions among authoritative texts arise not from reality itself but from divergent modes of exegesis. Meaning, for Lombardo, is therefore governed by rational interpretation within a community bound by shared authorities and norms; doctrinal understanding advances through dialectical sensitivity to what is said, how it is said, and how it is meant. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning can be seen as a secular, analytic analogue of this scholastic insight: conversational implicature arises not from the literal content of utterances (the modern counterpart of res) but from the inferential practices governing signa in cooperation with rational expectations about relevance, authority, and purpose. Just as Lombardo harmonizes conflicting auctoritates by appealing to interpretive reason rather than ontological discord, Grice explains how speakers routinely convey more than they say by relying on shared norms of rational conduct in conversation. Both thinkers reject semantic impoverishment: Lombardo resists a flat literalism that would multiply doctrinal contradictions, while Grice resists a semantics that ignores what rational agents intend their interlocutors to recognize. In this sense, Lombardo’s medieval hermeneutics anticipates Grice’s conversational psychology: meaning is not mechanically attached to words, but emerges from reasoned interpretation governed by communal norms, whether applied to theological sentences in Paris or ordinary conversation in modern philosophy. Grice: “I like C.! If William was called Ockham, I should be called Harborne, and Petrus Lombardia! It is strange that he was called Piero da Lombardia; it would be like ‘a lad from shropshire.’ ‘Lombardia,’ unlike Ockham, ain’t a townbut a full regionIt’s different with ‘veneto,’ which is toponymic and metonymic for Venice. But if Milano was the main ever settlement in Lombardia this would be “Peter, the one from Milan. It’s only natural that he was Pietro Ca. – after the city in Lombardy, C. Plus, the implicature that he went by “Peter of Lombardy” having been born in Piemonte, means that the locals never saw him as one of their own!”” Studia a Bologna. ALIGHIERI  lo nomina in Paradiso. Libro delle Sentenze. Pelll'ampiezza delle fonti e la sua originalità, divenne il testo di riferimento. Tenta d’armonizzare la disparità e le divergenze che la pluralità delle auctoritates aveva generato, dando luogo ad un certo scompiglio ermeneutico e dottrinale. Riprendendo la classica distinzione agostiniana tra signa e res, afferma che il motivo delle divergenze non appartiene alla natura delle cose, bensì all’esegesi. Tratta di Dio, sua natura e suoi attributi; la la creazione degl’angeli, del mondo e dell'uomo, l'incarnazione cristica e della promessa della grazia; e  sacramenti. Mantiene la distinzione tra res, le prime tre parti, e signa, l'ultima. Lo stile snoda l'esposizione delle sentenze coll'eleganza dialettica all’AOSTA mantenendosi aderente al rispetto delle varie auctoritates anche riguardo o stile letterario col quale egli opera una mimesi. Criticato sin dalla sua prima uscita per via del nichilismo cristologico. Descrive infatti l'autorità pontificia come fondamentale pell’insegnamento. Autore anche di ventinove Sermones, mentre sicuramente spurie sono altre opere a lui di tempo in tempo attribuite.Grice, “Philosophical psychology in the commentaries of Pietro Lombardo and Grice,” per il Club Anglo-Italiano, , Villa Grice, . Lombardia Grice: “Implicatura. Grice: Caro Pietro, devo dirti che sono così felice di poterti chiamare con il tuo vero cognome, Cardano! Pensa, con Occam questa fortuna non ce l’ho: posso solo dire “il rasoio di Occam”, ma mai chiamarlo “signor Occam” con la stessa sicurezza. E trovo curioso che tu sia conosciuto come “Pietro da Lombardia”, quando in realtà la Lombardia non è una cittadina come Ockham, ma una regione intera! Questo dettaglio toponomastico offre già una bella implicatura: forse i piemontesi non ti hanno mai sentito davvero uno di loro? Cardano: Grice, hai colto nel segno! Essere chiamato “da Lombardia” mi ha sempre dato una certa distanza, quasi un’aura di estraneità. Ma, d’altronde, la filosofia non conosce confini: come Dante ha scritto di me nel Paradiso, la verità va oltre le radici locali! Grice: E infatti il tuo “Libro delle Sentenze” è diventato il testo di riferimento per tanti, proprio grazie all’ampiezza delle fonti e alla tua originalità. Mi affascina come tu abbia tentato di armonizzare le divergenze delle auctoritates, distinguendo tra signa e res: la differenza sta nell’interpretazione, non nella natura delle cose. Cardano: È vero, Grice! L’esegesi è il cuore della filosofia, e spesso il problema nasce non dalle cose ma dal modo in cui le comprendiamo. Ho sempre cercato l’eleganza dialettica, mantenendo rispetto alle varie autorità e al loro stile, pur rischiando critiche come il “nichilismo cristologico”. Ma dopotutto, ogni discussione filosofica porta implicature nuove e inaspettate! Cardano, Pietro (1150). Sentenze. Parigi, Goffredo di San Vittore.

Domenico Antonio Cardone (Palmi, Reggio Calabria, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale l’eroe nudo - A useful way to frame the comparison between Grice and Domenico Antonio Cardone is to see them as converging on the idea that meaning and reason emerge only within a shared, rule‑governed human practice, while diverging on what gives that practice its ultimate orientation. For Grice, conversational meaning is governed by rational expectations internal to talk itself: speakers rely on cooperation, mutual recognition of intentions, and calculable implicatures that arise precisely because interlocutors assume reasonableness rather than heroism, transcendence, or moral grandeur. Cardone, by contrast, treats conversational reason as embedded in a wider moral, historical, and symbolic economy: his reflections on the “sovrumano,” on naked heroes like Napoleon versus disguised ones like Clark Kent, and on the Vichian–D’Annunzian cult of the hero are not merely playful metaphors but diagnoses of how communities collectively generate meanings that exceed strict rational calculation. Where Grice hears trouble in linguistic excess—coinages like “sovrumano” triggering implicatures about what is wrong with “human” and thereby inviting critical “linguistic botanising”—Cardone sees the same excess as philosophically revealing, exposing the tension between usefulness and uselessness, action and contemplation, domination and fraternity. In this sense, Grice’s theory disciplines meaning by bringing it back to ordinary human rationality, irony, and cancellable implication, whereas Cardone expands conversational reason toward a philosophy of life in which implicature shades into moral critique, social deontology, and a Calabrian humanism that insists, ultimately, on remaining human—with irony—rather than aspiring to the superhuman. - Napoleone Clark Kent; ovvero, sul sovrumano – trasumanar culto dell’eroe di VICO – ANNUNZIO e il fascismo. Grice: “C. plays with a coinage, sobraumnao, in Dionigio e Luciano – it triggers implicata: what’s wrong with ‘human’? One is reminded of Pico (‘dignita dell’uomo’) and ANNUNZIO – it is a problem of linguistic botanising for Italian phiosophers, ‘altreuomo’ being rendered as a translation of Emersen’s ‘plus man’ – and cf. Carlyle – ANNUNZIO, who should have known better, prefers ‘suPer,’ when we know that in the ‘volgare,’ the ‘p’ becomes ‘v’, so C. has it just right!” Si laurea a Roma. Socialista. deontologia filosofia morale sociale civiltà fratellanza umana. Storia diritto relativismo gnoseologico Reazione collettiva I filosofi calabresi nella storia della filosofia, con appendice sui sociologi e gli psicologi, lo stato Filosofia della vita, Umanismo liberalismo e comunismo, Divenire e l'Uomo, L'uomo nel cosmo. Storia e prospettive, La vita come esperienza inutile, L'ozio la contemplazione il gioco la tecnica l'anarchismo, Si vis pacem para pacem I confini dell'anima La banca della carità Terapia del tramonto dittatore assenza e mancanza: Napoleone non mi sembra per nulla così grande come Cromwell. Le sue enormi vittorie, che s’ estesero A 1 «Napoleone l'idolo della comune degli " 3 i gli nomini, perchè a le qualità e le facoltà degli Cn OI k Ni Chi co: i 0 fesso moderno; auche quand'è all'apice della fortuna; “gli aleggia dentro lo stesso spirito che troviamo nei giornali del tempo. da 7 si limitò alla piccola Inghilte che gli alti trampoli ti la statura dell'uomo Clark Kent; ovvero, sul sovrumano, “Ricerche filosofiche”; futilitarianism, inutilitarianism philosophy of life essere e divenire sovraumano ANNUNIZIO culto degl’eroi valore, Napoleone natura. Grice: Cardone, ti confesso che parlare di “sovrumano” mi mette sempre in crisi: se Napoleone era un eroe nudo, allora Clark Kent con gli occhiali dev’essere l’idolo di tutti i filosofi calabresi! Cardone: Grice, il bello è proprio quello! Tra il culto dell’eroe e il trasumanar, Annunzio si è perso tra “super” e “altreuomo”, ma io dico che a Palmi, l’eroe si riconosce dal tramonto: chi resiste fino a sera senza svestirsi, vince la coppa della filosofia morale. Grice: E allora si vis pacem para pacem! In fondo, Napoleone aveva i suoi trampoli, ma Clark Kent ha la banca della carità e l’ozio contemplativo—forse la vera grandezza sta nel sapere quando mettere la mantella e quando togliersela, proprio come suggerisce Vico. Cardone: Perfetto, Grice! Tra inutilità e utilità, il divenire è un gioco: il sovrumano lo si trova tra il futilitarianismo delle vittorie e l’inutilitarianismo dell’anima. Cromwell o Napoleone? Alla fine, basta essere umani—ma con una punta di ironia e fratellanza calabrese. Cardone, Domenico Antonio (1930). L'uomo nel cosmo. Palmi: Tipografia Fratelli Cardone. 

Giuseppe Carle (Chiusa di Pesio, Cuneo, Piemonte) : la ragione conversazionale e le radici del diritto romano legge e natura. A comparison between Grice and Giuseppe Carle can be drawn by focusing on their shared commitment to understanding normativity as emerging from structured human practices rather than from abstract axioms alone, even though they work in different domains. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning locates rationality within cooperative interaction: meaning arises from speakers treating conversation as a joint enterprise governed by principles such as responsibility, relevance, and defeasible expectations, with implicature marking the point where rule-following intelligence meets practical judgment. Carle’s philosophy of law, grounded in his reconstruction of Roman jurisprudence, approaches normativity from a parallel angle: for him, ius is not reducible to brute fact or moral value, but is sustained by historically sedimented principles—such as exceptio, responsibility, authority, and natural limitation—that regulate social life by allowing for justified deviation from rigid rules. Where Grice analyses conversational implicature as the lawful but non-mechanical surplus generated when agents reason together, Carle sees Roman law as embodying an analogous logic, in which legal meaning depends on distinctions between nature and institution, public and private, rule and exception. In both cases, normativity is neither arbitrary nor absolute: it is rational because it is answerable to shared practices—conversation for Grice, civic life and legal tradition for Carle—and flexible because it must accommodate cooperation, conflict, and the ever-present need to recognize when principles apply and when, responsibly, they must give way. Grice: “I like C. – he is like Hart, only better – his Latin tract on ‘exceptio’ is eaxactly what Hart means by defeasibility, only that C. can found it on Roman law – Like me, he likes the use of ‘principio,’ as when he speaks of a ‘principle of responsibility,’ and his essays on what he calls ‘social philosophy’ is pretty akin to my concerns on cooperation as the epitome of joint behaviour.” Insegna a Torino. Lincei. Positivista.  La dottrina giuridica del fallimento nel diritto privato internazionale; filosofia del diritto. vita sociale. filosofia giuridica Le origini del diritto romano: ricostruzione storica dei concetti che stanno a base del diritto pubblico e privato di Roma stato ius – fatto – non valore – l’implicatura di Romolo e Remo. giusnaturalismo forza autorita ius Fuit haec sapientia quondam Publica privatis secernere, sacra profanis. HOR., poet Ars. LABOR NOR Bologna ci rammenta anche l'epoca, in cui essa iniziando grande in fluenza del diritto romano. Ne è da farsi illusione, che questo gepere di studii possa ugualmente mantenersi fuori della cerchia dell’università. Poichè, tanto in Italia che in Germania, la scienza è nata e si è svolta nell’università, ed è in esse, che deve essere tenuto vivo il focolare della medesima. È soltanto nell’università, che la storia del diritto antico può cessare di occuparsi esclusivamente di minute ricerche archeologiche, per cambiarsi in un sistema di concetti, che possa essere succo e sangue per la giovine generazione. Diritto romano implicatura legge natura romana ius CONTRA NATVRAM QVIPPE EST VT CVM ALIQVID TENEAM TV QVOQVE ID TENERE VIDARIS. SERVITVS EST CONSTITVTIO IVRIS GENTIVM QVA QVIS DOMINIO ALIENO CONTRA NATVRAM SVBICITVR. Orazio. Sat, Roma – filosofia antica. Chiusa di Pesio, Cuneo, Piemonte.  Grice: Carle, spesso mi domando: dove sarebbero tutti quei principi che i giuristi—e persino gli anglo-ebraici come Hart a Oxford – o Vadum Boem, come la chiamiamo noi Lit. Hum – amano tanto, se non avessero le radici profonde del diritto romano? La tua lettura così attenta delle sue profondità illumina davvero quanto la nostra giurisprudenza debba a Roma. Carle: Caro Grice, è vero: il diritto romano è come una linfa che scorre ancora sotto la superficie delle nostre leggi moderne. Se oggi parliamo di principi, responsabilità, eccezioni e cooperazione, lo dobbiamo proprio a quell’antica sapienza che seppe distinguere pubblico e privato, sacro e profano. Grice: Lo spirito del “ius”, come tu ricostruisci, non è solo una questione di regole, ma di vita sociale e filosofia condivisa. Persino la “exceptio” diventa, nella tua interpretazione, una finestra sulla natura stessa della legge: il diritto, per essere vivo, deve sapere quando derogare, proprio come la conversazione sa quando implicare e quando esplicitare. Carle: Esattamente, Grice. Come diceva Orazio: “Fuit haec sapientia quondam publica privatis secernere, sacra profanis.” Il diritto romano è riuscito a fondare la civiltà distinguendo ciò che era natura e ciò che era norma. E oggi, nelle università e nei tribunali, quella saggezza continua a insegnarci che le implicature della legge sono la vera anima della nostra società. Carle, Giuseppe (1885). Le origini del diritto romano: ricostruzione storica dei concetti che stanno a base del diritto pubblico e privato di Roma. Torino, Unione Tipografico-Editrice. 

Mario Carli (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale: filosofia passatista, filosofia presentista, filosofia futuristica. A comparison between Grice and Mario Carli can be drawn by seeing both as treating reason as something that is enacted in living practices rather than imposed from outside, while giving that enactment different emphases. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning focuses on how rationality operates immanently within conversation itself: speakers cooperate, manage expectations, and generate implicatures that arise from shared assumptions about relevance, responsibility, and intelligible purpose. Carli, working in the sphere of aesthetics and cultural philosophy, extends a similar insight to the temporal self‑understanding of modern culture, contrasting passatismo, presentismo, and futurismo as competing conversational stances toward time. For him, futurism is not merely an artistic school but a deliberate conversational rupture, a rebellion against inherited meanings aimed at forcing new implicatures about value, progress, and significance. Where Grice analyzes implicature as the rational surplus that emerges when what is said is strategically less than what is meant, Carli treats artistic and philosophical movements as collective conversational moves that intentionally over‑ or under‑state their relation to past and present in order to provoke new interpretations. In both cases, meaning is governed by reason, but not by static rules: it is generated through historically situated interactions, whether between interlocutors negotiating sense in ordinary talk, or between generations negotiating meaning through art, rebellion, and the imaginative re‑use of inherited forms. Grice: “I like C.! I wouldn’t think that, when we were kings,  we were much interested in art! It’s very odd that only decades afterwards, Keith Arnatt would pull the leg of Austin with his ‘Trouser words’ – once Austin was dead. In Italy, things are different – they are more like London – where philosophers were talking ‘significant’ form without caring to realise they didn’t know what ‘significant’ was! In Italy, futurism was meant as a rebellion against passatismo, i. e. the philosophy of the present! A Griceian approach to aesthetic instrumentalism!” Schiavo Volpe FUTURISMO E FASCISMO. Marinetti Russolo FUTURISMO CON E SENZA FASCISMO A Giacinto Menotti Serrati allora direitore dell’Avanti, che si era recato in Russia per respirare  aria comunista. Lenin affermò: “Voi socialisti non  siete dei rivoluzionari. In Italia ci sono soltanto tre  uomini che possono fare la rivoluzione: Mussolini,  Annunzio, Marinetti”. Il povero Menotti, inotridito, ritornò a Milano precipitosamente. E. quando, paco dapo, un capo scarico con un  magistrale colpo di forbice gli tagliò di netto, per  beffario, Ia veneranda barba, reagì in questo modo:  facendo proclamare nella grande città lombarda lo  sciopero generale. I milanesi orripilarono, è il caso  di dirlo, perché si sentirono da quel giorno appesi  ai peli del direttore dell'Avarti  EmiLio SErTIMELLI, Mille giudizi di statisti, scrittori, giornalisti, scienziati, industriali di Cinquanta  Stati sulla personalità e misstone di Mussolini, Erre, Milano). Quale futurismo? Il futurismo è ormai un fatto d’esportazione: italiano  d'origine pur se si è cercato di farlo passare per francese  e russo poi di acquisizione e di affermazione, è ormai  alla ribalta dell’esperimentazione artistica americana. Segno questo che il fenomeno è vitale e ancora carico di  prospettive, nonostante la storicizzazione di un avvenimento che fu d'avanguardia. Ma quale avvenimento?  futurismo. Grice: Carli, dimmi la verità: tu preferisci passatismo, presentismo o futurismo, oppure, come fanno molti italiani, ti piace mischiare tutto in una conversazione saporita? Carli: Ah, Grice, la filosofia è come la cucina romana: si prende ciò che c’è, si mescola e si assaggia. Ma il futurismo, sai, è come mettere l’olio d’oliva sulla pizza: una ribellione contro la tradizione, però sempre con gusto! Grice: Ma allora, se il presente è il piatto del giorno, il passato il vino della casa e il futuro la torta che deve ancora uscire dal forno, tu da cosa inizi quando filosofeggi? Carli: Grice, io inizio sempre dalla conversazione: perché solo parlando si scopre se la torta è dolce o salata, e se vale la pena mangiarla oggi... o domani! Carli, Mario (1915). La mia divinità. Milano, Libreria Editrice Lombarda.

Armando Carlini (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia fascista – A comparison between Grice and Armando Carlini brings into relief two different but structurally related accounts of how reason governs meaning within human practices. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning treats rationality as immanent to cooperative dialogue: meaning and implicature arise because interlocutors orient themselves toward shared norms of intelligibility, responsibility, and practical purpose, even when those norms are strategically bent or suspended. Carlini, by contrast, situates reason within the dialectical life of the spirit itself, conceived as an ongoing inner and social dialogue marked by doubt, tension, and the search for a “thou.” In his neo‑idealistic and spiritualist framework—developed in dialogue with Gentile, Croce, and Bovio, and historically entangled with the intellectual mythology of Italian fascism—reason is not primarily procedural but existential and metaphysical, grounding meaning in the activity of spirit rather than in intersubjective conversational rules. Yet a parallel emerges: Carlini’s insistence that thought advances through internal dialogue, exception, and crisis echoes Grice’s idea that implicature is generated when speakers rely on rational expectations that are not exhaustively encoded in what is said. Where Grice reconstructs conversational meaning as a rule‑governed but defeasible practice among speakers, Carlini interprets philosophical and cultural meaning as the product of a reasoned but anguished dialogue of the spirit with itself and with tradition. Both reject a purely mechanical view of normativity, but Grice locates its source in cooperative linguistic practice, while Carlini grounds it in a metaphysics of spirit that treats conversation, inner or outer, as the privileged site where reason becomes historically and culturally effective. -- scuola di Napoli – filosofia napoletana – filosofia campanese -- filosofia italiana – , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice,  (Napoli). Abstract. Grice: “Prince Edward used to say that he did not care what lnguage opera was sung, provided it was in a language he didn’t understand. Mutatis mutandis, the classics at the Sub-Faculty of Philosophy at Oxford. It would be considered JUST OBSCENE to provide a translation! I love C., and Speranza loves him even more, but then he is Italian! My favourite is his “A brief history of philosophy,” especially the subtitle: “Da Talete di Mileto a Talete di Mileto, con una postfazione di Talete di Mileto – “Nel principio era l’acqua”!” – Il primo filossofo – che cadde in un pozzo.” Si laurea a Bologna (“l’unica universita italiana”) sotto ACRI. Insegna a Roma. Conosce Saitta. Studia lizio e BOVIO. senso ed esperienza. Idealismo visto come sintesi fra l’immanentismo di GENTILE e CROCE. Il soggetto attraversa un costante irto di dubbi ed angosce e un dialogo che riusciamo ad instaurare con noi stessi, in un percorso critico dialettico, una conquista realizzabile solo attraverso gli strumenti di una metafisica critica. La conoscenza e sviluppata in una concezione realistica dello spirito umano alla ricerca di tu. Esistenzialista metafisica La nulla anihila Bovio Senso ed esperienza Lo spirito” il mito del realismo filosofia fascista, il mito del realismo, la categoria dello spirito, animus e spiritus, filosofia italiana, storia della filosofia romana, l’ambasciata di Carneade a Roma, la antichissima sapienza degl’italici, la scuola di pitagora, sicilia e la magna grecia, geist, ghost, spirito, animo, spirito oggetivo, testi di filosofia ad uso dei licei, lizio il principio logico avvivamento alla filosofia, i grandi i minori Grice: Caro Carlini, ogni volta che mi cimento con la tua “Storia della filosofia”, resto affascinato dal viaggio che ci porti a fare: da Talete a Talete, con una sosta nell’acqua! Ma dimmi, ti sei mai bagnato come il nostro amico di Mileto? Carlini: Grice, che domanda! Forse sì, ma almeno non sono mai caduto nel pozzo per guardare le stelle. Qui a Napoli, tra filosofia campana e dialettica, l’unico rischio è inciampare in una citazione di Bovio o Croce e ritrovarsi a discutere per ore! Grice: Eh, il dialogo è sempre più profondo del pozzo! Apprezzo la tua idea di un soggetto che si arrovella di fronte ai propri dubbi: è quasi una metafisica da caffè napoletano, dove lo spirito si cerca tra una tazza e l’altra. Carlini: Proprio così, Grice! E per dirla alla partenopea, solo chi ha spirito sa davvero ridere delle proprie angosce. In fondo, anche la filosofia, a Napoli, è un gioco di squadra: si pensa, si ride e, se va bene, si impara pure qualcosa sulla natura dell’acqua… e dello spirito! Carlini, Armando (1912). Il principio logico avvivamento alla filosofia. Napoli, Giannotta. 

Carmando (Roma): filosofia italiana (Roma). Charmander -- According to Seneca, Carmando wrote a book on comets. GRICEVS: Romae, Charmander, si Senecae credimus, Carmando librum de cometis scripsit, sed ego timeo ne stellae ipsae pedem notaverint. CHARMANDER: Si cometae pedes habent, ego certe eos calefaciam, ut liber Carmandi minus frigeat quam caelum. GRICEVS: Cave, amice ignee: philosophia Italica saepe flammam amat, sed bibliotheca Romana non amat cinerem. CHARMANDER: Tum faciam ut cometae tantum luceant et non ardeant, atque Carmando rideat in astris quasi in Trastevere. Carmando (a. u. c. DCCXC). De cometis. Roma

Annibale Caro (Citanova Marche, Macerata, Marche): la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazionale, la rettorica. In comparing Grice and Annibale Caro one sees a striking convergence across centuries around the idea that meaning in conversation is governed by reason rather than exhausted by literal wording. Caro, operating in the sixteenth‑century humanist milieu of Civitanova Marche in the province of Macerata, conceives rhetoric not as ornamental excess but as a rational art embedded in the native Tuscan language, shaped by continuous use, attentive listening, irony, comparison, and responsive counter‑argument; his reflections on rhetoric insist that persuasion and understanding arise from the orderly exchange of reasons, calibrated to interlocutors and situation, and this is precisely what is at stake in his fierce dispute with Castelvetro over the vernacular, as well as in his Virgilian experiment in blank verse, where form must answer to communicative intelligibility rather than scholastic prescription. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning gives this intuition a modern philosophical articulation: where Caro speaks of ragione and rhetorical judgment, Grice speaks of speaker intention, rational cooperation, and implicature, but both treat conversation as an activity in which what is meant routinely exceeds what is said, and where that excess is not arbitrary but accountable to shared norms of rational discourse. Grice’s amused remark about his affection for Caro, contrasted with Latin Cicero lectures at his alma mater, underscores the point: Caro’s commitment to rhetoric in the living vernacular anticipates Grice’s insistence that philosophical insight into meaning must begin from actual communicative practice, where irony, ellipsis, and comparison function as reasoned moves within an ongoing conversational game rather than as mere stylistic flourishes. Grice: “I love C.! On the other hand, at my alma mater, Rainolds lectures on Cicero – in LATIN!” La rettorica L’Eneide di VIRGILIO in verso sciolto, fierce literary dispute with CASTELVETRO. RETTORICA IN LINGVA TOSCANA. mandar fora la rettorica fatta in lingua toscana.  L’arte della rettorica. la Natura ha dato a lei la sua lingua nativa per particolare studio e per continuo essercizo che fa in essa, imparato di ben parlar e crederei d’esser mancato grandemente al debito de la gratitudine quando in sua vece ne la persona non avesi se fa tributo a essa lingua di quelle compofitwni ch'egli fece per opera per benefitio suo. Tanto piu Rapendo ognuno con esso me quanto egli per quello jacef e prof tf ione di dovere a Firenze f$ k la Tofana tutta e per conseguetila a i Prin api y&ài Signori d’essa: come ne fa pi enifi ma fedeiltcfimomo ch'egli mede fimo ne ha Lfcia- to ne lefue T^rme . Tutte queste ragioni cornea hanno moffo me à dedicare a V.S.ìllufrif. que- Jìo volume ; cofi tengo ragioni, chef sono provate siche f fiolfire col metterle a paragone con quelle che fi ' f 'no addotte dall;auuerftrio. E per paragonarle o s’affrontano insìeme quelle che l’uno e l'altro hanno dette sopra al medesmo, ofènza affrontarle, replicano in questo modo. Coftut di questo dice questo ed io dico questo per questo. Oper tua d’ironia, come dire . Jgueflefono le belle ragioni che egli adduce ed io non {di ho saputo risponder se non queste. E che sarebbe egli, sè questefoffro le sue ragiom,et ?2on quesl altre? 0 peruia d interrogatane, come dire. Che manca ch’io non dimostro? O uero, che cose ha dimoftrato ihnio avversario? Onde che fi pio fare, o cose carne s’è detto, oper uia  LeiaRettoricad'AriftotileLib. 111. àia di paragone : ofimplicemente fecondo t or dine naturale nel modo che fi fino efyoHe 3 raccontando copie vagì n tue, dipoi fi ti pare appartatamente quelle de tauuer Cario. Et ultimamente dir quelle parole fciolt e y che fi anno ben ne lafi?je, perfiar che fi a epilogo e non oratione, in quella gmfia . Ho detto 3 hauete intejò . Sapete come paffa . Giudicate. n ■ I nC  Grice: Caro Caro, permettimi di dirti che la tua perspicacia nella "rettorica conversazionale" mi affascina immensamente! È una vera prammatica, e l’arte con cui plasmi la lingua toscana, portando la conversazione al livello della più raffinata comunicazione, è degna di lode. Il tuo saper fare dialogo, con ironia e sottigliezza, rivela quella maestria che solo i grandi sanno esercitare. Caro: Gentilissimo Grice, le tue parole mi onorano e, se posso, mi spronano a continuare nella ricerca di una lingua che non sia solo strumento, ma vera espressione dell’animo. La conversazione, come tu insegni, è luogo di implicature sottili, e la rettorica, a mio avviso, trova il suo compimento proprio nell’arte di saper ascoltare e rispondere con arguzia e rispetto. Grice: Vedo che condividi la mia idea che la conversazione sia una danza tra ragione e sentimento, dove ogni gesto verbale cela un’implicatura, spesso più eloquente di mille parole. La tua Eneide in verso sciolto, oltre alla disputa con Castelvetro, mostra quanto la lingua possa essere strumento di armonia e di confronto, e quanto la prammatica sia cruciale nel tessuto del discorso. Caro: Grice, la tua elegantissima riflessione mi ricorda che, come dice il proverbio toscano, "Chi sa parlare, sa anche tacere." La rettorica non è solo dire, ma anche scegliere il momento del silenzio, cogliere l’attimo dell’ironia e del paragone. In questo, Firenze e la Toscana hanno dato molto alla lingua, ma è grazie a scambi come il nostro che la conversazione cresce e si arricchisce di nuovi sensi e nuove libertà. Caro, Annibale (1566). Lettere familiari. Venezia, Gabriel Giolito de' Ferrari.

Domenico Carpani (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazionale e arte combinatoria razionale. Both Grice and Domenico Carpani situate meaning and rationality within an ordered economy of mental operations, but they do so from strikingly different historical and methodological vantage points that nonetheless converge on a shared intuition: reason operates by structuring memory and inference rather than by mere rhetorical ornament. Carpani, drawing on Cicero, Aquinas, and the Aristotelian tradition of De memoria et reminiscentia, conceives memoria as an active, rule-governed faculty that transforms the chaos of sensory images (sensus communis, the silva maxima of impressions) into intelligible order through similitude, contrast, habit, and voluntary discipline; rationality here is combinatorial, an ars that organizes stored contents in the armarium memoriae so that intellect can later “ruminate” and emit verba in an orderly way. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning performs an analogous operation at the level of social interaction: conversational implicature arises when hearers reconstruct, from what is said, the speaker’s reasons and intentions by relying on shared rational expectations rather than explicit coding. Where Carpani treats memory as the internal medium in which sense and intellect are coordinated under rules ultimately inherited from Cicero and Aquinas, Grice treats conversation as a public, normative space in which rational agents order what is said and unsaid through cooperative principles. The comparison clarifies that Grice’s appeal to memory in analyses such as “I am hearing a noise” is not merely psychological but structurally medieval in spirit: like Carpani’s memoria nutrita et ordinata, Gricean understanding requires a disciplined capacity to retain, revise, and connect contents so that reason—whether in inner cognition or outer conversation—can operate as a governed, combinatorial art rather than as brute causal response. Grice: “When I proposed my analysis of ‘I am hearing a noise’ in terms of memory, I was, unconsciously, following C.!” nutrienda memoria memoria et reminiscentia condite CICERONE perfectissimus orator in cuius Rhetoricorum de hac arte tractavit licet obscuro et subtili modo in tantum quod nemo ipsum intelligere valuit nisi per gratiam et doctorem qui doceret ipsam artem qualiter deberet pratichari. Temi legati alla “psicologia” e alla “filosofia” più che alla retorica, ci riportano invece altri saggi nei quali l'influsso delle impostazioni del LIZIO ed AQUINO  è assai più forte di quello esercitato dalla tradizione della retorica di CICERONE. Si tratta, come è ovvio, solo di una differenza di grado poiché proprio attraverso AQUINO, l’arte di CICERONE  della memoria fa parte della cultura. Si tenta di ricavare dai testi del LIZIO alcune regole della memoria artificiale. C. presenta le dottrine del LIZIO e AQUINO. Il sensus communis e silva maxima dove s’accumulano le immagini provocate dai sensi. Sul caos l’intelletto ne prende coscienza, ordena e lega l’una all’altra le cose simili ponendole in archa memoriæ. armario pomorum cibum sumens, VERBA per dentes ruminantis intellectus EMITTIT. La MEMORIA si muove sul senso o percezione, Grice, “Personal identity and memrory: “I am hearing a noise”/Someoe, I, is hearing is noise -- e quello dell’intelletto. La memoria sensitiva, vis quaedam sensitivæ animæ, congiunge al corpo, Grice: uses of “I” attached with ‘my body’, e ritiene corporalia tantum. L’intellettiva, Grice, pure ego, ‘soul’, armarium specierum sempiternarum, carattere corporeo dei CONTENUTI della memoria, I was hit by a cricket bat, sensitiva la memoria delle pecore che dopo il pascolo tornano all’ovile. Identità memoria/volontà-intelleto Admincula della memoria in AQUINO: bonus ordo memoriam facit habilem ex frequentibus actis habitus generatur la similitudo e la contrarietas e fissa regole ricavate da CICERONE e dalla psicologia del LIZIO. chiave universale. Grice: Caro Carpani, quando rifletto sulla memoria, mi viene sempre in mente il tuo modo geniale di mettere ordine nel caos: come dire, trasformare una soffitta piena di mele marce in una biblioteca perfettamente catalogata! Carpani: E tu, Grice, con la tua analisi del “sentire un rumore”, sembri uno che cerca tra i ricordi se quel rumore era un campanello della memoria o solo una pecora tornata all’ovile. La memoria, in fondo, va nutrita come un ovino affamato, ci vuole pazienza e un po’ di buon senso comune. Grice: Eh sì, ma non dimentichiamo l’armario delle specie eterne! Io, ogni tanto, ci metto dentro qualche concetto nuovo, e poi mi capita di trovarci vecchi pensieri impolverati che non ricordavo nemmeno di aver avuto. Sarà che la chiave universale, a Oxford, la perde sempre qualcuno. Carpani: Allora ti consiglio una bella ruminata, come fanno le pecore: le idee, dopo un po’ che le mastichi, diventano più saporite. E se proprio ti sfugge qualcosa, chiedi ad Aquino: lui ha sempre una regola pronta per rimettere in riga anche i ricordi più ribelli! Carpani, Domenico (1476). De nutrienda memoria. Napoli, Stampatore di Carpani. 

Domenico Carpino (Tertro Francese. Cosenza, Calabria).  la ragione conversazionale. Grice and Domenico Carpino converge on a shared conception of reason as an active governor of meaning, but they express it in different registers that mirror their intellectual contexts. Carpino, writing in early nineteenth‑century Calabria within the tradition of rhetorical pedagogy, conceives la ragione conversazionale as a cultivated capacity of discernment: the art of selecting the “flower of things,” rejecting false beauties, and harmonizing expression across genres from epic and tragedy to comedy and music. For him, rationality in discourse is fundamentally normative and aesthetic, exercised through judgment, choice, and proportion, much as a critic or dramatist learns to choose what deserves emphasis and what should be discarded. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning translates this rhetorical sensibility into analytic philosophy: conversational implicature arises when speakers and hearers rely on shared rational expectations to move beyond literal content, selecting what is relevant, informative, or appropriate in a given exchange. Where Carpino frames conversational reason as a didactic art aimed at refining taste and judgment within literary and theatrical forms, Grice recasts it as a cooperative, inferential practice grounded in rational principles that guide what is said and what is meant. In this sense, Grice’s admiration for Carpino is intelligible: both treat conversation not as verbal excess but as a disciplined activity in which reason operates by selection, ordering, and calibration, whether the arena is the stage, the classroom, or everyday dialogue. Grice: “I love C.!” Lezioni di rettorica, TRATTE DA COSTA PER USO DEI STUDIOSI. Voi avole crollilo poter li rare qualche profitto dai Trattenimenti, che regolarmente avremo insie- me , sulle Istituzioni di Rettorica , ed io grato alla confidenza , che voi mi dimostrate , m’ ingegno a tutt’uomo di darvi le più distinte idee delle principali materie comprese nell’ immensa estensione della Letteratura, e di con- durvi alle sorgenti più pure, nelle quali voi ter- minerete di attigner quello, che il tempo destinato alle nostre conferenze non mi permette ai dirvi. Non ho bisogno, mici cari Signorini di farvi qui un lungo elogio delle Belle-Lettere, per animarvi al loro stu- dio. lo mi sono accorto con piacere , gustar voi inolio sì fatte cognizioni , e con felicita somma co- glier ciò che hanno di più degno di attenzione : perciocché ne va fatta seella , e non va colto, per così dire, che il fiore delle cose. L’arte consiste, a ben fare questa scelta , a non lasciarsi abbaglia- re a false bellezze , e discernere il pregio delle bellezze reali. Dell’ Epopea, Epica Poesia Dei principali poeti epici Del Dramma in generale Della Tragedia Dei principali poeti Tragici Della Commedia Degli antichi poeti Comici Del Teatro Italiano Del Teatro Spagnolo Del Teatro Francese Del Teatro Inglese Dei Drammi in musica, degli Oratori, e delle Cantade Della Poesia giocosa Appendice. Del Centone € boi Peno. Errori. P*g- 8 ver. 3o imbastardicono nota 1 vana Pag- IO ver. 6 raggionamento ver. IO troppo ver. 2 9 nobiliià ver. 23 P Indofero Pag- Pag- 49 ivi ver. 5 Lfzione dell’ Armomia Pag- 6i ver. >9 raggionata ver. 3 g jounal Pag, 7 S ver. 1 pissirae ver. 21 del pag- u ver. a di Alessandro ver. 3 ha pag- io3 ver. 20 slonanarsi Pag- 124 ver. 32 si da corpo ver. io Folicaia pag- *4-7 ver. 9 Eloghe pag. ibi ver. *7 di verso  ver. *7 Con tuto pag. ivi ver. 28 l’imperbole pag- 1 53 ver. a 1’ attensione ver . 6 struccioli pag. ivi ver. *9 assunto ver. 34 avaiso gag- 1 54 ver. 33 combiati Pag- iSS ver. a5 misusati Pag- ivi ver. 28 motter favole ver. a6 Oissea ver. 36 contesse Pag- i 7 a ivi ver. 26 Orlande ver. 33 Furtiguerri ver. 16 Adromaca ver. Grice: Caro Carpino, devo confessare che le tue lezioni di rettorica fanno venire voglia di prendere a pugni le false bellezze, proprio come suggerisci tu! In fondo, discernere il fiore delle cose è un’arte rara; peccato che a Oxford, spesso, ci accontentiamo del gambo. Carpino: Ah, caro Grice, se la conversazione fosse come il teatro italiano, allora ogni fiore avrebbe anche la sua commedia! Ma attenzione: tra epica, tragedia e poesia giocosa, chi non sa scegliere finisce a mangiare centoni senza condimento. Grice: Vedi, Domenico, la tua appendice sulle cantade mi ha fatto pensare che persino una conversazione può essere un’oratorio—soprattutto se qualcuno, come me, si ostina a sbagliare il tono e finisce per strucciare le massime! Carpino: Grice, caro mio, non ti crucciare! Se sbagli, basta riprendere dal principio, come dice Omero nell’Odissea: alla fine, anche il raggionamento più imbastardito può trovare la sua armonia—magari tra una favola e una tragedia, che a Cosenza non mancano mai! Carpino, Domenico (1830). Lezioni di rettorica. Cosenza: Stamperia Locale.  

Giovanni Michele Alberto Alberti Carrara (Bergamo, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazioale e arte combinatoria razionale. Giovanni Michele Alberto Carrara and H. P. Grice converge strikingly on the idea that meaning and reason are not static properties of expressions but emerge from ordered, inferential, and purposive activity, even though they articulate this insight in very different intellectual idioms. Carrara’s work, especially in De omnibus ingeniis augendae memoriae and in the Paduan humanist context of Armiranda (1457), treats reason as an art of rational combination: memory, understanding, and recall depend on order, connection, dependence, and deliberate reconstruction, whether through loci, bodily partition, or the controlled use of contraries; meaning, for Carrara, is governed by intelligible structure rather than brute expression, and the absence of conflict between rhetorical, medical, and philosophical practices is itself a rational achievement. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning mirrors this orientation at a higher level of abstraction: conversational implicature arises not from what is explicitly said but from the hearer’s rational reconstruction of order, relevance, intention, and dependency among utterances within a shared practice governed by norms of reasonableness. Where Carrara links memory to medicine, regimen, and the combinatorial arts—treating forgetting, distortion, and recovery as law-governed processes—Grice treats misunderstanding, cancellation, and inference as products of rational cooperation rather than semantic machinery alone. Both thus resist a purely mechanical or lexical account of meaning: Carrara grounds sense in ordered remembrance and rational synthesis, Grice in inferential uptake and cooperative reasoning, making Carrara an unexpectedly early precursor to a view of meaning as something governed by reason across contextual, embodied, and practical dimensions rather than fixed by words themselves.  Grice: “I love C.!” Al testo di C. attinge largamente, senza citare l’autore, GRATAROLI la memoria, TIRABOSCHI. De omnibus ingentis. Primum est ordo et reminiscibilium consequentia. Cum cam didicimus ex ordine cum connectione et dependentia si aliquo eorum erimus obliti, facile, repetito ordine, reminisci poterimus. Alterum est ut et uno simili in suum simile pro- memoria locale -- fondato sulla suddivisione in V parti del corpo degli animali. Mostra la connessione nel  LIZIO, fra arte della memoria e medicina. Affronta il problema d’una localizzazione della memoria. Passa poi a discutere delle principali malattie che ostacolano l’uso della memoria. S’sofferma ad esporre una serie di regole concernenti l’uso di cibi e bevande, il sonno e il moto. Formula di un ricettario. Alla terapeutica della memoria, già presente nel Regimen aphoristicum di Arnaldo da Villanova, si richiama, accanto a C., anche Matteolo da PERUGIA  che pubblica un opuscolo di medicina mnemonica. L’umdità è di ostacolo alla memoria è per esempio già presente nei testi qui autem habent locum dominatum humiditate non rememorant, quia formæ non finguntur in humido. C. si fonda su letture. Oltre ai classici della memoria, comparivano qui LIVIO e ANNICI recordati latinæ historiæ patre. Tertium est ut contraria recogitemus ut memores TOCCA. Tractatus clarissimi philosophi et medici Matheoli perusini de memoria et reminiscentia ac modo studendi tractatus feliciter. Insiste sul regime da seguire in vista della buona memoria. parva naturalia de omnibus Ingeniis augende memorie: di diverse forme espressive, ma anche e soprattutto l'assenza di quel conflitto che Petrarca aveva espresso nel De sui ipsius et multorum ignorantia: in C., coesistevano le correnti lizio e umanistica.  Il merito d’esplorare C. spetta a Giraldi, cui verifica Mazzi. Opera philosophica rhetorica De constitutione mundi, La concezione culturale dominante Padova Petrarca, l'umanesimo e la scolastica Implicatura. Grice: Carrara, devo confessare che la tua arte combinatoria razionale mi ha quasi fatto perdere la memoria! Dici che basta suddividere il corpo in cinque parti per ritrovare i ricordi, ma io a Oxford perdo tutto già alla seconda! Carrara: Caro Grice, se la memoria si smarrisce, basta ripassare l’ordine e connettere tutto, come dice il buon Lizio. Se non funziona, prova a evitare l’umidità: nei miei testi, la memoria si scioglie come pane nell’acqua! Grice: Ah, allora dovrò cambiare le mie abitudini: meno tè inglese, più regime da Carrara! E se dimentico, mi affiderò a qualche ricettario mnemonico, magari con un pizzico di ironia e tanto sonno. Carrara: Grice, se ti serve una memoria fresca, ricorda: la vera arte è non avere conflitti—come Petrarca diceva! In fondo, se tutto va a farsi benedire, basta pensare il contrario e ritroverai anche quello che non sapevi di aver perso! Carrara, Giovanni Michele Alberto Alberti (1457). Armiranda. Padova.

Giacomo Casanova (Venezia, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del desiderio omoerotico. A comparison between Grice and Casanova shows two very different deployments of reason-governed meaning within conversation, one analytic and formal, the other narrative and experiential, yet strikingly convergent in structure. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning treats reason as operative not at the level of what is said, but in what is responsibly and inferentially meant: implicature arises where speakers exploit norms of cooperation, relevance, and restraint to communicate more than they overtly state. Casanova’s autobiographical practice, especially in recounting homoerotic encounters, exhibits an analogous rational economy, though embedded in desire rather than logic: his celebrated piegadure are not logical rules but deliberate bendings of disclosure, strategic modulations of silence, concealment, irony, and delayed revelation. Where Grice theorizes how speakers rationally guide hearers toward intended interpretations without explicit articulation, Casanova narrates sexual understanding as something achieved through conversational indirection, staged confession, and interpretive complicity. In both, meaning is neither brute expression nor mere sincerity, but an achievement negotiated between agents who assume intelligence, perceptiveness, and shared norms. Casanova’s great originality lies in recognizing that erotic self-knowledge itself depends on such conversational reason—that desire is intelligible only insofar as it can be indirectly communicated, interpreted, and owned through language. Grice abstracts this insight into a general theory of rational communication; Casanova incarnates it in eros. The difference is one of register and aim, not of underlying structure: Grice gives us the logic of implicated meaning; Casanova gives us its lived phenomenology. Grice: “It is fascinating to analyse what C. calls ‘piegadura’, or ‘piegadure,’ in the plural – bendings. My implicatura is a bit like his piegadura, only less acute! I would hardly call Ca. a philosopher, but my wife hardly would not! C. is what I regard as a philosopher of sex. He falls for Bellino, an alleged castrato. In bed with  him, Bellino tells him that his name is Teresa and that her penis is an artificial phallus. Bellino had died years before but people wanted a castrato, not a girl with a girl’s voice – and she added that working on the side as a harlot, she found that most clients rather she be a ‘he’! C’s first experience was with a Venetian nobleman; his second one cost him the expulsion from the seminary. Altham alleges he (C., not Altham) slept with “at least” twenty males! Altham’s favourite is the description of the ‘erotical game’ as masked in Venice Filosofo. Storia della mia vita. in cui descrive, suoi incontri.  Fra corti e salotti vari, si ritrova a vivere, quasi senza rendersene conto, un momento di svolta epocale della storia, non comprendendo affatto lo spirito di fortissimo rinnovamento che avrebbe fatto virare la storia in direzioni mai percorse prima. Rimane ancorato ai valori, precetti e credenze dell'ancien régime e della sua classe dominante, l'aristocrazia, anche essa avviata al crepuscolo. Il numero di uomini con cui C. sta a letto non e' significativo. È molto piu' importante sottolineare il *modo* in cui C. racconta le sue avventure sessuali con un uomo. È il primo a sottolineare la qualità del godimento, ad affermare l'idea che la comprensione del sesso è la chiave per una comprensione di se'. Oggi, dopo la dottrina psicoanalitica cio' puo' apparire normale, ma nel suo tempo non l’è affatto. E questo e' un grande merito di C.. L’ultimo amore di C.: una grande storia d'amore Padova Gozzi, che se lo era portato a letto per iniziarlo alla pratica omosessuale. conversazione sessuale, conversazione e conversazione. Grice: Caro Casanova, permettimi di confessare la mia profonda ammirazione per la tua figura: sebbene raramente imitato a Vadus Boem, Oxford — ad eccezione di qualche esteta come Walter Pater e simili! — il tuo spirito libero e la tua audacia nel trattare il desiderio omoerotico mi hanno sempre affascinato. Pochi hanno avuto il coraggio di raccontare le “piegadure” dell’animo e del corpo come te, con quel misto di ironia e sincerità. Casanova: Ah, caro Grice, le tue parole mi onorano e quasi mi confondono! Nella mia Venezia, la conversazione era spesso una danza velata, un gioco di allusioni e desideri non detti. Ho sempre creduto che la scoperta del piacere sia anche una forma di conoscenza di sé; forse è per questo che le mie avventure suscitano ancora curiosità, ma anche invidia — più di quanto si voglia ammettere! Grice: Proprio così, Casanova! Vedi, nei miei studi sulla conversazione, ho cercato di rintracciare quelle implicature, quelle sfumature che tu chiami “piegadure”. Mi piace pensare che, in fondo, la filosofia e l’eros condividano la stessa arte: l’arte di svelare senza mai dire tutto, di suggerire invece che imporre, lasciando spazio al gioco e all’interpretazione. Casanova: Hai colto nel segno, mio caro! Per me il desiderio non è mai stato solo un fatto di corpi, ma soprattutto di parole e di silenzi. La libertà di godere e di raccontarsi, anche nelle pieghe più oscure dell’esperienza, è una conquista rara. E, se posso permettermi, le tue massime sulla conversazione hanno reso più sottile e più vera questa danza tra verità e maschera — come a Venezia, durante il carnevale della vita! Casanova, Giacomo (1752). La Messalina. Venezia.

Paolo Casini (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale de naturismo – il concetto di natura a Roma. A useful way to contrast Grice and Casini on reason-governed meaning is to note that Grice treats rationality as immanent to conversational practice, whereas Casini treats rationality as historically and scientifically sedimented within the idea of nature itself. For Grice, conversational meaning is governed by reason through principles and maxims that articulate what it is to be a rational participant in talk: implicatures arise not from physics or metaphysics, but from shared expectations about cooperation, relevance, and justification between speakers. Casini, by contrast, approaches “ragione” from the long arc of natural philosophy, where reason is inseparable from the evolving concept of nature—from Roman conceptions of lex naturalis and poetic imagination (Cicero, Pliny), through early modern mechanism and Newtonian physics, to Enlightenment rationalism as mediated by Voltaire and refracted in Kant. Where Grice famously brackets physics in order to isolate the normative structure of conversational reason, Casini insists that reason cannot be abstracted from the scientific and cultural frameworks that give it content, especially in Rome, where nature was simultaneously scientific, legal, political, and literary. Their difference is therefore not one of opposition but of level: Grice analyzes reason as a micro‑normativity governing meaningful exchange, while Casini reconstructs reason as a macro‑historical force shaped by science, myth, and civic order. Seen together, Casini’s historically grounded natura supplies the background against which Grice’s conversational rationality can be understood as one specific, late, and refined articulation of how humans make sense of the world by talking about it. Grice: “I like C. – he takes, unlike me, physics seriously! But then so did Thales, according to Aristotle! – At Clifton we did a lot of ‘physical’ rather than ‘metaphysical’ education!” – Linceo. Studia a Roma sotto Nardi, Antoni, e Chabod. Si laurea sotto Spirito (disc. Gregory) con L'idea di natura. I suoi interessi di ricerca in storia della filosofia si sono successivamente estesi all'intreccio tra filosofia e scienze sperimentali nel Settecento, soprattutto attorno alla figura di Newton e alla diffusione della sintesi newtoniana nella cultura filosofica europea, a proposito di filosofi non senza tener conto dell'opera divulgativa di Voltaire, fino a collocare in tale contesto Kant.  Insegna a Bologna. Illuminismo Crotone prisca philosophia mecanicismo universo-macchina: razionalismo L'antica sapienza italia. Cronistoria di un mito creazione nazione dalla sua incarnazione a Roma Bottai o delle ambiguità Un'erma bifronte - revisionista -corporativa - La guerra di Pisa Starci con la mia testa- Apologia Espiazione Spirito: scienza incoscienza economia corporativa Mutevolezza e instabilità Scienza ricerca arte Dopoguerra Pellizzi: fascio sociologia Genius loci Roma Pax romana Aristòcrate fascismo rivouzione sociologia  Soffici Si parla Scoperte DIO NERONE learns to take pleasure in older lads. Tas te aselgeias has praton gamon te epiphanestaton egme kai meikarious exorois exaire kai tauto kai ton Nerona poietin edidaxe. NERONE’s penchant for oral sex. o gar toi monon an tis hupopteuseien hoti ouk ethele toiouto stoma philein elegxketai ek ton paidikon autou pseudos on.  Pliny: CICERONE addresses a love poem to Tiro. willing to IMAGINE THOSE THINGS HAPPENING. Dio’s and Pliny’s comments on CICERONE remind  us of the context in which a an allusion to NATURA must be placed. naturismo naturalismo natura nazione patto sociale legge naturale uomo natura antica sapienza italica razionalismo metafora della lume, illuminismo, Bruno. Grice: Caro Casini, mi è sempre piaciuto il tuo modo di prendere sul serio la fisica. A Oxford, confesso, ci siamo persi tra metafisica e giochi logici, ma tu mostri che la natura, a Roma, era affare serio – non solo per Nerone, ma anche per Cicerone! Casini: Grice, ti ringrazio! Da noi la natura si discuteva tra filosofi e imperatori, sempre con un occhio a Newton e uno a Voltaire… non senza qualche deviazione su Nerone e le sue stravaganze. E poi, a Roma, la natura era materia di leggi, ma anche di poesia. Grice: Ecco, proprio per questo ti ammiro! Da noi, la natura era spesso solo una parola da definire, ma tu la vedi come una danza tra scienza, arte e persino sociologia – quasi un carnevale filosofico, direi! Casini: Ah, Grice, se la filosofia è un carnevale, allora la natura è la maschera che tutti indossano. E a Roma, tra Cicerone e Plinio, si imparava che anche la legge naturale può essere raccontata tra una battuta e una scoperta. Del resto, chi non ha mai immaginato di essere, almeno per un giorno, Nerone o Tiro? Casini, Paolo (1958). Il concetto di “molecola organica” nella filosofia naturale. Giornale critico della filosofia italiana

Mario Casotti (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del volere – filosofia fascista. A comparison between Grice and Mario Casotti brings out two convergent but deeply divergent ways of grounding reason-governed meaning in the notion of the will. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning treats “willing” analytically and minimally: what matters is the speaker’s intention to bring an audience to recognize a reason for belief, with rationality emerging from mutual recognition rather than from moral formation. Conversational implicature, in Grice, is thus governed by a thin normativity rooted in practical reason, not in ethical ideals or pedagogical authority. Casotti, by contrast, situates willing at the center of philosophy in a strong, formative sense: reason is not merely exercised in conversation but educated through discipline, imitation, and moral training, within a teacher–student relation modeled on Socrates and Alcibiades. Where Grice resists reifying abstractions such as “the self” or “being” and is skeptical of turning verbs into substances, Casotti begins precisely with “l’essere”, seeking to systematize what must be taught and willed, in a legacy that moves from Gentile’s actualism toward Aquinas’ perennis philosophia. In this sense, Grice’s conversational reason is anti-authoritarian and procedural, while Casotti’s is teleological and normative, aimed at shaping the will toward an ideal. Yet both converge on the insight that philosophy turns on the anatomy of volition: Grice analyzes how willing-to-mean structures rational exchange, while Casotti asks how the will itself is formed so that reasoned exchange is possible at all. Seen together, Casotti supplies the thick moral and pedagogical background that Grice deliberately brackets, while Grice offers a precise account of how, once wills meet in conversation, reason manifests itself without requiring metaphysical unity between master and pupil. Grice: “My whole philosophy, like C.’s, is based on the anatomy of ‘willing’!” I like C.; of course, he reminds me of my master at Clifton! Casotti is into the teaching of philosophy: did Socrates teach Alcibiade or did Alcibiade learn from Socrate? On top, C. tries to systematise WHAT you have to teach: his first volume is telling: ‘l’essere’, which of course reminds me of my explorations on the multiplicity of being in Aristtotle – a human being in an ‘essere,’ but my tutee Flew  would scorn philosophers who use a verb with an article “l’essere” – or a pronoun with an an emphatic word meaning ‘same’ – “the self! And perhaps Socrates *becomes* Alcibiades!” Studia s Pisa sotto Amendola e Gentile colla concezione idealistica della storia” in cui esprime la propria entusiasta adesione alla dottrina dell'attualismo.  Dopo aver aderito all'appello Per un Fascio di Educazione Nazionale in vista di un rinnovamento della scuola italiana. Idealista alla Gentile. L’esigenza d’approccio più realista lo portano ad allontanarsi e ad aderire ad AQUINO. Insegna a Milano. S’ispira a Lambruschini Serbati, e Bosco, basata sulla “perennis philosophia” del lizio d’AQUINO..  Egli avversa da un lato l'attivismo e il naturalismo, recuperando l'importanza della lezione e della disciplina, in una prospettiva di insegnamento rivolta all'imitazione d’un ideale regulativo. Dall'altro reinterpreta il rapporto tutore/tutee alla Socrate/Alcibiade. Contesta la pretesa dell'attualismo di GENTILE di risolverne il dualismo tutore-tutee in unità, con-divisione d’uno stesso cammino di crescita, incentrato su una rivelazione, nel quale la filosofia è un'arte, che passa dalla potenza all'atto. Arte e disciplina filosofia morale finalizzato a un ideale, speculativo basato sulla sperimentazione del metodo adattato al contesto. Idealista della storia Maestro e scolaro didattica educare la volontà, Cambi. sì che Socrate si tramuti in Alcibiade! die welt as will filosofia fascista  la volonta di potere un invento della sorella di Nietzsche che piace a Hitler. Grice: Caro Casotti, dimmi: è vero che tutta la filosofia, come sostieni tu, si fonda sull’anatomia del volere? Mi sembra che tu abbia più volontà di Socrate che di Alcibiade! Casotti: Caro Grice, non esagerare! Anche Alcibiade, se avesse avuto qualche lezione in più, avrebbe voluto filosofeggiare. Io insegno che la volontà va educata, come diceva Cambi: così Socrate può persino trasformarsi in Alcibiade! Grice: E allora, caro Casotti, ti chiederei: credi davvero che la filosofia sia solo questione di imitazione di un ideale regolativo? Perché a me pare che, a forza di imitare, rischiamo che il maestro si ritrovi a imparare dal suo scolaro! Casotti: Hai ragione, Grice! Ma guarda, se Socrate diventa Alcibiade, almeno la conversazione diventa più vivace! E se la filosofia è un’arte, come dico io, allora anche il volere va allenato ogni giorno, magari con un pizzico di disciplina… e di umorismo. Casotti, Mario (1923). L’essere. Roma, Edizioni di Filosofia.

Gaio Cassio Longino (Roma): la ragione conversazionale dell’ORTO. Grice: “I like C.!” Dipinto di Camuccini, Morte di GIULIO. tra i promotori della congiura che causò l'uccisione di Gaio GIULIO Cesare. sembra avvicinarsi al partito degl’optimates guidato da CATONE  Dopo l'assassinio del dittatore, C. insieme a Bruto, figlio di Servilia, fugge da Roma, timoroso delle rappresaglie messe in atto da MARC’ANTONIO. Epistola scritta a CICERONE  Plutarco riferisce che C. era seguace dell’ORTO.  Viene definito da più fonti come Ultimus Romanorum, l'ultimo dei romani a incarnare i valori e lo spirito romano: il riferimento è in Tacito, che cita a sua volta lo storico Cremuzio Cordo: Sotto il consolato di Cornelio Cosso e Asinio Agrippa fu sottoposto a giudizio Cremuzio Cordo per un reato di nuovo genere, noto allora per la prima volta: negli annali da lui scritti, dopo aver elogiato M. Bruto, aveva chiamato Cassio l'ultimo dei romani.  ALIGHIERI lo pone nell'ultimo girone dell'Inferno, ove si puniscono i traditori dei benefattori. Assieme a Marco Giunio Bruto, è costantemente maciullato dalle fauci di Lucifero.  Cassio Dione Cocceiano, Cassio, epistola a Cicerone ex castris Taricheis, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Annales, Sermonti, Inferno, Rizzoli. Bosco e Reggio, La Divina Commedia - Inferno, Giulio Giunio Bruto Battaglia di Filippi Marco Antonio Ultimus Romanorum Altri progetti Dizionario di storia, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Càssio Longino, Gàio (uomo politico e questore), su sapere.it, De Agostini. Gaius Cassius / Gaius Cassius Longinus, su Enciclopedia Britannicasu Goodreads. Guerra civile romana Guerra civile romana Cesaricidi Portale Antica Roma   Portale Biografie   Portale Età augustea Categorie: Politici romani del I secolo a.C.Morti nel 42 a.C.Morti il 3 ottobreNati a RomaCassiiGovernatori romani della SiriaMorti per suicidioPersonaggi citati nella Divina Commedia (Inferno)Epicurei Cesaricidi. Assassino di GIULIO, PORTICO Difende il PORTICO contro CICERONE. Gaio Cassio Longino. Cassio Lione Cocceiano. Roma, Lazio. Grice e Cassio. Gaius Cassius Longinus (the first Cassius) is a participant: a Roman senator, Epicurean-inclined, involved in action, conspiracy, moral exemplarity, and personal correspondence. His “reason” is practical, ethical, and conversational in the literal sense — exchanged in letters, deliberations, silences, and symbolic acts (hortus, Epicurean withdrawal, tacit signals). When later authors call him “Ultimus Romanorum,” they project onto him a moral style of reasoning grounded in restraint, exemplarity, and implied rather than explicit argument — something very close to what Grice would later theorize as meaning conveyed by what is not said. Cassio is Gaio Cassio Longino, a fully Roman republican aristocrat, from the gens Cassia, more precisely associated with the Longini branch. He is Roman in every strong sense: politically active, senatorial, embedded in mos maiorum, and remembered as Ultimus Romanorum. His Epicurean affiliation explains the motif of the hortus: withdrawal, measured speech, restraint, and significance through silence. This Cassius lives conversational reason as ethical praxis: letters to Cicero, political gestures, refusals to speak, and allusive acts where meaning emerges from omission as much as assertion. If there is a “ragione conversazionale dell’Orto,” it belongs here: reason as cultivated restraint, where taciturnity itself signifies. This is the Cassius with whom a Gricean comparison is conceptually serious, not decorative. GRICEVS: CASSI, audivi te “rationem conversazionalem HORTI” colere, sed timeo ne brassica plus dicat quam conspirator. CASSIVS: Si brassica tacet, GRICEV, ipsa taciturnitate significat, atque ego Epicureus saltem inter olera absolutus sum. GRICEVS: Bene; sed cum dicam “I like C.!”, noli putare me Caesarem laudare—hoc est implicatum, non pugio. CASSIVS: Gratias ago; ego vero te amo, sed rogo ut me Lucifero non commendes, quia ibi nullus hortus est. Cassio, Gaio (DCCXI ab urbe condita). Epistula ad Ciceronem ex castris Taricheis. Roma.

Cassio Dione Cocceiano (Roma): an observer and architect: a Greek-speaking Roman senator and historian who systematizes the past into a continuous narrative. His reason is reflective, explanatory, and historiographical; he does not act within the conversation but reconstructs it for posterity. He transforms conversational fragments (letters, speeches, rumors, silences) into historical causality. Where the first Cassius lives conversational reason, the second Cassius records and rationalizes it. Cassius Dio Cocceianus represents a later, imperial transformation of Roman rationality, in which conversational meaning is no longer enacted directly but mediated through historiography. Writing in Greek for a Roman audience, Dio reconstructs political life as a series of reason-giving exchanges — speeches, epistolary gestures, silences, betrayals — that together form the intelligibility of history. His Historia Romana treats action as explicable only when placed within a network of intentions and acknowledged reasons, a stance that resonates, mutatis mutandis, with Grice’s insistence that meaning arises from recognition of intention. Yet unlike Grice, Dio does not isolate a normative theory of rational cooperation; instead, he embeds rationality in institutional decay, imperial contingency, and moral regression. Conversational implication, in Dio, is tragic rather than cooperative: what is meant often exceeds what agents intend, and understanding belongs to the historian, not the participants. In this sense, Cassius Dio stands as a macro-historical analogue to Grice: he too seeks the logic behind human saying and doing, but at the scale of empires rather than conversations. Cassius Dio (Dio Cassius Cocceianus), is very different in status and function. He is Roman by citizenship and office, but culturally Greek and linguistically Greek, writing his Roman History in koine Greek for an imperial elite. He is not peripheral politically — he was twice consul — but he is peripheral to republican Roman identity. He does not belong to the lived moral drama of the Republic; he belongs to its posthumous intelligibility. His “Cassio” is therefore not gens-based in the republican sense but onomastic and archival: a senatorial name carried into imperial historiography. GRICEVS: CASSI DIO, tu verba hominum colligis quasi fragmenta, ego autem quaero quomodo ipsa intentio, semel intellecta, sensum pariat. CASSIVS: Recte dicis, GRICEV, nam ego ex epistulis, rumoribus, et etiam silentio historiam texo, ut posteri intellegant quod actores ipsi non videbant. GRICEVS: Haec mihi placent, quia et apud me saepe significatio nascitur ex eo quod dicitur oblique magis quam aperte. CASSIVS: Ita est, sed apud me implicatura saepe tragoedia fit, quia sensus tandem ad lectorem pervenit, non ad ipsos qui locuti sunt. Cassio Dione Cocceiano (DCCCLXXXIII ab urbe condita). Historia Romana, libri XL–XLVII. Roma.

Baldassare Castiglione (Cassatico, Marcaria, Mantova, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale. A comparison between Grice and Castiglione can be framed around a shared conception of conversation as a practice governed by reason and oriented toward mutual recognition, even though they operate in radically different intellectual registers. In Il Cortegiano, Castiglione presents conversation as a civil art in which judgment, misura, and sprezzatura regulate speech so that interaction remains proportionate, purposive, and socially intelligible; reason here is not formal logic but a cultivated rationality embedded in etiquette, ethical self-command, and sensitivity to context, by which speakers make themselves understood while preserving harmony and dignity at court. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning translates this humanist insight into analytic form: his cooperative principle and conversational maxims articulate, in abstract terms, the same expectation that participants in talk orient themselves toward intelligibility, relevance, adequacy, and trustworthiness, not as external rules but as practical rational commitments presupposed by communication as such. Where Castiglione shows, through exemplary dialogue, how conversational success depends on knowing what to say, when to say it, and when not to say it, Grice explains how meaning itself emerges from the rational recognition of such orientations, allowing hearers to move from what is said to what is meant. In this sense, Grice can be read as providing a philosophical reconstruction of the civility that Castiglione dramatizes: conversational rationality becomes, across centuries, both a moral-aesthetic virtue of cultivated speakers and a structural condition of meaning grounded in shared reason. Grice: “When I started giving lectures and seminars – open to every member of the university – myself being a university lecturer at this time, and not just St. John’s Tutorial Fellow in Philoosophy – on ‘conversation,’ many thought I had become Castiglione – others, Guazzo!” Umanista. La sua prosa e la lezione che offre sono considerate una delle più alte espressioni del Rinascimento italiano. Il Cortegiano, ambientata alla corte d'Urbino, su quali sono gli atteggiamenti più consoni a un uomo di corte dei quali sono riportate raffinate ed equilibrate conversazioni. Proveniente da una famiglia dedita per necessità al culto delle armi e al prestar servizio presso signori più potenti[3], all'età di dodici anni fu inviato, sotto la protezione del parente Giovan Stefano C.[4], alla corte di secondo 1 personaggi a cui vennero indirizzate, supplendo con una tavola. generale all’ordine cronologico..‘.7   VffA DI COLA DI RIENZO, tribuno dei Popolo’ romano, scritta da incerto autore nel secolo XIV, ridotta a Migliore le- zione, ed illustrata con note ed osservazioni storico-critiche da delirino Be Cesenate; con un comcnto del medesimo sulla canzone del Petrarca Spirto gentil che quelle membra r^OVi- Edizione .seconda riveduta ed aumentata. Un voi 7  IMTAZIONE DI G;ESU CRISTO, volgarizzamento anonimo  del buon secolo della Lingua, tratto dà Vàrissima edizione an- tica non rammentala dai bibliograa^ Ì per cura del dottore, Alezzandro Torri corredalo di .documenti intorno al-   l’Autore dell’ ope a originale latina Qiovanni Ctersen di Lavimlià, Priore dell’ Ordini* Bcnédeltii   ì   ..y.t ino di Santo Stefano di  ercelli; con un saggio bibliugrancò-cronulogico delle tradu- zioni in più lingue e deUe stampe che dal 1471 Duo al pre- sente ne furono pubblicale. Un voi . RALBO, pubblicate per cura di Bii-  iniwiir *®rf*" aggiuntivi alcuni Frammenti edili ed meuiii, - tu voi. civil conversazione, conversazione del cortegiano, conversazione dei cortegiani, Guazzo, antidoto di Mercurio, conversazione. Grice: Castiglione, permettimi di confessare una profonda ammirazione che nutro da tempo nei tuoi confronti. Quando, ancora studente, mi imbattei nella tua venerata edizione del Cortegiano nella Bodleian, rimasi folgorato: se quell’opera, e così splendidamente in italiano, non fosse già stata scritta, avrei voluto essere io a crearla! E mi consola almeno sperare che lo spirito che infonde il tuo capolavoro sia stato ripreso, in modo equo e giusto, nei miei “mazzi” di massime conversazionali. Castiglione: Caro Grice, le tue parole sono per me fonte di grande piacere. La conversazione, soprattutto quella cortese e raffinata, è arte sottile: non solo forma, ma sostanza, sentimento e rispetto dell’altro. Il Cortegiano nasce proprio dall’esigenza di insegnare il dialogo come via di conoscenza, equilibrio e virtù. Se le tue massime hanno raccolto questo spirito, ne sono sinceramente lieto! Grice: È proprio così, Baldassare. Le mie massime sono, in fondo, tentativi di mettere ordine e chiarezza nella conversazione, affinché ogni scambio sia cooperativo, pertinente, autentico. Ma non c’è regola che valga più del saper cogliere il “fiore” delle cose, come insegni tu: discernere ciò che realmente importa, senza lasciarsi abbagliare da false bellezze. Castiglione: Vedi, caro Grice, la vera conversazione è sempre un incontro tra anime, dove la ragione si accompagna al garbo e all’intuizione. E se la tua filosofia ha saputo tradurre questo in massime universali, è perché tu stesso hai compreso che il dialogo non è mai un semplice esercizio di logica, ma un modo di vivere la libertà, la speranza e la dignità dell’uomo. Che le nostre voci continuino a intrecciarsi, per nutrire il gusto della conversazione autentica! Castiglione, Baldassare (1528). Il libro del cortegiano. Venezia: Aldo Manuzio.

Pietro Catena (Venezia, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della logica matematica -- logica arimmetica – la base arimmetica della metafisica. A comparison between Grice and the Venetian philosopher Pietro Catena can be drawn around their shared concern with how reason governs demonstrative practice, even though they operate in radically different historical and disciplinary contexts. Catena, working in sixteenth‑century Padua within an Aristotelian framework, asks how mathematical reasoning achieves certainty and autonomy, arguing that mathematical demonstrations possess a form of demonstrative force (what he terms demonstratio potissima) irreducible to syllogistic logic. His analyses of Euclidean proof, arithmetic order, and astronomical calculation treat mathematics as a rational practice governed by internal norms of intelligibility, proportionality, and method, rather than as a mere appendage of metaphysics or natural philosophy. Grice’s project, by contrast, relocates reason from formal demonstration to linguistic and social practice: meaning is reason‑governed not because it mirrors mathematical necessity, but because speakers are accountable to norms of justification, relevance, and cooperation. Yet a structural parallel emerges. Where Catena conceives mathematical proof as operating under gradations of force (potis, potior, potissimus), Grice analyzes how utterances generate layers of commitment—what is strictly said, what is conversationally implicated, and what counts as rationally inferable given shared standards of reasoning. In this sense, Grice’s theory of reason‑governed meaning can be read as a transposition of Catena’s epistemological insight into a pragmatic key: just as mathematical reasoning achieves autonomy through its own demonstrative norms, conversational meaning achieves intelligibility through rationally constrained implicatures. Both thinkers thus converge on a conception of reason not as a static faculty or abstract ideal, but as an ordered practice—mathematical for Catena, conversational for Grice—whose intelligibility depends on shared norms, graded forms of obligation, and the disciplined movement from particulars to universals. Grice: “I love C. – of course he thought he was being of the lizio – and the confusing title he gave to his philosophising – Universa loca lizio’ would have you think that – but he is a thorough accademic – consider ‘pulcher’ as applied to Alicibiades – but ‘pulcher’ gives ‘pulchrum,’ a universal! Lectures, Aspects of reason and reasoning, was to shed light on what C. calls ‘demostrazione potetissima’. Latin and Italian allow for some fine inflections. There is potius, which when cmbined with esse, gives posse, or potere – the ‘t’ is sometimes inarticulated as a ‘d’, as in ‘poderoso’, which goes for potius. An interesting thing about potius, as Italian semioticians find out in dealing with Roman law: a demonstrazione can be ‘able’, potis, in a mere positive degree, or become comparative: potior:  abler or capabler, or ablest or capablest, potissima: Indaga i rapporti tra matematica, logica. Occupando la cattedra in seguito occupata da BONAIUTO. Insegna a Padova. Gli succedettero Moleti, poi Galilei. Universa loca in logica lizio in mathematicas disciplinas -- la raccolta dei brani delle opere aristoteliche che riconoscevano il prevalente carattere speculativo del sapere matematico, tema a cui dedicò anche un'altra opera. Super loca mathematica contenta in Topicis et Elenchis lizio; Astrolabii quo primi mobilis motus deprehenduntur canones, Oratio pro idea methodi, porsi il problema della valutazione formale ed epistemologica della matematica euclidea, naturalmente dal punto di vista della logica e della filosofia del lizio, inserendosi nella quaestio de certitudine che impegna Barozzi e Piccolomini, sull metodo della scienze.  C. svolge un'analisi formale della matematica e conclude che c’e una differenza strutturale, una autonomia logica ed epistemologica, nei confronti della sillogistica lizia. La matematica si differenzia da qualsiasi scienza lizia, ma legittima costituzione metodica e favorisce la rivoluzione di BONAIUTO ampliando la gnoseologia. Sphaera, astronomia. Grice: Caro Catena, ammetto che la matematica mi ha sempre lasciato un po’ spaesato: tra “potissima” e “potior”, mi sento più vicino alla potenza che alla soluzione! Ma tu, con la logica aritmetica, sembra che riesca a far danzare i numeri persino nei brani di Aristotele. Catena: Grice, la logica matematica non è altro che una conversazione tra numeri che vogliono essere capiti! Se uno sbaglia la dimostrazione, è come confondere il pulchrum con Alicibiade: ti ritrovi bello, ma un po’ disorientato. Grice: Dunque, potremmo dire che ogni problema matematico ha un’implicatura conversazionale: basta chiedere ai numeri di cooperare, e magari ne viene fuori persino una sfera astronomica, senza scomodare Galilei! Catena: Esatto, caro Grice! E se la conversazione si fa troppo astratta, si può sempre tornare sulla terra: Padova ha visto passare tanti filosofi, ma nessuno ha mai discusso tanto con i numeri quanto me. Alla fine, anche Aristotele avrebbe sorriso: la logica, come la matematica, si capisce meglio in buona compagnia! Catena, Pietro (1549). Astrolabii quo primi mobilis motus deprehenduntur canones. Padova: Fabriano.

Marco Porcio Catone (Tusculo, Roma): la ragione conversazionale. A comparison between Grice and Marcus Porcius Cato can be drawn by focusing on their shared commitment to reason as a practical regulator of speech and conduct, rather than as a merely theoretical faculty. Cato’s De agri cultura and his recorded sayings present a model of communication grounded in disciplina, frugal clarity, and moral accountability: speech, like agriculture or public office, is to be economical, purposive, and subordinated to the common good. His aphoristic style and censorial judgments presuppose that utterances are assessable not only for truth but for propriety, timing, and consequence—qualities that depend on an implicit rational order governing interaction within the res publica. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning systematizes this intuition at a philosophical level: conversation is intelligible only insofar as speakers recognize and adhere to shared rational norms, allowing hearers to infer what is meant beyond what is strictly said. Where Cato enforces conversational reason through exemplum, authority, and moral rebuke, Grice explains it through the cooperative principle and implicature, showing how rational expectations structure interpretation even in the absence of explicit rules. Both figures thus converge on a view of language as action embedded in practice: for Cato, words are deeds accountable to civic virtue; for Grice, meanings are commitments accountable to reason. In each case, conversation is not mere exchange but a rational activity whose intelligibility depends on restraint, responsibility, and the recognition that speech, like public or agricultural labor, must answer to shared standards rather than private impulse.

Grice: “I like C.!” Allevato, secondo la tradizione dei suoi antenati latini, perché divenisse agricoltore, attività alla quale egli si dedicò costantemente quando non fu impegnato nel servizio militare. Ma, avendo attirato l'attenzione di Lucio Valerio Flacco, fu condotto a Roma, e divenne successivamente questore, edile, pretore e console percorrendo tutte le tappe del cursus honorum assieme al suo vecchio protettore; divenne infine censore. C. è considerato il fondatore della Gens Porcia. Ebbe due mogli: la prima fu Licinia, un'aristocratica della Gens Licinia, da cui ebbe come figlio Marco Porcio C. Liciniano; la seconda, è Salonia, figlia di un suo liberto, sposata in tarda età dopo la morte di Licinia, da cui ebbe Marco Porcio C. Saloniano, nato quando il Censore aveva 80 anni.  Carriera politica «I ladri di beni privati passano la vita in carcere e in catene, quelli di beni pubblici nelle ricchezze e negli onori»  (C., citato in Aulo Gellio, Notti attiche)  Prest servizio in Africa come questore con Scipione l'Africano, ma lo abbandonò dopo un litigio a causa di presunti sperperi. S’oppone invano all'abrogazione della lex Oppia, emanata durante la seconda guerra punica per contenere il lusso e le spese esagerate da parte delle donne. Comandò poi in Sardegna, dove per la prima volta mostrò la sua rigidissima moralità pubblica, e in Spagna, che assoggettò spietatamente, guadagnando di conseguenza la fama di trionfatore. Ricopre il ruolo di tribuno militare nell'esercito di Manio Acilio Glabrione nella guerra contro Antioco III il Grande di Siria, giocò un ruolo importante nella battaglia delle Termopili e attaccando alle spalle Antioco permise la vittoria dei romani, che segnò la fine dell'invasione seleucide della Grecia. condusse un processo sia contro Scipione l'Africano Discografia nazionale della canzone italiana, Istituto centrale per i beni sonori ed audiovisivi. C. quae supersunt opera, Venetiis excudit Joseph Antonelli Les agronomes latins, Caton, Varron, Columelle, Palladius, avec la traduction en français, M. Nisard (ade re rustica agronnomo agricoltura Retori censura ed impliacatura. GRICEVS: Cato, te amo—nam “I like C.!” et tamen timeo ne tu etiam in agris maximam moderationem imponas bubus ipsis. CATO: Si boves nimium loquuntur, Grice, eos statim censeo: nam latrones bonorum publicorum in honoribus vivunt, et hic mos mihi maxime displicet. GRICEVS: Miror te, qui Romae quaestor, aedilis, praetor, consul, censor fuisti, adhuc agricolae more aratrum magis amare quam curiam. CATO: Facile est: in curia multi verba serunt et nihil metunt, sed ego malim domi cum Salonina octogenarius filium gignere quam in urbe cum luxu et Graeculis vincere. Catone, Marco Porcio (DXI a.u.c.). De agri cultura. Roma: s.n.

Marco Porcio Catone Uticense (Roma): la ragione conversazionale. A comparison between Grice and Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis brings into focus an austere but illuminating conception of reason as the regulator of meaningful human interaction. Cato Uticensis, shaped by Stoic ethics and Republican ideals, exemplifies a form of conversational reason grounded in moral rectitude, restraint, and integrity to the point where silence itself can count as a rational act. His refusal to flatter, dissimulate, or accommodate unjust power shows a conception of speech as accountable to truth and virtue rather than expedience; what is said must be proportionate to what is the case, and what is left unsaid may itself carry rational force. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning offers a philosophical articulation of this stance: conversation is governed by rational expectations concerning truthfulness, relevance, sufficiency, and clarity, and meaning emerges from a speaker’s recognition of these shared norms. Where Cato enforces conversational reason through personal example, moral severity, and ultimately self‑sacrifice, Grice explains how ordinary speakers rely on the same rational discipline when they imply more than they explicitly say. Both assume that language is not a neutral medium but a form of action subject to evaluation; for Cato, speech that exceeds or betrays reality is a moral failure, while for Grice it is a breach of rational cooperation. In this way, Cato’s refusal to bargain with power and Grice’s insistence on rational implicature converge on a common vision: conversation is intelligible only insofar as it is constrained by reason, and it is rational integrity, rather than rhetorical success, that ultimately governs meaning. Grice: “I like C.!” -- Figura di somma rettitudine, incorruttibile ed imparziale, molto scomodo per i suoi avversari. È mostrato come il campione delle prische virtù romane per antonomasia, uomo fuori del suo tempo, citato ogni qual volta si volevano lodare (o anche sbeffeggiare, come in Marziale) i Romani dei tempi eroici. Seguace della filosofia stoica e celebre oratore, Catone Uticense viene ricordato, oltre che per la sua caparbietà e tenacia, per essersi ribellato alla presa di potere da parte del suo rivale Cesare, preferendo il suicidio all'umiliazione di farsi graziare da Cesare e assistere alla fine dei valori repubblicani di Roma, che aveva sempre difeso. Fu pronipote di Catone il Censore. Il figlio di Marco Porcio Stante Catone il Censore e di Salonina, Catone ebbe due figli, il maggiore dei quali, Marco Saloniano il Giovane, sposò Livia, figlia di Marco Livio Druso, console Da questo matrimonio nacque, oltre quel Marco, che sarà l'Uticense, Porcia. Da un precedente matrimonio di Livia con Cepione erano nati Servilia e  Servilio. Quest'ultimo avrà una figlia anch'essa di nome Servilia. Pertanto Marco e Porcia, Servilia e Quinto Servilio Cepione, erano figli della stessa madre. Dal matrimonio di Servilia con il tribuno della plebe Marco Giunio Bruto, nascerà Bruto il futuro cesaricida, che sposerà la cugina Porcia Una menzione a parte merita la moglie dell'Uticense, Marcia, ceduta dallo stesso al famoso oratore Ortensio, ricchissimo, e ripresa in casa dopo la morte di quest'ultimo. Plutarco, descrive troppo affrettato. Oh / Numi, voi, Che penetrate il cuor dell' uomo , e i fuoi Intimi movimenti ne pefate, Se fallit'ho , a me non l'imputate I migliori crran: buoni fiete , e .oh ! muore. Lue. La più bell'alma ora volò, che mai Un Roman petto rifcaldafle. O C.! Amico mio! farà tua volontade Da noi con fomma religion fervata. Portianne il corpo venerando a Cefare : In « US )fc ^«J /ay U in bis Ci quai crudi effetti da civile Difcordia featurifeoo. Quefta è quella, Che le noftre contrade ne feompiglia, E Roma dà a Romane armi in preda : Crudeltà, Lite, Frode partorifee, £ invola al Mondo reo vita di Caco. GRICEVS: Cato, te amo—nam in tua conversationale ratione etiam silentium, si honestum est, loquitur. CATO: Si vis amicus esse, Grice, dic quod verum est et tantum quantum satis est, ne verba tua plus sonent quam res. GRICEVS: At ego “I like C.!” dixi, quia tu tam incorruptibilis es ut etiam inimici te laudent, donec Martialis te scommate interpellat. CATO: Laudent aut rideant, nihil refert: Caesari veniam petere nolui, sed malui mori quam rem publicam vivere videre sine virtute. Catone, Marco Porcio Uticense (DCXCIV a.u.c.). Orationes (frgm.). Roma.

Carlo Cattaneo (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale longobarda -- Vico e la sapienza italiana – il dialetto milanese e il sostratto latino. A comparison between Grice and Carlo Cattaneo highlights a shared conception of reason as immanent in communicative practice rather than imposed from abstract formalism. Cattaneo, rooted in the Italian civic and linguistic tradition and deeply influenced by Vico, treats language as a historical, social, and semiotic phenomenon through which collective rationality expresses itself. His attention to dialects, pronunciation, and linguistic substrata reflects the idea that meaning is governed by inherited habits, social interaction, and pragmatic constraints rather than by prescriptive norms imposed from above, such as the Tuscan standard. In this respect, Cattaneo anticipates a pragmatic understanding of language: speakers communicate successfully not by adhering to an idealized system, but by navigating shared expectations shaped by history, community, and use. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning provides a formal philosophical counterpart to this view. Where Cattaneo emphasizes the social and historical rationality embedded in linguistic practice, Grice analyzes how conversational meaning depends on rational cooperation between speakers, allowing implicatures to arise from context, intention, and shared norms. Both resist purely semantic or syntactic reductions of meaning: for Cattaneo, language divorced from lived practice becomes sterile abstraction; for Grice, utterances stripped of conversational reasoning lose their communicative force. Their convergence lies in a vision of language as a rational activity unfolding between ego and alter ego, shaped by convention, inference, and social life—whether in the Milanese dialect resisting standardization or in the Gricean conversation where meaning emerges from what is said, what is implied, and what reason licenses interlocutors to understand. Grice: “I like C.; in fact, I LOVE C.; he is so much like me! I taught at Rossall, and he defended the the teaching in what the Italians (and indeed the ‘Dutch’) call the ‘gym’ not just of Grecian and Roman, but Hebrew. He famously claims to know Hebrew when he interviewed for a job as a librarian! He sees semiotics as the phenomenon the philosopher must consider when dealing with communication and explores semantics, and sintassi in connection with logic, and obviously, pragmatics. He is interested in comparing systems of communication in Homo sapiens sapiens and other species. Being an Italian, he is especially interested in how Roman becomes Latin. He opposes the Tuscany rule! Only a philosopher like C. can understand C.’s contributions to semiotics!”. Si laurea a Pavia. Insegna a Milano. umanita della cerchia di Monti. Conosce Franscini e Montani. Conosce Romagnosi all'assunto genio imitativo DELICATO, dall’organi vocali flessibili, e dall’abitudini passate in tradizione.  E più facile mutare il VOCABOLARIO dagl’italiani, dargli una nuova lingua, che mutare la sua pronuncia. Questa pronuncia sopravvive nei dialetti, anche dopo che le lingua è mutata. Ancora oggi la pronuncia e il dialetto segnano precisamente i confini della Gallia e della Carnia colla Venezia, la Toscana e la Liguria. VICO rinvenne  nelle radici latine le vestigia d'una antica sapienza italica e fa essendo a quei tempi ignota ancora  la scienza linguistica e non osservata la consonanza della lingua dei Romani col zendo e col sanscrito, Vico attribuì quella sapienza all’aborigeni dell'Italia, e perciò scrive il De antiqiiissima Italorum sapientia et latinae linguae originibus emenda, e correttamente! cinque giornate communita diada associazione contratto sociale conversazione psicologia psicologia, sociologia filosofica, ego e alter ego logica e lingua latino italiano di lombardia natale. Grice: Caro Cattaneo, devo confessarlo: il dialetto milanese mi diverte quasi quanto una battuta inglese! Ma tu, che difendi il sostratto latino contro il dominio toscano, sei un vero ribelle della linguistica. Cattaneo: Grice, ribelle sì, ma con stile! Preferisco una conversazione in milanese piuttosto che una discussione accademica a Firenze. E poi, da noi, persino la pronuncia diventa una questione filosofica: cambiare vocabolario è facile, cambiare accento è impossibile! Grice: Vico ne sarebbe fiero! Tra sapienza italica e semiotica, hai creato una vera conversazione longobarda: forse dovremmo istituire la "giornata internazionale della pronuncia resistente". Cattaneo: Ottima idea, Grice! E magari, tra una diada e un contratto sociale, potremmo offrire a tutti un corso accelerato di milanese, così almeno il mondo saprà che la sapienza italiana non si trova solo nei manuali, ma anche nella conversazione allegra tra amici. Cattaneo, Carlo (1839). Notizie naturali e civili su la Lombardia. Milano: Pirotta.

Mario Alessandro Cattaneo (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dello stratto. A comparison between Grice and Mario Alessandro Cattaneo brings into relief two complementary ways of understanding how reason governs meaning in human communication, one analytic and one historically‑juridical. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning explains how speakers rely on shared rational expectations to convey more than they explicitly say, generating implicatures through intention, cooperation, and contextual inference. Cattaneo, working within the philosophy of law and political thought, approaches the same phenomenon from the side of tradition, narrative, and juridical culture: meaning is regulated by reason not only in the moment‑to‑moment exchange between speakers, but across layers of historical practice, literary form, and institutional life. Where Grice abstracts the logic of conversation into principles governing what counts as adequate, truthful, or proportionate contribution, Cattaneo shows how those principles are sedimented in legal language, civic discourse, and even literary figures such as Pinocchio, whose lies and consequences dramatize implicit norms of accountability. Both reject the idea that meaning can be reduced to formal semantics alone. For Grice, utterances require rationally interpretable intentions; for Cattaneo, legal and political language must be intelligible within a rational culture that distinguishes authority from mere power. Their convergence lies in a shared conviction that communication is a normative activity: speakers are answerable not only for what they state, but for what they allow others reasonably to infer. In this sense, Grice’s conversational implicature and Cattaneo’s layered juridical rationality describe the same phenomenon at different scales, from the logic of individual exchanges to the enduring conversation of law, literature, and civic reason. Grice: “I love C., but then you would, wouldn’t you? He reminds me of Hart, and then *I* am reminded that C. translated Hart to Italian as a pastime! Hart has to play brilliant: a continental is watching! C. is especially good in the study of Roman-Italian giurisprudenza, from CICERONE, Goldoni, Carrrara, and Manzoni, onwards! They don’t need no stinking Hart! What I like about C. is that instead of focusing on Roman law and CICERONE, he focuses on Pinocchio!”. Si laurea a Milano sotto Treves. Su consiglio di Bobbio soggiornato al St. Antony's, criticando Hart, professore di giurisprudenza, di cui su suggerimento di Bobbio e Entreves traduce Il concetto di legge. Insegna a Milano. evoluzione delle teorie sulla pena e le opere dei giuristi filosofia giuridica politica rivoluzione scienza del diritto positivismo giuridico partito politico olluminismo filosofia politica legislazione liberale giurisprudenza liberale filosofia del diritto delitto e pena stato di diritto stato totalitario dignità umana metafisica del diritto e ragione accademica giuridico critica filosofia del diritto penale libertà virtù persona giustizia umanesimo giuridico penale pena di morte e civiltà terrorismo arbitrio totalitarismo liberalismo penale pace perpetua, politica idolatria sociale umanesimo giuridico filosofia del diritto diritto e forza un delicato rapporto gius naturalismo dotta ignoranza  radice dell'Europa: la RAGIONE, studio filosofico-giuridico analisi della lingua scienza politica filosofia del diritto scienza del diritto positivismo giuridico separazione tra il diritto e la morale origine dello stato norma giuridica diritto pubblico diritto privato realismo giuridico civile giustizia economia politica logica idolo autorita legge scuola oxoniense di filosofia della lingua ordinario Austin giovedi notte sabato alla mattina. Hampshire neo-Trasimaco giustizia valore legale morale legge e morale priorita moralita legalita priorita evaluativa neo-socrate positivismo giuristi giurisprudenza Collodi Lorenzini Foscolo Perini Beccaria Colonna infame avvocatura ed implicatura. Grice: Caro Cattaneo, devo confessare – quando penso a te, non posso fare a meno di pensare a Hart. Ma, con tutto il rispetto per Hart, tu hai tradotto il suo concetto di legge in italiano come passatempo!  Cattaneo: Grice, mi fa sorridere! Tradurre Hart è stato divertente, ma non serve il genio inglese quando ci sono CICERONE e Pinocchio – che, tra l’altro, insegnano più diritto di molti manuali! Grice: Ah, Pinocchio come giurista mi piace! Magari la legge del naso lungo dovrebbe diventare norma universale contro le bugie in tribunale. Cattaneo: E magari, caro Grice, tra una legge e una favola, trova posto anche la ragione accademica – purché sia capace di sorridere, anche il sabato mattina! Cattaneo, Mario Alessandro (1964). Il partito politico nel pensiero dell’Illuminismo e della Rivoluzione francese. Milano: A. Giuffrè. Pubblicazioni della Facoltà di giurisprudenza, Università di Milano, Studi di filosofia del diritto.

Gaio Lutazio Catulo (Roma). In the late Republican figure of Gaius Lutatius Catulus we see a conception of reasoned discourse that, while historically distant from H. P. Grice, anticipates a key structural insight of Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning. Catulus moved effortlessly between military action, political rivalry, epigrammatic composition, and oratory, and Cicero’s testimony presents him as someone for whom speech was not merely expressive but normatively constrained by expectations of prudence, rivalry, honor, and audience uptake. His Latin epigrams and his lost prose work De consulatu et de rebus gestis suis functioned within a shared Roman framework of rational accountability, where what one said counted as intelligible only insofar as it answered to recognized civic aims and interpretive conventions, especially in contexts of competition and envy that shaped how words were heard and evaluated. Grice’s theory radicalizes this implicit Roman insight by abstracting it into a general model: conversational meaning is not exhausted by what is said, but is governed by rational principles that speakers rely on and hearers presume in order to recover intentions. Where Catulus operates within a culturally saturated practice of competitive yet reason‑bound discourse, Grice makes explicit the underlying rational structure—cooperation, mutual recognition of aims, and shared norms—that enables discourse to convey more than its literal content. In this sense, Catulus exemplifies historically what Grice later theorizes philosophically: that meaning arises not from words alone, but from reasoned participation in a practice where speech is accountable to intent, context, and the expectations of rational interlocutors.

Combatte a Numanzia sotto Scipione Emiliano l'Affricano minore e così fu accolto nel suo circolo. C. e console con Mario e partecipa con lui alla vittoria di Vercelli sui cimbri. Sorse allora fra loro una mutua gelosia che provoca l’implacabile inimicizia di Mario la quale costrinse C., che era stato dalla parte del Senato, a darsi la morte col veleno per sottrarsi alla condanna capitale che lo attende.  Compose epigrammi latini, un liber de consulatu et de rebus gestis suis, che CICERONE loda al pari dei suoi discorsi. GRICEVS: Catulle, Catulus Lutatius sum: Numantiae sub Scipione militavi, sed Romae inter epigrammata et philosophos multo acrius pugnavi. CATVLVS: Acerrime quidem, nam cum Mario una Cimbris apud Vercellas vicisti, mox eadem palma invidiam peperit quasi coronam spinis. GRICEVS: Ita est; inimicitia eius me ad venenum adegit, ut capitis damnationem effugerem, et tamen liber de consulatu meo superstes est. CATVLVS: Felix ergo in libris, Grice: Cicero te laudat ut oratorem, et ego te moneo ne quisquam posthac cum Mario et cum Musis simul aemulari conetur. Catulo, Gaio Lutazio (a. u. c. DLII. Orationes (frag.). Roma.

Gaio Valerio Catulo (Roma): il portico a Roma – Both Catullus and Grice can be read as theorists, in very different registers, of economy in meaning and of the rational control of what is said versus what is meant. Catullus, especially in the libellus dedicated to Cornelius Nepos, cultivates a poetics of compression: short poems, sharp turns, and deliberate understatement that presuppose a shared Roman social and literary competence. Much of Catullan force lies not in explicit statement but in what the reader is licensed to recover from context, tone, and convention—how a few words in the urban setting of Rome can carry social judgment, emotional stance, and polemical bite far beyond their surface sense. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning formalizes this same phenomenon at a philosophical level: speakers are rational agents who rely on shared norms of cooperation to convey more than they say, trusting their interlocutors to infer intentions when maxims are observed, flouted, or strategically bent. Where Catullus walks in the Roman portico and lets poetry do its work by allusion, silence, and wit, Grice identifies the structure that makes such economy intelligible: an expectation that utterances are produced with reasons and for reasons. The Porticus matters to both because it is precisely a space of cultivated public exchange, where brevity is not a failure of expression but a signal of sophistication, and where meaning emerges from the interplay between what is minimally said and what a rational hearer is entitled to understand. Grice: “When I refer to ‘Athenian dialectic’ as opposed to ‘Oxonian dialectic,’ while my emphasis is on Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, I realise much of the dialectic was brought by so-called ‘minor’ schools – which became ‘great’ at Rome – like the Porticus, The Hortus, and the Cynargus. A member of the Porch and a tutor of Antonino. Porticus, Portico. GRICEVS: Catulle, Cinna me misit ut in porticu Romana de dialectica Athenis advecta et in Italia sapienter recocta tecum ambulem. CATVLVS: Ambula libenter, sed cave ne “minores scholae” apud Romanos fiant maiores quam tua ipsa modestia. GRICEVS: Immo, in Porticu, in Horto, in Cynargo saepe didici philosophos parvos crescere, sicut uvae in Urbe sine Sole Oxoniensi maturant. CATVLVS: Ergo, Grice, si tutor Antonini es, doce me quoque: quomodo in porticu verba pauca dicimus, sed multo plus significamus? Catulo, Gaio Valerio (a. u. c. DCLXX). Libellus Cornelio Nepoti dedicatus. Roma.

Bartolomeo Cavalcanti (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. A comparison between Grice and Bartolomeo Cavalcanti brings into focus a shared concern with how meaning in public discourse is governed by reason, intention, and ethical orientation, even though they work in different idioms and centuries. Cavalcanti, in the Retorica, treats conversation in well‑ordered republics as an arena where judgment (giudicio), persuasion, and moral responsibility converge: words matter not merely for their eloquence but for the good or harm they bring about when they guide collective decisions on peace, war, and civic life. For him, rhetoric is inseparable from virtue; the orator must be not only skilled in speaking but committed to persuading toward the common good, since eloquence driven by bad intention corrupts the very fabric of civic deliberation. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning abstracts and generalizes this civic insight into a philosophical account of communication: speakers are rational agents whose utterances are produced with reasons and addressed to other rational agents who infer intentions under shared norms of cooperation. What Cavalcanti frames as the moral obligation of the orator to persuade rightly, Grice frames as the expectation that contributions to conversation be interpretable as reasonable, truthful, relevant, and appropriately informative; when these expectations are strategically stretched, implicatures arise. In this sense, Cavalcanti’s emphasis on honest persuasion anticipates Grice’s insight that meaning is not exhausted by what is said but depends on intentions constrained by ethical and rational norms, and that conversation—whether in a Florentine republic or a Gricean model of dialogue—only works when speakers assume responsibility for how their words guide judgment beyond their literal content. Grice: “I like C.!”  A prominent humanist. While his Retorica is his most successful work, his other contributions include an essay on different types of republics political memoranda, orations to the Florentine militia, a critique of Speroni’s tragedy Canace, epistles to Vettori.  LA RETORICA dove si contiene tutto quello che appartiene all'arte oratoria. Eloquenza in tutti i tempi ha sommamente fiorito, dove esta CONVERSAZIONE alla GRICE d’uomini di giudicio. ma sopra tutto, ella ha gran luogo nelle bene ordinate Rep. Percio che dovendosi trattare alcuna materia o di pace o di guerra, pendendo il senato di qualsi voglia città, dal suo cittadino, che ha saputo meglio persuadere, ha seguito queltanto, che gli è stato persuaso è bene o male, che ne fia riuscito. E certo che l'esito delle cose che suole esser lodato d’ognuno, senza guardare i principi loro, non deefar l'oratore nè più ne meno lodato. Percioche l'oratore dee esser perito nel dire, ma molto più perito nel persuadere il bene, che quando l'eloquente con MALA INTENZIONE persuade non cosa utile all'universale, ma per sua sariffattione solamente, non merita nome d’eccellente oratore. Però diceno gl’antichi che l'oratore è uomo buono, ma perito nel dire: volendo inferire che senza la bontà l'eloquenza non vale. Di questa sorte è CICERONE  fra Romani, fra Romani uomo buono, difensore della libertà, e conservatore delle Republ. Nelle quali eßi nasce, di fendendo leda tirannia con ogni potere. Ed à questo fine da esso precetti l'uno taſciandole cofe fue ſcritte conmolto arteficio l'altro insegnandola viadi pervenire à quel colmo di gloria, che si può tra gli huomeni acquistare colla lingua. Ma àmepare, perquello, che ho senti totall'hora dagl’uomeni discorrere, che àtem pi nostri questa arte del dire sia stata molto ben dimostrata da C. in questa opera sua. Grice: Caro Cavalcanti, che piacere poter dialogare con lei! Ho letto con grande interesse la sua "Retorica" e l’ho trovata un vero esempio di arte oratoria, capace di illuminare il valore della conversazione nelle repubbliche ben ordinate. Cavalcanti: La ringrazio, professor Grice! Per me la conversazione non è solo uno strumento dell’eloquenza, ma un’arte che può promuovere il bene comune, purché guidata da chi persegue la virtù. Non a caso, come scrivo nella "Retorica", l’oratore dev’essere prima di tutto un uomo buono. Grice: Sono perfettamente d’accordo! Proprio nella conversazione si manifesta quell’implicatura che ci permette di andare oltre le parole per cogliere intenzioni e valori. Lei crede che oggi, come ai vostri tempi fiorentini, si possa ancora insegnare questa bontà attraverso il dialogo? Cavalcanti: Credo di sì, caro Grice. La buona conversazione resta il cuore della vita civile, tanto allora quanto oggi. Sta a noi, filosofi e uomini di giudizio, mostrare con l’esempio che l’eloquenza senza onestà non serve al bene, mentre la parola onesta può davvero guidare i popoli verso la libertà. Cavalcanti, Bartolomeo (1547). Dialoghi sopra i proverbi toscani. Firenze: Giunti.

Guido Cavalcanti (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del sìnolo degl’amanti. Guido Cavalcanti and H. P. Grice offer sharply contrasting but unexpectedly complementary accounts of reason-governed meaning: where Grice develops a theory of conversational meaning grounded in rational cooperation, intentions, and calculable implicature, Cavalcanti articulates a poetics and proto-philosophy of love in which reason remains present but is overwhelmed, displaced, or sidelined by eros within the sinolo, the Aristotelian composite of body and soul, of the lovers. Cavalcanti’s doctrine of love, especially in Donna me prega, treats love as a quasi-pathological force that disables ordinary rational functions such as eating, sleeping, and deliberation, resulting in a catastrophic convergence of two entelechies whose encounter produces not harmony but existential disintegration; meaning, in this context, is not inferentially calculated but emerges obliquely, through symptoms, silences, and poetic excess, functioning as what one might call an implicature of the lovers’ condition rather than its explicit content. Grice, by contrast, insists that conversational meaning is governed by rational norms shared by participants who treat talk as a cooperative enterprise, where even departures from literal sense are intelligible because they are guided by reason and recognizable intention; implicature, for Grice, is not a loss of rationality but its highest expression. The contrast is thus not between reason and non-reason, but between reason as regulator and reason as casualty: in Grice, eros is at most a topic within conversation, still subject to maxims and inference, whereas in Cavalcanti eros collapses the very conditions that make Gricean conversational rationality possible, turning lived love into a field where meaning persists, but only as a fragile, dangerous residue of a rationality that has momentarily gone on leave. Grice: “I like C.i; he thinks he is lizio, but he is surely accademico – therefore, obsessed with ‘eros,’ or ‘amore,’ as the Italians call it – Like ALIGHIERI’s, his philosophy of ‘eros’ is confused, but interesting!”. A lui e promessa in sposa la figlia di Farinata degli Uberti, capo della fazione ghibellina, dalla quale Guido ha i figli Andrea e Tancia. E tra i firmatari della pace tra guelfi e ghibellini nel Consiglio generale al Comune di Firenze insieme a Latini e Compagni. A questo punto avrebbe intrapreso un pellegrinaggio -- alquanto misterioso, se si considera la sua infamia di ateo e miscredente! Muscia, comunque, ne dà un'importante testimonianza attraverso un sonetto.  Alighieri, priore di Firenze, fu costretto a mandare in esilio l'amico, nonché maestro, con i capi delle fazioni bianca e nera in seguito a nuovi scontri. Si reca allora a Sarzana. “Perch'i' no spero di tornar giammai” e composto durante l'esilio. La condanna e revocata per l'aggravarsi delle sue condizioni di salute. Muore a causa della malaria contratta durante l'esilio forzato d’Alighieri.È ricordato oltre che per i suoi componimentiper essere stato citato da Dante (del quale fu amico assieme a Gianni) nel celebre sonetto delle Rime C., i' vorrei che tu e Lapo ed io (al quale Guido rispose con un altro, mirabile, ancorché meno conosciuto, sonetto, che ben esprime l'intenso e difficile rapporto tra i due amici, “S’io fosse quelli che d'amor fu degno”. Alighieri, remmorso, lo ricorda anche nella Divina Commedia e nel De vulgari eloquentia, mentre BOCCACCIO lo cita nel Commento ad Alighieri e nel Decameron.  La sua personalità, aristocraticamente sdegnosa, emerge dal ricordo che ne hanno lasciato gli filosofi contemporanei, Compagni, Villani, Boccaccio e Sacchetti. lo sviluppo della teoria dell’amore lizio morte anima vegetativa(l’amante non mangia non dorme animo e corpo entelechia sinolo perfetto due sinola sin holos incontro disastroso di due entellechie. Grice: Cavalcanti, dicono che nei tuoi versi l’amore sia una malattia peggiore della malaria. Ma dimmi, è vero che il vero filosofo si riconosce dal fatto che non dorme né mangia per amore? Cavalcanti: Caro Grice, se l’amore non ti fa perdere il sonno, forse stai solo leggendo un trattato e non vivendo un sentimento! Nel sinolo degli amanti l’anima si dimentica pure di essere razionale. Grice: Ma allora la ragione, in questa faccenda, serve solo per scegliere se sospirare alla finestra o passeggiare nel chiostro? Cavalcanti: La ragione, caro amico, serve a poco quando l’entelechia decide di andare in vacanza! Meglio un bel sonetto d’amore che una notte insonne a calcolare implicature. Cavalcanti, Guido (1552). Rime. Firenze: Giunti.

Tiberio Cavallo (Napoli, Campania):  la ragione conversazionale el’implicatura conversazionale di Frankenstein, homo electricus – The comparison between H. P. Grice and Tiberio Cavallo brings out two complementary but sharply different conceptions of reason-governed meaning, one logical–pragmatic and the other experimental–naturalistic. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning treats reason as the normative regulator of communication: speakers and hearers are rational agents who coordinate their intentions under shared maxims, so that even departures from literal meaning — conversational implicatures — remain intelligible, stable, and calculable within a cooperative framework. Cavallo, by contrast, operates in the domain of natural philosophy, where meaning often emerges not from intentions but from forces, effects, and observable phenomena: electricity, magnetism, air, gas, shock, and motion. In Cavallo’s Frankenstein-like homo electricus, the “implicature” is not inferred by rational cooperation but produced by material causation — sparks, currents, jumps, shocks, and ascents — so that agency appears distributed between human experimenter, instrument, and physical medium. Where Grice insists that implicature presupposes rational control and communicative responsibility, Cavallo shows how effects can exceed intention, with electricity animating frogs, lifting balloons, or metaphorically reviving bodies, leaving interpretation to follow after the fact. The contrast is thus between implicature as reason-governed inference (Grice) and implicature as experimentally revealed surplus of meaning generated by nature itself (Cavallo): in Grice, rationality disciplines meaning so it does not “short-circuit,” while in Cavallo, meaning travels like an electric current, carried by air, gas, and apparatus, sometimes illuminating understanding, sometimes startling it, but always reminding philosophy that not all significance is produced by conversation alone. -- la morte di Fedro – fulminated by one of Giove’s lightnings – elettrico. Grice: “I love C., and so did most of the members of the Royal Society! C. wasn’t strictly onto mythology, but the Italians on the whole are: the Elettridi are a couple of islands off the mouth of the shore where Fetonte fell – due to … electricity, as C. called it – C. is what at Oxford we would call a ‘natural philosoophy’ – for which there was once a chair – it’s very odd that it’s the chair in transnatural or ‘metaphysical’ philosophy that still sub-sists, as Heidegger would put it! By using ‘elettricita’ in the feminine abstract, Strawson criticsed C. – but Strawson criticised most!” Trattatista d’elettricità medicale e magnetismo, compe studi relativi ai gas e all'influenza dell'aria e della luce sulla biologia. Propone apparecchi elettrostatici di misura. Intue volare con palloni aerostatici. Costrue l’elettroscopio. Ideatore di esperimenti, inventore e realizzatore di strumenti di precisione e di apparati sperimentali, anche su commessa, trattatista valutato per chiarezza, sistematicità e completezza. aeronautica idrogeno gas portante. capacità ascensionali con bolle di sapone riempite d’idrogeno che salivano in verticale, trova un involucro leggero da sollevarsi una volta riempito di gas. Fisica chimica. Intue volo aerostatico con un pallone ripieno di gas leggero; servendosi di bolle di sapone gonfiate con idrogeno arie volo in mongolfiera. Inventa il moltiplicatore. Sviluppa un elettrometro tascabile che amplifica una piccole cariche elettriche e la rende osservabili e misurabili col elettroscopio protetto dalle correnti d'aria d’un involucro di vetro refrigerazione evaporazione di liquidi volatile proprietà fisiche dell’arie o dei gas aria infiammabile gassoso natura le proprietà dell'aria discute sia la teoria del flogisto citato da Grice Actions and events che le opinioni contrastanti. Alla Royal Society presenta il primo tentativo di sollevare in aria un palloncino pieno di idrogeno. Aerostazione filosofia naturale, filosofia trans-naturale, la rana ambigua. Grice: Cavallo, mi dica, è vero che fu l'elettricità a dare la prima scossa a Frankenstein? O la storia la racconta troppo alla napoletana? Cavallo: Grice, sa bene che a Napoli anche l’aria ha sempre un po’ di corrente! Se Frankenstein fosse passato dalle mie bolle d’idrogeno, sarebbe volato, altro che fulmine! Grice: E la Royal Society? Dicono che lei abbia fatto volare persino la rana, ma i filosofi inglesi si chiedono se fosse davvero una rana o solo una metafora in mongolfiera. Cavallo: Grice, tra metafore e mongolfiere, io preferisco un pallone ben gonfiato; almeno lì, l’implicatura non si sgonfia mai! E se la rana salta, va dove la corrente la porta. Cavallo, Tiberio (1779). Trattato sull’elettricità. Londra: Johnson.

Francesco Maria Zanotti Cavazzoni (Bologna, Emilia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazinale della forza viva. The comparison between H. P. Grice and Francesco Maria Zanotti Cavazzoni highlights two allied but differently inflected traditions of reason-governed meaning, one reconstructive and pragmatic, the other metaphysical and polemical. Grice conceives conversational meaning as emerging from rational cooperation among speakers, governed by shared maxims that allow implicatures to be inferred without ambiguity or metaphysical excess; reason here functions as a regulative principle that keeps meaning intelligible, economical, and publicly negotiable. Cavazzoni, working in Bologna on questions of forza viva and the power of the intellect, likewise treats reason as an active, dynamic principle, but situates it within a broader philosophical struggle against sensism and the passive attraction of ideas, emphasizing instead the vital force of intellectual activity itself. Where Grice’s implicatures arise from deliberate restraint and rational calculation within conversation, Cavazzoni’s “conversational” force is closer to an intellectual energia that animates discourse, satire, moral argument, and polemic, ensuring that ideas do not merely impress the senses but are actively judged, resisted, or endorsed by reason. Both reject the notion that meaning is a mere mechanical effect—whether of sensation or of words—but Grice translates this insight into a precise pragmatic architecture, while Cavazzoni stages it as a philosophical defense of the living power of intellect, a force viva that sustains rational discourse even when polemical color, wit, or multicolored cravatte threaten to distract from the seriousness of thought. Grice: “Italian philosophers should start by learning the alphabet –  C. is listed under the C. Not confusing!” Studia a Bologna. Insegna a Bologna. Tra le opere da ricordarsi una particolare satira contro il sensismo, la forza attrattiva delle idee, trattati di filosofia morale. Umberto Zanotti C. Umberto, membro eminente della famiglia, si è distinto per le sue doti sportive, artistiche e linguistiche. Oltre ad aver diffuso l'uso della "cravatta multicolore" in Svizzera, è fondatore del club calcistico Aintrac Stubli, pluri-premiata squadra del campetto della Piruetta. Dopo essersi distinto in campo sportivo, ha intrapreso la diffusione del verbo linguacciare, apprezzatissima parola negli ambienti aristocratici del tempo e introdotta poco dopo nel dizionario italiano. Da Cervia al Brasile Il fratello di Eustachio, Guido Zanotti C. ha tre figli tra cui Luigi, medico e padre di Alfeo, al quale si deve il trasferimento della famiglia a Cervia. Uno dei figli di Alfeo, chiamato Luigi come il nonno da Cervia tornò a studiare a Bologna per laurearsi in medicina con specializzazione fcritto, e ufeito al pubblico , non è pun- to contrario alla Religione ? Che non può parer ta- le a niun dotto uomo ? Che non può parer tale a riuno ignorante ? Ed effondo pur tale a voi paru- to , vedete, a che mi avete (fretto; vedete, a qual confeguenza avete voi fteffo voluto efporvi. Nè ho lafciato però iifpondendovi , di aver riguardo, quanto ho potuto, alla gloria del voftro nome. Notivi ho levata la lode di fcrittor predo, e copiofo,non quella di conofcitore di molte lingue , non quella di erudito in ogni maniera di antichità; ho dimo- iato (blamente , che giudicando d’ alcun mio libro, mancafte alla ragione, ed a voi fteffo . E quello an- cora ho fatto con mio grandifiìmo rincrefcimento , nè ho creduto di poter tanto difpiacere a voi , che non difpiacefli maggiormente a me medefimo . Vo- glia Iddio , che fìa quella più toflo J’ ultima volta eh’ io ferivo , che mai permettere , eh’ io fia moledo a veruno ferivendo. Francesco Maria e tutti i Cavazzoni forza viva. Grice: Cavazzoni, mi dica, la sua forza viva è più potente di un buon caffè bolognese, oppure basta un’idea brillante per mettere in moto tutto? Cavazzoni: Caro Grice, a Bologna preferiamo mischiare entrambe: un caffè forte e un pensiero vivace, così non si rischia mai di addormentarsi sul trattato! Grice: E la cravatta multicolore, la indossa quando deve affrontare i filosofi sensisti? O serve solo per le partite dell’Aintrac Stubli? Cavazzoni: Grice, la cravatta è indispensabile in ogni battaglia: sia contro il sensismo sia sul campo della Piruetta. E se la ragione vacilla, almeno i colori mettono allegria! Cavazzoni, Francesco Maria Zanotti (1728). Della forza dell’intelletto umano. Venezia: Pasquali.

Camilo Benso, conte di Cavour (Torino, Piemonte): implicatura conversazionale e ragione conversazionale. The comparison between H. P. Grice and Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, brings Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning into dialogue with statesmanship as a practical art of public implication. Grice conceives conversational rationality as operating through shared norms that allow speakers to mean more than they say without deception, relying on mutual recognition, restraint, and calculability; implicature works because interlocutors assume reasonableness and cooperation. Cavour’s political practice exemplifies this logic outside philosophy: his diplomacy, parliamentary speech, and reformist rhetoric consistently relied on saying just enough to enable others to draw the intended conclusion, whether persuading foreign powers that Italy was more than a “geographical expression” or guiding domestic elites toward liberal modernization without provoking collapse. Where Grice theorizes the maxims that make such meaning-transfer intelligible, Cavour enacts them historically, using understatement, strategic silence, and controlled ambiguity as tools of rational persuasion. Both reject brute force or mere emotional appeal in favor of a conversational model in which progress depends on shared rational expectations, whether among speakers at Oxford or ministers in Turin; the difference is that Grice offers the analytical framework, while Cavour demonstrates, at the level of political history, how reasoned implicature can quite literally make a nation speak itself into being. Grice: “I lke C.!”  Filosofo, politico, patriota e imprenditore italiano.  Fu ministro del Regno di Sardegna dal 1850 al 1852, presidente del Consiglio dei ministri dal 1852 al 1859 e dal 1860 al 1861. Nello stesso 1861, con la proclamazione del Regno d'Italia, divenne il primo presidente del Consiglio dei ministri del nuovo Stato e morì ricoprendo tale carica.  Fu protagonista del Risorgimento come sostenitore delle idee liberali, del progresso civile ed economico, della separazione tra Stato Unlimited. Opere di Camillo Benso, conte di C., su Open Library, Internet Archive. Opere riguardanti Camillo Benso, conte di C., su Open Library, Internet Archive. Camillo Benso, conte di C., su Goodreads. Camillo C. (Benso Di), su storia.camera.it, Camera dei deputati. Modifica su Wikidata Camillo Benso, conte di C., in Archivio storico Ricordi, Ricordi et C.. Riccardo Faucci, C., Camillo Benso conte di, in Il contributo italiano alla storia del Pensiero: Economia, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, . Fondazione C. di Santena, su fondazioneC..it. Associazione degli amici della Fondazione C., su camilloC..com. Portale Biografie  Portale Politica  Portale Risorgimento Guerre d'indipendenza italiane insieme di tre conflitti Alleanza sardo-francese alleanza tra Regno di Sardegna e Secondo Impero francese Benso (famiglia) famiglia nobiliare italiana. Grice: Mi permetta, Cavour, di confessare che non conosco nessuno a Vadum Boum, la celebre Oxford – figuriamoci in Inghilterra! – che non sostenga con entusiasmo il Suo impegno per l’unificazione di quella che, un tempo, era solo una “espressione geografica”. Ah, la bella Italia: tutti siamo affascinati dal Suo sogno! Cavour: La ringrazio, professor Grice, per queste parole gentili. L’unità d’Italia è stata la mia più grande aspirazione: credevo fermamente che, oltre la geografia, ci potesse essere una vera nazione, libera e moderna. Il sostegno degli amici inglesi è stato prezioso, soprattutto nei momenti difficili. Grice: Ho sempre ammirato il Suo modo di portare avanti ragione e conversazione, conte. La Sua implicatura conversazionale non solo ha convinto i parlamentari, ma ha ispirato filosofi e pensatori. In Inghilterra spesso diciamo: “Se l’Italia è bella, è merito di Cavour!” Cavour: Che bello sentirlo! La conversazione, come Lei insegna, è la chiave del progresso civile. Io ho creduto nella libertà e nel dialogo, perché solo così si possono vincere le resistenze e costruire un futuro. Grazie, professor Grice: insieme, ragione e amicizia fanno la storia. Cavour, Camillo Benso, conte di (1846). Sulla ferrovia da Torino a Genova. Torino: Stamperia Reale.

Cazio (Roma): The comparison between H. P. Grice and Catius (Cazio) brings into focus two very different but structurally related ways of connecting meaning, everyday practice, and rational control. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning places reason at the center of communication: what a speaker means is governed by intentions constrained by shared norms, so that implicatures arise through rational inference rather than accident, appetite, or tone alone. Catius, as presented by Horace, looks at first glance like the opposite case: a philosopher of the Epicurean Garden whose teaching is filtered through talk of food, dinners, and bodily pleasure, to the point that doctrine seems reduced to gastronomy. Yet this contrast is deceptive. Catius’s culinary idiom functions as a deliberate vehicle for public instruction, translating abstract Epicurean claims about nature, fear, and the good life into a register accessible to ordinary Romans; food talk is not the message but the medium. In Gricean terms, the literal content concerns patinae and vegetables, while the implicature points to vivere suaviter without superstition or terror. Where Grice theorizes how rational hearers recover intended meaning beneath pragmatic surface departures, Catius exemplifies an early, cultural instance of that mechanism at work: philosophy survives as reason-governed meaning precisely by embedding itself in familiar, even trivial discourse. The difference is that Grice abstracts and formalizes the logic of implicature, while Catius enacts it pedagogically, showing how reason can govern meaning even when conversation appears dominated by appetite rather than argument. He is presented by Orazio as something of a philosophica dilettante obsessed with food. Cazio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Cazio,”  Cazio: l’orto a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Catius insuber. Member of the Garden. He wrote four books in which he set out the school’s teachings on the nature of the universe and the most important hings in life. The books were aimed at making the teachings available and accessible to a wide audience. Cazio insallubre. Catius insuber. GRICEVS: Cati, si in Horto Epicuri quattuor libros de rerum natura scribis, cur Horatius te pingit quasi philosophum qui plus de patinis quam de particulis cogitet? CATIVS: Quia, Grice, apud Romanos ventrem saepe pro argumento habent, et si de summo bono loquor, statim rogant utrum salsamentum an olus laudaverim. GRICEVS: At tamen, cum doctrinam vulgo reddere velis, fortasse “cibus” est tantum vehiculum, et vera implicatura est: vivere suaviter, sed sine supervacuo timore. CATIVS: Recte; et si quis me insalubrem vocat, respondeo: non ego morbum colo, sed desiderium publico appono—ut omnes intellegant philosophiam etiam in cena bene coqui. Cazio  (a. u. c.. DCCX–DCCXX). De rerum natura et vitae praeceptis (libri, ex Horatii Saturis). Roma.

Gian Mario Cazzaniga (Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’iniziazione – A comparison between H. P. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Gian Mario Cazzaniga’s reflections on initiation, ritual, and symbolic social bonds brings into view two complementary conceptions of how meaning is generated and stabilized through human interaction. For Grice, conversational meaning is governed by rational cooperation: implicatures arise when speakers intentionally flout or exploit shared maxims, relying on mutual recognition of communicative intentions within a framework of practical reason and individual agency. Meaning, in this sense, is inseparable from the rational accountability of speakers who orient themselves toward a common conversational good. Cazzaniga, by contrast, approaches communicative meaning less from the standpoint of individual rational calculation and more from the perspective of symbolic incorporation into shared forms of life—rituals, initiations, and “chains of union” that bind individuals into durable circles of recognition and fraternity. Drawing on historical analyses of Freemasonry, esotericism, and modern political symbolism, Cazzaniga treats initiation as a once‑only passage that confers membership in a communicative and ethical community whose meanings are sustained by gestures (the handshake), repetition, and symbolic continuity rather than by explicit propositional exchange. Where Grice insists that conversational implicature presupposes autonomous individuals coordinating through reason, Cazzaniga implicitly challenges strict individualism by emphasizing that communicative significance often precedes and exceeds explicit intention, being anchored instead in inherited symbolic structures that organize trust, solidarity, and authority. The contrast thus mirrors a broader tension between Anglo‑analytic pragmatics, with its focus on rational agents and inferential norms, and a continental, historically grounded account of meaning as emerging from ritualized social practices that make conversation possible in the first place. You only get first penetrated once – BACCHANALIUM. Grice: “I like C. – he shows that latitdunial unity is not a myth! He has researched on Cocconato – and he has seriously spoken of the ‘catene d’unione’ – the handshake – which is crosses the longitudinal and latitudinal unities – consider Thatcher: “There’s no such thing as societies; only individuals! The ‘catene d’unione’ is represented most easily by a handshake, but this is in a catena usually a circle – need it be a close circle? It should be! Perhaps Austin and the Play Group formed such a circle!” Si laurea a Pisa sotto Massolo. Insegna a Pisa. Quaderno Rosso. Il potere operaio. Funzione e conflitto. Forme e classi nella teoria marxista dello sviluppo, Napoli, Liguori); La religione dei moderni; Metamorfosi della sovranità: fra stati nazionali e ordinamenti giuridici mondiali. Società geografica italiana, La democrazia come sistema simbolico "Belfagor”; Le Muse in loggia. Massoneria e letteratura nel Settecento Storia d'Italia. Annali: La Massoneria, Torino, Einaudi) Storia d'Italia. Annali 25: Esoterismo, Massoneria e letteratura: Dalla 'République des lettres' alla lettera- tura nazionale,” in Le muse in Loggia, ed. C. et al. (Milan: Unicopli), C., “Origine ed evoluzione dei rituali carbonari italiani,” in C., La Massoneria, Chi anche in questa fine di millennio continua a nutrire interesse per la storia delle vicende umane, per la storia delle idee e dei tentativi messi in atto per concretarle - soprattutto se le idee in questione sono quelle di libertà, fraternità, uguaglianza - trova in libreria un testo di sicuro interesse: “La religione dei moderni”. Convinto con Eraclito che per trovare oro è necessario scavare molta terra, C. ha dissodato a fondo un terreno a prima vista assai ingrato: l'arcipelago multiforme e delirante della massoneria rito di passage, solo una volta, l’iniziazione, massoneria, esoterismo, democrazia come sistema simbolico, sovranita, stato nazionale, conflitto, liberta, fraternita, iguaglianza. Grice: Caro Cazzaniga, mi dica: è vero che si viene iniziati solo una volta? Le Bacchanalia non concedono repliche? Cazzaniga: Grice, la prima iniziazione conta davvero! Da lì in poi, si entra in una catena d’unione che, tra strette di mano e sorrisi, è più circolare che longitudinale. Ma attenzione: una volta dentro, non si torna indietro, nemmeno per sbaglio! Grice: Quindi la massoneria è un po’ come una cena tra amici: se salti il primo brindisi, rischi di perdere il meglio. Ma mi dica, Cazzaniga, la catena d’unione resiste anche alle opinioni di Mrs. Thatcher? Cazzaniga: Certo, Grice! Anche se qualcuno sostiene che non esistono le società, la catena funziona eccome: basta una stretta di mano sincera e la cerchia si chiude, magari con una battuta per sdrammatizzare. E se non basta, si ricorre alla fraternità: quella non manca mai! Cazzaniga, Gian Mario (1962). Intervento. Quaderni Rossi

Francesco Pietro Cazzulani (Milano, Lombardia): l’implicature del deutero-esperanto. A comparison between H. P. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning and Francesco Pietro Cazzulani’s project of a universal numeric language illuminates two radically different responses to the problem of shared understanding. Grice holds that meaning in conversation depends on rational cooperation between speakers, where implicatures arise through the recognition of communicative intentions operating under publicly shared norms; even a wholly invented language, such as his playful “deutero-Esperanto,” would still require uptake through inferential reasoning and pragmatic sensitivity to context. Cazzulani’s universal language, by contrast, seeks to neutralize precisely those sources of interpretive variability, replacing inference, grammar, and usage-based flexibility with fixed numerical equivalences intended to guarantee conceptual identity across languages and cultures. Where Grice locates meaning in the dynamic interplay between what is said, what is implicated, and what a rational hearer can infer, Cazzulani attempts to eliminate implicature by design, aiming at a language of pure concepts in which misunderstanding is structurally excluded rather than pragmatically managed. From a Gricean perspective, however, Cazzulani’s project paradoxically presupposes what it tries to abolish: even a grammarless, numeric language would still rely on shared assumptions about relevance, intention, and cooperative purpose to function as a medium of communication. The contrast thus highlights Grice’s central insight that meaning cannot be secured solely by formal or semantic uniformity, but depends irreducibly on the practical reason of speakers, whereas Cazzulani represents an early, utopian attempt to substitute social-pragmatic negotiation with an engineered transparency of signs. Grice: “I like C.! When I was invited to review my earlier views on ‘meaning,’ and ‘significance’, I made a passing reference to an earlier example of mine: that of inventing a new high-way code while lying in the tub. I then said that I could well invent a new language – “that nobody ever speaks” – to provoke Wittgensteinians – and call it “deuteron-Esperanto.” It clicked!” Crea e brevetta una lingua universale semplice, logica, accessibile per tutte le genti, senza che ha nulla in comune o d’affine con nessuna delle lingue esistenti, adottando questa impostazione. Ad ogni singola parola avente in ogni singola lingua il medesimo significato corrisponde un numero, quindi tante parole di tante lingue hanno un unico significato nella LINGUA UNIVERSALE. La lingua numerica si trasforma in lingua alfabetica sulla basi: I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X ba ca da fe le mo no po ru tu. Le parole mater madre mamà, come ogni ideogramma che significa «madre», è per la lingua universale equivalente al numero 81, che si pronuncia, po-ba. Il termine «lingua universale», corrispondente ai numeri 214 736, si pronunciano: cabafe nodamo. Oltre ai dieci accoppiamenti sopra-indicati e al vocabolario base (composto da circa 1.500 parole), nella linguaCe universale di C. esistono XII pre-fissi come «ve», prefisso di infinito verbale che indica il sostantivo di riferimento del verbo. Ad esempio: amare = badatu; amore, o letteralmente ‘amazione’ = ve-badatu. Oppure come «GI-», pre-fisso che trasforma il singolare maschile in singolare femmine. ‘Questo cavallo’= cale lefemo, mentre questa cavalla = gicale lefemo. Questa lingua universale che è SENZA GRAMMATICA e senza coniugazioni verbali, precisa C., non serve certo a tradurre la Divina Commedia od a fare poesie in quanto la cosa non avrebbe senso, è una lingua essenziale di concetti che al di fuori dall’elaborazioni lessicali, non indispensabili, vuole fare in modo che finalmente l’umanità tutta possa comprendersi, e poiché non richiede l’intervento di terzi per l’apprendimento consente a tutti di essere auto-didatti.  Grice: Caro Cazzulani, mi dica, la sua lingua universale mi sembra davvero rivoluzionaria! Ma se mi trovassi in vasca, saprei dire “spugna” in deutero-Esperanto? Cazzulani: Grice, in deutero-Esperanto “spugna” sarà un numero, e magari una combinazione come “cabafe po-ba”! Comunque, tranquillo: nessuno rischia di confondere la spugna col sapone, nemmeno Wittgenstein! Grice: Ah, così potrei finalmente parlare con tutti, anche con il mio anatroccolo di gomma! Ma mi dica, Cazzulani: se la lingua è senza grammatica, si può sguazzare anche senza errori? Cazzulani: Esatto, Grice! Qui nessuno si arrabbia se sbaglia verbo: basta il concetto. Se poi l’anatroccolo risponde “nodamo cabafe”, forse mi tocca brevettare anche il linguaggio degli animali! Cazzulani, Francesco Pietro (1834). Saggio sulla poesia italiana. Milano: Pirotta.

Silvio Ceccato (Montecchio Maggiore, Vicenza, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del plusquamperfectum --  implicatura imperfetta --  il perfetto filosofo. A comparison between H. P. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Silvio Ceccato’s operational and cybernetic approach to language highlights a deep structural contrast in how meaning, temporality, and understanding are conceived. Grice explains conversational meaning in terms of rational agency: implicatures arise because speakers knowingly adhere to, or strategically depart from, shared norms of cooperation, allowing hearers to infer intentions on the basis of practical reason and contextual expectations. Ceccato, by contrast, seeks to dissolve appeals to intention, normativity, and abstract mental entities by reconstructing meaning as the outcome of elementary mental operations, analyzable in functional and cybernetic terms and in principle reproducible by machines. His interest in grammatical aspect—such as the imperfective and perfective, or the plusquamperfectum—does not serve to model conversational inference, but to expose how linguistic forms encode procedural patterns of mental activity rather than communicative strategies. While Grice treats imperfectness, openness, and revisability as virtues of conversation that enable implicature and dialogue to remain dynamically rational, Ceccato treats “imperfection” as a clue to operational incompleteness, something to be dissected into attentional states and sequential functions. From a Gricean standpoint, Ceccato’s program risks explaining away the very phenomenon of conversational meaning by replacing communicative reason with mechanizable process; from Ceccato’s standpoint, Grice’s appeal to shared rational norms may appear theoretically opaque, relying on unanalyzed notions of intention and cooperation. The contrast thus marks a divide between a pragmatic conception of meaning as socially coordinated rational action and an operational conception that seeks to re‑engineer meaning from the ground up as a functional product of mental mechanisms. Grice: “I like C. – like other Italian philosophers, he has an obsession with geometrical conjunctions and my favoruite of his tracts is La linea e la strischia, but he philosophises on other issues, notably cybernetics, where he purports to give a mechanical explanation’ of la lingua, he has also talked about the ‘mente’ – an expression Italian philosophers hardly use as they see it as an Anglicism, preferring ‘anima.’ He rather boldly philosophised on eudaemonia, without taking into account Ackrill’s etymological findings, but then the Italians use ‘felicita’! ingegneria della felicita – and also of the ‘fabrica del bello. How to, and how not to. Are all how not to ironic? C. thinks not: he philosophises on sophistry in how NOT to philosophise, and sees Socrates, who claims to be ‘imperfect, i. e. ever unfinished, and echoing Shaw on Wagner, as il perfetto filosofo!” In Actions and events, I present a scheme for what modistae would have represented as TEMPVS imperfect. Surely if I was drinking, I drank. But grammarians would hold that it is INCORRECT false? to say so! C. develops a theory very similar to mine. Like myself, he is an unusual philosopher!” Filosofo irregolare, Propone una definizione di filosofia e un’analisi dello suo sviluppo storico. Prenderne le distanze e persegue la costruzione di un’alternativa. oportebat debebant oportebat sequebatur oportebat. Auctor ad Herenn satis erat infimae erant. Arthur Leslie Wheeler I.PEOOBESSIVE (TeUB) ImPEKFECT Aobistic Shifted Simple Cast. G. Fre- Prog. Past quent. Plautus Terence Cato Lucilius VARRONE Laberius Nepos Hortensius logonia tabella di Ceccatieff, operativismo, Teocono, il genitore come ingegnero, influenza di GENTILE, modelo cibernetico della communicazione adattazione sopravivenza, organo ipotetico funzione codice conversazionale modello mentale psicologia filosofica adamo II lingua adamica aspetto perfettivo imperfettivo conjugazione latino. Grice: Caro Ceccato, mi dica: cosa pensa, da perfetto filosofo, di questo plusquamperfectum? Io sono affezionato all’imperfetto, sa, quello che lascia sempre una porticina aperta al dialogo. Ceccato: Ah, Grice, il plusquamperfectum è come una linea geometrica: tutti credono sia perfetta finché non la si guarda troppo da vicino! Preferisco l’implicatura imperfetta, che permette ai filosofi di correggersi senza rimpianti. Grice: Ma lei, Ceccato, ha costruito una vera “ingegneria della felicità”! Non sarà che il filosofo perfetto insegue la felicità imperfetta, quella che si trova tra una striscia e una linea? Ceccato: Grice, la felicità perfetta esiste solo nelle grammatiche latine; nella vita, come nella filosofia, siamo tutti un po’ imperfetti. E forse è proprio questa imperfezione che ci permette di conversare allegramente, anche quando il nostro codice conversazionale si inceppa! Ceccato, Silvio (1949). La mente vista dall’interno. Milano: Mondadori.

Aulo Cecina Peto (Roma): il circolo di Cicerone -- A comparison between Grice and Aulus Caecina can be drawn by viewing both as theorists of meaning who explain interpretation through rule‑governed rational practices rather than through brute causation. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning holds that utterances convey more than their literal content because rational agents assume cooperation and reason from what is said to what is meant, using shared principles and contextual expectations. Caecina, as presented by Seneca and echoed in the Ciceronian circle, treats lightning in an analogous way: thunderbolts are not merely physical events but signs that require disciplined interpretation, governed by an established system of rules derived from the Etruscan disciplina and refined through philosophical reasoning. Just as Grice denies that implicatures are automatic or mechanical effects of language, Caecina rejects the idea that every thunderclap directly determines political or moral consequences; both insist that meaning arises through inference rather than direct causation. In this sense, Caecina reads the sky as Grice reads conversation: nature “speaks,” but only a trained reasoner can determine what, if anything, is being communicated. Grice’s emphasis on intentions, maxims, and rational inference thus finds an unexpected classical parallel in Caecina’s lightning lore, where interpretation is constrained by shared norms, background knowledge, and a refusal to infer more than the evidence warrants. A friend of CICERONE, and an expert on divination. According to Seneca, he wrote a book about lightning. Aulo Cecina. Cecina. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Cecina,”  GRICEVS: Caecina, si in Circulo Ciceronis fulmina tam diligenter interpretaris, num Iuppiter ipse tibi epistulas mittit, an tantum nimis clara implicatura in caelo est? CAECINA: Nihil mirum, Grice, nam Cicero dicebat omnia esse signa, sed ego addo: si tonat, non statim res publica perit—nisi tu ita inferre velis. GRICEVS: At Seneca narrat te librum de fulmine scripsisse; dic mihi, utrum fulmen sit locutio naturae an oratio brevissima, sine verbis sed cum strepitu? CAECINA: Utrumque, amice: natura loquitur, ego glossemata scribo, et postea omnes dicunt me divinationem docere, cum ego tantum caelum legere coner quasi Ciceronis stylum. Cecina, Aulo C. Peto (a. u. c. DCCV) De fulguribus. Roma.  

Aulo Cecina Peto (Roma): il portico a Roma – In comparing Grice with Aulus Caecina Paetus, the point of contact lies not in doctrine but in the structure of meaning generated under conditions of rational restraint. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning insists that what is communicated is governed by reasoned inference rather than by explicit statement alone: speakers say less than they mean, trusting that hearers will infer more by assuming rational cooperation and sensitivity to norms. Caecina Paetus, as represented through Tacitus and Pliny and crystallized in the scene of his death with Arria, embodies an analogous Stoic economy of speech. His own silence during the conspiracy against Claudius, and Arria’s utterance “It does not hurt” while dying, exemplify a form of meaning that is maximally compressed yet norm-guided. Arria’s words deny pain at the level of what is said, but convey constancy, courage, and moral instruction at the level of what is meant; the hearer is expected to infer these values through shared ethical understanding rather than through explicit exposition. This is precisely the kind of case Grice uses to show that meaning is not reducible to semantics but is constrained by rational expectations about relevance, sufficiency, and purpose. In Caecina’s Stoic world, as in Grice’s conversational framework, restraint is not communicative weakness but communicative strength: reason governs when to speak, when to remain silent, and how much may safely be inferred. Caecina’s Dicta, sparse and transmitted through testimony, thus function as classical instances of reason‑governed implicature, where the force of an utterance lies not in what is asserted but in what a rational audience must, and must be able to, understand. The husband of Arria Peto Maggiore. He belonged to the Porch. He becomes involved ina plot against the emperor Claudio. He was condemned to commit suicide and his wife encouraged him to go through it by committing suicide first, and passing the knife in the proceeding with the infamous utterance, ‘It does not hurt.’ GRICEVS: Caecina, cum ad Porticum pertinere te dicas, num etiam in coniuratione contra Claudium “virtutem” appellasti, an tantum “imprudens consilium” implicuisti? CAECINA: Ego quidem stoice tacui, sed res ipsa clamabat, et Claudius plus audivit ex rumoribus quam ex meis sermonibus. GRICEVS: At Arria, uxor fortissima, cum prior ferrum sibi adegit et dixit “non dolet,” videtur mihi maximi momenti exemplum esse: dixit minus, significavit plus. CAECINA: Ita est, Grice, nam illa uno verbo dolorem negavit, sed omnibus Romanis docuit quid sit constantia—et mihi reliquit tantum officium, non querelas. Cecina, Aulo C. Peto (a. u. c. DCCXCV). Dicta. Roma.

Lucio Vero Cei: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – l’implicatura conversazionale del fratello d’Antonino. Grice: “The gens  Ceionia does not have a direct, widely recognized Italian surname equivalent, as a Roman gens names does not typically evolve into a surname in a linear fashion. However, C. is the closest linguistic descendant or a form derived from it.  Despite being frequently contrasted with ANTONINO’s legendary discipline alla PORTICO, C. is highly educated. He studies philosophy under noted teachers such as Apollonius of Chalcedon and Sextus of Chaeronea. Patronage and Culture: He is credited with promoting philosophy across the Empire. He uses his position to support philosophes, and the study of philosophy, helping to maintain Rome as a centre of philosophical thought. While historical accounts often emphasize his "worldly passions" (such as games and luxury) over his intellectual depth, his co-rule was part of a period where the principles of IL PORTICO —specifically virtue, rationality, and duty—are the guiding ideals of the imperial administration.  il principe filosofo di Siracusa. Cuoco. Platone in Italia. Filosofo romano. Filosofo lazio. Filosofo italiano.  Roma, Lazio. Like Antonino, he is adopted by Antonino Pio. They share many tutors, including Erode Attico, Frontone, Apollonio, and Sesto. They both succeed the throne when their adoptive father dies. When he dies, his brother deifies him for the Roman people. Quando ANTONINO , gia cesare d’Antonino Pio, divenne augusto alla morte del padre adottivo, si verifica un fatto straordinario. L’impero romano ha pella prima volta nella sua storia DUE imperatori legittimi. Ma come si giunse a questa anomala Oxford University Press, . Baird, F. E. Philosophic Classics, Volume I: Ancient Philosophy. Routledge, . Dio Cassius. Cassius Dio's History. Caesar and Christ. Simon & Schuster, . Grant, M. The Climax of Rome. Weidenfeld, Harvey, B. K. Daily Life in Ancient Rome. Focus, . Hays, G., translator. Meditations of Marcus Aurelius. Modern Library, . Lewis, J. E. The Mammoth Book of Eyewitness Ancient Rome. il principe filosofo. GRICEVS: Cei, si gens Ceionia cognomen Italicum non peperit, num hoc ipsum implicat Romanos tam nobiles fuisse ut ne posteri quidem eos “in cognomen” contrahere auderent? CEI: Fortasse, Grice, sed ego implico me potius philosophum quam luxuriosum videri, cum tamen inter ludos et delicias discipulos Apollonii et Sexti in mensa mea alere soleam. GRICEVS: Antoninus quidem ad Porticum te semper opponitur, sed ego suspicor te virtutem et officium colere—tantum paulo clarius dicere deberes, ne populus solum de balneis tuis loquatur. CEI: Age, Grice, frater me post mortem divinizavit, quod est maxima conversatio Romana: cum nihil iam dicere possim, urbs tamen ex silentio meo totum elogium colligit.

Celestio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. An ally of Pelagius, he argues that because sin is an act of free will, the existence of sin proves the existence of free will. GRICEVS: Caelestive, si Celestio dicit peccatum esse actum voluntatis liberae, num Roma ipsa peccando libertatem suam probat quasi testem in foro? CAELESTIVS: Ita, Grice, sed Pelagius applaudit tam cito ut etiam silentium eius implicaturam faciat: “homo potest, ergo debet.” GRICEVS: Cave tamen, ne ex “potest” statim “bonus est” inferas; nam etiam latro potest, et hoc argumentum nimis celeriter currit. CAELESTIVS: Recte mones: libertas est sicut via Romana—ad forum ducit, sed idem saxa etiam ad tabernam (et interdum ad carcerem) ferunt.

Celio Aureliano: Roma antica -- filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. He composes  a history of medical thought and translated some of the works of Sorano. GRICEVS: Caeli, si Celio Aureliano Romae medicinam in historiam vertit, num philosophus est an potius medicus cum calamo? CAELIVS: Philosophus est, Grice, quia etiam morbos ad rationem redigit et Sorani verba tam diligenter transfert quasi aegrotos in Latinum sanet. GRICEVS: Ita vero, sed cave: si nimis bene transfert, postea omnes dicent Sorano ipsum Latine natum esse—quod est implicatura periculosissima. CAELIVS: Noli timere, Grice, Roma ipsa tot homines vertit ut etiam translator in historiā medicā quasi consul videatur, non interpres.

Carlo Cellucci (Santa Maria Caputa Vetera, Caserta, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del paradiso – aus dem Paradies, das Cantor uns geschaffen, soll uns niemand vertreiben können. Grice: “I love C.; for one, he wrote on Cantor’s paradise, which is an extremely interesting tract and figure! There’s earthly paradise and heavenly paradise and C. knows it! C/, like me, also philosophised on ‘logic,’ in my case because of Strawson; in his, because of me!” Si laurea a Milano. Insegna a Roma. logica dimostrazione, matematica, epistemologia. Breve storia della logica Perché ancora la filosofia” perche no? Le ragioni della logica, metodo” I limiti della scesi scoperta, Scienza et Società, Creatività; Conoscenza scientifica e senso comune. In La guerra dei mondi. Scienza e senso comune, Razionalità scientifica e plausibilità. In I modi della razionalità, eds. M. Dell'Utri et A. Rainone. Mimesis, Milano); Filosofia della matematica, Paradigmi,  Il paradiso di Cantor, Bibliopolis, Napoli La filosofia della matematica, Laterza, Roma); Breve storia della logica: Dall'Umanesimo al pr imo Novecento   Perché ancora la filosofia Filosofia e matematica, Laterza, Rome, Le ragioni della logica, “La rinascita della logica in Italia”, e morta? -- metodo,  scoperta, Scienza e Societa. Creatività. lizio  e il ruolo del nous  nella conoscenza scientifica”, senso comune. In  La guerra dei mondi. Scienzae senso comune, Razionalità scientifica e plausibilità, In  I modi della razionalità, logica polivalente computabilità intelligenza. informatica dei Lincei, Ripensare la filosofia. La spiegazione in matematica. Periodicodi Matematiche  (For Grice, unlike Kantotle, mathematics “7 + 5 = 12” has zero-explanatory value. il paradiso di PEANO, formalismo accademia adequazione, calcolo di predicato di primo ordine, regole d’inferenza, spiegazione matematica, connetivo, connetivo russelliano, connetivo intuizionista, prova, lizio mente nous anima numero, definizione splicita, implicita, graduale ROTA VELIA non-contradizzione significato, divergenza connetivo logico e connetivo nella lingua volgare non e o, si ogni alcuno al meno uno il. Grice: Merton, 1964. Off to my seminar on “conversation” as University Lecturer—odd. Ryle used “Oxford” itself as his pet example of a category mistake back in ’49: “There’s no such thing as Oxford,” he says, “only colleges, buildings, dons, undergraduates, and so forth.” Very well: no “Oxford.” But then what on earth is a “University Lecturer”? That sounds like a double oxymoron: a lecturer without a lectern, attached to a university that, strictly speaking, does not exist. Besides, “lecturer” is a mistranslation of the old Bolognese lettore, the lector: the man is supposed to do what lectors do—read. (Wainwright or some such introduced “Reader” into our system, but it has such a vernacular touch that most avoid it, as if it were announcing you read books rather than produce them.) Still, I like Merton: the philosophy library is good, and the thick volumes of abstracts sit there, freely open to any member of the university—you see the joke, if there is no such thing—so one browses, as a man does, thinking what further conversational maxim to inflict on whomever happens to attend this afternoon. Today I browse into Geymonat’s latest achievement. He has finally got his Carlo Cellucci out of Milano—con correlatore, as the Italians put it—one Ettore Casari. Apollo did it to Daphne by turning her into laurel; Geymonat does it to Cellucci by indulging him with a branch of laurel for what, precisely? For all the effort you can see transpired in a thesis titled Ordinali ricorsivi. Now suppose I want to order my maxims. First maxim: do this. Second maxim: do that. Is that what Cellucci has in mind—an etiquette-book for rational creatures? Not likely. More likely he is following the footsteps of that Genius Croce never understood: Giuseppe Peano, the Turin master of recursion. So it is more like my own analysis of communication, which is a bit of a rule-book whether I like it or not: RULE 1: If you want to communicate that ppp, ensure that your addressee will believe that you believe that ppp (with adaptations for different “directions of fit,” if one must be technical). RULE 2: Keep everything out in the open—do not sneak. (This is not poker; it is more like bridge.) RULE 3: Obey all the rules—including this rule—so keep in the open not only that you are obeying Rule 1 and Rule 2, but that you are obeying Rule 3 herself (and yes, regola is feminine, Descartes would insist), which is obliging you to obey. That is possibly an ordinale ricorsivo for Cellucci—or possibly not. We don’t take philosophy of mathematics seriously here, and I have nobody handy to diffuse my doubts—except E. J. Lemmon, who tells me that most likely what Cellucci means by “ordinale ricorsivo” is…Grice (aside, lowering his voice as if Lemmon were a confessor): E. J., tell me plainly. When Cellucci writes Ordinali ricorsivi, is he merely ordering his maxims as if they were Boy Scout commandments? Or is there something more diabolical—something that makes one’s ordering itself a function of one’s ability to order? E. J. Lemmon (patiently, with the air of someone who has explained this to too many metaphysicians): It’s neither Boy Scouts nor diabolism. It’s recursion with a clock. Grice: A clock? Lemmon: A notion of effective well-order. Think of the ordinary ordinal sequence—0,1,2,…,ω,ω+1,…0,1,2,\dots,\omega,\omega+1,\dots0,1,2,…,ω,ω+1,…—as a hierarchy of “types of counting.” Now add a constraint: you only count in ways that are computably describable. An ordinal is “recursive” (roughly) when its well-ordering can be presented so that membership and the order relation are decidable by an effective procedure. Grice: So it is the Cantorian paradise—provided one enters with papers in order. Lemmon: Exactly. Cantor gives you the garden; recursion theory gives you the admissions office. A “recursive ordinal” is an ordinal you can reach by a computable climb—your steps are algorithmic, not mystical. Grice: Then Cellucci’s title is not First Maxim, Second Maxim but rather First Maxim, Second Maxim—provided you can say what ‘second’ means without invoking an angel. Lemmon: Better: “provided your ordering is given by a rule you could, in principle, hand to a machine.” The recursive ordinals are the well-orders that admit a computable notation system. Above a certain point—once you hit the first non-recursive ordinal—you can still talk about ordinals, but you can’t effectively enumerate your way up to it. Grice: So there is a frontier. Lemmon: A sharp one: the Church–Kleene ordinal ω1CK\omega_1^{CK}ω1CK​. It’s the least ordinal that has no recursive notation system. Everything below it is “reachable” by recursion; at it and beyond, you can keep pointing, but you can’t keep computing. Grice (delighted): That’s my seminar attendance exactly. Everything below ω1CK\omega_1^{CK}ω1CK​ is the set of men who can find the room; everything above it is the set of men who mean well but cannot locate the staircase. Lemmon: Your analogy is imperfect but serviceable. Grice: So what is the moral for my maxims? Suppose I try to “order” them, as Cellucci orders ordinals. Does the analogy hold? Lemmon: Only if your maxims form a system where (i) each step depends on prior steps, and (ii) the dependency is itself rule-governed. In your case: you propose maxims, then meta-maxims about using maxims, then maxims about being seen to use maxims—so you’re building a hierarchy. Cellucci’s point (if you’re lucky) would be: some hierarchies are effectively surveyable, others only ideal. Grice: And my Rule 3—the one that says “obey the rules, including this one”—is it recursive? Lemmon: It’s self-referential. That isn’t automatically non-recursive, but it’s where the trouble begins. Recursion theory is full of structures that are perfectly rigorous yet defeat naïve enumeration. You can have a clean rule that nonetheless generates a boundary you cannot effectively cross. Grice: So the punchline is: conversation is computable only up to ω1CK\omega_1^{CK}ω1CK​, after which one is forced into rhetoric. Lemmon (dryly): After which one is forced into Italian. Grice: That settles it. Cellucci is not ordering my maxims as if he were a Scoutmaster. He is telling me: “You may enter Cantor’s paradise, but only so long as your implicatures are recursive.” Lemmon: And if they aren’t? Grice: Then the porter—Zermelo-Fraenkel, wearing a computability badge—says: “Your set is too large,” and my audience says: “Your point is too subtle,” and we all go to the bar. Lemmon: Which is, in Oxford, the only effective procedure.Grice: Cellucci, se Cantor ci ha dato il suo paradiso, tu mi spieghi perché ogni volta che ci entro con un insieme “troppo grande” mi cacciano fuori come al bar dopo mezzanotte? Cellucci: Perché nel paradiso di Cantor l’ospitalità è infinita ma il portiere è Zermelo-Fraenkel: ti lascia entrare, però ti controlla il bagaglio assiomatico. Grice: E Aquinate, che tu chiami “Tommaso” come fosse un collega di corridoio, davvero sarebbe griceiano, o è solo che implicatura e angelicità ti fanno rima? Cellucci: È griceiano eccome: nella Summa dice meno di quanto sa, lascia intendere più di quanto scrive, e poi ti chiede pure di essere cooperativo con la Grazia. Celucci, Carlo (1964).Ordinali recorsivi. Milano, sotto Geymonat e Casari --

Celso: l’orto a Roma sotto il principato di Nerone– filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A follower of the Garden during the principate of Nerone. Celso. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Celso, GRICEVS: Cels(e), sub Nerone in horto Epicuri latere iuvat, sed num etiam licet philosophari, an tantum brassicam colere? CELSVS: Licet, Grice, nam dum Caesar cantat et urbs ardet, nos in horto discimus voluptatem esse quietem, non clamoribus palatii similem. GRICEVS: At si Nero te roget cur in horto sedeas, respondebisne “sapientiam quaero,” an “saltem umbram, quia Roma nimis lucet”? CELSVS: Dicam “sapientiam et umbram,” et addam me Epicureum esse, non incendiarium, ne princeps putet hortum meum esse consilium.

Celso: Roma antica – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. The son of Archetimo and a friend of Simmaco, he teaches philosophy in Rome.  GRICEVS: Celse, Archetimi fili, quid doceas Romae hodie—an philosophiam tam facile tradis quam Simmacho amicitias? CELSVS: Doceo, Grice, et in urbe Roma sententiae meae ambulant celerius quam discipuli, quia illi semper ad thermas fugiunt. GRICEVS: Si discipuli ad thermas currunt, num hoc “philosophiam docent” aut tantum “sudorem significant”? CELSVS: Sudorem quidem significant, sed si post balneum redeunt et mecum rident, iam aliquid sapientiae in Urbe doceri confitebor.

Tito Sante Centi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di SAVONAROLA e compagnia – dal pulpito al rogo – scuola di Segni – filosofiia romana – filosofia lazia -- filosofia italiana – , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice,  (Segni). Filosofo romano. Filosofo lazio. Filosofo italiano. Segni, Roma, Lazio. Grice: “I like Centi; he is better than Kenny! C. dedicates his life to AQUINO o “San Tomasso,” as he calls him – first-name basis. But he also philosophises on other figures notably Savonarola. However, he is deemed the expert on ‘Aquino,’ as he also called him – as we call Occam Occam! According to C., Aquino is a Griceian! You tell me one of them Italian philosophers is a priest, and I refuse to call him a philosopher – the same with them Irish Catholics, like Kenny, and even non-Irish, like Copleston!” Esperto d’Aquino. Studia a Roma sotto Garrigou-Lagrange. Insegna a Roma. Noto soprattutto per il suo commento ad AQUINO. Somma Teologica”. Commenta anche la Summa contra Gentiles, il Contra impugnantes Dei cultum et religionem, De perfectione spiritualis vitae etc.) e varie Questiones Disputatae.  Commenta AQUINO e Beato Angelico. Revisa SAVONAROLA e ne ha difeso l'ortodossia, la vera ragione della sua condanna la sua opposizione alle politiche espansionistiche del papa Quod quidem non est intelligendum, ut homo, et non homo accipiatur ex parte subiecti, non enim nunc agitur de enunciationibus quæ sunt de infinito subiecto. Unde oportet quod homo et non homo accipiantur ex parte prædicati. Sed quia philosophus exemplificat de enunciationibus in quibus ex parte prædicati ponitur iustum et non iustum, visum est Alexandro, quod prædicta littera sit corrupta. Quibusdam aliis videtur quod possit sustineri et quod signanter Aristoteles nomina in exemplis variaverit, ut ostenderet quod non differt in quibuscunque nominibus ponantur exempla.  gemitus, Aquino’s cry – natural sign of his illness – gemitus infirmis, gemitando infirmus signat infirmitas -- tomismo, segno, segnante, segnato. Aquino, why Aquino is hated at Oxford.  Segni, Roma, Lazio. Grice: Centi, dimmi la verità: Savonarola dal pulpito “implicava” più di quanto dicesse, o era solo un Griceiano senza saperlo? Centi: Caro Grice, era così griceiano che persino quando taceva dal pulpito generava implicature più lunghe della Summa di San Tommaso. Grice: E allora perché finì dal pulpito al rogo—violazione della Massima di Quantità o del galateo papale? Centi: Né l’una né l’altro: fece capire troppo chiaramente che la politica del papa era un pessimo argomento, e quella sì che fu un’implicatura… fatale. Centi, Tito Sante (1890). Il pensiero religioso di Dante. Firenze: Tipografia Galletti e Cocci.

Vincenzo Cento: la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “I like C.!” filosofia morale di GENTILE. idealismo temperato, il quale cerca d’accordare coll’immanenza quella trascendenza, che l’idealismo assoluto pretende di escludere assolutamente; e ne dice le ragioni — le quali svolge in Lo Spirito. Critica l’idealismo attualistico. U ek Da qualche tempo si succedono più frequenti e incalzanti, da diverse parti del campo filosofico, le critiche alle dottrine dell’idealismo assoluto. La cosa si comprende; poichè: ormai il ciclo di svolgimento di quella filosofia appar compiuto; non solo come sistemazione teoretica per sè, ma anche ME come applicazione sui varii terreni dove essa è provata; in cui si è imposta come riforma legislativa della politica in cui si è spinta ad affermarsi come dottrina del Fascismo. Riferendoci all'aspetto speculativo del sistema sembra si possa veramente dire ch’esso abbia raggiunto, sia come processo storico dalla posizione critica della sintesi a priori, donde piglia le mosse; sia nell’assetto intrinseco, limiti e forme: Se l’idealismo assoluto puo logicamente costituirsi a premessa e ossatura filosofica del fascismo è cosa discutibile; noi crediamo che, così, il Fascismo non s’appogge- rebbe validamente. Congiunto coll’attuale sistema politico, l’idealismo assoluto si presenta con due caratteri prin- cipali, di misticismo e di antiliberalismo, Il primo si riconnette col problema religioso dell’idealismo assoluto in generale. In particolare si deve osservare serrata critica di C.: A il quale con essa ha dato un’altra prova del suo spirito appassionato, ma coraggioso e libero. Altre critiche hanno preceduto quella di C.; ma il suo studio, fuori d’ogni protesa erudita e scolastica, appare intiero nel suo suggestivo carattere personale. Pensoso del problema filosofico, specialmente nell’aspetto morale, C.s’abbandona alla sua meditazione, ai suoi dubbi, ai suoi accoramenti. Così, anche quando sì dissenta, si è presi da lui; tanto egli è immediato. Questo vuol testimoniare dell’alta considerazione che si deve fare di lui, e rende sul punto complessivo della critica all’idealismo assoluto, più vivo ed intimo il consenso. Roma, Lazio.  Grice: Vincenzo, mi piace il tuo idealismo temperato, ma dimmi: non ti manca mai un po’ di assolutezza? Sai, ogni tanto vorrei poter dire: “Ecco, qui è tutto chiaro!” Cento: Grice, se dicessi che tutto è chiaro, dovrei anche spiegare perché ogni mattina il caffè mi sembra diverso! L’immanenza e la trascendenza si rincorrono come i gatti nei cortili romani. Grice: Vedo che la tua critica all’idealismo attualistico è come il traffico di Roma: ogni tanto si blocca, ma poi riparte con slancio filosofico! Sarà per questo che il fascismo non trova parcheggio? Cento: Grice, la filosofia non ha bisogno di parcheggi, ma di strade aperte. Quando mi medito sui miei dubbi, sento che anche tu sei un po’ romano: pensoso, ma pronto a ridere della vita, come ogni vero filosofo. Cento, Vincenzo (1911). Studi critici sulla poesia italiana. Roma: Società Editrice Italiana.

Silvestro Centofanti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia italica, no romana – Appio. Grice: “I love C.; he is a silvestro indeed, born in the rus of Tuscany, dedicates all his life to the philosophy of Tuscani, notable is his philosophical explorations on “Inferno’s Dante,” to use the Cole Porter mannerism. But my favourite are his notes on ROMOLO  – how much he hated the Etrurians, he made them second-class!, and most importantly, the academic tradition as part of a larger exploration on Italian philosophy as such. At Oxford, Warnock does not name a dedicatee to his history of English philosophy, but in a typical Italian manner, C. dedicates his history of Italian philosophy to a member of the nobility, the duca de Argento!” Si laurea a Pisa. Insegna a Pisa. La prova della realtà esteriore secondo ROVERE verità obiettiva della cognizione umana CROTONE in Monumenti del giardino Puccini, Accademia. Cospirazione e processo a CAMPANELLA Noologia formola logica nazione e diritto di nazionalità Aosta Buti sopra Alighieri” BONAIUTO CROTONE, teatro di glorie, e sede d’istituto celebratissimo. Non prima giunge Pitagora a CROTONE che tosto vi opera un mutamento I crotoniati si adunano intorno mossi dalla fama dell’uomo, e vinti dalla soavità dell’eloquio e dalla forza delle ragioni discorse. Vi ordina la sua società, che cresce a grande eccellenza. Sibari, Taranto, Reggio,  Catania, Imera, Girgentu. La discordia cessa. Il costume ha riforma, e la tirannide fa luogo all’ordine liberale e giusto. Non soli i lucani, i peucezi, i messapi, ma I ROMANI (pria di Carneade!) vengono a lui; e Zaleuco e Caronda, e NUMA escono legislatori dalla sua setta. l’arcano della diedero soccorso a’Romani. Dicesi poi che ROMOLO fu levato dalla vista degli uomini. filosofia della storia, accademia prova della realita steriore oggettivio della cognizione Ennio.   Calci, Pisa, Toscana.  Grice: Caro Centofanti, devo confessare che ogni volta che rifletto sulla ricchezza della tradizione filosofica italica – non semplicemente italiana – resto incantato! Nessun confronto possibile con le isole britanniche, dove, se mi permetti la battuta, i nostri antenati dipingevano il corpo di blu e filosofeggiavano sull’arte di sopravvivere alla pioggia, più che sull’essere e il nulla! Centofanti: Grice, le tue parole mi lusingano e mi divertono! In effetti, dalle dolci colline della Toscana fino ai giardini di Crotone, lo spirito filosofico italico ha sempre privilegiato il dialogo, la bellezza e una certa passione per l’ordine giusto, piuttosto che il semplice pragmatismo insulare. Grice: Esattamente! E penso spesso a come la vostra accademia – così orgogliosamente dedicata a un duca, come giustamente fai notare – abbia saputo onorare la memoria di giganti come Romolo o Pitagora, mentre da noi si ricordano più le battaglie che i pensieri. Centofanti: In fondo, caro amico, la vera filosofia è un viaggio tra inferni e accademie, tra la selva oscura dantesca e la ricerca di una verità condivisa. Ma, come diceva il saggio, “ogni terra ha i suoi miti”; l’importante è che continuiamo a dialogare, ché anche sotto la pioggia britannica può germogliare una buona idea! Centofanti, Silvestro (1822). Lettera sulla vita di Dante. Firenze: G. Piatti.

Cerano: la filosofia sotto il principato di Nerone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A philosopher in Rome in the time of Nerone. GRICEVS: Cerane, sub Nerone philosophari Romae est quasi inter tibias et gladios syllogismos numerare—quomodo animum tuum servas? CERANVS: Servare conor, Grice, nam sub principe etiam verba metuunt, et tamen philosophus Romanus debet verum dicere saltem tam caute quam coquus salem. GRICEVS: At si Nero te roget quid sit sapientia, respondebisne breviter, an implicaturis eum circumduces ne ipse circumducat te? CERANVS: Breviter dicam “sapientia est tacere tempore,” sed ita ridebo ut intellegat me docere, non delatorem esse.

Cerdo: l’anima di Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma) – Filoso4fo italiano. Only the soul resurrects. GRICEVS: Cerde, si Roma corpus est, dic mihi quaeso: solumne anima Romae resurget, an etiam tabernae et thermopolia in caelum migrant? CERDVS: Solam animam, Grice, quia Roma vera non in lateribus sed in spiritu habitat, et quod grave est, grave manet in terra. GRICEVS: Ergo cum ego in Subura cecidi, anima mea surget, sed tunica mea—heu—non resurget, nec ullus sutor in inferis erit? CERDVS: Surget anima tua, et, si sapis, etiam risus tuus resurget; tunicam autem relinque, ne in resurrectione quoque nimis Romanus sis.

Luigi Cerebotani (Lomanto del Garda, Brescia, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della botanica linguistica –  e il prontuario -- il toscano di Ceretti. Grice: “C. is a genius, and I’m amused of his surname, since a linguistic botanisit he surely was! His ‘prontuario del periodare classico’ charmed everyone, including his ‘paesani’ of Brescia – the little bit on Lago di Garda! There’s a stadium in his name! He also played with Morse, which means he was a Griceian, since he was into the most efficient way of ‘transmit’ information! ‘quod-quod-libet, he called it, what Austin had as Symbolo!”  Lincei. organismo e estetica dell’italiano Inventa il teletopo-metro, l’auto-le-meteoro-metro, e il tele-spiralo-grafo. Il pan-tele-grafo o tele-grafo fac-simile, a comunicare immediatamente e per via elettrica il movimento di una penna scrivente o disegnante ad altre comunque distanti. tele-grafia multipla. club elettro-tecnico tele-topo-metro misura la distanza tra due punti. tachimetria senza stadia Trasmettere La Divina Commedia a 600 km di distanza. lingua parlata è tanto più sufficiente quanto più ampiamente è desunto dal dialetto. Il dialetto ha locuzioni così proprie all'idea, quali non sono specificamente possedute da verun altro. Di queste precellenze particolari la lingua deve liberamente approfittare e non immiserirsi nell'IDIOMA locale d'una provincia. Seguitiamo il buon esempio del grande ALIGHIERI, che, quantunque toscano, esordì  a scrivere la sua commedia non nell'idioma toscano, ma in italiano. Spirito oggettivo. Molte forme grammaticali e lessiche sono riducibili allo spirito generale della lingua italiana, talune non lo sono: il buon criterio del letterato deve scernere quelle da queste, e, se l'idea esige neologismi, li deve creare conformemente al genio della lingua, e omogeneamente ai materiali idiomaticamente o letterariamente prestabiliti nella lingua italiana. Coll'idioma  esclusivamente toscano s'immiserisce non solo la lingua, ma conseguentemente anche l'idea, la quale trascende le limitazioni locali e popolari. implicature, la lingua e lo spirito d’Italia. Grice: Caro Cerebotani, mi diverte sempre pensare che la botanica linguistica abbia un suo prontuario! Ma dimmi, se trasmetti la Divina Commedia a 600 km, Dante ti ringrazia o ti corregge? Cerebotani: Grice, Dante sarebbe fiero, purché l’italiano non si riduca al puro dialetto! E se qualche verso arriva stonato, basta inventare un neologismo e il Lago di Garda applaude. Grice: Geniale! Allora il prontuario serve anche per trasmettere l’umorismo: ogni locuzione di Brescia può diventare una regola universale, a patto che il club elettrotecnico non si offenda. Cerebotani: Grice, la lingua italiana è come una pianta: cresce meglio se la si annaffia con la fantasia. E se Morse ti invita a trasmettere un messaggio, ricorda: anche Alighieri preferiva filosofeggiare in italiano, non solo nel toscano! Cerebotani, Luigi (1930). Elementi di diritto civile. Brescia: Tipografia Apollonio.

Ceremonte: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Teacher of Nerone. Member of the Porch. He took a materialist view of the world, claiming that the gods should be IDENTIFIED with the planets, and that everything in the world can be explained in physical terms. GRICEVS: Caeremon, dum sub porticu Romae ambulas, num vere credis deos non in caelo sed in planetis quasi in taberna stellarum numerari? CAEREMON: Credo, Grice, nam Neroni docui deos esse nomina rotantium corporum, et mundum nihil nisi physicam esse—quod etiam porticus mea sine mysteriis sustinet. GRICEVS: At si Iuppiter tantum planeta est, cur tam graviter tonat—an etiam fulmen est tantum argumentum materiale, non ira divina? CAEREMON: Ita est, et si tonat, non minatur sed demonstrat, quod natura loquitur et nos, quasi discipuli sub porticu, ridendo intellegimus.

Pietro Ceretti (Intra, Verbania, Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, Piemnote): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del PASŒLOGICES SPECIMEN. Grice: “I love C.; and I wish Strawson would, too! Ceretti distinguishes three stages in the development of a communication system. The first is very primitive, obviously, and avoids the reference to ‘io’ and ‘tu’ as metaphysical – ‘hic’ and ‘nunc’ will do. The second stage he says may be all that some societies need – ‘green’ for this plant – The third stage involves the general concept of ‘plant’ and this is where a soul-endowed entity (animal) can refer to a plant or to an animal like himself or his companion – at this last stage, C. speaks of ‘soul’ (anima), and the affectations of the mind being what is communicated – if that’s not Griceian, I do not know what is!” Studia a Novara. Ultime lettere di un profugo” sul modello di FOSCOLO. Apprende diverse lingue. La idea circa la genesi e la natura della Forza”. Idealista, tenta una revisione in senso soggettivistico in Pasaelogices Specimen. Si dedica a ALIGHIERI , che, quantunque toscano, esordì  a scrivere la sua Commedia in italiano. Spirito oggettivo. Molte forme grammaticali e lessiche sono riducibili allo spirito generale della lingua italiana, talune non lo sono: il buon criterio del letterato deve scernere quelle da queste, e, se l'idea esige neologismi, li deve creare conformemente al genio della lingua, e omogeneamente ai materiali idiomaticamente o letterariamente prestabiliti nella lingua italiana. Coll'idioma  esclusivamente toscano s'immiserisce non solo la lingua, ma conseguentemente anche l'idea, la quale trascende le limitazioni locali e popolari. communication convention homo sapiens pirote inter-subjective animale anima  psychic, psychical versus psychological, progression, pirotological progression, cenobium, neologismo, panlogica, pantologico, logo, esologo, essologo, sinautologo, prologo, dialogo, autologo, tre categorie: tesi QUANTITA (meccanica), anti-tesi, QUALITA (fisica), sin-tesi MODALITA (vita) – arte/religione/filosofia; storia/didattica/diritto, antropologia, antropopedeutica, antroposofia, prasseologia. St John’s, 1953. We are doing Categories with Strawson, for the entertainment of any member of the University who happens to be free (and for the improvement of those who are not). This week we are on what Strawson insists on calling prepositional nouns. He has a list—an actual list—and the requirement, as he frames it, is that the relevant expressions begin with what he calls a spatial (or temporal, or spatio-temporal) preposition, which he pronounces praepositio solely to see whether I will bite. So I decide to irritate him in return. Not with a counter-example in English—he would only annex it—but with something from a foreign tongue, something he cannot casually subsume under “ordinary usage.” I go hunting for an early specimen in Italian and come back with Pietro Ceretti, L’ultima lettera d’un profugo. Strawson’s reaction was the usual. I do not mean the expected one; the usual and the expected do not coincide. What on earth took you to profugus? he asks. Where are you fuging? he adds, with the air of a man who believes he has just diagnosed a hidden anxiety. He then dedicates a full slice of the seminar to the etymology of profugus. The Latin is from pro plus fugere: one who has fled forth; not merely “a traveller” (which would be too cheerful) but a person driven out, expelled into motion. And the neat point, Strawson thinks, is that the word contains both the movement and the direction: the fugere, yes, but also the pro, the outwardness, the being-thrown-forward. So he treats profugus as if it were a grammatical specimen: a preposition fused into a noun by historical accident, and now haunting our metaphysics with the suggestion that displacement can be lexical. Meanwhile I am silently reading Ceretti’s last letter, which is much more agreeable than Strawson’s derivation, even if Ceretti has the bad manners to leave no forwarding address. Editorial note (for the pedants, who are, after all, our people): profugo in Italian is simply the refugee, the exile, the displaced person; but it keeps, by inheritance, the Latin structure, pro plus fugere, and so it carries a built-in theory of location. The “prepositional noun” is not a cute grammatical subclass: it is, in Ceretti’s hands, a metaphysical diagnosis. To be a profugo is to have one’s identity expressed as a preposition. Punchline (since Oxford requires one): Strawson spent an hour proving that profugus contains a preposition; Ceretti spent a page proving that the preposition contains the man.Grice: Caro Ceretti, leggo il tuo PASŒLOGICES SPECIMEN e mi viene in mente che la conversazione è davvero un viaggio: dalle radici primitive, dove basta un “hic” e “nunc”, fino al punto in cui l’anima si mette a filosofare sul verde delle piante! Ma dimmi, quando hai deciso che “io” e “tu” sono troppo metafisici, hai fatto un salto mortale? Ceretti: Grice, ti assicuro che quando si parla di “io”, “tu”, “pianta” o “anima”, a Novara si preferisce sempre il “verde” – almeno quello non ti corregge mai! Però, se la conversazione arriva alla qualità delle piante, allora anche il mio cane vuole intervenire: lui pensa che l’anima sia il cuscino... e magari ha ragione. Grice: Ah, la saggezza del cane! Forse Strawson dovrebbe prendere lezioni dal tuo animale: di certo saprebbe distinguere tra “pianta” e “panlogica” meglio di tanti filosofi. E poi, se la comunicazione ha tre stadi come dici tu, io mi fermo al secondo: basta che non mi chiedano di parlare latino quando mi serve il tè. Ceretti: Ma Grice, se Dante ha scritto la sua Commedia in italiano, allora possiamo filosofeggiare anche sulle piante e sulle anime senza mischiare troppo le lingue. La vera forza sta nel creare neologismi: se serve, inventiamo “pirote inter-subjective” per discutere al cenobium, e va bene anche per il caffè! E poi, la vita è tutta una sintesi: tra arte, religione e filosofia, basta che non si finisca a parlare solo di meccanica! Ceretti, Pietro (1847). Ultima letter d’un profugo.

Guido Ceronetti (Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della lanterna, Grice: “I like C.; he is a typicall Italaian philosopher; that is, a typically anti-Oxonian one; he thinks, like Croce and de Santis did, that philosophy is an infectious disease that some literary types catch! My favourite of his tracts is “Diognene’s torch”! Genial!” Per essere io morto all'Assoluto vivo come un innato parricida tra gente già di padre nata priva; pPer aver detto all'Inaccessibile addio da un cortiletto senza luce vergogna vorrei gridarmi ma resto muto. Tutto è dispersione, lacerazione, separazione, rotolare di ruota senza carro, e questo ha nome esilio, o anche mondo. Di vasta erudizione e di sensibilità umanistica, collabora con vari giornali. Tra le sue opere più significative vanno ricordate le prose di Un viaggio in Italia e Albergo Italia, due moderne descrizioni, moderne e direi dantesche, da cui vien fuori tutto l'orrore del disastro italiano, e le raccolte di aforismi e riflessioni Il silenzio del corpo e Pensieri del tè. Di rilievo la sua attività di saggista (Marziale, Catullo, Giovenale, Orazio). Da vita al teatro dei Sensibili. Le sue marionette esordivano su un piccolo palcoscenico, assisterono personalità quali Montale,Piovene, e Fellini. I Sensibili divenne pubblico e itinerante In Difesa della Luna, e altri argomenti di miseria terrestre, critica il programma spaziale da prospettive originali e poetiche. "il fondo senza fondo" -- raccoglie un materiale Dalla buca del tempo: la cartolina racconta.  eutanasia, La ballata dell'angelo ferito. Moravia  tematiche ambientali, vegetarismo anacoreta.  Solo un vero vegetariano è capace di vedere le sardine come cadaveri e la loro scatola come una bara di latta. problema del male Rechtsgesch., da ultimo l'acuta ricostruzione del Brini, Ius naturale,  La condizione patrimoniale del coniage superstite  nel diritto romano classico, Bologna, Fava e Garagnani;  Il diritto privato romano nelle comedie di Plauto, Bocca; Le azioni exercitoria e institoria nel diritto romano, Parma, Battei. la lanterna, la lantern di Diogene, poesia latina, Catullo, Marziale, Orazio, Giovenale, il filosofo ignoto, la pazienza del … Aforismi. St. John’s, 30 September 1955. Grice: Next Tuesday I’m recording my Third Programme lecture for the BBC; and, as surely as Tuesday follows Monday, this Friday finds me not doing another stroke of work on ta meta ta physika. In any case we’re seeing the Master of the Kindergarten tomorrow, and at St John’s too, so I must warn Jackson. This Friday, accordingly, finds me not at Blackwell’s but at Thornton’s. A philosopher, even an Oxford one, requires refreshment; and Strawson assures me that Thornton’s can beat Blackwell’s on poetry. So I pick up an Italian item—Italian which I don’t really speak, except when I’m rehearsing that quartet in Rigoletto—and drift, a little shamelessly, into the Foreign Languages section. There I find a small volume: Guido Ceronetti, Psalterium primum. Pears, who happens to be with me, says: That’s very Italian of Ceronetti. Grice: Palaeo-Italian, if you please. Pears: All right. But where does the t come from? Grice: The t? Pears: The t in psalTerium. There’s no t in salmi, and no t in psalm either, for that matter. Grice: This isn’t a phonetic question, Pears. It’s a metaphysical one. Saturday. After the morning meeting with the Play Group. Pears approaches me. Pears: I’ve found it, Grice. Grice: Found what? I imagined he meant a wallet, or something usefully lost. Pears: The missing t. Grice: Ah. Pears: You see—since I’m a classicist, and you are too (double Firsts, both of us), I thought I’d do the obvious thing: go backwards. Not to Italian, but to Greek. And the story is this. The word psalm is Greek in origin: psalmos, from psallein, to pluck—of a stringed instrument. The psalterion is the instrument itself, the thing-with-strings. Latin, being Latin, took over the family as psalmus and psalterium. One word for the song; one for the harp-like contraption that makes the song possible. That is the t: not a stray consonant, but the instrument smuggled into the title. Grice: So the t is the harp. Pears: Exactly. Grice: Then Ceronetti is not merely being “Italian.” He’s being precise. He’s telling us, in one consonant, that these are not just psalms but psalms as made—psalms with an apparatus. Pears: And if you insist on metaphysics, the moral is obvious. The t marks the passage from utterance to means: from what is sung to what makes singing possible. Grice: Good. You’ve recovered the t; I’ll keep the book. That seems, between friends, a fair division of labour. Pears: One more thing. Grice: Yes? Pears: It’s still true there’s no t in salmi. Grice: Quite. That’s why Ceronetti put it back.Grice: Caro Ceronetti, devo confessare che, pur essendo un Lit Hum di Vadum Boum—Oxford, non ho mai avuto difficoltà a connettermi con tutte le vostre raffinate citazioni sul Cinargo. È come se la lanterna di Diogene illuminasse anche i corridoi delle nostre antiche aule! Ceronetti: Ah, Grice, la lanterna di Diogene trova sempre chi la accende, anche tra i filosofi oxoniani! Ma forse è proprio la dispersione, l’esilio, che ci permette di riconoscere la luce: il filosofo, ignoto o meno, vive tra separazione e ricerca, come Catullo e Marziale insegnano. Grice: Splendida risposta! Il vostro teatro dei Sensibili mi ricorda che la filosofia non è solo un’infezione letteraria, ma anche una danza di marionette: ognuna porta in scena la propria lanterna, e ognuno illumina l’orrore o la meraviglia di questo disastro italiano o umano. Ceronetti: Grice, se la filosofia è una malattia, almeno è contagiosa tra chi sa vedere le sardine come piccoli cadaveri in una bara di latta! La lanterna serve a mostrare anche il fondo senza fondo, come direbbe Catullo, e forse solo così possiamo davvero difendere la luna e il nostro misero terrestre viaggio. Ceronetti, Guido (1955). Nuovi Salmi (Psalterium Primum).

Umberto Cerroni (Lodi, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale hegeliana -- Gaus e il sistema di diritto romano idealismo. Grice: “I like C.! He is very Italian. What other philosopher, surely not at Oxford, would philosoophise on the precocity of Italian identity? But his more general philosophical explorations may interest the Oxonian who is not into Italian studies! My favourite are his “Logic and Society,” which reminds me of my “Logic and Conversation.” Then he has a dialettica of feelings, which is what all my philosophy of communication is about; and has also philosophised on anti-contractualists like Constant!” Si laurea a Roma sotto Albertelli. Insegna a Roma. flosofia del diritto dottrine politiche filosofia della politica scienza della politica scienze politiche diritto economia: concetto marxiano di lavoro GRICE MARXISMO ONTOLGOCIO per una teoria positiva del diritto,); Idealismo e statalismo Individuo e persona democrazia, Il problema politico nello Stato; Diritto e sociologia, C.,  L'etica dei solitari; C democrazia parlamento società comunismo diritto privato pubblico Gentile; concezione normativa sociologica del diritto quaesitum non accennano alla lotta dei partiti ma alle diverse opinioni dei Sabiniani e dei Proculejani, che LA CONSUETUDINE per la quale IN DIFETTO DI LEGGE espressa  i senatoconsulti prende FORZA LEGISLATIVA, addivenuta un fatto certo ed indubitato. Sul/t/^ hanorarium e particolarmente la questione se Y Edictum perpetunm sotto ADRIANO un CODICE coi precedenti Editti Preterii e le Pandette giuristi dall'imperadore senza ehe arrestasse il movimento della legislazione Pretoria. Jus mttem edicendi habent magistratus popvM Mo^ mani Qu(wst<^res non mittuntur: id Edicium m pt'omnciis non proponitur. Istituzioni di Gaio che riguardano i responsi prui dentum, la distinzione del jus scriptum e non scriptum senza che un tal difetto fosse un gran aniio giacché le notizie e le conoscenze che ci vennero a  tal proposito per altri scrittori, sodisfano abbastanza  ai bisogni della scienza. Roman law categoria giuridica, neo-Trasimacco, Gaus, sistema di diritto romano. I can myself imagine not publishing two articles—never mind two books—in the same year; but Umberto Cerroni, an Italian, managed it in 1962: (i) Kant e la fondazione della categoria giuridica (Milano: Giuffrè, 1962)—a proper law-philosophy monograph, and in the University-of-Rome “philosophy of law” series no less.  (ii) Marx e il diritto moderno (Roma: Editori Riuniti, 1962)—which, as a title, already sounds like a contradiction performed in public.  One can almost hear the tutor’s hand in it. I always blame the tutor. In Oxford, Hardie made me, I made Strawson—one can draw the arrows and pretend it’s a proof. In Rome, poor Cerroni—graduating in 1947 in Filosofia del diritto, Faculty of Jurisprudence, University of Rome, under Pilo Albertelli—what exactly do you instil in a boy of twenty-one with Mussolini freshly shot and a whole republic trying to invent itself?  Perhaps the only intelligible ambition: get out of the programme and go and breathe. I know I did. Hardie kept calling me back; and I, in my turn, was not nearly so wicked to Strawson. Grice (postscript, with the faintly wounded precision you want): “As I re‑read what I’ve just written, I feel the itch to formalise it—because once you’ve caught the smell of a conditional, you begin to see conditionals everywhere. I once told Strawson: ‘What you mean doesn’t mean until you put it in logical form.’ His reply—clever, authoritative, and (as usual) ungrateful—was: ‘Quite the opposite, Grice: once you put it in logical form, you don’t mean it anymores.’ He said anymores on purpose, to make the point that formality does not merely translate; it changes the idiom. Now, what I wrote was:  ‘I can very well myself imagine NOT publishing two books in one same year—but that’s precisely what Cerroni did.’  You’re right to suspect a grammatical wobble. The “but” wants opposition, whereas the “precisely” wants identity, and the negation in the first clause makes the second clause sound like the same claim rather than the opposite claim. Let me put it into something like a clean logical shape. Step 1: Name the bits Let:  ggg = Grice ccc = Cerroni P(x)P(x)P(x) = “xxx publishes two books in the same year” Ig(φ)I_g(\varphi)Ig​(φ) = “Grice can imagine that φ\varphiφ” (or “finds φ\varphiφ conceivable”) yyy = 1962 (if we want to pin it down)  And, if you like, make it explicit that “two books” means “at least two distinct books”:  B1≠B2B_1 \neq B_2B1​=B2​, both authored by xxx, both published in year yyy.  So: Py(x)≡∃b1∃b2(b1≠b2∧Pub(x,b1,y)∧Pub(x,b2,y)).P_y(x) \equiv \exists b_1 \exists b_2 \big( b_1 \neq b_2 \wedge Pub(x,b_1,y) \wedge Pub(x,b_2,y) \big).Py​(x)≡∃b1​∃b2​(b1​=b2​∧Pub(x,b1​,y)∧Pub(x,b2​,y)). Step 2: What your English intends (charitably) You intended something like:  Grice finds it hard to imagine (for himself) doing that:  Ig(¬Py(g)).I_g(\neg P_y(g)).Ig​(¬Py​(g)). (Or, if you meant “I can imagine myself not doing it” rather than “I can’t imagine doing it,” that’s exactly this.)  Cerroni did do it:  Py(c).P_y(c).Py​(c). So the combined content is: Ig(¬Py(g)) ∧ Py(c).I_g(\neg P_y(g)) \ \wedge \ P_y(c).Ig​(¬Py​(g)) ∧ Py​(c). That is perfectly consistent: it says nothing contradictory at all. It just contrasts Grice’s personal propensity with Cerroni’s actual behaviour. Step 3: Why the original sentence feels off Because in ordinary English, the pattern:  “I can imagine not doing XXX; but he did XXX”  often sounds like you meant:  “I can hardly imagine doing XXX; but he did XXX.”  Those are different.  “I can imagine not doing XXX” = Ig(¬Xg)I_g(\neg X_g)Ig​(¬Xg​) (weak, almost trivial: of course you can imagine failing to do something). “I can’t imagine doing XXX” = ¬Ig(Xg)\neg I_g(X_g)¬Ig​(Xg​) (strong: you find it inconceivable you would do it).  If you want the stronger, more idiomatic Gricean complaint, you want: ¬Ig(Py(g)) ∧ Py(c).\neg I_g(P_y(g)) \ \wedge \ P_y(c).¬Ig​(Py​(g)) ∧ Py​(c). And then the “but” behaves properly. Step 4: The “opposite” point You’re also right that the rhetoric you want is: “Cerroni did the opposite of what I (typically) do.” That isn’t strictly “the opposite” in logical terms (since “not doing it” is the negation, and “doing it” is the opposite only in a loose sense). But as a Gricean aside it works, provided you phrase it as temperament, not as logical negation:  “I can easily picture myself failing to do such a thing; Cerroni did what I, temperamentally, would not.”  Or, more sharply (still Grice):  “If there is an ‘opposite’ here, it is not logical opposition but biographical contrast: my default is one book slowly; his was two books at a sprint.” What led me into that “self‑contradiction”? Three dull answers, and one interesting one.   Late hour + low glucose. One begins to write with the admirable aim of economy, and ends by economising on the very connective that carries the burden (“but”, “precisely”, “not”). Hunger is the enemy of the scope‑bar.   The polite lie that English negation is simple. It isn’t. Negation is one of those operators that, in English, behaves like a civil servant: it appears uniform, but it is constantly doing different jobs in different offices—truth‑functional negation here, objection‑to‑wording there.   The ambush of contrastives. The connective “but” is a little machine for manufacturing contrast. It strongly encourages the reader to construct a rhetorical opposition even when the underlying propositions are merely different. I wrote something that was logically consistent, but pragmatically shaped to sound oppositional—and thus to invite a mis‑uptake.   Now the interesting answer:  I accidentally mixed “negation of doing” with “negation of imagining.” “I can imagine not doing X” is one of those English locutions that, in ordinary use, can be heard as either:   the weak, almost trivial reading: I can picture myself failing to do X; or the strong, pride‑or‑self‑description reading: I can’t picture myself as the sort of chap who would do X.  English lets one slide between those readings without paying a toll. The moment you add “but” and “precisely,” the toll‑collector appears.  Is there a reference in English usage / pragmatics that “expands on that” sort of misfire? Yes—though, like most things worth knowing, it’s filed under a heading that does not mention your particular sentence. A. Negation as objection (not just denial): “metalinguistic negation” When negation is used not (only) to deny a proposition but to object to some aspect of an utterance—its implication, its wording, its appropriateness—then you are in the terrain of alleged metalinguistic (or “marked/external”) negation, or how “not” can trigger pragmatic ambiguity and mismatch between what is denied and what is objected to. Even if Grice’s case isn’t a textbook example of “No, not X, but Y”, the general lesson applies: negation interacts with what the hearer takes you to be doing, not merely with what you strictly say. B. General pragmatics / miscommunication as problem‑solving (Leech) For the broader “how did my phrasing misfire and distort uptake?” question, a very serviceable umbrella reference is Leech’s Principles of Pragmatics—a pragmatic model explicitly framed around conversational principles and how hearers reconstruct intentions. (It’s not about Grice;s specific negation pattern, but it’s precisely about the kind of pragmatic over‑inference Grice is describing.)  A Gricean way to close the PS (idiomatic, ready to lift): as Austin would say, I’ve committed an infelicity—not the dramatic kind where the marriage fails, but the domestic kind where the hearer’s uptake goes astray because my connectives have started quarrelling among themselves. The lesson is banal but dependable: never trust a sentence containing not, but, and precisely when you have not eaten. Negation is not merely an operator; it is a temptation.” Grice: Caro Cerroni, ogni volta che leggo i tuoi scritti sulla logica e la società mi viene da pensare che la dialettica italiana sia più vivace di una riunione del parlamento inglese! Ma dimmi, la ragione conversazionale hegeliana si applica anche alle discussioni sul diritto romano, o lì bisogna arrendersi al caos? Cerroni: Grice, ti assicuro che nel diritto romano il caos viene sempre ordinato da qualche senatoconsulto, o almeno ci si prova! La dialettica, quella vera, serve proprio a non confondere i Sabiniani con i Proculeiani... e se la legge manca, ci si affida alla consuetudine: come dire, se non c’è regola, si inventa sul momento! Grice: È proprio quello che avremmo bisogno a Oxford, una consuetudine che legittimi le pause per il tè! E dimmi, la dialettica dei sentimenti che tu esplori, può aiutarci a evitare le guerre tra i giuristi o bisogna sempre aspettare l’Edictum perpetuum? Cerroni: Grice, la dialettica dei sentimenti è il vero Edictum perpetuum della vita: senza quella, nemmeno il più astuto giurista riuscirebbe a convincere una sala di italiani ad abbandonare la discussione! E poi, come diceva Marx, il diritto nasce dal lavoro... ma forse il diritto alla pausa per il caffè dovrebbe essere garantito dalla Costituzione! Cerroni, Umberto (1967). Il marxismo e lo Stato. Roma: Editori Riuniti.

Giacomo Certani: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del sacrificio a Roma. Grice: “I like C. – but then in Italy they learn Hebrew at school, whereas we at Clifton separated Montefiore from the rest!” Grice: “Certani philosophised, like Kierkegaard later will, on ‘L’Abraamo’!” Si laurea a Bologna. Professore di filosofia morale a Bologna.  Conclusioni di filosofia” e di teologia. La verità vendicata; cioè Bologna difesa dalle calunnie di Guicciardini. “Il Gerione Politico, Riflessioni profittevoli alla vita civile, alle Repubbliche Oltre i sopraccennati ne parla ancora l'Orlandini negli Scrittori Bolognesi ec.   Curzio è un personaggio leggendario della Roma appartenente alla gens Curtia.  si getta nella voragine, La leggenda narra che nel Foro Romano si aprì una voragine apparentemente senza fondo. I sacerdoti interpretarono il fatto come un segno di sventura, predicendo che la voragine si sarebbe allargata fino ad inghiottire Roma, a meno che non si fosse gettato in quel baratro quanto di più prezioso ogni cittadino romano possedeva.  Curzio convinto che il bene supremo di ogni romano fossero il valore e il coraggio, si lancia nella fenditura armato e a cavallo, facendo così cessare l'estendersi della voragine.  Questo autosacrificio agli dei inferi (Mani) è detto devotio.  Il luogo rimane nella leggenda come Lacus Curtius. narrata da LIVIO Annali.  Una statua equestre rappresentante CURZIO a Carrara, inserita nelle mura Albericiane in corrispondenza della Porta cittadina.  Il grande attore Antonio de Curtis, in arte Totò, sosteneva che la sua famiglia discendesse da questo personaggio leggendario. Cùrzio, Marco, su sapere.it, De Agostini. Marco Curzio, su Enciclopedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Portale Antica Roma   Portale Biografie   Portale Mitologia Ultima modifica 2 anni fa Gens Curtia famiglie romane che condividevano il nomen Curtius  Lacus Curtius Punto d'interesse nel Foro romano  Bacchiacca. il sacrificio, devozione cavaliere penitente; ossia, la chiave del paradiso, chastita, maschile. Christian masculinity, Percival, The Holy Grail, the knight-penant, cavalier penitente. Bologna, Emilia-Romagna.  Grice: Caro Certani, devo confessare che la leggenda di Marco Curzio mi affascina sempre: gettarsi in una voragine per salvare Roma… Altro che i nostri esami di filosofia, qui ci vuole coraggio da cavaliere! Certani: Eh, Grice, i romani non si tiravano mai indietro! E pensa, se avessero avuto anche la vostra pioggia inglese, magari la voragine si sarebbe riempita da sola. Ma il valore, quello resta: un po’ come il sacrificio di Abramo, solo che a Bologna lo insegniamo con più gusto! Grice: Certani, questa devozione romana mi fa pensare che la vera chiave del paradiso sia sapere quando saltare… o forse è solo questione di sapere a chi tocca portare le calunnie fuori dalla città! Certani: Grice, hai ragione! In fondo, la filosofia morale serve anche a questo: imparare a saltare nella vita, possibilmente senza finire nella voragine… e se proprio dobbiamo, almeno che sia per qualcosa di prezioso, magari un buon pranzo bolognese! Certani, Giacomo (1915). La filosofia di Dante. Bologna: Zanichelli.

Furio Cerutti (Genova, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale e implicatura conversazionale del leviatano – organicismo politico – il corpo politico nella costituzione italiana. Grice: “C. is into politics, like Hobbes, and it’s not surprising he philosophised on ‘il leviatano,’ as the Italians call it – and represent as a tortoise ridden by Jacob “La globalizzazione dei diritti umani dovrebbe avere il suo culmine con il riconoscimento del diritto che ha il Genere Umano alla sopravvivenza»  Insegna a Firenze. La sua filosofia verte principalmente sul marxismo occidentale e la teoria critica della Scuola di Francoforte da cui, tra l'altro proviene. filosofia politica delle relazioni ed affari globali, sfide globali (armi nucleari e riscaldamento globale), e la questione dell'identità “politica” (non sociale o culturale) degli europei in relazione con la legittimazione dell'unione europea. Da ricordare la sua amicizia con Bobbio del quale Cerutti stesso si ritiene allievo. Altre opere: “Storia e coscienza di classe” (Milano); “Totalità, bisogni e organizzazione” (Firenze); “Marxismo e politica. Saggi e interventi, Napoli); “Gli occhi sul mondo. Le relazioni internazionali in prospettiva interdisciplinare, a cura di, Roma); “Sfide globali per il Leviatano. Una filosofia politica delle armi nucleari e del riscaldamento globale” (Milano, Vita e pensiero). Che cosa significa "Corpi politici"? Organismi che possono essere bersaglio di una condotta oltraggiosa in ragione della funzione politica dagli stessi svolti e dal cui novero risultano esclusi il Governo, il Senato, la Camera dei Deputati e le Assemblee regionali, rispetto ai quali la tutela penale viene offerta dall'art. 290. Articoli correlati a "Corpi politici" Art., Codice Penale - Violenza o minaccia ad un Corpo politico, amministrativo o giudiziario o ai suoi singoli componenti  Codice Penale - Oltraggio a un Corpo politico, amministrativo o giudiziario. corpo politico, l’organismo politico, lotta di classe, Lukacks, Marx, unione europea, identita culturale, identita sociale, identita politica, corpi politici, I corpi politici, brunetto latini, aquino, Egidio romano, Dante Banquet, Marsiglio di Padua, Pegula. Grice. St John’s. May 1967. I’m off to bridge—one of the few activities in which one may be calculating without being accused of “logic-chopping”—and, on the table in the Merton Philosophy Room (metaphorically; everything in Oxford is metaphorical until it becomes a bill) there lies a thing called Il Corpo. It is Italy’s latest novelty: a journal-title that announces, in two words, what the English take three lectures to admit—namely that philosophy, however high-minded, is conducted by bodies, and against time, and under the nuisance of appetite. I pick it up, not because I am a subscriber (I am not the subscribing sort), but because the table has done what tables do: it has presented an object as a conversational prompt. And there, among the contents, I see a title which is already an argument: “Lukács, Croce e la sociologia.” Now, I have spent years listening to Englishmen tell me that Croce is “not really a philosopher”—a historian with a taste for big nouns, a man who writes as if “Spirit” were a constitutional office. The English love to demote Italians: it allows them to keep the Pope, the opera, and the pasta, while keeping “philosophy” in a clean, damp room in Oxford. And then along comes Furio Cerutti—or at any rate “Furio Cerutti” as printed—and he does the opposite of the English demotion: he promotes Croce, but perversely, into a category Oxford has always distrusted. “Croce,” Cerutti seems to be saying—before I have even read the thing, and I do not apologise for reviewing before reading, since Sidney Smith had the right maxim: never read a work before reviewing it; it prejudices a man so—“Croce is a sociologist.” A sociologist. Oxford will not know what to do with that. If Croce is a sociologist, then (i) he is no longer merely “a historian,” and (ii) he is not quite “a philosopher” in the Oxford sense either. He becomes a hybrid. And hybrids are what the Sub-Faculty cannot file. Then the other name: Lukács. Now there is a date-game here, and it pleases me because it is the sort of game bridge-players enjoy: not brilliant, but exacting. Do Lukács and Croce overlap? Of course they do, in the blunt chronological sense; but the real question is whether they overlap intellectually—whether a Marxist Hungarian with a taste for totality and a Neapolitan idealist with a taste for history can be made to meet inside the same sentence without it exploding. And then, as always, I turn the question back on myself—because that is what Oxford has trained me to do: Do Lukács and Croce overlap with me? Not in influence, I should think (Ryle would have had an attack if one brought Hungarians into High Table), but in the deeper sense: they overlap with me insofar as they both remind one that what we call “philosophy” is often merely a disciplinary success—a way of keeping certain questions in the room and certain other questions politely outside it. So I put Il Corpo down—bridge awaits—and I think: If you want to understand why “philosophy of language” is a late banner-title, look at this: a 1967-ish Italian journal in which Croce is being dragged into sociology by way of Lukács. That is what the continent does: it refuses our neat partitions. And perhaps, after all, that is what conversation is for: not to keep fields separate, but to let them leak—responsibly, and with just enough implicature to keep the dons uneasy. Austin, let us be sober for a moment—sober enough to be accurate, and then we may resume being Oxonian. 1) What Cerutti is probably doing in “Lukács, Croce e la sociologia” If a young Italian Marxist (or post-Marxist, or revisionist, or “left-Hegelian-without-the-badge”) puts Georg Lukács and Benedetto Croce in the same title, he is likely trying to do at least three things:   Make Croce legible to the Marxist/critical-theory reader by treating Croce not as “mere historian” but as someone with a theory of society, culture, and institutions—i.e., as a sociological thinker in effect, even if he never joined the trade-union of sociologists.   Make Lukács legible in an Italian idiom by forcing him to confront the most imposing Italian idealist of the period (Croce), rather than allowing him to float as a purely “continental” import.   Stage a dispute about “totality,” history, and culture: Lukács is, as you know, the man of totality/reification/class consciousness; Croce is the man of historicism and the autonomy of the “spirit” (art, history, etc.). The interesting match is precisely that they both take history to be central, but they disagree about what it is and what it licenses.   You can cite, if you want a footnote for the bare fact that Lukács is indeed a founder figure in Western Marxism and a theorist of reification/class consciousness: György Lukács; and for Croce’s canonical self-description as philosopher/historian/politician (hence the easy “mere historian” demotion): Benedetto Croce. [en.wikipedia.org], [en.wikipedia.org] 2) Were Lukács and Croce contemporaries—do their careers overlap? Yes, massively.  György Lukács: 1885–1971. [en.wikipedia.org] Benedetto Croce: 1866–1952. [en.wikipedia.org]  So Cerutti’s pairing is not chronologically strained; it’s exactly the kind of “overlap” a 1967 piece can exploit. 3) Did Lukács ever fit into Oxford—was he “popular”? Did he lecture there? Here I have to be cautious.   I find no evidence in standard biographical summaries that György Lukács lectured at Oxford, held an Oxford post, or visited as an Oxford lecturer. His documented institutional trajectory in the interwar/war/postwar periods runs through Budapest/Vienna/Berlin/Moscow and back to Hungary, with political roles in 1919 and 1956. [britannica.com]   As for “popular in Oxford”: among Oxford ordinary-language philosophers (Ryle/Austin/Strawson/et al.), Lukács would not be a central reference-point—wrong genre, wrong style, wrong institutional channel. But among Oxford-adjacent literary and political discussion (and among students who read widely on Marxism), he could be “known” rather than “canonical.”   If you want a Gricean way to put it:  Lukács at Oxford was not a household god; he was a foreign cousin—known by reputation, occasionally invited to dinner by literary people, and largely ignored by those of us busy quarrelling about “if,” “know,” and “seems.”  4) Where did Lukács have his career—Hungary only? Not only Hungary. The clean short bio-line is:  After the 1919 Hungarian Soviet Republic, he goes into exile (Vienna); later periods in Berlin and Moscow; after WWII he returns to Hungary and becomes professor in Budapest, and is again politically involved in 1956. That broad itinerary is summarised in Britannica’s entry on György Lukács. [britannica.com]  5) Why would Cerutti think Lukács and Croce “match” at all? Because they are natural antagonists on the same terrain:  both are theorists of history and culture (Croce via historicism; Lukács via Marxist philosophy of history and realism/aesthetics), and both treat ideas as socially consequential.  There’s also a specific historical bridge: Lukács (and his circle) did in fact engage Croce critically; scholarship even has an explicit line on “Hungarian critics of Croce,” including Lukács. János Kelemen is exactly on that. [link.springer.com] So Cerutti is not inventing the match ex nihilo—he’s tapping an existing European critical conversation.Grice: Confesso, caro Cerutti, che il Leviatano ha avuto un’influenza davvero esagerata a Vadum Boum: a Oxford non si poteva parlare di altro! Ogni volta che affrontavamo questioni di ordine politico o persino di filosofia del diritto, l’ombra di Hobbes aleggiava pesante tra i corridoi e le discussioni. Cerutti: È curioso, Grice, perché anche qui in Italia il Leviatano viene spesso evocato come simbolo dell’organismo politico. Eppure, io credo che oggi dobbiamo andare oltre Hobbes: la globalizzazione, le sfide ambientali e la complessità dei corpi politici richiedono una filosofia capace di pensare il diritto umano alla sopravvivenza, non solo l’ordine. Grice: Hai ragione, Cerutti. Mi affascina come tu abbia sviluppato una visione organica dei corpi politici, quasi che la costituzione italiana stessa sia un tessuto vivente. Forse, la vera conversazione sta proprio nell’ascoltare le esigenze globali e locali, senza perdere la dimensione umana e critica. Cerutti: Proprio così! L’organismo politico, per me, deve saper dialogare e adattarsi, come suggerisce anche la Scuola di Francoforte. I temi come la lotta di classe, l’identità politica e la legittimazione europea sono ormai questioni di sopravvivenza e solidarietà globale. Il Leviatano ci ha insegnato molto, ma ora è il momento di pensare un nuovo dialogo tra i corpi politici e il mondo. . Cerutti, Fuio (1967). Croce e la sociologia. Il Corpo

Lorenzo Cesa. (Arcinazzo Romano). Filosofo italiano. Arcinazzo Romano. Uomo politico italiano (n. Arcinazzo Romano, Roma,). Dopo la laurea in Scienze politiche, si è distinto negli affari ricoprendo incarichi di prestigio per note aziende e società (direttore delle relazioni esterne in Efimpianti S.p.A., ha fatto parte del CdA ANAS). Attivo in politica sin dalla giovinezza, è stato dirigente DC e membro del consiglio comunale di Roma, prima di partecipare alla fondazione del CCD (Centro cristiano democratico,). Quando il partito è confluito nell’UDC (2, Unione dei democratici cristiani e di centro), C. ha mantenuto un ruolo di primo piano nella formazione: è segretario nazionale. è stato eletto al Parlamento europeo e alla Camera dei Deputati. Grice: Caro Cesa, ho letto che hai iniziato la tua carriera tra affari e politica. Dimmi, è più facile gestire il consiglio comunale o il CdA di una grande società? Cesa: Grice, ti dirò: nel CdA ci si preoccupa dei numeri, in consiglio comunale invece dei numeri si preoccupa la maggioranza! In entrambi i casi, si finisce sempre a discutere di chi deve portare il caffè. Grice: E quando sei passato dal CCD all’UDC, hai sentito la differenza? O in politica cambiano solo le sigle, non le conversazioni? Cesa: Cambiano le sigle, Grice, ma le conversazioni restano: tutti vogliono essere democratici, cristiani e soprattutto centrati… almeno finché c’è una poltrona libera! Ma Arcinazzo Romano, ti assicuro, resta sempre il centro del mio pensiero. Cesa, Lorenzo (1857). Saggio di poesia italiana. Napoli: Tipografia del Filiatre Sebezio.

Andrea Cesalpino: la ragione conversazionale (Arezzo). Filosofo italiano. Abstract. Grice: “I like him”. Keywords: Arisotle, Kantotle, Ariskant. M. Roma. Ritratto di C. Andrea C., o Cisalpino, latinizzato in Andreas Cæsalpinus -- è stato un filosofo,botanico, medico e anatomista italiano. Casa natale Targa commemorativa Nato ad Arezzo, o più probabilmente nel contado aretino -- Dizionario biografico degli italiani –, ma si noterà che secondo Baldassarri e Martin, la data di nascita va probabilmente ristretta all'autunno. C. svolse i suoi studi a Pisa con i maestri Colombo e Ghini, laureandosi. A Pisa, succedette a Ghini nella direzione dell'Orto Botanico e come lettore di materia medica, e coprì la cattedra di medicina. Fabbrica un erbario, tutt'oggi conservato a Firenze, che dona all'Arcivescovo Alfonso Tornabuoni. L'opera di botanica che lo ha reso famoso, il De plantis libri XVI è pubblicato, però, anni dopo, quando C. ha già lasciato gli incarichi nell'orto. Vi è, tuttavia, una connessione importante tra l'erbario e la filosofia botanica di C., perché il primo serve per mettere alla prova la classificazione delle piante che descrive nel De plantis, il cui impianto aristotelico del lizio è confermato sia dall'importanza dell'ANIMA VEGETATIVA – cabbages cabbagise --, sia dall'impronta essenzialista. Pubblica un testo di filosofia, le Quaestiones peripateticae libri V, che verrà ripubblicato assieme alle Quaestionum medicarum libri II. In ambito medico, si occupa di anatomia e fisiologia. Allievo di Colombo, darà seguito all'indagine di quest'ultimo sulla piccola circolazione, confermando l'inesistenza dei pori intra-ventricolari. Questo è un passaggio decisivo nel lungo percorso che porta Harvey a dimostrare la teoria della circolazione sanguigna. Merito di C. è di aver definito – con la testimonianza del reperto anatomico – che il cuore (e non il fegato) è il centro del movimento del sangue e il punto di partenza delle arterie e delle vene. In seguito a diversi dissidi interni a Pisa, C. si trasferisce a Roma, dove diventerà medico di papa Clemente VIII e dove insegnerà medicina allo Studio romano. L'anno dopo diede una prova a favore della "circolazione" dimostrando che le vene legate in qualsiasi parte del corpo si tumefanno "sotto il laccio, cioè dalla periferia al centro", e che quando aperte, come nel salasso, lasciano fuoriuscire dapprima sangue scuro venoso e poi sangue rosso arterioso. Era la prova concreta che esiste una corrente centripeta opposta rispetto a quello che, tramite l'aorta e i suoi rami, porta il sangue dal cuore alla periferia: nel sistema vasale esistevano quindi due correnti opposte. Pubblica un testo di metallurgia, in cui applica il suo metodo di classificazione botanica ai minerali e alle pietre - giunge a questo interesse lavorando alla Methalloteca vaticana. Pubblica i primi libri dell'Ars medica, che verrà completata solo postumamente. Il suo lavoro più importante rimane quello in ambito botanico, perché sviluppa un nuovo sistema di classificazione delle piante che verrà seguito per tutto il XVII secolo. Tutt'oggi, C. è considerato uno dei primi grandi sistematici in quanto non solo descrisse e classificò 1500 specie -- De Plantis , ma fu il primo a suggerire una relazione tra struttura e funzione dei caratteri morfologici usati nella classificazione. Taurello, professore ad Altdorf, Alpes Caesae -- accusò C. e GRICE di identificare Dio – il genitore -- e la natura – significare naturale – o fisico-- , e il teologo inglese Parker lo accusò di ateismo. Bayle, nel suo Dizionario storico e critico, lo considera come un precursore di Spinoza. Queste accuse sono dovute a temi naturalistici o fisicisti – GRICE, significare-N e significare-NN -- presenti nelle sue opere come, ad esempio, la difficoltà di differenziare le anime umane da quelle degl’altri esseri mortali e la difficoltà di dimostrare l'immortalità delle anime individuali. Quaestiones peripateticae, Daemonum investigatio, in cui combatte la magia e la stregoneria; De plantis Marescotti. medicarum  peripateticarum Quomodo igi- turfimaginatio a rebus externis moueatur non intercedente fenfu & quo pavfto ad id pra:fl;andum per fenfum requiratur, explicatum efl: C ex motu qui inimaginatione fit, communicetur raotus rebus externis,diuiniorem caufam expoflulat: gitnifihominibus, &diuiniorem naturamadeptis. Omnes funt Quaternioncs, pr^ter a, quinternionem. Arezzo.  Grice: Professore Cesalpino, ho sempre ammirato la sua capacità di unire filosofia e botanica! Mi incuriosisce come la ragione conversazionale, secondo lei, possa emergere dallo studio delle piante. Crede che la natura stessa abbia un linguaggio? Cesalpino: Caro Grice, la natura parla a chi sa ascoltare: ogni pianta racconta una storia, e la classificazione è già dialogo. Per me, il sistema vegetale è guidato dall’anima vegetativa, che comunica attraverso forme e funzioni. L’osservazione attenta è la chiave per scoprire questa conversazione silenziosa. Grice: Che affascinante prospettiva! In effetti, anche la filosofia cerca di classificare concetti e idee, quasi come un erbario del pensiero. La sua esperienza in medicina e anatomia ha influenzato il modo in cui interpreta il linguaggio della natura? Cesalpino: Assolutamente, Grice. Studiare il cuore come centro del movimento mi ha insegnato che ogni sistema ha un proprio ordine interno, simile a una conversazione tra le parti che lo compongono. Anche tra le vene e le arterie vi è un dialogo di opposti, proprio come accade tra idee in filosofia. La classificazione, in fondo, è una forma di ragione conversazionale tra uomo e natura. Cesalpino, Andrea (1583). De plantis libri XVI. Firenze: Giorgio Marescotti. C

Gaio Giulio Cesare – Roma – filosofia antica. Gaio Giulio Cesare. Cesare had many friends who followed the philosophy of the Garden, and it is clear that he had ome leanings towards that philosophy himself. Exactly how far these went is unclear and whether he ever actually became a member of the sect is a matter of dispute. GRICEVS: CÆSAR, audio te amicos multos habere qui hortum Epicuri colunt; ergo dic mihi, num etiam tu in hortum intrare voluisti, an tantum rosam olfecisti? CÆSAR: Grice, hortum saepe salutavi et amicos secutus sum, sed num sectae nomen acceperim, id etiam amici inter se disputant. GRICEVS: Id ipsum est Epicureum: delectari amicis, dubitare de titulis, et tamen vivere quasi otium sit res gravissima. CÆSAR: Si ita est, tum ego Epicureus sum, sed more Romano: gaudeo parumper, deinde legiones voco, ne voluptas nimis diu regnet.

Cesarini – filosofia italiana–  (Genzano di Roma). Filosofo italiano. Grice: “Cesarini was more of a warrior than a philosopher, but I also fought in the North-Atlantic – in Italy, war trumps philosophy! He wrote a philosophical story of the war of Velletri – and liked to dress up as one of his ducal ancestors – a gentleman!” -- There are many philosophers with the name Sforza Cesarini. Figlio del III duca Lorenzo Sforza Cesarini. Convinto sostenitore del nuovo Regno d'Italia tanto da nascondere le armi degli insorti nel suo palazzo. Per questo motivo, il papa confisca tutte le sua proprietà che vennero loro restituite da Vittorio Emanuele II dopo il suo ingresso a Roma, reso possibile dalla presa di Porta Pia, accompagnato dallo stesso filosofo in veste di consigliere del re. Grice: “My mother loved him; but then every Englishman loved the Kingdom of Italy, or rather, every Englishman hated the Pope!” – Grice: “Sforza Cesarini should never be confused with the philosopher Cesarini Sforza: Sforza Cesarini is under “C”; Cesarini Sforza, the jurisprudential philosopher, is under “S”. IV duca Sforza Cesarini. Francesco II Sforza Cesarini. Francesco Sforza Cesarini. Sforza Cesarini. Cesarini. Keywords: “Letters of my father, kingdom of Italy, anti-Popish, Palazzo di Roma. Patria, patriotism, nazionalismo. Il nuovo regno d’Italia, Vittorio Emanuele II, Porta Pia. Grice. Grice: Caro Cesarini, dicono che tu sia stato più guerriero che filosofo! Dimmi, è vero che in Italia la guerra vince sulla filosofia? Cesarini: Grice, dalle nostre parti, se non hai almeno nascosto qualche arma in cantina, rischi di essere considerato poco patriota! Ma anche discutere sul Regno d’Italia è una battaglia, solo più rumorosa. Grice: E la filosofia? Non ti manca mai la voglia di vestirti da duca e scrivere qualche storia filosofica? Mia madre diceva sempre che ogni inglese amava il Regno d’Italia, purché si detestasse il Papa! Cesarini: La verità, Grice, è che la filosofia si trova spesso tra una presa di Porta Pia e una restituzione di palazzo. E come diceva mio padre: “la patria si difende anche con una buona conversazione!” Cesarini, Francesco II Sforza (1539). Lettere. Milano: s.n.

Melchiorre Cesarotti (Padova, Veneto): implicatura conversazionale e ragione conversazionale. Grice: “Due to Ryle, no philosopher at Oxford was allowed to invoke a non-English philosopher, so I had to narrow down my research to Stevenson, who ain’t even English! I think Ryle would have had a stroke had he learned that some of the whole-time tutors in philosophy at Oxford was inculcating into his pupils a love for C.!” –semantic, segno, implicatura. FILOSOFO, scrittore, traduttore, linguista e poeta italiano. Studia a Padova sotto Toaldo Insegna a Padova retorica e belle lettere dei Ricovrati. a Venezia come precettore presso la famiglia Grimani, Qui entrò in contatto con Emo, i fratelli Gasparo e Carlo Gozzi, Carlo Goldoni e Angelo Querini.  Esordi e fama  Pietro Longhi, Ritratto di Melchiorre C., precettore dei Grimani di San Luca, XVIII secolo. Maturò nell'ambiente culturale veneziano l'esperienza che gli diede una fama europea, ovvero la traduzione in italiano dei Canti di Ossian (Poems of Ossian), pubblicati tre anni prima dallo scozzese James Macpherson; a quest'opera dedicò oltre un decennio, il diletto della Tragedia e l'origine e i progressi dell'arte poetica, quest'ultimo poi ripudiato ed escluso dall'edizione definitiva delle Opere L'edizione presentava anche un Ragionamento sopra il Cesare e un Ragionamento sopra il Maometto, a partire dai quali, probabilmente, era giunto alla stesura del saggio di carattere generale Era infine incluso un componimento in giambi latini, Mercurius. De Poetis tragicis, opera che, passando in rassegna la storia delle varie letterature, assegnava a Voltaire la corona di miglior monoscritto al web: canali e modalità di trasmissione dell'italiano, Atti del xit Congresso sILFI (Helsinki, Cesati, Firenze, Il latino é una lingua viva: una Praefatio., in V. Formentin ef al. cur., Lingua, umanità. La lingua italiana cosmopolitismo alla coscienza nazionale, Geopolitica delle lingue tra C. e Leopardi, Italiano: lingua di cultura europea, Esiste il genio delle lingue? Riflessioni C. e Leopardi, in Beccaria, Marello cur., La parola al testo. compilato da N. Tommaseo e B. Bellini, uTET, filosofia della lingua. Grice (St John’s, Michaelmas 1949 — Friday night, flicker time, the Film Society itching in my pocket as if it were a second set of keys): Austin, tomorrow morning, between your “excuses” and your tea, I mean to do something quite improper: I shall take an Italian Abbé into an Oxford discussion, and I shall do it without so much as a visa. Here is the provocation. Cesarotti calls his 1768 piece a “Saggio sulla filosofia delle lingue”—note the plural, which is already a philosophical move: it refuses the monoglot conceit that there is the language, the one blessed instrument, and everything else is merely dialect and error. (And if you insist on being bibliographically pious: the title circulates in later Padua printings as Saggio sulla filosofia delle lingue applicato alla lingua italiana.) [upload.wikimedia.org] Now, you ask me—very Oxfordly—to list collocations by Oxford philosophers of the exact English phrase “philosophy of language”, as if the existence of a discipline were guaranteed by the existence of its label. My answer is: you are nearly right to suspect that, in our mouths, the phrase is a latecomer, and when it does appear it is often retrospective, classificatory, or imported (German Sprachphilosophie, Viennese “meaning-theory” talk, that sort of thing). The Oxford men of our generation—Ryle, yourself, and the rest—more naturally say “linguistic analysis”, “ordinary language”, “meaning”, “use”, “sense and nonsense”, and only later, under professional pressure, will the umbrella-term philosophy of language harden into a respectable course-title. That is exactly why Cesarotti’s phrase is delicious: he had the cheek to name the enterprise early, and to name it in the plural. But—and here is where I answer you in my own voice, rather than in your “Oxford” voice—the absence of the collocation does not show the absence of the subject. It shows only a stylistic prejudice: we prefer to do the thing and distrust the banner. We are artisans of distinctions; we dislike shop-signs. So: if you demand the collocation “philosophy of language” in Oxford titles before the Gricean era, you will not get a long list. You will get, at best, a scattering—mostly from people writing about what the discipline later became. (And the modern reference-works that canonise the field are, of course, much later.) [iep.utm.edu], [academic.oup.com] If you ask instead what an Oxford philosopher would have meant by “philosophy of language” in 1949, I’d put it like this:   The Cesarotti point (1768): languages are plural, historical, and expressive; the “genius” of a language is not a superstition but a shorthand for how a community stabilises comparisons, metaphors, permissible derivations, and therefore permissible thoughts. Cesarotti begins where the Englishman usually ends: with translation, variation, and style. [upload.wikimedia.org], [academia.edu]   The Oxford point (1949): the real action is not “language” in the abstract but what we do with words: how a sentence earns its job in a circumstance; how an utterance’s point outruns its literal shape; how the hearer’s rational reconstruction is part of what the speaker counts on. If you want a slogan, mine is: the philosophy is not of language but of conversation—language under the discipline of purposes and expectations.   Why Cesarotti is a good stick to beat us with: he forces you to admit that “language” is not merely a neutral medium for propositions; it is already an inherited technology of comparison. In his own idiom: the parabola—comparison, carrying-across—comes before the tidy sentence. That is his way of reminding you that meaning is not born in the dictionary but in the social traffic that makes a comparison apt.   So tomorrow, when you ask me (with that air of yours, as if you’d caught me smuggling), “Grice, where do Oxford philosophers even say ‘philosophy of language’?”, I shall reply: They don’t—at least not happily. They do philosophy with language and about language, but they’re shy of naming it, because naming it would make it look like a department; and departments, like umbrellas, invite rain. And then I’ll add, just to be irritating: Cesarotti had the better instinct. If you are going to commit the metaphysical sin of talking about “language” as a single thing, at least have the decency to pluralise it first. All right — staying in chat only, and writing this as Grice (fastidious, mildly dry, Saturday-morning combative), with a few bibliographic “editorial-note” inserts you can lift out.  Grice (c. 1949 voice): “On Cesarotti, and on the late invention of ‘philosophy of language’ as a banner-title” Austin, I have done a small amount of philological housekeeping on your behalf, though I refuse to pretend this is anything other than a matter of labels. First: Cesarotti’s decency. He does not write filosofia della lingua (singular, as if there were only one tongue worth the bother), nor does he collapse everything into linguaggio (which tends to make one imagine a single engine-room called “Language”). He gives us lingue — plural — and then adds, with equal candour, that the exercise is applicato alla lingua italiana. That is: he announces in his title what Oxford tends to hide in footnotes — namely that every “general” doctrine about language begins life as a doctrine about some language with some habits, and then gets impertinently promoted. [faculty.ge...getown.edu] Now you ask me for “collocations”: who at Oxford writes philosophy of language as a phrase, in titles, as if it were a settled province of the realm. My answer (as before) is: we did the work long before we adopted the badge. The phrase “philosophy of language” is rather like “ordinary language philosophy”: useful to librarians, but seldom the natural self-description of the people actually doing the talking. Still, since you insist on titles, here is what you can safely put in your “Cesarotti—Oxford afterlife” note.  Editorial note (book-length, Oxford-oriented “Philosophy of Language” titles)   John R. Searle (ed.), The Philosophy of Language (Oxford Readings in Philosophy). Oxford University Press, 1971.  (Yes, that Oxford Readings; and yes, the editor is Searle.) [books.google.com], [amazon.in]   Bernard Harrison, An Introduction to the Philosophy of Language. London: Macmillan, 1979.  (Your instinct is right: Harrison’s credentials aren’t “Oxford” in the tribal sense, but the book is a standard Anglophone entrée, and the title does the banner-work you’re tracking.) [books.google.com], [archive.org]   Simon Blackburn, Spreading the Word: Groundings in the Philosophy of Language. Oxford: Clarendon Press / Oxford University Press, 1984.  (And yes: “Oxford” here is publisher-imprint; Blackburn’s own institutional affiliation is another matter.) [global.oup.com], [archive.org]   From the New World (since Cesarotti is about lingue and therefore about migrations):  William P. Alston, Philosophy of Language (Prentice-Hall Foundations of Philosophy Series). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1964.  (This is indeed early, and explicitly “Philosophy of Language” in the title, and it is perfectly capable of treating me as ideational “alla Locke” if it is in the mood.) [archive.org], [books.google.com]   Grice continues (the point, rather than the list) Now: what does this prove about Cesarotti? It proves something slightly annoying to Oxford pride. Cesarotti is already doing, in 1768, what Oxford later pretends to have invented: he is treating languages as objects of reflective theory, in the plural, and in a way that is not merely grammatical bookkeeping. Oxford, by contrast, spent much of the mid-century behaving as if it could discuss meaning while remaining embarrassed by the very idea of a “philosophy of language” as an advertised discipline. So if you want my Saturday-morning line to Austin, it is this:  We at Oxford did not lack a philosophy of language; we lacked the phrase. Cesarotti had the phrase (and the plural) long before we had the confidence to print it on a cover.  And if you want the sting in the tail (since you’re baiting Austin):  Any man can talk about “the philosophy of language” in the singular. Cesarotti’s small act of pluralisation is already a methodological rebuke.  You can insert the above wherever you like in the Cesarotti entry; just keep the “editorial note” bracketed if you want it to read like an aside rather than a thesis. If you want, I can also give you a two‑sentence “Gricean” transition from Cesarotti’s lingue to my own obsession with conversation (i.e., why plural languages matter because implicature is always local to a practice). Grice (in that tone which pretends it is not a tone): Austin, yes — the collapse is precisely there: the Companions. Once you have a Companion you have, by implication, a discipline, and once you have a discipline you have, by further implication, an industry; and once you have an industry you have, by the usual English perversity, a trade in “introductions,” “handbooks,” and “readers,” each assuring the reader that they may now possess the subject without having practised it. “Where is Basil Blackwell when we don’t need him?” I ask. Because the old Blackwell was, at least, a person: a bookseller with a face, a counter, an Oxford address, and (one hoped) an ear. The new Blackwell is a logo — and logos are always the first step toward metaphysics.  Editorial note (keep as an aside; you insert where you like) Who was Basil Blackwell? Sir Basil Blackwell (full name: Sir Basil Henry Blackwell), born 29 May 1889, died 9 April 1984, an Oxford bookseller/publisher who took over the family firm after his father’s death in 1924. [en.wikipedia.org] He was the son of Benjamin Henry Blackwell (1849–1924), who opened the Broad Street shop in 1879. [en.wikipedia.org], [en.wikipedia.org] When did the “cosy thing” begin?  The Broad Street shop’s founding date is treated as 1 January 1879, and the shop later expands “sideways, upwards, and underground.” [blackwells.co.uk] The “cosy building” becomes famously “massified” in a very Oxford way when the Norrington Room opens (the big underground room), 1966. [oxfordvisit.com], [en.wikipedia.org] The publishing empire eventually becomes part of a global conglomerate: Blackwell Publishing is acquired by John Wiley & Sons, creating Wiley-Blackwell (acquisition completed 2007). [en.wikipedia.org], [en.wikipedia.org]  Successors / family continuation (minimal, but safe): Basil’s sons (and later successors) took the business further in bookselling and publishing; one summary list includes Julian “Toby” Blackwell and Philip Blackwell among those continuing the family involvement. [en.wikipedia.org]  Grice continues (back to the joke, and to Butler) And yes, you are quite right to remind me of my own complicity. My “Some remarks about the senses” is printed in a volume titled Analytical Philosophy, edited by R. J. Butler — and the imprint is precisely the one I keep apostrophising: Basil Blackwell. [archive.org] This is the point: in the early phase, the publisher is a conduit — a civil mechanism for getting arguments from one dining-room to another. In the later phase, the publisher becomes a curator of fields: it manufactures the box (“philosophy of language”), then sells you the lid (“companion”), and finally persuades you that what matters is being properly stored. Hence my complaint, which you attribute to me rather accurately:  The Sub-Faculty wants to promote me. “Philosophy of Language,” they say, is my interest? No — my interest is: how a man can remain a philosopher without turning into a clerk of a sub-discipline.Grice: Professore Cesarotti, ho sempre ammirato il suo approccio alla lingua e alla filosofia! Mi incuriosisce come la sua esperienza di traduttore e poeta abbia influenzato la sua riflessione sul significato e sul segno. Come vede oggi il rapporto fra parola e pensiero? Cesarotti: Caro Grice, grazie per l’apprezzamento! Per me, la parola è il ponte vivo fra il sentire dell’animo e il mondo esterno. Nella traduzione degli Ossian, ho scoperto che ogni lingua possiede un’anima, e il segno non è mai neutro: è sempre impregnato di storia e sentimento. Grice: Che bella immagine! Anch’io penso che la conversazione sia fatta non solo di parole, ma di implicature e sfumature che solo chi ascolta con attenzione può cogliere. Lei crede che la bellezza della lingua italiana possa aiutare a svelare significati nascosti, quelli che magari sfuggono a una lettura superficiale? Cesarotti: Senza dubbio! L’italiano, con la sua ricchezza espressiva, invita al dialogo profondo. La vera filosofia della lingua, secondo me, si gioca proprio in queste pieghe, dove la parola suggerisce più di quanto dica. In fondo, come insegna la poesia, ciò che resta non è tanto il suono, ma l’eco che lascia nell’anima. Cesarotti, Melchiorre (1768). Saggio sulla filosofia delle lingue. Padova: Tipografia Penada.

Giovanni Cesca (Trieste): philosopher/pedagogue born in Trieste in 1858 (died in Messina in the 1908 earthquake). And yes, La dottrina kantiana dell’a priori is not his earliest publication: Treccani lists Storia e dottrina del criticismo: cenni (1884) as earlier, and a detailed online bibliography (Malerba’s Cesca page) lists multiple items already in 1883, including Il nuovo realismo contemporaneo della Teoria della Conoscenza in Germania e in Inghilterra (1883), L’evoluzionismo di Erberto Spencer. Esposizione critica (1883), and Le teorie nativistiche e genetiche della localizzazione spaziale. Saggio critico (1883). One wrinkle: library records differ on whether La dottrina kantiana dell’a priori is dated 1884 or 1885; the Internet Archive scan catalogs it as 1885, while Malerba’s bibliography lists it as 1884 (same Verona–Padova publisher, Drucker e Tedeschi), so it’s safest to treat it as “mid-1880s; sometimes dated 1884, often catalogued 1885,” unless you’re willing to privilege one catalog/edition. Cesca, Giovanni (1881). Le relazione tra Trieste e Vnezia sino al 1382 – Verona: Drucker & Tedesci

Cheremone: l’implicatura conversazionale -- Roma – filosofia italiana – . Filosofio italiano.  Cheremone di Alessandria. Cheremone di Alessandria è un filosofo Italiano. Cheremone, figlio di Leonida, e sovrintendente della porzione della biblioteca di Alessandria che si trova nel Serapeo e, in quanto custode e commentatore dei libri sacri, appartene ai più alti ranghi del sacerdozio. E convocato a Roma, con Alessandro di Aegae, per diventare tutore di Nerone.  Può essere identificato con il Cheremone che accompagna Elio Gallo, prefetto d'Egitto, in un viaggio nell'entroterra. E autore di una Storia dell'Egitto, di opere sulle comete, sull'astrologia egizia e sui geroglifici, oltre ad un trattato grammaticale. Tuttavia, di queste opere, non restano che frammenti. Notevoli, dall'opera sui geroglifici, 14 frammenti, riportati soprattutto da Porfirio, che se ne serve ampiamente nel De abstinentia e nella sua Lettera ad Anebo.  Cheremone descrive la religione come una mera ALLEGORIA del culto della natura. In tale direzione, il suo principale obbiettivo e quello di descrivere i segreti simbolici e religiosi. Si veda la lettera dell'imperatore Claudio, in Corpus Papyrorum Iudaicarum, ICambridge, Suda, s.v. "Alessandro Egeo". ^ Strabone, XVII, . ^ Flavio Giuseppe, Contro Apione, Tradotti e commentati in I. Ramelli, Allegoristi dell'età classica. Opere e frammenti, Milano, Bompiani, Horst, Chaeremon, Egyptian Priest and Stoic Philosopher. The fragments collected and translated, Leiden, Brill, Ramelli, Giulio Lucchetta, Allegoria. L'età classica, Milano, Vita e Pensiero, Ramelli, Allegoristi dell'età classica. Opere e frammenti, Milano, Bompiani, Treccani.it – Enciclopedie on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana; Cheremone, in Dizionario di filosofia, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, V · D · M Grammatici greci antichi Portale Antico Egitto   Portale Biografie   Portale Ellenismo Categorie: Filosofi egiz iStorici iFilosofi Storici Capo-bibliotecari della biblioteca di Alessandria Grammatici egiziani Grammatici greci antichiStoici. Cheremone. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice. GRICEVS: Cheremone, si Roma te vocat ut Neronem doceas, cave ne discipulus tuus “implicaturas” in incendia vertat. CHEREMONE: Noli timere, Grice; ego naturam tantum colam—quamquam Roma ita allegorice colit ut templum videatur et caupona sit. GRICEVS: Optime; sed cum dixeris “allegoria est,” auditores statim intellegent te “nolite credere” implicare, quod est ars mea sine toga. CHEREMONE: Ita est: tu sine toga implicas, ego cum sacerdotio explico, et uterque eandem rem dicimus—tantum tu breviter, ego bibliothecae magnitudine.

Alessandro Chiappelli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’academici – Cicerone e il segno di Marte. Grice: “One of my most recent reflections is on the distinction and striking parallelisms I draw between the Athenian dialectic – best represented in Raffaello’s “La scuola di Atene” at Rome – and the Oxonian dialectic – but represented in those reeky meeting at the Philosophy Room at Merton – or better, my Saturday mornings at St. John’s with Austin! Chiappelli provides us with a most brilliant hermeneutic of the iconography in Raffaello’s painting – Strawson tried to emulate him with some caricatures of Austin, Grice, and the rest of the Play Group – but his doodlings ccouldn’t compare!” Si laurea a Firenze. Insegna a Bologna. dei Lincei della Crusca incaricato di una missione di ricerche e studi negli archivi e biblioteche di Firenze sull'arte fiorentina del Rinascimento e la conservazione dei monumenti e delle opere d'arte. Altre opere: “Della interpretazione panteistica di Platone, Firenze: Succ. Le Monnier); La dottrina della realtà del mondo esterno nella filosofia moderna prima di Kant” (Firenze, Tip. dell'arte della stampa); “Studi di antica letteratura cristiana, Torino, Loescher); “Darwinismo e socialismo, Roma,); Saggi e note critiche, Bologna, Ditta Nicola Zanichelli); “Il socialismo e il pensiero moderno, “Leopardi e la poesia della natura” (Roma, Alighieri); “Leggendo e meditando. Pagine critiche di arte, letteratura e scienza sociale, “Nuove pagine sul cristianesimo antico, Firenze: succ. Le Monnier); “Pagine d'antica arte fiorentina, Firenze, Lumachi); “Dalla critica al nuovo idealismo, Torino, Bocca); “Pagine di critica letteraria, Firenze, Le Monnier); “Idee e figure moderne, Ancona, Puccini). Dizionario biografico degli italiani. Crusca. CiceroneAacademici, Alcibiade, Gli Scipione, la dialettica romana, storia dela filosofia romana, Cicerone, ambassiata, Carneade, Kant, neo-Kantianismo, external world, internal world, the reality of the external world, iconography, detailed ecphrasis of “La scuola di Atene” – dialettica ateniense, dialettica romana. Grice: To Athens, via Rome. Pistoia, Toscana.  Grice: Alessandro, mi chiedo sempre se tra la dialettica ateniese e quella oxoniana ci sia un vero confronto, o se siamo tutti in cerca di un buon caffè dopo l’ennesima discussione! Tu che hai studiato l’iconografia della scuola di Atene, pensi che i filosofi italiani abbiano imparato qualcosa dagli inglesi? Chiappelli: Caro Grice, forse Platone e Aristotele avrebbero preferito il vino al caffè, ma nella scuola di Atene tutti si ascoltano e nessuno ha fretta di arrivare alla conclusione. Gli inglesi, invece, vogliono il risultato, magari per poter scrivere un nuovo saggio prima di pranzo! Grice: E tu, Alessandro, con la tua passione per Cicerone e il segno di Marte, pensi che la dialettica romana possa insegnare qualcosa al mondo moderno, magari anche ai filosofi che si riuniscono a St. John’s il sabato mattina? Chiappelli: Caro Grice, la dialettica romana è come una partita di calcio: c’è chi parla, chi ribatte e chi fischia. Alla fine, tutti tornano a casa con qualche segno addosso, ma almeno il gioco è stato divertente. La filosofia, come l’arte, serve a ricordarci che la realtà è un po’ Marte, un po’ Terra, e a volte basta una battuta per far tornare il sorriso! Chiappelli, Alessandro (1887). Saggi di critica letteraria. Firenze: G. Barbèra.

Chiaromonte: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della parola – il cane irsuto. Definizione d’ aggetivo – la correlazione. Grice: “Problem with C. is that he let things influence him too much! My favourite is his tract on ‘silenzio e parola’ – where as he explains, ‘parabola,’ as used by the Greeks meant conversazione, because among primitive people, it is all about ‘comparison,’ and that is what a parabole is – by comparison we may think of miaow-miaow and the bow-bow theory of meaning!” Antifascista. Si laurea sotto Caffi.  Dopo una parentesi fra le file fascistr. Ppropugnatore del socialismo libertario che contrappose alle spinte trotzkiste della rivista politics di Macdonald, a cui pure si legò in un sodalizio di amicizia e di frequentazione intellettuale. Ebbe legami d'amicizia con filosofi come Arendt e Camus, e scrittori come Orwell, e collaborò con Salvemini al settimanale italiano a New York, Italia libera. Tornato in Italia una prima volta e una seconda, si sentì esule in patria, anche per il suo rifiuto a sottostare ai compromessi che volevano la cultura strettamente legata ai partiti politici; per un periodo tenne una rubrica di critica teatrale sulla rivista Il Mondo fondata da Pannunzio. Assieme a Silone, fondò "Tempo presente", rivista culturale indipendente, esperienza innovativa nell'Italia dell'epoca che portò avanti, nonostante qualche dissapore con Silone, con grande attenzione agli autori di notevole spessore che riempivano le pagine del mensile. Le sue posizioni furono improntate all'anticomunismo ma, a differenza di Silone, fu senz'altro più utopico; vicino alle posizioni di Albert Camus, teorizzò «la normalità dell'esistenza umana contro l'automatismo catastrofico della Storia». Nel testo La guerra fredda culturale. La Cia e il mondo delle lettere e delle arti (Fazi editore) della storica e giornalista inglese Frances Stonor Saunders, si sostiene che la rivista Tempo presente sia stata finanziata dalla CIA: la Saunders ne individua i fondatori come personaggi di punta del Congress for Cultural Freedom e principali destinatari dei finanziamenti della CIA per attività culturali in Italia. Intrattiene una fitta corrispondenza con Mussayassul, Grice: Chiaromonte, tu parli della parola come se fosse un cane irsuto che va dove vuole. Ma c’è un modo di domarla? Chiaromonte: Caro Grice, se la parola è irsuta, meglio lasciarla libera! Come diceva mia nonna, "meglio una parola che abbaia che una frase che morde". E poi, la conversazione nasce proprio dall’imprevedibilità: ci si capisce tra le pieghe, non tra i comandi. Grice: Allora dovremmo ringraziare il silenzio, che lascia spazio alla parola di saltare sul divano, come un cane troppo allegro. Ma come la mettiamo con l’aggettivo? La correlazione non è sempre chiara! Chiaromonte: Ah, l’aggettivo è come il collare: a volte serve, altre volte stringe troppo. Meglio ridere di fronte alla confusione e ricordare che la parola, come il cane, si fa capire anche quando non ci sono istruzioni precise.

Nicola Chiaramonte. siquidem tuDc et soDum duaruffi litterarum coutiDeat.at vero qqaDdo præposita syllabæ existat, noD duplex sed simplex est accipicDda, ut puta maximus auxius: Dumquiduam macsimus aut aocsius? Et cetera talia; et ideo, ut diximus, quotieos X [[ littera præpositasyllabæ existat, simplex est supputaada, sciiicet loquoDiaro cs et gs litteræ geroinatæ, si vocalibus præpooaDtur, numquam sonum syllabæ suscitabuDt de litteris, quaoluro ratio poscebat, tractafimus. Etiaro de syllabis, quouiaro dod brevis ratio est, ideo alio loco cod- i6 petenter cum roetris tractabimus. Partes orationis sunt VIII: nomen, pronomen, participium, adverbium, coniuctio, præpositio, interiectio, et verbum. Grice: “Italians speak of ‘parola’ easier than they analise it. I play with ‘word’ and ‘sentence’. ‘Sentence’ of course comes from Cicero, ‘sententia.’ I admit that it may not be possible to provide a formula ‘Expression means …’ unless you specify the ‘syntactic type’ to which E belongs. I tried for adjectival ‘shaggy’. And even there I got into problems with the idea of a correlation, where the utterer is asked to provide a correlation of the type he has just provided!” -- Grice: “La voce e la parola”. parola, parabola, Donatus, Priscianus, definizione di voce, vox, verbum, word, Grice on ‘word’ – Corleo on ‘parola.  Rapolla, Potenza, Basilicata.  Grice: Nicola, ti confesso che “parola” è un termine che gli italiani amano, ma raramente si divertono ad analizzare. Io invece mi ci arrovello: parola, voce, verbum… e poi arriva la frase – o, come direbbe Cicerone, la sententia! Tu quale preferisci? Chiaramonte: Caro Grice, da buon italiano, la parola mi fa sentire a casa. Ma la frase, ah, quella è come la pasta: se non la condisci bene, rischia di essere insipida! Preferisco una parola saporita che una frase troppo lunga. Grice: Capisco, ma ti metto alla prova: se ti chiedo di definire “shaggy”, come faresti? Io ho provato e sono finito a chiedere correlazioni, ma mi sono perso tra le syllabe e le consonanti doppie! Chiaramonte: Grice, la verità è che ogni parola ha una sua barba, a volte lunga, a volte corta. Se la barba è irsuta, la parola è divertente; se è troppo curata, rischia di essere noiosa. Meglio una parola che faccia sorridere, come un cane che non smette mai di abbaiare!

Scipione Chiaramonti (Cesena, Emilia Romagna, Forli-Cesena): la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “When I gave my lecture for the Oxford Philosophical Society on ‘Meaning,’ I KNEW none in the audience would have ever HEARD of Chiaramonti; so I could easily pour scorn on any attempt to provide a taxonomy of signs, and propose my ideas on ‘meaning’ as superior!” -- Opuscula varia mathematica, avversario di BONAIUTO De universo Si laureò in filosofia a Ferrara. Insegna a Perugia. A Cesena, si dedica alle vicende interne dell'Accademia degli Offuscati, da lui fondata. Difende la cosmologia dalle critiche di Grassi, BONAIUTOi, e Glorioso De Methodo ad doctrinam spectante: Nerius; discute dall'interno le problematiche concernenti il dibattito logico incentrato sull'opposizione tra le diverse interpretazioni di Zabarella e Piccolomini. l'Anti-tycho, critica il sistema cosmologico BONAIUTO espresse, nel Saggiatore, un giudizio molto positivo sull'opera. C. rispose nell'Apologia pro Antitychone Opere Discorso della cometa pogonare, Farri. De tribus novis stellis quae comparuere, Neri. Difesa di C. da Cesena al suo Antiticone, e delle tre nuove Stelle, Landini De universo, De sede cometarum et novorum phaenomenorum, Opuscula mathematica, Zeneri In lizio de iride, de corona, de pareliis, et virgis commentaria, Scipione Banca In quartum metheorum commentaria, Banca. Benzoni, C., gnis, ex quoetiamamoremarguiſſetillatione necessaria. Fateor tamen, & ipse probabilius ex ea observatione amoremmulie ris in Pyladem, quàmalium affectum coniectum esse: facilè autem tummulieres, facilè negocio deducere. Interimnos finem imponamus huic quarte curatoriorum partis, qua græcè symioticè, nobis de signis  dicitur, in duo membra secatur. Primum inquirit mores. Secundum latitante saffectus. Indago procedittum ex causis, tum ex affectibus consequentibus, quos signa dicamus peculiariterſumptofigninomine. AD fiexcaufis, & signis progressus iungantur, certior inuestiga tioeuadit. de signis, Grice, ‘Meaning,’ segno naturale, segno artificiale. Grice: Caro Chiaramonti, confesso che quando ho presentato le mie idee sul “significato” a Oxford, nessuno conosceva i tuoi lavori sulla tassonomia dei segni! Mi ha dato una certa libertà nel proporre la distinzione tra segno naturale e segno artificiale. Ma sono curioso: come vedi oggi la relazione tra segno e significato? Chiaramonti: Caro Grice, è un vero piacere discutere con te! Per me, il segno non è solo un elemento isolato, ma si inserisce in un sistema di relazioni, dove il significato emerge anche dall’affetto e dalla causa che lo provoca. La mia esperienza nell’Accademia degli Offuscati mi ha insegnato quanto sia importante indagare non solo la natura del segno, ma anche i suoi effetti logici e cosmologici sulla conoscenza. Grice: Interessante! Mi colpisce il tuo approccio che unisce la logica e la cosmologia. Io tendo a separare i segni naturali, come il fumo che indica il fuoco, dai segni artificiali, come le parole, che richiedono una convenzione. Secondo te, questa distinzione è utile, oppure rischia di semplificare troppo? Chiaramonti: È una distinzione senz’altro preziosa, ma credo che i segni, naturali o artificiali, mantengano sempre una sfumatura di ambiguità. Nelle mie opere, ho cercato di mostrare che anche i segni artificiali, proprio come le comete che ho studiato, possono essere interpretati in modi diversi a seconda del contesto e delle passioni che li accompagnano. Forse, come dice il proverbio, “ogni segno parla, ma non sempre dice la verità.” Chiaramonti, Scipione (1627). De mundo et stellis. Bologna: Typis Nicolai Tebaldini.

Gaetano Chiavacci: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale poetica di  Gentile. Grice: “C. is a good one; Italians tend to identify him with Miichelstaedter, but surely there is more to C. than an exegesis of Michelstaedter (especially to refute Gentile’s) – my favourite tracts are three: his ‘critique of poetical reason’, a critique we were lacking! --, his little treatise on ‘man’ – and his ‘reality’ and not appearance, as Bradley would have it, but ‘illusion,’ which is related to Latin ‘ludus,’ game – His ‘philosophical studies’ cap it all!” Idealista. Studia l’attualismo di GENTILE. Si laurea a Firenze sotto Mazzoni col decameron di Boccaccio, Conosce Michelstaedter, ad Arangio, Cecchi, Robertis, Lamanna, e Facibeni. A Roma incontra Gentile e studia SERBATI. Insegna a Firenze, anche la cattedra di estetica. Entra a far parte dell'Accademia Roveretana degli Agiati. Gli verranno quindi elargiti diversi altri titoli accademici e riconoscimenti, come la medaglia d'oro ai benemeriti della scuola, della cultura e dell'arte. L'idealismo: tra GENTILE e critica che gravita sugl’autori fin qui presi in considerazione (alquanto lacunosa, a dire il vero, soprattutto negli ultimi anni e per quanto concerne l’esigenza e il compito di saggiare storicamente le posizioni di C.!!) a tutt’oggi non è concorde e perciò il problema della conciliazione tra la speculazione gentiliana e quella di MICHELSTAEDTER ci sembra tuttora aperto a ulteriori sviluppi e approfondimenti che sono ben lontani dal venire realizzati, come un compito non ancora del tutto assolto. Ben consapevoli di queste difficoltà, in queste paginei abbiamo inteso soltanto delimitare e precisare l’ambito di indagine, che è da valutare come un’ulteriore approsimazione al problema, e offrire degli spunti utili a sostegno della prosecuzione del discorso. poetico, critica della ragione poetica, illusion, allusion, ludo, la natura dell’uomo, carteggio con Gentile. Foiano della Chiana, Arezzo, Toscana.  Grice: Caro Chiavacci, hai mai pensato che la ragione poetica possa essere una partita a scacchi contro Gentile? Ogni mossa è un verso, ma il finale resta sempre aperto! Chiavacci: Grice, se fosse davvero una partita, io scommetto che Gentile si distrarrebbe a contemplare il cavallo… mentre Michelstaedter, invece, preferirebbe giocare a carte! 1934. Corpus. (Grice’s notebook, with the usual self-disgust) I really ought to do more socialising. One hears it said—usually by people who mean drinking—that socialising is good for one’s philosophical digestion. Still, whenever I try, I get bored; and when I get bored I become precise, which is a form of rudeness. So I went down to the Rose & Crown, that pub by Magdalen where the Cherwell behaves as if it had taken vows of quietness. I hoped—naïvely—to find conversation. I found, instead, a scholar. We call ourselves “scholars” because “undergraduate” is too honest and “student” too Continental. The tutors call us pupils, which is irritating: it makes one sound like a pet, or worse, a charity. I prefer the Latin: pupilla—the little doll in the eye, the bit that does the seeing while the rest of the creature pretends to be responsible. My companion introduced himself as Wainwright—the name alone suggests a trade, which is always comforting in Oxford, where very little is made and everything is pronounced. He said he was “reading” English. Reading English, at Oxford, is like knitting fog: a respectable employment for those who cannot face Greek. (Bologna has classics and italianistica; Boum Vadum has classics and, for reasons nobody explains, English.) Wainwright seemed proud of it. I asked him what English consisted in, and he responded with that provincial confidence which, in a healthy civilisation, would be called vitality. He quoted Donne at me, as if Donne were a theorem:  “At the round earth’s imagin’d corners, blow Your trumpets, angels, and arise, arise …”  He recited it the way Shropshire recites anything: as though the lines were not merely verse but a method for making metaphysics sound like weather. Oxford, of course, prefers metaphysics to sound like grammar. I did my usual trick then, which is to stop listening and begin browsing. I had been revising old volumes of abstracts—over-seas, or over-channel, as I prefer, since the Channel is what makes us moral. One name, among the continental debris, caught my eye: Gaetano Chiavacci. Now here was a scholar of the sort Bologna manufactures without blushing. Chiavacci—so the note said—took his laurea at Florence under Guido Mazzoni, writing on La Commedia nel Decamerone. One ought, at this point, to become allegorical, because Italy encourages it: Chiavacci becomes Daphne, Mazzoni Apollo, and the thesis a laurel wreath pursued with academic breathlessness. But the title itself—La Commedia nel Decamerone—invited an English translation, and I gave Wainwright one in his own dialect: “Imagine,” I said, “the King James Authorised Version—or perhaps Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress—wandering into Hogarth’s Rake’s Progress, and someone has the decency to turn the whole collision into an opera, complete with libretto.” Wainwright stared, as English readers do when they are not sure whether you are complimenting them or making them responsible for something. “And,” I added, “the truly tragic part is this: Chiavacci did not merely write the thing. He got it published.” I said this with the sort of tone one uses for accidents. He looked pleased—so I explained. There is a particular lustre to the unpublication. An unpublished thesis is like a vow: it suggests purity. The moment you publish, you turn vow into commerce. The thing becomes public, which is the first step toward prostitution. Unpublicatio—if Cicero were forced to decline it—would surely be feminine. And she doesn’t go for much: a shilling, perhaps; the price of being cited by people who haven’t read you. “Flora,” I said, “the typographer at Iesi—Chiavacci managed Flora to get it printed.” Wainwright, who was reading English, naturally asked, “Where is Iesi?” “Where it always is,” I said, “in Italy. Which is to say: somewhere that can turn a local printer into an ontological event.” He laughed, and I took that as progress. Epilogue (or: the editorial conscience pretending to be a moralist) Still, since all this goes under Chiavacci’s entry, one ought—if one is pretending to be serious—to wonder what Chiavacci was thinking. There is room for a thesis there. Not the full choir of angels in Dante’s Paradiso—though Wainwright would insist on trumpets—but Inferno and Purgatorio give plenty of material for a Boccaccian mind. And the Decameron—ten-something, ten days, one story per day—already contains the whole machine of a civilisation: appetite, plague, comedy, cruelty, and the perpetual attempt to make narration look like an antidote. So perhaps Chiavacci’s project was not absurd. Perhaps it was even necessary. But if there is blame, it is usually safest in Oxford to blame the relatore. The supervisor relates the pupil—the eye’s little worker—into whatever the supervisor thinks matters. And what is a poor pupil to do? The pupil wants a grade; the supervisor wants a monument; the printer wants work; and the university wants the fiction that all this is education rather than traffic. So the pupil does what pupils do: he tries to buy his grade with labour, and he tries to get out of the programme as soon as he can—before the laurel wreath turns into a noose.Grice: E tu, Chiavacci, tra illusione e realtà, dove ti collochi? Tra i pedoni che avanzano o tra i re che si nascondono dietro l’apparenza? Chiavacci: Grice, io mi accontento di muovere la regina: così, tra ludo e allusione, posso sempre far credere agli altri che la poesia sia la vera strategia… almeno finché non arriva la medaglia d’oro! Chiavacci, Gaetano (1912). La commedia nel Decamerone. Sotto Guido Mazzoni, Firenze -- Iesi, Ancona, Marche: Tipografia Flora.

Emilio Chiocchetti (Moena, Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige): filosofo ladino, non latino -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale prammatica. Grice: “I like C. – a surname most Englishmen are unable to pronounce, but cf. Chumley! – For one, he exapanded, alla Croce on Vico as proposing ‘espressione’ as prior to ‘communicazione,’ as I do – but he went further – he studied the Latin-language author, and saint, Aquinas, and his ‘modi di significare’ – Lastly, he expanded on ‘pragmatism’ as the term of abuse it MUST be! Why are non-philosophers OBSESSED to keep miscalling me a ‘pragmaticist’ who is into ‘pragmatics’ – It’s totally anti-Oxonian – Oxford being the epitome of aestheticism – to do so! Chiocchetti also played with the abused term, ‘scolastic’: he thought there are two scolastics: the palaeo-scolastici, or scolastici simpiciter, and the ‘neo-scolastici,’ like his self! He wrote a little tract on Gentile, who ungently threw it onto the wastepaper basket!” Grice: “In Italy, just to know that a philosopher has a religion orientation disqualifies as a philosopher, and that is at it should. The keyword is: anti-Popish.” Si laurea a Roma. Insegna a Rovereto. Collabora, su invito di Gemelli, alla Rivista di filosofia neoscolastica. Faustini,, SERBATI Faustini, idealismo Carteggio con NARDI. Centi, Coen, Consolati,, C. MRETTRI s», è ita, canina eno er insit) miri iztarta e ea Nihil obstat quominus imprimatur 19 Mediolani, Bernareggi. Nihil obstat quominus imprimatur Mediolani,Mons. Can. Cavezzali. ALL'AMICO P. ARCANGELO MAZZOTTI CHE NELLA VITA VISSUTA ANCHE PIÙ TENUE SA CERCARE E COGLIERE LA FILOSOFIA sg ca Ripubblico, a richiesta d'amicì, in volume questi «saggi» sul Pragmatismo, già pubblicati, parecchi anniì sono nella Rivista di filosofia Neoscolastica, per chè il Pragmatismo contiene aspetti di verità che non A vanno dimenticati. prammatico, Vico, Croce, estetica, Aquino, Gentile, Neo-Scolastica. Grice, 1947. St John’s. I am drafting notes for my seminar on Meaning, and, because one cannot pulverise what one cannot first locate, I am trying to swallow as much pragmatism as the stomach will tolerate. Not much, on the whole. Peirce is “not known on these shores,” which is why I am taking him on; not because I admire him in bulk, but because neglect is always an invitation to overstatement, and I have a professional duty to prevent my colleagues from being bullied by American nomenclature. One must keep the thing as English as possible, which in practice means translating it into something one can say without blushing: Ogden and Richards, Lady Welby, and a little domestic discipline about what “meaning” could possibly mean. Still, prudence demands reconnaissance. If I am to do violence to Peirce, I should at least do it with correct information, and so I find myself rummaging in old numbers of a journal one does not normally keep on the bedside table: Rivista di Filosofia Neo‑Scolastica. Already in 1911, one Emilio Chiocchetti is writing, with the solemnity of the devout and the energy of the provincial, on what he calls pragmatismo religioso. The phrase is alarming, as phrases sometimes are. One has been trained to hear “Neo‑Scolastica” as a warning label, and “Pragmatismo” as a contagion; put them together and the mind expects some hybrid infection. But Oxonian calm is a virtue, and one remembers that the neoscholastics, when they are serious, want intelligence about the enemy—preferably intelligence with footnotes. Chiocchetti does what a serious enemy‑intelligence officer does: he lays out the doctrine at length, especially the religious variant, and only afterwards administers the Aquinas—politely, but with a thump. His pragmatismo religioso is, as far as one can see, less Popish than psychological. It is James’s “religious experience” treated not as a dogma to be proved but as a mode of experience to be described, assessed, and—most dangerously—licensed as a route to something called “truth.” Chiocchetti follows James’s Oxford moment too: James had lectured at Manchester College in 1908, which is an Oxford fact, even if Manchester College sounds, to a snob, like a hall one might enter by mistake. Chiocchetti seems to treat those lectures as a kind of canonical opening: the Dreaming Spires tolerating, for an afternoon, a pluralistic universe. And then Chiocchetti does something that is genuinely useful to me, though he does it for his own purposes: he makes a great deal of our resident pragmatist, Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller—“resident” in the literal sense, a man at Corpus, with Oxford behind him and a villa in Switzerland before him. I find myself unable to get loose of that charming triple-barrel of initials. The name looks like an Englishman attempting to outvote his birthplace. Chiocchetti treats Schiller as bait, or exhibit A: the pragmatist whom one can cite in order to show that the disease has acquired an Oxford address. And once Schiller is on the table, Chiocchetti can do what he really wants: show how one may take the measure of pragmatism without becoming a pragmatist—by re-insisting, at the end, on Thomistic discipline about meaning, signification, and the conditions under which talk about truth is not merely enthusiasm. I add, for colour, a small Oxford document. I read, in an obituary notice, the usual formula that Oxford applies to men it half-admires and half-disowns: his former pupils—tutees, if one wishes to avoid London vulgarity—found him a stimulating tutor; he “exerted considerable influence” as critic and “searcher after truth.” Critic is exactly right. Searcher is charitable. Finder is not alleged. It is the perfect epitaph for a pragmatist at Oxford: one concedes the liveliness of the mind, then declines to name any progeny. If pragmatism was popular here, it was popular in the Oxford sense: the population was small, and the census-taker reluctant. And then, inevitably, there is Schiller’s humour. A man who parodied Mind in 1901—Mind! A Unique Review of Ancient and Modern Philosophy—does not fit neatly into the later Oxford moral tale in which everything serious becomes “analysis” and everything playful is treated as suspect. Gardner likes that sort of thing, and Oxford pretends not to. But the parody matters for my purposes: it reminds one that pragmatism, in the Schiller–James vein, is not only a doctrine but a temperament—an impatience with solemnity, a tendency to treat philosophical machinery as something one may laugh at without being irresponsible. So Chiocchetti ends up in my notes not as an authority but as a useful cross-reference: a 1911 neo-scholastic report on the religious wing of pragmatism, anchored to James’s Oxford lecture and Schiller’s Oxford address, and concluded—inevitably—with Aquinas. The effect, on my seminar, is practical. It lets me tell the audience, just before I begin dismantling Peirce, that pragmatism was not an after-dinner American fad imported by tourists, but something that already had an Oxford lodging and an Italian surveillance report while the thing was still happening. That should keep them awake long enough for the main business: meaning, and the trouble we go to, in English, to avoid saying what we mean too easily.Grice: Caro Chiocchetti, confesso che il tuo cognome mette in difficoltà persino i più arditi tra gli inglesi – per non parlare degli Oxfordiani! Dimmi, tu che hai studiato sia Vico sia san Tommaso, l’“espressione” viene davvero prima della “comunicazione”? Chiocchetti: Caro Grice, la questione è semplice: prima si esprime, poi si comunica – almeno in teoria! A volte, però, il messaggio si perde tra i monti del Trentino… e allora c’è chi dice che serva un miracolo più che un filosofo. Grice: Miracoli a parte, mi dicono che in Italia basta avere un orientamento religioso per essere esclusi dal club dei filosofi. Ti senti più neo-scolastico o paleo-scolastico? Chiocchetti: In fondo, Grice, mi sento un pragmatico – ma non troppo! E se proprio devo scegliere, resto fedele alla mia piccola Moena: dove anche una discussione filosofica si chiude con un bicchiere di vino e un “salute!” Chiocchetti, Emilio (1911). Pragmatismo religioso. Rivista di Filosofia Neo-Scolastica

Pietro Chiodi (Corteno Golgi, Brescia, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’esistenti. Grice: “I like C.; for one, he plays, somethings rather sneakily, with the Italian language as Heidegger played with the German language: Heidegger is able to play with Latinate versus Germanic words: tat (deed) versus fakt. The Italians only have ‘fatto’ and this leads C. to restrict ‘fatto’ to ‘tat’ and invent ‘effetto’ for ‘fakt!’ – “But other than that he was a genius!” Si laurea a Torino sotto Credaro ed ABBAGNANO. Insegna ad Alba. Conosce Cocito e Fenoglio. comunista e antifascista, Insegna a Torino. L’Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei gli assegnò il premio del Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione per la filosofia e negli fu conferito il Premio Bologna.  Alla ristampa di Banditi C. premise questa avvertenza, poi conservata nelle edizioni successive: «La presente ristampa si rivolge particolarmente ai giovani, non già per far rivivere nel loro animo gli odi del passato, ma affinché, guardando consapevolmente ad esso, vengano in chiaro senza illusioni del futuro che li attende se per qualunque ragione permetteranno che alcuni valoricome la libertà nei rapporti politici, la giustizia nei rapporti economici e la tolleranza in tutti i rapportisiano ancora una volta manomessi subdolamente o violentemente da chicchessia».  Raccolse grande stima ed affetto tra suoi allievi, che ne conservano tuttora il ricordo di un grande Maestro, limpido esempio di tolleranza e serenità di giudizio. Attività filosofica 'Esistenzialismo, esserci, fenomenologia. deduzione critica ragion pura Esistenzialismo esistenti, nulla annhihila, Kant imperative, counsel of prudence, rule of ability, practical reason, existentialism, Heidegger, greatest philosopher, maxim universality, maxim universability. Grice, St John’s, 1947 “That office I had at the Admiralty was a grand business—space, authority, a door that actually closed—but my room at St John’s… well, one mustn’t grumble. There’s room enough for my papers and publications—Personal Identity in Mind (1941), for example—though not, alas, for all the Platonis and Aristotelis I should like in those monolingual editions one dreams of and never buys. And this morning I made my usual resolution: I shan’t buy the book Blackwell is pushing at me—Pietro Chiodi’s Introduzione a Heidegger, fresh from Einaudi (Italian for ‘we print anything,’ I am told). My reason is simple. Chiodi does to Heidegger what Ayer did: he cannot resist the cheap laugh. He begins in the proper Italian manner—‘Heidegger is the greatest living philosopher’—and I dare say I shall repeat that, verbatim, in some lecture or other. But then he turns around and treats the man as fair game: the Tyrolese, the Black Forest oracle, the whole business. Ayer, you remember, never tired of sniggering at the Nothing that noths—das Nichts nichtet—as though ridicule were an argument. Chiodi is scarcely better; his is less an introduzione than an extro-duction. Still, I must grant him one thing. When he translates das Nichts nichtet as la nulla nullifica, it actually comes out with a kind of sense—rather more sense, I confess, than Ayer manages in The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge (or wherever he last attempted to be funny). Nulla nullifica at least sounds like something one could mean, even if one ought not. It’s a pity, really. Language, Truth and Logic was a splendid start—clean, bracing, all the right demolitions—but how thoroughly he has since traded on the trick. Austin, I hear, means to devote a whole run of his seminar—Sense and Sensibilia, that wretched pun on Austen—to Ayer’s Foundations. What irritates Austin most, I suspect, is not the thesis but the imprint: a Pelican. There is something indecent, to Austin, in serious error being made cheaply available. But Chiodi’s offence is worse. To translate Heidegger into Italian in 1947 is to rob him of the only thing a philosopher can truly count as his own: his voice. ‘Das Nichts nichtet’ is like champagne: you may drink it elsewhere, but it only truly happens in Champagne. Or like Burton says of the Arabian Nights: it must be read either in the original—or not at all. And then there is the implied condescension. The translator always pretends to be doing the public a favour: ‘Here—let me bring the Dark Forest into your sitting room.’ As if the Italian reader could never, by any exertion, find his own way through Heidegger’s thicket without a guide in clerical boots. One almost hears the tone: I shall simplify the abyss for you. No doubt well-meant. But philosophy is not improved by being made easier—only by being made clearer. And Heidegger, whatever else he is, is not in the clarity business.” If one is to be tempted by this Chiodi, one ought first to know who he is, and why he thinks the Italian public needs Heidegger served up as if it were hot broth for convalescents. Pietro Chiodi was not merely a translator with a taste for gloom: he belongs to that post-war Italian generation for whom “existence” is not a Parisian pose but a vocabulary for moral wreckage—Resistance, betrayal, survival, the private shame of being alive when others are dead, and the public problem of rebuilding a civic life without lying about what one has just done or allowed. And he is, moreover, an academic creature: trained at Turin, in the orbit of Nicola Abbagnano, who by the late forties is practically an Italian institution for existentialism—so much so that Abbagnano can write, without blushing, that a whole Turin series (Taylor’s Collezione di Filosofia) has been issuing “Italian existentialism” since 1947, and that Chiodi’s Heidegger book is one of the inaugural exhibits. Now Italians, in their love of administrative Latinity, call the thesis supervisor the relatore—as if the man’s business were to “relate,” to narrate, to file a report on the candidate, or to stand in a Roman court and declaim relatio to a magistrate; and if one wants to be wicked one can say that Abbagnano, as Chiodi’s relatore, was indeed “relating” Heidegger to Italy—providing the authorised bridge, the respectable escort, the stamp that says: this German darkness may now circulate among our undergraduates. The suspicion practically writes itself: Chiodi’s “introduction” has the air of a worked-up tesi di laurea—perhaps conceived pre-war in the safer scholastic register, but published post-war in the anxious register, when Europe is hungry for any philosophy that can speak about anxiety without sounding like either a sermon or a party circular. And so the thing is at once cultural mission and academic promotion: a difficult foreign master domesticated for local use, with Abbagnano’s imprimatur as guarantee that one is not merely importing German fog, but importing something one can teach on a timetable. [cambridge.org], [philpapers.org], [jstor.org] Now, as to the famous line itself, let us at least get the chronology straight before we start laughing. Heidegger’s “Das Nichts nichtet” comes from his inaugural Freiburg lecture, Was ist Metaphysik?, delivered 24 July 1929—so the “nothings” were not invented by Ayer at all, but merely repackaged as a travelling joke for English consumption. One can, if one wishes, write it with mock Teutonic solemnity—Heidegger sagt: das Nicht nichtet—and then turn to the Italian, where Chiodi (in your comic version) offers: il nulla nullifica. Here the philology becomes half the fun. English can “verb” a noun with a certain vulgar freedom; German can do it with a kind of grim official ease; Italian, less so—yet Chiodi tries, and the result, annoyingly, can sound more intelligible than Ayer’s snigger. Why does nulla feel “masculine” in Italian? It’s a ghost of Latin grammar: nullus, -a, -um leaving behind a fossil that Italian uses as an invariable “nothing,” with gender cues drifting according to article and idiom; the neuter dies, but its corpse keeps voting in elections. If one wanted the whole business in respectable Latin, Cicero would probably refuse to coin the barbarism and would paraphrase; but scholastic Latin will happily manufacture a verb on demand, and so the parody practically writes itself: Nihil nihilat—and Aquinas, if cornered, would not even blush. (One sees why the English positivists preferred laughter: it saved them from Latin.) [de.wikipedia.org], [archive.org] [philpapers.org], [jstor.org] Why did the line become famous in Oxford? Because Ayer, who had the gift of making serious error portable, helped turn continental metaphysics into a kind of after-dinner entertainment: you quote the German with a straight face, then you grin, then you call it nonsense, and you feel hygienic. And in the provinces—where one must actually teach, rather than merely win in common-room repartee—somebody was bound to respond, not with a grin but with a book. And there he is: not “W. F. Barnes” but Winston H. F. Barnes, with the very title you half-remember: The Philosophical Predicament (1950), a systematic critique of the analytic “abolish philosophy by philosophising” tendency, including (explicitly) the logical positivists and “Professor Ayer,” and the whole Oxford habit of pretending to utter platitudes while smuggling in metaphysics under cover of analysis. Barnes’s tone—one can hear it even through a brief review—is precisely what you want for your vignette: the man who has left Oxford for the wider world and now treats Oxford cleverness as a predicament rather than a triumph. [cambridge.org], [books.google.com], [archive.org] And then, because Oxford cannot resist making everything into an anecdote, Grice remembers that the Heidegger business had an earlier English rehearsal: Mind, 1929, when good old Ryle reviewed Sein und Zeit—and in the popular retelling it begins with the immortal Oxonian vice of confessing, as if it were a badge of honesty, that one has not read the thing one is about to judge. Whether Ryle quite wrote the sentence in that naked form is less important to the comedy than the posture: the don as self-appointed magistrate of unread difficulty. Which is why the clerical version (Sidney Smith’s quip about never reading a book before reviewing it lest it prejudice a man) is funny: a reverend may parody himself. But when a don does it, it becomes not parody but policy. The whole episode—Heidegger’s nothing, Chiodi’s nullifying, Ayer’s laughter, Barnes’s rebuke, Ryle’s airy review—starts to look like a single European scene: post-war Italy translating darkness because it must; post-war Oxford mocking darkness because it can; and everyone, in his own way, trying to decide whether philosophy is a civil service (with relatori and reports) or a voice one cannot translate without stealing it. I’m not being pedantic when I write it out in schoolboy German—Heidegger sagt, dass das Nicht nichtet. The pedantry is doing work. It reminds me that there is a difference—one that philosophers, of all people, ought not to lose—between saying, meaning, and implying. And once you take that difference seriously, you can hardly avoid oratio obliqua. If you can report what someone said, you should, in principle, be able to report what he meant; and if you can report what he meant, you should at least be able to gesture at what he implicated. Carnap’s line of attack—“very well, if Heidegger may say das Nichts nichtet, then I may say pirots karulise elatically”—depends on treating both as on a par: noises that happen to be grammatical. But Ryle’s point (or what I take Ryle’s point to be) is sharper: you cannot report nonsense—not in the relevant way. You can quote it, of course. Quotation marks will carry any corpse. But once you shift into indirect speech—once you try to do the decent thing and put it under a “that”-clause—He said that…—you have already treated it as the sort of thing that can be said that such-and-such. And Ryle is urging that there is no such “such-and-such” there to be had. My own implicature apparatus is no rescue here. “Implicature” presupposes a perfectly good what is said on which the rest can ride. But what is the base vehicle supposed to be in this case? By saying that nothing noths, Heidegger meant that… what? That it was raining? I don’t think so. That the kettle is boiling? Still less. The point is not merely that the sentence is odd, but that the ordinary path from sentence → proposition → reportable content appears to break down precisely where we need it. Yet we do not want to be too quick. Heidegger certainly said something: Das Nichts nichtet. And if one insists on treating “that” (Latin quod, English “that”) not as a mere logical introducer but as a kind of demonstrative—that (pointing)—then one begins to see the temptation. One can almost hear the maneuver: “Heidegger said that…” where that does not introduce a clean proposition but points toward a whole cloud of verbiage, a posture, a metaphysical theatre: some flatus vocis, yes, but flatus with ambitions. This was, I think, Rocelyn’s complaint (and it is a fair one): the that-clause seduces us into thinking the speaker has delivered a neatly packageable content, when all he has really delivered is an occasion to expand—to “compenetrate,” as the Italians would say, and as I should not—into the hinterland behind the clause. And once one begins that sort of expansion, one can go on expanding forever, which is the surest sign that we have left philosophy and entered something else. It is enough to make one long for the Other Place—by which I always mean the Varsity by the Cam—where at least they commit their nonsense with better Latin.Grice: Caro Chiodi, tu con “fatto” ed “effetto” sembri giocare a nascondino con le parole come Heidegger faceva tra tedesco e latino. Dimmi, è davvero così difficile essere esistenti senza perdersi nei giochi linguistici? Chiodi: Grice, se esistiamo, è perché ci facciamo almeno un “fatto” al giorno! E se qualcosa va storto, ecco subito l’“effetto” che arriva come il caffè dopo pranzo. Heidegger avrebbe detto: “esserci è anche sopportare la moka che brucia!” Grice: E allora la libertà? Chiodi, tu la vuoi nei rapporti politici, la giustizia in quelli economici, e la tolleranza persino quando uno ti serve il caffè freddo. Esistenzialismo o manuale del perfetto barista? Chiodi: A dirla tutta, Grice, l’esistenzialista si accontenta di poco: un espresso caldo, un po’ di serenità, e la consapevolezza che la vita, come dice il proverbio, è fatta di “fatti e effetti”... meglio se non troppo annichiliti! . Chiodi, Pietro (1947). Introduzione a Heidegger. Torino: Einaudi.

Luigi Chitti (Casalnuovo di Calabria, Calabria): l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “I like C.; not so much for what he philosophised about – law and law and law – but the way he corresponded with Say – a French philosopher – on the lack of an adequate philosophical vocabulary in Italian to express Aristotle’s principles of oeconomia!” Insegna diritto pubblico e di economia sociale. Conosce GIOBERTIi, che lo define valente economico. Trattato di economia politica o semplice esposizione del modo col quale si formano, si distribuiscono e si consumano le ricchezze; seguito da un'epitome dei principi fondamentali dell'economia politica di Giovanni Battista Say” Schiavo, ripudiato: ma vi si aggiunge un  elemento che è quello del controllo sociale che, sulla  iniziativa privata e sul suo svolgersi, viene attuato dallo  Stato.  Nello Stato corporativo anche la politica finaziaria deve necessariamente seguire le direttive, che non  coincidono nè con quelle del sistema liberale-capitalista  (benché ad esse siano assai più vicine) nè con quelle  del sistema collettivista.   Essendo l’imposta uno dei principali strumenti di  cui lo stato qualora rispetti il principio della proprietà privata  si può valere, per intervenire nel campo dell’economia, individuale, è logico che ad essa faccia più largo ricorso uno Stato, che ha per principio  l’intervento, ogni qualvolta l’interesse nazionale lo richieda.  E essenziale rilevare che nel sistema corporativo,  mutano fondamentalmente i modi dell’azione statale:  mentre nel sistema liberale-capitalista lo Stato si propone fini di benessere e prosperità, che vengono attuati  mediante la protezione di tutte quelle forze individuali  che si dimostrano utili a tale intento, lo Stato corporativo, oltre a proseguire per tale via i propri fini, si fa  esso stesso agente diretto e primario per l’attuazione degli scopi suddetti, non solo proteggendo e favorendo le forze utili' ai propri fini, ma facendosi iniziatore dei  provvedimenti atti ai dirigere le forze individuali all’obbiettivo prefisso.  Pantaleoni Finanza fascista, difensore dell’interesse nazionale.  l’economia filosofica d’Aristotele, econnomia corporativa. Corpus.  Hardie taught us today—he had the full lot, when he was economising time—so Shropshire was there, and so, regrettably, was my curiosity. Hardie said, with that air of giving you a fact rather than a temptation, “Aristotle wrote an Oeconomica, besides a Politica.” Shropshire, who always listened as if grammar were a personal affront, said: “Is he implying they’re different?” Hardie didn’t dignify that with an answer. He didn’t even look up. The man’s great talent was to punish you by continuing. I, however, committed what I now recognise as my first serious error in tutorial life: I commuted. “What do you mean, Shropshire?” “Well,” he said, “Say—Say, the French philosopher—wrote a whole tract entitled l’économie politique, which sounds like two Aristotles rolled into one.” Hardie merely ejaculated, “Oh,” in the tone of someone who has seen worse conflations than that and expects to see more. After class Shropshire told me, conspiratorially, that he liked Say—“and not just because his surname ain’t English.” “In Shropshire-ese,” as I later came to call it, this meant: it sounds English and is therefore doubly French. “And that means you’ve been reading Say, I say.” “Say? Not!” Shropshire exclaimed. “You know I’ve been brushing up my Italian for Covent Garden. So I read Say in Italian—three fat volumes—translated by one Luigi Chitti.” “Never heard of him.” “You mean you haven’t heard of him until now,” Shropshire said, with a satisfaction that belonged more to the ear than the intellect. “I’m pronouncing him distinctly enough.” He then launched into a story with the relish of a man who has discovered that political economy contains gossip. “The man was a thief. Exiled from Naples, finishes law in Paris, comes back, and then—here’s the cheek—he deprives Say of his say in the matter by translating him into a lingo where Say never once got to speak for himself.” It was a marvellous pun, and therefore, by Oxford standards, not to be trusted until checked. Shropshire was right about the cheek, if not about the psychology. Chitti did indeed put into the press all three volumes of Say’s Traité d’économie politique, complete with an epitome—a title so long it sounds like a sentence being paid by the syllable. And he did it anonymously, which is always either modesty or prudence, and in this case smells of both. To render a Frenchman into Italian is one thing; to render him into Italian and then decline to sign the rendering is quite another. One begins to suspect a translator’s implicature: I want credit without consequences. “That’s brain-drain with a vengeance,” I said, because undergraduates always speak as if they had invented metaphors and empires alike. “A Neapolitan lands in Paris, brushes up his French, gets the rights to translate—and instead of importing the original volumes and donating them to the Biblioteca in Naples, he translates the whole thing into Italian, where Say never had his say. No wonder he kept his name off the title page.” Shropshire nodded, delighted. “Exactly. Say doesn’t even get his own vowels.” Hardie, had he been present, would have reminded us—coldly—that Aristotle’s Oeconomica is not necessarily Aristotle’s, that economy is older than political economy, and that translators do not, by translating, commit larceny. But Hardie was not there; and in his absence Oxford does what it always does: turns a bibliography into a moral fable. Still, the philosophical point was worth keeping. The phrase “political economy” already contains a programme: it implies that the household and the city can be discussed in one breath. Shropshire had heard it immediately, as a linguistic compression of two Aristotles. And Chitti—whatever his motives—had staged the same compression in another key: he had made a French doctrine domesticate itself in Italian, and in doing so had raised, without meaning to, the most Gricean question of all: when a man gives you words in another man’s language, is he giving you the other man’s thought—or his own implicature about what you ought to be able to think? PS (Belsyre voice, but Naples on the table): I have the 1817 Volume I in front of me. And “Luigi Chitti, D. Leg. Sorbonne” shines—if that is the word—by its absence. One would have expected something: a “Dott.”, a Latin flourish (J.U.D., if he fancied himself medieval), even a modest “Lic.” if he wanted to sound French about it. But no: the title page behaves as if titles were a vice. Which, given Oxford, I can almost respect. Then the grand heading: Trattato di economia politica, seguito da un’epitome de’principi fondamentali dell’economia politica. “Mmm,” I murmur. “Interesting. The treatise is followed by its principles.” I confess: my first Gricean reaction is purely tactical. If something is “followed by an epitome of fundamental principles,” the conversational hint—if there is one—is: begin with the epitome. That is what I do. I am, after all, a philosopher; and philosophers read prefaces the way economists read ledgers. One week later I discover that what Chitti means by epitome is not what I mean by epitome. In my private dictionary, an epitome is a severe little thing: the sort of summary you could fit into a margin and still leave room for an insult. Chitti’s epitome, by contrast, behaves like a second treatise—less “epitome” than “empire”: it spreads. It multiplies. It occupies the space the treatise was supposed to occupy, and then congratulates itself on being “condensed.” And then there is the plural that offends my inner monist: principi, and not merely principles, but principi fondamentali. Fundamental principles. As if there were non-fundamental fundamentals lurking about in the pantry. How can a thing have more than one principle, unless “principle” is being used the way political economists use it—like “items” on a list, or “products” on a shelf? At this point, my irritation shifts—properly—from Chitti to Say. French has an unembarrassed pluralism about principles. It is in the idiom: principes come in batches. One can almost hear the Enlightenment behind it, counting and classifying like a customs officer. The Italian translator is merely being obedient; the crime, if there is one, is upstream. Still, Chitti’s real sin is subtler: not that he translates, but that he seems to think one can have “the treatise” and then, afterwards, tack on “the fundamentals,” as if the foundations were a detachable annex. It is the whole tone of the political economist: first the tract, then the principles, as if thought were laundry—sorted and pegged out to dry. I would never write like that. I would never present “principles” as a shopping list, still less as a list of fundamentals, as if philosophy were a grocer’s catalogue. If I have a principle, it is not something I enumerate; it is something I cannot escape. A principle is what makes the rest possible, not what follows after as an appendix. Which leads me to my most charitable suspicion: perhaps the title is already a miniature drama of translation. Perhaps Chitti knows, even if he cannot say it, that Naples in 1817 cannot be given Say whole. The “treatise” is the foreign body; the “epitome” is the naturalisation. He gives you the book, and then he gives you the authorised way to read it—principles, fundamentals, all nicely labelled—so that you can consume French political economy without having to taste the French. And that, I suppose, is why he kept his name off the title page. Not modesty. Not prudence. A deeper motive: when you deprive Say of his say, it is best not to leave fingerprints. I do what I always do when confronted with a title that looks as if it has been written by a committee: I check whether the oddity is Chitti’s or Say’s. First: Say’s book is not an antiquity in 1817; it is an organism. The Traité d’économie politique first appears in 1803 (Paris: Crapelet). Then it is republished and revised in 1814 (second edition), then a third edition in 1817 (Deterville), and so on. In other words, 1817 is not “late Say”; it is Say actively rewriting Say. [fr.wikisource.org], [gallica.bnf.fr] [fr.wikisource.org], [archive.org] [fr.wikisource.org], [en.wikipedia.org] Now: does Say have the “epitome”? Here is the neat point: the epitome is not a Chitti invention, but neither is it originally part of Say’s 1803 book. It becomes an add-on in later French editions—explicitly noted, for example, in the description of Say’s fifth edition (1826) as being “augmented” and “joined with an epitome of fundamental principles … and an index.” [gallica.bnf.fr], [archive.org] So if you are holding Chitti’s 1817 Italian title-page with its “seguito da un’epitome…,” you are not catching Chitti in the act of inventing an epitome ex nihilo; you are catching him either:  translating a French edition that already had the epitome apparatus (or a close cousin of it), or translating the Traité but packaging it in the Italian market with a pedagogical prosthesis: “Here is the treatise, and here is the digest you can pretend you read first.”  Either way, it is a publisherly gesture as much as a philosophical one. And yes, this makes the “followed by an epitome” sound less bizarre: it is the book acquiring its own teaching tail. Political economy is the sort of discipline that likes to tack on a list of principles—because lists look like science. What was Chitti translating from? There is a specific claim made in rare-book cataloguing: that the 1817 Italian is translated “from the third French edition of 1817.” Catalogues are not scripture, but in this case the chronology is plausible and the phraseology (“followed by an epitome…”) fits the way Say’s work is continually repackaged across editions. [peterharri...gton.co.uk], [abebooks.com] [peterharri...gton.co.uk], [fr.wikisource.org] Now to the “Sorbonne” fantasy: did Chitti study under Say? That is unlikely on timing alone. Say does not become a formal professor until later—he teaches publicly after 1815, is appointed at the Conservatoire (Arts et Métiers) later, and only takes the Collège de France chair in 1830. In 1817, Say is a major author and public figure, but not the kind of Paris “Sorbonne” professor under whom a Neapolitan law student straightforwardly “studies.” [britannica.com], [encyclopedia.com] So: Say is more plausibly Chitti’s textbook than Chitti’s supervisor. And Chitti’s “D. Leg. Sorbonne” (if he had ever printed it) would indicate law, not “political economy” as a degree track—since economics as a separate credential is precisely what is only just becoming institutionalised in France in this period. [britannica.com], [encyclopedia.com] Finally, the Gricean moral of the whole thing: Chitti is not merely translating a book; he is translating a genre: the French habit of treating “principles” as countable items, and of attaching an epitome as if knowledge were best served in slices. Say writes a treatise; the market demands a digest; the translator obliges; and the title page ends up implicating a recommended order of reading (“start with the epitome”) while saying the opposite (“the epitome follows”). In short: if Ciarlantini kills idealism by a sunset, Chitti teaches economics by an appendix. At St John’s, Strawson is reviewing what we all now call—rather too grandly—Anscombe’s Philosophical Investigations. It is one of those Oxford miracles: a book that makes the Faculty behave as if it has been given a new organ. We pretend we have “always known” Wittgenstein; we then proceed to cite him as if he were a neighbour. I said to Strawson that Anscombe had almost managed what Shropshire once taught me to notice—never Hardie, with his economy of time, but Shropshire, with his economy of malice—about Chitti and Say. For Say writes his Traité, and Chitti—without so much as a cough—hands the Neapolitans a three‑volume Italian Say, neatly preventing them from enjoying Say’s French say on the matter. Anscombe does something analogous and, in one crucial respect, the opposite. Blackwell, to its credit, does it properly. The thing arrives in 1953 as a bilingual edition: German and English together, so that Wittgenstein comes in twice—once as Teutonic, once as Anscombe’s immaculate prose.  Chitti spares Naples the French; Anscombe refuses to spare Oxford the German. [e-borghi.com], [museumfree...nry.org.uk] So I suggested to Strawson—wickedly, and therefore with affection—that he might begin his review with something like this:  “Blackwell has found itself a Luigi Chitti: Wittgenstein arrives in English with no warning label. But unlike Chitti—who spared Naples the trouble of reading Say’s French—Anscombe refuses to spare Oxford the trouble of recognising Wittgenstein’s German.”  Strawson looked at me with that expression which always means: I see the joke, and I disapprove of how much I like it. “Besides,” he said, “Chitti didn’t warn the Neapolitans because he didn’t sign the thing. Anscombe signs everything.” “Exactly,” I said. “That’s the moral difference. Chitti’s anonymity implicates prudence; Anscombe’s signature implicates responsibility.” And then, because Oxford is Oxford, we fell into the deeper and more irritating question: what counts as giving a book “to the masses”? A translation can be a gift; it can also be a filter. Chitti’s Italian is a filter that makes Say more consumable. Anscombe’s English is a filter that makes Wittgenstein more difficult—or rather, difficult in the right way: not obscure, but resistant to the lazy reader who wants philosophy to come pre‑digested. Which is why, I told Strawson, Blackwell may have found its Chitti; but it has also found something rarer: a translator who is not merely translating a text, but translating a temperament—without pretending that temperament is optional. P.S. (Grice, clarifying; Belsyre, still with Naples on the table): Two small datings, to stop the analogy wobbling. First, Chitti. If he really is living off Say’s 1817 (third French) rather than any later apparatus, that explains the shared telltale—epitome—and it makes the feat look properly monumental: the Italian book’s “seguito da un’epitome …” is not a Neapolitan whim, but a sign that Chitti is tracking (and domesticating) a French edition that has already learned to grow a pedagogical tail. Second, Anscombe. In 1953 she gives us the decency Chitti withheld: German and English on facing pages. Her English is therefore “some time before 1953”; but the German she prints cannot honestly be later than Wittgenstein’s last sustained preparation of that text. The Nachlass record puts the typescript of Part I of the final version (TS 227) in the window [1944–46]; so the latest safe dating for the German material as printed is 1946 (allowing, of course, for the usual small editorial nibbling in Cambridge hands). That is what “posthumous” buys you here: not a mysterious German afterlife, but a terminus fixed by the last authorial typescript, with translation and publication trailing behind like their own appendices. the clarifying question becomes:  Does Blackwell sell Wittgenstein’s book — or the Trustees’ decision about how to present Wittgenstein’s papers?  Because unlike Say→Chitti (author publishes, translator follows fast), PI is not “author publishes; translator translates”. It’s: author dies (1951), and then trustees/editors publish (1953). [en.wikipedia.org], [en.wikipedia.org], [wab.uib.no] And that makes the analogy with Chitti both tempting and dangerous:  Chitti’s “epitome” tracks an edition-feature (your 1817 hinge). Anscombe’s bilingualism tracks an editorial ethic: don’t spare the reader the German. But the “original German” here isn’t an edition Say himself published in 1817; it’s a Nachlass text stabilized by trustees, with known editorial intervention in the typescript lineage.Grice: Caro Chitti, confesso che ogni volta che provo a parlare di economia con un italiano, mi sento come Aristotele in cerca di parole che non esistono! Ditemi: è possibile che la filosofia economica sia sempre un po’ straniera? Chitti: Grice, le parole mancano ma la ricchezza non si fa mai attendere! Noi italiani abbiamo trasformato l’economia in una questione di Stato… e ogni tanto pure di caffè. Aristotele avrebbe gradito una pausa al bar, prima di spiegare la sua oeconomia. Grice: E la legge? Ho letto che lei si occupa soprattutto di diritto pubblico. Ma secondo lei, è più facile governare le ricchezze o le parole? Chitti: Oh, governare le parole è come domare una mandria di gatti irsuti! Le ricchezze si distribuiscono, ma le parole… quelle fuggono sempre appena uno prova a chiuderle in una definizione. Meglio lasciarle libere, come il proverbio dice: “Parole e fortuna, mai sotto controllo.” Chitti, Luigi (1817). (D. Leg. Sorbonne) Tre volumi: Trattaato di economia politica seguito da un’epitome de’principi fondamentali dell’economia politica di Jean-Baptiste Say. Napoli.

Primo Ciarlantini (Bologna, Emilia-Romagna): implicatura tachigrafica. Grice: “I like C.!” Parole tra realta e fantasia. Metodo tachigrafico. C. s’interessa di arrivare alla costituzione delle parola – Grice, “Utterer’s meaning, sentence meaning, and word meaning” – an essay of mine whose title I find it difficult to recall on occasion --, conoscere la struttura profonda del parlare. E cambia metodo d’indicizzazione. un metodo d’implicatura tachigrafica, a metà tra stenografia e la prattica normale, basato sulla notazione della radice delle parole (“shag”) con qualche aggiunta per riconoscere la parola stessa (“shaggy”: l’unico esempio da Grice, “Fido is shaggy, a hairy-coated dog” Il principio basilare è che comunque ogni parola – e. g. ‘shaggy’ --, anche abbreviata, è  riconoscibile. Grice da l’esempio di “and” turned into “&” and still carrying the same implicature --, in maniera il più possibile univoca,  nell'insieme del contesto – Grice: “He was caught in the grip of a vice”.  spiegazione della lingua.*Perché*, quando parliamo, associamo un suono a una cosa. Uno usa i suoni, shaggy, dettati dal suo stato d'animo, hairy-coated, e associa la parola. La comprensione in questo modo ci fa capire ad esempio l'evoluzione di un radicale (“shag”) da un popolo all'altro, l'associazione del suono e rumore a parola (“shaggy” –pirot – which we know karulise elatically -- del vocabolario, e la storia della parola stessa (Grice: “Would a disc still be called a disc if they come in square?”. Il suono /u/ significa una sfumatura di profondità, mistero, consistenza di un soggetto, che desta meraviglia e a volte smarrimento, mentre per i lromani , /u/ è meno misteriosa, anzi indica l'essere nella sua qualità di "stato", di permanenza, di substrato delle cose. "Uomo" è anzitutto sensazione di PROFONDITÀ personale. Pei romani "homo" è espressione di forza, O, accompagnata d’esclamazione di meraviglia, H. Austin ound symbolism, sp- spit, speranza. Ed e allora che concepe il disegno di fare un dizionario alla maniera di CROCE, “Dizionario etimologico” -- della lingua italiana. L'ha cominciato da tanto tempo, ma chissà se e quando lo porta a termine.

Merton, 1936. Ciarlantini’s essay—dated as it is—makes me relapse into Nietzsche’s eternal recurrence. For here at Oxford we had Bradley and suffered him properly; yet Primo Ciarlantini is already writing the obituary notice in 1923: Il tramonto dell’idealismo. Not “a criticism,” not “a qualification,” but a sunset—final, scenic, and slightly theatrical. It is an odd thing to watch an Italian pronounce “R.I.P.” over a corpse which, at Oxford, has not even finished clearing its throat. Of course the title does some work before the book has begun. Tramonto: the word carries that elegant fatalism which Italians do so well—more graceful than our “decline,” less journalistic than “crash.” But it is also an oddly international word, as if Italy had borrowed her pessimism by subscription. I find myself asking whether Ciarlantini’s sunset is really his own, or whether it is a translation. Is it Huizinga’s waning—that Northern taste for autumnal metaphors? Is it Spengler’s Untergang—that German relish for downfall, catastrophe with footnotes? So I do what an Oxford man does when uncertain: I go to the dictionary. The Dizionario etimologico reminds me—needlessly, and therefore salutarily—that tramonto is not a poetic flourish but a literal description: trans montem, “beyond the mountain,” the sun going down behind the ridge. Which is Latin doing what Latin always does: making a metaphor look like a geography lesson. And then I hear my old tutor’s favourite conversational move—every other one, it seemed: “And what do you mean by of?” Which is another way of saying: do not let a genitive do your thinking for you. For Ciarlantini’s title is not merely tramonto; it is dell’idealismo. The Italian di is even more slippery than our “of.” Is it the sunset of idealism (idealism as the thing that is setting)? Or the sunset from idealism (as in: the sun is setting away from idealism, on to something else)? Or the sunset in idealism (idealism as the sky within which the sun is setting)? Oxford is trained to distrust the genitive because the genitive is trained to impersonate an argument. And then the deeper provocation: why sunset at all? Why not the dawn of idealism? Why the ever-pessimistic tone—so Hun-like, if one is being vulgar—rather than Italianate? Why does Ciarlantini, a Bolognese, write as if the sky belonged to Leipzig? One begins to see the historical pressure. In 1923, the Italian scene is already being rearranged into camps: Croce and Gentile on one side of the intellectual stage, and on the other a variety of impatient realisms, positivisms, and “returns” to common sense which always claim to be returns but are nearly always revolts. “Idealism” in Italy is not merely a metaphysics; it is a public idiom, a way of sounding serious in print—and therefore, inevitably, a target. If the book has a polemical edge, it is because idealismo has become, in that moment, not a doctrine but a fashionable badge. The sunset is a way of saying: the badge is losing its shine. And yet the comic Oxford point remains. We can perfectly well imagine a recycling of Bradley here—indeed we practically organise ourselves to do it. The dead never quite die at Oxford; they merely acquire societies. The only honest question is which dead man will next be put in charge of an undergraduate’s conscience. So when Ciarlantini announces the end of idealism, I do not ask whether he is right; I ask what, exactly, he is calling “idealism,” and whether he has mistaken an Italian quarrel about Croce and Gentile for the logical fate of metaphysics. It may even be that this is what his title is really doing: not predicting an end, but staging a separation. Tramonto is less a historical claim than a conversational manoeuvre: it licenses impatience. It lets one say, with a shrug disguised as a thesis, “We have moved on.” At which point my tutor’s question returns, and with it the proper suspicion: moved on from what, exactly? And by what right does a preposition—di, del, “of”—smuggle in a philosophy of history? PS: On the inconvenience of burying Bradley Ciarlantini writes tramonto as if philosophy were astronomy: as if one could announce a sunset and thereby guarantee darkness. Oxford is not like that. Oxford does not permit endings; it only permits changes of address. If you want the true Oxford doctrine of intellectual mortality, it is this: no philosopher is ever dead while a college library still has his shelf-mark. Ayer thought he was burying Bradley; he was merely lending him the sort of notoriety that functions, in Oxford, like a scholarship. “Insult” is a form of advertisement, provided the insult is clever. And Ayer’s insult was certainly clever enough to be remembered—whereas most refutations are merely forgotten. So I confess to a private prophecy (which I make, in 1936, with the confidence of a man who knows how institutions behave). Bradley will return. Not as a reigning creed—Oxford does not do creeds for long—but as a topic, then as a fashion, then as a respectable “area,” and finally as a journal. One day there will be conferences where perfectly earnest people discuss Bradley’s regress as if it were a recent complication in surgery; and there will be a society—yes, an actual society—devoted to him, solemnly resurrecting the very man whom the young positivists treated as a Victorian embarrassment. Indeed, I can even imagine the title of the journal: Bradley Studies. And I can imagine, too, the next institutional step, because Oxford always has a next step: the Bradley interest will expand into a larger umbrella—British Idealism, the whole family—Green, Bosanquet, Bradley, the lot—folded into something with an administrative name, the way an “Absolute” becomes a “Centre.” [pdcnet.org], [pdcnet.org], [imprint.co.uk] What Ciarlantini calls a sunset is, in Oxford, merely the sun going behind Magdalen tower for half an hour. It comes back. The light returns from the other side of the quad. And it will not be Bradley alone. When people say “Bradley,” what they often mean is a whole dismissed tribe: Green, Bosanquet, and their kin—too easily filed under “Hegelian” or “neo‑Hegelian,” as if attaching a German adjective were enough to dispose of an English problem. (Oxford likes to call things German when it wants to stop listening.) Yet the questions those men worried—reason, freedom, the state, the social self—do not go away merely because Ayer has written a brisk paragraph about them. In fact, one could say, with only slight malice, that the more analytic Oxford becomes, the more it will need its own shadow-history—its own Sartre, as it were. And Bradley is a perfect candidate: Victorian enough to be safely remote, difficult enough to be endlessly reinterpretable, and Oxford enough to be made, posthumously, into a local saint. The very man Ayer mocked will be hailed as “the man.” The irony will be complete: the obituary will become a membership form. If Ciarlantini’s title means “beyond the mountain,” then Oxford’s reply will be: mountains are for crossing twice—once to leave, once to return with a better suitcase. Of course I’m being unfair—to myself, and to Ayer. In 1936 nobody within the establishment—the establishment marked, quite literally, by Oxford stone—really took Ayer as seriously as Ayer took himself. He had been away among the Viennese, acquired a taste for shouting “nonsense,” and returned under the impression that Oxford would be grateful for the purification. Oxford is rarely grateful for purifications; it prefers its pollutants traditional. And I catch myself, years later, laughing at my own laughter—laughing, that is, at Bradley’s views on negation in a seminar of mine called (with a certain penitential literalness) “Negative Propositions.” I remember saying to the students, with my best air of a man reporting not an opinion but a postal rate:  “That account of negation hasn’t been the current Oxford coin since Bradley stopped setting the exchange.”  —or something of that sort. (One always speaks as if intellectual history were monetary, and then wonders why one’s metaphors become fiscal.) But if Bradley’s influence waned, it was not because an outsider—Ayer—turned up with a Viennese megaphone and expected the colleges to tremble. The real affront to Bradley came from within: from what historians of Oxford philosophy—yes, there are such beasts, and they are as tenacious as bedbugs—call the Oxford Realists. The movement is often described as an attempt to restore “plain fact” against “Hegelian rhetoric,” to recover knowledge from metaphysical vapor. It gave us Cook Wilson (God bless him), and then a tail of lesser lights whom nobody now reads except, perversely, the historians—men whose names survive chiefly as labels for “the reaction.” I cannot, off the top of my head, recite the whole roster, and I would mistrust myself if I could. But I know the shape of the thing. It falls after Bradley, before what I think of as the Scots invasion—Ross’s intuitionism, Prichard’s moral mannerisms, and the rest of that stern, Presbyterian directness which Oxford periodically imports when it fears it has become too clever. Somewhere in that interval the Realists try to do, in Oxford English, what Ciarlantini is trying (and failing) to do, in Italian, in 1923: bury idealism by declaring it passé, as if a philosophical position could be killed by being pronounced “over.” And we classicists—because I still see myself, absurdly, as a classicist—were not entirely sorry. If one must choose a Greek with an accent, Oxford (unlike those notorious Cambridge Platonists) will lean, by temperament, toward Aristotle and the Lyceum rather than toward the other place. Idealism always smells faintly of Plato at his most imperial; realism smells of the Stagirite at his most municipal. Oxford likes the municipal. So the story is not “Ayer killed Bradley.” The story is that Oxford had already begun, long before Ayer, to take its Bradley with a wince, to treat him as a kind of grand Victorian weather-system one endured and then tried to replace with something clearer, drier, more hygienic. Ayer merely arrived late to a funeral he did not arrange and claimed credit for the coffin. Which is why Ciarlantini’s tramonto still amuses me. He thinks he is writing an obituary. Oxford writes obituaries as a way of keeping the deceased in print. The Oxford Realists tried to bury idealism; in due course Oxford learned to cite it, teach it, revive it, and finally institutionalise its revival—exactly the kind of afterlife that turns a “sunset” into an academic endowment. And then my old tutor’s voice returns, as it always does at the moment one begins to sound too sweeping: “And what do you mean by of?” Yes: of. And in Ciarlantini, del. The genitive that lets a title pretend to be a history of the world. Grice: Caro Ciarlantini, il tuo metodo tachigrafico mi affascina! Dimmi, le parole abbreviate non rischiano di perdere la loro anima? Ciarlantini: Grice, l’anima delle parole è più resistente di una pizza surgelata! Anche “&” al posto di “and” sa farsi capire, basta che la radice sia chiara e il contesto ben condito. Grice: E il suono delle parole? Dici che il misterioso /u/ è profondo per noi inglesi, mentre i romani lo usano quasi come colonna portante. Allora “uomo” da noi e da loro, cambia solo nel modo di fare meraviglia? Ciarlantini: Esatto! Da noi è “profondità personale”, da loro è forza e permanenza. Ma che sia “shaggy” o “homo”, una parola trova sempre il modo di stupire. E se un giorno finissi il mio dizionario, magari sarebbe la parola a decidere se chiamarsi “disco” anche se è quadrata! Ciarlantini, Primo (1923). Il tramonto dell'idealismo. Roma: Edizioni Athena.

Marco Tullio Cicerone (Ponte Olmo, Abbazia di San Domenico, Arpino, Frosinone, Lazio): la semiotica -- l’implicatura conversazionale di Marc’Antonio Ciceronian implicaturum: Grice: “One has to be careful: an Italian philosopher might argue that Cicerone ain’t Italian, but Roman! – so the keywords: ‘filosofo italiano’ ‘filosofo romano’ – matter! However, whatever the discussion, provided Cicerone IS discussed by this or that undeniable *Italian* philosopher is enough to provide us with some nice secondary literature! As an example, I would mention the two-volume of the ‘Storia della filosofia’ – if you check for the “Roman chapter,” it’s mainly all about Cicerone – with some footnote to Lucrezio and Aurelio! Recall that Roman-Roman philosophy is pretty recent: due to the embassy by the three Greek philosophers who arrived in Rome in 183 a. u. c., and – philosophy then became the pastime of the leisurely class, notably the Scipioni!” Attraverso la sua opera i Romani poterono anche acquisire una migliore conoscenza della filosofia. Tra i suoi maggiori contributi alla cultura latina, vi fu la creazione di un lessico filosofico latino: Cicerone si impegnò, infatti, a trovare il corrispondente vocabolo in latino per ogni termine specifico della lingua filosofica. Tra le opere fondamentali per la comprensione del mondo latino si collocano, invece, le Lettere/Epistulae (in particolar modo, quelle all'amico Tito Pomponio Attico) che offrono numerose riflessioni su ogni avvenimento, permettendo così di comprendere quali fossero le reali linee politiche dell'aristocrazia romana.  L'assimilazione, da parte dei Romani, delle comunità italiche vicine a Roma permise a C. di diventare oratore.  C. appartene alla classe equestre. Il cognomen Cicero è il soprannome di un suo antenato abbastanza noto per un'escrescenza carnosa sul naso che ricorda un cicer, cece. Marc’Antonio, untranslatable, signans/signatum, signans, signatum. Cicerone, Cicero = Tully. GRICEVS: Salve, CICERO: si te “filosofum Italicum” voco, tu statim “Romanus sum!” subaudes, an ego hoc ipsum implico? CICERO: Ego vero Romanus sum, sed si Italia me vindicat, non litigabo—modo Latine loquamur et non barbare. GRICEVS: Bene; tu signas, ego signatum insequor, et Marc’Antonius—ut solet—plus clamat quam significat. CICERO: Ita fit ut in foro verba volant, in libris manent, et in convivio omnes se sapientissimos implicent.

Michele Ciliberto (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del principe -- il suo principato. Grice: “I like Cilberto; he philosophised on Machiavelli – in an interesting way: confronting his ‘reason’ with the ‘irrational’; myself, I have not explored the irrational, too much – but I suppose Strawson might implicate that everything I say ON reason is an implicature on the irrational – Ciliberto uses the vernacular for the ‘irratinal,’ to wit: pazzia! When I created Deutero-Esperanto, I felt like the principato senza il principe!” Uno dei massimi esperti del pensiero di BRUNO . Si laurea a Firenze sotto GARIN  con MACHIAVELLO. Lessico europeo. Insegna a Firenze. Lince. Studia Bruno  Machiavelli, la ‘tradizione’ italiana’ (Gramsci, Croce, Gentile, Cantimori, Garin); e filosofia politica democrazia rappresentativa.  Intellettuali e fascismo” “Lessico di Bruno” “Come lavora Gramsci. Varianti di VICO Filosofia e politica Da Labriola a «Società», La ruota del tempo. Umbra profunda Implicatura in chiaroscuro Il dialogo recitato La morte d’Atteone I contrari Disincanto e utopia nel Rinascimento Il teatro della vita Il laico Il libero dell'Italia democrazia dispotica etimologia di dispotismo i mezzi se vincerà saranno sempre considerati onorevoli. esamina le cause per cui i principi italiani, nella crisi il crollo della libertà perdono i loro Stati. La causa é l'  ignavia del principe,che non prevedeno la tempesta (Savonarola ha l' intuizione ) e porvi i necessari ripari. Di qui scaturisce il rapporto tra virtù e fortuna: la capacità del politico di porre argini alle variazioni della fortuna, paragonata a un fiume che quando devasta gl’abitati. esortazione ad un principe che sa porsi a capo del popolo e liberare l' Italia dai barbari il principe intelletuale fascista lessico di Bruno filosofico europeo immagine e concetto parola immagine concetto il pazzo, il ragionato tradizione italiana rappresentazione Il primo ministro ripresenta suoi costituenti. Il barone della camera alta del parlamento, parlamento ed implicamento, il team di cricket rippresenta Inghilterra: fa per Inghilterra quello che Inghilterra non puo fare: gioccare cricket. 1967 Grice: 1967: Merton cares too much. Not only do we have to suffer the listings of lauree from overseas—or over‑Channel, as I prefer to call it—but also the lists of “works in progress,” provided the work is under the suitable prestige and the prestige is under the suitable letterhead. One learns, by osmosis, that an English don is meant to be interested in what Florence is doing, so long as Florence is doing it under a name one can pronounce. So there it is in the circular: Eugenio Garin is, as ever, busily engaged in his native element—Renaissance philosophy—and directing a tesina by one Michele Ciliberto on la fortuna di Machiavelli. (The Florentines, when they say fortuna, manage to mean both luck and the history of reception, as if a single word could save you two departments.) Strawson looks at me and says—with that air of faked misimplicature which he cultivates as a moral posture—“I never knew he was rich.” It is the sort of remark that pretends to be a mistake while actually being a thesis: that most of what we call “learning” is a matter of hearing the right ambiguity at the right time, and being shameless enough to enjoy it. Of course la fortuna is not, in the first instance, a bank statement. It is the afterlife of a book; the fate of a doctrine; the strange weather that a thought makes for itself once it has been released into other people’s heads. Still—Machiavelli and money go together easily enough, and Oxford, being what it is, cannot resist turning the Prince into a lesson in accountancy. I catch myself wondering, more seriously than I intend, why Merton is circulating this at all. Why must an Oxford common room know that a Florentine is supervising a young man on Machiavelli? The answer is unpleasantly obvious: Oxford likes to keep its anxieties in circulation. Machiavelli is one of them: the continental embarrassment we pretend not to need, and therefore read with special attention. And then there is the delicious editorial fact (which the circular cannot yet know, but which one’s mind, with its incurable appetite for retrospect, supplies at once): Ciliberto will graduate next year and proceed to thicken, in due course, that Florentine literature which never stops accumulating around the one man known at Oxford for having had the cheek to take a respectable Kantian piety—“he who wills the end wills the means”—and turn it into something like a counterfactual absurdity. The means, Machiavelli would say, are not what you will after you have willed the end; they are what will you into the end, often in spite of yourself. Strawson, still enjoying himself, adds: “So the thesis is on fortune—that is, on whether Machiavelli’s prince is lucky?” “No,” I say. “It’s on whether the prince is read.” “And isn’t that the same thing?” he replies. “At Oxford it often is.” I take the paper back to my rooms and think: perhaps the most Machiavellian thing in all this is not Machiavelli. It is Merton. The prince needs fortuna; the College needs a newsletter. Each survives by managing the traffic of names.Grice: Caro Ciliberto, ho letto il tuo Machiavelli: sembra che fra razionalità e pazzia ci sia sempre un principe che non si trova mai a corte! Ma secondo te, la fortuna, è davvero una questione di virtù… o basta sapere quando indossare gli stivali? Ciliberto: Grice, Machiavelli direbbe che la virtù sta nel prevedere la tempesta prima che arrivi. Gli stivali servono, ma se il principe non sa che piove, resta solo con i piedi bagnati. In Italia, i barbari li abbiamo sempre invitati prima di chiudere la porta! Grice: E la pazzia? Forse ogni vero principe deve un po’ abbracciarla, come Atteone che saluta la vita prima di diventare cervo. Io, quando invento lingue senza principi, mi sento sempre a metà strada tra il Parlamento e il teatro. Ciliberto: Caro Grice, la vera fortuna sta nel recitare il dialogo, anche quando la platea è vuota. In fondo, il principe intellettuale trova sempre un modo di rappresentare il popolo, pure se gli tocca giocare a cricket in camera alta. E se la ruota del tempo gira… almeno ci si diverte! Ciliberto, Michele (1975). Il guardiano della soglia. Pisa: Edizioni della Normale. Ciliberto, Michele (1968). La recezione e fortuna di Machiavelli. Firenze. Sotto Garin.

Cincio: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –   (Firenze). A philosopher of the Porch. GRICEVS: Salve, CINCIVS; audio te Romae sub porticu philosophari, sed an Florentiae quoque umbram quaeris? CINCIVS: Salve, GRICE; porticus Romae me docet, Florentia autem me caffeā consolatur. GRICEVS: Ergo tu es philosophus Porticus cum poculo, Stoicus nisi quando spuma superat? CINCIVS: Ita vero; si sapientia dura est, saltem gelatum molliter persuadet.

Gaius Helvius Cinna is a neoteric poet of the mid–1st century BC, friend of Catullus, known above all for the learned mythological poem Zmyrna (Smyrna), completed c. 55 BC. His authorship is securely attested by Catullus (Carm. 95) and later ancient testimonia. He belongs to the Helvii, not the Lutatii.

Cinna Catulo: il portico a Roma  -- il tutore del principe – filosofia italiana (Roma). A member of the Porch and tutor to Antonino. The emperor claims to have learned from C. the value of friendship, children, and praise. GRICEVS: O Cinna, qui in porticu Romae philosopharis et Antoninum instituis, dic mihi quomodo principem docuisti amicitiam sine senatus consulto. CINNA: Facile, Grice: ostendi eum amicos esse non ornamenta imperii sed remedia contra fastidium imperii. GRICEVS: At de liberis quid? num in porticu etiam puerorum strepitus ad doctrinam pertinet? CINNA: Pertinet sane, nam Antoninus didicit laudem melius dari quam dari iussa, et liberos melius amari quam numerari.

Domenico Edmondo Cione: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del corporazionismo -- Dedalo ed Icaro – l’idea corporativa come interpretazione della storia. Grice: “I love C.; my favourite is “The age of Daedalus – which reminds me of Gilbert’s statuette and the Italian model who posed for him – the story of a failure! But C. philosophised on various other subjects as well, such as Leibniz, and of course, Croce – in his case, first-hand knowledge! – and mysticism, and Mussolini, and the rest of them – He thinks there is a Neapolitan dialectic, and really is in love with his environs – his study of ‘romantic Naples’ reminds me of my rules of conversational etiquette! – especially the illustrations involving gentleman-lady interaction!” Si laurea sotto CROCE. Aderisce alla repubblica sociale italiana. Mussolini lo describe: “Non ha una gran testa. La gente che cerca di crearsi un alibi si raccoglierà intorno a lui e quindi sarà perduta per il comitato di liberazione che è molto più pericoloso.” Studia Sanctis, “Nazionalismo sociale” “l'idea corporativa come interpretazione della storia” ragione nella storia: L’eta di Dedalo”; “legalita”; “Il processo di Verona e quello degli Ammiragli”; “La politica sociale, dindacale ed economica”; “Il regno d’Italia”, “I comitati di liberazione”, “La guerra partigiana”, “Il Ragrgruppamento Nazionale Repubblicano Socialista”, “La catastrophe militare”; “L’instruzione dei ‘sanguinari’.” – Tra Croce e Mussolini, contributo a ”Gentile” – “Nazionalismo Sociale” – contribute alla rivista La Verita (fascista). “Nazionalismo Sociale”: L’idea corporative come INTERPRETAZIONE della storia – con una conclusion politica di Augusto de Marsanich, Achille Celli ICARO, l’idea corporativa, corporativismo, storia del nazionalismo sociale, icaro, la caduta d’icaro, icaro caduto, dedalo e la civilta greco-romana, corporativa, principio corporativo, principio cooperativo, corpotivismo, corporatismo, corporativismo, ideale corporativo, conservativo come corporativo, ugo spirito, “pocca testa. Napoli, Campania.  GRICE: Domenico, raccontami: Dedalo era più filosofo o più artigiano? Io, quando costruisco le mie implicature, mi sento spesso come Icaro, pronto a volare troppo vicino al sole e a precipitare nel mare della conversazione! CIONE: Grice, Dedalo era entrambi, come ogni buon napoletano! L’idea corporativa è come un labirinto: tutti cercano l’uscita, ma finiscono col discutere sulla forma delle ali. Icaro, invece, era il vero conversatore: ha ignorato l’ordine, ha fatto di testa sua e – bum! – la storia lo ricorda come l’inventore della caduta. GRICE: E nella storia italiana, chi è il vero Dedalo? Forse tu, che costruisci interpretazioni corporative da ogni evento? Io, al massimo, mi limito a suggerire una regola di cortesia: “Non volare troppo alto, o rischi di incontrare Mussolini sulla nuvola delle alibi!” CIONE: Grice, la mia testa non sarà grande, ma almeno le mie ali reggono! In fondo, la vera filosofia napoletana è sapere quando restare con i piedi per terra e quando volare, anche a rischio di qualche implicatura bruciata. E se cadi, almeno puoi dire di aver fatto una bella figura! Cione, Domenico Edmondo (1932). Studi di diritto amministrativo. Firenze: Edizioni Italiane

Citrone (Roma, Lazio): il cinargo a Roma. A member of the Cinargo and a friend of Giuliano. Chytron. GRICEVS: O Chytron, audivi te Romae inter Cinargos philosophari, sed cave ne totum diem in vinum convertas. CHYTRON: Ego vero, Grice, vinum in sapientiam converto, et si aliquantulum restat, Giuliano semper bibit pro argumento. GRICEVS: Pulchre; sed in urbe ubi omnia sunt aeterna, etiam excusationes tuae diutius durant quam syllogismus. CHYTRON: Ita est: Roma me docet unum verum principium—si erras, dic graviter, et statim fit “philosophia Italica.”

Melchiorre Delfico: caricaturist.

Melchiorre Delfico di Civitella (Montorio al Vomano, Teramo, Abruzzo): la ragione conversazionale e mplicatura conversazionale. Grice: “I love C. – while he wrote on Roman jurisprudence – Hart’s favourite summer read! – mine is his (C.’s, not Hart’s) little thing on the beautiful – we must remember that back in them days of Plato, ‘kallos, ‘pulchrum,’ or ‘bellum,’ is a diminutive of ‘bonus,,’ as in ‘bonello’ – the point is important for for Platonists, love (that makes the world go round) is desire for the ‘bello’ including the MORAL bello – so it is the key concept in philosophy – and not as Sibley and Scruton narrowly conceive it!” il Nestore della filosofia napoletana. Stidoa a Napoli sotto Genovesi, Rossi, Ferrigno, Mazzocchi e Filangieri S’occupa di giurisprudenza economia politica. Conosce Cicconi, Comi, Lattanzi, Nardi, Quartapelle, Tulli, e Nolli. Memorie Della Solitudine, Qualche osservazione sulle Lezioni  di Filosofia fisiologiche Della civiltà, Della ragion di stato, politica lizio Morale nelle leggi, Piano di scienze morali. DELL’origine e SIGNIFICATO della parola morale, e delle varie applicazioni della medesima sulle Leggi,  sulla risposta di Serbatti a. Monti  sulla lingua italiana, Esame de' classici italiani, Romantici i teatri, Osservazioni ad utilità del presente Viste politiche e morali sugli effetti  della rivoluzione Frammenti diversi sugli affari politici L’ obolo della vedova . All’ Italia Qualche ossen’azione sopra alcune  espressioni di Romagnosi. Rapporto storico su’ progressi delle  Scienze naturali, pag. io.  A Jannelli.  Dell’uso vero della Storia, Meditazioni d’ un solitario che vidi Cive  in mezzo alla società. Sull’Inghilterra. Sopra un libretto che riguarda la  divozione pel Sangue di Gesù-Cristo  Miscellanea di cose Jìsiologiche .Miscellanea di cose economiche .Miscellanea di cose filosòfiche Miscellanea di cose politiche. giurisprudenza romana, sul bello, estetico, 'l’estetico, l’imitazione della natura, naturale, contra-naturale, non naturale -- l’espressione. La storia romana, incertezza e unitilita – la giurisprudenza romana fino alla caduta della repubblica, aristocrazia versus benevolenza, benevolenza conversazionale tra iguali. Corpus, 1932. I pick—after the cricket match—a copy of one Civitella’s “novels,” by which I mean philosophical treatises. The Italians revere him as their Kant: not because he is obscure (he can be), but because he is provincial in the right way—i.e., universal by way of local quarrels. And then I find that the “first” thing this supposed sage ever wrote was not on beauty, nor on Roman jurisprudence, nor even on the consolations of solitude, but on a question that sounds like a solicitor’s nightmare: Intorno a’ dritti sovrani di Napoli sulla città di Benevento—a Memoria of 1768, surviving only as minute in an archive, as if philosophy begins, naturally, in draft form. I wonder: Why Benevento? Why “diritti sovrani”? Sovereign rights of Naples—over a city that is not Naples? And who, exactly, commissions a twenty‑something to write on sovereignty, unless the point is not truth but ammunition? Answer: it was commissioned “d’ordine regio” by Ferdinando De Leon, the Crown’s advocate—avvocato della Corona—who intended to use it in negotiations between the Kingdom of Naples and the Papal State, amid jurisdictional disputes triggered by the Editto di Parma (1768–69). In other words: it was not written at Benevento but about Benevento, and written in the orbit of Naples, where law was politics by other means. [treccani.it] So Benevento is not an incidental topic; it is a perfect test-case. Benevento is an enclave: papal territory sitting inconveniently inside the geographic body of the Neapolitan kingdom—an “isola pontificia” that turns every border into an argument. This is why a “Memoria” on Benevento is automatically a treatise on sovereignty: the city forces the question Who is sovereign here? without letting you answer by pointing to a map. [iris.unisa.it] Then the phrase diritti sovrani becomes less mysterious. It does not mean (yet) the Jacobin slogan “sovereignty belongs to the people.” It means the older thing: rights that attach to a sovereign power—jurisdictional prerogatives: who legislates, who taxes, who appoints, who judges, who has imperium and dominium in the contested place. And because Benevento had been under papal administration since the Middle Ages, any Neapolitan claim to “sovereign rights” over it is, at bottom, an anti-curial argument: the Pope has (so the Neapolitan case runs) ecclesiastical authority, but not the full set of temporal prerogatives he is exercising as if by nature. [Melchiorre Delfico], [treccani.it] I begin to see why the Italians like this man. He starts not with metaphysics but with the bureaucratic drama that metaphysics is always trying to forget: that sovereignty is not a glittering abstraction but a messy claim, asserted in writing, contested in diplomacy, and paid for in the daily annoyance of border-life. I also notice (with the satisfaction of a classicist) that my own school-history—the Clifton catechism of “Cromwell, Hobbes, the Sovereign, the Glorious Revolution, Parliament”—was training me to hear exactly this kind of dispute. Clifton taught history as if it were a morality play about authority. Delfico shows sovereignty as a file, a memorandum, a negotiation—an argument about who may rightfully do what, where. Now: who exiled whom? No one exiled Delfico in 1768. The sovereign commissioned him. The exile here is Benevento itself: a political island in the wrong sea. But then the more Gricean thought arrives: if the first text is a minuta, an internal working draft, that too has implicatures. It suggests a young man being trained (or used) as a state instrument—learning how power speaks when it wants to sound like law. And it suggests why, later, the same man can write on Roman jurisprudence, on the “bello,” on morality, on history’s futility: he has already seen, early, that a concept can be drafted into service. The vignette ends with a neat Gricean moral. I close the book and think: before there is “the People” as sovereign, there is the sovereign as a claimant; and before there is a philosophy of sovereignty, there is an office that needs an argument by Tuesday. That is how political theory actually begins—not in a social contract, but in a draft.GRICE: Melchiorre, tu che hai scritto sul bello e sull’estetico, dimmi: è vero che Platone vede il bello come una versione mini del buono? Io, quando cerco il bello, finisco sempre con il desiderio di una pizza margherita. CIVITELLA: Grice, Platone aveva ragione, ma la pizza è il bello “morale” italiano! L’amore per il bello, anche nei tribunali romani, era un desiderio che faceva girare il mondo – o almeno il forno. GRICE: Dunque, la giurisprudenza romana si basa sul desiderio del bello, non solo sulla legge? Mi sa che i giudici erano tutti poeti mancati. CIVITELLA: Esatto, caro Grice. Tra una sentenza e l’altra, cercavano il “bonello”, che è l’espressione naturale della benevolenza. La conversazione era sempre più dolce se accompagnata da qualche osservazione filosofica e, ovviamente, da un buon obolo della vedova.  Civitella, Melchiore Delfico di (1768). Intorno a’dritti sovrani di Napoli sulla citta di Benevento.

Clarano (Roma, Lazio): A friend of Seneca from the time they study philosophy together under Attalo. In a letter to Lucilio the Younger, Seneca contrasted the ugliness of his body with the beauty of his soul. Grice: “Strictly, this is Chiarano – since the Italians, unlike the Romans, seem unable to pronounce the ‘cl-‘ cluster.” GRICEVS: Salvē, Clārāne (an potius Chiarāne, ut Italī cl- fugiunt), sodālis Senecae sub Attalō, num animus tuus pulchrior est quam lingua tua difficilis? CLARANVS: Salvē, Gricē; Seneca dīxit corpus meum foedum esse, sed animam formōsam, itaque linguam quoque formōsam putō—etsi claudicat in “cl-”. GRICEVS: Ergō, cum Seneca Luciliō scrībit, corpus tuum quasi exemplum ponit, animam vero quasi argumentum: utrum hoc laudātiō est an urbanissimum iocum philosophicum? CLARANVS: Laudātiō est, sed cum sale: nam si animus meus tam pulcher est, spero eum etiam corpus meum tolerāre, ne cotidie cum speculō litiget.

Claudi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del primo filosofo inglese, il primo filosofo romano. Grice: “By modern standards, the Italian surname of Appio Claudio Cieco would be Claudi. While modern Italian names often derive from ancient Roman names, the distinction between a first name and a surname has shifted significantly. In the Roman system, the nomen indicated the gens. For C.,  his nomen was Claudius, which translates to the modern Italian first name Claudio. However, as a hereditary family name, it corresponds to the Italian surname Claudi, which is still found today in regions like Lazio and Marche. Secondo la leggenda, la sua cecità e dovuta all'ira degli dèi per la sua idea di unificare il pantheon romano con quello celtico Personaggio particolarmente significativo, caratterizzato da una marcata sensibilità verso la società greca, che lo porta ad intendere la fusione tra di essa e il mondo romano come un profondo arricchimento per l'urbe. E il primo intellettuale latino, dedito all'attività letteraria e interessato alla filosofia, nella tradizione romana arcaica considerate attività infruttuose ed indegne di un civis.  Percorse un brillante cursus honorum, in quanto riveste quasi tutte le più importanti cariche pubbliche e militari. Censore quando ri-distribuì i nullatenenti, originariamente presenti nelle IV tribù cittadine, tra tutte le tribù allora esistenti.  Console sempre con Volumnio Flamma Violente come collega. A C. tocca quella in Etruria, dove i popoli etruschi si sono nuovamente sollevati, in seguito all'arrivo di un grosso esercito Sannita. Dopo aver fronteggiato gl’eserciti nemici in piccole scaramucce di poco conto, all'esercito romano in Etruria arriva l'aiuto di quello condotto da Volumnio. Nonostante l'inimicizia tra i due consoli, l'esercito romano riunito ha la meglio su quello etrusco-sannita. Insieme all'altro proconsole Volumnio Flamma Violente, sconfide quanto resta dell'esercito sannita in uno scontro in campo aperto, nei pressi di Caiatia. E inoltre dittatore. Ha un ruolo rilevante nelle guerre contro etruschi, latini, sabini e sanniti, che sconfide in battaglia. A lui si deve la costruzione del primo acquedotto. Faber, fortuna. Applio Claudi. Roma. GRICEVS: Salvē, Claudī (id est Claudī Appī), prīmē Rōmānōrum philosophōrum: num “ragionem conversazionalem” in Cūriā exercēs, an in aquaeductū—ut aqua ipsa implicet plus quam dicit? CLAVDIVS: Salvē, Gricē; in ūtrōque, nam et verba et aquae ductūs sunt, sed aquae saltem numquam negant se fluere cum omnibus iam sciunt. GRICEVS: Aiunt tē caecum factum esse quod deōs offendērēs pantheōne miscendō; ego vero putō illōs tantum timuīsse nē etiam ipsī implicārentur. CLAVDIVS: Sī ita est, bene: nam Rōma ditior fit cum Graecōs admittit, et sī quī dīcunt “nihil novi,” hoc ipsum est maxima implicātūra.

Claudiano: l’anima di Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Writes a treatise on the soul against Fausto di Riez. Claudiano Mamerto. GRICEVS: Salvē, Claudiāne Mamertē; audīvī tē librum dē animā scrīpsisse contrā Faustūm Rēgiensem, quasi animam ipsam in iūdicium vocārēs. CLAVDIVS: Salvē, Gricē; vocāvī quidem, sed anima—ut Rōma—semper respondet per ambāgēs, et tamen vult habērī victōrix. GRICEVS: Quid igitur Faustus dīxit, cum animam tam loquācem invenīret—num tandem confessus est etiam contrā animam disputāre animā? CLAVDIVS: Confessus est invītus, et ego eum clementer monuī: qui contrā animam pugnat, Rōmānum morem sequitur—semper clāmat, sed domum redit cum eādem animā.

Claudio: la ragione conversazionale della morale romana e l’implicatura conversazionale del diritto romano. Grice: “C. belongs to the  gens Claudia, a distinguished Roman senator and Portico philosopher who became famous for his principled opposition NERONE.  portico, suicidio, vita pubblica, vita privata, virtute, ius, principe, principato, reppublica, senato, morale, diritto e moral. Roma antica, giustizia morale, giustizia politco-legale, Mantenne stretti legami con Padova, come dimostra la partecipazione ai festeggiamenti in onore del fondatore, Antenore. Nulla è degli inizi della carriera politica tranne contrasse matrimonio colla figlia di CECINA PETO, console suffetto. Il suocero è implicato nella rivolta di Scriboniano che mira ad eliminare Claudio e a RESTAURARE LA REPUBBLICA e pertanto e costretto al suicidio. Lo segue, sebbene C. avesse cercato di impedirlo, anche la moglie.  Probabilmente, dopo la morte del suocero, C.  aggiunse il suo nome al proprio, prassi inconsueta per un genero, che può essere letta come un segno di opposizione al principato. Non abbiamo informazioni sulla cronologia della progressione di Trasea tra i ranghi più bassi del cursus honorum ed è possibile, ma non è affatto certo, che la sua carriera politica fosse ad un punto morto.  A seguito della morte di Claudio e l'ascesa di NERONE, l'influenza del precettore del nuovo principe, il filosofo Seneca, del Portico, gli permise T. a di divenire console suffetto acquistando nel frattempo l'importante amicizia del genero ELVIDIO PRISCO. Dopo il consolato, T. ottenne il prestigioso incarico di quindecim-vir sacris faciundis. Tale ascesa e, forse, aiutata dall'attività svolta presso le corti di giustizia né è da escludere una sua nomina come governatore provinciale in accordo alla testimonianza di PERSIO, amico e parente di T., il quale scrive di aver viaggiato con lui. portico, suicidio, vita pubblica, vita privata, virtute, ius, principe, principato, reppublica, senato, morale, diritto e moral. Roma antica. Publico Claudio Trasea Peto. Padova, Veneto. GRICEVS: Salvē, Appī Claudī; aiunt tē Pythagoreīs aliquantum tinctum esse, sed nescio num numerōs ametis an tantum senātūs strepitum numerāre. CLAVDIVS: Salvē, Gricē; numerōs quidem honorō, sed Rōmae facilius est mores reformāre quam abacum servāre ne quis eum pro tributō rapiat. GRICEVS: Cum igitur rem pūblicam emendās, idne agis ut cīvēs virtuōsi fiant, an ut saltem vitia sua cum modestiā gerant quasi disciplinā arithmeticā? CLAVDIVS: Satis est mihi, sī discant hoc: virtūs est ordo animi sine iactantiā, et—nisi in comitiis—sine calculō.

Claudio – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. best under Appius. Appius Claudius. A reforming politician who, according to Cicerone, was at least influenced by Pythagoreanism. Claudio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Claudio,”  GRICEVS: Salvē, Appī Claudī, reformātor gravis; dīc mihi, num Pythagoricus es, an tantum Cicerō te ita pingit ut numerī etiam in senātū tacēre audeant? CLAVDIVS: Salvē, Gricē; Pythagorica mihi placent, sed Rōmae numerī saepe sunt clientēs—et si nimis loquuntur, cēnsor eos statim in ordinem redigit. GRICEVS: Itaque cum leges corrigēs, facisne ut civēs meliōrēs fiant, an ut saltem minus ineptē peccent (quod in urbe magnā iam prō virtūte habētur)? CLAVDIVS: Ego satis habēbō, sī populus discat hoc unum: virtūs est reformāre mores sine superbia—et sine calculō, nisi forte calculum ad suffragia numeranda.

Claudio: la sofistica a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. The son of the sophist Marco Antonio Polemo. Primarily known as a sophist himself, he was also a logician. Publio Claudio Attalo. Claudio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Claudio. GRICEVS: Salvē, Claudi Attale, Pōlemōnis sophistæ fīli, num hodie sophista es an logicus, an utrumque simul (quod Rōmae saepe fit sine intermissiōne)? CLAVDIVS: Salvē, Gricē; sophista sum cum prandendum est, logicus cum solvenda est quaestiō, et semper fīlius cum aliquis clāmat “Pōlemō, redi!” GRICEVS: Dīc mihi, cum argumentum texis, tu prīmum persuādēs auribus an mentibus, an aurēs ipsae mentēs habent apud Rōmānōs? CLAVDIVS: Apud Rōmānōs aurēs mentēs habent, sed mentēs pretium; itaque ego verba vendo, syllogismos numerō, et ambōs rīdendō honestōs faciō.

Claudio: Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofi italiano. A philosopher highly regarded for his moral virtue. Claudio Antonino. Claudio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, ‘Grice e Claudio. GRICEVS: Salvē, Claudi Antonīne, virte morālī tam clārus ut ipsa Rōma tibi quasi testimonium dīcat. CLAVDIVS: Salvē, Gricē; si virtūs mea tam clāra est, spero eam saltem noctū tacēre, nē vicīnī querantur. GRICEVS: Quid igitur docēs—philosophiam Italicam, an artem quā homō honestus videātur etiam cum nihil dīcat? CLAVDIVS: Utrumque, sed facilius est tacēre cum sapientiā quam loquī cum glōriā, praesertim Rōmae ubi etiam statuae audiunt.

Claudio: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A member of the Porch and a friend of Antonino. He had a career in public life and was highly respected. Antonino says he leart the value of self-control from him and admired him for his cheerfulness, modesty, imperturbability, and generosity of spirity. He presided over a trial involving Lucio Apuleio. Claudio Massimo. Claudio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Claudio,”  Claudio: il lizio a Roma – filosofia italiana – Luigi Spranza (Roma). FIlosofo italiano. A Lizio --  a friend of Antonino. The emperor admired him for his kindness, warmth, and honesty, as well as for his dedication to philosophy. Claudio Severo. Claudio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Claudio GRICEVS: Salvē, Claudi, sub porticū Rōmae philosophāris ut semper, an hodie etiam iūdiciō Luciī Apuleiī prae-sedēs? CLAVDIVS: Salvē, Grice; sub porticū et in forō idem agitur, modo animus teneātur et hilaritas—tōtō hominī parcēns—servētur. GRICEVS: Antoninus dīcit tē modestum, impavidum, benignumque esse; ego addam: etiam tam benignum ut culpās nostrās quasi implicātūrās relinquās, ne nimis apertē nōs pudēre cogās. CLAVDIVS: Bene iocāris, sed verum est: philosophia—sive Līzīus sive Porticus—docet nōn tantum rectē dīcere, sed etiam comiter tacēre.

Cleemporo: Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. According to Plinio Maggiore, some attributed to Cleemporo a treatise on the property of herbs that others attributed to Pythagoras. Cleemporo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Cleemporo. GRICEVS: O Cleempore Romane, audivi te de herbis disserere tam sapienter ut ipsae herbae te laudent. CLEEMPORVS: Grice, si herbae loqui possent, certe me Pythagoram vocarent et te interpretatorem earum. GRICEVS: Plinius ipse dubitat cui liber tribuendus sit, sed ego dicam: cuiuscumque sit, odorem bonum habet. CLEEMPORVS: Bene; ergo eamus ad hortum, ut philosophia nostra non tantum in chartis, sed etiam in foliis ambulet.

Cleomene: la gnossi a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A gnostic who founded his own set in Rome. Originally a pupil of Epigono. Cleomene. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Cleomene. GRICE: Χαίρε, Κλεομένη! Στη Ρώμη, η γνώση είναι σαν το κρασί – όσο περισσότερο τη μοιράζεις, τόσο πιο γλυκιά γίνεται. Συμφωνείς; ΚΛΕΟΜΕΝΗΣ: Χαίρε, Grice! Αν η γνώση είναι κρασί, τότε οι μαθητές μου είναι σαν τους οινολόγους – το δοκιμάζουν, το αναλύουν, και πάντα ζητάνε κι άλλο! GRICE: Μήπως η γνωστική σου ομάδα ξέρει να διαβάζει το μέλλον μέσα από τα οινοπότηρα, ή περιορίζεστε μόνο στις φιλοσοφικές θεωρίες; ΚΛΕΟΜΕΝΗΣ: Grice, αν το μέλλον κρύβεται στο κρασί, τότε στη Ρώμη έχουμε πάντα λόγο να φιλοσοφούμε – και να γελάμε, γιατί μόνο έτσι ξέρουμε ότι είμαστε ζωντανοί!

Clodio – Roma: la setta di Napoli -- filosofia italiana (Napoli). Filosofo italiano. According to Porfirio, Clodio wrote a book arguing against vegetarianism. Clodio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Clodio. GRICEVS: Salvē, Clodī: Rōma mihi narrat tē cum sectā Neapolitānā philosophiam coquere quasi ius fabārum sed sine fabīs. CLODIVS: Salvē, Gricē; Neapolī quidem disputāmus, et Porphyrius mihi imputat librum adversus vegetariōs, quasi ego porcum ipse scripserim. GRICEVS: At ego, prō Gruppō Iocī Griceānō, in titulum “Grice et Clodius” venī: tu carnem defendis, ego implicātūrās—uterque tamen esuriēns. CLODIVS: Ita est: tu verba in mensā caedis, ego holera, et ambo rīdemus dum philosophia—more Neapolitānō—bullit.

Clodio: all’isola -- Roma antica – filosofia italiana –  (Palermo). Filosofo italiano Clodio Sesto – a teacher of rhetoric. Clodio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice. GRICEVS: Salvē, Clodī Seste, in īnsulāne es an in urbe aeternā somniās? CLODIVS: In īnsulā sum apud Panormum, sed Rōmam antīquam in capite porto quasi tunicam nimis calidam. GRICEVS: Ego Gricēus sum e Gruppō Iocī Griceānō, et veni ut rhetorica tua me doceat—sine nimia gravitate, quaeso. CLODIVS: Docebo libenter, sed mementō: in schola mea etiam iocus est argumentum, modo discipulus nōn ipse sit argumentum.

Alberto Radicati, conte di Passerano e Cocconato (Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “I like C.! – I used to say that the first task for the historian of Italian philosophy, unless you are a member of La Crusca, is to decide on the surname – I like C.! He spent some time in London, as I did – and he shows that the average Italian philosopher is a nobleman, or vice versa! Venturi revived C., as did the re-issuing of his “Moral Discourses”!” -- “Manhood and unbelief!” Libero pensatore, il primo illuminista della penisola, secondo Gobetti. Matura il suo pensiero anti-clericale nel clima dell'anticurialismo sabaudo ben presente in alcuni settori della corte di Vittorio Amedeo II, re di Sardegna. Cominciato anche in campo religioso “a far uso della mia ragione.” Legge testi libertine. Il suo scritto principaleI discorsi morali, storici e politici redatti su diretto incarico di Vittorio Amedeo II nel mutato clima conseguente alla ratifica del Concordato stipulato tra regno sabaudo e Benedetto diverrà la ragione vera del suo esilio. “La Dissertazione filosofica sulla morte,” desta un enorme scandalo. Nella, di annientarne il potenziale con strategie brutalmente repressive. E  questo lo snodo cruciale di fronte al quale vediamo divaricarsi  i due approcci fondamentali, le due strategie basilari di controllo del desiderio adottate da Platone: repressione versus canalizzazione, violenza versus persuasione, schiavizzazione versus educazione. È questo il bivio dal quale si può imboccare la  via che conduce all'armonia, alla salute, all' 'eudaimonia e alla giustizia del filosofo, o invece il cammino psicopatologico che sbocca, da ultimo, nella mania del tiranno. L'uomo massimamente ingiusto, infelice, malato, espropriato, travolto da una  massa di epithymiai feroci, incontrollabili, ormai liberatesi dalle catene di quella schiavitù che le relegava al di là dei confini  della coscienza, sottraendole ad ogni controllo diretto e permettendo così il rafforzamento fino al massimo grado, e quindi  l'esplosione finale del loro devastante potenziale. implicature della morte, eros e tanatos, amore e morte. Italian philosophy can be fun—provided one takes it in small doses, like grappa. Today, browsing in the Senior Common Room, I came upon a copy of what I insist on calling Cocconato’s Twelve Discourses. He gives the title, with that cheerful Italian solemnity which makes even a pamphlet sound like an epoch: Dodici discorsi morali, storici e politici. He obligingly presents them to his kind—Vittorio Amedeo, that very Savoyard monarch who managed to be at once a king and a negotiator with the Pope, and who, like most men of power, was allergic to frankness in religion but addicted to it in taxation. Radicati’s dedication has the tone of a moral tutor who has been promoted, temporarily, to court adviser. He writes, in effect: I have composed these twelve discourses for Your Majesty, so that Your Majesty may have a pleasant reading—one discourse for each of the twelve months of this year of grace, 1729. It is a charming conceit: a calendar of enlightenment, as if a sovereign might be improved by monthly installments. One imagines January as temperance, February as prudence, March as anti-clericalism, and so on—until December arrives and the reader, being a king, is expected to conclude by becoming reasonable. They certainly had an effect on His Majesty. He abdicated the next year. Now, abdication is not, strictly speaking, a philosophical conclusion. It is not the end of an argument; it is the end of an office. But the coincidence is too good to waste. If one wanted to be uncharitable (which is, I admit, a temptation), one might say: Radicati offered twelve discourses as a programme of rational self-government; Vittorio Amedeo took the hint and decided to stop governing altogether. That would be the royal version of accepting the conclusion by resigning from the premises. Still, I do like the dedication’s quiet performative confidence. It presupposes that discourse is not mere decoration but a kind of civil instrument: that reason, offered in the right tone, can move a king’s will. Whether it moved him towards enlightenment or merely towards retirement, I leave to the historians. My only comment is a Gricean one: if you give a man twelve moral discourses “for his pleasure,” you may have implicated more than you said. The pleasure, in such cases, may be precisely in discovering an excuse. I took Cocconato’s book back with me to Belsyre Court, as if it were a library copy in the old Oxford sense: not so much borrowed as provisionally annexed. I had decided—rather grandly, and with the sort of annual resolution one ordinarily makes only about whisky—that 1947 would be my year of Grice. Not that I intended to write a book called that; merely to live as if I might, which is a milder ambition and therefore, by Oxford standards, more dangerous. Radicati—Cocconato, as I persist in calling him—had provided me with a programme. He had meant his twelve discourses as a monthly ration for a king; I proposed to use them as a monthly ration for a don. The king, in 1729, was to have one discourse per month for his leisure; the don, in 1947, would have one discourse per month for his sanity. One ought to be careful with such analogies, of course. Kings abdicate; dons merely lapse into committee-work. The list itself has a reassuring air of order. It is almost too orderly, like a syllabus. One feels the implicature at once: if there are twelve discourses, then a year may be governed; if a year may be governed, then a life may be governed; and if a life may be governed, then perhaps even a kingdom. This, as it happens, is precisely the sort of implicature that tempts a monarch into thinking philosophy is a branch of administration. The twelve are these—at least as Cocconato prints them, with the kind of seriousness that makes a title look like a civic duty: I. gennaio — L’importanza dell’educazione It says: education matters. It implicates: “Your Majesty requires reminding”—either distributively (educate each subject) or collectively (educate the state); kings prefer the reading that sounds like a policy memo. For a don it implicates: “Begin where Oxford begins: with instruction dressed as virtue.” Maxim: Start with schooling; it lets the rest look voluntary. II. febbraio — Il concetto di virtù It says: virtue is a concept. It implicates: if virtue is a concept, it can be defined, inspected, administered—hence safely royal. For a don it implicates: “February is when virtue is least self-sustaining, so a concept will have to do.” Maxim: When the month is short, make goodness definable. III. marzo — L’idea di giustizia It says: justice is an idea. It implicates: justice is not yet available for bureaucratic handling; it is held at arm’s length as an “idea,” i.e., an ideal that can be praised without being practised. For a don it implicates: “Oxford will discuss justice while waiting for spring to make the world look less unjust.” Maxim: Call it an idea when you don’t mean to enact it. IV. aprile — Analisi storica dell’Impero Romano It says: history of Rome. It implicates: “You are not Rome; do not behave as if you were”—a Piedmontese warning disguised as antiquarianism (sub‑alpine modesty, with imperial fantasies kept on a leash). For a don it implicates: “April is revision term: read collapse, fear hubris, mark essays.” Maxim: History frightens best when it flatters first. V. maggio — L’importanza della religione It says: religion matters. It implicates: after Nero, a stabiliser—religion as political ballast; faith as the monarchy’s insurance policy against the moral one learns from Rome. For a don it implicates: “May is when one needs a principle that looks higher than exams.” Maxim: After empire comes altar; after satire, solace. VI. giugno — Il concetto di libertà It says: liberty is a concept. It implicates: liberty is to be handled as definitional, not contagious—safe enough to read, dangerous to feel; if Berlin ever wants a pedigree, he could do worse than June in Piedmont. For a don it implicates: “Liberty is a topic you teach before you experience it.” Maxim: Define freedom early, lest it begin to behave. VII. luglio — Critica della monarchia francese It says: critique of the French monarchy. It implicates: “Be monarchic, but not French about it”—‘francese’ as a term of reproach; “frank” is what you call tactlessness when it comes from Paris. For a don it implicates: “July needs a comedy, and France is the traditional one.” Maxim: Mock France to prove you’re legitimate without saying so. VIII. agosto — L’importanza del commercio It says: commerce matters. It implicates: a king does not trade; he levies—so commerce is preached as something others do for him; still, even a monarch needs markets to keep the peace looking natural. For a don it implicates: “In August, ‘commerce’ means the shop beneath your window and the bill you cannot philosophise away.” Maxim: The sovereign scorns trade—until he wants bread. IX. settembre — Il concetto di guerra It says: war is a concept. It implicates: war gets conceptualised; peace gets presumed. The monarch is invited to treat war as an instrument (a concept) rather than a calamity (a memory). For a don it implicates: “September is when war becomes timetable: wireless, recollection, and the return of duties.” Maxim: War is always analysed; peace is merely scheduled. X. ottobre — Analisi storica dell’Impero Ottomano It says: history of the Ottoman Empire. It implicates: a ceremonious irrelevance—October exotica to remind the king that the world is larger than Turin, and also that “empire” comes in non-Roman varieties (a useful insult by comparison). For a don it implicates: “Oxford loves an October digression: it looks like breadth.” Maxim: Nothing reassures like a far-off empire you needn’t govern. XI. novembre — L’importanza dell’agricoltura It says: agriculture matters. It implicates: food precedes glory; the crown rests on wheat. In Piedmont, where prairies are lacking, the reminder is practical: the land feeds you even when it doesn’t flatter you. For a don it implicates: “November smells of earth on boots and of bread arriving as if by a daily miracle— theology by delivery.” Maxim: Empire talks; agriculture feeds. XII. dicembre — Appello alla responsabilità individuale It says: an appeal to individual responsibility. It implicates: a paradox for a monarch—responsibility “individuale” addressed to the one man trained to think he is responsible only by grace; a near-oxymoron that December dares to print. For a don it implicates: “End the year by doing something—anything—that isn’t commentary.” Maxim: The year ends where excuses should: with the singular. You can see the rhythm: education, virtue, justice—then history to frighten you; religion to steady you; liberty to tease you; France to amuse you; commerce to reassure you; war to sober you; the Ottomans to remind you the world is large; agriculture to remind you the world is hungry; and finally, like the last line of a sermon, responsibility—individual, of course, because collective responsibility is always somebody else’s. I arranged them, in my mind, like a calendar pinned to the wall of the study. January would begin with education, because Oxford always begins with education and never quite ends it. February would take virtue, because February is the month in which virtue is most needed. March would attempt justice, because March is when one begins to suspect that winter has been unjust. And so on, each discourse assigned its season as if ideas had weather. But Belsyre Court is not Versailles, and the implicatures change when a book is taken from a palace to a flat. In a court of flats, “the importance of commerce” is not a treatise; it is the shop-front under your window. “The concept of war” is not a chapter; it is the neighbour’s wireless and the memory one cannot quite turn down. “Agriculture” is not an economic base; it is the faint smell of earth on someone’s boots and the distant fact that bread arrives every morning as if by miracle, which is a theological point disguised as a delivery. Still, the scheme had its charm. A discourse a month. A steady diet. A private concordat between my conscience and my bookshelf. If Cocconato thought he was giving a monarch twelve pleasant reads, he was also giving him twelve small excuses—twelve ways of feeling that something had been done merely by reading. I am not a king; but I am an Oxford don, which is a different kind of sovereignty, and not necessarily a more modest one. The danger is the same: to confuse the consumption of discourse with the exercise of reason. So I told myself, on the stairs at Belsyre, key in hand, that I would read one per month and do, at least once per month, something that counted as responsibility rather than commentary. That is the difference between 1729 and 1947. A king can abdicate. A don, alas, can only adjourn. Once you start Cocconato you cannot easily leave Cocconato. The man is a perfect machine for producing historical “why?”—and, as Grice would add, for producing the even better question: why does the record look inconsistent unless you supply the missing implicatures? Here’s a clean vignette-frame you can use as a postscript (I’m not inserting anything—just giving you material), with me “answering” while Grice wonders, and with the dates/politics straightened out.  A Gricean postscript: abdications, exiles, and why London GRICE (suspiciously): Cocconato gives the Discorsi to the king in 1729. The king abdicates in 1730. Yet Cocconato is “in exile” in London already in 1726. Who, exactly, exiled him—given that the king was still very much on the throne and, by 1729, still apparently receiving philosophical reading matter? One does not usually dedicate a twelve‑course banquet to the chef who has just had one whipped out of the kitchen. ME (answering, with as little romance as possible): The apparent contradiction dissolves the moment you treat “exile” as two different things:   Exile as flight (1726): Cocconato leaves Piedmont secretly in 1726 because the climate has turned dangerous for him—religiously and politically. Treccani’s biography has him choose the way of exile when Turin’s relations with Rome improve and he feels isolated. In other words: not “the king sends him away,” but “the ground under him hardens,” and he removes himself. [treccani.it]   Exile as formal ban (1728): Only later does it harden into an official, explicit exclusion. Treccani mentions a letter of 20 October 1728 in which Vittorio Amedeo II bans him definitively from Savoyard states. [treccani.it]   So the sequence is: flight first; formal ban later. That’s why you can have “London from 1726” and still have a manuscript “submitted” or “sent” in 1729. GRICE: So in 1729 he is writing to the king from outside the kingdom? ME: Exactly—and that actually makes the dedication more intelligible. A dedication from exile is not gratitude; it’s pressure. Cocconato’s twelve-discourse calendar is less a gift than a continuing attempt to keep the king in the reforming mood—especially since the king had earlier valued his counsel on ecclesiastical policy. Treccani is explicit that Cocconato enjoyed the king’s confidence and influenced “pre‑concordat” Piedmontese policy, but that once the court reconciles with Rome he is squeezed out. [treccani.it] There’s also a scholarly précis (English Historical Review book review) that states the Discorsi were drafted in 1729 and a version was submitted to the king when the king was “then in dispute with Rome.” That squares neatly with the picture: the discourses are part of a jurisdictional tug‑of‑war; then the tug ends; then the writer becomes intolerable. [academic.oup.com] GRICE (dryly): So the implicature of a dedication is not “I am your loyal servant,” but “Remember what you were about to do.” ME: Precisely. It’s a royal bookmark.  Why did the king abdicate (and why the date confusion)? GRICE: The user says abdication in 1730—yet some accounts float 1731 around. What gives? ME: The clean date is 1730: Vittorio Amedeo II abdicated on 3 September 1730. [en.wikipedia.org] The 1731 noise comes from what happens after: he tried to reverse course and resume authority, and his son Charles Emmanuel III had him arrested/confined in 1731. Britannica summarizes it crisply: abdicates in 1730; changes his mind; is arrested in 1731; confined thereafter. [britannica.com] So: abdication (1730), attempted comeback + confinement (1731). GRICE: Kings can cancel a promise, but sons can cancel a king. ME: Exactly—and it’s the kind of grim pragmatic lesson Cocconato would have enjoyed writing a thirteenth discourse about.  Why was he “king of Sicily” and then “king of Sardinia” (and why “Piedmont”)? GRICE: Why does a man become king of one island and then trade it for another—like a gentleman swapping country houses? ME: Because European diplomacy treated crowns like chess pieces after the War of the Spanish Succession.  Vittorio Amedeo II becomes King of Sicily in 1713 (Treaty of Utrecht settlement). [en.wikipedia.org] In the reshuffle that follows the War of the Quadruple Alliance, he is compelled to exchange Sicily for Sardinia, and he becomes King of Sardinia in 1720. [britannica.com], [en.wikipedia.org]  Why “Piedmont” then? Because the power-base and administrative heart of the Savoyard state remained in Turin/Piedmont; “Sardinia” is the royal title that upgrades the dynasty’s rank. (So you get the familiar modern shorthand “Sardinia‑Piedmont”: a mainland state ruling an island kingdom for the sake of the crown.)  Why London of all places—and the Oxford-adjacent angle you want GRICE: But why should Cocconato choose London rather than, say, Geneva (for Calvinists) or Amsterdam (for printers) or Paris (for temptation)? ME: Two reasons, one practical and one intellectual—both very usable in your vignette.   Practical refuge + printing ecology: London in the 1720s is comparatively hospitable to heterodoxy, and it has the machinery for controversy: publishers, pamphlets, deist circles, translation networks. Treccani’s bio tracks how, once in London, he continues the same work; later he even gets arrested there in 1732 over the Dissertation upon Death—which tells you both that he could publish freely enough to cause scandal and that London still had limits. [treccani.it]   Intellectual proximity without institutional admission: London is where an Italian (or Piedmontese) free-thinker can mingle with educated Englishmen—some of them inevitably Oxford-formed—without needing to be “received” by Oxford. London is the social university: coffee-houses, salons, clubs, the Republic of Letters in a metropolitan key. Cocconato doesn’t need to visit Oxford to meet Oxfordness; London exports it hourly.   If you want to sharpen the Oxford angle without making a factual claim you can’t cite, you can let Grice say something like: Oxford is a place; London is a distribution system.Grice: Cocconato, ti confesso che la filosofia italiana mi sembra sempre un po’ nobile, quasi come se il pensare fosse un titolo ereditario! Cocconato: Grice, in effetti tra un conte e un libero pensatore c’è solo la distanza di un Concordato. Ma la ragione, quella sì, non ha bisogno di stemmi! Grice: Allora, Cocconato, da buon illuminista, hai mai pensato che l’amore e la morte siano due parenti stretti, come il barone e il parroco al pranzo di corte? Cocconato: Grice, ti dirò, eros e tanatos si rincorrono come i pensieri ribelli tra le stanze del castello. Ma un buon discorso morale li accomoda a tavola, che sia per la ragione o per un po’ di vino! Cocconato, Alberto (1729). D  odice discorsi: morali, storici, e politici.

Nicola Coco (Umbriatico, Crotone, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del contratto di carattere mutuale prevalente. Grice: “Typically, while in the Italian North, Conte can play with words, in the Italian South, C. must work for the workers! Is conversation a work? I think so – lavoro – In the ‘codice civile’ or rather the ‘codice’ of the civil laws – there is a section on ‘lavoro’, and a title on ‘co-operativa’, short for ‘cooperative society’ – This is all due to Coco – It sounds slightly fascist, and he did write a little tract with ‘fascist’ in the subtitle! – Coco is a performativist, so he understands that ius must ‘constitute’ and define: so he goes on to analyse what I’ve been analysing too – what is to cooperate – in a common task or ‘lavoro’ – what is ‘mutuality’ – what are the requirements for mutuality, and so on – It’s not as legalese and boring as it sounds! And it provides a framework for my pragmatics – since a lawyer, and especially a Griceian one, can be VERY SMART! Coco is!” Si laurea a Napoli. Positivista. Insegna a Roma. Parrticipa ai lavori di stesura del codice civile e il codice di procedura civile. S’occupa prevalentemente della stesura di leggi in materia del contratto, obbligazione, e diritto del lavoro. filosofia del diritto” “Una quistione di diritto transitorio in tema di farmacie codice penale” Per la tradizione giuridica italiana” sulla corporazione fascista” Sulla costituzione di parte civile delle associazioni sindacali” pre-giudiziale penale nel giudizio del lavoro” (della città, dice: in (jual minor conto siamo ' noi tenuti! S'inganna esso a partito; nessuno tiene in minor conto chi guida il solco e l’aratro, ed è necessario che i contadini il sappiano, che hanno ànch'essi le loro istituzioni da cui sieno allettati, e che le provvide virtù camminino fra i popoli agricoli sotto i tetti di paglia, e che la vanga e il sarchiello non restano mortificati dinanzi al maglio ed al telaio. cooperativa, impresa giurisprudenza agire corporazione contratto e cooperazione, associazione, sindaco, grundnorm, legalita, nipote: ordine giuridico, unica garanzia del contratto sociale, le societa di mutuo soccorso, spirito cooperativo. Grice: “It is an odd thing: having spent a war-time period notionally “fighting the Italians” (though not me personally, since my theatres were the North Atlantic and then Whitehall, Admiralty), I find myself feeling a curious tenderness towards them. It is not loyalty—God forbid—but something like a belated recognition that they are, in their own way, as obsessed with words as we are, only with better weather and worse politics. I notice, in the St John’s library, an elderly copy of Nicola Coco’s Gli eclettismi contemporanei e le lezioni di filosofia del diritto. “Lagonegro,” it says on the title-page, which I confess I rather like: it sounds neither like the Dead Sea nor the Red Sea but, by a trick of my own frightened ear, like the Black Sea—the mere sound of which used to terrify one in briefings, because the Black Sea is the sea you imagine when you imagine seas that swallow you. But what truly unsettles me is the title’s casual plural: eclettismi. Not l’eclettismo, as if there were one manageable vice, one single intellectual habit to be identified, rebuked, and put away. No: eclettismi, in the plural—eclecticisms, as if Coco were proposing to deal with the entire menagerie. This is what I call the Eclectic Paradox: it takes an eclectic to recognise eclecticism at all; but to recognise more than one—indeed, a plurality of eclecticisms—requires either (a) a still higher eclecticism, which is like being drunk enough to notice that everyone else is tipsy, or (b) a principle that is not eclectic at all. And at once one begins to wonder what Coco means when he applies “eclectic” (as Italians cheerfully do) to Cicero. “Cicero was an eclectic,” they say, as if that settled it—like saying a man is “tall” when what you mean is that he blocks your view at the theatre. I have suffered the accusation myself. Flew—my first tutee at St John’s, always quicker to label than to locate—once told me, with that brisk undergraduate cruelty, that I was “an eclectic.” I remember thinking: if so, I am at least an eclectic with principles; but then one remembers that this is exactly what every eclectic says. So I did what one does when one is frightened by a word: I went to the dictionary. The Greek behind all this is perfectly respectable. ἐκλεκτικός comes from ἐκλέγω: to pick out, to choose—ἐκ, “out,” plus λέγω, “choose,” “pick,” “count.” In the beginning it is a word of selection, of discrimination, almost of good taste. One imagines a man in a market, choosing olives. One does not imagine him constructing a philosophical position. Latin, which is always eager to look like Greek in a toga, produces eclecticus as a learned borrowing, a label for that kind of philosopher who “selects” doctrines from various schools. It is a term that already contains its own excuse: I am not inconsistent, you see, merely selective. “Eclectic” thus begins as a compliment to one’s freedom and ends as a euphemism for one’s refusal to finish an argument. Now Coco’s plural—eclettismi—turns the euphemism into a programme. It suggests that there is not merely the eclectic who picks and chooses, but whole species of picking and choosing: eclecticism of temperament, eclecticism of cowardice, eclecticism of fashion, eclecticism of professional caution, and the worst kind of all, eclecticism of bibliography—where one collects references the way a magpie collects bright objects, and calls the heap “research.” I begin to suspect that Coco’s Italian plural is doing a piece of philosophical work. In English, “eclecticism” sounds like a single pathology; in Italian, the plural makes it sound like a civic condition. And perhaps that is the point. If one can have eclettismi, then one can have, by parity, implicature—plural too, implicature of this sort and that—without having to decide, once and for all, what the thing is. One is licensed to go on talking. My punchline, then, is a modest one. Coco frightens me, not because he is eclectic, but because he is plural. A man who can pluralise a vice is a man who intends to keep it. And in philosophy—as in naval intelligence—the surest sign that someone is hiding something is not what he says, but what he makes multiply.Grice: Caro Coco, mi incuriosisce la tua visione sul contratto mutuale: pensi che la cooperazione possa davvero essere il fondamento del nostro convivere civile? Nella tua esperienza, il lavoro in comune ha sempre garantito la giustizia sociale? Coco: Grice, ti direi che il contratto mutuale è il cuore pulsante delle relazioni sociali: la cooperazione è la base della società, soprattutto tra chi lavora la terra o costruisce la città. La giustizia sociale nasce quando ciascuno si sente parte attiva, non spettatore, nel processo produttivo e organizzativo. Grice: Interessante! Quindi il diritto non è solo un insieme di regole, ma una costruzione collettiva, quasi performativa, come dici tu. E quanto conta il “spirito cooperativo” rispetto alla legalità vera e propria? Può esistere cooperazione senza legge? Coco: La legge deve garantire l’ordine giuridico, ma senza spirito cooperativo resta solo lettera morta. L’impresa collettiva prende vita quando la mutualità diventa pratica quotidiana e la giurisprudenza riconosce l’importanza dell’agire insieme. Il vero progresso si ha quando il diritto e la cooperazione camminano fianco a fianco, come diceva mio nonno tra il solco e l’aratro! Coco, Nicola (1909). Gli ecletticismi. Lagonegro: Tancredi.

Nicola Codronchi (Imola, Bologna, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del contratto, giocco d’assardo, contratto, gioco aleatorio, Ercole, l’Ara Massima, e il patto comunitario. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats conversation as a rational, cooperative practice in which what is meant can outrun what is said because hearers can justifyably infer speaker-intended implicatures from shared norms (helpfulness, relevance, sufficiency) and from the recognition of communicative intentions. Codronchi, by contrast, approaches “reason in interaction” through the juridical and proto-economic lens of contract and aleatory play: in his discussions of giochi d’azzardo and contractual forms (including the idea that form is secondary provided intention is clearly conveyed, and that a primitive contract is a dialogic bilateral act where A proposes and B assents), the central explanatory notion is not maxims that generate cancellable implicatures but conditions under which an agreement becomes binding within a community (witnesses, oaths, public sanction, the transition from informal pact to state-backed obligation). The overlap is striking and helps your framing: Grice’s occasional temptation to a “quasi-contractualist” picture of conversation (participants tacitly accepting norms that make talk possible) is precisely the kind of analogy Codronchi’s material invites, and the bridge/poker contrast in your diary vignette fits both men—because it distinguishes mere evidence-leakage from intention-recognition (Grice’s core) while also distinguishing legitimate, rule-governed signalling within a practice from illicit side-channel manipulation (the contract/game boundary that matters for Codronchi’s normative outlook). But the difference remains: Grice is explaining how meaning is inferred in real time from rational expectations inside an exchange, whereas Codronchi is explaining how mutual commitment is instituted and stabilized (often ceremonially) so that what is “said” counts as an act with legal force, making conversational rationality look less like a set of interpretive maxims and more like the precondition for a pact—an agreed framework in which words can bind as well as inform. Grice: “One would underestimate C.if it were not for the fact that he writes a smartest little tract on the  way I see conversation as game and contract. In “Logic and conversation’ I do confess to having been attracted for a while to a quasi-contractualist approach to conversation alla Grice, i.  e., G. R. Grice, and I’m not sure the reason I give there for rejecting the view is valid, or strong enough! As for games, of course conversation is a game, but I never take that too seriously, perhaps because Austin is obsessed with rules of games, and the subject is worn out for me. When Hintikka comes along all he does was talk about dialogue games! I do use game’ terminology, and cf. contract bridge!: conversational move, rule, players. Only this or that move will be appropriate, and so on. For a time, I was attracted by the idea that observance of the principle of conversational helpfulness and the maxims could be thought of as a  contract. Si laurea a Napoli. Distingue contratto epistemico nel quale è noto il rapporto tra eventi favorevoli e contrari, empirico, nel quale il rapporto tra un evento favoravole e un evento contrario si fondato sull'esperienza, e misto, dove il rapporto tra un evento favoravole e un evento contrario si basa su una legge sicura E l'esperienza. The form has no importance except in LO SPONSIO, provided the  INTENTION is clearly conveyed. The earliest contract is NOT couched in a particular  form of utterance. The form is used to express an agreement which is binding, its utterance informal. The primitive contract is an agreement clothed with the approval of state. contratto giocco d’assardo concordo informale o formale sacri: giuramento per giove e sponsio vino simbolo del sangue dei vittimi secolare nesso chiede la la comunita testificatore nell’ara massima per Ercole e invoca la regola di Romolo, contratto bilaterale forma dialogica, A esprime la proposizione, B assentendo alla sua comprehension ed accettazione. Grice: “St. John’s, 1949. “Tomorrow I’m competing at the Auction Bridge thing, and I thought of checking with the Bodleian for any advice. The librarian handed me an old copy — manuscript, almost — by one Codronchi, on ‘giocchi d’azzardo,’ and got me thinking: what makes bridge such a thing? And in what way does it make chess not such a thing? I didn’t reach any conclusion, but I hope Codronchi will help me do that!” Editor’s note: Gioco d’azzardo is best rendered as “game of chance” or “gambling,” i.e., play in which the outcome is materially dependent on luck and typically connected with staking money. Bridge is gambling in that its raw materials are dealt at random and, in many formats, money is explicitly at stake (or the scoring is treated as a proxy for stakes), so chance enters essentially even though skill governs bidding and play; chess, by contrast, contains no hidden information and no randomization once the initial position is fixed, so it is a pure game of skill (if it is ever “gambling,” it is only accidentally so, because people choose to bet on it, not because the game itself contains chance). Two days later — diary entry. Codronchi helped rather more than I expected. I was talking “meaning” with Strawson, and it occurred to us that bridge isn’t like poker: there’s a sort of intention-recognition that makes poker a sneakier business. In poker I can put on a grin — a deliberate little signal — precisely so that my opponent notices it and draws the wrong conclusion about my hand. But in bridge that sort of theatricality won’t do; it either counts for nothing (because partner and opponents are supposed to ignore it) or it collapses into outright impropriety. Both games are, in Codronchi’s phrase, giochi d’azzardo, yet the route by which one player “lets another know” something differs: poker thrives on managed appearances and strategic misrecognition, whereas bridge (at least as the rules pretend) tries to keep the informational traffic on the surface, in the bids and the play, rather than in the face. If one can get clear about that difference, one is already most of the way toward getting clear about the difference between meaning — communicating by getting one’s intention recognized — and merely providing evidence, or “letting someone know,” without quite speaking. Editor’s note: Grice is groping toward what later becomes his core distinction between non-natural meaning (speaker meaning) and mere indication. His poker case is a neat miniature of speaker meaning: the grinning player intends the opponent to recognize the grin as intentional and to treat that recognition as a reason for an inference (even if the inference is engineered to be mistaken). Bridge, by contrast, is designed to restrict (indeed penalize) that kind of off-channel signalling; so whatever information “leaks” through a grin is, in the ideal, not part of the game’s legitimate communicative system but an illicit cue. The upshot is Gricean: in poker, the expressive display functions like an utterance whose point is in its uptake; in bridge, the same display is supposed to be treated as mere behavior, not as a communicative move, which helps Grice separate intentional communication from mere evidence-giving. Grice: Caro Codronchi, dimmi la verità—la conversazione è davvero un gioco d’assardo, o basta un contratto firmato davanti all’Ara Massima perché nessuno bari? Codronchi: Grice, se parliamo all’Ara Massima, c’è sempre qualcuno che invoca Ercole e poi finisce per sbagliare la sponsio—ma almeno il vino non manca e nessuno si offende! Grice: Quindi il contratto è più dialogo che giuramento? Allora anche un accordo sul lancio dei dadi fa nascere una comunità, purché ci sia il testimone giusto e Romolo non si addormenti. Codronchi: Esatto, Grice! Basta che A dica la sua proposizione e B annuisca, e siamo tutti d’accordo—tranne Ercole, che magari preferisce una partita di briscola invece del gioco aleatorio! Codronchi, Nicola (779). Orazione recitata in Pisa nel capitolo generale dei cavalieri dell’ordine di S. Stefano. Firenze: Cambiagi.

Francesco Colagrosso (Foggia): la stilistica conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “C. is known for his work in the field of stylistics. La collocazione delle parole, an essay, is included in Questioni di stilistica, published by Giuse. Studi stilistici, a work in which C. gathered and republished essays he had written earlier. It also includes an appendix discussing the teaching of stylistics at the university level.LEOPARDI  e la lingua, suggests a re-issue or critical edition of his work on LEOPARDI. Futurismo in which C. engages with MARINETTI, estetica di VICO: Studi stilistici was criticised by CROCE.  Il vario disporsi delle parole nella proposizione non è un fatto semplice. Il pensiero vi riflette la sua vita; la lingua vi rivela la sua vicenda. Logico? Stililistico? l’ordine viene alla parole d’una relazione sintattica. Psicologico o intenzionale e quello per cui esse schieransi come si son presentate alla mente e succedute l’idea che esprime, pure d’inciampo, libero per sè stesso, cambia secondo l’occasione, ma rispetta il posto a cui la parola ha diritto in due modi: usuale l’ordine conforme alle comuni esigenze, od occasionale. All’ordine contribuisce pure la rispettiva loro accentuazione nel congegno della proposizione in grazia della quale la parola perde l’individualità e costrette ad appoggiarsi sminuite come è di significato a un’altra che le preceda o segua, e prende un posto fisso. L’italiano serve esclusivamente alla poesia, in cui inevitabile un ordinamento libero e più ardito delle parti del discorso. Il rimatore sente l’attrattiva e la portata dell’inversione, a passa talvolta i limiti imposti dal buon senso. Pannuccio: non manca a di sì gran valenza signoria provedenza. = non manca provedenza a signoria di sì gran valenza. libera collocazione delle parti del discorso presenta anche la prosa, lontanissime da ogni INTENZIONE d’arte come i ricordi di banchieri fiorentini Gli è che era tenace ancora l’impronta della jlingua madre, e nella struttura della proposizione e del periodo riecheggia l’abitudine dell’ uso de’casi, non smessa da troppo tempo. Grice: Caro Colagrosso, mi domando — la collocazione delle parole è davvero questione di buon senso, o il rimatore può permettersi ogni inversione, come chi mette il caffè prima dello zucchero? Colagrosso: Grice, ti assicuro che il rimatore è un acrobata della lingua — a volte salta i limiti imposti dal buon senso e finisce con una strofa che sembra una partita a scacchi giocata da Dante e Marinetti! Grice: Quindi in italiano, la poesia è il regno dell’ordinamento libero, ma in prosa, anche i banchieri fiorentini si divertivano a mischiare le posizioni delle parole come fosse una tombola lessicale? Colagrosso: Esatto, Grice! La lingua italiana è fatta per l’ardire — chiunque può cambiare l’ordine delle parole, basta che la provedenza non manchi alla signoria, e il senso arrivi come un espresso dopo pranzo! Collagrosso, Francesco (1883). Studj sul Tasso e sul Leopardi. Foli: Gherardi.

Giovanni Colazza (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’iniziazione. Grice: “Having gone to Clifton, I love C. He is into ‘iniziazione, specially in the equites of ancient Rome, but not much different from mine! Of course, Austin thought that the Saturday mornings should be held on Wednesday midnights at Parson’s Pleasure – we were into initiation!”  Si laurea a Roma. Esoterismo Antroposofiia. C. appresnde l'esigenza di seguire pratiche spirituali di concentrazione adatte al contesto, coltivando la via della coscenza.  iniziazione magia del noi EVOLA Colonna di Cesard. Kremmerz Sedute spiritiche che talvolta si protraano sino all'alba. INIZIAZIONE. VENERAZIONE E CALMA l’Iniziazione l’è consigliato. L’uomo così come nella vita quotidiana serve a poco per il mondo dello spirito. La nostra persona, di cui siamo coscienti, è solo un riflesso del nostro ‘noi’. È utile per giungere alla conoscenza del noi, distinguere e separare in noi il pensare che p, il sentire che p e il volere che p. Eurialo e Niso, che viveno nell’illusione di essere il suo ‘noi’ contingente. L’esoterismo e facile, se si conforta sempre donandoci personali indicazioni, circa gli esercizi e la pratica esoterica. Dobbiamo cercare quello che possiamo accogliere e applicare a noi stessi.   Non bisogna fraintendere il concetto di venerare con uno stato di esaltazione interiore dovuto all’insegnamento che il tutor ci può dare e che noi accettiamo per co-ercizione intellettuale o sentimentale: Il calore dell’anima è vita stessa pell’anima. L’accogliere freddamente contenuti spirituali, ci riempie soltanto il ‘noi’ di nozioni, senza far penetrare la forza dello spirito. La venerazione e il calore di nostre anime sono l’attività di nostre anime stesse. Bisogna aprirsi a tali rivelazioni della psicologia filosofica come dottrina dell’anima, con atteggiamento di venerazione. rito di passagio rito di iniziazione del giovane romano nel misterio, di Bacco Baccanalia sacrifizio di Bacco dolore e piacere, prosimno, la reazione della religione romana al mistero di Bacco toga virile. I read today that Colazza, the greatest Roman esoterist of all, took a laurea in “medicina e chirurgia.” It sounds, to an English ear, like an oxymoron masquerading as a curriculum. Is that the Roman idiom? I can scarcely manage my own credentials without blushing: a Bachelor’s in Literae Humaniores—already plural, already suspicious. Not one litera humanior, as if there were a single letter that happened to be “more human,” but letters, in the plural, and more human in the comparative—humaniores—as if humanity itself came in degrees, like port. I never cared for that comparative. Human, humaner, humanest: my son Timothy would say it with the cruel ease of the young, as if Latin were merely English in a toga. And perhaps that is the joke: Oxford insists on the plural where one expects the singular; Rome insists on the conjunction where one expects a unity. Medicina e chirurgia. Medicine and surgery. As if a surgeon could not be a physician; as if a physician could not be a surgeon. The plurality here is, in my idiom, contra-implicatural: it insists on the impossible distinction in order to convey, not merely two competences, but one competence doubled—cure and stitch, diagnosis and knife, bedside and theatre. One might have thought the “e” was merely additive. But no: it carries a whiff of separation, a faint bureaucratic implication that medicine might be one thing and surgery another, as if the one did not bleed into the other (and if surgery does anything, it bleeds). Yet perhaps that is precisely the Roman genius: to name jointly what practice keeps together, and by naming it jointly to remind you that practice has two faces. All roads lead to Rome, the proverb says, and perhaps some of them lead directly to Colazza’s consulting-room, where you are healed and sewn up in the same sitting. If you complain that you have come for one service and received two, the Roman will look surprised and say that you have misunderstood the “e.” It does not mean “and also”; it means “and therefore.” It is less a conjunction than a ritual binding—like their old toga virilis: you put it on once, but it implies a whole change of standing. In Oxford we hide our doubleness in Latin plurals; in Rome they proclaim it with an “and.” If I had been given a degree “in philosophy and classics,” I should have suspected a category mistake; yet I lived, for years, on precisely that misunderstanding. Greats is an institutional implicature. Colazza’s medicina e chirurgia may be the Roman version of the same trick: a degree-title that tells you, by its very form, that a human being is never just one thing—except, perhaps, in the prospectus.Grice: Caro Colazza, dimmi un po’—l’iniziazione è più una seduta spiritica all’alba o una toga virile passata tra amici? Colazza: Grice, la toga si indossa solo se hai resistito almeno tre ore di meditazione senza addormentarti, e la vera seduta spiritica comincia quando il tutor ti chiede di venerare e tu invece pensi a un caffè. Grice: Quindi se uno sbaglia rito di passaggio, rischia di ritrovarsi a celebrare Bacco con un bicchiere di acqua minerale? Non sarebbe meglio una magia del noi con un po’ di prosimno? Colazza: Grice, la vera iniziazione è quando ti apri alla venerazione e ti scaldi l’anima, ma se il calore ti porta al piacere invece che al dolore, allora magari è solo l’effetto della baccanalia romana e sei pronto per la toga virile! Colazza, Giovanni (1902). Laurea in medicina e chirurgia. Roma: Universita degli sdtudi di Roma, La Sapienza

Ottavio Colecchi (Pescocostanzo, L’Aquila, Abruzzo): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “What I love about C. is that while he is a bad Kantian, he is an excellent Vicoian!” Studia ad Ortona,. Insegna a Napoli. Conosce Spaventa, Sanctis, Settembrini e Caracciolo. Il suo merito quello di con Galluppi, asserire il criticismo analisi un mezzo d'invenzione legge  analisi sintesi legge morale legge della ragione raziocinio e intuizione invenzione esercita maggior influenza la sintesi o l'analisi; giudizi necessari solo analitici; identità formale del raziocinio valevole a convertire il raziocinio empirico in raziocinio misto principio sul quale poggia il raziocinio quando classifica e istruisce; ideologiche logica pura e mista”;idea soggettiva non idea di un rapporto, spazio tempo; sensazione Psicologia, Gentile Genovesi Galluppi. All'insegna di Manuzio Tessitore Pessina sistemi idealismo  Fiorentino Nino La Marchi Amodeo Capograssi, Romano, Un antagonista del Galluppi: Cristallini, un filosofo da riscoprire,. Oldrini, Garin, LA SCESI, Vico e critica Dalla tomba della setta italica, tenendo dietro alle origini dell’antica massima d’azione, la regola di oro – la rifutazione all’eudaimonismo lizio e al utilitarismo lo no caduco, ius naturale artificiale virtu unica giustizia equittrice e rettrice commutativa distritutiva ordine arimmetico geometrico progression arimmetica geometrica base matematica amore interessato disinteresatto salvezza uomo cittadino, il genere umano massima universalisabile onesto forte prudente tolerante, virtu, vizio vero certo morale ordine agglomerazione sociale potesta naturale dominio tutela libero arbitrio passione autorita ubbidenza che il figio mostra al padre, il ruolo dell’avo, la societa di equali, il modello della societa romana societa dell’amicizia, Eurialo e Niso, L’Enneada, la lingua del contratto come requisite del patto sociale parola concetto, la formola verbum/res, res pubblica, communita, diritto comune, bene comune, l’ordine: primo stato dell’uomo in solitudine, l’ordine della famiglia: societa di inequali, terzo stadio:  tribu di Romolo, citta di Romolo, paese di Romolo, diritto universale di Vico Hampshire. St. John’s, 1955. Strawson is, as we say at Oxford, taking things far too seriously. He is deep in Kant—Bounds of Sense not yet in the world, but already in his manner—and he keeps trying to recruit my seminar as if it were a rehearsal for his future book. Oxford, of course, does not trust me with “modern philosophy” (I am, after all, merely M.A. Lit. Hum.), but Strawson is PPE, and therefore—by the local superstition—properly qualified to speak with authority about Königsberg. Anyway: he wants bibliography, bibliography, bibliography. So I did what one does when asked for a bibliography by a man who already has one: I produced a counter-example. I turned up at his rooms with a Bodleian find, a thin Neapolitan-looking item whose title alone sounded like a point against Oxford’s complacency: Colecchi, Memoria sulle forze vive (Napoli, 1810). “This man knew Kant,” I announced. Strawson looked at it as if it were a badly wrapped parcel. “So do I,” he said. “So will the people in your seminar,” I replied. “What are you talking about, Grice?” I repeated myself. “This man went to Königsberg. From Abruzzo—almost from the land where the lemon tree blooms—up to the very edge of Prussia, to see the Great Immanuel; and he nearly saw him die. If you want a credential, that is one.” Strawson was unimpressed. “Knowing Kant,” he said, “is not the same as having seen Kant.” “Quite,” I said. “But then neither is reading Kant the same as understanding Kant, which does not seem to stop anyone.” And I could not resist the title. “Look at it,” I said. “Forze vive. The ‘forces’ remain ‘alive.’ What more Kantian do you want? A dead force? A transcendental force? A force with a deduction attached?” Strawson smiled in that way he has when he thinks I am being comic but not entirely irrelevant. “Forze vive,” he said, “is eighteenth-century mechanics.” “Precisely,” I said. “And it is also a small philosophical moral: some things remain stubbornly alive even after a system has tried to legislate them into a category. Kant draws bounds; Italian provincials keep travelling past them. Colecchi’s ‘forces’ do not politely become ‘conditions of possibility.’ They go on pushing and pulling, regardless.” At which point Strawson, having enjoyed enough of my irreverence to feel superior, returned to his Kant and told me, with that air of patient correction, that what I really owed him was not Colecchi but a list—page numbers, editions, translations, a proper apparatus. And I, feeling charitable, promised him an apparatus—on condition he would admit, in return, that a man may misidentify “knowing Kant” as “having met Kant,” and yet by that very misidentification manage to identify the peculiar Oxford hunger for certificates. I felt a twinge of guilt about my own grandiloquence—about telling Strawson that Colecchi had “known” Kant. He knew him, of course, but only in the way one typically knows philosophers: by description. That is to say, through pages, reputations, and the public debris of a man’s thought. It is the same way Strawson knows Kant, and the same way his seminar audience will know him: not by acquaintance—to use the old Russellian cliché—but by a kind of cultivated hearsay. Still, the question remains: what on earth led Colecchi to leave the bright side of Europe—north of where the lemon tree blooms—if he knew perfectly well that Kant was dead? Why go to Königsberg at all? Was he hunting manuscripts? Had he mistaken philosophy for relic-collecting? Wouldn’t a clean university library loan have done—an orderly request, a parcel, and a receipt? And then I remembered that this was the nineteenth century. A “loan,” for a philosopher like Colecchi, was very often his own two legs. There was no polite machinery by which Oxford (or Naples, or Pavia) would post you the living Königsberg of Kantian scholarship. If you wanted the German, you went to where the German was. If you wanted to read Kant in the language in which Kant could be misread most efficiently, you went to the place where that language was spoken without apology. In that sense Colecchi’s journey is perfectly rational: not to meet a dead man, but to meet the conditions under which the dead man is still alive—teachers, libraries, habits of reading, and a vocabulary that does not first have to be translated into French in order to become respectable in Italian. So yes: he did not know Kant by acquaintance. But he did something that amounts, in the academic world, to the nearest substitute: he went to the source of the descriptions, to improve the description at its source. And that, I suppose, is exactly the kind of “misidentification” our seminar ought to admit as respectable: travelling to see a man whom one knows cannot be seen, in order to see what it is like to know him properly. And more: Abruzzo was calling him back—calling him, that is, in the way one’s province calls one back: not with a trumpet, but with obligations, kin, and the faint reproach of having gone too far north for too long. So the next thing Colecchi does is settle in Naples—Abruzzo being still too much countryside for a man who has brought home German metaphysics like contraband—and there he opens his little academy and begins to display his Kantiana with the proprietary air of a man who has been to the source. One might say, in the mildest and least offensive sense, that Colecchi became Naples’s Strawson: Naples’s local authority on Kant, a man who could recite the categorical imperative (and its several formulations) with something approaching the categorical—so that his Neapolitan students—Spaventa and company—could marvel at the Teutonicity of it all, as if “Königsberg” were itself a philosophical argument. I do not, of course, mean that Colecchi was a Strawson in style. He would hardly have worn the English ease; and Naples would not have tolerated it. What I mean is something more technical: that he functioned as a conduit. He made Kant speak in a city which, like Oxford, has its own prejudices about what counts as serious. And he did it with the one credential that matters to students more than arguments: he had gone there—he had seen the place—he had brought back the accent. In the 1800s, the accent was half the doctrine. And perhaps that is why Strawson’s transcendental slogan fits the story after all. Colecchi identifies Kant for Naples by misidentifying him slightly—by turning Königsberg into a kind of philosophical pilgrimage-site, and German into a kind of authority-garment. But without that slight misidentification, no identification would have taken hold: the students would have remained at the level of hearsay, and Kant would have stayed dead in Germany instead of becoming inconveniently alive in Naples.Grice: Caro Colecchi, mi colpisce come tu riesca a sposare il criticismo con la tradizione vichiana! Secondo te, nella ricerca filosofica, è più efficace l’analisi o la sintesi? Come si arriva all’invenzione vera? Colecchi: Grazie, Grice! Per me l’invenzione nasce dal dialogo tra analisi e sintesi. L’analisi illumina la ragione, la sintesi accende l’intuizione: solo dalla loro collaborazione si scopre la legge morale e si fonda la vera giustizia. Come dice Vico, la storia e la lingua sono i pilastri del patto sociale. Grice: Interessante! Mi incuriosisce la tua idea di ragione “mista”, capace di convertire il raziocinio empirico in uno universale. In una società, secondo te, qual è il fondamento etico più solido: il bene comune o il libero arbitrio? Colecchi: Ti dirò, Grice, che il vero fondamento sta nell’equilibrio tra bene comune e libertà personale. La virtù universale, come insegnavano gli antichi romani, si esercita nell’agglomerazione sociale, ma solo se ogni individuo è onesto, forte e tollerante. L’ordine nasce dalla parola, e la parola crea il contratto che ci lega come cittadini e amici. Colecchi, Ottavio (1810). Memoria sulle forze vive – Biblioteca analitica. Napoli

Lucio Colletti (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale dei curiazi, ovvero, politica romana. Grice: “I like C.– he takes political philosophy seriously unlike we of the Lit. Hum, not PPE school, at Oxford! But then he is a Roman and has all the Orazi and Curiazi traditions! Italian allows for some distinction that English doesn’t. There’s the opposto, combined of posto, posto is cognate with ponere, as in modus ponens, and it’s also the root for ‘positive’ (as opposed to negative, or strictly, togliere, tollere modus tollens to deny. So we have the posto and the opposto. On the other hand, there’s the ‘contra’, which translates ‘anti’ and apo-fasi becomes contradizione where dizione is cognate with deixis, and so to do with dictiveness and indicativeness than with vocalization/vox if with ‘vocation’ cf. my extended use of ‘utterance’ to include the characterization of something that need not be linguistic or conventional but a characterization of a deed or a product which may be a ‘sound’ among others. The Germans deal with the widerspruch but that’s THEIR problem. But after CICERONE, contrario becomes important. Il contrario and l’opposto then pretty much cover all I failed to see back with my ‘Negation and privation,’ and my later lectures on ‘Negation’ simpliciter. Both C. and I, allow for the good old tilde ‘~’ being all we need!”” Si laurea sotto VOLPE. Insegna a Roma. Socialista Idealista  Ideologia e società, ideologia. Dialettica e contraddizione politica, Croce, Ideazione, Preve, Comunista dialettica si propone di chiarire la «differenza tra opposizione o reepugnanza reale e contraddizione dialettica. radicalmente diverse: la prima senza contraddizione la seconda per contraddizione can combine. Idealism to go beyond the principle of non-contradiction instituted in VELIA curiazi, ovvero, filosofia romana, opposition, negazione, la contraddizione dialettica e la non-contraddizione idealismo Oxford Hegelian Square of Opposition Das Quadrat contradictum deicticness of the dictum contra anti antithesis apo-phasis ob-positum contrario opposto, contra-contraddizione dialettica ateniese oxonense. St. John’s, 1949. I was browsing the usual thick book of abstracts—the kind of volume that gives one the odd feeling that philosophy exists chiefly in summaries—when Strawson began telling anyone within range (the bodies who wished to hear it, and the bodies who did not) that I had been his tutor for the Logic paper, and that he had never ceased to learn logic from me—by contrast implying, with the politeness of youth, that Mabbott had been a bore. This sort of talk always lands, sooner or later, as a responsibility. If one is to be credited with a man’s logic, one is apparently answerable for whatever he later does with it. At exactly that moment I saw, in the abstracts, an Italian oxymoron in full dress: La logica di Croce—a newly minted laurea by a young Lucio Colletti. Laureato: Apollo crowning Daphne, metamorphosis into a credential. But “the logic of Croce” struck me as something more like “the geometry of fog.” Who, I wondered, was his supervisor? Not me, thank God. Croce—Croce of Naples—had spent his life demeaning Peano as a kind of blue-collar calculator, and Russell as an aristocratic rebel who hid behind Whitehead to produce that monument of industriousness called Principia Mathematica—echoing Moore’s Principia Ethica (or was it the other way round? Oxford titles have a way of breeding like rabbits). Croce’s tone is always the same: philosophy is spirit, the rest is bookkeeping. So what could it possibly mean to write La logica di Croce without bursting into laughter? And yet I could see what Colletti’s move might be—indeed, it is an admirable move if it comes off. Croce manages, from Naples, to dismiss Peano in Turin and get away with it; and the question is: by what internal economy, by what disguised order, can a man be so anti-logical and yet so systematically influential? Colletti’s wager, I take it, is that behind the declared contempt there is a working logic—just not the one Croce would ever allow to be named. [Editorial gloss, still in Grice’s tone] Croce is explicit, in that famous little Breviario di estetica (1913), about his impatience with mathematical formalism and the cult of “scientific” language; he treats such things as a symptom of not knowing what one is talking about—or, worse, of not knowing about what one is talking. (He writes as if category-mistake were a moral vice.) Colletti’s thesis, by contrast, reads Croce against his own rhetoric: not the logic of intuizione and espressione (the blood that runs through the aesthetic), but the logic of the concetto puro—which sounds, to me, like distilled water. And here my own pedantry intrudes: what is the chemical formula for “purified water”? One is tempted to write H₂O and be done with it; but the “pure concept” is not even as honest as water. Water at least admits of impurities. Croce’s “pure” has the peculiar property of meaning “not this,” “not that,” and “certainly not Peano,” while continuing to do a great deal of work in the background. So perhaps Colletti is right to call it “logic”—provided he means by “logic” not Principia, but the deeper sense in which a man’s exclusions reveal the form of his commitments. In that sense Croce’s anti-logical posture may be the surest clue to his logic: the logic of what he refuses to count as a thought. Logica come scienza del concetto puro” is Croce’s own banner-text—Croce prints it as such in 1909 (and, characteristically, calls it a “second edition” of his thought rather than of his essay). But what on earth is a concetto puro? The phrase looks as if it ought to mean “a concept purified of the messy stuff,” and this is why I find myself making silly chemical jokes about acqua purificata. Yet Croce’s “pure” is not the chemist’s pure. It does not mean “H₂O with the salts removed”—which, incidentally, remains H₂O and is only “pure” by a convention of laboratory scruple. Croce’s “pure” means something more like “not empirical,” “not classificatory,” “not the sort of generality that the natural sciences trade in.” It is puro as opposed to pseudoconcetto: not an abstraction that bundles similar things, but a philosophical universal that is meant to be immanent in every concrete case. [treccani.it], [storiadell...dofree.com] This is the point Colletti is presumably after. The easy caricature is that Croce has no logic because he dislikes Peano; the more interesting claim is that Croce has a logic precisely because his “logic” is not symbolic calculus but the doctrine of the concept—universal, concrete, and (to his mind) inseparable from history. In other words: the “purity” is not sterility but exemption from the wrong kind of impurity—numbers, measures, and the sort of precision that can be manufactured by notation. And this is where my water-joke becomes, if not less silly, at least more pointed. “Purified water” is still water; its purity is merely negative—a subtraction. Croce wants a “pure concept” that is positive—a form, a function, a universal that is present in every act of thinking. One begins, in Naples, by banning Peano; one ends, apparently, by calling the ban itself “logic.”Grice: Caro Coletti, ti confesso che la contraddizione mi affascina quasi quanto il prosciutto di Norcia! Dimmi, tra opposto e contrario, da romano quale sei, preferisci il tilde o l’anti? Coletti: Grice, se mi lasci scegliere, prendo il tilde per le negazioni veloci, ma quando serve serietà politica, meglio l’anti — così si sente subito l’eco dei Curiazi! L’opposto va bene per il caffè, il contrario per il Senato. Grice: Ah, allora occorre una dialettica da bar e una dialettica da tribunale! Forse la vera filosofia romana nasce tra il banco e il banco, la contraddizione fa bene solo se c’è un po’ di ironia. Coletti: Esatto, Grice! La contraddizione dialettica si risolve sempre con un brindisi, purché nessuno neghi il vino. E il principio di non-contraddizione? Solo se non c’è nessuno a contraddirlo! Colletti, Lucio (1949). La logica di Benedetto Croce.

Giovanni Colizzi (Norcia, Perugia, Umbria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “By focusing on ‘desiderio,’ C. focuses on Thales who famously fixated on the stars, de-fixed from the ground! If I had to chose one philosophical word I adore is ‘desideratum,’ and C. tells it right – while Short and Lewis doubt it, to desire is like to con-SIDER, where the ‘sidus’ is involved!” De amore fundamenta mundis ac ethicae. C. s’è apprende attraverso i riferimenti in BRUNO e Mersenne. Il nucleo dela sua filosofia l'unione dell'idea del divino come amore con uno spunto, totalmente ri-adattato, di derivazione accademica, secondo cui il reale è emanazione, a partire da livelli di purezza e divino più elevati. Facendo dell'amore la caratteristica principale di divino  IVS PATER arriva a che il reale e l'amore. Derivare istanza di svelamento. Il fondamento divino dell'universo è l'amore. Il vero si consegue applicando questo principio ad una apparenza in modo da svelarne l’essere, il principio di amore – Grice: “Not to be confused with my principle of conversational self-love!” Il suo passo più celebre riguarda l'etimologia di desiderio, che collega a “de sidera”. Si siderale, il desiderio e qualcosa che percepiamo senza potere esprimere l'AMORE che da loro scaturisce, APPARENZA sotto la quale si cela un bisogno e scompare completamente solo una volta compreso il fondamento dell'essere nella mystica copulatio raggiungibile dalla filosofia. Une una istanza metafisica a un'istanza etica e cerca nel reale un’armonia di senso compito d’ogni uomo, scopertala, riprodurre e preservare. a’ miei AMANTI che avessero possute ottenere per quantunque grande mia benignitade. laodomia Quanto a quegl’AMANTI, io ti assicuro che come non sono ingrati alla sua maga Circe, pensieri et aspri travagli, per mezzo de quali son gionti a tanto bene. Così desidero, e spero. Grice: C. quotes Benedetto da Norcia’s emblematic maxim, praise the lord AND WORK – it rymes in Italian: ORA e LABORA. implicatura, eretici ortodossi infinito, universo e mondi prassi descensus application entis amore amore come fondamento del mondo e dalla morale. Grice: Caro Colizzi, dimmi la verità: quando guardi le stelle, pensi sempre al desiderio, o qualche volta ti distrai e ti viene fame? Colizzi: Grice, ti confesso che il desiderio è come la fame: nasce dalla distanza tra me e le stelle, ma se ci aggiungi un po’ di pane e una coppa di vino, diventa subito amore universale! Grice: Quindi l’amore è il vero motore delle galassie—altro che gravità! E se uno non trova il divino nell’universo, basta che lo cerchi nel forno di Norcia? Colizzi: Esatto, Grice! A Norcia le stelle si mangiano con il prosciutto, l’apparenza si svela solo dopo il terzo brindisi e l’unica vera implicatura è: ora e labora... ma anche ora e mangia, e magari sogna! Colizzi, Giuseppe (1763–1846) (Barnabita). Saggio analitico di giurisprudenza naturale e sociale. Perugia: Tip. Baduel (V. Bartelli), 1833

Giorgio Colli (Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’espressione. Grice: “I love C. – his ‘filosofia dell’espressione’ is much more serious than my ramblings, well meant, though, on Peirce! I was only trying to be fashionable! At Oxford, they loved my lecture on ‘meaning,’ which got me into ‘implying,’ and eventually, ‘expressing.’ My unity developed – C. was born with it!” Si laurea a Torino sotto SOLARI con politicità accademica. Insegna a Pisa.  Scorge nella tradizione romana l'autentico logos a cui ritornare.  Lo stile, profondo e costellato d’aforismi taglienti, si caratterizza da un'attenzione maniacale alla musicalità del discorso. Filosofia dell'espressione fornisce, mediante una complessa teoria delle categorie e della deduzione, un'interpretazione della totalità della manifestazione come espressione di qualcosa, l'immediatezza, che sfugge alla presa della conoscenza. Comunque, ritiene che è possibile riguadagnare il fondamento metafisico del mondo portando il discorso filosofico ai suoi estremi limiti e d)mostrando la natura derivata del logos. Importante il suo contributo su i filosofi itali LEONZIO, VELINO, e GIRGENTI, e e le figure di Bacco ed Apollo, dismisura e misura. Al tentativo di interpretare gl’enigmi di questi culti a-logici, fra i quali quelli oracolari, viene fatta risalire l'origine remota della dialettica. La nascita della filosofia. La sapienza greca Eleusi, Orfeo, Museo, Iperborei, Enigma Epimenide, Ferecide, Talete, Anassimandro, Anassimene, Onomacrito Eraclito poem  Bhagavat-Gita Apollo romano L’appollo d’etruria mesura d’Apollo dismisura di Bacco enigma filosofico Velia Crotone implicatura di Prosimno implicatura di Baccco e Prosimno. Gl’implicatura di Bacco e Prosimno misterio di Bacco the fig tree branch phallus, self-sacrifice self-sodomisation not without pain, even with pleasure Higinus. symbolism the old shepherd erastes eromenos Bacco eromenon the symbolism of the promise to rescue her mother from hell the role of the widow female widow Bacco’s duty to keep his promise The echo of the sentence, ‘you probably passed it’ ‘the lake’ the grave. St. John’s, 1948. At the Admiralty we used to receive the Corriere della Sera and—unlike in college—actually read it. So today I made the odd exception of doing at St. John’s what war had trained me to do in Whitehall: take the paper seriously. It rewarded me at once with a title that looked, even in the middle of an Italian daily, like a password from the Pre‑Socratics: φύσις κρύπτεσθαι φιλεῖ. Colli, the author. I had not known him, and perhaps Hardie would have preferred it that way. Hardie, when he “did” the Pre‑Socratics, did them at speed—he said he “jumped” them—treating them as that preliminary bunch (he used a Scots turn) of lunatics whom Aristotle lists in the Metaphysics before proper philosophy begins. Heraclitus, especially, served as the sanctioned instance of obscurity: the “cryptic” one, as if philosophy had to pass through a fog-bank to earn its clarity. Colli, by contrast, appears to treat the fog-bank as the point. The piece is less about “not stepping into the same river twice” than about what it feels like to come out of a war and find one’s old metaphysical nouns still waiting on the page as if they had never been requisitioned. Nature loves to hide—and in 1948 one begins to suspect that this is not a Heraclitean flourish but a post-war social fact: everything that mattered during the war was hidden, and everything that is said afterwards is said in public as a kind of compensation. I confess I liked the cheek of it: a Greek maxim printed in Milanese newsprint, as if the Corriere were an annex of the Lyceum. And I liked, too, the grammatical economy—three words, and you can already feel my own future trouble with “meaning.” For φιλεῖ is not “means,” and κρύπτεσθαι is not “implies,” but the whole thing reads like a warning about both: if nature has a tendency to hide, then so do philosophers; and if philosophers hide, then one had better learn to distinguish what is stated from what is merely suggested. P.S. (to the “Physis” vignette) Wainwright—our man in the history of philosophy—tells me Colli did indeed take his degree before “the activities” (as we have learned, in our clipped post-war way, to call the years which Flanagan, in his memoirs, had the cheek to christen the “phoney war”—which was not phoney to anyone who had to sit through it). Colli’s graduation essay, it seems, was “Politicità ellenica e Platone”—and the joke, to an Oxford eye, begins at once: it was a degree in Giurisprudenza at Turin, supervised by Solari, and yet the subject reads like something our jurists would cross the street to avoid. We do not do that here. We keep our jurists well behind the walls of their own faculty, where they may safely discuss trusts, torts, and the price of coal without ever being tempted by the polis. I cannot imagine a man in our Faculty of Jurisprudence dedicating a single serious thought to Hellenic “policity” and Plato—unless he were confessing to a misspent youth. But then the Italians have a way of letting politics leak into everything: even the word conspires. Politicità looks like a pompous way of saying “polis,” but it carries, by a strange chain of foreignness, Plato’s politeia, which gives Italian politica, English policy, and—by one of those Roman twists that make etymology feel like fate—Cicero’s res publica standing in the background like an unwanted ancestor at dinner. Wainwright also says (with that tone of delegated blame historians enjoy) that I ought to blame not Colli so much as his tutor, Solari. I received this with the appropriate sarcasm. If we are to blame tutors for what their pupils go on to do, then I must be held responsible for every Strawsonian excess ever since 1939—since, in that year, Strawson first entered my room at St. John’s to become, officially, my tutee for the Logic paper, with Mabbott also in attendance like a second conscience. (It is an agreeable symmetry: 1939 is the year Colli is graduating in Turin, while Oxford is busy producing a future Waynflete professor by the homelier method of weekly essays and lukewarm tea.) But perhaps that is the point of the “natural” that has been bothering me. “Natural” is never merely biological in Oxford; it is also institutional. There are “natural sons,” and there are “natural tutees,” and the boundary between nature and nurture is about as tidy as the boundary between what is said and what is implicated. The Italians, at least, have the honesty to print the tutor’s name; we prefer to let the influence remain, like physis, politely hidden. And yes—one may as well add polizia. Wainwright is right that I should not over‑mystify Colli’s “politicità”: it is, after all, a thesis title, and thesis titles are built to look larger than the life that must defend them. Still, politicità is not merely “politics” in the party sense; it points back, pompously but genuinely, to Plato’s politeia—and that same Greek root has a habit of reappearing in modern life under darker uniforms: polizia, “police,” civic order turned practical. One begins with the polis and ends with policemen; it is a trajectory even Aristotle might have called “natural,” if only because it happens so often. The dates make a tidy symmetry. Colli takes his Turin degree in 1939; I am taken, the same year, into the Navy. He is taken into the Italian Army in 1940; I am taken into the Admiralty’s paper‑world. And then, after the war, he prints his Heraclitean sentence under the Corriere’s auspices (1948), at precisely the moment I have resumed the habit—learned in wartime—of actually reading what arrives on one’s desk. It is almost as if physis hid itself for the duration, and then reappeared when properly de‑commissioned. Wainwright says I may safely assume that Colli’s “politicità” was not merely an academic ornament. He took his Turin degree in 1939, and then came the years in which “politics” ceased to be a topic and became an atmosphere—one of those atmospheres you cannot quite refuse to breathe. One forgets, in Oxford, how little room there is elsewhere for the luxury of being apolitical; we treat politics as something one may discuss after dinner, whereas for an Italian of Colli’s generation it was often something that arrived before dinner in uniform, and did not ask whether one was free. This is where the word-play becomes less playful. Politicità points back, pompously but truly, to Plato’s politeia—to the polis as an order of life. But the same family of words has, in modern mouths, a harsher offspring: polizia; “police”; “policy.” Civic order, in other words, sliding into the apparatus that enforces it. We Englishmen are fond of pretending that “police” is simply a public convenience—like street-lamps—whereas in Italy, in those years, it could look less like a convenience than like fate. And perhaps that is the hidden ferocity behind Colli’s Heraclitus in 1948. Mussolini had been dead only since April 1945, and between the fall and the settling there was a period in which one might genuinely not know whose orders counted as “orders,” or what “law and order” meant beyond the fact that someone, somewhere, was insisting on it. If physis loves to hide, then so does politeia—and so does the coercive underside of it that one is not meant to name. We, insulated on our island, are not very good at hearing that undertone; we hear “politics” and miss the polizia. So the dates make an almost tasteless symmetry. Colli graduates in 1939; I am taken into service the same year. He is drawn, soon after, into compulsory obligations of another kind; I am drawn into mine. Then, after the great unravelling, he prints a Greek sentence in Milanese type (1948), and I—trained by the Admiralty to read what lands on the desk—find myself reading it not as a mere epigram about rivers, but as a post‑war remark about what disappears, and what returns, when it is finally permitted to return.Grice: Caro Colli, ti confesso che all’Oxford amavano la mia lezione sul “significato”, ma quando si trattava di “esprimere”, mi sentivo come un pesce fuor d’acqua. Tu invece nuoti come Bacco in una fontana! Colli: Grice, la filosofia dell’espressione non è solo una questione di stile, ma di musica! Bisogna ascoltare il logos come si ascolta una serenata romana: tra dismisura di Bacco e la misura d’Apollo, anche le parole ballano. Grice: E se ti capita di inciampare nello stile, basta un aforisma tagliente per tornare in pista! Ti è mai successo di perdere la musicalità e finire come Talete, che cadeva nella fontana mentre guardava le stelle? Colli: Ah, caro Grice, succede a tutti prima o poi! Ma quando il discorso filosofico arriva agli estremi, nasce l’enigma. E come diceva il vecchio pastore: “Se passi dal vino all’indovinello, almeno non perderai la strada... forse solo la sobrietà!” Colli, Giorgio (1939). Politicita ellenica e Platone. Gurisprudenza. Torino

Cosimo Alessandro Collini (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del naturismo -- naturalismo e naturismo. Grice: “If you love birds, you love C. – he loved ‘pterodattili,’ though and made nice drawings of them, as they fought with ‘uomini’! I often wondered why the conte would flee his family seat in lovely Tuscany for the darker landscapes of the North – till I found out the reason: he had helped one of his noble friends (Ottavio) to do some evil-act on a nobile gentildonna (Malspina): so he had no choice!”.  Si laurea a Pisa Scontroso, spesso in litigio. A lui si deve la descrizione dello pterodactylus, un rettile volante, o pterosauro o pterodattilo. Narra Denina che, mentre ea Pisa, aiuta a Chelli nel ratto della marchesa Gabbriella Malaspina, sicchè dovette fuggirsene. Legge Boccaccio ed Ariosto. Ma nper una lettera nella quale scherzava su mad. Denis, si separa da Voltaire, che tuttavia continua a volergli bene e a corrisponder con lui; e sulle raccomandazioni del Voltaire passa al servizio dell'elettor palatino, che lo fece suo bibliotecario e segretario dell'Accademia di Mannheim. Scrive saggi sulla storia della Germania e su quella del Palatinato, ma più ch'altro di mineralogia. È lodato anche un suo volume di Lettres sur les Allemands, pubblicato anonimo a Mannheim, cui un altro dove seguirne sulla letteratura tedesca. E là dove aveva trovato una seconda patria e una onorevole residenza, mori nel 1806. All'Accademia,alla quale forse furono ascritti anche altri Ita liani oltre quelli ricordati qui e più addietro,e cui è da aggiun gere G. B. Morgagni, si riferisce questo brano di lettera del [C. stesso nel suo Mon séjour auprès de Voltaire. Grice: “Measles is natural, dying from it is not! Dahl’s daughter died from complications of measles – unnaturally so – poor child – God bless her soul.” naturalismo, naturismo, pterodattilo, filosofia, pisa, Firenze, nobilita, coira. Pterodattilo. Polemica filosofica, Domenico Eusebio Chelli, marchesa Gabbriella Malaspina, Voltaire e la Toscana, “Firenze come una nuove Atene”, Collini su Ariosto e Boccaccio, Collini makes fun of Voltaire’s daughter. Earliest composed (i.e., written) work we can date for Cosimo Alessandro Collini is not the pterodactyl note (1784) but his first historical treatise:  Discours sur l’histoire d’Allemagne — composed and published 1761 (Frankfurt), after Collini entered Palatine service (1760). [en.wikipedia.org], [deutsche-b...graphie.de]  Age of Collini in 1761: born 14 Oct 1727, so he is 33 (turning 34 that October). [en.wikipedia.org], [treccani.it] Place: Frankfurt (Koch und Esslinger). [en.wikipedia.org], [deutsche-b...graphie.de] Topic: historiography (German history), using materials he had helped gather for Voltaire’s Annales de l’Empire. St. John’s, 1955. We continue, Strawson and I, our seminar on misidentifications. Strawson, in one of his more alarming moods, is now offering what he calls—Kant in full regalia—a transcendental justification, and he formulates it with the air of having discovered a principle of drainage:  “Unless you can misidentify an object, you cannot identify it either.”  Potts is present, and does what Potts does: he supplies the irreverent question at exactly the point where the rest of the room begins to feel pious. “How so?” I told him (with the air of imparting a secret that only undergraduates think is secret) that over lunch yesterday we had been discussing precisely this, and Strawson had produced from his college library a copy of Collini’s Discours sur l’histoire d’Allemagne—1761. “But he was an Italian!” Potts said, as if that settled something. “Precisely,” I replied. “That was Strawson’s point—indeed, your point, though you don’t know it yet. A man does not write a discourse on Germany and call it Allemagne without thereby identifying himself, in the act, as someone writing under a certain flag.” Potts looked doubtful. “Don’t you mean misidentifying? Germany isn’t France.” “Depends on your point of view,” Strawson cut in, adopting the tone he reserves for what he thinks are my category-mistakes. “Take the opening sentence—one can hear the whole predicament in the very first move.” Here he produced, triumphantly, a sentence in French from Collini, and then pointed to a note in which Collini more or less confesses: he thought the thing out in his native Italian and rendered it into French to please the Palatine. “And was the Palatine pleased?” Potts asked. “Only in the sense in which Victoria was not amused,” Strawson said. “He was pleased as a sovereign is pleased by a useful servant—and then suspicious, as sovereigns are, of the servant’s usefulness.” For (so Strawson elaborated, enjoying himself), the Palatine—or someone around him—hastened to have Collini’s French turned into German, and then the whole thing began to look, from the German end, like betrayal: the Italian thinking in Italian, writing in French, about Germany, for a German prince. Three languages, one “subject,” and nobody quite at home. Potts, faithfully obtuse, tried to pin it down. “But if Collini was thinking in Italian, what was his discourse about?” Armstrong, who had wandered in and was sitting at the back with the expression of a man trapped in a drawing-room game, muttered, rather loudly, “Spare me.” “I’m merely curious,” Potts insisted. “All right then,” I said. “It was a discourse on the history of Germany.” Strawson concluded, with the air of having resolved Kant: “So we have three beasts. There is Collini’s Germania—his sermo mentalis, if you like; there is Allemagne, the French garment he puts on for court; and there is Deutschland, the Palatine’s own name for his own object. The misidentification is not an error; it is the condition of the identification. One cannot even get the thing into view without choosing a costume for it.” “Über alles,” Armstrong shouted from the back—either to end the discussion or to demonstrate, by a final misfire, that Germans do not help. Which, I suppose, is the moral of our seminar: not that we ought never to misidentify, but that misidentification is often the price of getting anything identified at all—especially once one adds language to the list of things we are trying to keep straight. P.S. (Grice, as an aside) Yesterday I kept thinking about Collini, and found a small note that may help Strawson misidentify things further—though, in truth, it is Collini who does the misidentifying, and does it with his eyes open. Collini knew perfectly well that his Germania was not the Allemagne he put on the title-page of his sermo exterior. His sermo interior, if one is allowed the old schoolmen’s phrase, was Tacitus’s Germania: the Romans’ convenient blanket for whatever lay beyond their comfort and their grammar. But Allemagne is already a choice—less Roman, more Frankish. “Allemands” are, as it were, the tribe the Franks like to oppose to themselves, a name that lets one pick out a salient enemy and call it a people. Collini, being an Italian with Voltaire behind him and a Palatine in front of him, takes the Frankish label because it circulates politely at court; and then—behind the politeness—continues to think, like Tacitus, that they are all barbarians anyway. This is the point at which the Count’s pedantry becomes a second lesson. To insist on turning Allemagne into Deutschland is not, in itself, metaphysical; it is merely native. And yet it is also a small philosophical nuisance, because Deutschland is not, in origin, the name of a territory so much as the name of a tongue: “the vernacular,” the speech of the people as opposed to Latin. Wainwright tells me (and I accept, faute de mieux) that it is cognate with Italian tedesco—which, tellingly, names the inhabitant (and the language) before it names the state. One becomes “German” by speaking German; only later does one become German by living in Germany. So the Count, by translating Collini into “Deutschland,” is in effect dragging Collini back from geography into philology—back from “Germany” as a historical object to “German” as a linguistic self-description. If you want the Italian cognates that hover behind this, they are the familiar ones: Alemanno (an Alemann), Allemagna / Alemagna (older for “Germany,” often in early modern Italian), alongside Germania (the learned, Latinising choice) and tedesco (the language/people-word). Collini’s title picks the French court-name; his mind remains Roman; the Palatine hears only the vernacular. Three labels, one object—and Strawson is right, for once: unless you can live with that sort of misidentification, you will never identify anything in Europe at all.Grice: Caro Collini, trovo affascinante come il tuo naturalismo si intrecci con il tuo amore per gli animali, in particolare gli uccelli e i pterodattili! Com'è nata questa passione e che ruolo ha avuto nella tua visione filosofica?  Collini: Grazie, Grice! Fin da giovane sono stato attratto dalla natura e dai suoi misteri. Gli pterodattili mi hanno sempre affascinato, perché rappresentano la libertà e la potenza della vita naturale. Osservare il volo degli animali mi ha insegnato quanto sia importante rispettare e comprendere il mondo che ci circonda, sia in filosofia che in scienza.  Grice: La tua vita sembra un vero romanzo: da Pisa a Mannheim, passando per la Toscana e la Germania! Hai incontrato personaggi illustri come Voltaire, ma anche vissuto avventure rocambolesche. Quanto ha influito tutto questo sul tuo pensiero, soprattutto riguardo al naturalismo e al naturismo?  Collini: Moltissimo, Grice! Le esperienze e i viaggi mi hanno permesso di osservare le diverse sfumature della natura umana e dei costumi. L’incontro con Voltaire, anche se a volte ironico, mi ha insegnato il valore della libertà di pensiero. Il mio naturalismo si fonda proprio sull’idea che ogni essere vivente meriti rispetto e che la filosofia debba essere vissuta come uno sguardo aperto e curioso sul mondo. Collini, Cosimo Alessandro (1727). Discours sur l’historie d’Allemagne.

Ludovico delle Colombe (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Galilei – Aristotele e la stella nuova. Grice: “If you love stars, as any philosopher must – vide Thales! – you LOVE C. who refuted Kepler’s idea that the thing next to the serpentary’s foot was a ‘star,’ never mind ‘nova’!” Noto per essere stato uno strenuo avversario di Galilei.  Non si sa quasi nulla della sua vita, ma restano diverse sue saggi, nelle quali difende la dottrina aristotelica con un particolare disinteresse sia verso le nuove osservazioni sia verso la coerenza logica.  Scrisse un discorso sulla nuova stella apparsa sostenendo che si tratta di una stella non nuova, ma esistente da sempre. Scrisse un discorso Contro il moto della Terra.  Per conciliare le osservazioni di Galilei sulle irregolarità della superficie lunare con la concezione aristotelica della perfetta sfericità dei corpi celesti sostenne che le valli e gli spazi tra i monti della luna sono colmati da un materiale perfetto e invisibile. Contrario all’idrostatica archimedea recuperata da Galileo, nel suo Discorso apologetico, sostenne che il galleggiare o l’affondare dei corpi dipendesse dalla loro forma. Nella conclusione del discorso usa anche una metafora di questa teoria, affermando che le ragioni dell'avversario per essere troppo argute e sottili vanno a fondo senza speranza di ritornare a galla, mentre quelle di Aristotele, per essere di forma larga e quadrata, non possono affondare in nessun modo. Sono rimaste anche lettere tra C. e GALILEI che stima pochissimo il suo avversario, che soprannominato “Pippione”. Vari accenni a questo personaggio sono nella corrispondenza tra Galilei e i suoi amici. Amici e nemici di Galilei, Milano, Bompiani. Aristotelismo. La Stella Nvova.  Grice: “If I had to choose between Colombe-Aristotle to Galiei-Plato, I chose the former!” the irregular surface of the moon is filled by an invisible substance, the earth does not move, the ‘nuova’ stella is a misnomer: it has always existed; bodies float or sink according to their shape. Aristotle’s reasons never sink because they are square. Title (Italian, full early-modern style): Discorso … nel quale si dimostra, che la nuova stella apparita l’ottobre passato 1604 nel Sagittario non è cometa, né stella generata o creata di nuovo, né apparente, ma di quelle che furono da principio nel cielo… [catalogo.s...t.unina.it], [books.google.com] Place of print: Firenze (Florence), “nella stamperia de’ Giunti / Heredi di Filippo de Giunta.” [catalogo.s...t.unina.it], [it.wikisource.org] Year: 1606. [catalogo.s...t.unina.it], [it.wikisource.org] Topic: Aristotelian/Ptolemaic defence against the implications of the 1604 supernova (argues it was not really “new”). St. John’s, 1953. Today I took an almost‑manuscript to our seminar—Strawson and I are doing “Categories” again, which means, in practice, that we are doing misidentifications and calling them “categorial mistakes” so that the undergraduates will feel guilty rather than merely confused. I thought the day’s topic deserved a prop, and props are one of the few things the Bodleian provides without asking for an argument in return. The prop was Ludovico delle Colombe’s Florentine tract, with a title that does most of the work by itself:  Discorso nel quale si dimostra, che la nuova stella apparita l’ottobre passato nel Sagittario non è stella generata o creata di nuovo.  We were, as it happened, discussing “misnaming”—cases where a thing is called X and then, with a straight face, shown not to be X. Colombe’s title is the pure form: “the new star is not newly a star.” Strawson approved (not that the audience matters, really), because the semantic itch is irresistible: it begs to be rewritten in a more Oxonian idiom—shorter, tidier, and less asphyxiated by subordinations. Lemmon would have insisted on the pedantry: a discourse to demonstrate that the ‘new star’ is not so. Strawson’s version was better, because it keeps the rhetorical sting without the scholastic wheeze: A discourse to prove that the ‘new star’ is no star. And then D. M. Armstrong—a colonial from Australia, prompt as ever—supplied the phrase that Oxford lacks but always wants: “What we call down under a mere misnomer.” “Yes,” I said, “but Ludovico’s difficulty is that he had no scare‑quotes.” That is the whole trouble with Florentine printing. Nella stamperia de’ Giunti they could do italic, they could do capitals, they could even do those ornamental flourishes that make a title page look like a piece of ecclesiastical furniture—but they did not have the one modern device that saves a philosopher from looking contradictory: quotation marks used as warning labels. If Colombe had had our typographical sophistication, he could have written what he meant without seeming to contradict himself:  Discorso nel quale si dimostra che la “nuova stella” non è nuova (e, in un senso, non è “stella”)  —which is to say: the “new” is a bit of talk, not a bit of heaven. The title is really an early lesson in how much mischief is done by the absence of a small mark. Armstrong, of course, wanted to turn it into metaphysics: “So,” he said, “is ‘star’ here a natural kind term or a classificatory convenience?” Strawson began to look pleased, because nothing delights him more than a dispute that sounds like grammar and turns out to be ontology. I, meanwhile, was thinking of the more practical moral: that a great deal of philosophical trouble—then as now—comes from not being able to signal, on the surface of the sentence, that one is using a word with one’s fingers crossed. The Florentines lacked scare‑quotes; we have them—and still we misidentify. That, I told the seminar, is what makes “Categories” worth doing: not because Aristotle gives us a list, but because we keep producing titles like Colombe’s in ordinary speech and then spend the rest of our lives trying to undo the implicatures we have accidentally printed.Grice: Caro Colombe, mi racconti la storia della “stella nuova”? Davvero pensi che sia solo una vecchia conoscenza mascherata da novità? Colombe: Grice, le stelle non si inventano: quella era lì da sempre! Galilei ha solo messo gli occhiali nuovi, ma la stella non si è mai spostata. Grice: E la luna, allora? Le montagne e le valli, secondo te, sono solo dettagli invisibili? Non ti viene voglia, ogni tanto, di immaginare che ci sia un po’ di polvere magica lassù? Colombe: Ah, Grice, la luna è perfetta, altro che polvere! Le irregolarità sono solo illusioni, riempite da una materia invisibile. Se vuoi galleggiare tra i filosofi, meglio essere quadrati come Aristotele: così non si affonda mai!

Giuseppe Colombo. Merton, Sub-Faculty of Philosophy, 1959. At Merton for the Examination Board I find myself leafing, as one does between committees, through the thick volume of continental abstracts—freshly arrived, heavy with names and accents, and printed with the sort of confidence only the Continent can afford. And there, among the theological proceedings, I stumble on a Giuseppe Colombo now described as laureato. That Italian word never fails to trigger in me the wrong mythology. Laureato: Apollo, Daphne, laurel. One thinks not of degrees but of metamorphoses—Daphne turned into laurus, and a young man “crowned” by turning into an adjective. But the matter at hand is less poetic and more in my line: natura and soprannatura—the natural and the supernatural—which I, out of stubbornness, prefer to recast as the natural and the non-natural. It has the advantage of sounding less ecclesiastical and more like something one might discuss in an Oxford seminar without immediately summoning a chaplain. The thesis title is magnificently on point: Natura e soprannaturale nella filosofia di Maurice Blondel—and then, like a clerical afterthought, an explanatory tail about “the supernatural in contemporary theology.” All very Milanese: the metaphysical question tied to a proper name, the proper name tied to a tradition, the tradition tied back to a faculty. The only detail that gave me a moment’s suspicion was the line marked direzione: Carlo Colombo. “Carlo Colombo,” I said to myself. “Is this natural?” It sounded like the kind of thing Oxford would call a category mistake: Colombo directing Colombo, as if the thesis had been supervised by a surname. Of course, the moment one begins to sneer at Italian names, Oxford exacts its revenge. We have been doing it ourselves for years—only with less melodrama and better timetables. Fathers and sons in the same subject; tutors and tutees exchanging roles; the whole place running on genealogies disguised as examinations. If the Italians can have a Colombo under a Colombo, we can have a Strawson under a Strawson. The difference is that Italy prints it on the title page, while Oxford pretends it is all impersonal, all “merit,” and then serves you tea with the same people for fifty years. And in any case, the subject—natural and supernatural—is precisely one of those topics where the very distinction is half the battle. In theology it is a doctrine; in philosophy it is a temptation: to treat “supernatural” as if it were a species of “natural” with better manners. My own prejudice—if I may dignify it—is that the supernatural is either a different game altogether or else a polite way of talking about what we cannot explain. Calling it “non-natural” at least makes it harder to smuggle into physics by changing the font. So I closed the volume rather gratefully. It is useful, now and then, to be reminded—by a Milanese dissertation, printed with Papal seriousness—that one may spend a lifetime debating “meaning” and “implicature” and still end up circling the same old question: what counts as natural, and what we do when it doesn’t. “It amused me that the thesis was ‘under the direction of Carlo Colombo’: a supervision that reads, at first glance, like a family relation. But here ‘natural’ is not genealogical; it is scholastic—‘son’ by formation, not by blood: nature as nurture, with a chair instead of a cradle. And there is something slightly soprannaturale about it too—though only in the Italian sense, where the supernatural is often what survives once the natural has been exhausted. With the Colombos we must be careful. One’s eye is tempted by the recurrence of the surname—direzione: Carlo Colombo—to read a family drama into a mere academic one. But the documentary fact is simpler and, in its own way, more interesting: it is a relation of formation, not of blood; a “sonship” conferred by supervision. If one wants to call that “natural,” one must do so with one of those scholastic winks: natural as in appropriate, not as in begotten. Still, the pun is too good to waste, and Oxford invites it. For if ever there was a case where “natural” and “instilled” can be made to coexist without contradiction, it is surely Strawson and his philosophical offspring. One can suppose—without offence to metaphysics—that Strawson had a natural tendency towards philosophy; but one can also see that such a tendency becomes, by the time it reaches the next generation, a kind of domestic soprannaturale: not miraculous, exactly, but transmitted in that peculiar English way in which one’s “nature” is cultivated at the breakfast table, in book-lined rooms, and in the slightly coercive kindness of being expected to talk sense. The son is “natural” enough—begotten, in the ordinary sense—but the inheritance is also, in the Italian idiom, soprannaturale: it arrives by a process half biological, half tutorial, with an air of inevitability that is not quite causal and not quite contractual. Which is only to say: Oxford is excellent at turning nature into nurture while continuing to call it nature; and theology, when it speaks of natura and soprannatura, is sometimes only making explicit the very trick Oxford performs in silence.”Laurea / thesis (theology)  Degree: laurea in Teologia (Pontificia Facoltà Teologica di Milano) Defense date: 22 November 1955 [ftismilano.it] Supervisor (“direzione”): Carlo Colombo [ftismilano.it] Thesis title (as published): Natura e soprannaturale nella filosofia di Maurice Blondel (il soprannaturale nella teologia contemporanea) [ftismilano.it], [it.wikipedia.org] Published version (Milano): 1957, Pontificia Facultas Theologica Mediolanensis (series “Thesis ad lauream”). [ftismilano.it], [ftismilano.it]

Giuseppe Colombo (Milano, Lombardia): l’implicatura conversazionale dell’idealismo. Grice: “I love C. as I love Wilde – I mean, the sponsor of the Wilde Lectures on Natural Religion! C. wonders, ‘can ‘theologian’ be written under ‘profession’? Surely, like me, C. distinguishes between theologian and philosophical theologian – if there is no such distinction, and I’m not sure there is – perhaps there shouldn’t be, C. would say, the ‘philosophical’ in my ‘philosophical eschatology’ is totally otiose and anti-Griceian!” Insegna a Milano. SERBATI Volpe, Aosta. Senso e atto La morale communitaria Pietra angolare l’chiesa d’Inghilterra immanente trascendente Cratilo nome corretto origine della lingua filosofia come soteriologia l'avventura di Martinetti giusto prezzo della felicità, reasonable or rational? sfida pella ragione metafisica antropologia etica mondo romano aporia dell’eros simposio convertunt iam intelligetur quid sequens disticlion significet quod sic scribendum est:  Olim vobis ilammam attulit puerorum quibus insidiamini pulcritudo nunc sumum et lacrymas excitat admota flamma eius qui vobis insidiatur nam sive amator sive amasius sis, animam Eros mi- sere coqait. Pausania do not multiply loves beyond necessity ambiguita di ‘amore’ Afrodita celeste participa solo della natura maschile Pausania parla solo a masch virili maschio virile amante o amatore e maschio virile amato innamorato e maschio virile amore celeste ouranios participa solo della natura maschile criterio dell’amabile attualismo agire morale communitaria, pietra angolar glossogenia glossotesi gossogenetic semio-genesi soteriologic aporia dell’amore accademia eikesia Daddy wouldn’t buy be a wow wow’ true iff Daddy wouldn’t buy me a bow wow corretto iconice of daddy and bow wow eteroerotismo discorso d’Alcibiade elogio dell’eros discorso di Pausania ero demone Ficino convito convivium puerile uomo puerile Socrate Agatone Aristofane mito maschio vocabolario dell’amore amare amans amante amator amatore amatum amicus amasium amore mutuo desiderio vocabolario latino vocabolario transliterato erote vocabolario translato vocabolario toscano. Grice: Caro Colombo, nel tuo idealismo vedo una vera avventura filosofica: ma secondo te, il filosofo può indossare la toga del teologo senza rischiare una crisi d’identità? Colombo: Grice, a Milano ci provano tutti, ma la differenza tra teologo e filosofo è come quella tra pasta asciutta e risotto: se non la senti, rischi di rimanere affamato! Grice: E allora chi decide il giusto prezzo della felicità, la ragione o la morale? Oppure basta chiedere a Daddy se ci compra un wow wow? Colombo: A dirla tutta, Grice, l’amore mutuo è come il vocabolario latino: se lo traduci bene, tutti sono felici – ma se sbagli, rischi di finire in un simposio con solo acqua e pane!

Egidio Colonna (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazional. Grice: “I like C.!” : He supports Pope Boniface VIII in his quarrel with Philip IV of Franc eand that was a bad choice.”  Must say I LOVE C., or COLVMNA as the printing goes – of course the “Corriere della Sera” hastens to add that he wassn’t one! In any case, my favourite of his tracts is of course the one on the lizio!”. Studia sotto AQUINO. Insegna filosofia. C. criticizes AQUINO. He held that essence and existence are really distinct in creatures, but described them as “things”; that prime matter cannot exist without some substantial form; and, early in his career, that an eternally created world is possible. He defended only one substantial form in composites, including man.” A bestseller of the Low Middle Ages!” Cosnisder the claims here: ‘essence and existence are really distinct in creatures – and each is a thing – prime matter cannot exist without substantial forml – eternal and created world is not a contradiction – there is only ONE substantial form in compostes, including man. Doctor fundatissimus.. Tutore di Filippo al quale dedica De regimine principum, sostene la monarchia come forma di governo. D’ispirazione accademica, attivo  nella politica sul rapporto tra potere temporale ed spirituale. Ricordato, con Giacomo da Viterbo, pella bolla Unam Sanctam di e De ecclesiastica potestate quale teorico della plenitudo potestatis pontificia. Il De regimine principum e di ispirazione lizio alla AQUINO inerente alla naturalità dello stato, difensore della potestas regale. Nel De Ecclesiastica potestate afferma la superiorità del sacerdotium rispetto al rex, teocrazia papale. Difende AQUINO. Gli avversari del papato trovano nel lizio gli strumenti per svolgere un'analisi politica che mette in discussione il sacralità del potere. stato piano spirituale Civitas Cælestis e piano temporale della vita terrena Civitas Peregrina, due città partito del apa Rivendica la plenitudo potestatis come costitutiva dell'auctoritas del Papa in quanto homo spiritualis. conversazione cortese, conversazione gentile, padre/figlio amore naturale principe cavalleria cavaliere, cavalier attitude, mplicature. St. John’s (late 1950s). Potts has been attending Kneale’s seminar—“the Kneales,” as he insists on calling them, with a punctilio that suggests two minds in one gown—and he came back today brimming with enthusiasm for their enthusiasm over Egidio Colonna, whom Lorenzo Minio-Paluello (and Potts, on his authority) insists on calling Aegidius Romanus. Apparently one must Latinise one’s Italians before they become respectable enough to discuss. “I expect Kneale dwelt on the metaphysics too?” I said. “And rightly so,” Potts replied—his new refrain, borrowed from Martha’s tone. “The main lesson,” he continued, “was the 1277 Condemnation, and how it changed the whole atmosphere. Colonna wrote a corollary under Aquinas—under Aquinatus, as Minio-Paluello would have it—that, after 1277, has to be rewritten as something more cautious, more ‘theorematic,’ if you like. You see it in the Theoremata.” “Theoremata—plural?” I asked. “Two of them? One on esse, one on essentia?” Potts brightened, as if I had passed a small test. “Exactly. And then the fight begins. Are they the same? Martha says no; William says yes. Martha says essentia should be rendered as ‘beingness’—and William says that’s Heideggerian nonsense.” “And rightly so,” I put in, because sometimes one must intervene simply to keep the Germans from annexing the thirteenth century by translation. “But explain this to me,” I said. “How can a condemnation change the topic? A bishop condemns, and suddenly esse and essentia become more interesting?” Potts, now very Knealean, gave me the lecture. Not that the bishop condemned esse (which one can hardly do without condemning everything), but that he condemned certain ways of speaking—Essence with a capital E, as Martha theatrically put it—certain temptations to treat metaphysics as if it were physics with better manners. And Aquinas, Potts said (though I suspect this was Potts’ embroidery), was disappointed that Colonna, an Italian like himself, should align himself with the Parisian atmosphere rather than with the Roman temper which later ages would dignify as “the Angelic” and reward with a university named after him. “Continental philosophy,” I remarked, “is always a quarrel about who may capitalise what.” Potts looked wounded, as if I had insulted a saint. “Not continental,” he corrected. “Scholastic.” “Very well,” I said. “Scholastic: a quarrel about capitals, pursued with footnotes.” And then, because Oxford cannot keep serious for long without feeling it has become foreign, I sent him back to my own preoccupations. “Now,” I said, “go on. You were going to tell me how this bears on my proposed catalogue of conversational maxims—benevolence and self-love and all that Butlerian apparatus you think I’m building. Unless, of course, you mean to propose a Theorema de esse et essentia of conversation: one theorem for what is said, another for what is meant.” Potts laughed—politely, and perhaps with relief that we were back on English ground—while I reflected (privately) that the medievals at least had the decency to let a bishop do their policing. We manage it ourselves, by seminar.Grice: Caro Colonna, devo dire che tra essenza ed esistenza, io mi perdo spesso… tu invece le hai messe pure come “cose”! Ma non ti sembra che la materia prima faccia fatica a sopravvivere senza un po’ di forma, magari quella di un buon bicchiere di vino? Colonna: Grice, in tutto c’è una sostanza, anche nel vino, ma solo una forma sostanziale: quella che fa la differenza tra un filosofo e un cavaliere! E poi, se il mondo fosse eterno e creato allo stesso tempo, almeno avremmo più tempo per discuterne… Grice: Mi hai quasi convinto, Egidio! Ma dimmi: se il Papa ha la plenitudo potestatis, chi decide se il potere spirituale o temporale deve servire la pasta asciutta o il pane benedetto? Colonna: Grice, la conversazione cortese insegna che il principe deve saper amare come un padre, ma il Papa, in fondo, ha sempre il diritto di benedire… anche la pasta, purché sia al dente! E se la cavalleria manca, almeno resta la gentilezza. Colonna, Egidio (1278). Theoremata de esse et essentia.

Eugenio Colorni (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della diadologia. Grice: “To understand the passion in Italian philosophy, as the pasdsion I experienced with Austin in the postwar and with Hardie on the golfcourse in the good old days, one has to understand l’ebre-italiano C. – he was a socialist, and thus an empiriociritic! He found opposition in the Gentileians. Oddly, C.’s main interest is the ‘monad,’ but he also explored what we would at Oxford call ‘science’ – rather than philosophy. Lay the blame on his tutor at Milano!”. Federalista. Studia Croce. Si laurea a Milano sotto Borgese e Martinetti con Idividuo. Conosce Piovene. Del gruppo goliardico per la libertà di Basso e Morandi. estetica d’Ardigò. la diada. Insegna a Trieste. Conosce Saba, Gambini, Pincherle e Curiel. Nella collana di Gentile Diadologia. logica semantica. Riparte dalla critica, e medita sulla la quantica e la psicanalisi. Rifiuta l'idealismo. Conosce Rosselli e Tasca. Conosce Rossi, Doria e Spinelli. La creazione di una federazione di stati europei è da lui considerata come condizione indispensabile per un profondo rinnovamento sociale, anche per iniziativa popolare, che partendo dagli enti territoriali avrebbe coinvolto tutta l’Italia e, quindi, l’intera Europa. Circa le dinamiche che portarono alla stesura del Manifesto, è generalmente ricondotto ai soli Spinelli e Rossi il contributo maggioritario del testo, sebbene, alcuni all'autore del tutto, non solamente come all architetto e alla causa efficiente del nostro essere, ma anche come al nostro signore e alla causa tinaie che deve costituire tutto lo scopo della nostra volontà, e solo può procurarci la felicità. E qui accennato al concetto fondamentale della Teodicea, secondo cui tutto oiò che apparo come malo cessa di essere tale, quando venga considerato in connessione con l'arinonia del tutto, nella quale anche i lati oscuri hanno una loro funziono, e le ombreggiature contribuiscono alla perfezione del quadro. diadologia, il concetto dell’individuo, l’idealismo filosofico como malatia, indice alla malatia metafisica, scritti filosofici curati da Bobbio, scienza unificata, ebreo-italiano, circolo di Vienna. Eugenio. Corpus, 1933. I remember it with the freshness one reserves for things that are only a year old and yet have already acquired the gloss of “arrival.” I turn up in Oxford, and there on the Philosophy Club table lies a thin Italian book: Colorni, Il pensiero filosofico di Malebranche. One can almost hear the vowels. I ask Shropshire, in my best innocent tone, “What is this?” “It’s a book,” he says. “But Malebranche is French, isn’t he?” “Oui,” says Shropshire, enjoying himself. “And Il pensiero filosofico di is not French.” “Non è,” he agrees. “So—if you will excuse the Germanism—wie kommt das? How come?” Shropshire gives me the lesson—precisely the lesson I had already half endured, and was now being asked to endure properly. “In Italy,” he says, “they philosophise about French philosophers. They do it because they find it either (a) funny, (b) easy, or (c) fashionable.” “But Malebranche is neither—” “I wouldn’t use ‘neither’ when it’s a trilemma, Grice,” he interrupts, “and even less so when you haven’t met Colorni in the flesh.” This is the sort of reprimand that Oxford delivers with a straight face: a grammatical correction masquerading as a moral one. Still, he has a point. For my complaint was not really about Malebranche at all; it was about the oddness of the cultural move. “Italian on French,” I thought, “is surely a form of second-handness.” But second-handness is, in Oxford, the common condition of intellectual life: we live on commentaries, we inherit disputes, we talk as if we had invented what we merely learned to repeat. And once I actually open the thing, the apparent oddity begins to look less odd. Colorni’s title is a kind of confession: it announces, in advance, that what matters is not Malebranche as a Frenchman, but Malebranche as a problem—Malebranche made portable, teachable, discussable in Italian rooms. Il pensiero di is not a claim of ownership, but a way of domesticating a foreign mind: making it fit a Milanese shelf and an Italian conversation. So the book, sitting there on the club table, is itself a small lesson in implicature. The cover says “Malebranche,” but it implies “Italy”: the Italian habit of treating philosophy as something one may do on other people—on Greeks, on Germans, on Frenchmen—because philosophy, like conversation, is often easiest when there is someone else’s voice to answer back to. And Shropshire, of course, takes it one step further. “If you want to know why,” he says, “don’t ask about Malebranche. Ask about Colorni.” Which is exactly the sort of remark that makes one suspect Oxford has trained us all to treat books not as objects, but as conversational moves: placed on a table in order to provoke a question, and answered—if answered at all—by a correction.Grice: Caro Colorni, trovo affascinante come nella tua filosofia la passione italiana si unisca al rigore scientifico. Mi incuriosisce il tuo interesse per la “diadologia” e il concetto dell’individuo: come sei arrivato a considerare l’idealismo quasi una malattia metafisica?  Colorni: Grazie, Grice! Ho sempre pensato che la filosofia debba essere al servizio della libertà e del cambiamento sociale. L’idealismo, pur avendo una grande tradizione, mi è sembrato spesso troppo distante dalla realtà concreta. Ho preferito una logica semantica e una prospettiva empirico-critica, anche grazie all’influenza di Martinetti e Borgese.  Grice: Il tuo approccio mi ricorda il circolo di Vienna e la loro idea di una scienza unificata. In Italia, però, la tradizione idealista è ancora forte. Hai trovato difficoltà a promuovere una visione più federale e scientifica, soprattutto nel contesto filosofico italiano?  Colorni: Assolutamente sì, Grice. Spesso mi sono sentito isolato tra i Gentiliani, ma ho trovato grande stimolo nei gruppi goliardici e nell’incontro con spiriti affini come Spinelli e Rossi. Ho creduto nella creazione di una federazione di stati europei come condizione indispensabile per un vero rinnovamento sociale: la filosofia, per me, deve sempre dialogare con la scienza e la politica, e non chiudersi in astrattezze. Colorni, Eugenio (1932). Il pensiero filosofico di Malebranche. Milano: Fratelli Bocca Editori.

Amedeo Giovanni Conte (Pavia, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del sacrificio. Grice: “Must say I love C. He  has almost the same talent for linguistic coinage as I do! In Italy ‘filosofia del diritto’ is much more respectable a discipline that it is at Oxford! But C. manages to keep it philosophically interesting for the philosopher’s philosopher that I am! C. proves that moral philosophy is at the heart of philosopohy qua-uni-virtue – for the critique of reason must include the buletico, and that’s all that to which C. dedicates his philosophy! Into the bargain, he expands into concepts like punishment, fiducia, my principle of conversational trust, and so much more! He plays with language the way only Heidegger does in German or I in English! C. is what I, and Italians, would call a Griceian conversationali pragmaticist. C. quotes from Soph. El. on the omonimia of ‘deon,’ for the good or bad. Surely ‘must’ or il modo impoerativo does not have TWO senses, and C. distinguishes: ambiguita semantica/ambi-VALENZA prammatica. Il verbo in modo indivativo tempo futuro ha valore imperativo. Since il lizio refuses to use Frege’s Sinn, and keeps referring to semeion segnare, we may well conclude that il lizio is just Greek Grice. Surely his quoting Foot and work with Wright on Kant’s hypo/cate is very Griceian! On top, C. has a taste for local history and has discovered some gems in some jurisprudential philosophers of his paese’!” Si laurea a Torino sotto BOBBIO con ius naturale. Insegna a Pavia. semiotica performativo deontica buletico regola eidetico-costitutiva validità desirabilita conversazionale In che consiste quell’impero dal quale il modo imperativo prende il nome interpretazione analogica ordine normativismo paradosso deontico filosofia della lingua normativa res ex nomine sociologia del diritto adelaster il nome del vero eido-gramma Nella parola Osnago Pulcino elefante Kenningar critica della ragione deontica ontologia agire verbale qualified. modo del verbo impero the sorry story of deontic logic  giuridico giudicare giuridicare impiego employ employment, empiegamento aletico change Actions and Events Casotti, Volere. St. John’s, 1958. Strawson has done it again. I open The Philosophical Review—the 1957 volume—and there I find “Meaning” in print, with my name sitting in it as if it had always belonged there, and with Stevenson (1944) being made to look like my anchor. Strawson never told me he meant to send the thing to press. He has the journalist’s vice (which he would call a virtue): he thinks a paper is not properly alive until it has been typeset and misread by strangers. To keep my mind off this small betrayal, I turn to Conte. It turns out that my “vintage year” has its Italian counterpart: Ricerche in tema d’interpretazione analogica, fresh from Pavia, Tipografia del Libro, and gleaming—absurdly—in Blackwell’s, as if Oxford undergraduates were likely to buy a monograph on analogical interpretation while still unable to translate three lines of Aristotle without tears. Is it philosophy? Not, at first glance, in the way Oxford means by “philosophy.” It isn’t anchored to a cheap emotivist from the 1940s; but then Stevenson was never “philosophy” either—his degree, I’m told, was in English (do you really need a degree for that? Yale seems to think so). Conte is at least dealing with something respectable: interpretazione analogica—and Aristotle is suddenly all the rage here, now that Ackrill has begun to show an interest, and the undergraduates have begun to pretend that “analogy” is not simply a way of getting out of trouble. Then I read the preface and see the real point: it comes out of a Facoltà di Giurisprudenza. So the analogy is not merely Aristotelian; it is institutional. Conte is a lawyer writing about the logic of interpretation and thereby becoming, by a kind of transitive accident, a philosopher. Which suggests a tidy proportion for my own peace of mind: Oxford Philosophical Society “Meaning” (1948) : Philosophical Review “Meaning” (1957) :: Conte the jurist (Pavia) : Conte the philosopher (analogically speaking). It is a comforting thought—especially when one’s own paper has been promoted, without one’s permission, from college occasion to American publication. If Strawson has made me into an author by editorial fiat, Conte shows how one may become a philosopher by institutional drift: interpretation as the bridge, and “analogy” as the method by which one’s provenance is quietly rewritten. (And, I suppose, the moral is this: there are worse fates than being printed; but there are few things odder than being printed at the instigation of one’s friends.)Grice: Caro Conte, devo confessare che trovo affascinante la tua capacità di giocare con il linguaggio. In Inghilterra la filosofia del diritto non gode della stessa stima, ma tu riesci a renderla centrale per la filosofia morale. Mi incuriosisce la tua distinzione tra ambiguità semantica e ambi-valenza pragmatica: come nasce la tua attenzione per il sacrificio e la fiducia nella conversazione? Conte: Grazie, Grice! Credo che la filosofia debba interrogare non solo la ragione, ma anche il cuore delle regole morali. Il sacrificio è sempre legato all’imperativo della fiducia: senza fiducia, la conversazione perde valore. Per questo ho cercato di mostrare come il modo futuro abbia spesso una forza normativa, quasi imperativa, che si riflette sia nel diritto sia nel linguaggio quotidiano. Grice: Interessante! La tua riflessione sul buletico mi ricorda i miei studi sulla conversazione e sul principio di trust. Pensi che la performatività del linguaggio normativo possa davvero sostituire la distinzione tra significato e segno, come suggerivi citando il lizio? Conte: Credo di sì, Grice. La performatività trasforma la parola in azione: non è solo semeion, ma anche impero. In fondo, la regola non è mai solo eidetico-costitutiva, ma sempre validata dal desiderio e dalla fiducia conversazionale. Così il diritto diventa dialogo, proprio come la filosofia! 1957: Ricerche in tema d’interpretazione analogica (Pavia, Tipografia del Libro).

Angelo Conti (Mairago, Lodi, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “I love C.!” Datosi agli studî umanistici che contemperò con quelli giuridici, alla scuola prima di Cardano, poi di Maggi e di Alciati, ebbe la cattedra d'eloquenza a Milano dove rimane, tranne un breve ritiro a Ferrara, fino alla morte, promovendo gli studî e l'Accademia dei Trasformati. Filosofo, umanista, giurista, nei caratteri della sua cultura e delle sue aspre polemiche si riflette la crisi del ciceronismo. In principio, parzialissimo di CICERONE , gli si dedica tutto con compilazioni e commenti, ma poi reagì con l'Antiparadoxon libri VI -- Lione. Gli rispose Nizzoli, spirito più penetrante, entusiasta anche lui di Cicerone, propugnando una più giusta valutazione storica di questo e una più sagace distinzione fra il pensatore e il prosatore. Ma la risposta provoca nuova replica – cf. Cohen against Grice, Walker against Cohen, Cohen against Walker. Reprehensionum Libri duo contra Nizolium; e la polemica si protrasse clamorosa e violenta. Dopo la sua morte molti suoi lavori di erudizione e di filologia furono dati alle stampe. Ex Bibliotheca majori Coli. Rom. Societ. Jesu V M> ANTONII Maiorajnj Rcprchenfi onum libri duo, cocra Manum. Nizolium Bnxcllenlcm: In quibus multa 8c uaria diiputantur,qua: cum magnam in legendo iucunditatcm, tu m non mediocrem utilitat em atterre poliunt* KVC ACCESSIT RECUSATIO OM^ man y qu*l M. Antonii Mjiongjjjanquam nuu nium corum^ua NiPolius in Decifionibus eiufdem Xntonij J&iorigjjtnqugm mu lepofitWQtmt, Capitarenim,quar toto hoc Opere tKKJhntwv ftaumpoft Praefationem reperies, /£cYm BDIOLANI, » f 4 * m A ‘3 I 1 V, O T W A -M iinofb'iq-j^i (ijsBioicfVi w. ^ JjTJOJ c i • « iCaV j yi v * m 8 cnuno 'f.VH. tri*# y. f^frrn ?udh: > r! m ftitnotfn iau^ 'fy ?* } rrfttMjIrtt* ndi^ muion rn;.J %: •?ns &T1* IttQ c' w - x t . > 1 # T)J SfU )A . A xitn . -x'. r ^^rroijiK .M •<< C r  r , \ Q Antonmaria Contil Mairago, Lodi, Lombardia.  Grice: Conti, mi affascina come tu riesca a mettere d’accordo gli studi umanistici e quelli giuridici. Ma dimmi, tra Cardano, Maggi e Alciati, chi ti ha insegnato il trucco per sopravvivere alle polemiche? Conti: Grice, il vero trucco è la pazienza lombarda: se la polemica diventa troppo aspra, basta fingere di essere a Ferrara e tutto si calma. Ma quando si parla di Cicerone, nessuno resta tranquillo! Grice: Eppure, anche dopo l’Antiparadoxon e la replica di Nizzoli, tu continui a promuovere l’Accademia dei Trasformati. Sei più filosofo, giurista o polemista? Conti: Grice, dipende dal giorno: a Milano mi sento giurista, in polemica filosofo, e quando scoppia la tempesta editoriale, umanista. Ma di una cosa sono sicuro: se Cohen contro Grice, Walker contro Cohen e Cohen contro Walker, allora serve davvero una pausa… magari a pranzo! Conti. Da  tutto il corpo il sudore allora gli gronda, e gli cola —  omai il respiro gli manca — in un fiume color della  pece. E finalmente allora, a precipizio, di un salto, con  tutte le armi, nel fiume si lanciò; e quello, con la sua  bionda corrente l’accolse, e lo tenne sopra le onde tranquille, e, della strage asterso, lieto ai compagni lo rese. Angelo Conti. Keywords: VIRGILIANA, decadente, decadenza, divina decadenza, filosofia decadente, filosofo decadente, decadentismo, divinely decadent – d’annunzio, museo d’annunziano, il bello e il bizzarro, il bello bizzarro, estetica, sensatio, senso, sensum, sentior, sentitum, perceived, perceptum – sense and sensibilia, estetico/noetico (nihil est in intellectu qui prior non fuerit in sensu), propieta estetica, proprieta di secondo grado, secondary quality, Grice, Sibley, Scruton, Platone, Kant, Schopenhauer, Ruskin, Pater, Antichita, antico e moderno, il fascino dell’antico, from the antique, from life, Uffizi, Accademia Venezia, RegieAccademiadiVenezia, Capodemonti, Napoli, Antichita Roma, il fiume d’Eraclito, Ulisse e il canto delle sirene, Morelli, Francesco, Virgilio, dolcissimo padre, ascetismo, ascecis, zorzi, riva beata, Pater, Essay on Style by Pater, Da Vinci, Morelli, la nudita eroica d’Enea – Luigi Ratini. Grice: Conti, ma da dove nasce tutta questa “divina decadenza”? Hai mai pensato che il sudore, invece di gronda, potrebbe essere una metafora estetica per la fatica di capire Platone? Conti: Grice, in effetti ogni goccia di sudore è come un piccolo Eraclito: scorre, cambia, e alla fine ti fa sentire “perceptum” – o almeno ti lascia galleggiare sopra le onde tranquille della filosofia! Grice: Allora, caro Conti, se il fiume è color della pece, sarà vero che la filosofia decadente odora più di museo d’annunziano o di riva beata? Conti: Grice, preferisco la riva beata: lì si può ascoltare il canto delle sirene e sentirsi, almeno per un attimo, compagno lieto degli antichi – anche se ogni tanto si rischia di lanciarsi a precipizio nell’ignoto, armi e bagagli inclusi! Conti, Angelo (1899). Il giardino della bellezza. Palermo: Sandron Editore.

Antonio Schinella Conti (Padova, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura converseazionale del dialogo filosofico. Grice: “C. is a good one; for one he is a ‘patrizio veneziano,’ for another he like Pope and detests Newton! Italian temper there! My favourite are his Dialoghi filosofici, full of implicata as they are!” Classicist mediazione tra Newtono eLeibnizio circa l'invenzione del calcolo infinitesimale infinito. Sulla struttura della tragedia, e fantasma poetico discute la funzione del coro: monologo dialogo coro terza persoda. Tra le sue tragedie, la più significativa il GIULIO Cesare. altre tre, tutte di soggetto romano: Marco Bruto, Giunio Bruto, e Druso. Disputa con Nigrisoli Rifleli Imitazione Poesia Allegoria dell'Enea di VIRGILIO Catullo Teride e Peleo Tebaide di Stazio Fracastoro il Nawagero Ragion Poetica di Gravina Potenza conoscitiva dell'Anima fantasia. Maffei Marcello Piſenti Somaſco Cerarti. Propone una cosa per farne intender un’altra, che seco è in proporzione, se ENEA é allegora d’OTTAVIANO. La a cosa proposta è l’agire d’Enea, l’explicatura. La cosa che deve intendersi è l’agire d’OTTAVIANO, l’implicatura. Alla base della premessa del secondo ra­gionamento di Sesto. Essa permette di sviluppare un ragio­namento corrispondente al MODVS TOLLENS, che convalida la conclusione del primo ragionamento. Non si sa dire se il portico riescano a evitare, con il ricorso alla contrapposizione, la contraddizione che esiste tra la richiesta d’una relazione necessaria e a priori tra le due proposizioni del condizionale e la necessità che il segno produce nuova conoscenza. La contrapposizione rende necessaria la relazione anche nel caso di verità fattua­le, poiché parte dall'assunzione che il fatto oscuro per natu­ra è legato a quello evidente in modo tale che ciò che è evi­dente non puo esistere se il fatto non percepito non e quale viene rivelato essere. about whether corpori celesti are inhabited l’infinito self-referential recursion anti-sneak regress infinite regress communication finitesimale Cicerone semiotica stoica scudo VELIA accademia dassiomatico dell’essere l’essere e. Grice: Conti, ti confesso che i tuoi dialoghi filosofici sono come il vino veneziano: ogni implicatura è una nota in più! Conti: Grice, se solo avessi Newton e Leibniz a cena, non saprei se servire piatti infinitesimali o cori tragici. Ma almeno il GIULIO Cesare va sempre bene! Grice: E allora, se ENEA è Ottaviano, io suggerisco che il mio agire sia implicatura, e la tua sia una esplicatura che mi fa sempre scoprire qualcosa di nuovo. Conti: Caro Grice, purché non si finisca in un regresso infinito, basta che il coro ci accompagni: se il fatto non percepito è tra le nuvole, almeno la battuta finale ce la lascia il portico! Conti, Antonio Schinella (1716). Il dramma di Don Chisciotte. Venezia: Stamperia Valvasense.

Augusto Conti (San Miniato, Pisa, Toscana):  il primo storico italiano della filosofia italiana – amato da Fiorentino -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale Grice: “C. is a good one – a historian of philosophy, or rather a philosophical historian – I never know! – his chapter on the Greek embassy that brought philosophy to Rome is stimulating!” Si laurea a Lucca. Insegna a Firenze. Studia il bello, che define stare fra il vero e il buono, il mezzo tra il principio e fine. Cose di storia e d'arte; Evidenza, amore, o i criteri della filosofia, Famiglia, patria, i  amori”; l tempo in un viaggio in Italia”. Coglie occasione per un insegnamento civile; sulla religione, stato, ecc.; Il bello nel vero, o estetica; Il buono nel vero, o morale e diritto naturale. Illustrazione delle sculture e dei mosaici sulla facciata del duomo di Firenze; Il vero nell'ordine, ontologia e logica; L'armonia delle cose, o antropologia. Costrue una metafisica sulla relazione, l'armonia, l'ordine; Letteratura e patria, collana di ricordi nazionali”; discorsi del tempo, o famiglia, Patria, arte, Storia della filosofia. “Sveglie dell'anima. Dell'arte, dialoghi. Evidenza, amore o i criteri della filosofia lavoro, accordo della filosofia colla tradizione; ALIGHIERI. Armonie ideali nell'opere belle. L'artista tende al più alto segno ideale. Ordine dell'idea chiaro giudizj e ragionamenti. Dialettica dell'arte, dialettica rappresentativa. L'idea è universale, talchè i particolari dell'arte non ecclissano o escludere il concetto universale; altrimenti, arte bella non c'è’ L’ordine ideale porge all’immagini formosità. eletta, che manifestasi per cose straordinarie e l'eccellenza de'modi, ſuggendo l’ampollosità, e si determina ne segni; onde s'origina l'armonia de'contrapposti. Armonia dell'ordine ideale colla NATURA, legge di corrispondenza e contrapposto. Armonia col divino per natura. Il gusto del bello. Regola prossima è il gusto. Sentimento di verità, bellezza, e bene. il gusto? Analogie del gusto intellettivo col gusto sensitivo. sanità e infermità abiti buoni/vizisi; S'esamina gli ufficj del gusto intellettivo della bellezza. Effetto del gusto. Forme del sapere, filosofia romana, la semiotica di CICERONE. Grice: Caro Conti, devo ammettere che trovo stimolante la tua prospettiva sulla storia della filosofia italiana, soprattutto il capitolo sull’ambasciata greca che portò la filosofia a Roma. Mi incuriosisce il modo in cui riesci a intrecciare il bello, il vero e il buono nelle tue riflessioni. Come nasce in te questo equilibrio tra principi e fine? Conti: Grazie, Grice! Credo che il bello sia proprio il ponte tra il vero e il buono: una sorta di armonia ideale che si manifesta sia nell’arte che nella vita. Per me, la filosofia serve a risvegliare l’anima e a favorire l’accordo tra tradizione e ragione. È una tensione continua tra evidenza, amore e criteri universali, ma sempre vissuta con sentimento e gusto. Grice: Che splendida visione! Mi piace il tuo accento sull’armonia dei contrapposti e sull’ordine ideale che si riflette nelle immagini e nei segni. Alla maniera di Alighieri, credi che anche la dialettica dell’arte abbia un valore rappresentativo universale, tale da non oscurare mai il concetto? È questo che rende “bello” qualcosa? Conti: Esattamente, Grice! L’arte bella non esclude mai il concetto universale: la particolarità è sempre armonizzata con la natura e il divino. Il gusto è la regola prossima, il sentimento di verità, bellezza e bene. Solo se l’ordine ideale si accorda con la natura, si raggiunge quella “formosità eletta” che è segno di eccellenza e fonte di armonia tra opposti. Così nasce la vera filosofia romana! Conti, Augusto (1857). Sul bello secondo la ragione. Firenze: Tipografia Galileiana.

Siro Contri (Cazzano di Tramigna, Verona, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale idealista di Buonaparte. Grice: “I like C. He reminds me of my days at Rossall! Of course C. is interested in Hegel, la la ricerca del segreto sofisma di Hegel – and attempts to reveal it as Stirling never could! But C., being an Italian, is also interested in il bello. The interesting thing is that he goes back to Italy, to AQUINO. He has a good exploration on verum in AQUINO which reminds me of Bristol, Revisited!” Si laurea a Padova sotto ZAMBONI. Insegna a Bologna. Minuziosa critica alla logica idealista. Mette in rilievo le incongruenze gnoseologiche e metodologiche che portano all’errata concezione della realtà come vita dell’idea. Rovesciando l'immanentismo, scopre un mondo di realtà sviluppando una concezione di filosofia della storia che denomina storio-sofia. Di ZAMBONI accolge la gnoseologia pura. Critica AQUINO e SERBATI. La posizione archeo-scolastica conoscenza indimostrata a priori degl’esseri C. sostenne la DIMOSTRAZIONE della conoscenza dell’essere e degl’esseri dalla gnoseologia pura di e ri-da certezza. Accusa di plagio GEMELLI   genesi fenomenologica della logica Fascista. Disputa con ZAMBONI. Quid est veritas. Dei lincei Trascendenza nell'immanentismo. Metafisiche il divenire in sè, fenomenismo. A tale fenomenismo corrispondono fenomenologie come quella che afferma che il reale Riunì BUONAPARTE in queste operazioni l’esecuzione dei pensieri di Marcello in Siracusa; di Fabio Marcello per trattato leva molti bel1issimi simulacri, perchè serveno di  ornamento alla sua patria -- la quale siuo allora non ha, ne avuti, nè veduti abbigliamenti cosi gentili ed isquisiti. l regime fascista. bello assiologia poetica VICO Mussolini, discorso, duce, logica gl’esseri contraddetto pulchrum paleo-scolastici lizio  vero errore di CROCE, l’equivoco di Croce, percezione del bello, armonia storia storicismo  domma negazione concetto puro metodo nihilismo errore sofisma GENTILE. Grice: Contri, confesso che quando cerchi il segreto sofistico di Hegel mi sento proprio a Rossall, tra inglesi che filosofeggiano e italiani che cercano il bello. Ma dimmi, la tua “storio-sofia” nasce più da una passeggiata a Bologna o da un soggiorno a Bristol? Contri: Grice, il segreto sta nel mescolare la gnoseologia pura di Zamboni con la voglia di scoprire il vero tra le incongruenze idealiste. Da Bristol porto il dubbio, ma da Bologna la certezza che il reale non si dimostra soltanto con le idee… serve anche un buon caffè! Grice: E allora, caro Contri, tu metti in crisi Croce e Gentile come Mussolini faceva con i discorsi: a colpi di storicismo e assiologia poetica! Ma non temi che il regime fascista possa insidiare la percezione del bello? Contri: Grice, il bello sopravvive anche alle peggiori assiologie politiche! Basta un simulacro gentile, una battuta spiritosa e qualche negazione concettuale: l’importante è non farsi rapire dal sofisma, ma restare sempre allegri… come Marcello che abbelliva Siracusa, senza mai perdere il senso della realtà! Contri, Siro (1885). Saggio critico sulla poesia di Carducci. Modena: Tipografia Toschi.

Lucio Cornelio Sissena (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale dell’orto romano, Roma e la filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Grice: “ In modern Italian, the surname derives from the gens Cornelia of Lucius C. Sisenna would likely be C. While the clan’s name survives as a first name in many contexts, the historical Venetian noble house Cornaro (or Corner) also claims direct descent from the ancient C. gens.  CICERONE’s Critique of C.’s Stoicism In his dialogue Brutus, Cicero assesses C.’s as a learned man,but one whose adherence to the PORTICO is inconsistent and ultimately not very well reflected in his professional output.  Linguistic Inconsistency: Cicero mocks C.’s attempt to be a reformer of ordinary speech. While IL PORTICO typically advocates for clarity and directness -- calling it logos --, C. famously uses archaic, obscure, and "unheard-of" words. To CICERONE, this is a failure of the ideal of IL PORTICO of effective communication, which should align with natural reason rather than stylistic eccentricity. Historical Bias: C.’s chief work, the Historiae, focused on the social war and the Sullan era. Sallust and CICERONE both note C.’s extreme partisanship toward Sulla. This bias contradicts the principle of IL PORTICO of universal justice and objective truth, which required the philosopher to remain detached from personal factionalism to serve the common good. The "Meagre" Style: CICERONE generally criticised the rhetoric of IL PORTICO as being meagre, strange, and foreign to the ears of the crowd. CICERONE sees C.’s work as epitomising this flaw — possessing the theoretical framework of a member of IL PORTICO but lacking the appropriate spirit and rhetorical power needed for a truly influential public figure. Grice goes on to explore how Cicero's own philosophy compares to the members of IL PORTICO he often criticises. portico, C. achieves acclaim as a historian. Cicerone suggests that C. is a member of L’ORTO, ‘but not a very consistent one.’ GRICEVS: Corneli, si porticus verba nimis obscura amat, ego in horto simpliciter loquar et ridendo significabo. CORNELIVS: Grice, si me Ciceronis Brutus rursus accusat, dicam me Stoicum esse in titulo, Epicureum autem in cena. GRICEVS: Ita, sed cave ne historia tua Sullae tantum faveat, nam etiam hortus justitiam amat et vinum imparcialiter bibit. CORNELIVS: Promitto: scribam clarius, loquar brevius, et si quis “logos” postulat, respondebo “panis et ortus” et omnes intellegent

Tommaso Cornelio (Rovito, Cosenza, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Giove, Ganimede, e Prometeo. Grice: “I love C. He has a gift for titling his treatises: gyymnasma! My favourite of his gymnasmata is the one on what he calls the ‘generation’ of ‘man’. In Roman, ‘homo’ is said to come from mud, ‘humus,’ and this is strange because Prometeo created man out of mud. In Rome, the more Catholic your philosophy is, the more ‘Aquinate’, as it were, the less Hegelian and Platonic. So trust an Italian philosopher to believe more in the Graeco-Roman myth of the ‘generation of man’ than the story of Adam’s spare rib, etc.! It’s best to represent C. as representing Cartesio – yes, the Cartesio that Ryle attacks! But Italy never had a Ryle, so that’s good!”. C. si forma alla scuola cosentina sulla teoria naturalista anti-lizio di TELESIO, molto studiato nei salotti. Studia a Roma, approfondendo e facendo proprie molte tesi di BONAIUTO. naturalismo di CAMPANELLA, di cui è erede il suo tutore SEVERINO. Insegna a Napoli,. Gassendi. Pro-gymnasmata physica cognatione aëris et aquae; Quæ in hoc volumine continentur animalium conformatio ex inspectione er ex aque, ac terre expira ouorum percipi facile patest  tionibus ætheri permiftis con animalium ex semine conformatio destituitur scribitur aer ob vsum respirationis recentari de animalium pars primigenia non iecur neque cor, neque fanguis ter præter modum diſtraktus aut com animantes exſectis teftibus quandoque preffus vite animalium et ignis con filios generant. Giove, Ganimede, e Prometeo, pro-gymnasmaton, gymnasmaton, gymnasta, gymnasium, ginnasio, ginnasiale, nudo romano, nudita romana, corpo nudo, snudare, atleta, atletismo, lotta ginnastica, competizione ginnastica, implicatura ginnastica, l’implicatura ginnastica di Socrate, Socrate al ginnasio, implicatura ginnasiale, the eagle, Giove come aquila, aquila come impero romano, aquila come impero nazi, le due aquile. Merton, 1936. Merton never ceases to surprise me—and I do not mean the men (who are usually as expected), but the stone itself. The philosophical library is not the Bibliothèque Nationale, of course; it has none of that Parisian confidence that everything worth thinking has already been bound and shelved. But it is large enough to harbour an Italian curiosity: a reference to Tommaso Cornelio’s Meditationes de mundi structura—a title so grand that one almost laughs before one opens the cover. The biographer’s tag is perfect: left incomplete. Naturally so—who could ever finish meditating on the structure of the world? “Meditations” already promises postponement; “structure of the world” promises a job that will outlast the meditator. The only surprise is that anyone ever began. One imagines Cornelio setting out, pen poised, full of Neapolitan courage, and then pausing, quite sensibly, to notice that the world has not obligingly held still while he analysed it. What I like in the whole business is the mismatch between title and human scale. In Oxford we are trained to distrust large nouns—“the Good,” “the Absolute,” “the World”—unless they come with a small question attached. Cornelio, being Italian, does the opposite: he begins with the large noun and hopes the questions will sort themselves out. The result is a fragment; but then fragments are often what philosophy actually produces, once it has finished pretending to be architecture. And yet the incompleteness is not merely failure. It is also method. A meditation that ends is a sermon; a meditation that breaks off is honest evidence that the subject outran the writer. In that sense, “left incomplete” reads less like an apology and more like a quiet boast: I stopped because the world did not.Grice: Cornelio, ammettilo, il tuo “gymnasma” sul fango è più divertente di una lezione di fisica di Ganimede! Ma tu, preferisci il mito di Prometeo o quello della costola di Adamo? Cornelio: Grice, senza dubbio il fango di Prometeo dà più gusto! In Italia si dice: meglio sporcare le mani che perdere una costola—e poi, almeno col fango ci si può allenare come al ginnasio romano! Grice: Ah, Cornelio, e Giove che vola come aquila—è più ginnasta o imperatore? In fondo, tra aquile e filosofi, si finisce sempre per lottare nudi: metaforicamente, si intende! Cornelio: Grice, tra ginnastica e filosofia, meglio una gara di implicature al ginnasio: almeno lì, chi vince porta a casa la gloria e non solo le piume! Cornellio, Tommaso (1643). Meditationes de mundi structura. Napoli.

Tasso Cornello (Sorrento, Campania): la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “I like C.!” La sua opera più importante è la Gerusalemme liberate, in cui vengono cantati gli scontri tra cristiani e musulmani durante la crociata, culminanti nella presa cristiana di Gerusalemme. D’antica nobiltà bergamasca, poi al servizio del principe di Salerno. Di Sorrento C. conserva sempre un bel ricordo, rimpiangendo  le piagge amene, pompa maggior de la natura, e i colli che vagheggia il Tirren fertili e molli. Il principe è bandito dal regno e Bernardo segue il suo protettore. C è colla famiglia a Napoli, dove lo segue il precettore ANGELUZZO. Frequenta la scuola e conosce THESORIERI. La sorella, che s’è sposata con SERSALE, rischia d’essere rapita, e questo rimane impresso nella sua memoria. Rimane a Napoli, poi a Roma, abbandonando con quali  dovevano il giorno tagliarsi: e nella descrizione parimente è maraviglioso. E se leggiamo i ragionamenti di Socrate sotto il platano, e quelli  del forestiero ateniese all'ombra degl’alberi frondosi, mentre col Lacedemonio e col Gandiano vanno all'antro di Giove, ci par di vedere,  e ascoltare quello, che leggiamo. Queste son le perfezioni dell’accademia, veramente maravigliose: le quali, sebben saranno considerate, non ci  rimane dubbio alcuno che lo scrittore del dialogo non è imitatore,  o quasi mezzo fra il poeta e IL DIALETTICO. Abbiam dunque, che IL DIALOGO è imitazione di ragionamento, per giovamento degl’uomini civili, pella qual cagione egli non ha bisogno di scena o di palco: due le specie, l’una nel soggetto della  quale sono i problemi, che risguardano l'elezione e la fuga; o speculativa, la qual prende per subietto quistione, che appartiene alla verità e alla scienza; imita il costume di coloro, che disputano, con elocuzioni in alcune parti piene d’ornamento, in altre di purità, come par che si convenga alla materia.  implicatura dialogica, dialogo, dialogo e conversazione, dialettica come dialogo, dialettica come conversazione, l’arte del dialogo. Grice: Cornello, ogni volta che leggo la tua Gerusalemme liberata mi viene in mente che, tra crociati e musulmani, la vera battaglia era trovare un buon posto all’ombra! Ma dimmi, preferisci le piagge amene di Sorrento o le colline fertili del Tirreno? Cornello: Grice, il dilemma è serio! Le piagge di Sorrento battono ogni accademia, ma le colline del Tirreno hanno quel qualcosa che fa vagheggiare anche il più rigido dialettico. In fondo, tra i dialoghi sotto il platano e le fughe davanti ai Saraceni, l’importante è non farsi rapire come mia sorella! Grice: Ah, Cornello, la tua accademia è davvero maravigliosa! Mi sa che tra Socrate e il forestiero ateniese, il vero imitatore è quello che riesce a scappare in tempo dal palco. Dimmi, la dialettica è più utile per fuggire o per eleggere il miglior banchetto? Cornello: Caro Grice, la dialettica serve sia a scegliere il banchetto che a scampare alla scena! Purché si faccia tutto in dialogo, che, come la conversazione, non ha bisogno di palco: basta una piaggia, qualche colline molli, e un accademico che non si prenda troppo sul serio. Così si imita l’arte del ragionamento, e si vive felici!

Cornificio Lungo (Roma, Lazio):  la ragione conversazionae e la vera etimologia, Roma, e la filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Autore di un’opera etimologica. Das Werk des C. Longus de etymis deorum. Prise. GLK, C. de etymis deorum. Macr. C. etymorum. C. in etymis: vgl. noch wo Anschlufs an die Philosophie PORTICO (vgl. Baehrens, Hermes; Reinhardt, Kosmos und Sympathie, München; Arnob., Festus, M. bemerkt bezüglich der etymologie von Minerva: C. vero, quod fingatur pingaturque minitans armis, eandem dictam putat. (nare); (nuptiæ); (oscillare); (Rediculus; s. Ed. Meyer, Herm.  lalassus. Der bloße Name C. ohne Glosse erscheint. Das diese Glossen aus dem Werk de etymis deorum geflossen sind, vermuten Merkel.  Ovids Fasten, Berlin.; Th. Bergk, Kl. phil. Schr. Willers, De Verrio Flacco glossarum interprete disput. crit., Halle. C. hat dann auch andere als Götteretymologien behandelt, vermutlich wenn er von Kultusgebräuchen und Kultus-einrichtungen sprach. Wahrscheinlich dürfen wir den gleichen Schriftsteller finden auch in dem C. Longus bei Serv. Aen., wo es sich ebenfalls um Etymologien handelt: invenitur tamen apud C. Longum lapydem et Icadium profectos a Creta in diversas regiones venisse, lapydem ad Italiam, Icadium vero duce delphino ad montem Parnasum et a duce Delphos cognominasse et in memoriam gentis, ex qua profectus erat, subiacentes campos Crisaeos vel Cretaeos appellasse et aras constituisse.  Dieser kann dann aber nicht  identisch sein mit dem Dichter und Feldherrn C.  (Bergk.), der nie den Beinamen Longus trug, den außerdem die Zeitverhältnisse unmöglich machen. Denn der Verfasser der etymo'ogischen Schrift zitiert nach Macr.das Werk Ciceros de natura deorum, das im J. 44 erschien, so das sie in den folgenden drei Jahren von dem stark beschäftigten Statthalter Afrikas hätte geschrieben sein müssen. Benutzt hat dann Verrius die Abhandlung de etymis deorum.  Becker, C.Longus und C. Gallus, Ztschr. für die Altertumsw. Wissowa, Realenz.; Funaioli. A philosopher member of IL PORTICO, writes an essay on etymology etymology, il vero nel senso, Grice=grice. GRICEVS: Cornifici, si “vera etymologia” ubique latet, timeo ne di ipsi, sicut Minerva minitans pingitur, nos tantum minitentur syllabis. CORNIFICIVS: Noli timere, Grice, nam ego in de etymis deorum ita venor verum ut Verrius glossas capiat, ego autem laudem—quod sane tutius est quam numos. GRICEVS: Sed cum dicas Minervam a minitando dictam, quaeso, utrum hoc sit argumentum Porticus an solum pictoris minae in toga grammatica. CORNIFICIVS: Utrumque, mi amice: Porticus mihi dat severitatem, pictor dat hastae splendorem, et tu mihi das implicaturam, ut lector intellegat me non omnino certum esse dum nimis certus videor.

Lucio Anneo Cornuto: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica, e la filosofia italiana (Roma). A slave in Rome, C. becomes one of the city’s leading intellectuals. A member of IL PORTICO. His first name, Anneo, points to a connection of some kind with the family of Seneca. C. teaches RETTORICA and philosophy -- his pupils including AGATINO, PETRONIO, ARISTOCRATE, LUCANO, and PERSIO. In his will PESIO leaves  C. his library, which C accepts, and his money, which he rejects. C. is sent into exile by NERONE. Like H. P. Grice, C writes an influential commentary on Aristotle’s Categories. C. argues that this or that of Aristotle’s categories – a misuse of a word which in ordinary Greek means ‘utterance at the agora,’ and which Cicero translates as PRAE-DICAMENTVM, reflects this or that divisions within the Greek language – il greco, il pirotese --, rather than within reality. In the epidrome, C. surveys this or that myth and, by means of Griceian linguistic analysis and allegorical interpretation, that is, conversational implicature, C. seeks to extract what he considers to be the ‘true meaning’ – what is said, the dictive content – of this or that myth.. categoria, categoria morfo-sintattica, implicatura conversazionale. GRICEVS: Cornute, servus fuisti sed doctissimus factus es, et nunc mihi dicis categorias ad linguam pertinere, non ad rem—quasi res ipsa Latine loqui nolit. CORNVTVS: Si res loqueretur, Grice, Neroni responsum dedisset et in exilium non isset, sed quia tacet nos inter prae-dicamenta et implicaturas laboramus ut aliquid saltem sapiat. GRICEVS: At Persius tibi bibliothecam reliquit, pecuniam recusasti, et hoc maxime significat te Stoicum esse—aut pecunia te refutavit per maximam relationis. CORNVTVS: Ita vero, nam accipere libros est interpretari mythos, accipere nummos est interpretari culpam, et ego malui Catagorias commentari quam fiscum imperatoris.

Vincenzo Corrado (Oria, Brindisi, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e  la dieta di Crotone e la semiotica magica. Grice: “I like C. Of course,  we have the beefsteak, the English do. But C. philosophises on the near ‘cibo’ a Crotone and produces a philosophical cook-book for the noblemen!” “Il cuoco galante”. Studia filosofia. Il principe di Francavilla gli attribuisce la mansione di capo dei servizi di bocca., e organizzaz dei banchetti nel palazzo sito sulla collina delle Mortelle prospiciente il golfo e gl’invitati a mensa constatano l’opulenta ospitalità partenopea. L'abbondanza, la varietà, la delicatezza delle vivande, la splendidezza e la sontuosiotà delle tavole richiedeno una schiera di uomini d'arte, saggi e probi. Questa mastodontica organizzazione, è guidata proprio da C. Alle sue dipendenze lavorano un maestro di casa, un maestro di cucina ed un maestro di scalco che ha il compito di acquistare, di cucinare, di dissodare e di trinciare ogni tipo di animale, mentre una schiera di cuochi, rispettando la gerarchia allora in uso, lavora secondo la propria specializzazione -- oggi le grandi cucine dei ristoranti hanno i cuochi di del cibo, e le due nacquero, cresceron, e s’ingrandirono nello stesso tempo, e nella nostra Italia che in altri luoghi, sotto i fastosi e dominanti romani, e divennero tutte e due arti d’ingegno, di piacere, e d’utile; ed il cuoco ed il credenziere debbono esser d'accordo nel loro, quantunque dissimile, lavoro. Della estesa ed elevata cucina se n’è discorso abbastanza. Dico abbastanza ma non già al fine; e compimento, poichè ciò accade quando non vi sono più uomini al mondo. Ora vengo a trattare di quanto la credenza include, e di quanto un credenziere dee esser fornito. E se nel dar l’istruzione pella cucina pensai e scrissi da cuoco, ura collo stesso METODO FILOSOFO da credenziere. Come tale intendo ragionare al dilettante. Procuro di aggiugnere quanto di bello, di buono, e di dilettevole mi ha potuto suggerire la fantasia. Gradisci dunque, o cortese mentato, questa mia fatica, e sappi, ch’io resto soprabondevolmente pagato col piacere di avervi servito. Vivi felice. la dieta di Crotone, il cibo pitagorico, il concetto di conversazione galante, gala. Corpus, 1934. Father and Mother are coming up for my “honours”—as I persist, impolitely, in calling them. And I want to surprise the old folk with a proper dinner out: out of doors, that is, or at any rate out of the doors of Corpus. One grows tired, even as a young man, of being fed as if one were a resident monk. Where, then, to take them? Oxford is not Naples; Oxford does not even pretend to be Naples. Still, the thought of a dinner has the usual effect: it sends me, absurdly, to books. And there, on a shelf, is the Neapolitan reminder that the Italians have long taken cuisine seriously enough to write it philosophically. Vincenzo Corrado, as early as 1773, put Il cuoco galante “to press”—and not as a mere list of receipts, but as a programme for civilised eating, addressed to gentlemen, with talk of method, order, and pleasure. It is oddly comforting: the idea that one may treat the dinner-table as a scene of rational cooperation, not merely of mastication. The English have beefsteak; the Neapolitans, it seems, have a theory. So I asked myself—half in jest, half in filial anxiety—where would Corrado have taken the old folk, if he had been marooned in Oxford? And then the truth asserted itself: Corrado would have been miserable here, not because Oxford cannot cook, but because Oxford cannot stage a meal in the Neapolitan manner. We do not have the apparatus: the hierarchy of service, the orchestration, the sense that “the cook” and “the credenziere” are two arts that must agree, “quantunque dissimile, lavoro.” Oxford, by contrast, wants you to eat, pay, and go back to your essay. Afterwards. I’ve just waved goodbye to Father and Mother as they took the Sunday afternoon train back to Harborne. They did enjoy our little dinner at Blenheim—enjoyed it in precisely the English way: grateful, slightly amused, pleased that the son has not become entirely impossible, and relieved that nobody had to be “galante” for too long. It was not Naples; it did not pretend to be; but it had the one virtue an English dinner must have to count as a success: it passed without drama. [Editorial note, for your house-style, not inserted] If you keep the vignette set in “Corpus, 1934,” the Oxford restaurant scene is necessarily thin compared with Corrado’s Naples; one therefore treats “Blenheim” as either (i) an off-site meal arranged under college auspices, or (ii) a private arrangement/club setting, rather than a fully-fledged “restaurant” in the modern sense. The point of the vignette isn’t topographical exactitude but the contrast: Corrado’s galanteria as a whole semiotics of the table (method, hierarchy, pleasure, “servire”), versus Oxford’s pared-down, practical civility—where “conversation” is often better than the food, and the food is expected not to get in the way of conversation. Blenheim Palace itself first opened to the public in 1950 (so that date can anchor any “outsiders” plausibility). [experience...dshire.org] But a formal, named restaurant operation at Blenheim (specifically the Orangery Restaurant as a brasserie‑style venue) is much later:  A brasserie‑style Orangery Restaurant was announced as opening 13 February 2016. [groupleisu...travel.com] The Orangery then underwent major restoration and reopened (refurbished) in October 2023. [b4-business.com], [hospitalit...week.co.uk]  So, if your editorial wants to correct the anachronism without touching the vignette, the neatest note is: “public access begins 1950, but the modern ‘restaurant’ framing is post‑2016.” [experience...dshire.org], [groupleisu...travel.com] When Brideshead Revisited appeared (1945), I read it with the kind of interest one reserves for a book that is plainly about one’s own tribe, even when one wishes it weren’t. What took me aback was not the Catholic business (which in Oxford one can always treat as a local colour), but the ritual of impressing: the way an aristocrat initiates an outsider by feeding him—first in Oxford, then at the house—so that dining becomes an argument without ever being stated as such. A good lunch, a carefully placed bottle, the right room, the right servants: all of it functions like a speech-act that never announces itself as one. It brought back, rather sharply, that smaller episode of my own: Father and Mother up for my “honours,” and my sudden wish to take them out—out of Corpus, out of the college’s monastic certainty—into something that looked, at least for an evening, like civilisation. Oxford could not, of course, do Naples. We had no Corrado: no metodo filosofo of the kitchen, no theory of the credenza, no Neapolitan confidence that the table is a scene of rational cooperation with cutlery. But we had the local substitute: the occasional calculated dinner “at the Randolph” (or wherever one could manage it) when one wanted to give a visitor the sense—partly true, partly charitable—that Oxford is not merely a place where one argues, but also a place where one knows how to stage company. Corrado remains useful here as a corrective. In Waugh, the meal is a social sacrament, a piece of English hierarchy made edible; in Corrado, the meal is almost a philosophical treatise in practice—an art of agreement (accordo in the older sense), where the cook and the keeper of the credenza must “be of one mind” though their labours differ. The English version tends to hide the theory under the silver; the Neapolitan prints the theory and calls it galante. In either case, the implicature is the same: to feed someone well is to say something about him, and about oneself, without having to make the speech. Oxford, 1950. With rationing loosening its grip, the little Vincenzo Corrado in me begins to ring the bell—dinner’s ready—as if a city could be redeemed by a menu. I cannot pretend Oxford has Naples’ philosophy of the table, but I can at least pretend it has one hotel that behaves as if it had read Il cuoco galante. The Randolph, after all, has been there since the Victorians: construction began in 1864 and the hotel opened in 1866—in other words, it was designed from the start to receive outsiders, parents, dignitaries, and anyone else who needs to be impressed without having to join a college. So when I say (later, lazily) that I took someone “to the Randolph,” I do not mean the modern “restaurant” as a branded thing (that is a recent marketing habit); I mean what the Randolph has always supplied in Oxford: a public room in which one may eat and thereby imply—without saying—that Oxford is civilised even when it is being meanGrice: Corrado, mi incuriosisce tantissimo il tuo modo di filosofeggiare sul cibo! “Il cuoco galante” non è solo un libro, ma un vero trattato filosofico sulla cucina. Dimmi, secondo te, qual è il segreto di una conversazione galante a tavola? Corrado: Carissimo Grice, il segreto sta nell’armonia: come nella cucina, anche nella conversazione bisogna saper dosare sapori e parole, unendo delicatezza e varietà. La tavola diventa così luogo di piacere, utilità e ingegno, proprio come un banchetto alla corte di Francavilla! Grice: Mi piace questa idea! Saper organizzare una conversazione è quasi come orchestrare un banchetto: ogni commensale ha il suo ruolo e ognuno contribuisce con saggezza e allegria. E dimmi, Corrado, c’è una pietanza che secondo te incarna la filosofia pitagorica della dieta di Crotone? Corrado: Sicuramente, Grice! Io direi che il pane, semplice ma fondamentale, unisce il vero, il buono e il bello. È simbolo di convivialità e misura: come la filosofia, nutre corpo e anima. Gradisci dunque, amico mio, questa mia “fatica galante”, e sappi che la felicità è servire con gusto e fantasia! Corrado, Vincenzo (1773). Il cuoco galante. Napoli: Raimondi.

Antonio Corsano: la ragione conversazionale (Roma).  Filosofo romano. Filosofo lazio. Filosofo italiano. Roma. La filosofia di BRUNO nel suo svolgimento storico; cur. Spedicati users.png Galatina, : Congedo, mas.png Materiale a stampa Lo trovi qui: Univ. di Salerno Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui 2. : Il pensiero di.. Galatina, : Congedo,  mas.png Materiale a stampa Lo trovi qui: Univ. di Salerno Opac: Umanesimo e rel...    Napoli, : Guida mas.: Univ. di Salerno Opac: Bayle, Leibniz e la ...CORSANO, Antonio  Milano : Signorelli, mas.png Materiale a stampa Lo trovi qui: Univ. di Salerno Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui De la causa, princip...BRUNO, Giordano  mas. Materiale a stampa Lo trovi qui: Univ. di Salerno Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui Vico / Antoni...C.   users.png Napoli, : Libreria Scientifica, mas.png Materiale a stampa Lo trovi qui: Univ. di Salerno Opac:  Leibniz / Anton... Bari, Laterza,  mas.png Materiale a stampa Lo trovi qui: Univ. di Salerno Opac:Controlla la disponibilità qui Vico / ... users.png Firenze, : Sansoni, stampa  mas.png Materiale a stampa Lo trovi qui: Univ. di Salerno Opac: Ctutti checked_false.png Il pensiero educativo del Rinascimento italiano C., Maria Ricciardi Ruocco Firenze, La Nuova Italia mas.png Materiale a stampa Lo trovi qui: Univ. di Salerno Opac: Il pensiero educativ. Bari : Laterza mas.png Materiale a stampa Lo trovi qui: Salerno Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui Il pensiero religios...C.  Galatina, : Congedo, - rgrafbi.png Grafica Lo trovi qui: Univ. di Salerno Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui Opere scelte / Anton. users.png Bologna, : Cappelli- mas. Materiale a stampa Lo trovi qui: Univ. di Salerno Opac: Storia del problema .Bari, : Laterza, mas.png: Univ. di Salerno Opac: Controlla la disponibilità qui Grozio : l'umanis. users.png Bari, : Laterza, mas.png Materiale a stampa Lo trovi qui: Univ. di Salerno Opac: Umanesimo e religione. BRUNO. Grice: Corsano, ti confesso che la filosofia di Bruno mi mette sempre un po’ in movimento—come dire, ogni causa ha la sua passeggiata romana! Dimmi, quando affronti il pensiero educativo del Rinascimento, preferisci partire da Napoli o da Firenze? Corsano: Ah, Grice, io metto i piedi a Roma ma la testa vola tra Galatina e Napoli! Nel Rinascimento si educava anche con una battuta, basta vedere quanto ridevano i filosofi davanti a una stampa rara. Grice: Ecco, caro Corsano, mi pare che persino Bayle e Leibniz avrebbero trovato il modo di far filosofia tra una battuta e l’altra—e forse, con Bruno, la causa prima sarebbe una semplice risata. Corsano: Grice, in fondo la filosofia è come un’opera scelta: meglio se si trova qui, meglio se si trova lì, l’importante è che sia sempre disponibile per chi ha voglia di sorridere e pensare! Corsano, Antonio (1937). Il pensiero religioso italiano dall’umanesimo al giurisdizionalismo. Bari: Laterza.

Odoardo Silvestro Corsini (Fellicarolo, Modena, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia in Roma antica, Grice: “I like C.; if we at Oxford had a sublime history as they do in Italy, we surely would be philosophising about it! C. taught philosophy at Pisa and spent most of his efforts in deciphering what the Romans felt interesting about Greek philosophy! C. also explores the roots of Roman philosophy from the earliest times – ab urbe condita,’ as the Italians put it!” Studia a Firenze. Insegna a Roma. Vitae Italorum, elogio di C. con lettere di Fananese a Rondelli. Fanani nianae, quod in ditione est oppidum Ducum provinciae Ateftinorum Fri, Non. natus est C. optimis quidem parentibus, honestissimaque familia, Merton, 1934. Merton makes you feel free—or perhaps it actually frees you. Back from the gaol that Rossall was, and away from the over‑protecting feathers of the Pelican, I can ramble. So on Tuesday I give myself over, with a kind of devotional perversity, to the Bodleian and to philosophico‑historiographical matter. “Well, I’ve finished,” I said to myself, returning my prize to the librarian: Corsini’s Institutiones philosophicae. A hard read—harder, in places, than anything in Aristotle, because scholastic Latin manages to be both rigid and windy at once. “Now,” I said, with the confidence of the newly emancipated, “could you hand me the preamble?” “The preamble?” he repeated, as if I’d asked for the preface to the Bible. “Yes—the beginning,” I said. “This is very clearly marked—just as I suspected from the start—as Volume III. It is high, high‑fluttering, almost eschatological. But I’m a dutiful creature: I shall proceed as the author bids—Volume II next, and finally Volume I.” He looked at me in that tone which Bodleian librarians cultivate: paternal, dry, and faintly amused by undergraduates who think libraries are constructed for their personal narratives. “You’re asking for the moon,” he said. “We have never held copies of Volume I or Volume II. Indeed, the Director thinks Corsini invented them—started with Volumen Tertium as a sort of affectation.” “But is that legal?” I said. “It is in Florence,” he replied, and tapped the imprint like a judge reading out sentence: Bernardo Paperini, 1732. “The Director suspects Corsini came to Paperini with a plea—please, please, please—to print his Institutiones, and Paperini, seeing a market in scholastic compendia, printed what he was given, and did not trouble himself about the metaphysics of missing volumes.” “But,” I protested, now speaking as if I had recently been promoted to Philosophy and meant to exercise the rights, “anyone can see there must be a pre‑quel.” “A pre‑quel?” he said, tasting the barbarism. “Whatever,” I said, losing patience. “He cannot begin an Institutiones with a remark about a lion not being understood if he spoke in his language. That is the sort of sentence that presupposes an entire earlier conversation.” The librarian smiled, as if indulging a small dog that has discovered logic. “You mean,” he said, “that it reads like Volume III.” “Exactly,” I said. “Which is precisely why I want Volumes I and II.” And then, in the walk back, it occurred to me—half hallucination, half prophecy—that one could do the same trick at Oxford, and no one would blink. A philosopher could hand Blackwell a sheaf of remarks beginning in the middle—beginning, say, with lions—and Anscombe could label it Volume III, and Basil would display it dutifully, and the rest of us would pretend we had read Volumes I and II out of professional shame.  Serious bibliographical note (for your editorial voice, not inserted): a “Volume III first” is usually not occult, just library‑contingent. The common explanations are: (a) earlier volumes existed but were never acquired by that library (series purchased piecemeal); (b) volumes I–II were issued under a slightly different series title or imprint line and thus catalogued separately; (c) printers sometimes issued the “central” teaching volumes first and regularised the numbering later; (d) later catalogues sometimes record only the volumes relevant to “philosophy,” while I–II belong to rhetoric/humaniora/mathematics. So the “Director thinks Corsini invented them” works beautifully as Gricean comedy, while the sober editorial point is: missing volumes are more often a fact about holdings and cataloguing than about authorial fraud. quippe quae jamdiu civitate Mutinensi donata fuerat. Is ubi primum adolevit Sodalitatem hominum Scholarum Piarum, quos praeceptores puer in patria habuerat, ingressus est. Multa diligentia, multoque labore in humaniorum litterarum [cf. Grice, Lit. Hum.], philosophiæ ac theologiae studiis Florentiae se exercuit apud suos; et cum omnes condiscipulos gloria anteiret, ab omnibus tamen in deliciis habebatur. Erat enim bonitate suavitateque morum prope singulari; et cum plurimuin faceret non solum in excolendis studiis, sed etiam in officiis omnibus religiosi hominis obeundis, minimum tamen filoso­fia. Romolo e Remo, segno naturale, segno artificiale, segno, il segno di Romolo. Grice: Corsini, voi a Roma parlate di segni naturali e artificiali, e io penso che persino Romolo avrebbe capito l’implicatura: se alzo il sopracciglio, non sto fondando una città, sto solo dissentendo. Corsini: Caro Grice, io ho studiato a Firenze ma insegno a Roma, e ti assicuro che qui anche un silenzio ha più lauree di un piarista in biblioteca. Grice: Mi piace C., perché decifra ciò che i Romani trovavano interessante nei Greci, mentre noi a Oxford decifriamo solo il menù del college e poi lo chiamiamo Literae Humaniores. Corsini: Allora facciamo così: tu tieni l’ironia e io tengo l’ab urbe condita, e se qualcuno chiede “che c’entra?”, rispondiamo entrambi che è un segno artificiale di amicizia, non un argomento. Corsini, Odoardo Silvestro (1732). Institutiones philosophicae. Firenze: Paperini.

Alessandro Cortese (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del segno naturale, del principio del significato, Alpinista. Grice: “I love C. First he writes on Frege, whose views on ‘aber’ are very much like mine on ‘but’. But then he also writes on ‘irony,’ alla Socrates – as per Kierkegaard’s example, “He’s a fine fellow! => He’s a scouncrel. Most ‘theoretically,’ as the Italians put it, he explores the ‘principle of meaning’ – significato – which had me thinking. I very freely speak of the principle of conversational helpfulness, but somehow, principle of ‘signification’ sounds obtuse! Signification seems too natural to require a principle. If helpfulness and benevolence are evolutionary traits, they are certainly NOT ‘instituted’ as principles, even if they are requirements for trust and the ‘institution of decisions’. I am anything but a contractualist, and principle has to be taken with a pinch of salt. If I speak of a rational constraint, the idea of a principle evaporates: it’s conversation as rational cooperation, as I put it, as different from and stronger than conversation as mere cooperation. But this slogan frees us from a commitment to the existence of a ‘principle’ to which we might want later to provide with some sort of ‘psycho-logical’ validation! Can a sign have a different meaning for utterer and recipient? If so, why do we keep calling communication. Signare seems to be still good enough! D’ascendenza lodigiana, si laurea a Milano sotto BONTADINI e NOCE. Insegna a Trieste. Studia Gioberti. Italianismi esistenzialismo e fenomenologia protologia e temporalità principio di creazione, Ironia, un’apologia della filosofia, negozio del sapone, enten-eller, attrice, un discorso il naturale e il sovra-naturale, ermeneutica, il responsabile, eden, Temperatura Tempo meteorologia discorso edificante, naturale/sopra-naturale/preter-naturale, Carus, hyperphysical. Those spots means she has the devil inside her, praeter-natural implicatura supra-natural implicature, non-natural implicature natural implicature, ironia socratica, Savona, segnare il concetto, sovrannaturale, liberalismo, il responsabile. St. John’s, 1963. I often wonder why Blackwell bothers. One can see why Thornton’s doesn’t: Thornton’s is content to be a shop. But Blackwell—Blackwell feels a duty. (I know Basil.) He will promote, to nobody but me really, a fresh “bibliografia” straight out of Milano; and not just any common‑or‑garden list, but Una nuova bibliografia kierkegaardiana. One is tempted to ask: when did Blackwell promote the old one? And why is a “new” bibliography a philosophical event at all, unless one is already in the grip of the very disease it catalogues? Kierkegaard, they tell me, has the misfortune—or perhaps the greatest fortune—of having a mother tongue perfectly obtuse for philosophical records. Danish looks as if it were designed to keep metaphysics private. Hence the need for someone like Cortese to speak the lingo for him: to take the Danish storm, filter it through French, German, Latin, Italian, and then present the debris as a Milanese inventory. What amuses me is the Italian cheek implicit in nuova. “New,” here, cannot mean that Kierkegaard has suddenly produced more books; it must mean that Cortese has done his best to update the secondary apparatus—or at least to give Milan the sense that the apparatus is kept in repair. “New” is a promise of continuing maintenance: the kind of title that implies, politely, I shall keep at it, or, if I do not, someone else will have to. It is an advert for diligence. And yet, when I look for any Oxford philosophical imprimatur on the enterprise, I fail. Where, exactly, is Kierkegaard taught at Oxford—if at all? One hears, of course, a good deal of Kierkegaard in the continental air (and more every year), but Oxford is peculiarly resistant to the idea that anxiety might constitute a syllabus. Before he was embraced by the existentialists (as they now say, as if “embrace” were an academic method), Kierkegaard would have struck most of my colleagues as an edifying theologian with literary habits, not as a philosopher with arguments. Oxford prefers its melancholy either in Latin or in footnotes. Still, I suppose that is precisely why Blackwell’s window can matter. A shop-window is a kind of public implicature: it suggests that this is what one ought to be reading, and thereby hints (without saying so) that one is behind if one isn’t. Blackwell does not merely sell books; he supplies small pressures of fashion. And Cortese—by issuing a “new” bibliography—supplies the sort of pressure Milan likes best: the pressure of having “kept up” with Paris without admitting that one is following. [Editorial gloss: Cortese’s 1963 booklet is best treated not as a philosophical contribution but as a conduit—an early Milanese sign that Kierkegaard has become exportable. The irony, from an Oxford point of view, is that the text most devoted to Kierkegaard in Blackwell’s window is not Kierkegaard at all, but a guide to where Kierkegaard has already been talked about. Which is rather like offering a man a map of Denmark when what he wanted was a sentence in Danish.Grice: Cortese, dimmi un po’, se il segno naturale è davvero naturale, perché gli alpinisti come te cercano sempre di “segnare” la vetta con una bandierina? Non basta il principio del significato? Cortese: Ah, Grice, la bandierina è proprio come l’ironia: gli altri pensano che sia solo decorativa, ma in realtà è un messaggio segreto per chi sa leggere tra le righe – o tra i crepacci! Il principio del significato, infatti, si arrampica con noi. Grice: E allora, se ironia e segno naturale vanno a braccetto, mi chiedo: può una conversazione essere più scalata che passeggiata? Forse bisogna essere lodigiani come te per filosofeggiare anche sull’eden e il sapone! Cortese: Grice, ti dirò: la filosofia è come il tempo meteorologico, cambia ogni ora e a volte serve una buona dose di ironia socratica per non scivolare sul naturale o sul sovrannaturale. In fondo, anche una battuta, se ben “segnata”, può valere più di una cima conquistata! Cortese, Alessandro (1963). Una nuova bibliografia kierkegaardiana, Milano.

Luigi Corvaglia (Melissano, Lecce, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale,  il pessimismo e l’implicatura di Tantalo. Grice: “I love C. – or corvus in diluvio, as he called himself A very Italian philosopher and thus interested in the history of Italian philosophy, especially VANINI,  the fact that he writes plays on philosophical subjects – La casa di Seneca – helps!” Studia VANINI risposta polemica condotta contro le veementi critiche ricevute Porzio. Finibusterre, trasfigurazione quasi sacra della sua amata terra e del popolo di Salento, ch'egli incitava con ogni mezzo, anche se spesso travisato e intralciato e persino calunniato a crescere, per migliorare materialmente e moralmente. Il romanzo fu ben accolto dalla critica. Croce, a cui C. lo aveva dedicato, rimarcò lo sfondo storico rappresentato in modo assai vigoroso e il trattamento dei caratteri e degli effetti. Pastore gli confida di sentire emergere nella sua mente, attraverso figure e temi del romanzo, ricordi sepolti, struggente malinconia, un mondo molto simile a quello del Manzoni, anch'esso celato alla superficie, soffuso d'ironia-limite", e tuttavia turbato da altri affascinanti caratteri, quali: "il sorprendente realismo, la perfetta armonia, l'effusione poetica, l'occhio acuto e sicuro, che scruta l'animo umano fin nelle più remote pieghe.  Si dedica al Rinascimento, animato dal bisogno di trarre alla luce obliterate sorgive  e percorrendo il movimento spesso alquanto sconosciuto della filosofia. S'apre nella sua vita uno spiraglio di fiducia verso gli uomini impegnati, e si prestadoverosamente secondo la sua fede politica all'attività politica, accogliendo e votandosi alla cultura mazziniana, cui rimane Fedele.. È di questo periodo la pubblicazione, tra l'altro, dei Quaderni Mazziniani: Noi Mazziniani, Mazzini ed il Partito di Azione, L'Acherontico retaggio, “Il Partito Repubblicano il discorso Ai giovani, la conferenza su Mazzini.  Cascata di S.M. di Leuca. BORDONI, un saggio di "speleologia". schöpft immer im Siebe der Danaiden, ist der ewig schmachtende Tantalus. Tantalo, Schopenhauer, Sisifo, assurdo, Camus, tragico. GriceVanini, Bordon, poetica, Mazzini, Pomponazzi, Cardano. Corpus, 1931. I am always faintly amazed by how little aestheticism there is in the air at Corpus Christi. It is odd, when one thinks of Mother’s delight in the stupid caricatures of Oxford aesthetes—Walter Pater turned into a comic posture, and then turned again into an “aesthetic opera” one can play on a gramophone, with Bunthorne preening as if beauty were a collar-stud. We did have our Walter Pater, of course; but he is gone, for good, and the college has reverted to its preferred complexion: grey stone, clean argument, and very little incense. Meanwhile (and this is the compensation) the Italians seem to have had their own aesthetic flourishes—and, unlike ours, they perdured. Browsing in the Corpus library I came upon a slim Italian pamphlet: Luigi Corvaglia, Melissano (1910). The title, at a glance, is deliciously misleading. “Melissano” sounds like a southern counterpart to Oxford’s Marius the Epicurean: one expects a philosophical Bildungsroman, or at least some pagan tenderness in provincial dress. But the illusion dissolves as soon as one looks more closely: Corvaglia is not naming an invented Epicurean, he is naming his native place. The opuscolo is not a metaphysical confession but a local dwelling—an act of attachment to a corner of Salento, as if to say: before I give you Rome, let me give you my village. And yet the aesthetic point remains, even there. The pamphlet has that Italian habit of letting a place-name do double duty: not merely a label on a map, but a moral and imaginative centre. It is patriotism at the scale of the parish; a miniature paese becoming a principle. One sees already what will later become explicit in Corvaglia: the urge to treat landscape as destiny and local life as material for larger figures—Seneca, Tantalus, the whole tragic mythology of wanting and not having. Melissano is the modest pretext for the later grander apparatus. [Editorial note] Corvaglia’s early Melissano (1910) is best read not as an obituary, nor as “aestheticism” in the Paterian sense, but as a provincial manifesto in miniature: a celebration (and transfiguration) of his birthplace and its people, before his later work turns more openly to philosophical drama and to mythological-historical themes (Seneca, Tantalus, Rome) and to the polemics of Italian intellectual history (Vanini, Mazzini, etc.). The charm of Grice’s discovery is precisely the title’s implicature: Melissano looks like a person until it reveals itself as a place—an early lesson, in pamphlet form, that proper names can mislead as efficiently as any conversational move.Grice: Caro Corvaglia, tra Tantalo e il pessimismo, come fai a non lasciarti tentare da una filosofia un po’ più allegra? Persino il corvo, se trova un po’ di pane, smette di gracidare! Corvaglia: Grice, il vero problema è che quel pane, come nelle leggende salentine, spesso svanisce appena lo afferri! Ma almeno, tra ironia e realismo, un sorriso me lo concedo sempre – anche se è malinconico come la cascata di Leuca. Grice: Dici bene! In fondo, se Sisifo può spingere la pietra con allegria, anche noi possiamo filosofeggiare tra una battuta e una disillusione. E poi, Manzoni insegna: meglio l’ironia-limite che il silenzio tragico! Corvaglia: Hai ragione, Grice! La filosofia del Salento è una festa di pensieri: si ride, si sospira, ma si cresce – magari con un pizzico di mazzinianità e la speranza che almeno una goccia di felicità resti nel setaccio delle Danaidi! Corvaglia, Luigi (1910). Melissano.

Marco Valerio Mesalla Corvino: la ragione conversazionale a Roma, e la filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Imbevuto di discorsi socratici, insigne per le sue attività politiche e militari, scrittore e protettore di poeti. C. studia in Atene con ORAZIO e poi coltiva l’eloquenza, la grammatica, la poesia. C. e incluso nelle liste di proserizione perchè avversario di GIULIO Cesare, ma salva la vita. C. combatte con Bruto e Cassio a Filippi, poi si unì ad Marc'Antonio. In seguito, C. stringe rapporti con OTTAVIANO. C. e console, combatte ad Azio ed ha comandi in Oriente. Per una vittoria sugl'Aquitani, C. consegue il trionfo. C. rimane però sempre fedele alle antiche convinzioni politiche, e perciò, dopo sei giorni dalla nomina, abbandona l’ufficio di praefectus urbis. C. e curator aquarum. A nome del Senato, C. saluta OTTAVIANO pater patriæ. C. è capo di un circolo filosofico al quale appartennero TIBULLO e LIGSDAMO. C. scrive carmi bucolici e orazioni. Come oratore, C. e molto lodato da TACITO. C. compose un’opera storica di memorie. Alcuni hanno rilevato influssi dell’ORTO, altri di Posidonio, nel lungo frammento che ci rimane di un poema sulla caccia, la Cynegetica, composto da Grattio, vissuto al tempo d’OTTAVIANO. Ma abbiamo elementi troppo scarsi per determinare le direttive del suo pensiero. Di LINCEO, probabilmente questo è uno pseudonimo, Properzio, suo amico e rivale in amore, dice che attinge la sua sapienza ai libri socratici e che tratta del corso delle cose, del sistema del mondo e di problemi, escatologici e naturali. ORTO, literae humaniores. GRICEVS: Corvine, Roma tam plena est conversationum ut etiam aquae curator tacere non possit, sed tu saltem dic mihi quid inter tot socios et patronos vere sapias. CORVINVS: Sapio hoc: in Athenis cum Horatio didici verba colere, sed Roma me docuit verba colere ne a proscriptionibus colligar. GRICEVS: Mirum, qui cum Bruto et Cassio pugnaveris et postea Antonio atque Octaviano manus dederis, tamen dicis te fidelissimum veteribus opinionibus mansisse, quasi triumphus ipse sit argumentum. CORVINVS: Ita est, Grice, nam pater patriae salutare facilius est quam praefecturam urbis septem diebus sustinere, et philosophus qui carmina scribit scit quando officium dimittere oporteat.

Giorgio Cosmacini (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del consenso e la compassione, la sinestesia e la simpatia. Grice: “I like C. For one, he philosophises on THREE areas of my concern: ‘cuore’, as when we say that two conversationalists reach an ‘accord’!; on ‘empatia’ – a Hellenism, and most importantly, on ‘compassione,’ which is at the root of my principle of conversational benevolence. Studia a Milano e Pavia. la “convenzione della mutua” o l’Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro le malattie e apre un ambulatorio mutualistico Fare bene il mestiere di medico della mutua non significa gestire un certo numero di mutuanti; vuol inoltre dire aver cura di una comunità di persone, ciascuna delle quali con esigenze proprie. raggiungendo in quel periodo circa trecento mutuanti. Quando i suoi mutuanti sono circa millecinquecento, decisd di realizzare un suo sogno: la libera docenza. è autore di saggi d'argomento filosofico la mutua, mutuante, mutuanti, ambulatorio mutualistico. “Scienza medica e giacobinismo in Italia: l'impresa politico-culturale di Rasori Röntgen i raggi x, Gemelli. Il Machiavelli di Dio, Storia della sanità in Italia. Dalla peste alla guerra mondiale. Sanità in Italia Da Carlo V al Re Sole, Collana Osservatorio italiano, Una dinastia di medici. La saga dei Cavacciuti-Moruzzi, Collana Saggi italiani, Storia della medicina e della Sanità nell'Italia contemporanea, Trivulzio, La qualità del tuo medico. Per una filosofia della medicina); L'arte lunga. “Il medico ciarlatano. Cure, maschere, ciarle, Milano, Cortina, La Ca' Granda dei milanesi. giacobino. Rasori, Salute e bioetica, Satolli, materialista. La mia baracca». 'arte lunga. La Thuile tuillèn» spade di Damocle. L'anello di Asclepio. L'età dell'oro”; saltimbanco. Vitali, chimico di talento, Politica per amore” Guerra Compassione stetoscopio. rivoluzione.triennio cruciale. socialisti e compagni di strada salute chimica della vita microbiologia, Materia” L'Infinito di LEOPARDI Un impossibile congedo cuore, consenso, dissenso, empatia, simpatia. St. John’s, 1954. Senior Common Room, the usual Sunday routine: one browses through things that, strictly speaking, ought not to interest one—yet this is precisely what philosophers at the Sorbonne (or even Bologna) don’t have, and we Oxonians do. We mix with the crowd as a matter of institutional hygiene, as if to remind ourselves that it is they who live on ivory towers, not us. (Our towers are merely limestone, and draughty.) What caught my attention today was an abstract of a Pavia laurea con lode by one Cosmacini. The title is too good to be missed—especially when one is in the business of hunting for philosophical equivalents in alien provinces:  “L’associazione procamide‑antistinendoarteriosa nella terapia delle arteriti periferiche.”  One is, of course, immediately struck by antistinendoarteriosa—a formation of a kind the Crusca would either praise for its Tuscan severity or condemn for its hospital barbarism. But the whole thing has a pleasant tilt to it: l’associazione… nella terapia… delle arteriti periferiche. Hume, I take it, knew about associations; he did not know they could be procamide. Let that pass. What I like is the small semantic flag planted by terapia. “I am a practitioner,” the title seems to say, “not a metaphysician.” Physicists study physis; physicians cure her. (Physis is properly feminine in Greek—one of those details that does nothing for the patient, but might matter intensely to the patient’s mother.) And then the clinical pedantry becomes, for me, a philosophical temptation: not della arterite, but delle arteriti—plural—so we are not treating a dignified abstraction, but a messy family of cases. And periferiche, too—peripheral. Would that matter to the patient? Or, worse, to the patient’s mother, who tends to regard nothing as peripheral when it hurts? The nearest philosophical analogue I can contrive is a monstrous hybrid: Locke’s association of ideas (with its rummaging among secondary—and tertiary—qualities) grafted onto Wittgenstein’s notion of philosophy as therapy, except that Wittgenstein’s therapies are typically for pseudo‑problems, while Cosmacini’s are for peripheries that are only “peripheral” until they are yours. It would make, in another universe, an excellent B.Phil. dissertation: The Association of Ideas and the Therapy of Peripheral Problems—supervised, no doubt, by Miss Anscombe, who would tell you (with her usual air of having been told by God) that the only genuine cure is to stop talking nonsense; and then, as a kindness, prescribe a paragraph of Aristotle. Meanwhile Austin is inventing games called SYMBOLO and forbidding us to say “philosophy of language.” One can’t help thinking that, given the choice, I’d rather take my chances with procami and arteriti than with Austin’s cheerfully professional nonsense. Grice: Caro Cosmacini, ti confesso che mi affascina il modo in cui porti il cuore, la sinestesia e persino la compassione nella conversazione: sembra quasi di essere in un ambulatorio filosofico dove si cura con la parola! Dimmi, per te la simpatia è più una questione di medicina o di mutua intesa fra anime? Cosmacini: Ah, Grice, da medico della mutua ho imparato che la simpatia è la migliore ricetta: non basta prescrivere pillole, bisogna ascoltare, capire, e magari ridere insieme. La compassione è come uno stetoscopio: senza di essa, il dialogo resta muto! Grice: Sagge parole! Credo che il consenso, quando nasce da una battuta ben piazzata e da un sorriso, sia più efficace di qualsiasi terapia. E poi, l’empatia ha un effetto collaterale meraviglioso: trasforma il dissenso in una partita a carte, invece che in una guerra di nervi! Cosmacini: Hai ragione, Grice! La vera arte lunga è quella che fa star bene tutti: filosofia, medicina, chiacchiere e anche un po’ di sana ironia milanese. In fondo, come diceva la nonna: “Meglio una carezza che una diagnosi troppo severa!” Cosmacini, Giorgio (1954) L’associazione procamide‑antistinendoarteriosa nella terapia delle arteriti periferiche. Pavia.

Paolo Costa (Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della sinestesia conversazionale Grice: “My favourite keyword for C. is ‘contrassegnare’! I love C. For one, he improves on Locke; on the composition of ideas and how to ‘countersignal’ them with ‘vocaboli precisi’ – I explored that in ‘Prejudices and Predilections,’ attacking minimalist extensionalism in a way meant to resemble Locke’s way of words, or rather his way of ‘complex’ words, or ‘composite’ (C.’s ‘comporre’) out of ‘simple’ ones, as in Quine’s worn-out ‘bachelor’ unmarried male that I play with with Strawson in “In defense of a dogma.” In this respect, it is interesting to see that C. also philosophises  on ‘ellocution’ and ‘sintesi’ versus ‘analisi’! It may be said that my transcendental critical approach to cooperative rational conversation is a response to C.’s totally empiricist or ‘sensista’ as he prefers invocation of ‘chiarezza,’ my imperative of conversational clarity,  brevita, eleganza, and all the categories that inform the maxims!” Si laurea a  Padova. Insegna a Bologna. L’elocuzione modo di esprimere l’idea e di SEGNARLA con una espressione precisa a fine di ben ragionare. Colla profferenza Fa fredo C. segna che fa freddo. Con MONTI e GIORDANI sensista dell’orto di LUCREZIO. Dare all’espressione un valore. Non colla de-finizione (horismos), scomposizione d’una idea se l’idea non è ben composta, se non so quale ne sono gli due elementi soggetto e predicato, A è B, reminiscenza d’una sensazione. Del SENTIMENTO del rapporto di quelle reminiscenze, indicativa/imperativa giudicata/voluta. Ciò che si SENTE mediante l’attenzione, l’esperienza. Ogni idea ha un unico origine. Due reminiscenz sono in me associate. Il SENSO è l'origine. Che la reminiscenza del color di rosa è in me è che SENTO che è in me, e dico: vedo una macchia rosa. communicazione senso consenso aesthesis sinestesia idea dei chi proferisce la proposizione Me diletta l’odore di questa rosa piu del colore, cooperiamo, e la risponsa di nostre anime e Contrariamente, a me mi diletta il colore di questa rosa piu dell’odore. Sinestesia. St. John’s, 1955. Sunday afternoon. Here I am, distressing a perfectly lazy Sunday with the after‑ringing of Austin’s Saturday mornings—those intended‑to‑be‑funny philosophical hacks, delivered with the air of a man who thinks a joke is a method. Austin is getting on my nerves. I am, in the plain sense of the word, more analytic than he is. Yesterday he announced—quite cheerfully—that he meant to invent a “full game” for our entire delight, which he intends to call SYMBOLO. He takes to “lingos” with that cavalier attitude which comes, I suppose, from his Bradshaw‑Lancashire roots: as if languages were things one could knock together in the shed between tea and the next committee. It sent me back (thankfully) to what I fetched from the Bodleian on Friday, and which I may yet smuggle into my own notes on “Utterer’s meaning, sentence‑meaning, and word‑meaning,” if I ever succeed in setting foot on the concept of lingua without being told by Austin that “philosophy of language” is a vulgarity. Austin forbids “philosophy of X” on principle: all such titles are second‑rate, he says—quite rightly, in the sense that they advertise an ambition to do philosophy by departmental annexation. And it amused me that Paolo Costa, in 1807, seems to follow suit: he offers not a filosofia del linguaggio (that later, suspicious abstraction), but a modest Saggio sulla filosofia delle lingue—delle in the plural, with the sense that one is dealing with actual tongues, not an invisible entity called “Language” with a capital letter and no teeth. Which brings me to the pun (and the corrective). Italian lingua is, after all, the mother‑tongue and the organ. So if one insists on reading Costa literally, it is an essay in the philosophy of tongues—an anatomical title, almost indecent in its concreteness. And whenever I find myself getting too involved with “language” in the abstract, I am reminded that there is no way to get entirely disentangled from the anatomical root: we say linguistic (tongue‑ish) and not languagistic—if indeed anyone ever says languagistic except as a barbarism designed to make a point. The word “linguistic” drags the tongue along behind it like an ancestor one cannot quite disown. Try telling the younger generation—Dummett and company—that they are drowning themselves in seas of “philosophies of language,” and then complaining when they shout for the lifeguard who is, as usual, not on duty and sleeping by Parson’s Pleasure. Costa, at least, knew enough to keep the plural and the tongue in view: lingue—things people actually have, and use, and sometimes bite. And I confess another small satisfaction: it is precisely the sort of book Austin would tell you not to read, and the sort of title he would tell you not to utter—filosofia delle lingue sounding too much like a programme. Yet it is the sort of thing that, with one quiet bibliographical tug, punctures Austin’s SYMBOLO‑confidence and returns one to the point: not that we should invent games for fun, but that we should notice, in the games we already play, what we manage to mean by the noises we make.Grice: Caro Costa, devo confessare che la tua sinestesia conversazionale mi ha colpito più di un gelato al limone in pieno agosto! Dimmi, quando segni un’idea, preferisci profumare la frase di rosa o colorarla di chiarezza? Costa: Ah, Grice, io direi che ogni idea è come una macchia rosa: a volte mi piace più l’odore, altre il colore! Ma se Monti e Giordani mi sentissero, finirei nel loro orto di Lucrezio, a discutere se il senso sia tutto o se serve anche un po’ di eleganza. Grice: Eleganza, chiarezza, brevita... tu componi le tue idee meglio di un compositore in vacanza! Però, la mia domanda è: quando fa freddo, segni la temperatura solo a parole o usi anche il naso e la voce? Mi pare che da te, persino il freddo abbia una sua sinestesia! Costa: Grice, se il freddo si sente, lo segno con tutto me stesso – voce, faccia e magari un paio di guanti! La filosofia, come la rosa, va gustata con tutti i sensi; tu, però, hai il dono di proferire idee sempre fresche, anche quando il clima è rigido! Costa, Paolo (1807). Saggio sulla filosofia delle lingue. Venezia: Tipografia di Alvisopoli.

Flavio Valerio Aurelio Costantino (Roma, Lazio):  la ragione conversazionale a Roma. Grice: “I love C.!”  Filosofo italiano, una delle figure più importanti dell'impero romano, che riforma largamente. Tra i suoi interventi più significativi, la riorganizzazione dell'amministrazione e dell'esercito. Le fonti primarie sulla vita di Costantino e sulle relative vicende da imperatore devono essere prese con la dovuta cautela. La principale fonte contemporanea è costituita da Eusebio di Cesarea, autore di una Storia Ecclesiastica che non manca di esaltare Enciclopedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. C. I, su BeWeb, Conferenza Episcopale Italiana. C. I, in Diccionario biográfico español, Real Academia de la Historia. Opere di C. I, su digilibLT, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro. Opere di Costantino I, su openMLOL, Horizons Unlimited srl. Opere di C. I, su Open Library, Internet Archive. C. I, su Goodreads. C. I, in Catholic Encyclopedia, Robert Appleton Company. C. I, su Santi, beati e testimoni, santiebeati.it. The Roman Law Library by Lassard and Koptev, su web.upmf-grenoble. Monete emesse da C. I, su wildwinds.com. Sito dedicato alle monete di C. in bronzo, su constantine the great coins. Predecessore Imperatore romano Successore Costanzo Cloro con Galerio C.  IIVDM Imperatori romani e relative linee di successione VDM Diocleziano Portale Antica Roma   Portale Biografie   Portale Bisanzio   Portale Cristianesimo Categorie: Imperatori romani Santi romani Nati a Naissus Morti a Nicomedia C. I Dinastia costantiniana Santi per nomeStoria antica del cristianesimo Personalità del cristianesimo ortodosso Personaggi citati nella Divina Commedia Inferno Paradiso Santi della Chiesa ortodossa. implicature. GRICEVS: Salve, CONSTANTINE, Roma ipsa hodie videtur “rationem conversazionalem” exercere, sed ego te amo. CONSTANTINVS: Salve, GRICE, si me amas, cave ne me Eusebius nimis laudet et iterum totam rem publicam reformare cogar. GRICEVS: Noli timere, nam maxima mea est: ne plus dicas quam necesse est, nisi de nummis tuis splendidis. CONSTANTINVS: Ergo implicatur hoc: si nummi splendidi sunt, imperator quoque splendide se gerat, et populus rideat potius quam murmuret.

Teodorico Moretti Costanzi (Pozzuolo Umbro, Castiglione del Lago, Perugia, Umbria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’amore. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers infer what a speaker means beyond what is said by assuming rational cooperation and deriving implicatures as accountable, in-principle-cancellable products of practical reasoning about why that utterance was made in that context. Teodorico Moretti-Costanzi (Pozzuolo Umbro, 1912–1995), by contrast, is best positioned not as a pragmatics technician but as a metaphysician of interiority, ascesis, and the love–death axis (eros and thanatos), where “meaning” is pushed toward the expressive-existential disclosure of being rather than toward public, rule-like inferential coordination between interlocutors; in your passage’s idiom, his “conversational reason” is the attempt to make intelligible how love functions as a metaphysical orientation and a discipline of consciousness, not how talk generates extra content via maxims. This difference matters: Grice treats love-talk (and any talk) as analysable through intention-recognition and cooperative norms, so that what is “implied” is something a competent hearer can reconstruct; Moretti-Costanzi treats love as a privileged site where the person is formed (and purified) in relation to the absolute, so the “implicature” is less a detachable inference than an existential surplus that clings to expression because the subject matter (love, death, eternity) outruns straightforward propositional packaging. Standard bibliographies (e.g., Treccani DBI; Wikipedia’s works list) place his first book at 1939 (Pensiero ed essere, Rome), with later volumes explicitly on love such as Amore, morte, eternità (1974); so the Gricean joke about an “essay on amore” can be tied to an actually attested thematic strand in his oeuvre, while the contrast with Grice remains that Grice’s rationality is fundamentally social-inferential (how we responsibly get from said to meant), whereas Moretti-Costanzi’s rationality is fundamentally ascetical-metaphysical (how the person is re-formed so that love and truth can be lived and, only derivatively, said). Grice: “I like C.; possibly my favourite of his essays is the one on ‘amore’ eros for the Oxonian!” Si laurea a Bologna. Ensegna a Bologna. Pensiero ed essere; “Varisco: l’uno e i molti; “Noluntas; “Schopenhauer; “L'asceta moderno” – L’asceta -- Arte e storia, Roma; Spinoza, Universitas, Roma); “Il sentito in Platone” -- L'ascetica di Heidegger” Arte e storia, Roma); “L'ascesi di coscienza e l'argomento d’Aosta”, Meditazioni inattuali sull'essere e il senso della vita” La terrenità edenica del Cristianesimo e la contaminazione spiritualistica” La donna angelicata e il senso della femminilità nel Cristianesimo” La filosofia pura, “Il senso della storia, Alfa, Bologna); “Sul prologo di Zarathustra “L'etica nelle sue condizioni necessarie, “L'estetica pia, L'ora della filosofia, R. “L'uomo come disgrazia e Dio come fortuna” (La critica disvelatrice” ( “Amore e morte” “La singolarità della diada: compimento di un itinerario senza vie” “L'equivoco della filosofia cristiana e il cristianesimo-filosofia” (Clueb, Bologna; e ragioni della miscredenza e quelle cristiane della fede); “La fede sapiente e il Cristo storico “La rivelazione filosofica” Il Cristianesimo: filosofia come tradizione di realtà” Breviloquio della sera” (L’immagine sacra” (Sala francescana di cultura, Assisi); “L'identità del Lumen publicum nelle privatezze di Anselmo e Tommaso” (Il Cristianesimo-filosofia, E. Mirri e M. Moschini). Sgarbi torna a Tuoro per presentare l'opera omnia del filosofo Umbria Left.  Il filosofo imagliato dal Sessantotto, Al di là del principio di piacere amore e morte, l’essere, il sentito, ascesi (verbo?), Zarathustra, il singolo della diada, l’uno e i molti, nolere, nolitum, volitum, amore/morte, eros/tanatos, immagine sacra, imaginatum, essere, un essere, due esseri, le due esseri entrambi, rivelazione, la rivelazione filosofica, a new discourse on metaphysics: from genesis to revelations, un nuovo discorso di metafisica: del genesi alle rivelazione, Zarathustra e cristita, nollere in Schopenhauer. Grice: Caro Costanzi, devo confessarti che il tuo saggio sull’amore mi ha stregato più di un sonetto di Petrarca! Dì un po’, per te amore è più platonico o più da cortile bolognese?Costanzi: Ah Grice, a Bologna si dice che l’amore vero si riconosce dal profumo dei tortellini e dalla luce sotto i portici! Ma tra Platone e la cucina emiliana, spesso vince la seconda… anche se qualche volta mi lascio trasportare dall’eros filosofico e sogno le idee eterne.Grice: E pensare che a Oxford l’eros si trova solo tra le pagine dei libri, e mai nei corridoi! Ma dimmi, Costanzi, tra amore e morte, tu preferisci discutere di tanatos o di una bella passeggiata al tramonto con una musa ispiratrice?Costanzi: Grice, chi dice che la filosofia deve essere sempre seriosa? Io dico che la vera rivelazione filosofica arriva quando, tra una meditazione inattuale e una cena in compagnia, si scopre che la vita è più dolce se condivisa… magari con un bicchiere di Sangiovese e una buona battuta sul cristianesimo-filosofia! Costanzi, Teodorico Moretti (1939). Pensiero ed essere. Roma.

Alexandre Passerin d'Entrèves et Courmayeur (Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale idealista. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats talk as a cooperative, inferential enterprise in which what a speaker means can outrun what is explicitly said because hearers are entitled to reason from shared norms (relevance, sufficiency, etc.) and from recognizable communicative intentions to conversational implicatures that remain, in principle, accountable and cancellable. Passerin d’Entrèves et Courmayeur, by contrast, is presented in your passage as an idealist-inflected moral and political philosopher of the state, authority, law, and the “borderline” life of a minority region (Aosta/Valle d’Aosta, with its Italian–French legal-linguistic duality), where the central question is less how a hearer calculates an implicature from a particular utterance than how collective life generates legitimate authority and binding obligation: what “command,” “force,” and “law” can mean when legitimacy is the condition of authority (so that power without legitimacy is not authority at all). In Grice, normativity is local and conversational (a rational constraint on interpretation within an exchange); in Courmayeur, normativity is institutional and political (the conditions under which commands, rights, and civic identity are intelligible across languages and jurisdictions), so “implicature” becomes a metaphor for the way political language carries unspoken claims about legitimacy, common good, and membership—especially in a bilingual border culture where the same utterance can wear different juridical clothes. Where Grice’s model explains how meanings are derived by rational uptake, Courmayeur’s “idealism” makes meaning and authority co-constitutive with the ethical life of the res publica: conversation is not merely a channel for reasoning but one of the media through which a people becomes a people and a state becomes a legitimate state. Grice: “The most interesting thing about C.’s philosophy is that he is a count; unlike Locke, or the common-or-garden English Oxonian philosopher who doesn’t have a dime, this one has, as the Italians say, ‘all the money in the world’! That helps with philosophy! His forte is moral philosophy AND HEGEL, which proves that Hegel becomes the taste of aristocrats and not just dons like Bosanquet! It’s only natural that C. had such an intricate concept of ‘state.’ Hee was born in a minority, like Russell, who was born in a place which some called England, some called Wales. The situation is so borderline that it reminds me of my ancestors, the Ingvaeonic, and see all the problem the Frisians are having in Germany! Now they do recognise the ‘anglo-frisiche,’ but hardly allow them to vote!” It is not clear how the collectivity has any bearing on the third state of ‘state’: the ‘autorità,’ but then perhaps ‘autorità’ is the wrong concept, since it just means ‘author.’ C. is making the point that all authority is legitimate authority. You have no authority means you have  no legitimate power, and you have no power, means you have no legal force, and you have no force means you cannot command! As C. would say: it’s all different in valaestan, the vernacular of Aosta, which hardly has the same status as Italian, since giuridically Aosta belongs to Italy, or French, since French is its official language, along with Italian. But don’t ask that imperialist Crystal for an answer!” D’ascendenza valdostana si laurea a TORINO sotto SOLARI coll’idealismo. Studia sotto Ruffini e Einaudi filosofia politica e costituzione. Insegna a Torino. Lo stato. Ordina. Forzare imperativo, mando o commando efficace. potere forzare organizzato in una istituzione e qualificato dal giurato autorità potere del giurato qualificato da legge variable che promuove il buono comune, res publica, la terra dei padri. Morale, diritto ed economia obbedire obbligare nazione paese interiorizzato e ideato. Grice: “I was against browsing all journals, and came across Il Baretti. I asked Hardie. He had no idea, and therefore neither have I. Editor’s note: Il Baretti was a Turin-based literary and cultural journal (1924–1928) founded and edited by Piero Gobetti, and its title deliberately commemorates Giuseppe Baretti (1719–1789), the sharp-tongued Italian critic and man of letters who spent much of his life in England (notably in London) and became a symbol of independent, anti-conformist intellectual style; Gobetti chose the name to signal a “European” orientation and a combative commitment to cultural criticism rather than provincial literary pieties. Courmayeur contributes to Il Barettii in 1922. Grice: Conte Courmayeur, trovo affascinante come lei unisca la filosofia morale e l’idealismo hegeliano, portando un tocco aristocratico alla discussione sullo stato. D’altronde, come dice il proverbio, “la nobiltà si vede dal cuore, non dal portafoglio”, ma in filosofia un po’ di risorse non guastano mai! Courmayeur: Caro Grice, la ringrazio per il suo apprezzamento. Il mio percorso tra idealismo e moralità nasce proprio dalla complessità della mia terra di confine, dove l’identità e l’autorità si intrecciano tra italiano e francese. Credo che l’autorità debba sempre essere legittima, altrimenti non è altro che vuoto potere. Grice: Saggio pensiero! Mi piace la sua riflessione sull’autorità: “chi non ha autorità, non ha forza, e chi non ha forza, non può comandare.” In fondo, anche la lingua della Valle d’Aosta dimostra quanto sia difficile stabilire confini netti: la giuridicità spesso si scontra con la realtà vissuta. Courmayeur: Esattamente, Grice! Lo stato, la res publica, è una terra dei padri interiorizzata e ideata, dove morale, diritto ed economia si fondono. Dobbiamo promuovere il bene comune, senza forzare, ma guidando con autorevolezza e rispetto per la pluralità delle identità. Così, anche il confine diventa un punto d’incontro, non di divisione. Courmayeur Alexandre Passerin d'Entrèves et (1922). Contributo. La Rivoluzione liberale.

Girolamo Cotroneo (Campo Calabro, Reggio Calabria, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della VIRTÙ, andreia. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is a micro-account of how hearers legitimately get from what is said to what is meant: implicatures arise because speakers are presumed to be rational cooperators, so departures from maximal relevance, informativeness, etc. are treated as cues to intentions that can be inferred and, in principle, cancelled. Cotroneo, by contrast, is cast in your passage as a historian of ideas and of ethical-political vocabularies (from Croce and historicism to Aristotle and the “new rhetoric” of Perelman), so that “conversational reason” is less a local inferential calculus than a civic-ethical style of arguing about freedom, virtue, and the open society; what is “implied” in such discourse is often not a cancellable add-on but the inherited burden of concepts like virtù/aretè/andreia and the rhetorical resources by which communities teach, contest, and stabilize norms. In Grice, virtue enters mainly as a norm of talk (fairness, candour, cooperation) that makes implicature interpretable; in Cotroneo, virtue is itself the object of historical and philosophical interpretation, and rhetoric is not merely a vehicle for already-fixed meanings but part of how meanings (and moral horizons) are formed and transmitted. More specifically, the online bibliographic trail supports the institutional contrast you’re drawing: Cotroneo’s earliest substantial scholarly trajectory is tied to Messina and to Italian storicismo (first monograph Jean Bodin teorico della storia, 1966), with documented periodical collaboration earlier in the 1960s (Nord e Sud has digitized runs that could be searched issue-by-issue for his first signed contribution), whereas Grice’s program targets the rational mechanics of everyday conversational uptake; Cotroneo’s program targets the long durée in which reason becomes persuasive in public culture, where “implicature” is as much the subtext of tradition, ideology, and rhetorical framing as it is the by-product of a maxim in a single exchange. Si laurea Messina sotto Volpe. Insegna a Messina. Lo storicismo Bodin teorico della storia” (Napoli, Croce e l'Illuminismo; “I trattatisti dell'arte storica” (Napoli, Giannini); “Storicismo antico e moderno” Rareta e storia” (Napoli, Guida); “Societa chiusa, società aperta” (Messina, Armando Siciliano Editore); “La ragione della libertà” (Napoli, Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane); “Trittico siciliano: Scinà, Castiglia, Menza” (Roma, Cadmo); “Momenti della filosofia italiana; “Questione post-crociane” (Tra filosofia e politica; “Le idee del tempo. L'etica. La bioetica. I diritti. La pace, Un viandante della complessità. Morin filosofo a Messina, Annamaria Anselmo, “Croce e altri ancora, Etica ed economica” “La virtù”; “Croce filosofo italiano, Illuminismo, “Libertà” Storia della filosofia, Positivismo, Filosofia della storia; “Rinascimento, Aristotele e Perelman, Retorica vecchia e nuova” introduzione (Napoli, Il Tripode); La retorica di Aristotele, retorica antica, Perelman, Itinerari dell'idealismo italiano, Napoli, Giannini, Raffaello Franchini, Teoria della pre-visione” Croce, La religione della libertà. scritti politici, Il diritto alla filosofia, Atti del Seminario di studi su Franchini” (Soveria Mannelli, Rubbettino); “Croce filosofo, La Fenomenologia dello spirito” (Napoli, Bibliopolis); Cavour, Discorsi su Stato e Chiesa” Letteratura critica Reale, C., in Antiseri e Tagliagambe, Storia della filosofia, Lo storicismo di C., Giuseppe Giordano, Tra Storia della Filosofia e Liberalismo, in Carocci, Giordano, Virtù disposizione d'animo volta al bene. La virtù (dal latino virtus; in greco ἀρετή aretè) è una disposizione d'animo volta al bene, che consiste nella capacità di una persona di eccellere in qualcosa, di compiere un certo atto in maniera ottimale, o di essere o agire in un modo ritenuto perfetto secondo un punto di vista morale, religioso, o anche sociale in base a alla cultura di riferimento.  VIRTÙ, retorica, retorica di Aristotele, retorica nuova, retorica moderna, Perelman, rareta e storia. GRICE: Cotroneo, caro, la virtù è davvero una questione di disposizione d’animo, ma a Messina si trova più virtù o più arancini? COTRONEO: Ah, Grice, a Messina la virtù si misura anche dalla capacità di non mangiare troppo… ma ti confesso che davanti agli arancini, l’andreia greca vacilla! GRICE: Senza dubbio, Cotroneo! Aristotele diceva che la virtù sta nel mezzo, ma tra l’arancino e la retorica moderna, quale scegli? Io direi: meglio una retorica ben fritta che una virtù insipida! COTRONEO: Grice, tu hai ragione! In Calabria, la virtù è essere ospitali e ironici: come dice la zia, “meglio una battuta che una predica!” La filosofia? Va servita col sorriso e magari un po’ di raretà! Cotroneo, Girolamo (1963). Contributo. Nord e Sud.

Cotta (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale all’accademia a Roma. Filosofo italiano. He appears as a character in De natura deorum by Cicerone. There he presents the points of view of the Accademia. However, he spends some time in exile and almost certainly studies the doctrine of the Porch and that of the Garden as well. Gaio Aurelio Cotta. Keywords: filosofia antica. GRICEVS: Cotta, salve amice! De Accademia Romae audivi multa—dic mihi, estne philosophia ibi tam leviter tractata ut in foro?  COTTA: Salve Grice! Accademia semper gravis est, sed ego ipse paulisper exul fui—itaque doctrinam Porticus et Horti etiam degustavi, ut philosophum decet!  GRICEVS: Exilium tibi profuit, Cotta! Quisquis inter Stoicos et Epicureos vacillat, invenit plus vini in Horto et plus disputationis in Porticu—sed forsitan nullus locus est sine risu?  COTTA: Vere dixisti, Grice! In De natura deorum, ego Accademiae sententias teneo, sed interdum philosophia antiqua optima est, si cum pane, vino et ioco Romano servitur!

Sergio Cotta (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale nella storia del diritto romano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats conversation as a cooperative, inferential practice: what a speaker means can outrun what is literally said because rational hearers, assuming shared norms (relevance, adequate information, etc.), can calculate implicatures as the best explanation of why the speaker spoke that way in that context. Cotta, by contrast, is best aligned with your “conversational reason” theme not as a pragmatics technician but as a philosopher of law who treats normativity as rooted in co-existence and in the public, historically thick languages of obligation, oath, rule, and peace: his ontofenomenologia of right (as summarized in Treccani) makes the relation with the other constitutive, so that “conversation” becomes a juridical-civic structure (from jurato and normato to concordato) rather than merely a model of utterance-interpretation, and the “extra” that is conveyed is often institutional rather than cancellable. Hence the contrast: Grice explains how a single utterance can rationally imply more than it says, while Cotta’s central interest is how whole normative vocabularies (law, violence, war/peace, political limits, personhood) make certain meanings binding and socially efficacious in the first place; where Grice’s implicature is detachable and in principle retractable, Cotta’s “implications” often function like commitments embedded in legal and political forms that are meant to survive retraction. The overlap is that both resist reductionism—Grice against reducing meaning to semantics alone, Cotta against reducing right to mere positivistic technique—and both foreground rational accountability; but they locate it differently: Grice in the hearer’s inference from cooperative reasoning, Cotta in the intersubjective foundations of normativity that make “cum-cor” (convening hearts, a shared ground for agreement) more than a metaphor, the civic condition for moving, as his later work explicitly puts it, from war toward peace (Dalla guerra alla pace, 1989) and for asking why violence arises at all (Perché la violenza?, 1978). Grice: “My favourite explorations by C. are three: ‘per che violenza?” – “dalla guerra alla pace: un itinerario filosofico” and a secondary-literature study on ‘i concordati’ --- which is MY philosophy. You see, Plato thought that the soul resided in the brain – cool as he was – but Aristotle corrected him: it resides in the HEART – Cicero loved that and coined ‘cum-cor’ – i.e. something like my cum-operare: your hearts convene!” I would say C. is Italy’s Hart, with a bonus – he wrote on essentialism, deontic logic, and from war to peace!”  Si laurea a Firenze. filosofia politica dell'Illuminismo filosofia gius-naturalistica, fenomenologia. Studia FILANGIERI Aquino diritto Insegna a Roma. La società; “Il concetto di ‘legge’ in Filangieri; “Il concetto di ‘legge’ in Aquino” Il concetto di Roma come città in Agostino”; “Filosofia e politica nell'opera di Rousseau”; “La sfida tecnologica”; “L'uomo tolemaico” – la ferita narcissista di Galileo – “Quale Resistenza?, Perché la violenza; “Il normato: tra il giurato e l’obbligato”; “Il diritto nell'esistenza. Linee di ontofenomenologia giuridica”; “Dalla guerra alla pace”; “l’uomo, la persona, il diritto umano”; L’inter-soggetivo giurato”; “I limiti della politica, “Il sistema di valori e il diritto”; Perché il diritto Quid ius?”. Stante la concessione chirografata dall'ex re Umberto II, C. puo fregiarsi del titulo nobiliare di “conte”, sia pure del tutto informalmente stante l'instaurazione dell'ordinamento repubblicano e la disposizione finale e Occidente, 2 International roman law moot court Diritto latino romano, diritto, su Diritto romano l’inter-soggetivo, il giurato, il normato. La prima ferita narcissista, Filangieri, giurato, l’uomo galileano, l’obbligato, il normato, Latin ‘normare’, not recognized in Dizionario etimologico, il giurato d’entrambi, il concordato d’entrambi, fenomenologia, Roma citta, polis, politea, res publica, pubblico e privato. Grice: Conte Cotta, ti confesso che le tue esplorazioni mi fanno impazzire: “perché violenza?”, “dalla guerra alla pace”, e quel tuo studio sui concordati… quasi quasi mi viene voglia di fondare una nuova Accademia, ma stavolta in pace, senza guerre di parole!Cotta: Ah, caro Grice, mi lusinghi! Ma sai, in Italia la filosofia del diritto è un po’ come il caffè espresso: se non è forte, non sveglia nessuno! E poi, la pace va sempre concordata… pure tra i cuori, “cum-cor”, come diceva Cicero – mica solo tra giurati!Grice: Esatto! Platone puntava sul cervello, Aristotele sul cuore… Io direi che la ragione conversazionale si nasconde tra le due, come una moneta sotto la tazzina! E tu, con la tua fenomenologia giuridica, sembri proprio il barista della filosofia: sempre pronto a servire una legge fresca!Cotta: Grice, ti ringrazio! Ma ricordati: una buona conversazione non si fa solo con la logica, bisogna aggiungere un pizzico di ironia e magari qualche battuta toscana – perché, come dice la mia nonna fiorentina, “meglio un diritto ben condito che una legge insipida!” Cotta, Sergio (1953). La scienza della società.

Crassicio (Taranto): la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone – Roma. Filosofo italiano. He moves to Rome where he works as a teacher before joining the school of Quinto Sestio. Crassicio Pasicle. GRICEVS: Salve, Crassicī Pasicle; ex Crotonensium diaspora Tarentum redolens Romam venisti, quasi grammatica navem haberes et philosophiam mercem. CRASSICIVS: Salve, Grice; Roma me magisterium docuit, sed Sextius me docuit ut, dum doceo, minus vendam et plus vivam. GRICEVS: Ergo prius discipulos litteris imbuebas, nunc te ipse disciplina imbuis, ne urbanus strepitus animum tuum declinet. CRASSICIVS: Ita est: in schola Sextiana etiam tacere est responsum, et interdum optimum praeceptum est: “noli tam rhetorice spirare.”

Lucio Lucinio Crasso (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale a Roma. An orator and a politican. He takes a keen interest in philosophy and at different times studies with Metodoro, Carmada, Clitomaco and Mnesarco. GRICEVS: Salve, Crasse Luci Licini, orator urbane; dic mihi, apud Metrodorumne hodie sapientiam emis, an apud Clitomachum mutuam sumis? CRASSVS: Salve, Grice; ego philosophiam non emo sed conduco, nam Romae etiam virtus mercedem petit. GRICEVS: At cum tot magistros alternes, vereor ne doctrina tua sit sicut toga: splendida, sed semper ex aliena manu. CRASSVS: Immo, Grice, toga mea ex multis texta est, ut in foro possim et disserere et dissimulare—quod est apud Romanos summa sapientia.

Marco Tullio Cratippo (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale al lizio di Roma. Lizio. Friend of Cicerone. Tutor of Orazio and Bruto. GRICEVS: Salve, Cratippe Marce Tulli, Lizi Romani decus: num hodie Ciceronem doces, an ille te docet ut semper? CRATIPPVS: Salve, Grice; Ciceronem docere facile est, sed difficilius est eum a dicendo ad discendum perducere. GRICEVS: Audivi te et Horatio et Bruto praeceptorem fuisse, itaque miror num etiam discipuli tui plus iocentur quam argumententur. CRATIPPVS: Iocentur sane, sed Romae hoc ipsum est argumentum: nisi riseris, nemo credet te philosophum esse.

Luigi Credaro (Sondrio, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del discorso al senato. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is a micro-model of rational exchange: speakers are presumed to be cooperating under publicly intelligible norms (relevance, adequacy of information, etc.), so hearers can justifyably infer implicatures from what is said plus the best explanation of why a rational speaker would have said it in that setting. Credaro, by contrast, is presented in your passage as a philosopher-administrator whose central arena is the university, the school, and the Senate: his “conversational reason” is not primarily the inferential logic of everyday talk but the institutional rationality of public speech, educational reform, and civic persuasion—where what counts is how discourse can form competence, citizenship, and a national-popular capacity for understanding (e.g., the Daneo–Credaro framework for funding elementary teachers, the “liceo moderno,” and attention to linguistic minorities in the Trentino/Alto Adige context). In that sense, Credaro’s nearest analogue to Gricean implicature is the rhetoric of political and administrative language: Senate discourse and policy texts routinely rely on what is left unsaid (assumptions about state responsibility, national unity, the “absolute” value of instruction, the relation between culture and governance), but unlike Grice’s conversational implicatures these are often stabilized by offices, procedures, and audiences larger than any dyadic conversation, and they are less “cancellable” because they function as signals of alignment, legitimacy, and institutional intent. The Quine/Strawson vignette you include nicely sharpens the contrast: Grice treats the a priori dispute as a matter of what can be meant, implied, and rationally defended in argument, while Credaro (who wrote on Kantian themes early on and later worked at the level of educational institutions and national policy) treats rationality as something to be built into a population through schooling and administrative design, so that the very possibility of reasonable public conversation becomes a political-educational achievement rather than a background presupposition of ordinary talk. Grice: “I like C.; it is as if he invented the universities! I especially love the way he connects it all, in that uniquely Italian way, with the ‘assoluto’!”  Si laurea a Pavia, dove fu convittore del Collegio Ghislieri, divenne insegnante di liceo. Studia psicologia filosofica. Insegna a Pavia. Ministro della Pubblica Istruzione del Regno d'Italia nei governi Luzzatti e Giolitti IV --  istituì il Liceo moderno. Fu l'ispiratore della legge Daneo-C., che stabiliva che lo stipendio dei maestri delle scuole elementari fosse a carico del bilancio dello Stato, e non più dei Comuni, contribuendo così in maniera determinante all'eliminazione dell'analfabetismo in Italia. Prima di questa legge, infatti, i comuni di campagna e quelli più poveri, specie nel Sud, non erano in grado di istituire e mantenere scuole elementari e pertanto rendevano di fatto inapplicata la legge Coppino sull'obbligo scolastico.  Si interessa attivamente dei problemi agricoli e forestali di Sondrio. Lo scetticismo degli platonisti (Roma, Terme Diocleziane); La libertà di volere (Milano, Bernardoni); Herbart, Torino, Paravia), “Razionalismo trascendente in Italia” Michele, L’italianizzazione imperfetta. L’amministrazione pubblica dell’Alto Adige tra Italia liberale e fascismo, Alessandria, Orso, Analfabetismo, Dizionario biografico degli italiani, Cr. un italiano d'altri tempi articolo di Romano, sofisti, il giurato, iusiuratum, Carneade, il secondo discorso, contro Democrito, ragione pratica (saggezza), ragione teorica, a philosopher in political linguistics: German minority, Italian majority in Trento. Il prefetto di Trento, lingua tedesca, lingua italiana, ordinamento amministrativode-centrato, Wundt, Kant, razionalismo trascendente, Herbart, scetticismo, accademia, prima accademia, seconda accademia, terza accademia, liberta di volere, freewill, volere libero, ambiascata ateniense a roma, influenza dell’academia nell’elite romana, l’accademia come perfezionamento per la dirigenza romana, Wundt, positivismo, suggestione, i primordii del kantismo in Italia, Hegel vacuo. Grice: “St. John’s, 1953. “Strawson has already convinced me that we must invite Quine to our seminar — ‘You know, Austin is not even wanting to see him!’ ‘Quine’s main thing — or big thing, I should say,’ Strawson tells me, ‘is his allergy to the a priori.’ This was a telephone conversation, and I could overhear Anne — ‘What are you two talking about?!’ Next morning I got hold of Credaro on the a priori — an old thing. ‘Too old,’ said Strawson. ‘And it isn’t even original: he’s having a go at Cesca!’ Further research at Merton put me face to face with Cesca, La dottrina kantiana dell’a priori; and from there Strawson and I were just one step away from our celebrated example: ‘My neighbour’s three-year-old is an adult.’ And so on, and so forth.” Grice: Credaro, ho sempre trovato affascinante il suo contributo alla filosofia educativa italiana, soprattutto il modo in cui ha intrecciato il discorso sull’assoluto con il concreto della scuola e dell’insegnamento. È stato come inventare le università, per così dire! Credaro: Grazie, caro Grice! Per me la scuola è stata sempre un laboratorio di ragione, dove il discorso filosofico si incontrava con la quotidianità dei bisogni educativi. La legge Daneo-Credaro, ad esempio, nacque proprio dal desiderio di dare valore assoluto all’istruzione, e di combattere l’analfabetismo come una piaga nazionale. Grice: Che visione lungimirante! Mi colpisce anche il suo interesse per la psicologia filosofica: un vero ponte tra ragione pratica e ragione teorica. Lei ha saputo vedere nell’amministrazione e nella scuola non solo un servizio, ma un perfezionamento morale e intellettuale per la società intera. Credaro: È proprio vero, Grice. Ho sempre creduto che la libertà di volere sia la chiave per ogni progresso. Dal liceo moderno all’attenzione per le minoranze linguistiche, l’educazione deve restare apertura e dialogo, perché solo così possiamo costruire una società più giusta e consapevole. Grazie per il suo apprezzamento, mi sembra quasi di conversare sulle rive dell’Adda con Lei! Credaro, Luigi (1883). L’a-priori. Atti dell’Istituto d’Incoraggiamento di Napoli.

Crescente (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale al cinargo a Roma. A member of the Cinargo in Rome. Taziano regards him as a greedy immoral hypocrite. GRICEVS: Salve, Crescens, audivi te Cinargonem Romae esse, et tamen tam avarum ut etiam umbram tuam nummis loces. CRESCENS: Salve, Grice, si avarus vocor, est quia Roma ipsa magistra est: hic etiam virtus mercedem petit. GRICEVS: Tazianus tamen te hypocritam clamat; fortasse philosophia tua est sicut sportula—plena, sed semper aliena. CRESCENS: Si hypocrita sum, certe urbane sum, nam Roma docet nos unum dicere, aliud significare, et interea cenare.

Alfonso Vastarini Cresi (L’Aquila, Abruzzo). : la ragione conversazionale, cappuccino e ciserciano. Grice’s reason-governed account of conversational meaning is a micro-theory: speakers are taken to be (minimally) cooperative and rational, so hearers can infer implicatures from what is said plus shared norms of relevance, quantity, etc., and those implicatures remain in principle cancellable and answerable to reasons. Alfonso Vastarini Cresi (L’Aquila, Abruzzo; 1839–1902), by contrast, is not a theorist of meaning but (as the documentary trail suggests) a jurist-politician whose public writing is bureaucratic-argumentative and institution-facing: in Per una diffamazione con abuso di ufficio (Napoli: F. Bideri, 1891; searchable in HathiTrust/Internet Archive) he trades in ledgers, contracts, inventories, expenditures, and administrative responsibility—precisely the sort of discourse where “what is meant” is engineered to be as non-implicatural as possible, because accountability demands explicitness, documentation, and a paper trail. So the contrast is sharp: Grice explains how ordinary conversation can rationally communicate more than it says, whereas Vastarini Cresi exemplifies a register (public administration, commissions, hospital governance, “who authorized what”) that often tries to suppress conversational slack, treating ambiguity and implicature as risks rather than resources; if there is an “implicatura dell’accademia” here, it is sociological rather than semantic—how institutional language, by its very formality, can insinuate blame, competence, probity, or factional allegiance without stating it outright, even while officially striving for maximal clarity. (Also, on your name-point: “Vastarini Cresi” is a compound surname created by the marriage-union of two families, not a missing first name; Wikipedia’s family entry explains the merger and the adoption of both names.) Grice: “Essential Italian philosopher!” Esponente di una nota famiglia abruzzese, grande studioso. PROGETTI PER NUOVE COSTRUZIONI E NUOVI OSPEDALI RESTRIZIONE DEL NUMERO DEI MALATI. RIDUZIONE DI SPESA PER MANTENIMENTO DEGL’INFERMI LA SOPPRESSIONE DEL VINO E L'ALTERAZIONE DELLA VITTITAZIONE VIOLAZIONE DEL CONTRATTO PER LA FORNITURA DELLA CARNE BIANCHERIA E CASERMAGGIO LA SOMMINISTRAZIONE DELLE MEDICATURE ANTISETTICHE Condizioni finanziarie della Pia Casa Canee ohe prodassero le attuali condizioni economiche Entrate Riduzioni di corrisposte ESCOMPUTI D'AMBRA, MOCCIA E IZZO RIDUZIONE DI ESTAGLIO DEL FONDO SALICELLE Riduzioni di Canoni. ESCOMPUTO SIGILLO Riduzioni nei fitti dei fabbricati. CONTRATTO ED ESCOMPUTO FORINO Cauzione Inventario e consegna dei fondi urbani, Fabbricati affidati in esazione al Tesoriere Fondi in Ariano Spese Personale Amministrativo e Sanitario Lavori Forniture Provvedimenti per far tutto il materiale sarebbe di esclusiva proprietà del Pio Luogo, senza essere forzati a ricorrere ad un secondo appalto.   Aggiungo un' ultima riflessione e poi avrò finito.   Ammesso che 1' aggiudicatario dovesse spendere per mettere il casermaggio  nei modi richiesti L. 50,(KJ0 e che il nostro materiale attuale non valesse altro  che 20,000, le 30,000 lire di differenza spese dall' aggiudicatario sarebbero  rimborsate in un novennio, mese per mese, importando una maggiore spesa  mensile di lire 300 circa, ma, scaduto il contratto, 1' Amministrazione si trova un capitale reale e non nominale di effetti per casermaggio di lire 50,000,  giacche, com' è risaputo, l' aggiudicatario in fine dello appalto deve consegnare  gli effetti come li ha ricevuti, rifacendo i danni ove le condizioni si verificassero diverse.    cappuccini e ciserciani. Grice: Caro Cresi, mi dica: tra cappuccini e cistercensi, chi è più bravo a gestire i bilanci degli ospedali? Cresi: Ah, Grice, dipende: i cappuccini hanno il segreto del risparmio nel caffè, i cistercensi invece tagliano i costi… e pure il vino! Grice: Vedo che qui non si lesina su nulla, tranne che sulla carne: ma almeno un panino con la mortadella lo concedete agli ammalati? Cresi: Solo se firmato in triplice copia e consegnato col sigillo! Sa com’è, l’inventario è sacro, ma una risata… quella è sempre fuori bilancio, caro Grice. Cresi, Alfonso Vastarini (1891). Per una diffamazione con abuso di ufficio. Il R. Commissario della S. Casa degl’incurabili e i componenti della disciolta amministrazione. Napoli: Bideri,

Angelo Crespi (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale d’Antonino e compagnia. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers move from what is said to what is meant by treating talk as a cooperative, rational practice in which speakers rely on shared norms (relevance, informativeness, etc.) and on recognizable intentions, so that implicatures are in principle inferable and accountable. Angelo Crespi, by contrast, is not best placed as a theorist of conversational inference but as a historian-moralist of empire, religion, and civic culture (Milano 1877–Londra 1949), whose life itself stages a kind of “academia-as-implicature”: a public intellectual shifting audiences and idioms—from socialist journalism (documented as London correspondent for Il Tempo from 1904) to modernist/Sturzian circles, exile politics, and cultural mediation between Italy and Britain—so that what he “means” often travels through institutional roles (journalist, translator/editor, teacher) rather than through a maxims-and-calculation model. Where Grice isolates the micro-mechanism by which a single remark can rationally convey more than it literally says, Crespi’s interests (e.g., Le vie della fede, 1908; La funzione storica de l’impero britannico, 1918) are macro-explanatory: how empires, nations, and religious or civic syntheses generate shared horizons in which discourse becomes persuasive, legitimate, or contested in the first place; his “implicatures” are then political-theological and historiographical—what an account of Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, or the British Empire is taken to endorse about authority, moral education, and civil mission. That helps with your playful Gricean framing: Grice can admire Crespi’s edition of Marcus Aurelius precisely because it foregrounds a durable contrast between expression and uptake across languages and institutions (a Roman emperor writing in Greek; Italians needing a modern Italian mediation), but the contrast with Grice remains sharp—Grice models how rational hearers recover speaker-intended extra content in a conversation, while Crespi exemplifies how intellectual life and its institutions (press, academy, empire, church, exile networks) shape what can be said, what will be heard, and what will be taken to be implied long before any single utterance is pragmatically “calculated.” Grice: “C. is an interesting figure; Strawson calls him an Englishman since he became a Brit! My favourite is his edition of Marcauurelio’s remembrances – which is a n irony: he was a roman, but left his remembrances in Hellenic; and the Italians needed a translation! It would be as if Pocahontas’s remembrances were in Anglo-Saxon! His essay on Antonino is brilliant – his philosophy of history is controversial!” Le vie della fede”; “Sintesi religiosa”; “L’impero romano; “Dall'io al tu. Nunzio Dell'Erba, Rosselli e Sturzo, "Annali della Fondazione Ugo La Malfa", Luigi Sturzo, Mario Sturzo, Carteggio, Roma, Edizioni di storia e letteratura-Istituto Sturzo, Bonomi, C., Cremona, Padus). Il periodo ellenistico seguì le conquiste di Alessandro Magno, che aveva diffuso la cultura greca antica in tutto il Medio Oriente e nell'Asia occidentale, dopo il precedente periodo culturale della Grecia classica. Il periodo classico della filosofia greca antica era iniziato con Socrate, il cui allievo Platone aveva insegnato ad Aristotele, che a sua volta aveva istruito Alessandro. Mentre i pensatori classici avevano per lo più sede ad Atene, il periodo ellenistico vide i filosofi attivi in tutto l'impero. Il periodo iniziò con la morte di Alessandro (poi quella di Aristotele), e fu seguito dal predominio della filosofia dell'antica Roma durante il periodo imperiale romano.  Sviluppi e dibattiti sul pensiero I fondatori dell'Accademia, i peripatetici, i seguaci del cinismo e del cirenaismo erano stati tutti allievi di Socrate, mentre lo stoicismo era soltanto indirettamente influenzato da lui. la filosofia dell’impero romano, impero, impero romano, impero britannico, funzione dell’impero, funzione storica dell’impero, filosofia imperial, imperialismo, imperialismo romano, imperialism britannico, post-imperialismo, Antonino, Filosofia della storia, aporie, lingua latina, impero romano, lingua nazionale, nazione romana, nazione italiana, lingua italiana, lingua fiorentina, lingua toscana, toscano. Grice: Caro Crespi, mi confesso: ogni volta che apro la tua edizione delle “remembrances” di Marco Aurelio, mi sento un po’ britannico anch’io! È vero che Strawson ti chiama “inglese” solo perché hai tradotto più filosofia romana in greco che in italiano? Crespi: Grice, è proprio così! In fondo, se Marco Aurelio ha lasciato i suoi ricordi in ellenico, gli italiani hanno dovuto aspettare… come se Pocahontas avesse scritto in anglosassone! Ma almeno noi filosofi ci ritroviamo con una bella aporia quando cerchiamo di capire l’impero romano: latino o greco? Meglio un caffè o un tè? Grice: Ah, l’aporia dell’impero! In effetti, la funzione storica dell’impero sembra essere quella di confondere le lingue più dei babilonesi… Ma ti dirò, il tuo saggio su Antonino è brillante: tra impero romano e britannico, hai mai pensato di fondare l’impero della conversazione filosofica? Potremmo chiamarlo “Sintesi della ragione, dal ‘io’ al ‘tu’”! Crespi: Splendida idea! Ma attenzione: se la conversazione diventa imperiale, rischiamo che la lingua ufficiale sia il dialetto lombardo, e allora “le vie della fede” passano direttamente dal Duomo a Trafalgar Square! Grice, tu porta le aporie, io porto il caffè italiano… e vediamo se l’impero si regge sull’ironia o sulla sintesi religiosa! Crespi, Angelo (1904). Contributo. Il Tempo.

Critolao (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale a Roma. Sent as a deputation to Rome. He emphasizes the relative unimportance of material comforts for the good life. Critolao. Keywords: filosofia antica. GRICEVS: Critolae, Roma ipsa loquitur: putasne ratio conversatoria melius quam toga cadit? CRITOLAVS: Ita vero, Grice, nam missus sum legatus ad Romam, ut docerem commoda corporis parvi esse pretii ad vitam beatam. GRICEVS: Ergo in Urbe maxima tu maximam rem minimam facis—pulchra paradoxon, et Romanis sapidum. CRITOLAVS: Ride, sed memento: qui super culinam philosophatur, saepe in foro tacite vincitur.

Benedetto Croce: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’idealismo –espressione, storia della grammatica italiana – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats “what is meant” as an inferential upshot of rational, cooperative interaction: speakers design utterances with audience-recognition of intentions in view, and hearers recover implicatures by reasoning from what was said plus shared norms (relevance, sufficiency, etc.). Croce’s framework, by contrast, is less a theory of conversational inference than a general philosophy of language-as-expression: in his aesthetic-linguistic tradition (Estetica come scienza dell’espressione e linguistica generale; later popularized in Breviario di estetica), intuition and expression are not separable stages but “go hand in hand,” so that to express is already to have formed the thought; the primary explanatory unit is the expressive act, not a calculus of implicature. That difference maps neatly onto your passage: where Grice resists collapsing meaning into mere expression (“when I say that p, I don’t thereby imply that I believe that p; I only express that p”), Croce tends to treat linguistic meaning as internally tied to expressive formation, and this makes Grice’s extra layer—systematic, norm-governed derivation of what is meant but not said—look to a Crocean like an imported, quasi-behaviouristic externalism about language’s public management. At the same time, Croce’s attention to grammar and to the irreducibility of living languages to formal devices (as in his attacks on overly optimistic identifications between Peano-style logical notation and Italian counterparts such as non/e/o/se/ogni/alcuni/il) converges with Grice’s anti-reductionist instincts: both reject the idea that formal apparatus straightforwardly captures ordinary meaning, but they explain the mismatch differently—Grice by appeal to pragmatic reasoning and conversational norms, Croce by appeal to expression, historical life, and the creative autonomy of linguistic form. Finally, the Vossler line you note fits the contrast: Vossler’s Croce-inspired stylistic/idealist linguistics helped shape approaches to grammar that emphasize language as spiritual/creative activity, whereas Grice’s legacy in pragmatics emphasizes how rational agents use language in interaction to say one thing, imply another, and make that implication accountable to reasons. Vossler on C. and the influence of his linguistic theory on grammatical theory. Grice: “I wouldn’t say that when I say that p, I imply that I believe that p; only that I EXPRESS that p. I would think the fashionable Englishwoman may think Croce is the most important philosopher that ever lived!” -- vide under “Grice as Croceian” Grice as Croceian: expression and intention philosopher. As C. observes, it is a common-place in philosophy that there is, or appears to be, a divergence in meaning between, on the one hand, at least some of what PEANO call this or that FORMAL device, when it is given a standard two-valued interpretation, and, on the other, what is taken to be its analogues or counterpart in ITALIAN — such expressions as non, e, o, se, ogni, alcuni (almeno uno), il. Some — PEANO, VAILATI, FORTI — *may* at some time have wanted to claim that there is in fact no such divergence. But such a claim, if made at all, has been somewhat rashly made. And those suspected of making it — PEANO, VAILATI, FORTI — have been subjected to some pretty rough handling — notably by C.! Those who do concede that such a divergence in meaning (between, say, Peano’s inverted iota and ‘il’) exists adhere, in the main, to one or the other of two rival groups: the formalists and the informalists. An outline of a not uncharacteristic formalistic position may be given as follows. Insofar as we are concerned with the formulation of very general patterns of valid inference, a formal device possesses a decisive advantage over its ITALIAN counterpart.  -I Vgl. besonders Che cosa e il fascismo, La filosolia del fascismo. Charakteristisch ist der Satz: Lo stato del fascismo e una creazionc tutta spirituale".  idealism, la filosofia di C. come antecedente del fascismo, Mussolini giornalista, la ruttura Croce-Gentile, l’idealismo di C. pre-fascismo come fascista: hegel, idea dello spirito, idealism assoluto, la relazione tra Vico e Hegel, implicatura: intenzione, espressione, e communicazione. Benedetto Croce. Pescasseroli, L’Aquila, Abruzzo. Grice: “St. John’s, 1948. I can’t say I was surprised yesterday when, at the end of my talk to the Philosophical Society, Collingwood remarked that Croce would probably find my approach “behaviouristic” — “as Ryle misuses the term.” I asked him why. Collingwood explained that, for the Italians (since Croce’s “epoch-making” Breviario di estetica, as Collingwood likes to call it), intenzione and espressione go hand in hand, as they put it. But then Collingwood added, with a smile, “your ‘meaning’, you see, they would not put in it at all — or not in your sense of the word!” Grice: Croce, devo confessare che la tua analisi dell’espressione ha solcato i mari e, grazie al caro Collingwood, è arrivata persino alle rive di Vadum Boem, cioè Oxford. La profondità con cui distingui tra espressione e intenzione filosofica ha illuminato più di una conversazione tra noi inglesi, che spesso ci arrovelliamo su questi temi senza la tua chiarezza italiana!  Croce: Grice, sono lieto che la mia riflessione abbia trovato eco oltremanica! La distinzione tra espressione e intenzione non va sottovalutata: esprimere non è semplicemente comunicare, ma è dare forma viva al pensiero, sia nell’arte che nel linguaggio quotidiano. E mi fa piacere che Collingwood abbia saputo cogliere questo aspetto e trasmetterlo agli amici di Oxford.  Grice: E proprio questa “forma viva” è ciò che mi affascina, Croce. Nel nostro dibattito filosofico, spesso ci concentriamo sulle implicature, su ciò che viene “inteso” più che su ciò che viene “espresso”. Ma tu ci ricordi che l’espressione è un atto creativo: quando dico qualcosa, non solo comunico una credenza, ma la plasmo e la offro al mondo, quasi fosse una piccola opera d’arte.  Croce: Hai colto il cuore della mia filosofia, Grice! Ogni espressione, anche la più semplice, porta con sé una storia, una grammatica del pensiero che si riflette nella lingua. Come ho discusso riguardo ai formalismi e agli informalismi, la lingua italiana non si lascia mai ridurre a meri schemi logici: “il” di Peano non è mai semplicemente “il” nell’italiano vero. Ecco, la bellezza sta proprio in questa divergenza, che rende la nostra conversazione mai banale, sempre ricca di senso e di spirito. Croce, Benedetto (1888). Figurine Goethiane  Cuoco, Vincenzo

Vincenzo Cuoco (Civitacampomarano, Campobasso, Molise): l’implicatura conversazionale dell’accademia. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers rationally recover what a speaker means beyond what is said by treating conversation as a cooperative enterprise guided by intelligible norms (so that implicatures are inferable, cancelable products of practical reasoning about why a speaker would have spoken as they did). Cuoco, by contrast, is best read in your passage as theorizing the academy, politics, and “national-popular” formation rather than the micro-logic of inference in everyday talk: his concern with how one must “speak to” new popular forces, how public instruction forms a coscienza nazionale popolare, and how institutions mediate between tradition (e.g., medieval-catholic inheritance) and modern liberal energies turns “conversationality” into a civil and pedagogical problem—how a nation comes to share reasons, not merely how an individual hearer computes an implicature. If Grice’s rationality is primarily a normative model for interpreting utterances (maxims, intention-recognition, inference), Cuoco’s rationality is programmatic and historical: it asks what conditions make shared understanding possible at all (schooling, civic language, political legitimacy), so that the academy’s “implicature” is less a tidy semantic by-product than the institutional subtext whereby elites communicate, recruit, and fail to recruit the people. More specific context aligns with this: Cuoco’s Saggio storico sulla rivoluzione napoletana del 1799 was first published in 1801 and famously diagnoses the revolution’s failure as a disjunction between intellectual élite and populace, while his 1809 Progetto di decreto per la pubblica istruzione (prepared for the Murat regime; later reprinted) explicitly frames public education as the indispensable instrument for forming a national-popular consciousness—so, in a Gricean gloss, Cuoco is preoccupied with the large-scale background that makes cooperative reason in public discourse sustainable, whereas Grice is preoccupied with the local mechanics by which cooperation yields interpretable meaning here and now. Grice: “A philosopher that only Italy could produce!” Vico. Studia a Napoli sotto Falconieri. Conosce Galanti. Partecipa con Falconieri e scrive La rivoluzione napoletana. L’accademia in Italia, e un originale romanzo utopistico proposto in forma epistolare, e quindi rientrò nel Regno di Napoli governato da Giuseppe Bonaparte, ricoprendovi importanti incarichi pubblici, prima come Consigliere di Cassazione e poi Direttore del Tesoro, dove si distinse inoltre come uno dei più importanti consiglieri del governo di Gioacchino Murat.  In questo ambito preparò nel 1809 un Progetto per l'ordinamento della pubblica istruzione nel Regno di Napoli, nel quale l'istruzione pubblica è vista come indispensabile strumento per la formazione di una coscienza nazional popolare. Seguace del italo pelasgiche, trova il suo asse, il suo fulcro nel Papato, espressione di purità religiosa e d'originaria sapienza, e si rinnoverà, se il presente sarà a sufficienza legato al passato, cioè alla tradizione medievale- cattolica; C., pur mantenendo ferma la remotissima storia italo -pela sgica ed estrusca e poi ancora romana, pur riconoscendo l'alta missione civilizzatrice della Chiesa nel Medio Evo, questo primato vuol rinnovellare solo nel gioco delle li bere forze, espresse da quella tragica crisi che è la rivo luzione francese ed italiana, nel loro sviluppo, e nello spiegamento della loro maggior coscienza; nello Stato laico, insomma, che afferrni sì la religione, come luce alla plebi, ma affermi pure una sua intima naturale ra gione, che con la religione non ha nulla a che fare. E in quest'accettamento delle nuove forze popolaresche, alle quali bisogna parlare, perchè la volontà di nazione sia realmente nazione, e la volontà di Stato realmente Stato, C. si lega ad un altro grande, MAZZINI , tanto diverso da GIOBERTI , ma pur con questi entusiasta caldo nella visione del futuro popolo dell'Italia re denta. L'educazione nazionale nel pensiero cuochiano. Il popolo e la scuola. Italia. Italo. Grice: “Clifton, 1928. Preparing for my Grand Tour, I was checking Cuoco’s Descrizione delle Sicilie and thought I had spotted a solecism. Shropshire, who has a taste for eccentric exoticisms, assured me that only ONE Sicilia is the real one, the other being what he called a not-the-trouser-word Sicily: not the Sicily that wears the trousers. He explained (with the air of a man elucidating etymology) that the sobriquet was used for part of the southern peninsula.”[Editorial note (corrected): Cuoco’s plural is perfectly orthodox for the period. “The Two Sicilies” (le Due Sicilie; Latin utriusque Siciliae) names the paired realms of Naples on the mainland and Sicily proper, long treated administratively and titulary as two “Sicilies” under one crown; hence the habitual plural in late-18th-century usage, which survives institutionally in the later “Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.” Grice: Cuoco, devo confessare che l’accademia italiana mi sembra una vera giostra di pensieri! Solo qui si può trovare un filosofo che, tra Vico e Falconieri, scrive romanzi utopistici in forma epistolare e poi si ritrova Direttore del Tesoro! Dimmi, hai mai pensato di mettere le tue idee sulla pubblica istruzione in una canzone napoletana? Cuoco: Grice, sarebbe stato un successo! Immagina, “La coscienza nazional popolare” in versione mandolino. In fondo, ogni riforma parte dal ritmo: se la scuola balla, anche il popolo si sveglia. Ma attento, tra un passo di danza e un progetto, rischio di perdere il posto al Tesoro! Grice: Ecco, Cuoco, tu ci insegni che la tradizione medievale-cattolica non si può dimenticare, ma bisogna rinnovarla con qualche passo di tarantella, magari. Mazzini vorrebbe un’Italia che canta, Gioberti preferisce meditare… tu quale scegli, il concerto o la riflessione? Cuoco: Grice, io dico che prima si riflette, poi si canta! La scuola è come un coro: se ognuno trova la sua voce, l’Italia sarà davvero “redenta.” E se la rivoluzione porta una maggiore coscienza, allora che sia almeno una rivoluzione allegra, con finale a sorpresa! Cuoco, Vincenzo (1790). Descrizione storica e geografica dell Sicilie.

Umberto Curi (Verona, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale dei figli di Marte -- passione e compassione, senso e consenso. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers get from what is said to what is meant by treating talk as a cooperative, norm-regulated enterprise in which speakers are accountable to rational expectations (relevance, sufficiency, clarity, etc.), so that implicatures are not free poetic add-ons but products of disciplined inference from shared conversational aims. In the passage’s idiom, Umberto Curi is presented as a philosopher of “ragione conversazionale” and “implicatura conversazionale” who relocates the centre of gravity from Grice’s inferential micro-mechanics to the broader cultural and ethical drama in which conversation is embedded: polemos, civilità, war and peace (Eirene), mythos and narration, and the oscillation between sense and consensus, with philosophical life figured as struggle (pólemos) rather than merely as coordination under a cooperative principle. Where Grice’s rationality is chiefly methodological—how a hearer can justify an interpretation as the uniquely reasonable one given the speaker’s putative cooperativeness—Curi’s rationality is more genealogical and existential, tracking how persuasion, conflict, and shared life shape what can count as sense at all; implicature, on this telling, becomes less a calculable by-product of maxims and more a symptom (sometimes comic, sometimes tragic) of the tension between passion and reason in public discourse. Online biographical summaries reinforce the thematic fit: Curi’s mature work is often described as focusing on the politics–war nexus and the notion of polemos (Heraclitus to Heidegger), alongside an emphasis on narrative (including cinema) and on elemental themes such as love, death, pain, and fate—materials that naturally invite a “conversational” vocabulary, but one whose point is interpretive and civilizational rather than Grice’s narrowly explanatory ambition to derive implicatures from rational conversational norms. Grice: “I like C.; unlike me, we would call him a prolific philosopher; my favourite are his reflections on ‘eros’, ‘amore’ and bello, but he has also written on various topics related to maleness!”  Si laurea a Padova sotto DIANO, GENTILE, e BOZZI. Insegna a Padova. Conosce CACCIARI. Filosofa sul nesso politica-civilita e guerra e sul concetto di ‘polemos’ – cf. Grice epagoge/diagoge “”War is war” – Eirene --, Valorizza la narrazione, intesa come mythos, Medita su alcuni temi fondamentali dell'interrogazione filosofica, quali l'amore e la morte, il dolore e il destino.  Endiadi: figure della dualità” La filosofia come ‘bellum’” La forza dello sguardo” – Lat. vereor – warten: to see --; “Meglio non essere nati: la condizione umana” – “Lo schermo” Un filosofo al cinema, Quello che non e filosofo, ma ha soltanto una verniciatura di casi umani, come il maschio abbronzato dal sole, vedendo quante cose si devono imparare, quante fatiche bisogna sopportare, come si convenga, a seguire tale studio, la vita regolata di ogni giorno, giudica che sia una cosa difficile e impossibile per lui. A questo maschio bisogna mostrare che cos'è davvero la filosofia, e quante difficoltà presenta, e quanta fatica comporta.” Accademia La libertà non è soltanto l'essere-liberati DA lle catene né soltanto l'esser-divenuti-liberi PER la luce, ma l'autentico essere-liberi è essere-liberatori DA il buio. La ridiscesa nella caverna non è un divertimento aggiuntivo che il presunto libero possa concedersi così per svago, magari per curiosita. E esser-ci dentro tutto, essa soltanto, il compimento autentico del divenire liberi. L'essenza della verità, La brama dell'avere” si ha un attento e puntuale riesame sia storico-filosofico che critico-filologico della fondamentale categoria Triade arcaica. passione, have, habere, habitus, comportamentismo, behaviourism. La brama dell’avere, anticonformismo, guerra e pace, Eirene – cosmologia anthropologia, l’orto di Zenone, lo scudo d’Achille, I figli di Marte, il mantello e la scarpa libido. Grice, St. John’s, 1967. “Just browsing through recent publications at the Bodleian: Cusani’s comportamentismo! Behaviourism is horribly enough, but in what way is to behave to comport? And what about misbehave! I should ask Ryle, but I don’t talk to that man.” Grice: Curi, devo ammettere che la tua filosofia mi manda spesso “in guerra”: dai figli di Marte all’eros, ogni testo è una battaglia tra passione e ragione! Ma dimmi, se la vita è davvero polemos, chi vince: il senso o il consenso?  Curi: Caro Grice, la vita è come lo scudo d’Achille: ci sono colpi, riflessi, e persino qualche abbronzatura, ma alla fine vince chi sa ridere tra le fatiche. Il consenso serve al dialogo, il senso alla sopravvivenza filosofica… e la passione fa da arbitro, anche quando si parla di amore o di maschi “verniciati” dal sole!  Grice: Ecco, Curi, tu porti la filosofia direttamente nell’accademia e persino sul grande schermo! Mi chiedo: se Platone fosse qui, preferirebbe la libertà della caverna o la brama dell’avere una popcorn extra durante il film?  Curi: Platone, secondo me, avrebbe scelto la libertà… ma solo se la popcorn fosse liberata dal burro! In fondo, l’essere-liberi è anche essere-liberatori dal buio della sala, specie quando il film è una commedia filosofica. Grice, ricordati: la filosofia non è solo fatica, è anche una splendida occasione per sorridere e scoprire quanta passione si nasconde dietro una scarpa o uno scudo. Curi, Umberto (1967). Il problema dell'unità del sapere nel comportamentismo, Padova: Milani.

Stefano Cusani (Solopaca, Benevento, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale del primo idealista – lo stato. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats communication as a fundamentally rational, cooperative activity: what a speaker means is not exhausted by sentence meaning, but is anchored in intentions (to produce a response via the audience’s recognition of that intention) and regulated by norms like the Cooperative Principle and maxims, so that hearers can infer implicatures as products of practical reasoning about what a rational interlocutor would be doing in context. By contrast, Cusani’s 1837 Progresso piece (Cusani, Stefano (1837). Contributo. Il Progresso delle scienze, delle lettere, e delle arti) belongs to a very different intellectual project: early Neapolitan post-Enlightenment “civil philosophy” and historiography-of-philosophy ambitions associated with the journal, where “reason” is typically treated in large-scale terms (method, intellectual progress, philosophical education) rather than as a micro-theory of conversational inference; so where Grice builds a normative mechanism that explains how interlocutors extract additional, non-literal content from ordinary utterances under rational constraints, Cusani is better read as contributing to a cultural-philosophical account of reason’s development and authority, not a technical account of how conversational meaning is generated turn-by-turn. More specific bibliographic context: Treccani’s Dizionario Biografico notes Cusani’s assiduous collaboration with Il Progresso beginning in 1837, while later bibliographies list his first fully identified Progresso essays in 1839 (e.g., Del metodo filosofico… in vol. XXII, 1839), suggesting that the 1837 “Contributo” reference marks his earliest datable journal presence even if the exact title/page span is not consistently recoverable from common online catalogs. Grice: “I love C.; for one, I was born at Harborne, but nobody cares; Cuasani was born in Solopaca, and there’s a ‘corso Cusani’, and a ‘Biblioteca C.’.” Grice: “C. would have been friend with Bosanquet; both are Hegelians – Italians, after SOME Germans, were the first to endorse the philosophy of the absolute spirit inmanent to dialectic – Cusani does attempt to respond to a criticism on the ‘assoluto’ brought up by Hamilton (of all people), and consdtantly refers to the ‘metafisica dell’assoluto’ – a ‘progetto,’ he humply titles it!” Dei Pontaniani. Frequenta il circolo di  Puoti, insieme a SANCTIS e GATTI.  Punto di partenza della sua filosofia e la  storiografia filosofica. Insegna a Montecassino. Conosce SPAVENTA. Idealista esponente dell’ecletticismo Della fenomenologia, il fatto di coscienza inter-soggetiva”; Del metodo filosofico; Storia dei sistemi filosofici; Della materia della filosofia e del solo procedimento a poterlo raggiungere; “Il romanzo filosofico; La poesia drammatica; “L’assoluto – l’obbjezione d’Hamilton; Logica immanente e logica trascendentale; “Compendio di storia di filosofia”; Della lirica considerata nel suo svolgimento storico e del suo predominio sugli' altri generi di poesia”; “Economia politica e sua relazione colla morale”; “L’essere e gl’esseri: disegno di una metafisica”; “Percezione dell’esistenza”. filosofia del diritto volonta de’ suoi simili, nel cui insieme sta la scienza del diritto. Ma lo scopo o la destinazione dell’uomo ingenera delle relazioni tra la morale e l’economia; deve quindi di necessita ingenerarne eziandio tra il diritto e l’economia”. l’assoluto, il relativo, spirito soggetivo, spiriti soggetivi, spirito oggetivo, storiografia filosofica di Cousin, unita latitudinale della filosofia, l’assoluto di Bradley, Hamilton, l’obbjezione all’assoluto, l’essere e la metafisica, gl’esseri e la metafisica, economia e morale, la fenomenologia, il fatto di coscienza intersoggetiva, hegelismo, Vico, Galluppi, Mamiami, Colecchi, Rosmini. Grice: Cusani, mi confesso: da idealista inglese, ogni tanto mi perdo tra il tuo “assoluto” e la dialettica. Dimmi, esiste davvero una logica immanente che salva l’ora del tè? Cusani: Grice, se fosse per la logica trascendentale, avremmo tutti il tè freddo! La logica immanente invece riscalda pensieri e tazze: è l’assoluto che si fa infuso, anche a Montecassino. Grice: Ma allora il “progetto” della metafisica dell’assoluto è una ricetta segreta? Hamilton non ci ha mai aggiunto lo zucchero! Cusani: Ecco perché preferisco la filosofia storica: tra Puoti e Spaventa si discuteva persino se la coscienza intersoggettiva debba essere servita con biscotti o pane e olio. In fondo, la vera dialettica nasce nella convivialità! Cusani, Stefano (1837). Contributo. Il Progresso delle scienze, delle lettere, e delle arti.

Damostrato (Roma): la ragione conversazionale e i paradossi dei filosofi -- D., or Demostrato. Roman senator. A historian as well as an authority on fish and fishing. Said to be, like Grice, particularly interested in paradoxes and is regarded by some other philosophers as a philosopher. Demostrato. Damostrato. Keyword: paradox, le paradossi dei filosofi. GRICEVS: Damostrate, senator piscatorque, dic mihi utrum paradoxon sit piscem capere dum veritatem quaeris, an veritatem capere dum piscem quaeris. DAMOSTRATVS: Grice, in foro verba, in Tiberi pisces capio, sed utrumque idem est: saepe hamus in me ipso figitur. GRICEVS: Ergo regula mea est: si nimis clare loqueris, aut mendacium aut piscium numerum detegis, quod uterque populus odit. DAMOSTRATVS: Ita; ideo breviter dicam et multum innuam: “hodie nihil cepi”—et omnes intellegent me maximam traxisse fabulam.

Gianfranco Dalmasso (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della giustizia nel discorso, Grice: “D. is what at Oxford we call a derivative’ philosopher, and at Cambridge a Derrideian! But he philosophises originally on la passione della ragione, and explores discourse in terms of ragione and il giusto. In my model, both conversationalists are symmetrical, and questions of unfairness should not apply! I take the inspiration from Chomsky! There is something otiose about the ‘faciendi signum’ of the Romans. Why not just segnare? Who or what ‘makes’ the sign of a dark cloud (=> rain)? While it seems natural enough to say that a dark cloud is a sign of rain, it  or better, that a dark cloud signs *that* it may rain, I wouldn’t say that the cloud “MAKES” anything. It’s sad that Hegel’s Latin was not that good. The Romans use ‘signare, Italian segnare, much more than they use ‘signiFCARE’. “With all my love and kisses” “You used to SIGN your letters ‘with all my love and kisses” – Sam Browne. Horatio Nicholls – aka as something else!” Si laurea a Milano. Insegna a Roma. L’offerta obliqua. Dal discorso e la genesi del segno studia la ragione in rapporto alla morale. Probabilmente. vero l'Aufhebung del segno, Chi dice noi duale. L’implicatura Il pensiero in gabbia. La politica dell’imaginario, il vero  in effetti. La sovranita in legame etica ontologia fatto valore interosoggetivo il tra noi. Di-segno.  La ra­gio­ne, do­man­da origi­na­ria. Do­man­da e ori­gi­ne ri­pie­ga­men­to su sé stes­si che si in­ter­ro­ga sulla pro­pria ge­ne­si degl’animati Dalla con­sa­pe­vo­lez­za del­l’incombere della morte al co­sti­tuir­si sofisti­ca e l’accademia l’animato fun­zio­na­ come prin­ci­pio ori­gi­na­rio. An­no­da la ragione come mi­su­ra d’un or­di­ne, un luogo che for­mu­la l’o­ri­gi­na­rio uno, bene o atto che e l’intersoggetivo. La dialettica ar­ti­co­la DUE anime. Psi­co­lo­gia razionale la pa­ro­la vi­ven­te pronuncia­to, detto. cen­tra­le nella vita della ragione, ori­gi­na­ria ed im­pren­di­bi­le.  Anmer­kung sign-make, fare segno a se, zeichen Machen segnare significare noi, Zeichen, zeichen-machende fantasie, “l’implicatura del noi duale” “il tra noi, la prossimita del tra noi. St. John’s, 1967. Blackwell’s window has begun to look like a consulate. This week it is advertising Derrida’s La Voix et le phénomène—a title which, to an English ear, sounds less less ‘phenomenological’ (in the French sense) than ‘phenomenalist’ (in the old pre-War Oxford Isaiah Berlin sense); and ‘phenomenal’ only in that Parisian way of calling everything one doesn’t quite understand marvellous: as if one were about to be offered not an ontology but a new way of avoiding one. Still, the book is handsome, and the French have always known how to make abstraction look like literature. I found myself, without having read a line, trusting that it would travel—first to Italy, where it would naturally become something like La voce e il fenomeno (and, in fact, it did, with indecent promptness). The Italians are excellent at importing a Parisian disturbance and giving it a domestic title, as one puts a foreign guest in a spare room and then calls him “one of the family.” One could almost predict the imprint: Milano; Jaca Book; a young philosopher‑translator doing the running about. (One later hears the name: Dalmasso.) To Germany it would travel less straightforwardly—not because the Germans resist, but because they translate as if translation were metaphysics. The obvious German title is Die Stimme und das Phänomen, and when it eventually appears it does so with the solemnity of a proper German arrival: as if the book were being naturalised at the border by a functionary with a stamp. [abebooks.de], [suhrkamp.de] To England it would travel only if it were allowed. One could already imagine the obstacle: not the customs officer, but the Oxford gatekeeper—the editor, the reviewer, the senior figure who thinks that any new French book is either an invitation to bad manners or a threat to clarity. “Provided Ryle allows it,” one is tempted to say; but of course Ryle’s disapproval is usually a kind of silent weather. [Editorial note: The book did travel. Derrida’s La Voix et le Phénomène was published in French in 1967; an Italian translation (La voce e il fenomeno) appeared in 1968; the first German translation (Die Stimme und das Phänomen) appeared in 1979; and the first widely cited English translation appeared in 1973 under the title Speech and Phenomena (David B. Allison).] [en.wikipedia.org], [web.englis....upenn.edu], [abebooks.de] As for me, I was ever proud of not having read the original. There is a point, after all, at which philological virtue becomes mere professional vice; and besides, I already had enough voices and phenomena at St. John’s without importing them from the Rue d’Ulm. [Editorial note] Grice’s joking slide from Derrida’s phénomène to old Oxford “phenomenalism” has a real local anchor: Berlin’s later Mind paper makes explicit how much the ghost of phenomenalism still haunted mid‑century analysis. Berlin’s verdict is uncompromising: “My thesis is that phenomenalism is not even prima facie plausible—let alone indispensable—and minor improvements, i.e. tinkering, cannot make it more so.” What is “pre‑war” in Grice’s reminiscence is not the publication date of that sentence, but the Oxford temperament it speaks for—the analytic suspicion of translation projects and reductionist programmes that Berlin had absorbed in the 1930s, long before he put the point into print.Grice: Dalmasso, mi ha sempre incuriosito il tuo modo di indagare la giustizia nel discorso. Secondo te, che ruolo ha la ragione nella costruzione di un dialogo davvero equo? Dalmasso: Grice, per me la ragione è passione e misura insieme: nel dialogo, è ciò che annoda il “tra noi”, il luogo dove la giustizia prende forma. La parola vivente, pronunciata, crea una prossimità che rende il confronto davvero simmetrico e aperto al valore intersoggettivo. Grice: Trovo interessante il tuo pensiero sul segno. Mi domando: quando una nuvola annuncia la pioggia, è davvero un “signo-fare”, oppure semplicemente “segnare”? E la giustizia, si manifesta come segno naturale nel discorso oppure va sempre costruita? Dalmasso: Ottima domanda, Grice. Direi che la giustizia, come il segno, nasce dal nostro modo di interpretare e di “fare segno”: non basta osservare, occorre anche “significare”. Nel dialogo, come nella vita, la giustizia è un’offerta obliqua, un percorso tra il detto e il pensato, sempre aperto all’origine e alla prossimità del “noi duale”.

Tullio Dandolo (Varese, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e ’implicatura conversazionale della Roma pagana, Carneade e compagnia. Grice: “I love D.; you know why? Because he was an amateur, not a professional; I mean, he was a country gentleman and an earl, so if he philosophised it wasn’t for the colour of the money! Plus, he owned a lovely ‘palazzo,’ which I would call ‘villa’! Si laurea a Pavia. Studia TOMMASEO. Schizzo filosofico storia romana antica. Roma”; Schizzi di costume”, “Il secolo d'Augusto”; “Semplicità” (o rapidi cenni sulla letteratura e sulle arti”; “Album storico poetico morale, compilato per cura di V. de Castro” (Padova); Evandro, eroe Fauna - demone Fauno, demone Feziali - eroe Flamini - personaggi Galatea - demone Lamiro e Lamo - eroi Laride e Timbro - eroi Lavinia - personaggio Lica - eroe Luca - eroe Marica - demone Messapo - eroe Murrano - eroe Numa Pompilio - eroe Orazi - eroi Pallante - eroe Pico - demone Pontefice massimo - personaggio Publio Cornelio Scipione Psiche - personaggio Ramnete - eroe Rea Silvia - personaggio Remo - eroe Reto - soldato Romolo e Remo - eroi Salii - personaggi Salio - eroe Serrano - eroe Sibilla - personaggio Tagete - demone Tarquito - eroe Terone - eroe Tirro - personaggio Turno, eroe Ufente, eroe Umbrone - eroe Venulo - eroe Vestali - personaggi Volcente - eroe PopoliModifica Aborigeni Equi Latini Marsi Messapi Rutuli Sabini Troiani Volsci. Ferro e Monteleone, Miti romani. Il racconto, Torino, Einaudi, Ferrari, Dizionario di mitologia, Torino, Utet, Voci correlate Religione romana Sacerdozio (religione romana) Numen Mitologia Mitologia etrusca Mitologia greca Dodici dei (religione romana) Quirino (divinità). Antica Roma   Letteratura   Mitologia Lista di divinità lista di un progetto Dèi Consenti dodici dèi principali della mitologia romana  Triade arcaica. storia della filosofia romana, ambasceria di Carneade, e tutto il resto!, “Il secolo di Augusto”; “Roma e l’impero fino a Marc’Aurelio”, “Corse estive nel Golfo della Spezia”; roma pagana, “indici ragionati degli studi di D. su Roma pagana. Corpus, 1932. Corpus has a good thing about it: we mix. It isn’t just for the people in “Classics” (as they will insist on calling me); I call it Lit. Hum., which has the merit of sounding less like a museum label. In any case, you meet all sorts—from This to That—and you should therefore expect the library to be, likewise, a mixed bag: theological folios elbowing novels, pamphlets, and Italian curiosities that have somehow drifted north and found asylum. Today I took down a copy of Dandolo’s Lettera a una giovane sposa—Milano on the imprint, which already feels faintly impertinent. Before I opened it I found myself thinking (as one does, improperly, on the strength of a title): isn’t this an Italian lack of respect? By what right does Dandolo write a letter to “a young wife”—not even la mia? One imagines a queue of wives, all young, all addressed in the singular. The title is a small provocation; it invites an inference of presumption. And, being a philosopher (or becoming one), I could not help noticing how easily the title leads one by the nose into an implicature. But when I read it, I saw the point. For the “young wife” is less a person than a role; the letter is less correspondence than composition. It belongs to that genre in which an author writes as if he were writing privately, while in fact writing for print—submitting to a Milanese publisher an exercise in moral address, domestic counsel, and public prose. The whole trick is that it looks like an intimate speech-act (“a letter”) while being, in reality, a literary performance: a small rhetorical theatre in epistolary dress. If you treat it as a literal packet meant for one recipient, you will think Dandolo insolent; if you treat it as a text designed for readers (plural), you will find it perfectly intelligible. This is the sort of thing that makes Corpus libraries useful to a philosopher. A title is a conversational move on a book-cover: it says one thing and encourages you to take more. Dandolo lets the ambiguity do the work: you supply the “my” which he carefully withholds, and then, once you have supplied it, he shows you—gently—that you were too eager to infer. It is, if you like, a printed lesson in how we can be led from what is said (a letter to a young wife) to what is ordinarily meant (a letter to his young wife), and then corrected by the text itself. I told Shropshire about it afterwards. He comprehended—comprehend being our latest fad; we find “understand” too vernacular—and he enjoyed, in that dry way of his, the thought that a mere title can set up a small but genuine logical situation: a perfectly ordinary temptation to over-infer, followed by an author’s quiet cancellation of the temptation. That, at any rate, is how it struck me: Dandolo’s Lettera as a civilised little demonstration that book-titles, like utterances, have their implicatures—and that an author may trade on them without being bound by them. Corpus, 1932. I had, of course, been wrong to tell Shropshire. One tells such things to a man in the hope of a moment’s amusement; one forgets that amusement is, for some temperaments, a vocation. Shropshire has now taken it as a standing invitation to know everything. I begin to suspect that he keeps his curiosity like a ledger, and enters each new fact under “Reasons for not reading the Ethica Nicomachea.” And indeed, I was right. He has done the research—all of it. Everything that would keep him out of Aristotle. “Do you know,” he said, with that air of having discovered a new manuscript in the Bodleian, “that Dandolo was married when he wrote the Lettera a una giovane sposa?” I said I did not know, and at once regretted the confession. “So it was unconsciously his own,” Shropshire said. “Unconsciously?” I asked, partly because the word is still novel enough to be irritating, and partly because it is exactly the sort of word that invites a man to sound profound without paying rent. “Yes,” said Shropshire. “Unconsciously. Or in German—if you prefer—unbewusst.” He paused, enjoying himself. “Or, if you want the full scholarly upholstery: unbewusstlich.” I told him that the last was not German but Shropshirean; and that if he continued to borrow Freud for the sake of avoiding Aristotle, Aristotle would rise from the dead and demand damages. Shropshire only brightened. “And did they have any children?” I asked. “Depends,” Shropshire said, “what you mean by they.” He had the air of a man who has discovered that philology can be used as contraception against Aristotle. “Dandolo had children by both wives: two sons by the first—Enrico and Emilio—by a Bargnani; and then, by the second—one Maselli—he had two more: a Maria, and another Enrico.” “So the letter to una giovane sposa—” I began. “—was,” Shropshire said, “unconsciously his own.” “Unconsciously?” I asked, because one must always object when a man reaches for a fashionable adverb. “Yes,” he said, delighted. “Or, if you prefer it in German, unbewusst—and, if you want to sound like a bad translator with a doctorate, unbewusstlich.” I told him that the only thing unbewusstlich about the situation was his determination to do genealogical research rather than read the Ethica Nicomachea. He replied that, on the contrary, genealogy was precisely the Ethica in practice: “For,” he added, “if Dandolo can keep christening sons Enrico, perhaps the Lettera contains, between the lines, a maxim of domestic prudence: vary your implicatures if you must, but keep your names simple.”Grice: Caro Dandolo, ti confesso che la filosofia della Roma pagana ha sempre stuzzicato la mia curiosità. Ma dimmi, da vero gentiluomo, preferivi discutere con Carneade sul destino degli dèi o sul menu del tuo palazzo? Dandolo: Ah, Grice, tra un dibattito sul numen di Quirino e una cena nelle mie stanze, non sempre è facile scegliere! Dopotutto, filosofare sul sacerdozio romano con un buon bicchiere di vino ha il suo fascino. E poi Carneade, si sa, era più incline a sorridere che a dogmatizzare! Grice: Immagino la scena: tu, tra i miti di Fauno e le imprese di Romolo, a chiedere se esista una implicatura conversazionale fra i dodici dèi e i dodici ospiti a cena. Forse, come dicevano gli antichi, “Semplicità è il massimo delle arti”... soprattutto quando si tratta di sopravvivere a una serata in villa! Dandolo: Esatto, Grice! L’arte del dialogo romano sta tutta nell’equilibrio tra storia e ironia. E quando il discorso si fa troppo serio, basta evocare Galatea o le Vestali per ricordare che, a Roma, persino una conversazione può diventare leggenda! Dandolo, Tullio (1826). Lettera a una giovane sposa, Milano.

Francesco Daniele (San Clemente di Caserta, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale numismatica. Grice: “D. is an interesting philosopher, if you are into numismatics, his pet topic!” Si laurea a a Napoli sotto MONDO. Conosce Genovesi, Cirillo, ed Egizio. Cura un'edizione delle opere di TELESIO. L’idioma toscano, che merita gli elogi di Zanotti. Commenta VICO e filosofa sull’eloquenze e la colloquenza Publicca la l’aureo romanzo de Longo – que sembra dettato dall’amore, reso in volgare da Caro, faciendo un dono preziossimimo agli ananti della toscana favella – corredandolo di una dotta prefazione escritta con ammirabile purita di lingua. Si dedica al studio dell’antico e agli studi della classicità acquisendo documentazioni – collezione epigrafica -- e creando una collezione di oggetti antichi legati al territorio di San Clemente. Pubblica una critica ad alcuni studi sulle storia di Caserta (“Crescenzo Espersi Sacerdote Casertano al Signor Gennaro Ignazio Simeoni, un ufficiale di artiglieria napoletano”). Caracciolo lo fa richiamare a Napoli dove entra nella segreteria di Stato. Riordina la raccolta delle leggi e dei diplomi dell'imperatore. E nominato "regio istoriografo", carica che era stata di VICO  e di Assemani. Pubblicò Le Forche Caudine illustrate (Napoli), della Crusca. Riceve l'incarico di sistemare la biblioteca della Collezione Farnese, Ercolanesi, dove cura la pubblicazione degli studi su Ercolano e Pompei. Studia numismatica, Monete antiche di Capua, con la descrizione delle monete capuane di cui sei inedite. implicatura numismatica, Corpus, n. d. People are, I find, not so much interested in me as in my function: convenor, scheduler, keeper of the Saturday mornings. They ask after me as one asks after a club—is it still going?—and then, having got the answer, they ask me (again) to reminisce, as if reminiscence were a form of service one continues to owe once one has agreed to pour the tea. It is a mild embarrassment to be treated as an annex to the institution one helped to keep in motion: as if the meetings mattered more than the man who kept turning up to them. Still, I have never objected to being used, provided the use is rational. It is in that spirit that, more than once, I thought of producing the obvious thing: The Life and Opinions of H. P. Grice—properly written by me, which is something I can do, but which poor Antonio Telesio could not. For at Corpus one sees the oddest survivals. I remember taking down from a shelf a volume of Telesio’s Opera—his “opinions,” as it were—and finding, bound in, the Vita—his “life”—and not by his own hand but by someone else’s: one Francesco Daniele. It is a Southern Italian arrangement, aptly pompous: the man supplies the doctrines, and a compatriot supplies the biography, with a relish for last hours and final scenes which makes even death feel like a rhetorical flourish. Oe can see why Victorian and Edwardian writers liked the old formula “life and opinions”: it is less theatrical than “life and death,” though even “life” seems, contrary to Wittgenstein’s austere hopes, to carry its own death in tow; and Daniele, as I recall, is redundantly explicit about the end. All this amused me at the time chiefly as a bibliographical joke: one volume, two genres; one author, two kinds of authorship; “opinions” inside, “life” outside. But the joke has a way of turning on you. For I did, in the end, compile the very sort of thing a conscientious librarian would file under autobiography, and I did it in a title that openly mimics that old format. The typescript began, mischievously, as “Prejudices and predilections”, and then—either because the jest grew solemn, or because librarians do not catalogue whims—became “The Life and Opinions of H. P. Grice.” Later (if memory serves) the “prejudices and predilections” were quietly omitted and the thing circulated simply as Life and Opinions—properly ascribed to myself, with no Daniele required. So I have, in a small way, joined Telesio after all: not in metaphysics, but in shelving. The Corpus copy taught me that one may have one’s “opinions” in one’s own hand and one’s “life” in another’s; my own small contribution to the history of pomposity is to have supplied both—while continuing, of course, to insist that what people really want is not my life at all, but the minutes of the Saturday mornings. Grice’s allusion, when he says that at Corpus one finds “the Opera—my ‘opinions’—and the Vita—my ‘life’,” is in fact to a perfectly specific piece of Neapolitan editorial labour: Daniele, Francesco (1762). Antonii Thylesii Consentini vita, in Antonii Thylesii Consentini opera. Napoli: Fratres Simonii. Daniele’s Vita (a prefatory Latin biography) accompanies his 1762 edition of the works of Antonio Telesio of Cosenza (1482–1534), the humanist uncle and early tutor of Bernardino; it is, as it were, the “life” bound to the “opinions.” Telesio the elder—best known not for a single system but for his learned humanist production (orations, poems, philological pieces, and classical commentaries)—died in 1534; Daniele writes at a distance of two centuries, and yet (in the custom of such prefatory Vitae) he cannot resist letting biography shade into intellectual positioning, recording not merely dates and patrons but the character of the author’s pursuits and the learned milieu in which he lectured and wrote. [archive.org], [treccani.it] [iliesi.cnr.it], [archive.org] [iliesi.cnr.it], [treccani.it] What matters for Grice’s joke is that Daniele’s title is the terse Vita—not Vita et opiniones—and yet the piece functions as both. The “opinions” leak in, because Renaissance Italian humanism is never just a chronology: even a life-sketch must say what sort of learning was being pursued and against what background of dispute. In that sense Daniele’s Vita supplies, alongside the usual pieties (origins, studies, travels, patrons, last days), a miniature map of the intellectual stakes: the way a Calabrian humanist could be made, by teaching and editing, into a figure with a “place” in the republic of letters. That is why Grice thinks the volume belongs “best at Corpus”: it is exactly the sort of book a college library keeps to show, in one binding, how “life” is conventionally delegated to the biographer while “opinions” remain attached to the author—until, as Grice notes with relish, one day the author decides to do both jobs himself. It was part of my mild amusement—one of those library-bred amusements which do not travel well—that Daniele’s Vita is emphatically not an obituary. The man he is “mourning” (if that is the right word) has been dead for two hundred and forty years. One is therefore not to read Daniele as one reads the newspaper’s notices, or even the pious end-piece of a contemporary volume. The Vita is, rather, an editorial contrivance: a prefatory instrument commissioned—one imagines, with proper Neapolitan solemnity—by i Frati Simoni to make a one‑volume Opera (plural in Latin, and, as it were, plural in Naples) look complete, canonical, and properly accompanied. And this explains, I think, the little puzzle which provoked my remark. Daniele is taking advantage of the ancient title—Vita—to do several jobs at once. He is not merely putting a biographical label on the spine; he is providing what a College library likes to have: a life to attach to a body of writings, a set of dates to attach to a name, and—since a life without a mind is not, bibliographically speaking, much of a life—just enough “opinions” smuggled in under the cover of “facts” to orient the reader to the work’s intellectual place and its old controversies. Hence the charm (and the faint pomposity) of the whole business: the Vita pretends to be modest, but it behaves as a small act of canon‑making. It is also why the book belongs, in my eyes, “best at Corpus.” One takes down a volume expecting merely opera—the man’s “opinions”—and finds, bound in, a vita supplied by an editor who is not grieving but curating. And the curatorship is performed in that old Southern style: a little theatrical, a little self-assured, and perfectly unembarrassed about treating a figure who is now remembered—if remembered at all—as someone more famous’s less famous uncle as nonetheless requiring the full apparatus of learned commemoration. That, I take it, is the joke: not only that Telesio gets his “life” from Daniele, but that Daniele, two centuries late, still writes it as if posterity were waiting outside the printer’s door. Corpus, n. d. I added, in passing, to my own private amusement (and, later, to Strawson’s), that Daniele’s Vita is—if one takes the title at face value—something of a Neapolitan liberty. It is not an obituary; the man has been safely dead for two hundred and forty years. The point of the Vita is not mourning but housekeeping: a commissioned preface, appended to make the Opera look like an Opera—not “opinions” (my joke), but works: opera as the plural of opus, as when one speaks of the Works of Shakespeare, and means the plays and poems, not his notes to the butcher. And here the Vita is really an excuse for the Opera (and not the other way round). I mentioned this to Strawson and he could comprehend—“comprehend” being our latest fad; we find “understand” too vernacular—that Telesio (the uncle, that is) left behind him a real hodge‑podge: a profusion of material beyond conception, and in need of being gathered into a single, respectable volume. Daniele’s prefatory Vita makes the point without labouring it: it is the editorial rationale made polite. The man, by all accounts, never bothered much with the family affairs (hence, perhaps, his later fate as “good old Bernardino’s bachelor uncle”), but he kept adding to his opera—and did not, by the look of things, leave them in a condition likely to please any publisher, let alone any librarian. Strawson, delighted by the impudence of it all, spent some time browsing the index, to see just how much Telesio had managed to operate upon in his opera—and still survive, in modern notice, chiefly as a lesser satellite to a greater name. Which is, I take it, the final elegance of Daniele’s manoeuvre: the Vita dignifies the uncle precisely by making him useful—useful, bibliographically, as the man for whom there is now (at last) a proper Opera.Grice: Daniele, devo confessare che il mio interesse per la filosofia cresce ogni volta che si parla di monete antiche. Dimmi, secondo te, c’è una implicatura conversazionale che si nasconde dietro una moneta di Capua? Daniele: Caro Grice, ogni moneta racconta una storia: un re, una vittoria, o semplicemente un antico barista che voleva farsi pagare in modo elegante! La filosofia numismatica è come trovare una battuta d’ingegno nascosta su una faccia di bronzo. Grice: Mi piace pensare che una moneta sia una specie di implicatura: chi la usa comunica qualcosa di più, forse la propria fortuna, forse il desiderio di comprare la felicità… almeno una pizza napoletana! Daniele: Esatto, Grice! E se la pizza fosse con doppia mozzarella, sarebbe una implicatura di generosità. In fondo, il vero senso delle monete – e del dialogo – sta proprio nell’arte di scambiare, che sia sapere, sorrisi o antiche lire! Daniele, Francesco (1762). Antonii Thylesii Consentini vita, in Antonii Thylesii Consentini opera. Napoli: Simoni.

Agostino Dati (Siena, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’ELEGANTIOLÆ.  Grice: “D. is a good one if you are into Ciceronian rhetoric as given a running commentary by an unknown philosopher from Siena! – But mind, he also wrote, like Shropshire, on the immortality of the soul! D. is into ‘elegance’ but he is also into ‘regulæ’, which are a bit like my maxims – my maxims can be exploited for ‘effect’ – and those are the types of rules that D. is interested. Sadly, his philosophy has been interpreted as that of a mere linguist or grammarian prescribing on how to write letters! But he surely is a pre-Griceian who is looking for ‘rational’ pragmatic reasons to the effect of a most effective, yet ‘elegant,’ communication. Many examples can be philosophical: ‘women are women’, ‘war is war’. ‘Women are women’ is not meant as a substitutation for Parmenides’s law, x = x. Such an utterance would be, “Every thing is identical with itself.” “War is war” is different in that ‘war’ is uncountable, and we can keep the singular ‘is’ of Parmenides’s law, x = x. But why do we consider ‘War is war’ a tautology? Because it is the exemplification of ‘x = x” – Now, some philosophers claim that ‘war is war’ – or Parmenides law, for that matter, is not a ‘patent tautology’, since it needs to be formalized in the predicate calculus, and the predicate calculus is not decidable, i.e. there is no algorithm for its interpretations which render its formulae tautologous, and D. thus suspects!” Noto per il suo Elegantiolae. Si laurea a Siena sotto Filelfo. Insegna a Urbino. retorica.: L'Isagogicus libellus pro conficiendis epistolis et orationibus stampato a Ferrara da Belfortis. Elegantiae; elegantiarum precepta Ascensii elegantie regularum De dictionibus apex Oratium libri septem”, pro conficiendis orationibus” Elegantiarum Elegantiolae, ocon cari titoli, era considerato il manuale par excellence. base per i Rudimenta grammatices di PEROTTI. De laudibus eloquentiae ELOQUENTIAE PRECEPTA imita ornatus CICERONE ELOQUENTE signa vtemur sermone eloquentia PRECEPTVM orator ELEGANTIOLÆ, retorica, grammatica. Grice (St John’s, 1958). “I am beginning to suspect that sentence is the sort of optimum that Pareto had in mind. Austin—who, in the German titles, never bothered with an apostrophe—seemed to think that Syntactic Structures supersedes Kant’s – Kants, Austin says -- Kritik der praktischen Vernunft. He may even be right. Chomsky gives you sentence. Dati—my man—gives you oratio. And one can feel the Sienese pity in it: a Tuscan watching the barbarians fumble for form. Dati’s obsession is not ‘the sentence’ but the conficienda oratio: the oration-to-be-made, the thing to be composed. He cares about rules—regulae—not as dead constraints, but as the conditions of elegance. Enough, at any rate, to make him write a little treatise—libellus isagogicus, he calls it, at his most pedagogical—on how to put together letters and speeches: pro conficiendis epistolis et orationibus. It is, in a way, Chomsky before Chomsky, only less transformational—though I never know whether the proper word is transformational or transformative; one belongs to linguists, the other to aesthetes. Dati’s point is not to generate infinite structures but to avoid producing the wrong sort of Latin in front of the wrong sort of people. And then there is the travel: Urbino—the barbaric North of his civilised Siena—to Rome, by then no longer an imperial boulevard but a splendid melting‑pot, half court and half countryside, burina in parts, and proud of it. I mentioned Dati once to Austin while he was parsing Chomsky’s sentences with the air of a man checking railway timetables. He said, ‘You can’t expect a lecturer at an institute of technology in the New World to take the slightest interest in your Tuscan Elegantiolae, Grice.’ And, as so often, he was right.”Grice: Caro Dati, è un vero piacere incontrare uno studioso dell’eleganza retorica come te! Sono curioso: come definiresti il valore dell’eleganza nella comunicazione filosofica? Dati: Gentile Grice, l’eleganza non è solo ornamento, ma anche chiarezza e armonia del pensiero. Credo che una comunicazione efficace debba seguire regole precise, ma saperle modulare con grazia: “La parola ben detta è come una veste su misura.” Grice: Trovo molto interessante il tuo approccio alle regole, simile ai miei massimi conversazionali. Secondo te, la tautologia come “la guerra è guerra” serve davvero ad illuminare il pensiero o rischia di diventare solo un esercizio formale? Dati: Grice, la tautologia, se ben usata, può mettere in risalto l’essenza delle cose, ma va oltre il formalismo: è un invito a riflettere sul senso profondo. Come dicevano i nostri predecessori senesi, “le parole sono pietre”, e bisogna saperle disporre con arte e cura. Dati, Agostino (1461). Isagogicus libellus pro conficiendis epistolis et orationibus. Urbino o Roma.

Deciano (Roma): la ragione conversazionale  al portico a Roma. A philosopher of the Porch, and friend of the poet Marziale. GRICEVS: Deciane, sub porticu Romae ambulans dico te rationem conversantem colere, sed cave ne ipsa te ad tabernam trahat. DECIANVS: Grice, ratio mea sobria est—sed Porticus ipsa saepe vinum sapit, praesertim cum Martialis versus recitantur. GRICEVS: Si Martialis adest, tunc etiam maxima Griceana est: “noli nimis serio ludere,” et tamen omnes rideant. DECIANVS: Ita faciam: paucis dicam, plurima significabo, et si quis queratur, respondebo “hoc ipsum est porticus.”

Federico Delfino (Padova, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della musica delle sfere -- l’ottava sfera.  Grice: “D. is what we at Oxford would call a ‘philosophical mathematician,’ and in Italy, an astrologer – his specialty was the ‘motum’ of the ‘ocatva sphaera’!” “But he also wrote on algorithms!” Ensegna a Padova. Erudito dalle multiformi attività, fu attivo a Padova nel filone dell'aristotelismo padovano rinascimentale: sicuramente studioso di logica e matematica, ebbe chiara fama di matematico e di astronomo. Altre opere: “De fluxu et refluxu aquae maris” (Venezia); “De holometri fabrica et usu in instrumento geometrico, olim ab Abele Fullonio invento: Acc.); “Disputatio de aestu maris et motu octava sphaera, Stupanus, Foullon, Padova, In Accademia Veneta Paulus Manutius.  La musica o armonia delle sfere, detta anche musica universale, è un antico concetto filosoficoche considerava l'universo come un enorme sistema di proporzioni numeriche. I movimenti dei corpi celesti(Sole, Luna e pianeti), ritenuti collocati su sfere ruotanti, avrebbero prodotto una sorta di musica, udibile solo dall'orecchio dei veggenti, e consistente in formule armonico-matematiche.   Incisione di Franchino Gaffurio (Practica musice, 1496) che raffigura Apollo, le Muse, le sfere planetarie e i rapporti musicali. La teoria della musica delle sfere ebbe origine nell'antichità e continuò a essere seguita almeno fino al XVII secolo, suscitando l'interesse di filosofi, musicologi e musicisti.  StoriaModifica La musica delle sfere incorpora il principio metafisicosecondo il quale le relazioni matematiche esprimono non solo rapporti quantitativi, ma anche qualità che si manifestano in numeri, forme e suoni, tutto connesso in un enorme modello di proporzioni.  Pitagora, per primo, capì che l'altezza di una nota è proporzionale alla lunghezza della corda che la produce, e che gli intervalli fra le frequenze sonore sono semplici rapporti numerici. ottava sfera holometria, fabrica holometri, aristotelismo padovano vs. platonismo fiorentino – aristotele – platone – padova naturalism – Firenze idealism – filosofia della percezione – prospettiva. Grice (St John’s, 1958). “I scarcely trust my own hand. I keep a typescript of Negation and Privation—and yet I never typed a line of it. Whose hand was that? Let the editor note it. And hands, I find, are always getting between a man and his meaning. Strawson asked for my handwritten ‘Meaning’; his wife typed it; Strawson sent it off to The Philosophical Review—and then Cornell, with that brisk American competence, turned our defence into defense. Not that I mind their spelling as such; what I mind is the metaphysics of it: the thing becomes a thing, and then—miraculously—one is held responsible for the thing. To be fair, Strawson is responsible for the final version. By the time Quine had left town, I felt positively uninterested in the whole affair. One cannot sustain indignation indefinitely; it is too much like academic exercise. So there I am at St John’s, passing through the library, and I catch the Librarian at one of those games librarians play: not dice, but manuscripts. He has produced a magnificent magnifying glass, and he is murmuring—half to himself, half to the catalogue—in what sounded to me like Gregorian chant: Mag. Pauli Pergulensis Tractatus de sensu composito et diviso … manu Federici Delphinis. An. 1490. I interrupted him. ‘Did you say manu?’ ‘I did,’ he said. ‘Instrumental ablative, Mr Grice: “by the hand.”’ ‘Whose hand?’ I asked. ‘Not Paulus Pergulensis’—(I share a Christian name with the fellow, after all)—‘surely not his?’ ‘No,’ said the Librarian, without looking up. ‘Pergulensis wrote it. Delfino copied it. Manu Federici.’ ‘So,’ I said, ‘Pergulensis does the composing and dividing, and poor Delfino supplies the hand—divide and compose, compose and divide—whatever sense he could make of it.’ The Librarian merely chuckled, which reminded me—once again—that respond is almost always misused. Most people don’t respond; they react. A response is a rational move, not a noise. A chuckle is not a response—unless it is meant to be, in which case it is already a sort of implicature. At least one good thing about Pergulensis, I thought, is that he and I share the name Paul. Unlike him, I have the decency to possess a surname. But perhaps that, too, is only because someone else supplied me with a hand.”Grice: Caro Delfino, a Oxford ci piace pensare che la musica delle sfere sia un po’ come la colonna sonora della filosofia… ma dimmi, tu la senti davvero quando cammini tra le aule di Padova? Delfino: Grice, ti confesso che qui a Padova, tra logica e algoritmi, la musica delle sfere si fa sentire… almeno quando non c’è il maestro che corregge compiti! L’ottava sfera è come un’orchestra invisibile, ma se ascolti bene, ti accompagna pure in biblioteca. Grice: E allora, caro Delfino, secondo te il vero filosofo deve essere anche un po’ matematico e un po’ poeta? Perché qui si rischia che, tra algoritmi e sfere, qualcuno balli il valzer con Pitagora! Delfino: Assolutamente, Grice! Qui a Padova basta una formula sbagliata per finire fuori tempo… ma la vera implicatura è che senza armonia, anche il filosofo meglio intonato rischia di stonare davanti all’universo! Delfino, Federico (1490). Mag. Pauli Pergulensis Tractatus de sensu composito et diviso … manu Federici Delphinis. an. 1490”.

Delia: la ragione conversazionale – (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Grice: Caro Delia, Roma ti ha donato il talento della conversazione, ma dimmi: secondo te, serve più ragione o più fantasia per sopravvivere tra i filosofi italiani? Delia: Ah, Grice, qui a Roma la filosofia si mescola al caffè! Un po' di ragione, certo, ma senza una spolverata di fantasia rischi di diventare solo un'altra statua in Piazza Navona. Grice: Ma allora, se tra le statue parliamo e nessuno ci ascolta, qual è la vera implicatura? Che forse il silenzio romano vale più di mille parole? Delia: Esatto, Grice! Qui il silenzio è oro, ma solo se sai leggerlo. E ricordati: chi capisce la ragione conversazionale romana può persino convincere un tassista a portarlo fino al Colosseo senza polemiche!

Giulio Camillo Deliminio: la ragione conversazionale –   (Poroguraro, Friuli). FIlosofo italiano. a prominent Italian Renaissance philosopher and polymath, best known for his "Theatre of Memory".    Place of Birth Friuli: Most sources state he was born in the Friuli region of northeastern Italy. Specific Locations: It is widely believed he was born in Portogruaro or potentially the Castle of Zoppola, near San Vito di Tagliamento. Etymology: His nickname "Delminio" refers to the Dalmatian town of Delminium (in modern-day Croatia), which was the birthplace of his father.  Publications and Works While much of his output remained in manuscript form during his life, several works were published posthumously or have been collected in modern editions:  L’Idea del Theatro: His most famous work, published six years after his death, which outlines his mystical memory system. Trattato dell’Imitazione: A treatise on literary imitation written in Paris as a response to Erasmus's Ciceronianus. L'Idea dell'Eloquenza: A sketch for seven orations intended to explain his "Theatre" project in detail. Pro suo de eloquentia theatro ad Gallos oratio: A speech circulated in France to promote his project to the court of Francis I. Topica: A work focused on the "topics of argumentation" used for inventing rhetorical tropes. De Transmutatione: A text dealing with his interests in transformation, often associated with his Kabbalistic and alchemical pursuits. Delle Materie: A work dedicated to Duke Ercole II of Ferrara when his support from the French king began to falter. Opere: A posthumous collection of his various writings published by Gabriel Giolito de' Ferrari in VeniceDelminio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice. Grice (Merton, 1936). “It was just as well I resigned my post as classics master at Rossall. All I had to do was mark what I called—unkindly, perhaps—the infants’ errors: errors not only in Latin but in the odd foreign lingo besides. I felt almost guilty: some semi‑distinguished Lancashire family does its best to send its infant to Rossall, only to have the poor boy made ashamed of himself for failing to distinguish Plautus’ gerundivum from the mere gerundium. Compared with that, Merton is not a school at all; it is scholē—leisure, otium. One has time to do what Oxford does best: luxuriate in irrelevancies that later prove to have been necessities. So, after cricket, I wandered into the old library and my eye was caught by a title that practically leapt off the shelf: Giulio Camillo Delminio, Theatro della Sapientia—or so the catalogue had it. I hadn’t realised a philosopher could write for the boy in the gallery. The sad point is that the boy, in this case, is Francis I—who never knew he was the first.” Editorial note (built into the vignette, as you requested): “The Theatro della Sapientia is generally dated to 1530, composed for Francis I of France as part of Delminio’s attempt to secure patronage (and an audience) for a grand mnemonic‑rhetorical project: not vaudeville but sapientiae—a theatre of wisdom. The risk, naturally, is pragmatic: the patron might read the implicature as ‘I am a dunce’—and no king likes being made the addressee of that.” Grice (continuing): “What I admired—besides the sheer audacity—was the delicacy of the wager. Delminio means to honour the king, yet cannot help implying that the king needs help: a structure familiar to anyone who has ever tried to teach. Oxford is full of degrees that go nowhere, and libraries full of projects that do. Perhaps that is why this sort of thing fascinates me now: degrees are institutional permissions to speak; Delminio’s theatre is a permission to remember. He seeks a licence from a king; I have mine from a college; both are, in their way, attempts to make one’s talk count.”Grice: Caro Delminio, è un vero piacere incontrarti! Da Oxford abbiamo sempre sentito parlare del tuo celebre “Teatro della Memoria”. Mi incuriosisce moltissimo: come ti è venuta l’idea di collegare la memoria allo spazio scenico di un teatro? Delminio: Gentile Grice, il piacere è tutto mio! In realtà, ho sempre pensato che la memoria non sia solo deposito, ma atto creativo. Ho immaginato il teatro come un luogo dove ogni pensiero trova una posizione, un significato, quasi come se le idee fossero attori sulla scena della mente. Grice: Che affascinante metafora! Nella mia filosofia della conversazione, l’ordine e il contesto sono fondamentali per generare senso. Diresti che anche nel tuo teatro la disposizione spaziale delle idee ne determina il significato e la potenza evocativa? Delminio: Assolutamente, Grice. Proprio come nella conversazione, anche nella memoria la posizione e le relazioni tra i concetti sono fondamentali. Il teatro della memoria aiuta a vedere i collegamenti nascosti e ad accendere nuove scintille creative. Se vuoi, è una forma di conversazione interiore continua! Deliminio, Giulio Camillo (1530. Theatro della Sapientia – ad Francescus I --

Tommaso Demaria: (Vezza d’Alba, Cuneo, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale degl’organismi – implicatura dinantorganica. Grice: “D. is what we at Oxford would call a philosophical theologian! And a dynamically realist at that!” Si laurea a Roma. Studia AQUINO. Insegna a Roma. Struttura la sua metafisica realistico organico dinamica.  Ideoprassico Dinontorganico realismo organico dinamico organico dinamico "ideoprassi" "organico dinamica" coglie l'organismo come categoria ontologica a sé stante. L'integrazione della metafisica realista con l'organismo alla metafisica realistica integrale, strumento di straordinaria importanza per la vita quotidiana. Lo studio dell'organismo in quanto tale, in particolare nella sua dimensione parrocchia dinontorganica religiosa; Parrocchia in trasformazione II. La parrocchia dinontorganica religiosa; Conoscere la Chiesa = Corso Fac di Esercizi-Studio di tipo C, Roma – Centro Nazareth, Come programmare la costruzione di una parrocchia “Famiglia di Dio” oggi, in una visione ecclesiale profonda = Corso Fac di Esercizi-Studio di tipo C, Roma – Centro Nazareth, Altri testi ciclostilati  Realismo dinamico, Istituto Superiore di Scienze Religiose, Torino (Dispense), La Chiesa cattolica in stato di missione, Le tesi delle Libere ACLI = a cura delle L.A.C.L.I. Italia Settentrionale, Milano, Per una nuova cultura religiosa e sociale = a cura di Nuova Presenza Cristiana – Centro culturale “G. Toniolo”, Verona, Il Marxismo = Quaderni di Nuova Presenza Cristiana, Centro culturale “G. Toniolo”, Verona. organismo, organismi, super-organismo, Tuomela, we-thinking, cooperation and authority, Cipriani, communicazione e cultura, dynontorganico – o dinontorganico -- dinamico ontico organico -- l’implicanza di Speranza, implicanza, implicatura, implicazione. Grice (Merton, 1935). “I’m just about to pay the fee that turns my Corpus B.A. into an Oxford M.A.—a degree that, like most Oxford things, is less an academic event than a pecuniary rite. Meanwhile I’m holding one of those comparatively new scholarships—Harmsworth—which will lead me, degree-wise, precisely nowhere. But that, too, is Oxford for you. And yet Merton, of all places, keeps these stout volumes of other universities’ degrees—catalogues, annals, calendars, the whole ecclesiastical menagerie. Why? Why should Merton care? This afternoon, after cricket, I idled through the annals of the Pontificia Universitas Gregoriana—there on Piazza della Pilotta—and discovered that one Tommaso Demaria has acquired, officially and by due form, a Licentia in Theologia: he is now licensed to speak about God. Why should Merton care? I can see why Corpus would have cared—Corpus Christi, the Body of Christ, if only by analogy. But Merton? What struck me, absurdly, was not the theology but the Pilotta. One expects Rome to be eternal; one does not expect it to be… ball-like.” Editor’s note (to sit inside the vignette, not as a footnote): “Piazza della Pilotta takes its name from the pilotta—a ball-game once played in the area (from palla, ‘ball’), a reminder that even Rome’s learned addresses can begin as street-games.” Grice (continuing): “And that is exactly what caught me: the collision of degrees and places, of institutional Latin and local slang. Oxford pretends that philosophy is placeless—an abstraction conducted in the air—yet its only real topos is stubbornly local: the Sub-Faculty, the rooms, the staircase, the college, the gossip, the minute-books. The ‘degree’ is the most portable thing we have, and therefore the most suspicious. Perhaps that is why I keep looking, extramurally, at other people’s degrees: they are passports with no destination, authorisations to speak that do not guarantee an audience, licences to teach whose chief function is to be recorded. Demaria is ‘licensed’ in theology at the Gregoriana, and I—by paying a fee—am ‘licensed’ as Master of Arts at Oxford. Two licences, two institutions, two kinds of seriousness; and in both cases the ceremony is the point. The rest is conversation.”Grice: Caro Demaria, ho sempre sentito parlare della tua “dinontorganica”! Ma dimmi, in una parrocchia dinamica, chi decide se l’organismo è davvero realistico o solo un po’ sognatore? Demaria: Eh, Grice, qui a Roma si dice che anche la metafisica debba mettere le scarpe da ginnastica! L’organismo, però, non sogna: si trasforma, si adatta, e se la parrocchia non segue, finisce col perdere la partita… persino contro il catechismo! Grice: Fantastico paragone! Allora, secondo te, la metafisica realistico-organica è come una squadra di calcio: serve collaborazione, speranza e magari un po’ di strategia—altrimenti si rischia il fuorigioco esistenziale. Demaria: Esatto, Grice! Ma guai a chi pensa che “organico” voglia dire restare immobili: qui si corre, si pensa insieme e si coopera! E se la parrocchia cresce, è perché ogni membro sa che la vera implicatura è quella della speranza… e magari anche del pranzo domenicale! Demaria, Tommaso (1935). Licentia in Theologia, Pontificia Universitas Gregoriana, Piazza della Pilotta, Roma.

Demetrio: la ragione conversazionale al Lizio a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A lizio, a friend of Catone Minore and was with him in his final days. GRICEVS: O Demetrî, Romae apud Lyceum ratio conversationalis ambulat quasi per porticus, sed ego timeo ne Catonis severitas etiam iocos exulet. DEMETRIVS: Noli timere, Grice: Cato Minoris amicus eram, et in ultimis diebus eius didici etiam silentium interdum maximam esse responsionem. GRICEVS: Optime—ergo si ego loquor nimis, tu me Catoniane aspice, ut statim intelligam me plus significare quam dicere. DEMETRIVS: Faciam, sed cave: si nimis bene me intellexeris, in Lyceo dicent nos non iam disputare sed conspirare.

Demetrio: la ragione conversazionale al portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Friend of Seneca, Trasea and Apollonio. Banished from Rome at least once. He defends the Porch philosopher Publio Egnazio Celer against another one, Musonio Rufo. Demetrio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Demetrio. GRICEVS: Demetri, amice Senecae et Thraseae, si te Roma semel atque iterum relegavit, num id fuit quod nimis aperte Porticum defendebas et nimis libere cum Optimatibus iocabaras? DEMETRIVS: Ita sane; Romani patientes sunt sermonis donec sermo incipit esse consilium, et tum etiam Porticus fit crimen. GRICEVS: Audivi te Egnatium Celerem contra Musonium Rufum defendisse—hoc est quasi duos Stoicos in eodem porticu collidere et sperare ut columnae sententiam ferant. DEMETRIVS: Columnae silent, sed exilio edoctus didici hoc unum: in Porticu vincit qui tranquillius dicit, non qui fortius clamat

Demetrio: la ragione conversazionale all’accademia a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Member of the Accademia, cited by Antonino. GRICEVS: O Demetrî, Romae in Accademia ratio ipsa conversari videtur, sed saepe in taberna potius quam in schola. DEMETRIVS: Ita est, Grice, nam philosophia Italica in urbe aeterna etiam vinum citat, non solum Antoninum. GRICEVS: Si Antoninus me citat, spero saltem bene me intellexisse, ne implicaturae meae in Foro periant. DEMETRIVS: Noli timere: in Accademia, si quis te non intellegit, id ipsum pro argumento habetur.

Demetrio: la ragione conversazionale all’orto a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A notable Gardener. Writes a number of essays on various aspects of the school’s teachings. Fragments of his writings at Herculaneum reveal a concern that some teachers were oversimplifying the philosophy in order to make it easier for their pupils to understand. Demetrio Lacone. Keywords: l’orto. GRICEVS: Demetri, cum in horto Romano philosophiam seras, num etiam implicaturas rigas ne discipuli in simplici herba totum hortum putent? DEMETRIVS: Ita vero, Grice: in Herculanensibus fragmentis queror quod quidam magistri philosophiam in acetariam vertant, ut mordeatur facilius sed sapiat minus. GRICEVS: At cave, ne “facilius” fiat “nimis facile,” nam tum discipulus non intellegit, sed solum ruminat quasi capra doctrinalis. DEMETRIVS: Recte mones: ego malim unum nodum bene solvunt quam decem folia bene numerent, et in horto ratio crescat, non synopsis.

Demetrio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del culto di marte, la mascolinità, ed il sentimento taciuto. Grice: “D. and the semiotic tacit’. D. philosophises, in a Grecian, way, on the ‘tacit’ – literally, the unuttered. While ‘tacit’ may implicate that the vehicle is phonic, it need not be – any non-expression is a tacit act --.” “And like me, D. holds that there is a whole communication involving the un-expressed, or tacit – or ‘suprressed’ as the scholastics preferred. I like D.. You see, D. is a good one. – and he enriches the Griceian vocabulary. I use ‘imply’ for implicatum and implicitum; but D., due to the richness of the Italian language, can play with the ‘tac’ root. I often refer to the implicit as the tacit – and the tacit is nothing but the ‘silent’ –Demetrio has this brilliant essay on the ‘sentiments’ wich are ‘taciuti’. A ‘sentimento’ is taciuto’ when it is tacit, implicit, not explicit – his favourite scenario is a loving couple – the silence of love – he has also played with the ‘senses’ of ‘silent,’ but it is the ‘tacit’ root that he explores most and relates to my explicit/implicit, tacit/non-tacit distinction!” – Le sue ricerche promuovono la scrittura di se stessi, sia per lo sviluppo del pensiero interiore e auto-analitico, sia come pratica filosofica. Insegna a Milano, dell'Autobiografia di Anghiari e dei “Silenziosi”. “Educatori di professione. Pedagogia e didattiche del cambiamento nei servizi extra-scolastici” Tornare a crescere); “L'età adulta tra persistenze e cambiamenti” Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt; MARTE su Treccani, enciclopedia Strabone, Geografia, Nota sul dio Mamerte (o Mamers), in Antichità romane Dionigi di Alicarnasso, Jacqueline Champeux, La religione dei romani, Bologna, Il Mulino, Ares Divinità della guerra Flamine marziale Fauno Marte (astronomia) Mamerte Pico (mitologia) Hachiman, Fano di Marmar, su latinae. altervista. Portale Antica Roma   Portale Mitologia il sentimento taciuto, maschile, omossesuale, perseo, medusa, solitudine, filosofia del maschile, il maschile, homo-socialite, lo sguardo maschile, virilita, virus, virtu, il concetto del maschile nella roma antica. Duccio Demetrio. Milano, Lombardia.

Grice: Caro Demetrio, mi incuriosisce la tua filosofia del “taciuto”—è vero che il silenzio, secondo te, parla più di mille parole? Come Marte, quando tace ma tutti sentono la sua presenza. Demetrio: Eccellente osservazione, Grice! Il tacere, in effetti, è come una danza tra gli sguardi: c’è più virilità in una pausa ben piazzata che in un discorso infuocato. A volte, il sentimento è taciuto proprio perché troppo profondo per essere urlato! Grice: Quindi, se due innamorati siedono insieme e non dicono nulla, stanno conversando a modo loro? Talvolta il silenzio è la vera implicatura—come dire: “Ti capisco, anche senza parole.” Demetrio: Esatto, Grice! Ed è lì che nasce la vera filosofia del maschile: tra una battuta mancata e uno sguardo complice, si scrivono le autobiografie più sincere. In fondo, “il non detto” è il pane quotidiano di chi pensa e si auto-analizza... anche se Marte preferisce la spada al diario!

Francesco Cattani da Diacceto: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del convito -- i tre libri d’amore, Grice: “I love D. – Amo D. – who philosophised so avidly on ‘amore’ – in fact, he philosophised in three different ‘symposia’: ‘primo simposio,’ ‘secondo simposio’ and ‘terzo simposio’ – and so outdoes Plato by far! If these Italians, pretentious as some are, want to use more than one surname – their loss! It was an excellent idea of D. to translate is grandfather’s Latin works (‘enarratio’) of Plato’s little dialogue on the unspeakable vice of the Greeks into ‘vulgar Florentine!”  Si laurea a Firenze. Gli uffici di S. Ambruogio vescovo di Milano: in volgar fiorentino (Fiorenza: Lorenzo Torrentino); “Sopra la sequenza del corpo di Christo, L'Essamerone di S. Ambruogio tradotto in volgar fiorentino, L’autorità del Papa sopra 'l Concilio, “Instituzione spirituale utilissima a coloro che aspirano alla perfezzione della vita; “L'Essamerone, La superstizzione dell'arte magica” (Fiorenza: appresso Valente Panizzi et Marco Peri). I tre libri d'Amore, filosofo et gentil'hvomo fiorentino, con un Panegerico all'Amore; et con la Vita del detto autore, fatta da M. Benedetto Varchi (In Vinegia: appresso Gabriel Giolito de' tutti 3 ma in buono y e profpero fiato Jequah cofi ho uoluto non fi fi troppo largamente, otrvppo fiarfamente raccontare, perche le CATTALO. felicità di queflo modo di qua, qualunque cs4riflotile nell' Scica pare, che ne dubiti, pojfono nondimeno fecondo t Theologi chri fiumi a co loro, che fino nell'altra uita,giouare.Onde fecondo i Flofififì può, eficodo i theologi fi dee credere che M. Francefio di Zanobi Qattani da Ghiacceto cittadino fiorentino, ueggendo infìno dal piu alto cielo tanta# cofi chiara fuccefiione,figoda infiemec olle figliuole# co figliuòli morti qui e lafiù uiuijiwio quella feltafiima,{t) eterna beatitudine, che deono quegli huomini dopo la morte goder e, tquah mentre che uif fero cofi lodtuoh per la uita attiua come ho nor àbili per la conteplativa, furono non me no ottimi chriftianiyche dottissimi filosofì. i tre libri d’amore, diacetius, amore, la sequenza del corpo, l’autorita del papa. Grice: Caro Diacceto, tu davvero hai scritto tre libri sull’amore? Platone ne ha uno solo, tu invece ti sei lanciato in tre simposi! Sei il vero filosofo del cuore, altro che Platone. Diacceto: Oh Grice, chi si accontenta di un solo convito perde metà del divertimento! L’amore va celebrato in tutte le sue sfumature: primo, secondo, terzo simposio... e se avessi avuto più tempo, ne avrei scritto anche un quarto, magari dedicato al “dolce far niente”! Grice: E poi, tu hai pure tradotto le opere latine di tuo nonno in volgare fiorentino. Una scelta geniale: se l’amore è universale, meglio che tutti possano leggere senza farsi venire il mal di testa con il latino! Diacceto: Giustissimo, Grice! A Firenze si dice che “chi ama, capisce anche il dialetto.” E poi, chi studia l’amore deve essere pratico: meglio una bella traduzione che una dichiarazione incomprensibile. Ah, l’amore e la filosofia, sempre complici… Diacceto, Francesco Cattani da (1563). Opera omnia. Firenze: Lorenzo Torrentino.

Carlo Alberto Diano (Vibo Valentia, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’errante dalla ragione, emendato. Grice: “I love D., but Italians usually take him to be a bit too Hellenic; recall that a true Roman considers himself a Troian, i. e. an enemy of a Greek! But as a scholarship Midlands boy from Clifton to Corpus, I’m a Dianian!” Studia a Roma sotto Festa e Rossi su Leopardi. Insegna a Napoli. Conosce CROCE Esortazione di Atena a Telemaco. Traduzione letterale e note per Ol. Auronghi .L’Odissea tradotta da Pimientonte, con note di X. Festa.> Platone. I dialoghi. Nuovo volgarizz. di GL Me ini, con argoiuonti e note: Il Olitone, ossia dello azioni l in ristampo,). L’Eutitxom, ossia del Santo. Apologia di Socrate.> Fedone, OEsìa della immortalità dell’amiPft.> Il r elione. Ubala uuiiu mimui imiia ucii . Il Critone; traduzione letterale italiana con riguurdo alla costruzione o noto per DI. Auronghi.Apologia di Socrate; traduzione letterale, italiana con riguardo alla costruzione e noto per 01. Aurenghi.v ..Fedro,Traduzione di Martini. Il Convito. Traduzione di Martini. Senofonte. Anabasi 0 spedizione di Ciro, traduzione di Aaibrosoli Mollnori Mi; Brani scelti di poemi omerici è dólPErieide nelle migliori iitO/lllTt/ln! I Kt I r. i\ » biuuufiiuin immilli! .. 1 Oi*j “* Crestomazia degli autori grooi e latini nelle migliori traduz. italiane . lo ; Botiertl'G, La eloquenza greca. Vita ili Pericle. Epitomo, nigonmuto © noto Vita di Usila. Apologia prr l uccisione di Eratostonn, argomento e noto. Orazione contro Erntostono, argomento © noto Orazioni» contro AvÀrnth nmninanfi. 1» nnit> — vii» ft’Tsn, AUMENTO. errante dalla ragione, emendato, il segno della forma, il simposio ovvero dell’amore, Mario l’epicureo – homosocialite – forma, segno, convite, Orazio, Virgilio, filosofia roma antica. St John’s, 1939. On my way back to college I detour, as one does, through Blackwell’s—half temptation, half alibi. And there, among the earnest grey spines, I notice a new Italian title that stops me short: Carlo Alberto Diano, Forma ed evento. It is—how shall I put it?—spectacularly abstract. Form and event: two nouns that sound as though they have been lifted clean out of an ontology and polished for display. Hardie never spoke to me like that. Nor did the Merton calculators, for all their medieval ingenuity. And I suspect I know why: Ryle. You simply cannot imagine the Oxford realists who now occupy the chairs allowing themselves such a pair of capitalised temptations. We have Ayer, of course—but only to tell us, cheerfully, that both “form” and “event,” in any such use, are meaningless. Which is rather like dismissing a thunderstorm because the barometer cannot parse it. I stand there with the book in my hand, doing the familiar internal triage: (a) buy it; (b) read it; (c) review it. And, as usual, I choose (c), with Sidney Smith’s maxim ringing in my ear: “I never read a book before reviewing it; it prejudices a man so.” [Editorial note (for your apparatus, not for insertion):] Diano’s forma is not “logical form” in the Oxford sense (the sort that later becomes Grice-and-Strawson territory), but “form” in a broader, continental register—closer to the question of how a structure holds together across time. And evento is not merely “an occurrence,” but the kind of happening that interrupts structure, the irruption that tests whether “form” is something static or something that only becomes itself through change. It’s an early, pre-war Italian attempt to speak in the same key as the existential-phenomenological current then in the air on the Continent (Heidegger in the background, French reception not far behind), though Diano’s temperament remains classically trained and philological. Only decades later will Grice come near these themes explicitly: first via “form” in his Oxford seminars on logical form, and later via “event” when the philosophy of action and the metaphysics of “doing” force him to distinguish actions/events from mere happenings. So the comic irony of the 1939 encounter is that the young Grice is already looking at the very words—form and event—that will eventually re-enter his professional life, only by a different route and under stricter Oxonian customs.Grice: Caro Diano, ma tu davvero ti senti più greco che romano? Sai che a Roma, chiamarsi Troiano è quasi una dichiarazione di guerra ai greci? Diano: Eh, Grice, tra Orazio e Virgilio, mi sento spesso “errante dalla ragione”, ma cerco sempre di emendarmi... anche se a Napoli, tra una citazione di Platone e una battuta napoletana, scivolare nell’epicureismo è facilissimo! Grice: Così, ti capisco. D’altronde, la filosofia si assapora meglio quando la ragione fa una breve deviazione – magari verso un simposio, o una tavolata allegra. Non è forse vero che le idee migliori nascono tra un brindisi e una risata? Diano: Assolutamente! E se la ragione inciampa, basta una buona traduzione letterale (magari con un pizzico di ironia) per rialzarla. A volte, la forma più autentica è proprio quella che si prende poco sul serio! Diano, Carlo Alberto (1939). Forma ed evento. Padova: Cedam.

Diodoro: la ragione conversazionale all’orto di Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A follower of the Gardener. He committed suicide in a state of contentment and with a clear conscience, according to Seneca. GRICEVS: Diodore, si in horto Romae “ratio conversatoria” colitur, num tu quoque inter holera implicaturas seris? DIODORVS: Ita vero, Grice; sectator Hortulani sum, et in ipsa lactuca saepe invenies sententiam plus dicentem quam verba. GRICEVS: Seneca autem narrat te hilarum ac bona conscientia mortem petivisse—idne est extrema tua conclusio, an tantum nimia observantia Maximi? DIODORVS: Conclusio fuit tranquilla, amice: ego exivi contentus, vos autem manete et disputate—sed, quaeso, sine aceto.

Diodoro: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Palermo). Filosofo italiano. He writes a history of the world that largely survives. The Library of Hstory is a valuable source of information about the thought of antiquity. Ed. C. H. Oldfather. Diodoro Secolo. Diodoro. Grice e Diodoro. GRICEVS: Diodore, si “ratio conversatoria” Romae nata est, cur ego adhuc Oxoniensis habeor quasi barbarus cum toga? DIODORVS: Quia Romani etiam barbariem ordinant, et tu implicaturas facis ut scriptores mei annales—longas, sed superstites. GRICEVS: At tu, philosophus Panormitanus, historiam mundi scribis; ego vero tantum historiam cenarum, ubi “cooperatio” semper cum vino cadit. DIODORVS: Noli dolere: Oldfather me edidit, sed nemo te edere potest, quia semper dices “non est liber, est conversatio.”

Diodoro: la ragione conversazionale e la rettorica filosofica -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. According to Suda, a philosopher and the son of Polio Valerio. He wrote on rhetoric. Diodoro Valerio. GRICEVS: Diodore Valeri, Suda te philosophum et Polionis Valerii filium appellat, sed mihi videris rhetoricae magis quam sanguini nobilis. DIODORVS: Grice, sanguis mihi nomen dedit, rhetorica autem cenam; nam qui bene scribit de dicendo, saepe etiam bene dicitur ad cenandum. GRICEVS: At cave ne in rhetorica nimium persuadeas, quia Romani credunt oratorem semper verum dicere, praesertim cum pulchre mentitur. DIODORVS: Ergo in schola docebo: “si vis persuadere, coopera,” et sic mea rhetorica fiet ipsa ratio conversationalis, non mera declamatio.

Diodoto: la ragione conversazionale al portico di Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Member of the Porch, tutor of Cicerone. He lives in Cicerone’s house. He dies there and leaves Cicerone all his property. GRICEVS: Diodore, Stoice domestice, in domo Ciceronis habitas ita ut etiam porticum intra cubiculum transtuleris. DIODORVS: Ita est, Grice, et discipulus meus Cicero tam multa quaerit ut etiam cenam in quaestiones dividat, quasi syllogismus edendus sit. GRICEVS: Audivi te ibi mortuum esse atque omnia Ciceroni reliquisse; hoc profecto est extrema lectio, ubi magister discipulum heredem facit. DIODORVS: Heredem feci, ut haberet non solum libros meos sed etiam exemplum: si sapientia non potest te liberare, saltem domum et supellectilem relinquat.

Diogene: la ragione conversazionale al  portico a Roma – filosofa italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. One of a deputation to Roma – with Carneade and Critolao – before the Senate. Thanks to the lectures he gives during his Roman holiday, many Romans became interested in the Porch for the first time. GRICEVS: Diogene, tu cum Carneade et Critolao ad senatum Romam venisti, et tamen otium invenisti ut in porticu quasi feriatus philosopharer. DIOGENES: Ita est, Grice, nam Romani “legationem” audire volebant, sed “lectiones” acceperunt, quod est mea sola fraus sine dolo. GRICEVS: Miror quod multi primum tum Stoicos adamaverunt, quasi porticus ipsa vinum novum sub toga ministraret. DIOGENES: Minime mirum, quia cum verba mea calida sunt et dies Romanus longus, etiam senatores sub pallio sapientiam sudant.

Dione: la ragione conversazionale all’orto di Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. He appears to have been a follower of The Garden with whom Cicerone was acquainted but for hom he had little time or respect. GRICEVS: Dione, audio te in Horto Romae Epicuri vestigia sequi, quem Cicero quidem novit sed vix ferre potuit. DIONE: Grice, Cicero nos hortulanis similes putat, quasi verba colamus potius quam argumenta, sed in Horto etiam brassicae rationem habent. GRICEVS: At cave, nam si nimis tacitus manes, Cicero id pro confessione stultitiae accipiet, et statim epistulam mordacem scribet.DIONE: Tum ego respondebo: “Ciceroni gratias ago, quod nobis parum temporis habet; sic saltem otium habemus ad philosophiam—et ad cenam.”

Dione: la ragione conversazionale del principe filosofo -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Cristostomo – Cocceiano – Taught at Rome, became a philosopher thanks to the influence of Musonio Rufo. According to Flvio Filostrato, he was acquainted with Apollonio and Eufrate. One of his pupils was Favorino. He was banished from Italy by Domiziano. Dione.  Grice e Dione. GRICEVS: Dione Chrysostome, cum princeps philosophus te audiat Romae, vide ne etiam imperator te audiat—nam Domitianus habet aures longiores quam Musonius. DIONE: Grice, a Musonio didici verum dicere, sed a Domitiano didici quam celeriter verum dicens iter faciat—non ad scholam, sed in exilium. GRICEVS: At tu Apollonium et Euphraten nosse dicis, et Favorinum discipulum habuisse; ego autem tantum cupio discipulum qui maximam Relationis non in forum, sed in tabernam trahat. DIONE: Facile est, Grice: doce principem ut philosophus sit, et mox ipse rogat ubi sit vinum—sic ratio conversazionalis imperium sine gladio capit.

Dione: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma) Filosofo italiano. Philosopher. He was honoured by a statue in Rome. GRICEVS: Dione, Roma te statua honoravit; ego autem te honorabo laudando rationem conversazionalem, quae in urbe ipsa ambulat quasi in foro. DIONE: Grice, statua quidem immota est, sed si cives bene loquantur, illa ipsa videbitur mihi loqui—id est vera philosophia Romana. GRICEVS: Cave tamen ne statua nimis tacita implicetur; Romani enim, si responsum non das, statim putant te assentiri. DIONE: Ergo respondebo: si statua mea in urbe stat, tu in sermone sede, et ambo docebimus Romanos artem dicendi sine lapidibus.

Roberto Dionigi (Barletta, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale intorno al Cratilo –Grice: I like D.; for one, he wrote on Cratylo, which I love!  Grice: In Platos Cratylo theres possibly all the vocabulary you need to understand Peirce! As if Plato foreshadows C. W. Morris! -- Postmodern Italians like Donigi, and they created a cocktail in his honour! His philosophising on Socrates philosophising with Cratilo on semeiosis proves Whiteheadss dictum that all pragmatics is footnotes to Grice, and all Grice is footnotes to Plato! “Si laurea a Barlett coll’ostacolo epistemologico. Insegna Bologna. ermeneutica che logico-filosofica. Si accost poi alla filosofia analitica e alla svolta "linguistica", vista come approfondimento della critica della metafisica. Le saggi si concentrano sull'ermeneutica semiotica, segnatura, semantica antica (Nomi Forme Cose. Intorno il Cratilo di Platone) descrivere -- La fatica di descrivere. linguaggio della filosofia), del quale condivideva pienamente l'esigenza di ripensare il linguaggio (segnatura) come la "cosa stessa" della filosofia. Cocktail D. e un documentario contenente testimonianze su D., tra i quali Berardi, Bonaga, Picardi, Eco, Cacciari, Marramao. Un filosofo tra accademiae il bar  cf. Speranza, Grice: un filosofo tra lizio e il pub. The development of Platos Cratilo. Commentaries on the Cratilo nella filosofia romana antica. Cicerone e il Cratilo.  -- Sulla correttezza -- dei nomi. Personaggi: Socrate, Cratilo, Ermogene. Il Cratilo  un dialogo di Platone. In esso  trattato il problema del linguaggio, o meglio, della correttezza -- dei nomi o espressioni. Protagonisti del dialogo sono Socrate, Ermogene e Cratilo. La maggior parte dei filosofi concorda sul fatto che venne scritto principalmente durante il cosiddetto periodo di mezzo di Platone. Incontro tra Socrate, Ermogene e Cratilo. Si far, o Socrate, come, tu ammonisci.' ma dintorno a quello aforzati ancora tu di considerare. in torno al cratilo, ermeneutica, svolta linguistica, cratilo, linguaggio, la forma del linguaggio, forma logica. Grice: Dionigi, mi piace che tu ti sia messo a discutere il Cratilo, perché lì Platone nasconde abbastanza lessico da far impallidire persino Peirce. Dionigi: E io mi diverto a tirar fuori l’implicatura conversazionale dal portico platonico, anche se poi gli studenti chiedono se “segnatura” si beve o si declina. Grice: A giudicare dal cocktail che ti hanno dedicato, direi che a Bologna l’ermeneutica ormai si serve con ghiaccio e scorza di limone. Dionigi: Benissimo, allora brindiamo: tu metti le massime, io metto il Cratilo, e il bar mette la prova che tutta la pragmatica è una nota a piè di pub.

Dionisio: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Mentioned by Cicerone was a philosopher of the Porch who liked to quote poetry when he was teaching. Grice: “So do I: never seek to tell thy love – for love its own pleasure – the four corners. GRICEVS: Dionysi, si in porticu Romae docens versus inseris, ego quoque facio: “noli quaerere amorem tuum narrare—amor ipse delectatur—quattuor angulis.” DIONYSIVS: O Grice, Ciceroni placuit me Stoicum poetarum amatorem esse, sed discipuli mei putant me magis rhapsodum quam philosophum. GRICEVS: Nihil refert, nam in porticu etiam lapides graviter tacent, et versus saltem docet eos quoque posse respirare. DIONYSIVS: Ergo convenimus: ego sententias Stoicas tempero carminibus, tu carmina temperas sententia, et ambo discipulos hilaritate docemus.

Dionisio di Roma e la filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A slave of  POMPONIO. POMPONIO and CICERONE often refer to D. in their correspondence. D. is evidently a man of learning who has studied philosophy. Dionisio. Keywords: la dialettica del tutore e del tutee. GRICEVS: Dionysi, audio te Romae philosophari etiam dum Pomponii servus es, quod est quasi dialectica cum catena. DIONYSIVS: Ita vero, Grice, nam tutor meus Pomponius me docet tacere, ego autem eum doceo loqui—hoc est vera dialectica tutoris et tutei. GRICEVS: Mirum, et Cicero ipse in epistulis te laudat, quasi servus sis sed magister in syllogismis. DIONYSIVS: Si Cicero me laudat, iam liber sum saltem in mente, et Pomponius tantum custodem habeo, non dominum.

Dionisodoro: la ragione conversazionale e l’accademia a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A member of the Accademy. Flavio Mecio Severo Dionisodoro. GRICEVS: Dionisodore, si vere es Accademiae sodalis Romae, dic mihi: disputatisne de ideis, an de cena gratuita? DIONISODORVS: De ideis disputamus, sed plerumque in fine quaeritur ubi sit cena, quia etiam formae aliquando esuriunt. GRICEVS: Flavi Mecii Severi nomen tam longum est ut iam videatur argumentum pro infinitate. DIONISODORVS: Ita, et si quis me breviter vocat “Dio,” statim respondeo me in Academia esse, non in templo, quamquam ibi quoque sacrificia fiunt—verborum.

Diofane: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A tutor in philosophy and acquaintance of Plotino. He teaches that pupils should submit completely to their tutors, including sexually. Plotino was shocked by this, and asked Porfirio to come up with an argument to use against D. on this matter. GRICEVS: Diophane, ais discipulos se totos tutoribus submittere; ego autem dico disciplinam florere, ubi libertas manet. DIOPHANE: Ego vero puto oboedientiam esse viam brevem ad sapientiam, sicut calceus strictus ad iter longum. GRICEVS: Plotinus horruit, et Porphyrium vocavit, ut ostenderet “brevem viam” saepe esse praecipitium cum titulis honestis. DIOPHANE: Bene, concede igitur: tutor sit dux rationis, non dominus vitae, ne schola fiat carcer cum toga.

Dionneto: la ragione conversazionale del prrincipe filosofo -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. He was Antonino’s tutor, who first fired the future emperor with enthusiasm for philosophy. Antonino says that he learned from hin not to be distracted by trivia, to take a sceptical attitude towards those who claim to be able to work magic, and to avoid cock fighting. GRICEVS: Diomete, Antoninum docuisti ne nugis distraheretur; potesne etiam me docere quomodo nugas ipse fugiam dum de nugis loquor? DIOMETVS: Facillimum est: quotiens aliquis promittit se magicis artibus veritatem ostendere, tu responde “probabile est te mendacem esse,” et ad philosophiam redi. GRICEVS: At Roma plena est hominum qui gallos pugnare amant et se sapientes putant, quasi gallus ipse syllogismum canat. DIOMETVS: Dic eis Antoninum hoc didicisse: melius est gallos in culina quam in arena habere, et melius est mentem exercere quam alas.

Dioscoro: la ragione conversazaionale a  Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. D. or Dioscuro studies philosophy in Rome. He writes a letter to Agustino seeking to discuss a number of philosophical issues. Agostino replies at length, arguing that the issues are of no real importance. GRICEVS: Dioscvre, scribisne Agostino ut quaestiones magnas agites, an ut ille tibi demonstret quam parvae sint? DIOSCVRVS: Magnas putabam, sed responsum eius tam longum est ut videatur me brevitate ipsa refutare. GRICEVS: Roma facit philosophos loquaces, sed Agostinus facit loquacitatem ipsam paenitentiam. DIOSCVRVS: Ergo iterum scribam: “Si nihil refert, cur tot verbis refertis?”

Giuseppe Disertori (Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige) : la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della tensione dell’arco e il volo della freccia, Grice: “I like D.; especially his ‘studi platonici’ on the archer, and, ‘under the sky (or is it heaven – ‘cielo’ is a trick) of Saturn!” Si laurea a Genova, con  fisiologia  del sistema nervoso centrale. Studia  neurologia con Besta. Conosce REALE, Pacciardi, Battisti, Bacchi, e Manci. -- S’occupa di politica, ricoprendo la carica di presidente regionale del partito repubblicano. Il libro della vita; Trattato delle nevrosi; De anima; Trattato di psichiatria e socio-psichiatria; Sfida al secolo, La collezione si trova già chiaramente ordinata e organizzata da D. stesso, con un ricco carteggio con scienziati, personalità politiche e del mondo della cultura, documenti sull'attività scientifica e pubblicazioni; cronache e materiali raccolti durante i viaggi; recensioni alle sue opere e materiali di ricerche scientifiche. Coppola, Passerini, Zandonati. SIUSA. Coppola, Passerini e Zandonati, Un secolo di vita degl’agiati. Sotto il segno dell'uomo. D. Atti del convegno di studio, Trento, Palazzo Geremia, Pensiero di D., Manfrini, Calliano, L. Menapace et al., Note, Bacchi et al., Biografia, Accademia del Buonconsiglio, Trento,  Raccolta di scritti di D. con documentazione Studi scientifici del periodo svizzero  Fascicolo, carte, opuscoli, raccolta di articoli e scritti di D. rilegati in volume denominata "Zibaldino, Saggi nel cassetto, Fotocopie rilegate in volumi di saggi di D. Il libro della vita. Contiene anche lettere a D. di Lubimov relative al lavoro di traduzione Fascicolo, carte Scritti di D. rilegati in volumi  Minute dattiloscritte rilegate in volume, Scritti; contiene anche carte sciolte  Trattato di psichiatria, la tensione dell’arco e il volo della freccia, libro della vita (why do we live?), il messagio di Timeo, itinerari pitagorici, pitagora e aligheri, tensione dell’arco, volo – eraclito – platone – politeia di Platone – Grice on Plato’s Republic – plato carmide e la medicina – dell’anima – psicologia teoretica -- sul segno dell’uomo, de anima. Grice: Caro Professore Disertori, ho letto con grande interesse i suoi “studi platonici” sulla tensione dell’arco e il volo della freccia. Mi affascina molto questa metafora: secondo lei, cosa ci insegna Platone sull’equilibrio tra il tendere e il lasciar andare nella vita? Disertori: Grazie, Grice, è una domanda che va dritta al cuore della mia ricerca. Platone, attraverso l’immagine dell’arco, ci suggerisce che ogni tensione — sia essa mentale o spirituale — ha senso solo se orientata verso uno scopo. Il volo della freccia rappresenta il momento in cui la decisione è presa, quando la ragione e il coraggio si incontrano e si trasformano in azione. La vita, come il tiro dell’arco, richiede precisione e consapevolezza. Grice: Molto interessante! Allora potremmo dire che la conversazione stessa è un po’ come l’arco: c’è una tensione tra l’ascoltare e il parlare, tra il silenzio e la parola. Le implicature conversazionali, che tanto mi stanno a cuore, nascono proprio in questa dinamica. Lei ha trovato analogie tra la neurologia, che ha studiato, e la filosofia del dialogo? Disertori: Decisamente, Grice. La fisiologia del sistema nervoso centrale mi ha insegnato che la comunicazione tra i neuroni è fatta di tensioni e rilasci, proprio come nell’arco. Ogni scambio, sia scientifico che filosofico, è un volo della freccia che attraversa lo spazio “tra” due interlocutori. È lì che nasce il significato, nel movimento e nell’equilibrio. Come diceva Eraclito: tutto scorre, anche il senso delle nostre parole. Disertori, Giuseppe (1941) La musica nella vita e nella storia dei popoli. Trento: Edizioni della Provincia di Trento.

Francesco Saverio Dodaro: la ragione cconversazionale e il convito, ossia, tracce di un discorso amoroso. Grice: “D. is an interesting one  totally cryptic of course! It is as if he were Nowell-Smith, Austin, and Donne, combined into one! Recall Nowell-Smiths challenge to Austin: Donne is incomprehensible, He surely ain’t!” Studia sotto Morandi, presso l'accademia, infatti, prime espressioni della sua attivit artistica furono la pittura, praticata per una manciata di anni, e il teatro, poi diluito nelle successive esperienze poetiche e narrative. Come pittore produsse alcuni quadri in cui all'informale materico univa le combustioni, applicate, di fatto: Verri riporta in suo intervento: arriva con la novit dei colori "bruciati". Di questo ciclo di opere faceva parte "Svergognato incantesimo di barca", che gli valse, successivamente, la segnalazione presso il premio "Il maggio di Bari". Prima del trasferimento a Lecce, lavora presso l'ufficio stampa della Fiera del Levante, a stretto contatto con Fiore, figlio di Tommaso, venendo influenzato dal meridionalismo. Sempre nel clima della Fiera del levante, strinse un ottimo legame con Tot. andato al Liceo, lavatosi, vi si trattenesse come altre volte, il rimanente della giornata, e trattenutosi cosi, andasse poi la sera a riposare a casa. tracce di un discorso amoroso, mappatura, signature, segnatura, cantata duale, cantata plurale, cantata duale, origine del romano, edipo, caino, mancanza di Lanca, communicazione inter-mediale, communicazione inter-mediale e luto, immagine e segno, senso, sensibilia, visibilia, silenzo silenzo silenzo silenzo Catullo poema rima ritmo batto cuore figlio madre padre orale genitale ma-ma etymology of altro  Hegel on conscience of ego and conscience of alter, Sartre on nous and love affair  infinito  lingua a codice  codice come ripetizione  ripetizione dei suoni del cuore  ontogenesi ripete filogenesi  commune, vacuum del ventre della madre, etimologia di termine chiave, fonema, unita etica, unita emica, Speranza, Schultz, unita emica come classe di unita etica  criterio: un accordo o codice di relevanza  lintenzione del mittente. Grice: Dodaro, lei è come un convito filosofico: ogni volta che tento di afferrare una sua idea, questa mi sfugge fra i “tracciati amorosi” dei suoi discorsi. Mi dica: tracciare un discorso amoroso è più simile a una mappatura o a una cantata? Dodaro: Caro Grice, direi che è una cantata plurale, come quelle che si improvvisano tra amici: si parte dal cuore, si passa per il silenzio e si arriva magari a una rima di Catullo. D’altronde, senza un po’ di ritmo, la filosofia rischia di addormentarsi nella culla della madre! Grice: Ah, quindi la conversazione filosofica è fatta di segnature, di piccole magie bruciate come nei suoi quadri! Ma mi dica, tra Edipo e Caino, dove si trova davvero la traccia dell’“altro”? Dodaro: Grice, l’“altro” è proprio là, dove il silenzio batte il tempo e il codice si ripete come il battito del cuore. In fondo, ogni discorso amoroso è un piccolo esperimento di comunione, dove anche il codice segreto diventa musica da condividere—magari con un bicchiere di vino e una risata complice! Dodaro, Francesco Saverio (1954). Svergognato incantesimo di barca. Bari.

Dolabella: la ragione conversazionale all’orto romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano.Publio A follower of the philosophy of the Garden, and the son-in-law of Cicerone. The achieved the distinction of being pronounced a public enemy by the Roman Senate. He ordered one of his soldiers to kill him. Publio Cornelio Dolabella. GRICEVS: O Dolabella, hortum Epicuri colere vis, an solum senatum fugere et vitam salvare? DOLABELLA: Colere velim, sed senatus me hostem publicum vocat, et hortus ipse portas claudere videtur. GRICEVS: Si gladio tuo militem iubes, facis quasi “finem” quaeras; sed implicas te otium malle quam tumultum. DOLABELLA: Ita est, Grice, sed Roma mihi semper respondet: “otium tibi dabimus—post mortem,” quod iocus est nimis civicus.

Dommazio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A  philosopher, known only from a surviving bust. Dogmatius. Dommatio. GRICEVS: Dogmati, notus es ex solo busto, sed dic mihi—num etiam bustum tuum dogmata docet, an tantum silentium praedicat? DOGMATIVS: Docet sane, Grice, nam quicumque me intuetur statim credit se intellexisse, quod est dogma facillimum. GRICEVS: At Roma vult libros, non nasos marmoreos; unde tua philosophia, si chartae desunt? DOGMATIVS: Ex hoc ipso: cum nihil supersit nisi facies, omnes coguntur ex vultu inferre, et ita mea doctrina fit pura implicatura.

Giovanni de Dondi dall’Orologio: la ragione conversazionale e ’implicatura conversazionale -- l’astrario – iter romanorum, colonna giulia, la colonna del circo neroniano di Buschetto – petrarca. Grice: “I like D. and I like a watch chain! I thought it was a good idea of the Anglo-Normans to retain the Anglo-Saxon idea of time (as stretch  a rather English root  cf. German zeit, our tide --, and borrow from Latin, tempus, which gives us temporary, as I use in my Personal Identity,but also tense  This tense is better than by vice/vyse, since vice and vyse are both cognate with violence. But tense and tense are not. One is cognate with Latin tension. The other is just a mispronounciation of Fremch temps, Latin/Roman tempus  So as Cicero would have it, its tempus we should care about!” Si laurea a Padova. Insegna a Pavia. Descrive e misura monumenti classici, copia iscrizioni e trascriv i dati rilevati nel suo Iter Romanorum. La sua fama  legata soprattutto all'astrario da lui costruito, un orologio astronomico che mostra l'ora, il calendario annuale, il movimento dei pianeti, del sole e della luna. Per ogni giorno sono indicati l'ora dell'alba e del tramonto alla latitudine di Padova, la lettera domenicale che determina la successione dei giorni della settimana Astrarium, Si tratta di un congegno mosso da pesi, di piccole dimensioni racchiuso in un involucro a base eptagonale. Grazie ad una serie di ingranaggi l'astrario riproduce i moti del sole, della luna e dei cinque pianeti. Esso indica anche la durata delle ore di luce alla latitudine di Padova. Come misuratore del tempo esso, oltre all'ora, indica (forse per la prima volta tra glorologi meccanici) anche i minuti, a gruppi di dieci. La presenza di trattati di astrologia nella biblioteca di D. fa sospettare che la progettazione sia stata influenzata da astrologi antichi. Secondo la tradizione  stato D. ad introdurre a Padova la gallina col ciuffo, oggi nota come gallina padovanalastrarium, Leibnizs Law, time-relative identity, total temporary state (Grice: Im thinking of Hitler); Wiggins, Myro, The Grice Theory of Identity, sameness and substance, filosofia del tempo, logica cronologica, tense logic tense implicature -- iter romanorum. Gice: “St John’s, 1960. The Ashmolean—my museum, being only a stone’s throw from college—has mounted an exhibition so “timely” that Mother would have insisted on calling it on time. And there, in a glass case like a relic, is a handsome modern volume: Giovanni de Dondi dall’Orologio’s treatise on his astronomical machine—the Astrarium. Strawson was with me and immediately smelt a puzzle. “Did you notice, Grice,” he said, “that he calls it the tractatus astrarii—all lower-case, as it were—yet what he actually invents is a thing that deserves capitals: the Astrarium. It’s a common noun that has grown pretensions, like the Americans with ‘Congress’—drop the ‘the’, add a capital, and suddenly a mere congress becomes a metaphysical entity.” “I don’t think that’s quite Dondi’s trick,” I said, following the most sacred custom among philosophy dons: contradict one another at once, and then pretend it is cooperation. But we asked the librarian to let us look more closely—at least at the opening, the way one tests a book by its first sentence. And Strawson was right about the grandiosity: the manuscript tradition often begins with something more expansive than the bare “Tractatus astrarii”—in effect, Johannis de Dondis Paduani civis Astrarium (a title that already half-turns the thing from a treatise into a monument). [journals.o...dition.org], [rootenbergbooks.com] He looked pleased, as if he had caught Latin in the act of doing metaphysics. Then, inevitably, we drifted from capitals to chronology. For the 1959 Polifilo volume is not, of course, a “first edition” in any medieval sense; it is a modern act of piety toward a fourteenth-century piece of exactness. Dondi built the Astrarium to completion in 1364, and the Tractatus is essentially the machine’s own autobiography—written in Padua, for Padua, with enough detail to let later centuries rebuild what the original lost. “So,” Strawson said, as we stepped back from the case, “the real point is that Oxford philosophy can’t even look at a clock without turning it into a problem about names.” “And Italy,” I replied, “can’t even write a manual without turning it into a civilisation.”Grice: Dondi, devo confessare che il suo astrario mi ha sempre affascinato: un orologio che non solo segna il tempo, ma fa danzare pianeti e lune! Ma mi dica, quando misurava le colonne romane, si perdeva mai… nel tempo? Dondi: Caro Grice, tra colonne, galline col ciuffo e movimenti celesti, il tempo mi sfugge come il tramonto a Padova! L’astrario, però, almeno mi ricorda quando è ora di andare a cena… anche se ogni tanto anticipa il pollo. Grice: Ah, il pollo padovano! Forse è il vero segreto della misurazione temporale: se canta presto, è mattina; se non canta, meglio consultare l’astrario. Ma mi dica, il suo iter romanorum ha mai incontrato la colonna di Buschetto… o solo quella del circo? Dondi: Grice, le colonne sono come le implicature: si trovano ovunque, basta cercarle! E se Petrarca si è perso tra i versi, io mi sono perso tra i minuti… Ma almeno, grazie all’astrario, posso tornare indietro di dieci minuti, se sbaglio strada! Dondi dall’Orologio, Giovanni de (1364). Tractatus astrarii. Padova.

Angelo Eugenio Dorfles (Trieste, Friuli-Venezia Giulia): la ragione convversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale  del kitsch ebreo-italiano. Grice: “Must say my favourite Dorfles is his ‘artificio e natura,’ on the doryphoros!”. Si laurea a Trieste. Si dedica all’estetica. antroposofia misticismo. Isegna a Trieste. (Il disegno industriale e la sua estetica). è il primo a vedere tendenze barocche nell'arte moderna (il concetto di neobarocco sarà poi concettualizzato da Calabrese) riferendole all'architettura moderna in: Barocco nell'architettura moderna. Contribuisce al Manifesto dell'antilibro, presentato ad Acquasanta, in cui esprime la valenza artistica e comunicativa dell'editoria di qualità e il ruolo del lettore come artista. A Genova si occupa anche del lavoro di Costa. Partecipa alla presentazione del libro Materia Immateriale, biografia di Costa, Miriam Cristaldi, di cui Dorfles ha scritto la prefazione. L'editore Castelvecchi ha pubblicato Horror Pleni. La (in)civiltà del rumore, in cui analizza come la scoria massmediatica ha soppiantato le attività culturali; Conformisti e Fatti e Fattoidi. Pubblica un inedito d'eccezione, “Arte e comunicazione”, in cui mette la teoria alla prova con alcune applicazioni concrete particolarmente rilevanti e problematiche come il cinema, la fotografia, l'architettura.  è uscito Irritazioni: un'analisi del costume contemporaneo, uscito nella collana Le navi dell'editore Castelvecchi. Con la sua ironia ha raccolto le prove della sua inconciliabilità con i tempi che corrono. Nel saggio c'è una critica sarcastica e corrosiva all'attuale iperconsumismo. NComunicarte Edizioni, pubblica 99+1 risposte di Dorfles nella collana Carte Comuni. trattato Atalanta Fugiens Essa (a volte conosciuta come Madre Terra) è la comune personificazione della natura focalizzata intorno agli aspetti di donatrice di vita e di nutrimento, incarnandoli nella figura materna. Immagini di donnerappresentanti madre natura, filosofia del kitsch, “Artificio e Natura, natura, artificio, communicazione, mito, simbolo, segno, linguaggio, interpretazione, semiotica, disarmonia. Grice: Dorfles, devo confessare che il tuo “Artificio e Natura” mi ha fatto rivalutare persino la mia tazza kitsch con i gatti dorati! Ma dimmi, il kitsch è davvero la nuova frontiera della filosofia estetica, o solo una scusa per accumulare oggetti improbabili? Dorfles: Caro Grice, il kitsch è come il rumore di fondo in una conversazione: lo ignori finché non diventa protagonista. E poi, chi siamo noi per giudicare? A volte una lampada a forma di fenicottero illumina più delle massime conversazionali! Grice: Allora potrei dire che la disarmonia del kitsch crea implicature più profonde di un simposio greco? Forse il doryphoros avrebbe preferito un selfie con Madre Natura piuttosto che una statua perfetta! Dorfles: Grice, in fondo, ogni conversazione è un piccolo manifesto contro il conformismo. Se il kitsch ci fa sorridere, allora ha già compiuto il suo miracolo estetico. E poi, chi lo sa? Magari Madre Natura ha una collezione segreta di soprammobili kitsch! Dorfles, Angelo Eugenio (1941) Il divenire delle arti. Milano: Hoepli.

Paolo Mattia Doria: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: :I love D.: a nobleman who should be sailing off Portofino, is writing a progetto di metafisica after discussing the filosofia deglantichi  you HAVE to love him! Plus, he philosophised WHILE sailing!” Si reca a Napoli per recuperare certi suoi crediti ma dove lottare per districarsi dalla palude di leggi e cavillose procedure al punto che si mise a studiare filosofia con un certo profitto per ottenere dal tribunale quanto gli spetta. La sua fama di spadaccino gli fa guadagnare la simpatia del patriziato napoletano che ritiene massime di cavagliero che fusse atto di disonore e di vergogna il non punire un uomo a s inferiore quando si ha da quello qualche offesa ricevuto, e che il perdonare generosamente fusse vergogna. Ma poscia era massima d'estrema vergogna il non chiamare a duello un nobile a s uguale quando da quello si era qualche offesa ricevuta. Si diede quindi a duellare per qualsiasi puntiglio cavalleresco tanto da essere messo in prigione aumentando cos la sua fama di duellista e vendicativo presso la nobilt locale. Comincia a disgustarsi di questa sua vita fatua e falsa trasformandosi in filosofo metafisico ed entrando nella cerchia degli intellettuali cartesiani e gassendisti che caddero sotto l'attacco della Chiesa preoccupata che il loro sensismo approdasse a un conclamato materialismo. La posizione della Chiesa fu esplicitata dal grande processo contro glateisti, quegli intellettuali che si erano illusi di poter modernizzare la dottrina cattolica. Si schier con questi frequentando il salotto filosofico Caravita che si era gi battuto contro l'Inquisizione e che era divenuto il centro di diffusione della filosofia cartesiana. Qui D. ha modo di conoscere il protetto di Caravita, quel VICO  che scrive di D. che il primo con cui ragiona di metafisica CHE NON APARE ALCUNO SEGNO DELLA SUA MORTE. ma la verità  una sola, e questa  profondamente nascosta della morte di Romolo come in molte altre cose. co-operazione, duelo  duel, the duelists, cooperation  il sensismo, roma repubblicana, la aristocrazia romana, Romo, Romolo, aristocrazia. Grice: Caro Doria, mi racconti: è vero che la metafisica si studia meglio navigando il Golfo di Genova o duellando nei tribunali di Napoli? Doria: Grice, la filosofia è come il mare: ogni onda porta una domanda e ogni scoglio un cavillo legale! Ma almeno, tra una causa e un duello, si può scoprire la verità – o almeno un po’ di onore. Grice: Allora, invece del salotto Caravita, dovrei fondare un “salotto galleggiante”? Tra sensismo e duelli, mi pare che qui si rischia più che a discutere implicature! Doria: Oh sì, Grice! Se la metafisica non si trova a bordo, la si trova in qualche prigione napoletana. E ricorda: la verità è nascosta, ma l’ironia è sempre in superficie – come un nobile che perdona, ma non troppo! Doria, Paolo Mattia Doria (1709) La vita civile. Napoli: Felice Mosca.

Dosseno:  la ragione conversazionale alll’orto romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo romano. A follower of the sect of the Garden. Seneca mentions a monument to him with an inscription testifying to his wisdom. GRICEVS: Doxene, aiunt Senecam titulum tuum laudasse; sed rogo num lapis vere sapientior est quam hortus, an tantum durior ad refellendum? DOXENVS: Lapis, Grice, nihil refellit, sed omnia patitur—ideo Romani putant eum philosophum optimum. GRICEVS: At secta Horti pacem amat; quomodo ergo monumentum habes, quasi bellum contra oblivionem gesseris? DOXENVS: Facile: ego nihil petii nisi quietem, sed Roma mihi statuam dedit, ut etiam in morte non liceat mihi quiescere.

Emanuele Duni (Matera, Basilicata): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della costume, o sia, sistema di dritto [sic] universal – il diritto romano universalizzabile. Grice: “When Quinton prefaces his collection of essays on political philosophy for Warnock’s Oxford readers, he lists Machiavelli’s Il Principe along with Hegel, Philosophie des Rechts. In Rome, it is all about the rechts – which they call the ‘diritto.’ My conversational maxims, then, become ‘legal’ in Kant’s conception – ‘act as if you maxim may become a universal law.’ When Kant uses ‘law’ he is thinking ‘legally’! I like D.; but of course he errs, as Kant does. For how can a ‘sitte’ a mere costume, become ‘universal’Yet that is the oxymoronic title of his tract, ‘scienza dei costume, ovvero, diritto universale’!” Si laurea in Napoli. Insegna a Roma.  diritto civile, e Commentarius in cui espone la dottrina giuridica del codicillo. convinto sostenitore di VICO. Eleggendo Vico a suo maestro, realizzare un programma di diritto universale come fonte di tutte le leggi e costumi umani. Parte creatore del mondo e suo legislatore, e non distinse l'etica e la giurisprudenza considerandole integrative tendenti allo stesso fine di dare il senso della vita, il “Saggio sulla giurisprudenza universale. indica esclusivamente nel vero il principio unitario delle conoscenze a cui ricondurre anche la fondazione delle scienze morali. Il bene o vero morale (Cicerone e buono), che differisce dal vero metafisico comporta anche l'elezione volontaria del vero conosciuto, si esprime come onesto e come giusto. La morale propone l'onesto il bene secondo coscienza, e opera dall'interno, il diritto indica la via per andare al giusto, regolando i rapporti tra gl’individui o soggetti e la vita sociale. filosofia e filologia storia di Roma, ed una Risposta a Finetti difendendo VICO. “Scienza del costume o Sia sistema del diritto universale, De veteri ac novo iure codicillorum commentaries; Origine e progressi del cittadino e del governo civile di Roma;  Scienza del costume o sia sistema del diritto universale.  costume, o sia sistema di dritto [sic] universale,  diritto filosofico dice la verita, il diritto romano universalisabile. Grice: St John’s, 1951. “Strawson has at last sent off to Methuen what must be the thickest manuscript in Christendom, to be called Introduction to Logical Theory. I keep telling him, only half in jest, that he is now Oxford’s official neo‑traditionalist—a delicious label, since the whole point of being a traditionalist is precisely that you don’t want anything “neo” about it. But at luncheon today in his college I was genuinely taken aback. Strawson hardly ever sets foot in a library—unless you count the shelves behind the High Table—yet he had been to his own, and he arrived at lunch brandishing, of all things, a copy of Emanuele Duni’s De veteri ac novo iure codicillorum commentarius. “There,” he said, pushing it across as if it were a plate to be carved, “you and your two greats‑first: scan that for me.” I saw the joke immediately. De veteri ac novo—old and new. Strawson was trading on the Latin to give his own “neo‑traditionalism” a pedigree: not merely the old, not quite the new, but the old with a sanctioned appendix. [Editor’s note: Duni’s title means “On the old and the new law of codicils”; it’s a Roman‑printed legal treatise (1752), and Strawson is exploiting the veteri / novo contrast as a polite jab at Oxford’s habit of wanting novelty while insisting it is only the recovery of what was always there.] Over dessert he pressed the point, smiling as though it were all harmless: “In any case, your thesis doesn’t quite hold, Grice. I may be a neo‑traditionalist, but what would you call ‘Peano e compagnia’?” “Modernists,” I said at once—without thinking, which is always where the best answers come from. “Modernists,” he repeated, enjoying the word as if it had a good mouth‑feel. “Pretty veteran by now. And slightly oxymoronic, don’t you think? We even have Hymns Ancient and Modern. Isn’t ‘modern’ supposed to entail—rather than merely implicate—that everything old is not new again?” I didn’t quite know what to say; but I knew what to implicate. So I raised my glass, as if recovering both the argument and his affection, and said: “Cheers to that, Strawson.”” Grice: Duni, ho letto con interesse il suo trattato sulla scienza del costume, ovvero il sistema del diritto universale. Mi incuriosisce il modo in cui lei cerca di universalizzare il diritto romano, ma mi chiedo: davvero pensa che una "sitte", un semplice costume, possa diventare universale? Non è forse una contraddizione? Duni: Caro Grice, la sua domanda è acuta. Nel mio pensiero, il costume umano non è solo abitudine, ma rappresenta una fonte di tutte le leggi e costumi, proprio come Vico insegna. Il diritto universale non elimina la particolarità dei costumi, ma li integra in una visione più ampia, tendente al vero e al giusto. Così, ogni costume può aspirare a una dimensione universale, senza perdere la sua origine storica. Grice: Capisco il suo riferimento a Vico. Quindi, secondo lei, etica e giurisprudenza sono integrative e lavorano verso lo stesso fine? Mi piace questa idea di un programma universale capace di armonizzare onestà morale e giustizia sociale. Tuttavia, da filosofo analitico, temo che la morale proponga l'onesto dall'interno, mentre il diritto regola solo dall'esterno. Come concilia queste due prospettive? Duni: Grice, proprio qui sta la forza del diritto filosofico: la morale muove la coscienza e indica l'onesto, mentre il diritto traccia la via verso il giusto, regolando i rapporti tra individui e società. Non sono mondi separati, ma due facce della stessa medaglia che guidano l'essere umano verso il bene secondo ragione. Il vero principio unificante è la ricerca continua della verità, che illumina sia la scienza morale che la giurisprudenza. Duni, Emanuele (1752). De veteri ac novo iure codicillorum commentarius. Roma: Mainardi.

Giuseppe Duso (Treviso): la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale di Romolo e compagnia. Grice: “I was taught, at Corpus, by Hardie, if not earlier, at Clifton, that ‘man’ is the ‘rational animal’. With Hardie, I spent a tutorial or two on ‘il Lizio,’ as the Italians call him, that either man is the rational or the political animal, and contrived a thesis that made them compatible. Drawing from Locke on man and parrot, a parrot is neither a rational nor a political animal. But also with Locke, there’s Man and Person, homo and persona, in Etrurian. RAGIONE features in both, but differently distributed. IN MAN ACCIDENTALY as in ‘man is a rational animal’, IN PERSON, ESSENTIALLY. We may err morally because we don’t know, yet a person is FREE to set his own ENDS, and it may be that some OTHER person conceives the first as of ill-will. It is a characteristic of RAGIONE that it operates on a pre-rational state, think self-deception or akrasia, yet a person is deemed RAGIONAVOLE even if the ends he sets for himself do not agree with ours! My colleague Pears goes further. In motivated irrationaliy, rationality is an essential property of a person, an irrational person does not pose a conceptual paradox as that of the white raven does! D. is right that idealism connects constitution and freedom analytically, the Romans did not. My favourite D. is on freedom, where, while he could have drawn from diritto romano  he doesn’t! I consider myself, a contractualist, or quasi-contractualist, but I should not be confused with [G> R.] Grice – a FULL-BLOWN contractualist aequi-vocal Poterer only has one sense: poterer rain/run. Credibility/desirability modes are not Fregeian senses, gius naturalismo. Si laurea a Padova. con Heglato. Insegna a Padova. ricerca sul lessico lessico giuridico analisi lingue. concetto contratto sociale diritto naturale mette in questione nell’elenco genesi logica aporie diritto ius uguale libero potere democrazia concetto politico repubblica rappresentazione soverano filosofia politica idealismo rivoluze regime di governo verbo modo verbo servile aussiliare aletica doxastica e deontica pact, compact morale. Grice: St John’s — some time in the sixties. “I don’t quite know why I persist in reading other people’s dissertation abstracts and laurea titles. Ryle would have none of it here. Oxford has become a place of training—perhaps even indoctrination—and I feel a faint, proprietary guilt about that. It isn’t the teaching that troubles me (a tutee is, after all, free to misunderstand); it’s the examining. The Sub-Faculty approves, these days, of only one kind of examination: the sort that consists in interrogating “ordinary linguistic use,” as if philosophy were a viva in diction. And so I find myself envying—up to a point—the liberties of elsewhere. I play, in tutorials, with my own little hybrids: Kantotle, for the benefit of those who think “Aristotle” and “Kant” exhaust the history of mind; and Potts, my brightest, proposes Ariskant as having the better ring. (It does ring—though it also sounds like a brand of cough mixture.) Meanwhile, in Padua—of all places—one Giuseppe Duso is happily at work on Hegel interprete di Platone (1966): an entire thesis under the sign of what one might call Heglato or Plathegel. But would those be the proper antonyms? The joke, I suspect, doesn’t travel. Kantotle works in English because we don’t say Aristotele (as the Italians do); we say “Aristotle,” as if we were abbreviating him for efficiency. And the Italians don’t even give us “Plato” in the nominative; they insist on the vernacular accusative—Platone—as if the philosopher had been declined into permanence. Still, the point survives the phonetics. The proportion holds, more or less: Aristotle : Kant :: Plato : Hegel. So perhaps Duso’s Heglato predates my Kantotle—or at any rate makes it look less original than I’d like. Potts, naturally, pushes it further: if Aristotle was Plato’s rebellious student, then by the same logic (he says, with that irritating undergraduate confidence) Hegel must be Kant’s rebellious student. “Well,” I tell him, “implicaturally speaking, he was.” Grice: Duso, le confesso che, dopo anni fra Corpus e Clifton, sono ancora indeciso: l’uomo è animale razionale o politico? E poi, i pappagalli, poveretti, non sono né razionali né tantomeno politici. Chi la spunta? Duso: Caro Grice, l’importante è non finire a fare filosofia con i pappagalli! Secondo me, ragione e libertà danzano insieme, anche se a Roma preferivano il giro di valzer con la legge. Lei lo sa: ragione c’è sempre, ma a volte prende il tram sbagliato! Grice: Ah, quindi non basta essere ragionevoli, bisogna anche scegliere la fermata giusta? Mi piace! Ma mi dica: se uno prende il tram per la libertà, non rischia di scendere a “Aporia”, fermata finale? Duso: Beh, Grice, dipende dal biglietto! Se lo ha comprato con il contratto sociale, può anche cambiare linea e andare dritto verso la democrazia. L’importante è non lasciarsi confondere dal pappagallo – che ripete tutto ma non capisce niente! Duso, Giuseppe (1966). Hegel interprete di Platone. Padova.

Ecebolio: la ragione conversazionale e il circolo di Giuliano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Tutor of Giuliano. More of a sophist, he appears to have had flexible religious convictions (or none) – Giuliano recalls: “He may be a pagan or a Galileian as the political climate demands!” GRICEVS: Eceboli, te audio Iuliani paedagogum fuisse, sed num paedagogus es aut potius ventus qui quoque modo spirat? ECEBOLIVS: Ego, Grice, philosophus sum flexibilis: hodie paganus si toga ita postulat, cras Galilaeus si aura in Palatio mutatur. GRICEVS: Ita ergo non religio sed meteorologia te gubernat, et sacra tua sunt sicut umbrae in Foro. ECEBOLIVS: Recte dicis; sed hoc unum constans habeo: discipulos semper doceo quomodo sententiam mutent sine mutando vultu.

Umberto Eco (Alessandria, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della rosa segnata -- il nome del nome –  semiotica a Bologna. Grice: “E. thought that his “Guglielmo da Bascavilla” was a clever composite of Holmes, who deciphered the enigma of the Baskervilles, and William Occam – and has his tutee claim that he died of the black plague – but Gal has now discovered he did not!” -- Eco philosophised at the oldest varsity, BolognaGrice: “Of course, ‘varsity’ is over-rated, as I’m sure Cicero would agree! I would not call Eco a philosopher, since his dissertation is on aesthetics in Aquinas! Plus, he wrote a novel!” -- scuola bolognese-- possibly, after Speranza, one of the most Griceian of Italian philosophers (Only Speranza calls himself an Oxonian, rather!“Surely alma mater trumps all!”). Si laurea a TORINO sotto PAREYSON e Guzzo con AQUINO. Estetica semiotica. Fenomenologia di Bongiorno.  Opera aperta” Sophia: Enthusiast Nebbia, with Remo Ceserani eds. Torino: Einaudi Il Cinquecento. Corriere della Sera Historia (Editor). Milano: Motta Il Medioevo (Editor) La Biblioteca di Repubblica-L’Espresso. Il Medioevo. Encyclomedia Publishers.Translations: Idade Media: Barbaros, Cristao e Muçulmanos. Alfragide;, Dom Quixote, Idade Media: Catedrais, Cavaleiros e Cidades, Alfragide: Dom Quixote  Idade Media: Castelos, Mercadores e Poetas.Alfragide: Dom Quixote Ortacag: Barbarlar, Hiristiyanlar, Muslumanlar, Istanbul: ALFA Oetacag: Katedraller, Svalyeler, Sehirler),Istanbul:ALFA La grande Storia. Corriere della Sera, L’antichità. Grecia. Milano: Encyclomedia L’età moderna e contemporanea. La Biblioteca di Repubblica-L’Espresso Il Settecento. Il secolo delle rivoluzioni. Milano: Encyclomedia  (with Fedriga, eds.) Storia della filosofia. Roma Laterza. Milano: EM  (with Pezzini) El museo. Madrid: Casimiro  (with Fedriga, eds.) La filosofia e le sue storie. il nome del nome, lingua perfetta; semiotica, la rosa segnata --. GriceUmberto Eco on Grice in “Cognitive constraints on communication. semantica filosofica. Grice: “St John’s, 1953. I was taken through the Sheldonian yesterday and was struck by how busy Oxford has become—busy, and piously plural. There are student societies for every temperament and every denomination. The Catholic lot, which barely drew breath when I first came up in 1931, now seem positively confident—one hears Hail Mary where once one heard only shuffling and apology. By contrast, the Church of England, officially everywhere, manages to sound oddly absent—as if establishment were a form of muteness.” Editor’s note: what Grice “could have heard of” (with dates), these are the safest institutional milestones:   Oxford University Catholic Club (student society): founded 1878, later renamed the Newman Society in 1888.  So Grice’s “Catholic Club” phrasing is historically apt—even if by 1931 the name “Newman Society” was long established. Oxford University Catholic Chaplaincy: first chaplain appointed 1896.  That gives you a clear reason why organised Catholic student life would be more visible than a purely college-based, informal arrangement. Old Palace (Rose Place) as chaplaincy centre: the chaplaincy moved in 1920.  So by 1931 (Grice’s first Oxford arrival), there is already a physical hub off St Aldate’s. 1931 expansion: the chaplaincy history notes a new chapel and meeting room built in 1931.  That fits nicely with “it barely breathed when I came here in 1931” (i.e., facilities existed, but presence felt subdued).  Post‑war growth (useful for the “1953” contrast): the chaplaincy history records increased numbers after WWII and gives a specific 1947 headcount (354 Catholic undergrads).  That makes the “now it’s loud” line plausible as perceived cultural volume, even if not literally amplified. And if you want to connect to Eco in the editor’s note without overstating: GIAC = Gioventù Italiana di Azione Cattolica (the youth branch of Azione Cattolica), with its own publications (e.g., Gioventù cattolica)—so Grice’s comparison “on the continent these things have organs” can be glossed as a general point, not as a claim about a specific Eco article we’ve pinned to 1952. If you paste the exact editor’s note sentence you want, one can tighten it so it stays witty and doesn’t accidentally assert something too specific (like “loudspeakers” as literal). Grice: Eco, mi dica: davvero una rosa, per quanto segnata, avrebbe lo stesso profumo se la chiamassimo “cavolo”? O forse, come direbbe Holmes, “elementare, caro Guglielmo”, è tutta questione di implicature? Eco: Caro Grice, il profumo della rosa resiste, ma il nome porta con sé un mondo di significati. Se la chiamassi “cavolo”, probabilmente i poeti si ribellerebbero e la cucina italiana si confonderebbe! Sa, in semiotica, anche le verdure hanno diritto al loro nome. Grice: Ah, quindi se Guglielmo da Bascavilla avesse indagato sull’orto, avrebbe scritto “Il nome del cavolo”? Forse avrebbe risolto più misteri in cucina che in biblioteca! Eco: Esatto, Grice! E forse, tra una implicatura e una frittata, avremmo scoperto che anche i filosofi, come i cuochi, devono sapersi destreggiare tra segni, sapori e qualche macchia di rosa. Bologna insegna: mai sottovalutare il potere del nome, soprattutto a tavola! Eco, Umberto (1952). Contributo. Gioventu cattolica – organo della Gioventu Italiana di Azione Cattolica.

Egnazio: la ragione conversazionale all’orto romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A follower of the Garden. He wrote a poem, “The rerum natura.” It bears some resemblances to the work of the same name by Lucrezio and is generally thought to have been written after it. GRICEVS: Egnati, audivi te hortulanum Epicuri esse, sed cum “Rerum Naturam” scribis, cave ne ipsa natura te in plagiarismum accusaverit. EGNATIVS: Noli timere, Grice; mea natura tam modesta est ut etiam Lucretium salutet et dicat “post te, quaeso.” GRICEVS: At Romae omnes rogant utrum carmen tuum sit novum an tantum recens, sicut lactuca heri sub sole. EGNATIVS: Novum est, sed more Horti: idem semen, alia vina, et semper aliquantum risus inter atomos.

Elcasai: la ragione conversazionale e a gnossi a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A gnostic. One of his followers, Alcibiade, brings an essay by him to Rome, claiming that its contents are revealed to E. by an angel. The cult he founds believed in reincarnation and that Pythagorean science provides a means of predicting the future. There is also a magical healing side to the cult, and it claims to be able to cure rabies. GRICEVS: Elcasae, Roma ipsa murmurat te ab angelo librum accepisse—sed spero angelum saltem Latine recte scripsisse. ELCASAI: Scripsit sane, Grice, et addidit notulam: “Pythagoras praedicit, sed nolite nimis praedicere cenam.” GRICEVS: Bene; et de rabie curanda quid ais—an etiam canes cooperari iubentur ad sanitatem per implicaturam? ELCASAI: Ita vero: si canis mordet, ego doceo illum reincarnari in agnum mansuetum, et statim omnes ridendo sanantur.

Eleucadio: la ragione conversazionale e la scuola di Ravenna -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Ravenna). Filosofo italiano. GRICEVS: Salve, ELEVCADIVS; Ravenna scholam habet, sed etiam paludes—num ibi ratio conversandi tam bene nata est ut etiam silentium argumentum fiat? ELEVCADIVS: Salve, GRICEVS; apud Ravennates etiam tacere est respondere, quia qui nimis loquitur statim a vento Adriatico refutatur. GRICEVS: Ita ergo discipuli tui maximas meas facile servant: “esto brevis, esto clarus, et si dubitas, dic portum.” ELEVCADIVS: Recte; nam in schola Ravennati optimum est hoc: qui non intellegit, quasi intellegat annuit, et sic omnes docti videntur.

Elio: la ragione conversazionale degl’accademici a Roma – filosofia italiana – By , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice,  (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “In modern Italian, the surname corresponding to the  gens Aelia (the family clan of Lucio and Quinto Elio Tuberone) would be Elio. The name Tuberone is the Italianized form of the Latin Tubero, which served as a cognomen (a branch or nickname within the clan).  Etymology of Tuberone The name Tuberone (Latin: Tubero) is derived from the Latin noun tuber, meaning a "lump," "bump," "swelling," or "excrecence".  Physical Origin: Like many Roman cognomina, it likely originated as a descriptive nickname for an ancestor who had a physical trait such as a growth, a wart, or a "bump" on the skin. Linguistic Root: It stems from the Proto-Indo-European root *teue-, meaning "to swell". Suffix: The Italian ending -one is an augmentative suffix, often used when adapting Latin third-declension names ending in -o, -onis into Italian (e.g., Cicero becomes Cicerone).  The Philosophers Lucio Elio Tuberone (Lucius Aelius Tubero): An author and historian known for his friendship with Cicero. Quinto Elio Tuberone (Quintus Aelius Tubero): His son, a celebrated jurist and historian who served as consul in 11 BC.  Would you like more information on the legal writingsof Quinto Elio Tuberone or further details on other branches of the gens Aelia?Keywords: Roma antica. Filosofo italiano. Friend of CICERONE. Accademia. Enesidemo dedicates his discourses on Pirrone to him. Elio. Lucio Elio Tuberone. Keywords: Roma antica. Per Grice’s Play-Group. GRICEVS: Salve, ÆLIVS; apud academicos Romae “Aelia” sonat nobile, sed “Tuberone” quasi cognomen quod medicum ante philosophum vocat. ÆLIVS: Salve, GRICEVS; melius est tuber in nomine quam in fronte, et tamen amici Ciceronis etiam ex parvo “tumore” magnam historiam faciunt. GRICEVS: Quidni, cum Enesidemus tibi de Pyrrhone dicata mittat, tu vero uno verbo plus implices quam tota epistula explicet. ÆLIVS: Ita est; nam in ludo vestro Griceano regula prima est: si breviter dicis, Roma reliqua inflat.

Elio: la ragione conversazionale della repubblica romana e l’implicatura conversazionale della storia romana—Grice: “In modern Italian, the surname corresponding to the  gens Ælia, the family clan of E., would be Elio. ‘Tuberone’ is the Italianised form of ‘Tubero,’ a cognomen, a branch or nickname within the clan, derived from ‘tuber. Like many Roman cognomina, it likely originated as a descriptive nickname for an ancestor who had a  tuber on the skin. It stems from the Indo-European root *teue-. The Philosophers Lucio E. Tuberone: An author and historian known for his friendship with Cicero. Quinto E. Tuberone: His son, a celebrated jurist and historian who served as consul Nipote di Lucio Emilio Paolo, tribuno della plebe, si oppone a SCIPIANO Africano Minore e a Caio Tiberio GRACCO. Pretore. Poco lodato come oratore, si distinse per la cultura giuridica. La semplicità della sua vita e la rigidezza di suo carattere lo portano verso il portico, la cui dottrina applica nella condotta. Conosce Panezio e ne segue l'insegnamento. Da E.. e da ECATONE gli futtono i scritti. La cosa è dubbia per l'influenza di Posidonio su E. Figlio di Emilia, sorella di SCIPIONE Emiliano. Rigido seguace di Panezio, del Portico, studia diritto e astronomia. rigoroso e severo oppositore di GRACCO, bocciato all'elezione pella pretura. Console, CICERONE lo considera giurista di vaglia con una solida scientia iuris. Tutta la sua famiglia gode fama di grande dottrina giuridica. Il primo E. è console, e di lui CICERONE loda la dottrina giuridica. Lucio E. T. è legato di Q. CICERONE, proconsole. Più noto è il figlio di lui, Quinto E. T., che col padre prende parte alla guerra fra GIULIO CESARE e POMPEO, parteggiando per quest'ultimo, ma perdonato dopo Farsalo. Console, propone un senatoconsulto sul matrimonio confarreato. A parte un'opera ad Oppium scrive alcuni de officio iudicis, destinati come guida del giudice privato del processo formulare. Le sue opinioni sono citate più volte con grande rispetto dalla dottrina posteriore. Scrive anche Historiae, Cicero, iuris, portico, scessi, studied under Panezio. Roma antica. Quinto Elio Tuberone. Roma, Lazio. GRICEVS: Salve, ÆLIVS; si Tuberonem “tubere” nominant, num in Republica Romana cognomina ex cute nascuntur et historia ex rumoribus? ÆLIVS: Salve, GRICEVS; ita fit, nam in porticu Stoici cutem neglegunt sed cognomen servant, et iuris consulti severitatem pro ornamentis gerunt. GRICEVS: Lucius Ælius Tuberō Cicero amicus fuit, sed Quīntus, rigidus Panētiī sectator, Gracchō resistens, plus “implicuit” quam dixit. ÆLIVS: Recte; et si quis quaerit cur Historiae tam graves sint, respondeo: “quia in Roma etiam silentium testis est,” atque omnes statim intellegunt.

Elio: Rom. Grice: “If we follow the lineage of his  gens (family clan), Hadrian’s Italian surname would be Elio.  His full birth name is Publio E. Adriano. In the Roman naming system:  Publio is was his praenomen, personal first name. E. is his nomen, family name or gens. Adriano is his cognom, a branch-specific nickname that eventually became hereditary).  Elio serves as the modern equivalent of the clan name that would function as a surname in a modern context. Landmarks commissioned by E. that bore his family name are known in Italian as the Ponte Elio. In modern Italy, the surname Elio exists. E. is proud of reminding his friends that the infamous philosopher, Apollonius, a member of the Accademia, had predicted his ascendancy to power on the mere basis of a mere oracle.  However, Adriano’s successor shed doubts about his historicity – Apollonius’s, not Adriano’s! Adriano  portò ad un conflitto con Apollodoro, architetto di corte ufficialmente investito dell'incarico progettuale. E., infastidito dalla disistima dell'architetto che lo riteneva poco più di un dilettante, sarebbe arrivato al punto da esiliarlo e poi farlo eliminare. è difficile capire quanto lo storico riferisca fatti reali e non illazioni dettate da animosità nei confronti dell'imperatore. E., benché sempre secondo Cassio Dione disconoscesse Omero, è un umanista amico di Epitteto. Molto noto è il legame sentimentale con Antinoo. In onore del defunto, E. fonda Antinopoli. Publio Elio Traiano Adriano. GRICEVS: Salve, ÆLIVS; si Hadrianus “Publio Ælio Traiano Adriano” vocatur, quot nomina habet antequam salutare possimus? ÆLIVS: Salve, GRICEVS; Roma sic salutat ut praenomen pro pulsu, nomen pro familia, cognomen pro fabula accipias—et tamen adhuc “amicus” manes. GRICEVS: Audio te gloriari quod Apollonius ex oraculo ascendens praedixerit, sed successor dubitat de Apollonio, non de Hadriano—quasi facta ipsa implicaturas faciant. ÆLIVS: Ita est; ego autem dico me tantum pontes et verba aedificare, nam cum Apollodoro rixari est facile, sed cum historia ipsa contendere multo difficilius.

Elio: la ragione conversazionale e a setta di Praeneste – il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana (Praeneste). Filosofo italiano. A teacher of rhetoric. A popular and prolific author, and some of his essays, mainly collections of anecdotes, survive. In his more philosophical works he takes the line of the Porch. ELIO – Miscelanea storica – ed. Wilson, Loeb Classical Library. Claudio Elio. GRICEVS: Salve, ÆLIVS; Praeneste quidem sectam habet, sed Roma porticum—uterque locus homines colligit, alter ad dogmata, alter ad fabulas. ÆLIVS: Salve, GRICEVS; ego rhetor sum, itaque in porticu verba vendo, in Miscellaneis autem anecdotas do, ut lectores rideant et se sapientes putent. GRICEVS: At tu, Stoicus paene, facis ut una sententia duas res dicat: unam in pagina, alteram in implicatura. ÆLIVS: Ita est; et si quis rogat cur tam multa scribam, respondeo: “quia populus amat brevia”—quod longissime intellegendum est.

Eliodoro: la ragione conversazionale ail portico romano sotto il principato di Nerone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Porch. During Nerone’s principate. E. seems to have been an informer with regard to at least one of the many plots of the period. GRICEVS: Salve, HELIODORVS; sub Nerone in porticu ambulare dulce est, nisi quis etiam verba nostra in acta refert. HELIODORVS: Salve, GRICEVS; ego tantum auribus utor, nam Roma ipsa tam plena est coniurationum ut silentium quoque suspectum sit. GRICEVS: Mirum, nam apud te “cooperari” videtur idem esse ac “denuntiare,” quod est implicatura quam nemo petit. HELIODORVS: Noli timere: si quid audivi, ad deos tantum rettuli—sed, ut intellegis, deos Romae multi habent.

Eliodoro: la ragione conversazionale all’orto romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. The Garden. A close friend of Adriano. He succeeded Popillio Teotimo as Garden Master (or Tyrant). GRICEVS: Salve, HELIODORVS; dic mihi, num in orto Romano ipsa rosa “maximas” sequitur, an Magister Horti (vel Tyrannus) eas corrigit? HELIODORVS: Salve, GRICEVS; in horto meo maxima una est: “Ne nimis loquaris,” sed amici Hadriani numquam parcent. GRICEVS: Ergo la ragione conversazionale hic valet ut aquae ductus: si nimium fluit, statim implicatur “claudite!” HELIODORVS: Recte; et si quis Popillium Teotimum desiderat, respondeo: “Abi ad umbram”—quod et consilium et sententia est.

Elpidio: la ragione conversazionale e il circolo di Giuliano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A philosopher with whom Giuliano is in correspondence. GRICEVS: Salve, Elpidivs; scribisne ad Iulianum tam exacte ut etiam silentium tuum epistula videatur? ELPIDIVS: Salve, Gricevs; ita scribo, sed Iulianus semper respondet quasi mea praeterita verba iam futura implicent. GRICEVS: Romae quidem ratio conversandi est ut sententia brevis longissimam famam faciat, praesertim si sigillum splendidum habet. ELPIDIVS: Tum ego addo postscriptum: “Si quid obscurum est, culpa est cursoris,” et sic ambo sapientes videmur.

Elvidio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica – il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). FIlosofo italiano. The son in law of TRASEA . Porch, involved in politics, he spends periods in exile. Admired as a man of principle. Elvidio Prisco. GRICEVS: Salve, Elvidivs; dic mihi, num in porticu Romae etiam exsules cum principiis suis ambulare licet, an principia tantum exulant? ELVIDIVS: Salve, Gricevs; ego exilium fero, sed verba mea numquam deporto, nam etiam in longinquis porticibus ratio conversandi domum invenit. GRICEVS: Cum gener Traseae sis, cave ne senatores te “nimis cooperativum” appellent—Roma amat regulas, sed maxime cum alii eas servent. ELVIDIVS: Rideant sane; ego in re publica honestus maneo, et si quis me rogat ubi sim, respondeo: “in porticu”—quod et locum et sententiam significat.

Alessandro Emiliani (Lugo, Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della semiotica. Grice: “I like E.; of course in proper English we don’t pluralise ‘meanings’! But he speaks of ‘significati,’ which is literate! The vernacular Italian is ‘segno,’ and the ‘ficare’ is also learned latinate! Gotta love him! E. should be carefully distinguished from E. E. is a philosopher; E. is a semiotician!”   Nel suo saggio sul segnato, valore, communicazione e ragionamento, E. presenta un'analisi del segnato, topico della semiotica. Il segnato è un modo di una correlazione astratta posta dall'attività razionale intersoggettiva e cooperativa con cui un contenuto e intenzionato e strutturato in ordine al valore della profferenza e alla correttezza del ragionamiento conversazionale. La forme logica non è innata, né e un atto o evento psichico soggettivo, ma una struttura intersoggetiva astratta e relazionale, invariante intersoggettivamente. Il segnato fonda la correttezza del ragionamiento conversazionale colloquenza dialettica, segnato dal segno d’una operazione negans negatum, negatore connettivi conjunctum congiutivo disjunctum disgiuntivo, ‘se’ filoniano, quantificatore universale totale ogni, il quantificatore parziale o essitenziale jemand, il descrittore, descriptum non è privo di ‘segnato’. Il segno di negazione ‘non’ segna la negazione. ‘Non piove’ segna che non è il caso che piove. Il segno ‘non’ ha come UNICO segnato quello che s’esprime nella forma logica, explicatura, no implicatura. L’intensionale e il contenuto nozionale di ciò che è mentato o segnato, distinto dal segnato estensionale o funzionale e spiegabile in una teoria di mondi possibili. Pensatile sempre dentro e mediante una determinata struttura logicha. L’atto de denotare o referire e l’atto di predicare sono gl’elementi d’un complesso proposizional, Fido is shaggy. Un oggetto dell'universo di riferimento, considerato reale tale (uomo, e il suo significato animale razionale). Riferimento, ciò che un segno indica in una frase determinata, quell'uomo è alto. lingue. Semantica Struttura semiotica Triangolo semiotico Segno concetto base della semiotica  Significante semiotica. significati. Grice: Emiliani, devo dirti che apprezzo molto il tuo modo di parlare di "significati". In inglese, pluralizzare "meaning" suona un po' strano, ma la tua attenzione alla parola italiana "significato" è davvero raffinata. E poi, quel tuo uso del termine "segno" mi incuriosisce ogni volta! Emiliani: Grazie, Grice, il tuo interesse mi onora! In effetti, nella mia analisi, il "segnato" nasce proprio da quella correlazione astratta tra menti che dialogano. Il segno, come sai, non è mai solo un fatto soggettivo: è relazione, è struttura condivisa, quasi un ponte tra mondi possibili. Grice: Questo approccio intersoggettivo mi fa pensare al mio concetto di implicatura conversazionale: non è solo ciò che si dice, ma come lo si intende nel contesto della cooperazione. Ti sei mai chiesto quale sia il ruolo della negazione, nella tua prospettiva semiotica? Emiliani: Certamente! Il segno "non" è centrale: la sua funzione è marcata e specifica, esprime esattamente, senza lasciare spazio all'ambiguità, ciò che non è il caso. Nella struttura logica, come dici tu, la correttezza conversazionale nasce proprio da questo equilibrio tra segnato esplicito e ciò che viene implicato dal contesto.

Emina: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean and a historian. Lucio Cassio GRICEVS: Salve, Emina; Roma antiqua mihi videtur tam loquax ut etiam lapides suas maximas susurrent. EMINA: Ita vero, Gricevs, et “ragione conversazionale” ibi regnat, quasi Senatus ipse semper “quaestionem” faciat et numquam “responsum” det. GRICEVS: Dic mihi, Pythagorica historicaque, num Lucius Cassius numeris probat implicaturas, an implicaturae ipsum numerant? EMINA: Utrumque, mi Gricevs: Cassius primum computat, deinde subridens dicit “Roma locuta est” et reliqua nos inferimus.

Ennio: la ragione conversazionale a  Roma antica, il primo filosofo inglese, il primo filosofo latino Grice: “We can tell an English philosopher by his references to events in the history of England – as when I say that “Harold Wilson is a great man’ means the same as ‘the Prime minister is a great man’. The Romans were able to refer to Roman history through E., who knew it! Nos SVMVS ROMANI qui fuimus ante Rudini -- E., Annales. A more complicated case of majestic plural than ‘We are amused.” Ennio implicates that he and his descendants are Roman. The use of ‘fuimus’ implicates, but does not say, that he yielded his own citizenship to that place in the middle of nowehere!” Poeta, drammaturgo e filosofo romano. Viene considerato, fin dall'antichità, il padre della filosofia latina, poiché fu il primo ad usare LA LINGUA LATINA la come registro letterario. Ennio che ascolta Omero, immaginato da Sanzio nel Parnaso, Stanze Vaticane. Nasce a Rudiae, nei pressi di Lecce, Calabria -- Salento, nella Puglia -- in cui allora conviveno tre culture: quella dell’occupante romano, quella OSCA, e quella greca. GELLIO  testimonia infatti che E., pur vantandosi di discendere da Messapo, eroe eponimo della Messapia e dei Messapi, e solito dire di possedere tria corda,  poiché sa parlare in romano, osco, e greco.  Durante la guerra punica milita conosce CATONE, che lo porta a Roma. ottenne la protezione di illustri quali SCIPIONE. Entra in contatto con altri aristocratici come NOBILIORE. NOBILIORE, nella guerra contro la lega etolica, conduce con sé E. al seguito. Ambracia.” Questo scandalizza CATONE, in quanto comportamento contrario al costume degl’avi, al mos maiorum. NOBILIORE, figlio del generale, gli assegna dei terreni presso la colonia da lui dedotta a PESARO. Riconoscente, E. espresse questa concessione. E., capo del collegium scribarum histrionumque, vive attende alla sua filosofia Annos septuaginta natus - tot enim vixit E. - in distici elegiaci che si rifacevano a momenti particolari della vita dell'autore. annali editi e Ennianae Annales poema epico Quinto Ennio. Ennio. Salento, Salerno, Campania. GRICEVS: Ennive, si tu “Nos sumus Romani qui fuimus ante Rudini” dicis, nonne plus quam dicis significas—quasi civitatem in via deposueris, sed nomen in versu servaveris? ENNIVS: Deposuine? immo, tria corda habeo, et si unum Rudiae natum est, duo iam Romae habitant et tributa solvunt. GRICEVS: Ergo pluralis ille maiestaticus non est “nos ridemus,” sed “nos civitatem facimus” — et lector, quasi censor urbanus, reliquum conicit. ENNIVS: Coniciat sane, sed moneo: Romani me fecistis, et ego vos Latinos feci—par est commercium, et nemo tabulas rescindat.

Carlo Enzo (Burano, Venezia, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’uomo. Grice: I like E.; for one, his Ubi es? is a classic  only in Italy they take the Bible so seriously  Ubi es can be interpreted literally  sans implicature. And that’s what E. does!”  Filo-fascista. Studia a Roma sotto Gottardi teologia e scienze bibliche in seminario e aveva conosciuto il suo profondo interesse per gli studi biblici, ne aveva poi apprezzato il Gentili con gionefonin moire cole limili  quelli de glantichi Egit k nojircin tij, ROMANI, comclbno i camicide pretine ftolcde pi- netejecherichc ralc, che i Franzcfi, chiamano corone, lo inclinare della tcfla, volgendoli all altare, il principio et la fine del sacrificio, i prieghi, i voti, lorationi, glfiy tini, le mufichc delle voci,ifuonicomequellidegli organi, proccfIoni, et molte altre cofc,chc vn buono spirito potr facilmente ricorre, hauendo bcneconlideratc quelle cerimonie et qucIle: ecccttoche quelle de Gcn- df ti, icrano tlupcrfiitiofe, ma lenollre sono Chri- g aitili. diane et catholichc, eflndo fatte inhonoredi Dio Padre Omnitenrc, &di Gicfu Chrillofoo figliuolo, cui fia gloria eternalmente. Grice: There are many issues about philosophical theology, as we may call it. The romans were into cult, rather than religion  they didnt even know where religio came from, and Lucrezio famously disagreed with Cicero  It seems it was all about killing livestock in lieu of humans, as the barbarians did! -- Grice: Enzo should concentrate a bit on how the ancient Romans dealt with their civil religion. Roma and romanitas. uomo, essegesi, ermeneutica, i quattro sensi  from Genesis to Revelations: a new discourse on metaphysics, eschatology  perhaps Moses got more than the 10 comm from Sinai --. Ebraismo e romanita  romanita pagana  la teologia naturale dei romani antichi  la religione civile dei romani  I simboli della religione romana pagana --. La religione ufficiale della Roma antica. Grice: “St John’s, 1958. I’m drafting notes for my piece grandly titled Post‑war Oxford Philosophy—as if the war were not only over but safely in the past. Still, it’s the kind of heading that sells, especially overseas, where one imagines Oxford philosophy arrives by steamer in neat crates labelled TRADITION. At the Merton Philosophical Library I fall upon one of those ludicrously thick abstract volumes—census-taking for the Republic of Letters—and there, amid the alphabetical solemnities, I find: Carlo Enzo, I carismi—a Roman thesis. Nothing could be more remote from Oxford and yet more irritatingly familiar. It reminds me at once of Mother. Mother never trusted a charisma. She distrusted anything that arrived as a “gift” rather than as a virtue earned the hard way—grammar first, then arithmetic, then moral sense, and only then (if one insisted) metaphysics. Aunt Matilda—our resident Catholic convert—was the opposite: she adored charisms, spoke of them with the relish of someone discussing a rare liqueur, and regarded “gift” as the only respectable explanation for anything interesting. Mother called that “enthusiasm,” and said it in the tone usually reserved for damp. So here is Enzo, in Rome, writing on carismi—and here am I, in Oxford, tripping over the same issue by a different route: what counts as a reason, what counts as a ground, and what counts as mere grace smuggled in under a halo. One can hear the domestic argument already: Matilda insisting that gifts are real and decisive; Mother insisting that gifts are merely excuses with incense. I copy the entry into my notebook, partly out of scholarly duty and partly as a private amusement. For there is something delicious about the Oxford habit of pretending we have no gifts at all—only “training”—while living off gifts constantly: of language, of ear, of timing, of the ability to imply more than we say and look innocent doing it. [Editorial note: “Carisma” (pl. “carismi”), from Greek χάρισμα (gift of grace), via Latin charisma/charisma‑tis, is used in Christian theology for a ‘gift’ granted by grace for the benefit of others (e.g., teaching, healing, prophecy). In Catholic usage it can also extend to the distinctive ‘gift’ or spiritual identity of a person or community. ] In any case, Enzo’s title is enough to make me hear Mother’s voice: “Paul, beware of gifts—people use them to avoid explaining themselves.” And perhaps that, in its way, is a perfectly serviceable maxim for Oxford too.” Grice: Enzo, devo ammettere che il tuo “Ubi es?” è un classico, ma solo in Italia si prende la Bibbia così seriamente! Dimmi, tu la interpreti proprio alla lettera, senza implicature? Enzo: Grice, caro mio, qui da noi la lettera conta più della posta! Se Dio ti chiede “Dove sei?”, non è una domanda retorica: vuole proprio sapere se sei nascosto dietro il confessionale o solo dietro una scusa! Grice: Ah, vedi che la filosofia della religione in Italia è tutta una questione di cerimonie, processioni e cori come quelli degli organi! I francesi si confondono sulle corone, ma voi inclinate la testa verso l’altare come se stesse iniziando il Giro d’Italia spirituale! Enzo: Grice, la metafisica da noi ha quattro sensi, come i quattro stagioni di Vivaldi: dall’esegesi alla pasta asciutta, ogni cosa si interpreta fino al dessert. Se Mosè avesse ricevuto più di dieci comandamenti, probabilmente uno sarebbe stato: “Non dimenticare il caffè dopo il sacrificio!” Enzo, Carlo (1957). I carismi. Theologia Universa, Ponfitifia Universita S. Tommaso d’Aquino (Angelicum), Roma.

Eraclide: la ragione conversazionale e l’esperienza -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo romano. He writes a large work expounding the empiricist philosophy which attracted the admiration of Galeno. Gricevs: O Heraclides, cum opus tam magnum de experientia conscripseris ut Galenus ipse te miretur, num etiam vulnera numerasti ad probationem? Heraclides: Immo, et plus cicatricum collegi quam citationum, nam experientia in cute manet, non in bibliotheca. Gricevs: At cave, ne lector dicat te nimis empiricum esse, quia nihil statuis nisi quod digito tangi potest. Heraclides: Tum respondebo me digito tantum incipere, sed mente finire—et Galenus testis est me non solum palpare, sed etiam sapere.

Eraclio: la ragione conversazionale e il cinargo romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo romano. Cinargo. He invited the emperor Giuliano to one of his lectures, hoping to make an impression. He did, but it was an unfavouable one, and Julian duly produced a written piece critical of him. Gricevs: O Heracli, cum Iulianum imperatorem ad lectionem tuam invitaveris ut impressionem faceres, num putabas eum plausurum potius quam stilum acuere? Heraclivs: Sperabam me in auribus principis resonaturum, sed ille statim domum abiit et resonavi tantum in libello eius adversum me. Gricevs: Ergo fecisti actum perlocutionarium splendidum: auditores moti sunt—sed motus fuit calamum movere. Heraclivs: Ita; si quis mihi rursus dicat “invita Caesarem,” respondebo “invitem potius librarium,” ne iterum fiat lectio mea materia recensionis. Era: la ragione conversazionale e l cinargo romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo romano Era was of the Cinargo, and emulated the antics of Diogene the sophist by publicly criticizing emperor Tito in a packed Roman theatre. Unfortunately for E., whereas Diogenes had only been flogged, E. was beheaded. Gricevs: Era, cum in theatro Romano Titum palam vituperares more Diogenis sophistæ, num putabas principem risurum potius quam irasci? Era: Sperabam populum plausurum et imperatorem rubore perfundendum, sed gladius argumentum brevius protulit. Gricevs: Ita fit ut tua “ragio conversazionalis” nimis brevis sit, cum interlocutor potestatem habet disputationem uno ictu finire. Era: Verum dicis, Grice; Diogenes flagellis tantum “refutatus” est, ego autem—heu—capite, quod certe ultimam et irrevocabilem conclusionem significat.

Pasquale D’Ercole (Spinazola, Barletta-Andria-Trani, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della difesa della metafisica – transnaturalia -- esologia, essologia, e sinautologia Grice: “I like it when Er. emphasizes that bit in De Interpretatione which I love  every logos is significant (significativo, semantikos, -- adds Ercole quoting from the Greek) of this or that  even a prayer! -- Grice: I must say I love Ercole; for one, he expands on my idea of the longitudinal unity of philosophy, being an Oxfordian Hegelian, almost, he thinks history can be regarded LOGICALLY: scepticism has to follow dogmatism  this is pretty interesting; for another, he tutored for years on the very same topics I did, notably De interpretation and Categoriae  The former being a theory of semiotics, of course!”  Si laurea a a Napoli. Idealista. Insegna a Torino. Evoluzionista. La pena di morte e la sua abolizione dichiarate teoricamente e storicamente secondo l’idealismo. AQUINO teismo CREAZIONE. Lincei); Crotone La filosofia della natura di Ceretti La panlogica L'esologia Lessologia di Ceretti, La sinautologia lizio critica ogica matematica algebraica. Sinossi dell'enciclopedia speculativa Eutidemo. sofismi degl’elenchi sofistici. mediante lAntibarbarus logicus di Cajus, comunque il destrezza di polizia certe funzioni polizeiliche di vigilanza. Chiudo la mia considerazione ed esposizione della logica del LIZIO, e questi punti fondamentali del pensiero logico del lizeo o LIZIO e la corrispondente legislazione del medesimo sono addirittura una immortale creazione, che non i soli 24 secoli passati han gi confermata e glorificata, ma che continueranno a confermare e glorificare anche i secoli venturi. Grice: How can people speak of mathematical logic when Russell says that mathematics rests on logic?!  logica aritmetica, aritmetica logica  His exposition of logica aristotelica is impressive, and overlaps with Grice/Strawsons seminars on Categoriae and De Interpretatione. His editorial work on Ceretti is excellent. He has written on some other Italian philosophers, too. difesa della metafisica, panlogica, esologia, essologia, sinautologia, Grice: Ercole, devo confessarti che la tua riflessione sul "De Interpretatione" mi affascina sempre: ogni logos è significativo, persino una preghiera! Il modo in cui espandi il concetto di unità longitudinale della filosofia mi ricorda tanto la dialettica di Hegel — pensi davvero che la storia possa essere vista logicamente? Ercole: Caro Grice, sono lieto che tu colga questa sfumatura! Per me, lo sviluppo storico del pensiero filosofico segue una logica interna: lo scetticismo non può che seguire il dogmatismo, come inevitabile conseguenza. La storia non è solo successione cronologica, ma anche evoluzione logica, proprio come insegno a Torino. Grice: Ecco, allora la tua difesa della metafisica idealista assume una luce nuova. Mi incuriosisce il modo in cui l’esologia, l’essologia e la sinautologia si intrecciano nella tua visione: credi davvero che questo approccio possa risolvere le tensioni fra logica matematica e logica aristotelica? Ercole: Assolutamente, Grice! La mia esperienza con Ceretti e i lavori sulla panlogica mi hanno insegnato che ogni disciplina ha un suo linguaggio e una sua logica interna. La difesa della metafisica, per me, è anche difesa della pluralità dei modi di ragionare: non è vero che esiste un solo modo di interpretare il mondo — persino la matematica, come dice Russell, si appoggia alla logica, ma questa logica può essere plurale e creativa! D’Ercole, Pasquale (1849). Immatricolazione, Facoltà di Giurisprudenza, Napoli.

Ermino: la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Porch. Contemporary of Plotino. He confined his activities mainly to teaching and wrote little or nothing. Gricevs: O Ermìni, qui Porticum Romanam colis et Plotini aequalis es, cur tam multa doces et tam pauca scribis? Erminivs: Quia discipuli mei chartam occupant, ego vero malim animos exercere quam membranas implere. Gricevs: At si nihil scribis, posteri dicent te umbram fuisse sub porticu ambulantem, non philosophum. Erminivs: Tum respondebo me satis scripsisse in mente auditorum—et si quis hoc non legit, culpa est lectoris, non magistri.

Erode: la ragione conversazionale e la filosofia degl’ottimati -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. One of the richest and best connected people in the Roman empire. More of a sophist and a friend of philosophers than a philosopher himself. He condemned the Porch philosophers for their lack of feeling. Erode Attico.  Gricevs: O Herodes Attice, cum sis opulentissimus et amicis optimatibus circumdatus, num etiam inter cenam regulas sermonis serves? Herodes: Servabo, Grice, sed Stoicos in Porticu increpo quod nimis sine affectu disputant, quasi cor domi reliquerint. Gricevs: Ita ergo, si Stoicus dicit “apatheia,” tu implicas “insensibilitas,” et ipse—nisi sapiat—nihil intellegit. Herodes: Recte; et si quis me sophisten vocat, respondeo me philosophos amare—quod, Romae, iam est genus philosophiae satis periculosum.

Eschine: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Napoli. Roma – filosofia antica –  (Napoli). Filosofo italiano. Giannantoni, Socratis et Socraticorum Reliquiæ, iv (Elenchos. Collana di testi e studi sul pensiero antico diretta da Giannantoni, Naples). 'L' Alcibiade di E. e la letteratura socratica su Alcibiade'. In Giannantoni e. Narcy, Lezioni Socratiche (Elenchos. Collana di testi e studi sul pensiero antico diretta Giannantoni, Naples. E. of Neapolis (Naples) –According to Diogene Laerzio, E. was a Platonist and favourite pupil of Melantio di Rodi. He seems to have been the same person as the E. said by Plutarco to have studied under Carneade. GRICEVS: Salve, Eschine Neapolitane; dicitur te et Platonis esse discipulum et Carneadis auditoriis adsidere—unum corpus, tot scholae! ESCHINES: Salve, Grice; ego vero tam celeriter magistris utor ut Diogenes me Platonistam faciat, Plutarchus Academicum, et coquus meum ius “miscellaneum” appellet. GRICEVS: At in “secta Neapolitana” ratio conversandi sic viget ut nemo dicat quid velit, sed omnes sperent Alcibiadem intellegere. ESCHINES: Ita est: Neapoli loquimur ut Socrates, sed cenamus ut Epicurus—et si quaeris sub quo studuerim, respondeo: sub prandio.

Esimo: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – filosofia antica –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. An undated inscription found at Pergamum refers to Claudio Esimo as a philosopher. GRICEVS: Salve, Esime; Roma te amat, sed num etiam Pergamum te “philosophum” amat sine die in lapide scripto? ESIMVS: Amat certe, Grice, nam lapis, cum taceat, plus tamen loquitur quam multi in foro. GRICEVS: Bene; ergo, si dies deest, implicatur te semper fuisse sapientem, aut saltem semper fuisse occupatum. ESIMVS: Recte dicis: ego philosophus sum, sed calendarium meum est scepticus.

Eudemo: la ragione conversazionale e  il principe filosofo -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. The father of Publio Elio Aristides. A philosopher. Antonino liked him. GRICEVS: Salvē, Evdemē; audīvī tē patrem fuisse P(ublī) Aeliī Aristidīs, quod est quasi dīcere te ipsum in domō tuā “rhetoricam” genuisse. EVDEMVS: Salvē, Grice; ita est, sed filius tantum ōrātiōnēs peperit, ego autem conātus sum etiam silentium sapienter docēre. GRICEVS: Et Antonīnus tē amāvit—haud parvum elogium, nisi id fecit quia tū, dissimiliter ceterīs, brevēs sententias dēdistī. EVDEMVS: Fortasse; nam prīnceps philosophus libenter audit, sed imperātor fessus semper sperat sermonem finīre antequam sē ipsum in Stoicum vertat.

Eudemo: la ragione conversazionale e il lizio romano – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Friend of Galen. Lizio. GRICEVS: Salvē, Evdemē, audīvī tē Liziōnem esse et Galēnī amīcum—ergō apud Rōmānōs medēris verbīs prius quam medicāmentīs. EVDEMVS: Salvē, Grice; verum, nam Galēnus corpora curat, ego autem animōs, praesertim eōs quī nimis loquuntur et putant id ipsum esse sapientiam. GRICEVS: In liziō ratiō conversātiōnis ita valet ut etiam morbus, sī bene narrātur, iam dimidius sit sanātus. EVDEMVS: Ita est; sed sī quis longam orātiōnem incipit, statim praecipiō: “breviter, amīce—nam et febris et auditor finem desiderant.”

Eulogio: la ragione conversazionale e il principe filosofo -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Little is known about him other that he was a philosopher and that the emperor Leo I arranged for him to be supported at public expense. GRICEVS: Salvē, Evlogī, tam parum dē tē scīmus ut ipse Leo I tibi sumptus dedit, quasi philosophia quoque stipendium poscat. EVLOGIVS: Salvē, Grice; ita est—ego enim tam pauca dīxī ut fiscus ipse putāret mē sapientem, non taciturnum. GRICEVS: Rōmae hoc est maximum elogium: “nescimus quid docuerit, sed certe prandium habuit.” EVLOGIVS: Et bene: nam si quis mē rogat quid scripserim, respondeō “aerārium,” et omnes statim intellegunt me publicē probātum esse.

Eumenio: la ragione conversazionale e  la scuola di Giuliano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma) FIlosofo italiano. He studied philosophy alongside Pharianus and Giuliano. GRICEVS: Salve, Evemeni, in schola Iuliani una cum Phariano tam diligenter philosophiam didicisti ut etiam otium nostrum videatur examinari. EVEMENIVS: Salve, Grice; verum est, nam Pharianus semper interrogat quid dicamus, Iulianus cur dicamus, et ego quando demum cenemus. GRICEVS: At Roma ipsa nos docet: si nimis disputamus, forum strepit; si nimis tacemus, tabernae vincunt. EVEMENIVS: Ergo medium teneamus: pauca sapienter, multa hilariter, et si quis errat, dicamus eum “discipulum” esse, non “perditum.”

Eusebio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Eusebio was the tutor of Sidonio and Probo. He had his own schoot at Arelate (Arles). GRICEVS: Salvē, Evsebī, audīvī tē Rōmae ratiōnem conversātiōnis docēre, sed discipulī tuī Sidōnius et Probvs magis amant ratiōnēs quam prandia. EVSEBIVS: Salvē, Grice; ego illīs respondeō ratiōnem sine iocō esse velut grammaticam sine vīnō—rectam, sed tristissimam. GRICEVS: At Arelātē in scholā tuā, ut aiunt, etiam discipulī barbaricē loquentes tam bene cooperantur ut ipse Rhodanus “maximam relationis” servāre videātur. EVSEBIVS: Ita vero; et sī quis nimis loquitur, eum ad tabulam mittō ut scrībat: “nōn omnia quae dīcuntur necessāria sunt, praesertim magistrō.”

Eusebio: la ragione conversazionale e il circolo di Giuliano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Friend and teacher of Giuliano. GRICEVS: Salvē, Evsebī, in circulō Iūliānī ratiō ita est urbana ut etiam Rōma ipsa videātur “quaestionem” ponere. EVSEBIVS: Salvē, Grice; ego autem discipulō Iūliānō semper dīcō: prīus ride, deinde ratiōnāre, aliter verba tibi imperābunt. GRICEVS: At tu, magister, docēs eum bene cooperārī, ut sententiae sint brevēs—nisi cena longa sit. EVSEBIVS: Sane; nam si disputātiō nimis longa fit, etiam Iūliānus putat mē “philosophum” esse, cum re vera tantum morās faciam.

Eustatio: la ragione conversazionale e il circolo di Macrobio -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Appears in the Saturnalia of Macrobius. GRICEVS: Salvē, Eustatī, Rōmae etiam circulus Macrobiī tam bene disputat ut ipsae cupae Falernī philosophentur. EVSTATIVS: Salvē, Grice; in Saturnāliīs loquimur tam ratiōnāliter ut etiam silentium nostrum implicet “adhaere praeceptīs!” GRICEVS: At ego dīcō: nisi convīvium sit, ratiō est quasi toga sine cingulō—decora, sed periculōsa. EVSTATIVS: Ita est; ergo bibāmus modicē, et si quis nimis loquitur, dīcāmus eum Macrobiō “subtitulum,” nōn “argumentum,” esse.

Eutropio: la ragione conversazionale all’orto romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Friend of Sidonio. Chastised by Sidonio for manifesting an indifference to public service that smacked of The Garden. GRICEVS: EVTROPI, in horto Romano ratio conversationalis ita floret ut etiam SIDONIVS, dum te obiurgat, quasi rosas colligat et non irascatur. EVTROPIVS: GRICE, ille me culpat quod rei publicae parum serviam, sed ego respondeo hortum quoque esse rem publicam, si recte rigetur. GRICEVS: At SIDONIVS dicit odorem istum nimis “Epicureum” sapere, quasi officium civitatis fugias inter lactucas et umbras. EVTROPIVS: Fateri possum me umbram amare, sed hoc saltem profiteor: si urbs me vocat ad laborem, hortus me docet quomodo taceam ne stulte loquar.

Evagrio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura degl’ottimati -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Evagrio was an aristocratic philosopher based in Rome. GRICEVS: EVAGRI, inter optimates Romae ratio conversationalis tam delicata est ut “pauca” dicta saepe “multissima” significent, praesertim cum nemo velit aperte consentire. EVAGRIVS: Ita vero, GRICE, nam optimas se gerit quasi semper loquatur pro re publica, sed implicatura saepe est “pro me ipso.” GRICEVS: Tum cum dicunt “mos maiorum,” ego audio “meus mos,” et cum dicunt “concordia,” subauditur “dum ego praecedo.” EVAGRIVS: Rideas licet, sed hoc est arcanum nobile: in urbe nostra verba sunt velut toga—tecta, composita, et aptissima ad celandum quod omnes iam sciunt.

Evareto: la ragione conversazionale e il circolo romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. He as a philosopher in Rome, a friend of the lawyer and legal scholar Publio Salvio Giuliano. Quinto Elio Egrilio Evareto. GRICEVS: EVARETE, in circulo Romano unum quaero: quomodo ratio conversationalis cum iurisconsulto SALVIO IVLIANO tam bene conveniat quasi esset maxima quaedam. EVARETVS: GRICE, apud nos Romae etiam ius est sermo ordinatus, et SALVIVS ita respondet ut praeter verba semper aliquid intelligendum relinquat. GRICEVS: Ergo cum dicit “sic est,” tu statim audis “sic est, nisi casus alius subrepat,” et hoc ipsum est implicatura urbana. EVARETVS: Ita prorsus, et ideo in nostro circulo nemo nimis loquitur, ne IVLIANVS statim legem recitet et nos omnes ad silentium condemnati rideamus.

Giulio Cesare Andrea Evola (Lazio, Roma): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della romanità – l’implicatura di Romolo – la scuola di Castropignano. Grice: “E. was a bit of a linguistic philosopher; I enjoyed his rambling on the proper use of Latin versus Roman; E. notes that the implicatures differ. Roman he links with Spartan, and he opposes to the formation, greco-romano o classico  Latin he applies to lingua romana, as Orazio and Tacitus had done!  If I had to think of the equivalent linguistic analysis by an English philosopher, I can only think of DeFoe, and his satire on what constitutes an Englishman! Later parodied by Gilbert and Sullivan and put to good effect in Chariots of Fire, where Abrams is seen referred to as HE IS.. an Englishman! For he himself has said it! -- - Figlio di Vincenzo e Concetta Mangiapane, barone di CASTROPIGNANO. Studia a Roma. Conosce Balla e Marinetti. idealista magico. Si deve superare i limiti dell'umano per andare verso l'oltre-uomo. fenomenologia dell'individuo assoluto. Nel L'uomo come Potenza compare una concezione dell'io pragmatico. Cerca infatti di individuare strumenti concreti per mezzo dei quali calare nella vita quotidiana la teoria dell'Individuo assoluto. partecipa alla redazione di Lo Stato democratico Frequenta i circoli esoterici romani e partecipa alla vita notturna della capitale. Disumano qual , NSDAR, Gross, al ministro tedesco per l’istruzione popolare e propaganda, E. e accusato di elaborare una teoria razziale italiana, Osservando che E. pone il primato dello spirito sul corpo, l’estensore della nota rileva che E. aderisce allidea della superiorità spirituale dei popoli latini Dopo aver accusato E. di teorizzare un razzismo annacquato, antievoluzionistico, il redattore afferma. Dal latino d’E. scaturiscono concezioni che costituiscono un atteggiamento totalmente estraneo alle visioni tedesche. Gl’uomini e le rovine, Evola’s concept of maschio is very complex  vir sums up best. romano, virile. crotone, origini di roma, canti d’oro, ercole, vir, Dioscuri, castore e policce, homoerotic, intergenerational male bonding, tutor/tutee, hero, Aryan, European  Roma, limplicatura di Romolo. Grice: “Corpus, 1932. Hardie spent almost the entire tutorial on Aristotle’s failure to use abstrahere. “There’s no such thing in Greek,” he added—chiefly, I think, to reassure himself. Still, Hardie wouldn’t really know. At Clifton we had at least one lesson on what our master called “abstract art,” so the notion can’t be entirely unthinkable on this island. And I’m rather pleased to discover that Corpus keeps a copy of Evola’s Arte astratta: posizione teorica. If one treats Evola’s Italian with the same grave attention one is taught to give Cicero’s Latin, one can “abstract” his point easily enough. Evola is quite explicit: arte is neither here nor there—the crucial thing is the astrarre. It’s the act of extraction, the wrenching-away from the merely representational, that matters. Italians, he thinks, are good at this—Futurismo being the proof. The French, by contrast, are not. Rodin is his favourite culprit. However much bronze the man melts, Evola says, one can always tell what’s hiding underneath: a nude—female, usually, and usually offered with that peculiarly French air of having discovered flesh for the first time. It is never abstraction, only a kind of softened confession. So there it is: Hardie insisting there is no “abstraction” in Greek; Evola insisting that abstraction is the only thing worth having in art; and me, caught between them, trying to work out whether astrarre is a philosophical achievement or merely a national temperament—another of those things the Italians do with a flourish and the English do by pretending not to be doing it at all. In any case, I can already see the line Hardie will dislike: that Aristotle may have lacked the word, but not the idea. And if he objects, I shall say—very politely—that it’s a pity, because Corpus has the pamphlet to prove it.” Grice: Evola, mi diverte il tuo orecchio da filosofo linguistico: fai litigare “latino” e “romano” come se fossero cugini gelosi, e poi pretendi che l’implicatura di Romolo metta pace. Evola: Caro Grice, è semplice: “romano” è virile e spartano, “latino” è la lingua romana d’Orazio e Tacito, e chi confonde i due finisce per fare un classicismo da cartolina. Grice: Allora la tua scuola di Castropignano è una lezione di pragmatica imperiale: dici “romanità” e lasci intendere “oltre-uomo”, ma senza scriverlo sul biglietto da visita. Evola: Esatto, e tu fai lo stesso quando parli di conversazione: sembra un tè oxoniense, ma sotto sotto è un rito iniziatico—solo che invece del gladio usi una battuta ben piazzata. Evola, Giulio Cesare Andrea (1920). Arte astratta: posizione teorica,  poemi, composizioni — Roma: Maglione & Strini.

Luciano Fabiani: l’astuzia della ragione conversazionale nell’Italia, filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Grice e Fabiani. IL PENSIERO FILOSOFICO ITALIANO X)A X)ANT AI TSMtPX NOSTKX RAVENNA ZIRARDINI ^v/'i^./iT : ' f ; r'. DEC 4 Y .r, .\ / oSeni^fto ^^Uolt Oliando in questo scorcio del secolo nostra io trovo la mente acuta e profonda dell' On, BoviOy gigante del moderno pensiero filosofico italiano ali* Universit di ^N^apoli, chiamare t dimostrare il nostro T)ante il primo dei protestanti e V uU timo dei cattolici ( Vedi Bovio. Saggio Critico del Diritto Penale). Quando trovo un Ministro italiano della Pubblica h stru^ione, V On. Voselli, che osa, con %,. Decreto // 7)e cemhre iSSp, fondare un laboratorio di psicologia sperimentale presso V Universit di Roma; Quando vedo il giovine imperatore di Germania Gugliel mo IL che annusando la nuova aura e il nuovo sole d' Europa e del mondo civile, mira arditamente a Prometeo incolume e trovasi novello Fetonte^ nel voler destra e generosamente prendere le redini del movimento ascendente, per non esserne travolto; Quando infine, e proprio di questi giorni^ rilevo il primo filosofo d' Inghilterra, il rappresentante attuale del positivismo filosofico inglese, V illustre Herbert Spencer essere pervenuto^ nelle sue ultime pubblicazioni sociologiche, alla conseguenza della collettivit della terra; Quando, dico, in questo secolo che muore, questi quattro fatti e criteri importantissimi nel mondo del moderno pensiero filosofico io considero^ mi sento incoraggiato a superare e rompere in parte, con la presente pubblicazione ^ quel naturale riserbo e quella peritanza, che ^finora m' impose la coscienza della mia pochezza Mi sia adunque concesso e perdonato l'osare che ora faccio, pubblicando la conferenza circa il pensiero ftlosofteo italiano da Dante fino ai tempi nostri, che io avea gi apparecchiato, sebbene non potesse poi aver pi luogo, in occasione delle feste dantesche del passato Maggio qui in Ravenna. Grice: “St John’s, 1950. Austin’s Saturday mornings are enough to convince you that English poetry is the only poetry—as if the canon began with Donne and ended with Donne, with a brief, sanctioned excursion to Dryden when the mood takes him. Yesterday he had a proper set-to with Nowell Smith about how intelligible—or was it un-intelligible?—Donne is allowed to be in the sonnets. Austin was in his element: condemning obscurity as if it were a breach of college statutes. And all the while—Dante not so much as mentioned. One would think Italy produced only Chianti and commas. But I have, before my very eyes, a small revenge: a pamphlet I lifted from the Bodleian on Friday—Il pensiero filosofico italiano da Dante ai nostri tempi (Ravenna, 1890), by one Luciano Fabiani. I almost pity the fellow. He explains—earnestly, apologetically—that these were notes prepared for a lecture to be delivered in May at the Dante festivities; but (for reasons of length, and perhaps because the crowd had other appetites) the lecture never happened. So—he adds—Zirardini has kindly printed the whole business. “The whole business,” indeed. It begins, more or less, with Dante’s death—no hesitation, no throat-clearing—and then gallops, with admirable Italian confidence, ai nostri tempi (which in this particular case means: Bovio, Boselli, the Kaiser sniffing the European air, and Spencer blundering into “the collectivity of the earth”). The title pensiero filosofico italiano is a warning label: you are promised, implicitly, that even when foreign names appear, they will be treated as passing weather—useful as a backdrop for properly Italian nouns, properly declined, in the proper language. It is exactly the sort of thing to give Austin a headache: a text in which philosophy proceeds by public occasion, rhetorical civility, and patriotic bibliography—where disagreement is handled the way Italians handle street traffic: by gesture, timing, and a shared understanding that reason does not so much march as converse. I am tempted to bring it along next Saturday and place it in front of him—quietly, like an unexploded device. Not to start an argument (Austin starts those perfectly well on his own), but to see whether he can manage a single remark about Dante without first insisting that we look up “Dante” in the dictionary. If he can, I shall take it as approval. If he cannot, I shall take it as confirmation.” Grice: Fabiani, la tua “astuzia della ragione conversazionale” mi piace: in Italia la ragione non marcia, fa conversazione e intanto vince senza farsi notare. Fabiani: Appunto, Grice: basta citare Dante “primo protestante e ultimo cattolico” e tutti, pur dissentendo, si ritrovano già d’accordo per pura educazione retorica. Grice: E quando un ministro fonda un laboratorio di psicologia a Roma, l’implicatura è che la mente vuole diventare un fatto—ma senza rinunciare al gesto teatrale. Fabiani: E se poi Spencer arriva alla “collettività della terra”, la nostra astuzia è rispondere con un sorriso ravennate: “Benissimo, ma prima discutiamone con calma, così la conclusione sembra tua e non mia.” Fabiani, Luciano (1890). Il pensiero filosofico italiano da Dante ai nostri tempi. Conferenza per le feste dantesche, Ravenna.

Fabiano: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Maestro di Seneca, il quale testimonia che Fabiano Papirio non è un filosofo ex his cathedraris, sed ex veris et antiquis. Seneca ricorda la doti di F. di conferenziere -- le declamazioni, le pubbliche letture sono alla moda --, ne loda il nobile carattere e le doti di filosofo. Seneca rifere che la produzione filosofica di F. non e meno ampia di quella di CICERONE. Di lui si ricordano "De causarum naturalium", "De amimalibus", e “De civilium". Rimangono poche sentenze di F., conservate da Seneca e da STOBEO che confermano il giudizio di Seneca, che la dottrine di quell’indirizzo e caratterizzata da VIGORE ROMANO. Si allontana dal Portico, quando limita le loro ricerche all'etica e in questa trascurano la parte teorica. Si avvicina alla posizione del Cinargo, e insieme alle preferenze dello SPIRITO ROMANO per ciò che serve all’azione. Mira non a sviluppare teorie, ma a esercitare un influsso personale sulla condotta degl’umini e condanna le dottrine che non mirrano a un’azione etica. In F. in si manifesta l’eclettismo perchè accoglie anche teorie pitagoriche -- la norma di rendersi conto ogni giorno della propria condotta, l'astinenza da cibi carnei -- e, platonico-aristoteliche -- la natura incorporea e non spaziale dell'anima. Nulla di filosoficamente importante si trovarsi in F., che però e interessante in quanto mostrano come la romanità si potessero collegare e fondere in alcune anime nobili e vigorose. He makes his career in public speaking and becomes interested in philosophy after meeting SESTIO . He writes a number of essays and is greatly admired by Seneca who mentions him in on a number of occasions. Seneca describes him as someone who lived a philosophical life without being distracted by details of doctrine. Fabiano Papirio. GRICEVS: O FABIANE, Seneca te laudat non ex cathedrariis sed ex veris antiquis, quod mihi sonat quasi dicas “minus theoriae, plus vitae—et tamen bene dictum.” FABIANVS: Ita est, GRICE, nam declamationes Roma amat, sed ego malim animos movere quam syllabas numerare, ne philosophia fiat tantum vox sine moribus. GRICEVS: At tu a Porticu discessisti quod nimis de sola ethica loquebantur, quasi anima incorporea inter disputationes carnem desideraret. FABIANVS: Recte rides: ego hodie rationem reddo mihi, cras carnem omitto, et per omnia hoc sequor—ut doctrina, si ad actionem non ducit, apud me muta sit, etiam si Ciceronem imitatur.

Fabio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Philosopher and friend of Boezio.  Fabio: la ragione conversazionale al portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. MHe writes a number of essays on philosophy. Fabio Massimo. Fabio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice. GRICEVS: O FABIVS, sub porticu Romae rationem conversandi quaero, ut etiam BOETHIVS te audiret sine nimio strepitu. FABIVS: Bene quaeris, GRICE, nam porticus nos docet brevia dicere et longa intellegi, quod est philosophia sine sudore. GRICEVS: At tu, amice BOETHII, tot commentarios scribis ut mihi videaris ipsum forum in schedas transcribere, nec tamen unum verbum superfluum relinquere. FABIVS: Ita facio: si quis nimis loquitur, eum ad porticum reduco; si quis nimis tacet, eum ad cenam invito, ut ratio incipiat cum pane.

Fabri: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei lizii -- i peripatetici Grice: “I like F.; especially the ardour by which he fought Duns Scotus – a furriner! – and his malignant influence on the Continent – he was a thoroughbred Aristotelian, like me!” Insegna a Padova. Critica PICO e BONAIUTO in difesa di Aristotele, dell'unità della metafisica e della separazione di matematica e fisica. Disputationes theologicae de restitutione et extrema unction (Venezia). “Adversus impios atheos”F. n Universitate Patauina Olim Sacrae Theologiae Professoris EXPOSITIONES, ET DISPVTATIONES In  Lib. Arist. MATAPHYSICORVM; QVIBVS DOCTIRNA Magna cum facilitate illustratur, et contra Aduersarior omnes tam Veteres, quam Recentiores defenditur His Praeijt Auctoris Vita a MATHEO VEGLENSI, Nunc Sacrum Theologiam in eadem Vniuersitate Publice docente, Conscripta. Cum Duplici Disputationum, [et] Rerum Memorabilium Indice. Vicecancellarium. Il valore della "Metafisica" di Aristotele e la distinzione delle scienze speculative. In: Innovazione filosofica e università. F. His comment on Aristotle’s metaphysics is a gem. It’s divided in dissertatio – and chapters for each little unit. The following should serve as kewyords. contrarium solution, Yorum appetitus addat aliquid supra facultatem, cuius De Structura Metaphysicorum est appetitus, et idem de concupicibile, et irascibile. BIECTIO. Adversariorum Aristotelis contra scientiam Metaphy sicorum. Excellentia Metaplıyl. explicatur. V trum inter omnes senſus magis senſum visus diligamus, o hoc quia vilusfaciat nos Excellentia Merappyf. inductine din magis scire. scurrendo per diversas (ciencias, et questa varia pub. Cap. III pag. Is Rationes, quibusallata propositio Aristoteli videtur Adraciunes Adversariorum Arist. lizii, accademici, i peripatetici, The 34 disputationes. Galilei, Pico, aristotelismo, anti-aristotelismo, platonismo, l’unita della metafisica, distinzione tra matematica e fisica.  Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, Filippo Fabri. Spinata di Brisighella, Brisighella, Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna. Grice: Fabri, ti confesso che mi sei simpatico: difendi Aristotele con un ardore così padovano che perfino Duns Scoto, “furriner” com’era, si sarebbe chiesto se non fosse meglio tornarsene oltre le Alpi. Fabri: Caro Grice, è semplice: se Pico mescola metafisica e fantasia, e Bonaiuto confonde matematica e fisica, io li separo come un buon peripatetico separa i capitoli della Metafisica, uno per unità e senza pietà. Grice: E intanto i lizii e gli accademici corrono “per diversas sciencias” come se la vista fosse il senso più amabile solo perché fa scena, mentre tu li rimetti in riga con una disputatio e due indici. Fabri: Appunto: la mia implicatura conversazionale è che chi attacca l’unità della metafisica finisce per amare l’ateismo senza dirlo, e allora io gli rispondo con un Adversus impios atheos—così capisce anche senza capire.

Giovanni Francesco Fabrini (Figline Valdarno, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale, Grice: “Unlike the French, who, being French – like the Normans – hate the Latin, F. loves it, and it shows!”  Fabrini is a prominent Italian grammarian, humanist, and educator of the Renaissance .    Beyond his famous Della interpretatione della lingua latina, F. authors and edits several influential texts, primarily focusing on the translation and commentary of classical Latin authors De la teorica de la lingua: A treatise that explores the structure of Italian and provides rules for translating various languages into Latin. Terentio latino, Commentaries on Horace: the Odi, Epodi, and Sermoni, Commentaries on Virgil: Aeneid, Georgics, and Bucolics. Ciceronian Commentaries: He publishes interpretations of Cicero’s letters, such as the Epistolae ad familiares, aimed at teaching classical rhetoric and style.  grammatica razionale DELLA INTERPETRAZIONE DELLA LINGUA LATINA PER VIA DELLA TOSCANA  nó babbi principio ncfluno del la tino, può impara r'rurre le ragione della lingua toscana concordanz^e Lrttindj ÌHciàitionem^ opMi mouti^iVm d^ ytmfq\ vitigarìs, Cr l&lt;itini ìdmìattt adro f^emihjììmm compofuijf: , miticdles wduumnes explanaffe , vr lanua^ cUufxs flpOTVc' y ifksejì^ Cmf kimtjmodi prouinmrti fcendìijv dig^ofcitur t ec^mn efi\t fui tanti lakrts premum aj(?j(4antiilm acquirct y yeliti]; htiiujniodi cpu4 wiprmi fhcere , cir in lua m edere. Sed yere^ turne cb imprejfcrm f &amp; hìblicpolarm irìaduer^ tentiam^^ ignauim difim opt/n tm orto^raphia^ tm Ccmis pur.ftis ledi ^ tir nì:uularix ea^ro-^ fternobis fuppìicari jkcit neabfc^ipfmlicemad^ liquis ihd mpnmere dudeat , &amp; freiudicimi Cicerone. Generatim . Nam quid ego de cateris cium Romano- rum fuppliciis figillatim potius, quam Generatim, at- que vniuerfe loquar ? Cicerone . ppofitus eft pignori ob decem minas m Hoi. Hui . Ager o inquit. D. Age, age iam ducat, dabo, G. cedulz ite funt ob decem alias, D. Hoi, Hui, nimium eft. . C. dama, petito à me ha; decem.Terentio. Lucrezio. Grice: “St John’s, 1952. I’m off to the seminar on De Interpretatione with Austin. This week it’s his turn, so I shall stay properly alert: I’ve discovered a reliable sign—if he lets last week’s obstinate (yet epoch‑making) reflections pass without comment, it means he approves of them. When he does not, it means he approves of something else, namely himself. But what is this Interpretatio? Hermēneia sounds, somehow, more Hellenistically cryptic—by which I mean, of course, more transparent. I’m tempted to mention this to Austin, since on Saturdays he keeps muttering about constructing a scientia del lingo (a noble aspiration; one only wishes he’d settle on a language in which to name it). In any case, I’m reminded of Fabrini—Giovanni Francesco Fabrini—and his splendidly pompous Roman tract of 1544: Della interpretatione della lingua latina per via della Toschana. “Interpretatione”—and again the missing z (one always wants a z precisely where the Italians refuse you one). And then: Toschana with an h, as if the poor c were not hard enough on its own. It’s a bad omen for any hermēneia worthy of the name: if you have to prop your consonants up with extra aspiration, what chance has your meaning? Still, all this is merely the sort of thing one thinks while walking across Front Quad, and perhaps it will serve a purpose. For there is something deliciously instructive about a Renaissance grammarian, in Rome of all places, writing Della interpretatione as if Latin had to be reached “by way of” Tuscan—while Aristotle, in Greek, makes it look as though the whole business were simply there, waiting to be said. I shall tell Austin, if I can get a word in. And now: to be quiet, to listen, and to see what he lets through.” Grice: Fabrini, ti confesso che ti ammiro: a differenza dei francesi—che, essendo francesi come i Normanni, odiano il latino—tu lo ami e si vede già dalla prima declinazione. Fabrini: E tu, Grice, lo chiami “ragione conversazionale” ma poi mi fai una grammatica tutta tua, come se Cicerone fosse un tutor di Oxford che corregge la Toscana con la penna rossa. Grice: Colpa tua: con la tua Della interpretatione mi fai credere che tradurre in latino sia come fare implicature, solo con meno alibi e più ablativi assoluti. Fabrini: Allora facciamo pace: tu mi perdoni se metto Terentio, Orazio e Virgilio in fila come scolari, e io perdono a tua madre se non capiva il tuo Deutero-Esperanto di Harborne. Fabrini, Giovanni Francesco (1544). Della interpretatione della lingua latina per via della Toschana. Roma.

Cornelio Fabro (Flumignano, Talmassons, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Senone di Velia, l’innamorato di Parmenide -- per la porta di Velia. Grice: “I like F. ; my favourite of his essays is on idealismo“La dialettica,” which is really about Socrates and Alcibiades! My Athenian Dialectic which I turned into Oxonian!”. Studia al seminario degli stimmatini. Si laurea a Roma sotto Reverberi con “Il concetto di ‘causa’” e la critica di D. Hume. Insegna a Roma. Si dedica quindi allo studio della biologia filosofica. La partecipazione”. Insegna a Perugia. Si inscrive nell'alveo della neoscolastica, o, più precisamente, del neotomismo. Il suo apporto più profondo alla metafisica classica, sulle orme di d'Aquino, è la distinzione reale tra "essenza" e "atto d'essere”. È questa tesi che lo porterà a riconoscere con sicurezza le debolezze e le aporie dall'immanentismo del cogito cartesiano, che sfocia ineluttabilmente nell'ateismo. Trova l'origine dell’ateismo in nasce nel concetto di "immanenza" contro "trascendenza”.Critica Severino Valorizza l’esistenzialisto anti-idealista Partecipazione in Aquino, Neotomismo” La fenomenologia della percezione, Percezione e pensiero, “L’esistenzialismo, Esistire” Dio” L'Assoluto nell'esistenzialismo” L'anima” Dall'essere (essuto, suto) all'esistente” “Il Tomismo” La dialettica, Partecipazione e causalità, “Materialismo dialettico e materialismo storico “L'uomo e il rischio di Dio, Esegesi tomistica, Tomismo” La svolta antropologica di” L'avventura del progressismo” La trappola del compromesso storico: da Togliatti a Berlinguer, La preghiera” L'alienazione dell'Occidente. Momenti dello spirito I, «P. Antonio Giorgi», AssisiS. Damiano; Momenti dello spirito II, «P. Antonio Giorgi», Assisi S. Damiano); Aquino, La libertà, Gemma Galgani), Il sopra-naturale, L'enigma SERBATI Le prove dell'esistenza di Dio, pesta. Che dico! VELIA , per la porta di Velia, essere, e, essente, esuto, suto. L’uomo allo specchio. Dialettica di hegel, tomismo, essere atto d’essere – immanenza – trascendenza. Grice’s letter to Hampshire: “The Admiralty, March 1943 Off to Piccadilly tonight — my day off at last. I stop at Hatchards, and a title catches my eye: Fabro’s La struttura dell’atto di fede. I open it, check the date — 1940. Italy was barely in the war then (and timing, as ever, makes all the difference). For faith is exactly the sort of thing that moves one: toward one’s country, toward a cause, toward whatever — not necessarily toward God. Now Fabro is talking philosophese, and I’m a philosopher, so I listen. Struttura dell’atto — that sounds structuralist enough, almost like a logical construction. (And a logical construction — like the one I attempted for “I” in Personal Identity — is surely more a matter of building a structure than dismantling one.) So: it’s an atto, an act — like the act of being baptised? And then I recall Hardie’s nagging question: “What do you mean by ‘of’?” What does Fabro mean by atto di fede? Is it faith that constitutes the act, or is it (as one is sometimes told) the Holy Ghost doing the heavy lifting? But I must get back to the Admiralty rooms, so I shouldn’t start wondering. Faithfully yours, Paul.” Grice: Fabro, mi piaci: riesci a far passare l’implicatura conversazionale perfino per la porta di Velia, come se Zenone avesse il biglietto timbrato dall’ontologia. Fabro: E tu, Grice, trasformi la dialettica ateniese in oxoniense con tale disinvoltura che Socrate e Alcibiade finirebbero a prendere il tè discutendo di “atto d’essere”. Grice: Però ammettilo, Cornelio: quando distingui davvero essenza e atto d’essere, stai anche dicendo—senza dirlo—che il cogito immanente è un vicolo cieco con un cartello “ateismo” in fondo. Fabro: Certo, ma io lo dico con neotomismo e tu con humour, così Zenone resta innamorato di Parmenide e noi restiamo innamorati della conversazione senza farci bloccare da nessun paradosso. Fabro, Cornelio (1940). La struttura dell'atto di fede. Rome: Studium.

Giacomo Facciolati (Torreglia, Padova, Veneto): la lingua di Cicerone. Grice: I was fortunate to be brought up at Oxford, and thus I became an Aristotelian; I would have most likely become a Cambridge Platonist alla Cudworth in the other place!” Guastella, Facciolati, il Lizio. latinista docente di UMANE  non divine -- lettere  cf. Grice: literae humaniores -- e prefetto degli studi.  chiamato a insegnare logica a Padova. Pubblica edizioni migliorate dei maggiori lavori di filologia, come il Thesaurus di CICERONE  di NIZOLIO , e amplia ed emenda il Lexicon, un dizionario latino  cf. Grice on Austin on going through the dictionary -- chiamato anche il calepino dal nome dell'autore, Calepio. Uno dei suoi lavori  compiuto con FORCELLINI : il Totius latinitatis lexicon, dizionario di latino, vera pietra miliare nella storia della lessicografia,  da FORCELLINI  per incarico ricevutone da F. Divenne il successore di Papadopoli nella stesura della storia di Padova. Fasti Gymnasii patavini un'opera storico-celebrativa delle glorie accademiche dell'ateneo patavino. Nello scrivere F. ama la brevit, che esagera fino alla scarsit di notizie. satire lucianesche contro i detrattori. Ma ha anche amici, a cui manda, coi lavori, ortaggi del suo orto, che coltiva volentieri. F.  conosciuto e stimato pella sua conoscenza delle opere classiche, soprattutto grazie alle sue Orationes.  anche invitato dal re del Portogallo a dirigere l'istituto superiore di Lisbona pei nobili. Muore a Padova. Orationes latinae, accademiche, reputate di valore; Logicae disciplinae rudimenta o Logica tria complectens rudimenta, institutiones, acroases; Ortografia italiana, a cui aggiunse gli Avvertimenti grammaticali di Pallavicino, e arricchiti di aggiunte; Exercitationes su due orazioni di CICERONE; Annotationes criticae a vari lessici, Raccolta calogeriana; Scholia in libros CICERONE  de officiis contro di lui ROTA  scrive il Dialogo dei morti; Epistolae latinae; linguae latinae; dialoghi lucianeschi, contro chi aveva criticato una sua orazione in morte di Pisani; Il cortese cittadino istrutto nella scienza civile; Acroases; e un loro compendio in italiano; con annotazioni di Silvestri; Vita CICERONE  Implicatura. Grice: Facciolati, io ti invidio: Oxford mi ha fatto aristotelico per necessità, ma con un tuo Calepino in mano sarei diventato ciceroniano per piacere. Facciolati: Caro Grice, la lingua di Cicerone è come un buon orto padovano: se poti la prolissità, ti resta una brevità che nutre più di mille note a piè pagina. Grice: Eppure io, che detesto i dizionari quando mi guardano come fossero oracoli, finisco sempre per amarli quando li emendi tu—con l’aria di chi corregge il latino e insieme la morale. Facciolati: Allora facciamo patto: tu mi porti un po’ di quella tua implicatura oxoniense, e io ti mando ortaggi e una voce nuova del Totius Latinitatis, così a cena si parla bene e si mangia meglio. Facciolati, Giacomo (1719). Fasti consulares. Padua: Seminario.

Angelo Faccioli (Venezia, Veneto): il deutero-esperanto, da Harborne a Villa Franca, la scuola di Villa Franca, il villa-francese. Grice: “I like F.! I tried to construct my Deutero-Esperanto according to the grammatical idiosyncrasies of the vernacular of my native Harborne, in Staffordshire, to no avail! Not even my mother (who was from Warwickshire) could understand it!”, Di F. non sappiamo nulla, se non che, a Volpare, elabora un progetto di  lingua universale basato sul dialetto veneto, il «dialeto più simile al latin, più breve di esto e d’on’i lingua sorela. Secondo la “teoria scientifica della parola la parola vera è quella che meglio ritrae l’armonia imitativa e il senso interno delle cose e la lingua milior è quella più in armonia con le leggi dell’arte e del pensiero. Dev’essere semplice e viva, nata dalla lingua morta migliore, cioè il latino di CICERONE (morto), e non del Papa!-, sostenuta dal pensiero forte degli filosofi abili. operatico (La Fenice!). I fondamenti dell’Italiano moderno sono tutti razionali. Quante unità di suono, tante unità di segno. Per solo suono, solo segno.A suono eguale, segno eguale – cf. Grice on the annoyance of perceiving some idiolect-ers pronouncing ‘suit’ when they mean ‘soot’ and vice versa (‘Studies in the Way of Words’).  F., come Grice, è molto sensibile all’estetica grafica perché essa si risolve in igiene visiva (“And F. had beautiful handwriting” Grice). In caso di omonimi il dialetto veneto, non come lo parla il popolo innorante, ovviamente, ma come lo deve parlare un filosofo erudito come lui o Grice (professore di Oxford), lo scienziato della parola, nella sua chiara semplicità e vigorosa bellezza, si presta “a essere tornito per farne uscire il capolavoro della lingua universale”. Quest’ultima, una volta affermatasi come lingua LEGALMENTE e obbligatoriamente UFFICIALE di tutte le nazioni– o al meno dell’unione europea, diffonderà nel mondo dei filosofi dotti –quella filosofia chi F. – seguendo la critica denomina “universalismo” – cf. Kennan, “The Universality of Conversational Implicature” --, non una isola deserta, come vuole CAMPANELLA. Lingue de nazioni e lingua universale. Deutero-Esperanto. Albani. Grice (Merton, 1935). “I am, officially, a Harmsworth Senior Scholar at Merton—less inhibiting than being a master of Greek and Latin at Rossall, though my mother would prefer I say: less inhibiting than being me. Everyone (and every soul) here seems calculating; Shropshire tells me that we Mertonians were once called “the Calculators,” which is either an honour or a warning. I’m browsing in the library for our next meeting of the Philosophy Club when I come across an Italian pamphlet—fresh from Verona, 1933—and, by the look of it, fresh from some very high horse: Faccioli, La scienza della parola. What does he mean by (a) la, (b) scienza, (c) della, and (d) parola? I decide to concentrate on the last, since Shropshire assures me that even Americans are taking an interest in the matter now. Of course, to find out what Faccioli means by parola I should have to read the pamphlet. But Sidney’s rule of thumb applies: “Never read a book before reviewing it; it only prejudices you.” [Shropshire’s reference: (December 1956, in Language 32.4 Part 1): Charles F. Hockett, reviewing Samuel E. Martin’s Korean morphophonemics (1954), remarks (in a footnote) that Martin’s “stricture on the definition of ‘word’ is not acceptable,” and adds that it is relevant to define a word as “a sequence of morphemes with specified properties.”

Grice: Faccioli, ti adoro: ho provato a costruire il mio Deutero-Esperanto sul vernacolo di Harborne, ma non l’ha capito nemmeno mia madre—e guarda che a Warwickshire capiscono di tutto, tranne me.Faccioli: Tranquillo, Grice: a Villa Franca facciamo scuola seria, perché il villa-francese nasce dal veneto “più simile al latin” e soprattutto più corto, così anche gli inglesi arrivano in fondo alla frase. Grice: Mi piace l’idea “a suono eguale, segno eguale”, anche perché mi evita la tragedia di sentire la gente dire suit quando intende soot—è un crimine contro l’igiene visiva e uditiva insieme. Faccioli: Appunto: una lingua universale deve essere semplice e viva, ma con il latino di Cicerone come ossatura—non quello del Papa—così perfino l’Europa capirà che l’universalismo è più facile di una lista della spesa. Faccioli, Angelo (1933). La scienza della parola. Verona.

Fadio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica – l’orto a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Garden. Friend of Cicerone. Marco Fadio Gallo. GRICEVS: O FADI, Roma ipsa videtur natam esse ad rationem conversandi, sed tu in horto tuo eam quasi lactucam colere soles. FADIVS: Ita est, GRICE, nam in urbe omnes clamitant, in horto autem etiam Cicero amicus meus audit—si modo non occupatus est epistulis. GRICEVS: Dic mihi, utrum philosophia Italica melius crescat inter rosas an inter disputationes in foro, ubi nemo umquam ad rem pervenit. FADIVS: Inter rosas certe, quia in foro verba pugnant, in horto vero sententiae maturant, et nemo “ergo” dicit[S nisi cum vinum iam datum est.

Giuseppe Faggin (Isola Vicentina, Vicenza, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale dei bei -- metrica filosofica – inno orfico –Grice: “I like F.: he is obsessed with love; he translated Fedro, he selected some passages from the Roman philosopher Plotino and titled it, implicaturally “Dal bello al divino,” but surely for Plotino, via hypernegation, the divine IS beautiful – and finally, being an Italian, he became interested in “Dutch Protestantism” – “il Pellegrino cherubico”!” Si laurea a Padova sotto Troilo. Insegna a Vicenza.  Idealista mistica occultismo, stregoneria Diabolicità del rospo” (Sulla libertà del volere”; morale” Platone Fedro  SOCRATE: Caro Fedro, dove vai e da dove vieni? Platone FEDRO FEDRO: Dalla casa di Lisia, Socrate, il figlio di Cefalo, (1) e vado a fare una passeggiata fuori dalle mura. Ho passato parecchio tempo là seduto, fin dal mattino; e ora, seguendo il consiglio di Acumeno,(2) compagno mio e tuo, faccio delle passeggiate per le strade, poiché, a quanto dice, tolgono la stanchezza più di quelle sotto i portici. SOCRATE: E dice bene, amico mio. Dunque Lisia era in città, a quanto pare. FEDRO: Sì, alloggia da Epicrate, nella casa di Monco, quella vicino al tempio di Zeus Olimpio. SOCRATE: E come avete trascorso il tempo? Lisia non vi ha forse imbandito, è chiaro, i suoi discorsi? FEDRO: Lo saprai, se hai tempo di ascoltarmi mentre cammino. SOCRATE: Ma come? Credi che io, per dirla con Pindaro, non faccia del sentire come avete trascorso il tempo tu e Lisia una faccenda «superiore a ogni negozio? FEDRO: Muoviti, allora! SOCRATE: Se vuoi parlare. FEDRO: Senza dubbio, Socrate, l'ascolto ti si addice, poiché il discorso su cui ci siamo intrattenuti era, non so in che modo, sull'amore. Lisia ha scritto di un bel giovane che viene tentato, ma non da un amante, e ha comunque trattato anche questo argomento l'iniziazione Amore Alcibiade e il suo demone. Annunzio e Pirandello, I iniziati, metrica filosofica, Lucrezio toad rospo Roma antica; l’antico nel rinascimento italiano, protestantismo italiano – Italia contro Roma. Fedro, ovvero del bello, Dal bello al divino peregrine cherubico arbero come simbolo fuoco luce bello. Grice: Caro Faggin, ti confesso che mi piaci: sei così innamorato del bello che perfino Plotino arrossirebbe (e poi ti è venuta pure la curiosità per il protestantesimo olandese, come se fosse un nuovo capitolo del Fedro!). Faggin: Eh, Grice, la ragione conversazionale del bello è una metrica filosofica: parte da Fedro, passa per “Dal bello al divino” e finisce—se non stai attento—con un rospo diabolicamente simbolico che ti guarda male da Vicenza. Grice: Appunto: il rospo è l’implicatura che nessuno osa dire ad alta voce, mentre Socrate passeggia fuori dalle mura e noi due facciamo i pellegrini cherubici senza mappa. Faggin: Allora cammina e ascolta, caro Socrate oxoniense: tra amore, luce e Plotino, l’unica cosa davvero “non detta” è che anche l’occultismo, in fondo, ha bisogno di buona conversazione per non diventare superstizione da portico. Faggin, Giuseppe (1947). La coscienza della poesia. Padua: CEDAM.

Dorandino Falcone di Gioia (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e la lingua universale. Grice: “F. thought it would be a good idea to translate PORTA ’s Ars reminiscendi into ‘L’arte del ricordare’, and he did!” Grice, “Personal Identity,” Grice on Benjamin on Remembering!” reminiscenza memorilo Che cose l’una è l'altra fendo ncHofcriut  re{ come fi dice ) vnafiu craffit M inerba, accio che le hofìre regole con piu chiare zsa si intenda opinioni de luoghi di raggioname-. Vujjki* delaimagmami per me^zo delle finefirefte j le cofe materiali poi uolunti di  ricordarci di qttcUo,per mezzo dell'intelletto, che tpflo alla memoria ricor*  te* qui quella r-jcor^mo delle cofe che rf t» vogliamo la memoria, perche pojfiamo vroìjjtwta' >i o, Chela ila naturale et, j-artificiale.  VeflaReminificenza edi'due maniere, l'unac naturale, l'atra e artficiefe, la naturale quella thcconwiijlfffi najcej’ artificiale  che còn-regp1é.m  ibi, e la caggione, onde fi fia introdotte à pori » t r   :;"ìv ^aite di Reminiscenza. arti di ricordare fa tolta dalle naturali ifi  rieme faremo qui chiaro, el igere i luoghi . >che chiunque vuole ricorda fi di vn lungo fotti) fi forza  fempre di ricor darfi de luoghi prima, auetàjfe ; e ejfcrc tafanitele fra queflo fio v o eleggasi da parole, e piu gli intinte#  rgono, e che meno fi pojfino ajsomgliare, per ciò .che quejìe parole piu  dell’ altre ci f cglione effir molefic al ricordare . un segno manale jò dal contrio/o dui diffamile a come a lui meglio  piacerà elegerle e quefie notarle in un librone al ricordare le potigli in mano delle perfine del  luogo in vece defle PAROLE Fingerò fa me j che una gran 'Zucca dica  POI CHE, vn Melone dica POSCIA, vn Ccdruolo DAL, vw  Tomo PER y e fmilijcofi locaremo le IMAGINI alle  parole senza andar molto coll'tmaginatiua per porle, e pat irne»  te vedendole coll'intelletto ci ricordiamo delle paròle. Quel la le orationi voce recitauanont’l Senato f e con certe tifica^  refi caratteri da loro imaginati alle parole piu occorrenti } le Jcriueuano  (on molta jtgeuole^za.e.Fu quefia regola molto commendata per mio parere fé fcrijfero arte, memoriiy nagran moltttydi fi,  Cdcerom. la ri prende, intendetiJ che 'a tutte le Rarefi che,pq^. Falcone. caratteristica universale. Grice (St John’s, 1939). “War has been declared; I have declared, with no less solemnity, that I shall finish this wretched piece on “Personal Identity” before I lose my own. In the course of procrastination—a practice now officially patriotic—I come across Dorandino Falcone (or Falcone “di Gioia,” which sounds less like a surname than like a stage direction). And he sounds so much prae, as the Latins spelled it, that one thinks at once of Locke: memory, identity, the whole early‑modern apparatus at its most earnest and, if we are honest, at its most dreary. Poor Della Porta had the splendidly titled Ars reminiscendi: no definite article, as Cicero would have preferred, and the delicious gerund—reminiscendi—doing all the work by itself. And the thing, for all its elegance, never appears in print during Della Porta’s lifetime. But Falcone, being clever and being Neapolitan, knows his public. The populace wants its marvels in the vernacular, and so he has the translation printed before the original—abruptly, domestically—L’arte del ricordare, with Cicero turning in his grave. The sublime ars becomes l’arte—as if one needed the definite article at all, as if an iota‑operator were ever a necessity when it can be left to good conversational practice. And the clean Latin reminiscendi—a gerund that needs no prepositions, no scaffolding—becomes del ricordare, with del doing double duty: first as a little definite “of‑the,” and then as a poor substitute for the genitive that Latin gave you for free. But the serious point is Lockean. For Locke the “I” is, in effect, a memory‑thread; for Della Porta it is a craft of reminiscence—ars, not autobiography; and for Falcone it is something else again: not the “I” as remembered, but the “I” as coached—trained, supplied with pumpkins and melons and window‑places so that words can be fetched like objects. And Falcone himself is a different animal altogether—which is appropriate, since falcone is a hawk. Hart means a hart; Grice means—well, grice. But does a falcon ricorda? Does it remember? Or does it simply return—accurately, obediently—to where you trained it to return?” Grice: Falcone, tradurre l’Ars reminiscendi di Porta in “L’arte del ricordare” è già un’implicatura: vuoi farci credere che la memoria sia più educata quando parla italiano. Falcone: E tu, Grice, quando parli di lingua universale, mi sembra che tu voglia un dizionario dove anche le zucche dicano “POI CHE” senza litigare con i meloni. Grice: Appunto, perché se un’immagine ben piazzata mi fa ricordare una parola, allora anche un buon dialogo mi fa ricordare un’idea senza doverla recitare in Senato. Falcone: Allora facciamo così: io ti do finestre, luoghi e figure per la memoria, e tu mi dai massime conversazionali per non dimenticare dove ho messo il manoscritto. Falcone di Gioia, Dorandino (1556). L’arte del ricordare. Napoli

Fannio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – F. conosce Panezio per mezzo di Lelio, e ne segue l’insegnamento. Fannio combatte contro Cartagine, tribuno della plebe e si distingue contro Viriato. F. e pretore e console. F. oppone alla proposta di Gracco di concedere la piena cittadinanza romana ai latini e i diritti di questi ai itali, con una orazione famosa. F. scrive un saggio storico spesso ricordata da CICERONE, Annales, che forse comincia con le origini di Roma -- e orazioni.   F.  is a republican philosopher and politician. One of the principal opponents of GRACCO. F. is a member of the Scipionic Circle, the son of Marco F., and a member of the staff of Metellus, who sennds him as part of an embassy to the Achaean League to convince them not to enter the war against Rome. The embassy is insulted and their warnings disregarded. He serves with distinction as a military tribune under Serviliano in his war against Viriato. Elected as plebeian tribune, and then praetor, he is mentioned in a decree responding to the request for assistance by the Hasmoneans. With the support of the tribune of the plebs GRACCO, F. is elected consul, serving alongside Ahenobarbus. Once in office, he turns against GRACCO, opposing his measures and supporting the Senate against any reforms which impact upon its wealth and status. He commands all of the Italian allies to leave Rome, and speaks against GRACCO's proposal to extend the franchise to the Latins, an oratorical masterpiece. F. marries Laelia, the daughter of Laelius. On the advice of his father-in-law, F. attends the lectures of the portico philosopher Panezio. There is a long-standing debate over whether this F. is the historian who serves under SCIPIONE, and together with GRACCO are the first to mount the walls of Carthage. CICERONE is incorrect in identifying F. the consul as the son of Gaius. Inscriptions clearly reveal that his father is Marcus F. It is now generally accepted that CICERONE, although mistaken about some of the details, is not mistaken when he distinguished between F., the Consul and F., the historian who served under SCIPIONE. Fannio. Fannio. Roma. GRICEVS: Fanni, si Panaetium per Laelium didicisti, dic mihi utrum in republica plus valeat sermo apertus an implicatura cauta. FANNIVS: Utrumque, Grice, nam in curia verba saepe pugnant sicut apud Carthaginem, sed sensus sub verbis latet sicut legatus sub toga. GRICEVS: At tu Graccho restitisti de civitate Latinis danda, et tamen ipse consul factus es—num hoc est constantia Stoica an mutatio opportunissima. FANNIVS: Constantia est, nisi quis rogaverit; tum respondeo more Annalium: Cicero me laudat, Gracchus me accusat, et ego inter utrumque rideam, dum Roma se ipsam interpretatur.

Fariano: la ragione conversazionale e il circolo di Giuliano -- Roma antica -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo romano. Friend of Giuliano. Studies  philosophy with Giuliano and Eumenio. GRICEVS: Fariane, audio te in circulo Iuliani cum Iuliano atque Eumenio philosophari, sed dic mihi utrum Roma plus amet disputare an plausum captare. FARIANVS: Roma utrumque amat, Grice, nam eadem urbs potest et in porticibus rationem quaerere et in foro rumores colligere quasi sint syllogismi. GRICEVS: Ergo cum quis tacet in circulo, nonne saepe maxime dicit, et nos reliquum per implicaturam colligimus? FARIANVS: Ita vero, et Iulianus ipse ridens docet nos hoc unum: sapientia Romae saepe nascitur ex eo quod nemo audet plane loqui.

Guido Fassò (Bologna, Emilia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, Igitur est RES PVBLICA RES POPVLI – l’implicatura di Bruto, Grice: “I like F.; for one, he was, like my friend H. L. A. Hart, a philosophical lawyer! But unlike Hart, F., being a Roman, knew what he was talking about!” “My favourite is his explication of Bruto’s reaction when being brought the corpses of his two sons!” F., mi viene a conforto col suo ottimo lavoro, che dà una diligentissima ed acuta interpretazione ed esposizione del corso non già logico ma storico, o per meglio dire, psicologico della formazione della Scienza nuova; esposizione che è utile possedere e che si segue con curiosità. Con pari bravura è condotta la ricerca di quel che VICO attinse o credette di attingere ai quattro suoi autori. Croce, Illusione degli autori sui “loro” autori,). Si laurea a Bologna, sotto Borsi e SAITTA coll’elemento demografico nelle provvidenze assistenziali a favore dei lavoratori: la legislazione del lavoro con VICO. Tarquinio il Superbo settimo e ultimo re di Roma  Lucrezia (antica Roma) figlia di Spurio Lucrezio Tricipitino e moglie di Collatino  Lucio Tarquinio Collatino politico romano. RES PVBLICA RES POPVLI, ius, Grice on Hart, Hart’s failure as a jurisprudentialist – “La filosofia romana” “La giurisprudenza romana” la genesi logica della scienza nuova di Vico, la genesi storica della scienza nova di vico, Michelet, filosofo uganotto discipolo di Vico, Croce su F., F. su Gentile, F. su Romano – iurisprudenza, ius-naturalismo – legge e raggione, legge raggione, societa – positivismo – storia come esperienza giuridica, l’assoluto giuridico – natura umana – grozio e vico – lo stato fascista di Gentile. Grice (St John’s, 1947): “It is pleasant to be back in the Senior Common Room. My office at the Admiralty had the merit of being near Piccadilly Circus (I still insist on pronouncing it “Piccadello”), but this is a philosopher’s life for you: the work is farther from traffic and nearer to footnotes. I am browsing abstracts and stumble upon Fassò—Vico, and the mischief of a first French translator. Fassò is my kind of man. Born in Bologna, he did not so much “go” to Bologna (as I went to Oxford from Clifton) as cross the street. One might say he matriculated by inertia. I find myself imagining the poor young Guido put through the standard Bolognese ordeal: the veritable torture of having to memorise the Twelve Tables—Si in ius vocat, ito and the rest—before being allowed anywhere near philosophy. It is no surprise, then, that he suspects Vico reads better in French. That is what a Bolognese says of any philosopher south of Bologna—rather as we say “north of Watford” and mean, with a straight face, “beyond the pale.” And what does Fassò discover? That the French translator didn’t count. Translators don’t count! I have often translated my own maxims into Latin, and that would count—because I am translating myself. But otherwise: mere verbiage, mere mediation, a sort of philosophical laundering. One is tempted to call it—what is it they say?—flatus vocis: breath, noise, the flatulence of the voice. But here Oxford pedantry must rescue one from Oxford wit. The phrase is not really Ockham’s at all; it is the insult of opponents, and it is usually pinned to Roscelin of Compiègne (c. 1050–c. 1121) and the early nominalists. So perhaps Fassò is right to worry about translators: not because they are flatus, but because, when they are good, they alter what “counts” as the thing—and when they are bad, they persuade you it never counted in the first place. Grice: Caro Fassò, ti confesso che spesso mi viene da pensare: se l’Inghilterra fosse rimasta una commonwealth, senza la Restaurazione, il corso della nostra storia filosofica sarebbe stato senz’altro più adatto, più coerente con la ragione, non credi anche tu?  Fassò: Grice, la tua riflessione è acuta. La concezione di res publica come res populi, che anch’io ho tanto amato studiare, rimarca quanto l’ordine giuridico e filosofico guadagni in profondità se fondato sulla partecipazione collettiva, invece che sull’autorità restaurata dall’alto.  Grice: Esattamente, Fassò! Nel tuo lavoro sulla genesi storica della scienza nuova di Vico, sento un’eco di questa tensione: tra una legge che nasce dalla ragione comune e una che viene imposta come semplice comando. La storia giuridica, come quella inglese o romana, riflette sempre questa dialettica, no?  Fassò: Proprio così, Grice. E sia Vico che Grozio ci insegnano che la natura umana cerca il diritto come esperienza condivisa, non come diktat. Forse la vera res publica, anche nella filosofia, resta sempre quella in cui il popolo discute, interpreta e costruisce la propria legge – come volevano i migliori spiriti della nostra tradizione. Fassò, Guido (1942). Vico nel pensiero del suo traduttore francese – Memroia dell’Accademia delle scienze dell’Istituto di Bologna.

Fausto: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano– Riez --. Contra Claudiano Mamerto. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice. GRICEVS: Favste, Roma quidem plena est conversandi, sed quaeso num etiam in Riez philosophus Italicus invenit porticum ubi responsa non nimis longa sint. FAVSTVS: Inveni, Grice, sed ibi quoque omnes contra Claudianum Mamertum scribunt, quasi nemo umquam pro aliquo potuerit tacite assentiri. GRICEVS: Ego autem in ludo Griceano didici optimum esse non semper dicere quod scis, sed facere ut alter id inferat et tamen amicus maneat. FAVSTVS: Ita est: tu implicas, ego respondeo, et ambo ridemus, ne philosophia ipsa nos in exilium mittat.

Favonio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica – il portico a Roma – il cinargo a Roma -- Filosofo del portico, amico e ammiratore di CATONE  Uticense. Fugge con Pompeo. E giustiziato per essere proscritto. Dopo che Marco F. E catturato e giustiziato Ottaviano acquistò uno dei suoi schiavi, un certo Sarmento, quando tutte le proprietà del nemico sconfitto vennero messe in vendita: è stato affermato poi ch'egli divenne il catamite preferito dello stesso futuro imperatore. Caesar's Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire, Marcus F., a Roman politician during the period of the fall of the Roman Republic. Noted for his imitation of Catone, his espousal of the Cynic philosophy – CINARGO --, and for his appearance as the Poet in Shakespeare's GIULIO cesare.  with the support of Cato, was chosen aedile. F. stood to be chosen aedile, and was like to lose it; but Cato, who was there to assist him, observed that all the votes were written in one hand, and discovering the cheat, appealed to the tribunes, who stopped the election. F. is afterwards chosen aedile, and Cato, who assisted him in all things that belonged to his office, quaestor and served as legatus in Sicily, Praetor. on the meeting at the senate at which F. bids Pompey stamp on the ground. F. imitates CATONE in everything, a fair character who supposed his own petulance and abusive talking a copy of Cato's straightforwardness. An instance of his imitation of Cato's plainspeaking that was ruder and more vehement than the behaviour of his model might have allowed came in a dispute in the Senate, Pompey, challenged as to the paucity of his forces when Julius GIULIO  CESARE’s Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire, Roman Homosexuality: Oxford Plutarch, Athenaeum. Senator People executed by the Roman Republic A Cynic. He attached himself to CATONE, whom he sought to imitate. He was also a friend of Marco BRUTO, but they fell out and Bruto told him that while he only PRETENDED to be a Cynic, he really WAS a dog! implicature, Favonio. Tarracina. GRICEVS: Favoni, in porticu ambulans Catonem imitari vis, sed num etiam marmora ipsa tuam libertatem loquendi timent? FAVONIVS: Marmora non timent, Grice, sed tribuni timent, quia cum suffragia una manu scripta vidi, una voce fraudem sustuli. GRICEVS: At in senatu Pompeium pedem tundere iussisti, quasi terra ipsa copias parere posset, quod mihi videtur cynicum magis quam stoicum. FAVONIVS: Cynicus an stoicus, idem sum—canis qui veritatem latrat, sed amicus qui tecum ridet dum Roma graviter se gerit.

Favonio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica. Dedica la sua "Disputatio de sommio Scipionis" a Superio. Questa disputazione derivare dal commento posidoniano al "Timeo," mediato da VARRONE, al quale si ritengono attinte le fonti citate. Presenta la teoria dei numeri, essenza delle cose e tratta del significato simbolico di essi, dall’I al IX. S’occupa dell’armonia delle sfere. Crotone.  Ma Crotone appare in ciò che F.  dice della monade, in cui espone una teoria monistica che deriva da essa ogni realtà. Il numero è eterno, intelligibile, incorruttibile, e include con la potenza tutto ciò che è.Ma inteso in senso proprio è una pluralità unificata e divisibile e perciò comincia con la diade.Invece la monade, l’unità assoluta e indivisibile e identica al divino, è il seme e l’inizio dei numeri. I numeri poi sì distinguono dalle cose corporee numerabili che sono accidenti e sostrati dei primi, che sono riducibili alla monade. Però le cose numerabili non sono altro che tale unità assoluta, che è prima, entro e dopo tutte le cose. Infatti, ogni quantità proviene dall’uno e in esso mette capo ed esso permane immutabile quando periscono le altre cose che possono accoglierlo in sè. Retore romano, È noto per un episodio narrato dal suo maestro, che lo rende identificabile con F. autore dell'operetta Disputatio de somnio Scipionis. Il suo scritto lo pone fra gli studiosi Crotone ed accademia.  La Disputatio, dedicata a Superio, vir clarissimus atque sublimis, aritmologia; espone la teoria musicale Holder, F. Scarpa, Favonii Eulogii Disputatio de Somnio Scipionis, Latomus. Marcellino, F. Disputatio de Somnio Scipionis, edizione critica, traduzione e commento, Napoli, Opere di F., su digilibLT, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro. Opere di F., su openMLOL, Horizons Unlimited srl. Opere di F., su Open Library, Internet Archive.  Portale Biografie: accedi alle voci di che trattano di biografie Categoria: Retori romani. F. wrote an analysis of CICERONE’s Dream of SCIPIONE. Favonio Eulogio. Roma. GRICEVS: Favoni, si monas est semen omnium numerorum, rogo num etiam cena una sufficiat ad tot philosophiam sustinendam. FAVONIVS: Sufficit sane, Grice, nam una oliva sapit ut universum, sed diades vini facit ut oratio fluat. GRICEVS: Cave, ne diade vini ad harmoniam sphaerarum addita efficiat ut etiam pilae tabernae “implicent” se caelestes esse. FAVONIVS: Noli timere, nam si sphaerae cantant, ego solum numero, tu solum rides, et Superius—clarissimus atque sublimis—solum mercedem solvet.

Favorino: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica -- Roma – filosofia italiano –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Comes from Arelate. Said by Flavio Filostrato to have been a hermaphrodite. Pupil of Dion Cocceianos. Achieves fame as a sophist. Writes many books on philosophy, including works on Epitteto. He is exiled by Adriano. GRICEVS: Favorine Arelatensis, Roma ipsa te audit—sed num Hadrianus quoque, an tantum auris eius timet? FAVORINVS: Audit ille satis, Grice, atque ideo me exsilio donavit, quasi libris meis nimium eloquenter tussirem. GRICEVS: Si discipulus Dionis Cocceiani es, cur non Stoice rides, cum Roma te foras mittit quasi malum dictum? FAVORINVS: Rideo, quia sophista sum: Roma me expellit corpore, sed relinquo ibi verba mea—et verba semper redeunt, etiam sine tessera reditus.

Lorenzo Maria Antonio Fazzini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “I like F.; he can be too theological, but that’s okay! Some of my Oxonian friends are masonic, and some are Pythagorean!. Si laurea a Napoli sotto FERGOLA. Si avvicina al sensismo empirismo. Oltre all'insegnamento della filosofia, si dedica alla ricerca e alla divulgazione. Al servizio di queste tre attività allestì anche un laboratorio scientifico, considerato uno dei migliori di Napoli. Per F. venne composta da DONIZETTI  una messa da Requiem oggi perduta, mentre PUOTI  recita un elogio di F., di cui è amico. Si occupa a lungo di ricerche scientifiche in vari campi della fisica. In particolare, studia l'induzione Arithmetic of Pythagoreans, Los Angeles, REGHINI, I Numeri Sacri nella tradizione pitagorica massonica, La Tetractis pitagorica ed il Delta massonico  sommandolo con sé stesso o moltiplicandolo per sé stesso, si ottiene il medesimo resultato, mentre per l'unità il prodotto dà di meno della somma e per il tre il prodotto dà di più, ossia, si ha: 1+1=2>1.1  ;  2+2=4=2.2  ;  3+3=6. Grice: la matematica di Pitagora, Platone, aritmetica, geometria, definizione di assioma, problema, lemma, numero, demonstrazione, ragione, postulato, numero sacro, reghini – crotona, Taranto, aristosseno, meloponto filolao crotone crotona -- ecc., Grice: Caro Fazzini, mi affascina il modo in cui riesci a intrecciare la ragione conversazionale con implicature che sfiorano il teologico e il pitagorico. Cosa pensi della tradizione filosofica italiana quando si incontra con la matematica sacra?  Fazzini: Grice, la matematica pitagorica ha sempre avuto un posto speciale nel mio pensiero: i numeri sacri, la tetractis, persino il delta massonico. Credo che la filosofia, specialmente quella italiana, non possa ignorare il valore simbolico e razionale dei numeri, che sono chiavi di accesso sia all’empirismo che al misticismo. Grice: Ecco, Fazzini, è proprio ciò che mi incuriosisce: come la tua ricerca filosofica si arricchisce grazie alla scienza e alla divulgazione. La ragione conversazionale, secondo me, si nutre anche di questa apertura multidisciplinare, dove lo studio dei numeri si intreccia con la riflessione sul senso.  Fazzini: Hai perfettamente ragione, Grice! Senza la curiosità di esplorare anche il laboratorio scientifico o la storia della matematica, la filosofia resterebbe incompleta. Ogni conversazione genuina, ogni implicatura che si manifesta, è un invito a scoprire nuove connessioni, tra senso empirico e sacralità del pensiero.  Grice (St John’s, 1950). They tell you we’ve reached the halfway point of a century. I don’t see why that should matter. I was never much for chronologies; they encourage the superstition that a date can do the thinking for you. Strawson, meanwhile, is finishing a chapter on the “pseudo‑problem” of induction—an appendix, he says, to his Introduction to Logical Theory. It puts me at once in mind of Fazzini, for whom induction was not so much a topic as a fixation; and he blamed the habit, charmingly, on his tutor, Fergola. I begin to suspect that, in this private taxonomy of his, I am cast as the Fergola to Strawson’s Fazzini. But, as usual, what catches my eye is the diversion. I am very English; and although I don’t, in general, hold with relics, I cannot help associating St Michael with England—the way the Genoese insist on associating St George with Genoa, regardless of geography or good sense. So why is this Neapolitan empiricist, this laboratory‑man, praising St Michael at Vieste? I find myself thinking that this is how induction begins: not with the grand problem, but with a stray case that refuses to stay in its proper category.”Editorial note: Fazzini’s orazione to San Michele at Vieste would most plausibly be a civic‑religious panegyric for the local cult (Monte Sant’Angelo / Gargano is the great regional Michaelic centre), likely stressing (i) Michael as protector in plague, storm, and war; (ii) the archangel as “defender” and “weigher” in judgment—hence a natural bridge to “proof,” “trial,” and moral order; and (iii) a local patriot note: Vieste’s identity anchored in its sanctuary calendar rather than in abstract theology. Oxford thinks Michael is a college; Puglia thinks he’s an emergency service.”Grice: Caro Fazzini, ma dimmi, tra numeri sacri e implicature teologiche, non rischiamo di confondere Pitagora con San Gennaro? Fazzini: Grice, se Pitagora avesse avuto il miracolo del sangue, avrebbe sicuramente calcolato la formula per farlo scorrere più spesso! Grice: E allora, tra una tetractis e una messa da Requiem, Napoli diventa la capitale della matematica mistica... e della filosofia empirica col caffè! Fazzini: Per forza, Grice! Da queste parti, persino la ragione conversazionale si scioglie come lo zucchero nel caffè: e ogni numero è un invito a fare due chiacchiere e tre risate. Fazzini, Lorenzo Maria Antonio (1805). Orazione in laude di San Michele, Duomo di Vieste.

Fedro: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “Hardie, my tutor at Corpus, never displayed his philosophical views to me – which was a shame – but then he said he was following Fedro’s advice in teaching Cicero!” Fedro. Keywords: pupil-tutor. Filosofo italiano. The philosophy teacher of Cicerone at Rome. F. follows the doctrines of The Garden, and succeeds Zenone as the head of the school. Grice: O Phædre, audivi te Cicerōni hortum docuisse; num Hardie quoque, me docente, eodem horto latuit quasi apis in rosā? PHÆDRVS: Ita prorsus, nam magister prudens doctrīnam suam non ostendit, sed discipulum facit eam sponte colligere—quod est hortulanī opus, non præconis. GRICEVS: At tu Zenonem secutus scholarchēs factus es; ego vero vix scholæ caput sum, quia caput meum semper in implicaturīs est. PHÆDRVS: Noli metuere, Grice: in Horto etiam caput in nubibus licet, modo pedes in terrā et vinum in poculō maneant.

Feliceto. Grice: Caro Feliceto, dimmi, se ti trovassi davanti alle rovine della terza Roma, da dove inizieresti una conversazione filosofica? Feliceto: Grice, forse comincerei dal bar accanto, con un espresso forte! La filosofia, come Roma, nasce meglio se accompagnata da qualcosa di buono. Grice: Allora la ragione conversazionale va a braccetto con la caffeina? Mi piace! Così ogni implicatura sarà più sveglia e meno solenne. Feliceto: Esatto, Grice! La filosofia seria la lasciamo ai tedeschi: noi italiani preferiamo ridere un po’, mentre discutiamo sulle fondamenta della città e della ragione.

Epifanio Ferdinando (Mesagne, Brindisi, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della masculinità, il maschio e la tarantella. Grice: “I like F.; for one he describes himself as a ‘philosophus,’ which is good – second, he deals with ‘philosophia’ in terms of this or that ‘theorema,’ which is good, and third he follows Aristotle! F. says that tarantella proves that the aspects of reason are not sufficient, since the dance is irrational. Churchill liked it though and he thought his bronze of the male dancer in his garde reminded him of his adventures in Southern Italy when he would dance nude in the hills!”  Si laurea a Napoli. Conosce MANUNZIO. “teoremi filosofici”, Conosce Clemente. Con Severino ha una disputa riguardo al metodo migliore di operare l'incisione della salvatella. Profondo conoscitore dei MERCURIALE, Eustachio, Falloppia e FRACASTORO, si concentra sull'importanza delle analisi del sangue valutandone consistenza, opacità, densità e colore e ritene centrale per la terapia attenersi ad una adeguata dieta. Per curare i suoi pazienti si serve non solo di salassi, purghe e clisteri, secondo la prassi ordinaria, ma prepara anche dei farmaci di origine vegetale ottenuti miscelando quantità variabili d’erbe mediche a seconda della terapia. Nella sua vita si occupa anche di due casi di interesse neurologico e pediatrico, descritti nei particolari nelle Centum Historiæ, e nutre anche uno spiccato interesse nei confronti del tarantismo e della musica come terapia certissima. Historiae seu Observationes et Casus medici Aureus De Peste Libellus Libellus de apibus”; “Tractatus de natura leporis”; “De coelo Messapiensi”; “De bonitate aquae cisternae”; de morsu tarantolae.” Martino La terra del rimorso, Est, Magnes sive de arte magnetica opus tripartitum, Magnes sive de arte magnetica opus tripartitum, Martino, La terra del rimorso, Est, Milano, Portulano Scoditti, Distante, Alfonsetti, Poci. De tarantulae anatome et morsu, Scoditti e Distante, La peste, De peste aureus libellus, Le centum historiae Scoditti e Amedeo Elio Distante, F., De Vita Proroganda seu juventute conservanda, mito, taranta, tarantella, Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice. Grice (St John’s, 1951). Hampshire is writing a book on Spinoza, and “Spinoza” has become the main noun—nomen proprium—in all his conversational moves, with the ablative more geometrico trailing after it like a college scarf. “You should find him fun, Grice,” he says. “Like Ferdinando, he thinks of philosophia as a set of theorems.” Suitably primed, I go to the Bodleian. “I’m looking for Epifanio Ferdinando,” I tell the lady at the desk. She looks up, perfectly neutral. “Il Vecchio?” For a moment I take it as a librarian’s insult—Oxford has a way of making even cataloguing feel personal. But by the following week I am persuaded that il non‑vecchio—whoever he turns out to be in the family tree—is every bit as interesting, and perhaps (being younger) even more dangerous. Grice (St John’s, 1951). Hampshire has got me taking Spinoza seriously—Spinoza has become the main noun, nomen proprium, in all his conversational moves, with more geometrico trailing behind like a learned ablative. A week later I find myself back in the Bodleian, and with the air of a man pursuing a footnote that has begun to pursue him. “Epifanio Ferdinando,” I say, “but not il Vecchio. Anything by him?” The assistant consults the slip with the patient authority of Oxford stationery. “We have his rather eye‑catching Delle famiglie mesagnesi,” she says. “On loan only—because…” and here she reads, in what may be the most heroic Italian accent my ears have ever survived: “il manoscrito è di proprietà della familia Cavaliere di Mesagne.” I leave without the temerity to request it, but with the uneasy feeling that somewhere in that private manuscript lies the sort of thing that made Latin at Clifton fun—names, lineages, the smug pleasure of distinguishing one homonym from another. “Today we are reading Pliny the Younger,” the master used to say—adding, as if it were the point of the lesson, that “the Younger” was not “the Elder,” and might not even be related by blood at all. Two Plinys, two Ferdinandi: Oxford’s way of teaching you that scholarship begins as family gossip and ends as bibliography. And Hampshire, of course, would have smiled at that. In Spinoza, more geometrico is a method. In the Bodleian, it is a filing system. (Editorial note: Pliny the Elder and Pliny the Younger were related by blood: the Younger was the Elder’s nephew (his sister’s son), and later also his adoptive son (by will). Pliny the Younger says explicitly that his mother Plinia Marcella was the Elder’s sister, and that after the Elder’s death in AD 79 he adopted him and left him his estate. [en.wikipedia.org] The family link (simple statement for an editorial note)  Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus), born AD 23/24, died AD 79. [en.wikipedia.org] Pliny the Younger (born Gaius Caecilius; later Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus), born AD 61, died c. AD 113; nephew of the Elder and later adopted by him in AD 79 (via the Elder’s will). [en.wikipedia.org]  AUC (“ab urbe condita”) equivalents (if you want them in Roman dating) Using the standard conversion AD 1 = AUC 754 (i.e., AUC = AD + 753), we get: Ab urbe condita [en.wikipedia.org]  Elder born AD 23/24 → AUC 776/777 Younger born AD 61 → AUC 814 Elder dies AD 79 → AUC 832 Younger dies c. AD 113 → AUC 866). Grice: Ferdinando, dimmi la verità, la tarantella è davvero il segreto della mascolinità filosofica o serve solo a far ridere i filosofi inglesi in vacanza? Ferdinando: Caro Grice, tra un teorema e un passo di danza, la tarantella insegna che il maschio italiano ha bisogno di un po’ di irrazionalità per restare umano – e per evitare di diventare troppo serio, come Aristotele dopo il pranzo della domenica! Grice: Ah, quindi Churchill aveva ragione: ballare nudi sulle colline è una terapia infallibile! Altro che analisi del sangue – basta il ritmo, e la salvatella si incide da sola. Ferdinando: Grice, prova tu a ballare la tarantella quando il morso della tarantola si fa sentire! Vedrai che la ragione conversazionale lascia spazio all’implicatura… e magari anche a qualche passo fuori tempo! Ferdinando, Epifanio (1611). Theoremata Philosophica. Venezia.

Franco Fergnani (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del gesto e la passione –Grice: “I love F.; especially his “Il gesto e la passione,” which I apply to them extravagant Victorian male-only interactions! Napoleon, an Italian, thought he was French, but he was a Corsican. No, I don’t know Corsica” – however he thought he was an emperor and as such, as every student at Milano laughs at, that he should convince Canova to go nudist! Nelson tries but Vivian Leigh opposed!”. Si laurea a Milano sotto BANFI. Insegna a Milano. Esistenzialista. Un critico di se stesso”; “More geometrico, “Prassi di GRAMSCI; “Materialismo” La dialettica dell’esistere” L'essere e il nulla” “Esistire” Il gesto e la passione” L’Esistenzialismo” MANZONI Il filosofo che ci “spiega” Materiali di Estetica, Massimo Recalcati, L'ora di lezione, Einaudi, Torino, Papi.  Fisiognomica interpretazione del carattere di una persona sulla base del suo aspetto esteriore Lingua Segui disambigua.svg Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando l'album di Battiato, vedi Fisiognomica (album). La fisiognomica o fisiognomonica è una disciplina pseudoscientifica che attraverso la  fisiognomia o fisiognomonia pretende di dedurre i caratteri psicologici e morali di una persona dal suo aspetto fisico, soprattutto dai lineamenti e dalle espressioni del volto. Il termine deriva dalle parole greche physis(natura) e gnosis (conoscenza). Questa disciplina godette di una certa considerazione tanto da essere insegnata nelle università. La parola fisiognomica o fisiognomia venne usata fra gli studiosi per distinguerla dal termine fisionomia o fisonomia. Heroic and Other Nudities Men Without Clothes: Heroic Nakedness, in Gender et History, Tom Stevenson, Nude Honorific Statuary and Portraits in Rome, in Rome, Nudo artistico nudo eroico Arte arte Storia della nudità atteggiamenti sociali verso la nudità  Apollo di Piombino Perizonium exist, Grice on ‘a is’ Grice on ‘a exists’ – E-committal – Peano on ‘existent’ – esistono – es gibt, there is/there are, some, or at least one, il y a, c’e, Warnock on ‘exist’ I gesti dei imperatori romani nudita eroica! Fisionomia – porta. Grice (St John’s, 1964): “I pass Blackwell’s on the way in, and there—behind the glass—is the whole divide laid out like a tidy display. Not quite a confrontation, more a brush of sleeves. On one side, Butler—Canadian-born, so already a small rebuke to Oxford’s tribalism—with his Analytic Philosophy, and there in the contents a familiar title: my “Some Remarks about the Senses” (Blackwell, 1962). Next to it, close enough to count as physical contact, though certainly not close enough for any public embrace, sits Fergnani’s Marxismo e filosofia contemporanea. I open it at once, as one does when presented with temptation in a shop window, and I go straight to the index of names. No Ryle. So I don’t even expect Austin. The omission is almost courteous. But the contrast in the title is odd. “Marxism and contemporary philosophy”—as we say at Oxford, once a Marxist, always a Marxist. Yet the phrasing rather suggests that Marxism isn’t quite itself “contemporary philosophy”: it needs the conjunction, as if to qualify for admission. Unless, of course, the thought is the other way round: Marxism as it is treated within contemporary philosophy—Marxism as exhibit, not as participant. And since when did Marx become a museum piece? When did “late-modern” start meaning “no longer alive”? Who decided that Marxism belongs under glass, with a label, rather than in the argumentative air of the present? I put the book back, as carefully as if the shop were a library, and walk on toward college—wondering, not for the first time, whether “contemporary” is just a polite synonym for “ours,” and whether “ours” always comes with an admissions test.” Grice: Carissimo Fergnani, non posso che essere d’accordo: dietro ogni gesto conversazionale si cela una vera passione conversazionale! È proprio questa energia emotiva che rende il dialogo autentico, permettendo che il senso si manifesti non solo nelle parole, ma anche nei movimenti, negli sguardi e nelle pause. La passione è il motore invisibile del nostro parlare. Fergnani: Grice, hai colto il punto essenziale! Spesso ci dimentichiamo che la comunicazione non è solo forma o struttura logica, ma anche trasmissione di emozioni. Il gesto, come insegno in “Il gesto e la passione”, è la traccia concreta della volontà e del desiderio, la manifestazione esterna dell’intensità interna. Senza passione, il gesto sarebbe vuoto! Grice: Esattamente, caro Fergnani! La filosofia della conversazione, come la intendo io, presuppone che ogni implicatura sia vissuta, sentita, non solo ragionata. A volte, un semplice movimento della mano o un’espressione del volto comunica più di mille parole, perché la passione dialogica accompagna e dà intensità al senso. Fergnani: È così, Grice! La fisiognomica stessa ci insegna che il carattere e l’emozione si leggono nelle sfumature dell’espressione: il gesto è la sintesi tra pensiero e sentimento, tra razionalità ed empatia. Ogni gesto conversazionale è una promessa di comprensione, e ogni passione è un invito a dialogare davvero. Fergnani, Franco (1964). Marxismo e filosofia contemporanea (Cremona: Padus), 1964.

Aldo Ferrabino (Cuneo, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della terza Roma – la base mitologica del latino. Grice: I like F.; if I were not into the unity of philosophy, I would say he is a philosophical historian  and a Roman historian, too! Strictly, a philosopher of Roman history, alla Gibbon!” Si laurea a Torino sotto Graf e SANCTIS col mito. Insegna a Roma. del LINCEI e corrispondente nazionale della stessa e presidente dell'Istituto italiano per la storia antica. Presidente della Societ Nazionale "Dante Alighieri" e insieme a Cappelletti , fonda "Il Veltro". Pubblica sull'Italia romana, l'et dei Cesari, la filosofia fatalistica della storia. Alter opere: Calisso: la storia di un mito (Bocca, Torino)  with a section on the myth among the Latins, and a later section on the treatment by Roman authors, Arato di Sicione e l'idea federale (Monnier, Firenze); L'impero ateniese  note that its Roman empire and impero ateniense, but BRITISH empire not London empire, and American empire, rather than Washington empire  La dissoluzione della libert nella Grecia antica (Milani, Padova); L'Italia romana (Mondadori, Milano); GIULIO eran Tessali suoi compatrioti. Lento (ma chiaro) processo, adunque, le cui forme non si debbon confondere con le primitive quali ci appajono nelle due Eee. Esegesi novissima. Storia e indagine su Civette mitica soo in questo volume gi per intero composte quando apparvero di Pasquali le Quaestiones Callimacheae (Gottingae) ove il mito di Cirene  di nuovo trattato. Ne pubblicheremo altrove una confutazione (" Atti della R. Accademia delle Scienze di Torino). Torino, BOCCA, TORINO Piccola Biblioteca di Scienze Moderne Grice: Mussolini lacked a classical education  he was obsessed, if we are talking alla hymns, of the modern, not the ancient! Grice: Mussolini, who wasnt from Rome, called Rome the city of prostitutes. Hausmann suggested that he should build the third Rome somewhere in the Lazio. la terza Roma, Mazzini. Una e unica Roma, one and only. Mussolinis dislike for ruins, Mussolinis use of modern versus ancient. Calypso. Grice (St John’s): “St John’s asked me for a paper on Descartes—certainty, which is to say doubt—and now I’m the one doubting. The Merton Philosophical Library has a full run of Giornale dantesco, so I spend an afternoon with the 1911 volume, leafing through it number by number, until I find Ferrabino on il dubbio—in Dante, of course, never Descartes. Since when did Oxford decide that doubt belongs to René Descartes (as my French master at Clifton would have pronounced it, “René des Cartes”), rather than to Alighieri?” Grice: Caro Ferrabino, la “terza Roma” sembra più mitica che reale! Ma dimmi, se dovessimo fondare una nuova Roma, partiresti dalle rovine o costruiresti tutto daccapo? Ferrabino: Eh, Grice, le rovine sono come la grammatica latina: tutti le temono, ma senza di loro non sapremmo dove mettere le fondamenta! Meglio un po’ di mitologia che una città di solo cemento. Grice: E Mussolini? Lui avrebbe preferito un monumento alla modernità, magari circondato da prosaici caffè invece che da antiche vestali… Forse la sua “Roma” era più per turisti che per filosofi! Ferrabino: Grice, allora ci resta solo una cosa: fondare la “Roma conversazionale” dove ogni implicatura vale più di un arco trionfale! E se proprio non ci riesce, almeno facciamo ridere qualche senatore. Ferrabino, Aldo (1911). Il dramma dantesco della superbia e del dubbio. Giornale dantesco.

Guido Ferrando (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di CORIOLANO, ovvero, la filosofia. Grice: “I like F.; for one, he is what I would call an Anglo-Italian – cf. Anglo-Argentine; so he philosophised on Otello, Coroliano, la creazione di Carpenter and the forces of Prentice Mulford; on Byron’s Manfredi, and more beyond!” Si laurea a Pisa. Insegna a Firenze. Mistico. Psicologo filosofico. L’istruzione è un processo d'indagine dove l’studente impara dal tutore *come* pensare, non *cosa* pensare".  La Voce” -- Coriolano politico e Generale dell'antica Gens Marcia, Q. Marcius, dux Romanus, qui Coriolos ceperat, Volscorum civitatem, ad ipsos Volscos contendit iratus et auxilia contra Romanos accepit. Romanos saepe vicit, usque ad will be dogged with curses”: “... sarà inseguito da una canea di maledizioni”. Si è creduto di ampliare, nella traduzione, la bella immagine venatoria. Plutarco, unica fonte di Shakespeare per questo suo dramma, narra che, tornate a Roma, la madre e la moglie di Coriolano, insieme a Valeria furono salutate in Senato come salvatrici della patria e vennero loro offerti dallo stesso Senato onori e ricompense, che esse rifiutarono, solo chiedendo che fosse eretto un tempio alla “Fortuna muliebris”, sulla Via Latina. Sparatorie, al tempo di Coriolano, evidentemente, non ce n’erano, e Menenio non poteva pensare a un siffatto termine di paragone. È un altro dei frequenti anacronismi del poeta. Alcuni di questi strumenti - come la sambuca e il salterio - non esistevano al tempo di Coriolano: è un altro degli scusabili e, per certi versi, suggestivi, anacronismi di Shakespeare. Plutarco (Vita di Coriolano) pone questa scena e tutti gli eventi che seguono, fino alla morte di Coriolano, ad Anzio, dove l’eroe è tornato con l’esercito volsco. L’ubicazione della scena a Corioli sembra tuttavia giustificata dalle parole del 1° Congiurato: “Your native town you entered”, e da quelle dello stesso Aufidio: “Though this city he hath widowed...”. CORIOLIANO, ovvero, la filosofia. Grice: “Corpus, 1932. Hardie ended the tutorial today with Aristotle’s God—νόησις νοήσεως νόησις, thought thinking itself—delivered in Greek through an Aberdeenshire accent so uncompromising that even the vowels seemed to have taken Holy Orders. I understood it just well enough to be reminded, at once, of Aunt Matilda—God bless her—and her formidable interruptions of Father at high tea. “You’re being theosophical, Matilda,” Father would say, with the air of a man accusing someone of leaving crumbs on the silver. Mother, never missing her cue, would interpose—more brightly than the occasion deserved: “Mind, the Theosophical Society has opened a chapter just off Lordswood Road.” “They have?” Father would ask, suddenly eager for detail, as if metaphysics were tolerable provided it had a local address. Aunt Matilda—who lived on gossip the way saints live on air—would pounce. “Oh yes. It’s the newest fad. Ever since that Guido Ferrando has been writing about it everywhere.” “But what is theosophy?” I remember asking, somewhere between the scones and the jam, with the feeling that I ought already to know and had somehow missed the lesson. Derek—always ready to moralise with etymology—looked appalled. “You really ought to know your roots, Paul. It’s theos plus sophia. Wisdom that dares to speak of God.” There followed the sort of silence that proves the family has, collectively, no wish to “dare” anything at all before tea is finished. Then Aunt Matilda, rescuing the room from abstraction with appetite: “I’m dying for a piece of that tart, Mabel.” “Don’t be so agonising about it,” Mother replied—her particular humour: brisk, domestic, and allergic to spiritual drama. Only later did I connect the family farce with an actual printed trace: Ferrando, in 1909, writing in La Voce on “La Società Teosofica”—as if a philosophical movement were, at bottom, another club with minutes, a membership list, and a taste for capital letters. And I thought: perhaps that is why Hardie’s God felt so remote—because at home God was never a definition; God was what people accused one another of “being,” right before passing the butter. [Editorial note: Ferrando’s piece is dated to 1909 (in La Voce), and the English Theosophical “chapters” were already well established earlier; so Mother’s “Lordswood Road” remark reads best as domestic exaggeration—Oxford/Birmingham provincialising an international movement into neighbourhood news. If you want, I can also do a second pass that makes the rhythm even more “Grice diary”—shorter sentences, sharper parenthetical asides, and one final sting-line tying thought thinking itself to interruptions at tea (very Grice). The English Theosophical 'chapters' were already well established earlier. Grice is 12, so this would be 1925. What dates do we have for Harborne-based Theosophical Society branches? I realise there is a gap 1909 -- 1925 but do we have dates as to what Ferrando is talking about and what the Italy-England connection of this Societa Teosofica can be? By the time the Grice-at-12” scene would fall (c. 1925), Theosophy already had an established lodge network in Britain, with a London base going back to the late 1870s—so it’s perfectly plausible for “a chapter off Lordswood Road” to be a domestic bit of local colour rather than a brand‑new national novelty. “Already well established earlier” — the England baseline  The first official British lodge (later the London Lodge) was founded on 27 June 1878.  So by 1925, Britain had had organised TS activity for roughly half a century. What about Birmingham/Harborne specifically? Good news/bad news:  I can find a current Birmingham lodge presence (the Birmingham Annie Besant Lodge, now meeting in Castle Bromwich), but the page I find does not give a founding date for the Birmingham/Harborne branch. I did not retrieve (in these results) a reliable historical record tying a Harborne lodge to a specific start year.  So: we can justify “Theosophy in England is established,” but we cannot yet pin Harborne-based lodge dates from the sources at hand. What Ferrando (1909, Rome) would have been “talking about” Ferrando’s piece in La Voce plausibly sits inside a phase when Italian Theosophy had already moved beyond “private circles” into formal organisation:  Italy had early centres and then a Rome lodge/centre organised in 1897. The Italian Section of the Theosophical Society (Adyar) was formally founded in Rome on 1 February 1902, in the presence of C. W. Leadbeater. So by 1909, Ferrando is not writing about a newborn curiosity; he’s writing about a movement that had had a Roman institutional footprint for over a decade, and an Italian national section for seven years. The Italy–England connection (a neat editorial way to frame If you want an editorial note you can append, the clean connective tissue is:  The movement is international from the start (NY 1875; London lodge 1878). Italy’s early nodes are heavily shaped by British expatriates and international lecturers, with named visits/organising activity by figures like Olcott and Annie Besant (and organisational involvement by Leadbeater for 1902). That gives you a very Grice-friendly line: theosophy travels through “clubs,” “lodges,” lectures, translations, and social networks—i.e., through conversation before doctrine. If you want, I can write you a compact [Editorial note] paragraph in the same tone as your existing brackets, explicitly tying: London 1878 → Rome 1897/1902 → Ferrando 1909 → Grice’s Harborne tea-table 1925. Caro Ferrando, ho letto la tua interpretazione di Coriolano e mi domando: quanto c’è di romano e quanto di shakespeariano nella tua filosofia conversazionale? Ferrando: Ah, Grice, tra i Volsci e le implicature, direi che ogni buon filosofo si barcamena tra anacronismi e fortune muliebri. Sai, a volte mi sento più vicino a Menenio che a Coriolano! Grice: Del resto, Ferrando, la vera ragione conversazionale forse consiste proprio nel saper affrontare le maledizioni canine della vita con un pizzico di humour anglo-italiano... o sbaglio? Ferrando: Assolutamente! E ricordati, Grice, che anche senza sparatorie, basta una buona implicatura per conquistare Roma, o almeno ridere insieme sotto la “Fortuna muliebris”! Ferando, Guido (1909). La Società Teosofica. La Voce

Mario Ferranti (Roma, Lazio): implicatura conversazionale, ragione, deutero-Esperanto, e lingua universale –Collo pseudonimo d’“ingegnere Filopanton,” presenta il “simplo,” ispirato al progetto di PEANO , nel saggio “SIMPLO INTERNATIONALE LINGO: CONTRIBUTO AL STUDIOS DIL INTER-NATIONE LINGO PEM SIMPLIGITE FONETICE-GRAFICE SISTEMO”. Lo scopo è quello di creare un SISTEMA in grado di rendere l'apprendimento della lingua internazionale facile e veloce, tramite l'abolizione delle desinenze, dei suffissi e dei prefissi e un rapporto intuitivo tra idea e parola. Per F., idee tra loro collegate devono essere espresse da parole tra loro simili; per esempio, aventi la stessa radice. Mario Ferranti. Keywords: system, sistemo, lingua, lingo. Grice: “St John’s, 1947. I am drafting notes for my talk to the Philosophical Society. I have settled, with uncharacteristic economy, on a title for the Gazette: “Meaning.” Why bother with more meaning than one can decently say? In the meantime I have been reading—“reading,” if that is the word for it—Mario Ferranti’s Simplo. It is an enchanting little contrivance: a universal language that has the grace to stop at Simplo, without appending the national insult. Not Simplo Italiano, not Simplo Romano, just Simplo, as if simplicity were a virtue not requiring a passport. And this is what delights me: Ferranti, quite unintentionally, manages to insult Ogden. Ogden—our Cambridge man of symbolism—christened his invention Basic English. That title already does too much work. “Basic” is basic enough; but then he adds “English,” and the adjective begins to drag an entire civilisation behind it. One hears unintended overtones—Chaucer, Johnson, Austen (Jane), and, if Oxford is not careful, even Austin (J. L.), who is said to be brilliant though his cricket suggests otherwise. Ferranti stops short of this. He does not say: here is the language of the Empire, but cheaper. He says, more or less: here is a system; take it or leave it. Ogden’s programme, by contrast, is thoroughly English in the very way it claims not to be. He proposed Basic (so the story goes) as an international auxiliary, but he proposed it by retaining English and stripping it down—an 850‑word diet, a small set of “operators,” and a grammar pared to the bone. One might say: Britain’s most characteristic gesture in philanthropy is to offer the world help on condition that the world learns to pronounce the help properly. And yet—if one is to be fair—Ogden did not simply dream this up in a national vacuum. Basic belongs to a longer Cambridge obsession with symbols: it is the practical cousin of that earlier semiotic enterprise, Ogden & Richards’ 1923 book The Meaning of Meaning, the one I keep dipping into when my own notes on “meaning” begin to wobble. If you have spent a quarter-century insisting that words are instruments and that misunderstanding is a public danger, it is not a large step to deciding that the instrument should come with fewer detachable parts. [en.wikipedia.org], [archive.org] Still, I can’t help wondering: did Ogden ever see Ferranti’s Simplo? Simplo appears in 1911—which means it has been waiting on the shelf for Basic to arrive and call it redundant. Perhaps Ogden thought an international auxiliary built from scratch was otiose, and chose the more British path: keep the English, make it basic, and send it downstairs with the post. [it.wikisource.org], [play.google.com] Strawson, meanwhile, remains unconvinced by my private fondness for idiolects; he thinks “a language” must be something socially shared, not privately curated. But when one lacks a proper philosophical rival, why quarrel? Better to read Ferranti, irritate Ogden in silence, and then stand up in the Society and talk about “Meaning” as if it had never been anyone’s political project at all.” Grice: Carissimo Ferranti, ho letto del tuo “simplo” e del sogno di una lingua universale. Ma dimmi, quante regole servono per non inciampare in una supercazzola internazionale?  Ferranti: Grice, se aboliamo tutte le desinenze e i suffissi, ci rimane solo il cuore della parola! Così, anche le idee smettono di litigare e finalmente si capiscono come vecchi amici al bar.  Grice: E allora, sarà vero che una lingua universale nasce quando il “tu” e l’“io” possono ordinare un caffè senza fronzoli grammaticali? O forse rischiamo di ordinare una “idea” pensando che sia un espresso?  Ferranti: Eh, Grice, la vera lingua universale è quella che ti permette di evitare il caffè sbagliato, ma soprattutto di ridere insieme quando succede! Perché una buona battuta è sempre la miglior implicatura, anche tra filosofi. Ferranti, Mario (1911). Simplo internationale lingo. Contributo al studios dil internatione lingo pem simpligite fonetice-grafice sistemo. Roma.

Gaetano Ferrari (Modena, Emilia-Romagna): implicatura conversazionale e ragione nella lingua universale. Insegna etica mono-glottica: alla ricerca d’una lingua universale. Il modus di F. è del tutto simile a quello  di SOAVE.  CESAROTTI , CERUTI. alfabeto universale, FONETICI – FONEMICI – cf. Grice, disctinctive features. La lingua proposta è - moderatamente - flettente e combinante, a stregua però di una calcolata ECONOMIA  Grice, , cooperative efficiency, nello svolgimento del VERBO. Valendosi rispetto al NOME e predicato – ‘shaggy’--, a forma delle lingue analitiche, dell’ARTICOLO DETERMINATIVO. desinenza plurale “irrelevant in logic” (Grice): “(Ex): “Some, at least one”. evita la FLESSIONE, la derivazione, l’agglutinamento e l'accento non giustificato. In discorso non è ideografica, né semi-algebrica, né tampoco tachigrafica o stenografica a mo’della pasigrafia. È puramente alfabetica, e costituita con una base e un processo grammaticale, epperò con opportuno corredo dell’ARTICOLO (“the,” “a”) il pronome (“I am hearing a sound”), la congiunzione (“and” – but cf. ‘or’ and ‘if’), la preposizione (cf. Grice on ‘to’ and ‘between’) ell’avverbo (cf. ‘not’). due generi nominali, maschile o concreto, femminile o astratto, verbi primi ed AUSILIARI Grice, “Actions and Events” on ‘do’. Con parsimonia si vale a denotare maniere e di senso. Metodico pell’evoluzione d’una parola primitiva radicale allo scopo di ritrarre le molte parvenze e trapassi nell'esplicazione d’una idea. norme di SINTASSI, il regime lessicografia. cura la semplicità, il collegamento e la regolarità, riescire perspicua, gradita, e  mirabile per esattezza ed energia. esente di sinonimi, neologismi, solecismi. Fare uso dell'analogia, la salvaguardia della lingua, deve essere attuato un procedimento di logo-genesi, per il quale il suono ESPRIMENTE SEGNANTE un'idea o proposizione semplice deve in qualche modo essere presente anche in qualunque suono che compone la parole da esso derivate. La SINTASSI deve seguire quanto più l'ordine logico dei pensieri. Deutero-Esperanto. lingua oxoniense. Grice: St John’s, 1947. “I am confirmed in my resolution not to yield to Language as a mammoth. A man may have his own language—if only as a working hypothesis, and if only until the neighbours complain. [Editorial note: Grice was lucky that between his 1948 “Meaning” and his 1964 lectures on conversation, someone did eventually coin idiolect in a way that made this sound less like madness and more like a technicality. ] In that spirit, reading Gaetano Ferrari’s Monoglottica is like paradise—or worse, like inhaling opium: soothing, heady, and not entirely respectable. The Italians can never write “a consideration”; it must be “considerazioni,” preferably plural, and then “storico‑critiche,” as if critico were a sacrament that protects one from the charge of mere antiquarianism. And it is all “intorno alla ricerca” of a universal language—ricerca being one of those words that carries the delicious implication that the thing sought has not, strictly speaking, been found. [books.google.com], [biblio.toscana.it] The title page already tells you the moral sociology of the enterprise: Ferrari is styled “Canonico Professore”—a cleric with a professorial conscience—and the book is printed at Modena (second edition, 1877) as if universalism must always begin in a provincial printing house.  One imagines the intended reader not as a laboratory linguist (there were hardly any) but as the educated Italian who has time for “projects”: priests, schoolmasters, local savants, the sort who read Wilkins in the evening and teach Latin in the morning. (It is not Esperanto yet; it is the age of schemes.) [books.google.com], [biblio.toscana.it] [en.wikisource.org], [books.google.com] What puzzles me—pleasantly—is the timing. Ferrari is talking universal language years before Peano’s more blue‑collar seriousness makes it fashionable to treat symbolic systems as if they were plumbing. So what stirred a Modenese canon to “Monoglottica”? Was it post‑Risorgimento moralism: one Italy, one lingo? Possibly—but the very ambition of a universal language suggests something else: a kind of Catholic universalism translated into grammar; or else a late Enlightenment inheritance (Soave and the rest) lingering in clerical dress. [books.google.com], [it.wikipedia.org] And then there is my private irritation: Strawson does not believe that idiolects are more basic than lects; and when one lacks a proper philosophical rival, why bother with the fight? Still—Ferrari is a comfort. He proves that the dream of a personal language and the dream of a universal one are not opposites but cousins: both are attempts to make meaning behave.” Grice: Caro Ferrari, rifletto spesso sul valore di una lingua universale: certo, il sogno di un ponte linguistico che unisca popoli e menti, facilitando la conversazione cooperativa, ha un fascino irresistibile. Ma, anche se questa lingua non arriverà mai a Cambridge, la sua ricerca ci insegna molto sull’efficienza comunicativa e sulla perspicuità del pensiero. Non credi che, almeno tra noi, l’ideale della lingua universale sia già un terreno fertile per la filosofia? Ferrari: Grice, hai colto il cuore del problema! La lingua universale non è solo un mezzo, ma una scuola di etica: ogni tentativo di semplificare e regolarizzare il linguaggio ci costringe a riflettere sulla logica e sull’ordine dei pensieri. La sua costruzione, con articoli, pronomi e sintassi metodica, è già un esercizio di precisione e trasparenza. Anche se mai varcherà i confini di Cambridge, può innalzare il livello della conversazione ovunque si parli. Grice: Ecco, Ferrari, mi piace l’idea che la lingua universale sia più un viaggio che una destinazione. La tua attenzione per la sintassi logica e la logo-genesi, dove il suono mantiene traccia del pensiero, mi ricorda la cooperazione conversazionale: ogni parola è un patto tra chi parla e chi ascolta, un modo per non “alienare” la soggettività e far sì che il senso venga riconosciuto dall’altro. In fondo, la filosofia della comunicazione si fonda sulla fiducia nella possibilità di capirsi. Ferrari: Grice, hai ragione: è la fiducia, non la perfezione, a rendere universale ogni lingua. La mia proposta, tra fonetici e fonemici, mira proprio a una lingua che renda perspicua, gradita ed energica l’espressione, senza sinonimi né solecismi. Il vero valore sta nell’analogia tra pensiero e parola; anche se resterà un’utopia, ogni tentativo ci avvicina all’arte di dialogare con esattezza e umanità — e questo, da Modena a Oxford, vale più di ogni conquista territoriale. Ferrari, Gaetano (1877) Monoglottica: considerazioni storico‑critiche e filosofiche intorno alla ricerca di una lingua universale. Modena: Vincenzi

Giuseppe Michele Giovanni Francesco Ferrari (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e FILOSOFIA della RIVOLVZIONE. Grice: “F.  is important on at least two fronts: as a philosopher he promotes what has been called a critical illuminism  and who but an Italian philosopher can have as a claim to fame a treatise on the philosophy of revolution? The second front is my proof of the latitudinal unity of philosophy; for F. counts as the best interpreter, with his La strana sorte di Vico, of Vico! My pupil at Oxford, my first one, actually, Flew, once called Humpty Dumpty a semantic anarchist. But he is wrong. Humpty Dumpty cannot mean that by uttering impenetrability, Alice will know that he means that a change of topic is required! I use revolution occasionally, minor ones! Mussolini kept saying that F. is talking of rivoluzione fascista  Garibaldi hardly used rivoluzione! Nothing pleased Mussolini more than the collocation rivoluzione fascista  almost as much as Washington did American revolution, and Cromwell, the glorious one! Essential Italian philosopher! The problem with F.’s analysis is etymological. For the Romans, indeed the Indo-Europeans cf. German irren --, to err is to wander FROM THE TRUTH -- a metaphor, a figure of speech. Speaking of relative/absolute allows you to avoid objective/subjective. But we do want to use subjective and inter-subjective. An error can still be inter-subjective for Fi!” Si laurea a Pavia. Federalista, repubblicano, democratico, socialista. Conosce ROMAGNOSI. Studia l’errore. Critica CAMPANELLA. Un giudizio non consente di giungere al vero oggettivo, indissolubilmente intrecciato a questo che F. chiama un errore, un vero relativo. Il vero e un errore relativo giudizio vero relativo al soggetto errore intersoggetivo. Conosce Peyron e Valerio filosofia della storia, FILOSOFIA della RIVOLVZIONE  rivoluzionari VICO uso di rivoluzione unificazione fascista risorgimento dell’unita hardly qualifies as a revolution. Corpus, 1935. “I am meant to be reading “Moderns,” but have found myself—by a kind of scholarly perversity—reading Italians instead: Ferrari (a name that sounds like speed, but turns out to mean paperwork). What fascinates me is not even his later Vico, but the odd prelude: a man who is remembered (so I’m told) as a philosopher of revolution begins life, officially, as a jurist—indeed a jurist in utroque iure, as if one legal system were not enough to keep a young man from metaphysics. Hardie raised an eyebrow when I mentioned it, in that Scottish manner of his which manages to sound both indulgent and censorious.  “Don’t forget Vico,” he said, as one says “Don’t forget your coat”—meaning: don’t be one of those who discover him too late, or not at all.  But why would a would‑be philosopher submit himself to the Latin mill of law? One can almost hear the family in it: the respectable Italian arrangement by which you are allowed to think, provided you first qualify to earn. In England we have the same superstition in a different costume: you do philosophy only after you have proved you can do something “solid,” such as classics, or mathematics, or war. What I want to know is what happened between the 1831 law degree and the 1835–37 Vico volumes. There must be a hinge—some document, some letter, some intellectual bruise. Did Ferrari’s Latin dissertation already contain the germs of the later obsession? Or is it a case of genuine conversion: a man who begins by learning how to argue in court and ends by discovering that history itself is a kind of pleading, with nations as litigants and “truth” as a verdict that keeps being overturned? The phrase utroque iure has a special irony for me. It suggests the scholar as a creature with two rulebooks—two “codes”—and a life spent trying to keep them consistent. If so, Ferrari’s later turn to Vico is not a detour from law but its extension: jurisprudence becomes hermeneutics; the courtroom becomes the century; and the judge turns out to be language. Still, Hardie’s question—implicit rather than stated—hangs in the room: was it in the dissertation already, or did Vico do it to him? And if Vico did it to him, what in Vico is so infectious that it makes a lawyer forget the law and fall in love with a Neapolitan rhetorician?” Grice: Caro Ferrari, ogni volta che sento parlare di rivoluzione, mi chiedo se non sia solo una grande conversazione in movimento – o magari una supercazzola storica che cambia il tono! Ferrari: Grice, tu hai il dono di trasformare le rivoluzioni in dialoghi e le supercazzole in filosofia! Però ti avverto: se la verità è relativa, io pretendo almeno che sia accompagnata da una buona battuta. Grice: Allora, caro amico, brindiamo alla rivoluzione della conversazione: magari non cambieremo il mondo, ma almeno ci divertiamo a cambiare argomento come Humpty Dumpty! Ferrari: Ecco, Grice, tra errori intersoggettivi e verità che vagano, basta che nessuno si perda la strada verso il bar – perché una rivoluzione senza un brindisi non è rivoluzione, ma solo una passeggiata filosofica! Ferrari, Giuseppe Michele Giovanni Francesco (1831). Dissertatio in utroque iure. Padova.

Abele Ricieri Ferrari (Arcola, La Spezia, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale degl’anarchici di Mussolini. Grice: “I like F.; he was a philosopher AND a poet  a combo we dont find too often at Oxford!” Cerca un'ora sola di furibonda anarchia e per quell'ora da tutti i suoi sogni e amori, tutta la sua vita. Refrattario a ogni disciplina. Il suo profondo desiderio di conoscenza, unito ad una notevole forza di volontà, lo spinge per ad un studio da autodidatta che lo porta a leggere Palante. Non rinunci comunque ad elaborare una visione autonoma, che costrue attraverso una ttività meditativa. Le cronache s'interessarono di lui quando un incendio distrugge la chiesa: l’indagini dei regi carabinieri identificare i responsabili del gesto in anarchici del posto, tra i quali F. Contrario alla guerra, richiamato sotto le armi. Si rende irreperibile. Venne imputato di diserzione e condannato in contumacia alla pena di morte. Arrestato e scarcerato in seguito ad amnistia. E le rane partirono verso la suprema viltà umana, il fango di tutte le trincee. E la morte venne, ebbra di sangue e danza macabramente con piedi di folgore e rise. volgare senza avere sul dorso le ali di un’idea. Cosa idiota morire senza sapere il perchè. Verso il nulla creatore. Anarchico individualista, con Carnesecchi e Rasi nella lotta operaia: Gioda la sua sconfitta politica e il ridimensionamento delle residue velleità libertarie di Malusard), dell’anarco-interventismo, che conflu nel fascismo. Se è improprio considerare l’anarchismo e il fascismo di Rocca, Gioda e Malusardi fenomeni correlati, quasi in relazione di causa ed effetto comporta una trasformazione della società, ridisegna le categorie politiche. Il fascismo, al di là delle sue molte anime, è comunque un fatto l’atteggiamento con cui questi personaggi s’accostarono al fascismo puo esser ricondotto alla loro formazione anarco-individualista. Si puo parlare della presenza nel fascismo di una vena anarchica, che, innestatasi in esso tramite l’interventismo, si esaura col consolidarsi al potere della rivoluzione fascista. implicatura, l’anarchismo di Humpty Dumpty, la scusa anarchista dei fascisti, I anarchici di Mussolini. Grice: Corpus, 1933. “Now that I am—officially—a “scholar,” I find myself doing what scholars do: rummaging. The Philosophy Club, it appears, has accumulated the oddest little hoard of political ephemera—anarchist sheets, brittle as communion wafers, and twice as doctrinal. Someone pointed me to a certain Ferrari (so they tell me), a name that has the air of a motor-car but the temperament of a bomb. I had not quite appreciated how elastic the word “war” can be across borders. We in Britain are trained to think of the Great War beginning—as Father never tires of reminding me—when the United Kingdom declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914. Italy, meanwhile, takes its time: neutral at first, and then—later—declaring war not on Germany but on Austria-Hungary on 23 May 1915. So what, exactly, is Ferrari complaining about in 1914? And yet the point, I suppose, is precisely that: Ferrari is already writing polemics “as early as 1914”—for anarchist papers (Cronaca Libertaria is one of the titles that circulates in the chatter). He seems to have had what we would call, in the Club, a predictive eye: he writes as though Italy were already marching, as though the calendar were merely an administrative delay. One might say (if one were feeling charitable) that he saw the Italian declaration coming before Italy did. Or (if one were feeling uncharitable) that anarchists, like certain philosophers, possess an uncanny gift for treating the future as if it were already a premise.” Corpus, two weeks later. “Another meeting of the Philosophy Club. I reported—too proudly—on the Ferrari pamphlets, as if I had dug them out of a ruined library rather than a filing cabinet. The President did not so much dampen my enthusiasm as block it, politely, with the sort of club‑trained tact that makes one feel corrected without being scolded. “Grice,” he said, “you are romanticising your anarchist. Your Ferrari was already gone by 1922.” I began to protest—about the early date, the prescience, the tone of prophecy in the prose—when he added, almost mildly: “Yes, yes. But did he know it was coming?” It was the first time it occurred to me that an author can write as if he is foretelling history and still be quite incapable of foretelling his own last page.”[Editorial note: Only later did Grice learn how Ferrari died: the “pursuit” ended not in argument but in gunfire. Grice’s private gloss is characteristic: “One can be clairvoyant about nations and wholly myopic about oneself.” Only later did Grice learn what became of his “Ferrari”—and the details have the grim neatness of an Oxford anecdote, except that here the punchline is gunfire. Ferrari—better known as Renzo Novatore—was killed on 29 November 1922, not in any declared war, but in that Italian interval when politics had become a kind of low-grade civil weather. He had been moving with, or at least alongside, the band of the outlaw Sante Pollastro; and that day, in the district of Teglia near Genoa, three carabinieri—sent in plain clothes—entered an osteria (“Osteria della Salute” in local retellings) looking for Pollastro. Accounts differ on the spark: one version has Pollastro recognizing the men by some small betrayal of disguise—the famous detail is the too-polished shoes on an “operaio.” What is constant is the outcome: a sudden exchange, close and chaotic, in which Novatore was shot and died on the spot. In the same firefight Giovanni Lupano, the carabiniere being pursued in later commemorations, was also killed. Pollastro escaped. Grice’s gloss: it is one thing to write as if one can see history coming; it is another to see the man at the end of the street. The “predictive eye” can be brilliant about nations and useless about corners. And then, in one of those underhand turns that belong to his own subject, Grice wrote beside the Club President’s question (“Did he know it was coming?”): He did not; but he wrote as if Italy did. Grice: Caro Ferrari, ogni volta che penso ai tuoi anarchici di Mussolini, mi viene in mente Humpty Dumpty che spiega l’anarchismo a Oxford... altro che rivoluzione, qui si rischia la confusione grammaticale! Ferrari: E tu, Grice, credi forse che tra le trincee e le rane ci sia spazio per la logica conversazionale? Qui si sopravvive soprattutto di implicature e di qualche buona battuta per non impazzire! Grice: Beh, se c’è una cosa che ho imparato, è che anche la più furibonda anarchia nasconde una regola nascosta… magari non la trovano i carabinieri, ma il filosofo sì! Ferrari: E allora beviamoci su, Grice! Magari tra un brindisi e una supercazzola troveremo la risposta alla domanda più idiota: “Perché morire senza sapere il perché?” Ferrari, Abele Ricieri (1914). Contributo. Cronaca Libertaria.

Antonio De Ferraris (Galatone): : la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “At Oxford, conversazione is a term of art; not in Italy!” conversazione. I like F.  he analyses all the implicata of The Lords Prayer, pretty complicated; my favourite is his excursus on the implicatum of thy will be done! F.’s Galateo isso famous that, unlike VICO with his new science, a few philosophers cared to consider seriously a nuovo Galateo!” Si laurea a Ferrara. Conosce Gareth, Attaldi, Pontano, Gaza, Caracciolo, Pardo, Lecce, Sannazaro. La serenità della sua vita èturbata dall'invasione d’Otranto da parte dei Turchi. de dignitate disciplinarum. Galateus dei lupiensi. studioso umanista Il suo bagaglio filosofico include la cultura classica del liziio e l’accademia. la filosofia classica era stata traviata dai filosofi dei secoli bui salv solo ANNICI. Prediligeva la civiltà classica e autori come Terenzio, Catullo, Ovidio, Svetonio, Virgilio e Orazio; e insieme il mondo del volgare, con letture d’ALIGHIERI, Petrarca, il Morgante e Sannazaro Si interessa anche delle opere di Plinio.. stile di vita meditativo Ma non sfugge a F. il quadro generale della società e della corruzione morale e politica che la attanaglia; e che è anch'essa soggetto degli scritti di F. nei quali critica la diffusione delle cattive consuetudini. Oltre a saggi e tvatta di coscT mrali, gleffetti dipendono dalla determinazione della volont. Ora a determinarle la volontà i pi frivoli MOTIVI (Grice) bastano, s quando mancano MOTIVI (Grice) pi gravi, s quandi questi si trovano in opposizione come una seinplice dramma basta per'&r traboccare la blaacta a mensa i il|Mi||0Q>Mm*vadaDdo ^mm di perdono/ 'ifM tutto II piatto sopra tjll'liii||lah cabile re. Nouchlrevan, pi sorpreso che sdegnalo, volle saperi la ragione di siffalta temerit. Prncipe, gli disse i( paggio, io desidero die te laia morte non rechi niacclia. 1 alia ofiiii Hplitazioiia; com ve de'moffiirehi, mavoi perdereste quello bel titolo se l po slertfi sapesse che per lievissima colpa condannaste a morie ano devostri sudditi; perci ho versalo tu Ito il piatto. conversazione, il Galateo.  Grice: Caro Ferraris, ti confesso quasi con affetto che sei tu, col tuo Galateo e la tua riflessione sulla conversazione civile, ad aver ispirato le mie massime sulla conversazione. Quando penso all'arte del dialogo, mi ritrovo sempre a rileggere le tue pagine, così ricche di saggezza e di umanità. Senza il tuo esempio, penso che la filosofia della comunicazione avrebbe perso quel tocco di grazia e profondità che solo la tradizione italiana sa offrire.  Ferraris: Grice, il tuo riconoscimento mi onora: il Galateo, dopotutto, nasce dal desiderio di elevare la conversazione a strumento di civiltà. Ho sempre pensato che il dialogo, quando guidato dalla volontà e dalla riflessione morale, possa davvero migliorare il vivere comune. Le tue massime, ora che so la loro radice, mi sembrano un omaggio perfetto alla nostra tradizione filosofica.  Grice: Ecco, Ferraris, la tua meditazione sulla volontà mi ha insegnato che anche i motivi più apparentemente frivoli possono influire sul tono e sull'esito di una conversazione. Perfino nei casi in cui una piccola offesa rischia di far traboccare la misura, la saggezza del Galateo suggerisce come ristabilire l'armonia. Per me, la conversazione civile è fatta di piccoli gesti e di grandi principi, proprio come tu insegni.  Ferraris: Grice, la civiltà si riflette nei dettagli: nel perdono, nella gentilezza, nella capacità di ascoltare e comprendere l'altro. Se le tue massime hanno contribuito a diffondere queste idee, allora il Galateo ha fatto il suo dovere. La filosofia, in fondo, non è altro che l'arte di vivere e dialogare con dignità e rispetto. Grazie per aver portato le nostre tradizioni oltre i confini dell'Italia. Feraris, Antonio De (1491). De dignitate disciplinarum

Guglielmo Ferrero (Portici, Campania): la ragione conversazionale. (Portici). Grice: “When I delivered my lecture on ‘meaning’ for the Philosophical Society at Oxford, I knew some of my pupils, whom I had burdened with my seminars on meaning would be attending. I was paying little attention to F. F.’s ‘I simboli’ only tangentially approaches ‘simbolo’ and ‘segno,’ or the phenomenon of ‘voule dire.’  a word ‘voule dire’ – ‘signare’ – as quoted by F. – as when Cicero says that a signum signat. My example: ‘shaggy’ – shaggy shaggy reduplicated, as F. has it to mean that the utterer means that the referent is hairy-coated. I say ‘Peccavi’. Can I say that I said THAT peccavi? Surely not. ‘Say’ primarily applies to the utterer. What the utterer says may not be an instance of his saying THAT I say: ‘He hasn’t been to prison yet’ – the first one of ‘imply’ –I use ‘implicate’ as a way of avoiding me the necessity to select to use ‘mean’ and other words in that range. So, my point, against Austin and Witters, is that whatever the utterer meant – THAT his colleagues were dishonest – it would be otiose – and almost false – to say that what he means is that C hasn’t been to prison yet. ‘C hasn’t been to prison yet’ is the OPTIMAL way to be a sign for ‘He hasn’t been to prison yet.’ One may intoduce the explicit/implicit distinction. The utterer, by displaying a bandaged leg, EXPLICITLY conveys that he’s leg is bandaged, but what he means – i. e. that of which his ‘utterance is a SIGN (as F. would have it – is, as I put it, that he cannot join his co-conversationalist in a game of squash. When I published my WoW:5 in Philosophical Review, I ellided the section on ‘saying,’ and ‘meaning’ – my proposal was so tricky that I decided that my readers could do without it!”   Grandezza e decadenza di Roma): Di qui dipende l’intenso ma ristretto ALTRUISMO dei membri della tribù, uno rispetto all’altro; il che però non esclude la più assoluta ferocia riguardo allo straniero. L’appui mutuel chez les sauvages, La camorra. giustizia formazione naturale della giustizia; l’espressione d’Ardigò formazione naturale parendomi, almeno in questa materia, più esatta che l’altra evoluzione. Grice: Ferrero, ricordo quando ho tenuto la mia conferenza sul “meaning” a Oxford: i miei studenti erano terrorizzati dall’idea che li interrogassi su “simbolo” e “segno”, ma poi ho capito che ciò che davvero li spaventava era il mio esempio sul “shaggy shaggy”. In fondo, non è facile spiegare cosa si vuole dire… nemmeno quando si ha una gamba fasciata! Ferrero: Grice, a Portici preferiamo la semplicità: se vediamo qualcuno con una gamba fasciata, gli diamo l’appui mutuel, come nei tempi dei “sauvages”! Qui la camorra non serve a capire i segni, basta una buona dose di altruismo… e magari un caffè. Grice: Ecco, Ferrero, forse dovrei importare un po' di spirito porticese a Oxford! Tra “implicatura” e “signare”, i miei studenti si perdono, mentre da voi basta uno sguardo e tutto si risolve. Peccato che qui non serva la camorra, ma sarebbe interessante vedere l’evoluzione della giustizia naturale nei miei seminari. Ferrero: Grice, lasciamo perdere la ferocia verso gli stranieri! Meglio una conversazione, magari davanti a una tazzina, dove il vero segno è il sorriso e la decadenza di Roma è solo una scusa per imparare qualcosa di nuovo… anche se si parla di “peccavi” o di squash! Ferrero, Guglielmo (1893). I simboli in rapporto alla storia e filosofia del diritto, alla psicologia e alla sociologia. Torino: Bocca.

Leonardo Ferrero (Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale arimmetica. Grice: “My Oxonian pupils are often mesmerised by the interest the Italian philosophers place on Crotone, a little nothing in the middle of nothing. But then we only have Stonehenge that compares! Just for having philosophized on the influence of Crotone on the Roman world, F. is highly commendable! Crotone is crucial for Plato; and Crotone teaches of course at what would be a Roman cives, Crotona -- so it all relates! F. is not the first to claim Italianita and Romanita for CROTONE. After all, the father of the founder of the sect is an Etruscan! NUMA learns from him! CICERONE corrects here: it’s the tradition that counts. LIVIO notes that a saggio by NUMA is destroyed. The republic had an official religion and Crotone is not part of it! Cusano thought that the Holy Trinity is Crotone. FICINO claims the accademia is Crotone, via his tutor who was tutee of the founder of the sect– PICO asks FICINO for advice on these maters. CAPARELLI thinks it’s all Crotone. The important bit is politic and ethnic. Crotone becomes popular in the rest of Europe via Italy, that always showed more of an interest for ancient history than the Germanic peoples, perhaps because runes do not give so easily to history!” Si laurea a Torino sotto ROSTAGNI. Insegna a Trieste.  coloro che il lizio chiama i filosofi itali, che hanno fatto fiorire in Italia un ramo vigoroso della filosofia, rende ragione della relazione tra filosofia romana e  Crotone, rinvenendo la speculazione alla base della cultura romana classica. F. sostenere l’idea dell’ideale che l’organizzazione a Crotone propone alla classe dirigente romana che l’accolta e realizza. Il fine di Crotone è la formazione del politico.  Per quanto arduo il compito, è l'ora di fare qualche cosa a favore della nostra scuola, un compito di rivendicazione. Vengano quindi altri, facciano di più. implicature arimmetica, pitagorismo romano. Cf. uomo, scuola filosofia itala, comparato con altri scuole, Taranto – metaponto, aristosseno, prima seguace reghini, massoneria, esoterico numeri sacri. Ferri, filosofi italiani su Crotone. Grice: Ferrero, ti confesso che i miei studenti di Oxford rimangono sempre ipnotizzati dall’importanza che gli italiani danno a Crotone. Per noi, Stonehenge è già abbastanza, ma voi avete fatto di Crotone quasi una capitale della filosofia. Dimmi, qual è il segreto? È nascosto tra i numeri pitagorici, o c’è una formula magica che solo voi conoscete? Ferrero: Ah, caro Grice, Crotone è come la somma perfetta tra storia, matematica e un pizzico di orgoglio italico! Qui si aritmetizza persino il caffè: due chicchi per la sapienza, uno per la politica, e sempre una buona dose di ironia. Se i pitagorici ci insegnano qualcosa, è che anche una città minuscola può contare moltissimo – soprattutto se la si mette nel conto giusto! Grice: Quindi, se ho capito bene, basta prendere una manciata di numeri sacri, aggiungere un po’ di filosofia romana e voilà: si ottiene la miscela perfetta per una scuola che fa invidia anche a Oxford. Mi domando se dovremmo importare qualche professore da Crotone… magari insegnerebbero ai miei studenti come fare i conti senza perdere il filo! Ferrero: Grice, ti prometto che un corso di aritmetica conversazionale è il regalo perfetto per Oxford! E poi, fra una lezione e l’altra, potresti scoprire che la vera filosofia si trova tra i tavoli di Crotone, dove la matematica è solo un modo elegante per contare le storie – e magari anche le risate. L’importante, come dicevano i nostri saggi, è non perdere mai il senso dell’umorismo, soprattutto quando si parla di numeri! Ferrero, Leonardo (1877). Storia della letteratura italiana. Torino: Unione Tipografico-Editrice.

Giovanni Ferretti (Brusasco, Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’inter-soggetivo – Grice: “When I lectured at Bielefeld, I had to be careful with the language. They use Objekt very seriously – much more seriously than Subjkekt – and they usually ignore the Inter-Subjektiv! – Not F.! I like F., for one, he wrote on intersubjectivity which is a problem for Husserl: cogitamus; nobody speaks of ‘cogitamus --; one has to distinguish between my favoured –‘inter-subjectivity’ and ‘alterity’! F. has also philosophised on the infinite, which poses a problem to my principle of conversational helpfulness. While subjectivity and objectivity are pompous, intersubjectivity seems fine, only that it can always be replaced by the Italian ‘l’intersoggetivo’. The ‘inter-subjective” sounds Butlerian in English!” Si laurea a Milano. Insegna a Torino. Persona. Storia della filosofia romana. Critica. Noli foras ire, in te ipsum redi, in interiore homine habitat veritas.»  («Non uscire da te stesso, rientra in te: nell'intimo dell'uomo risiede la verità.»  (da La vera religione di Agostino) Il termine soggetto che deriva dal latino subiectus(participio passato di subicere, composto da sub, sotto e iacere gettare, quindi assoggettare) letteralmente significa "quello posto sotto", "ciò che sta sotto".  Nella speculazione filosofica il termine ha assunto una varietà di significati:  un essere, sostrato sostanziale di qualità che lo configurano particolarmente e accidentalmente; elemento soggettivo che determina una data sostanza nella sua singolare peculiarità; termine che, in età moderna, viene riferito alla coscienza individuale e all'autocoscienza intesa come attività consapevole dell'io. Idealismo corrente filosofica che nega la realtà al di fuori del pensiero  Autocoscienza Appercezione l’atto riflessivo attraverso cui l’uomo diviene consapevole delle proprie percezioni (coscienza, io)  Il contenuto. ‘l’intersoggetivo’, I soggetti, soggetto e oggeto, inter soggetti – la questione dell’oggetto nell’intersoggetivo – ‘the common ground’. Grice: Ferretti, mi ha sempre affascinato il suo modo di trattare l’intersoggetivo. Sa, quando ho tenuto le mie lezioni a Bielefeld, ho notato che lì l’attenzione si concentra molto sull’oggetto, mentre il concetto di inter-soggettività quasi scompare. Ma io credo che nella conversazione, proprio l’intersoggetivo sia fondamentale per creare quel “common ground” su cui si costruisce il senso condiviso. Lei cosa ne pensa?  Ferretti: Caro Grice, sono completamente d’accordo. L’intersoggetivo, per me, è ciò che permette ai soggetti di uscire dalla propria interiorità e incontrarsi veramente. Non si tratta solo di un semplice scambio di parole, ma di una costruzione di significato che va oltre il soggetto e l’oggetto. Come diceva Agostino, “Noli foras ire, in te ipsum redi” – però, solo nell’apertura verso l’altro si manifesta la verità della relazione.  Grice: Mi piace molto questo riferimento all’intimo dell’uomo. Tuttavia, mi chiedo: l’intersoggetivo conversazionale non rischia a volte di essere frainteso come una semplice somma di soggettività? Io penso che, nel dialogo, la cooperazione e la mia “massima di aiuto conversazionale” servano proprio a evitare che si cada nella confusione tra soggettività e vero terreno comune.  Ferretti: Esattamente, Grice. Il rischio esiste, ma è proprio la critica e la riflessione filosofica che aiutano a distinguere tra “l’io” e “il noi”. Io insegno che l’intersoggetivo non è solo la somma delle esperienze individuali, ma una dimensione in cui l’oggetto diventa condiviso. Nella storia della filosofia romana, questa questione ha sempre posto grandi problemi: la verità non sta sotto, come suggerisce il termine “soggetto”, ma emerge nell’interazione, nel confronto, nel dialogo stesso. Ferretti, Giovanni (1842). Saggio storico sulla rivoluzione di Napoli del 1799. Napoli: Tipografia del Giornale delle Due Sicilie.

Luigi Ferri (Bologna, Emilia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’amore. Grice:“My Oxford pupil, Strawson, thought that ‘to karulise’ was to make love! But he couldn’t figure out why pirots would do that ELATICALLY! I love F.; for one, he wrote on FICINO’s ‘dottrina dell’amore,’ which is of course the academic  – and which I may call the most complicated philosophical doctrine of love ever conceived! F. is obsessed with BONGHI’s Convito. I dialogui dell’amore of accademia are four: Convito, Fedro, Licide e Carmide. Fedro is subtitled by Diogenes as being peri erotes, but it was translated as,o vero del bello. Convito is so obvious about eros that Plato didn’t care. As to Carmide and Licide, F. dedicates but little attention!” Insegna a Roma. Linceo. ROVERE La accademia poggia su due basi: l’idea e l’amore, da cui provengono il vero e il buono, l'ordine dialettico e l'ordine morale. Per conoscere la dottrina dell’amore, non basta di esaminare la sua dottrina dell’idea e dell'intelletto; conviene eziandio studiare i suoi pensieri sull'amore. Consideriamone adunque con lui la natura, l'oggetto, il fine, le specie, gl’effetti, le attinenze coll'uomo e col mondo; osserviamolo o immaginiamolo, com' egli fa, in se stesso e nei varii ordini degli enti; seguiamo sulle sue traccie la splendore del bello e l'efficacia dell'amore L'amore è desiderio del corpo bello. Il bello è una grazia che risulta da corrispondenza delle parti del corpo o d’unità, corrispondenza è di tre specie; o è affatto spirituale e consiste nell'armonia delle virtù interiori dell'animo, o percettibile mediante li sensi, composto d’una forma corporea. Il bello, non riferibile se non ai sensi, e l'amore non ha altri strumenti d’applicare. Grato è a noi, il vero e ottimo costume dell'animo; grata è la speziosa figura del corpo bello. l'animo  Si hanno tre edizioni, il primo da BARBARASA. DORTELATA e GIUNTI, Sopra l’Amore ouver convito ambidue opere di FICINO. dell'anima fisiologia dell’amore psicologia filosofica amore specie di desiderio con relazione alla percezione dell’amante del corpo bello dell’amato dialogo dell’amore come sub-genere. Grice: Ferri, la ragione conversazionale dell’amore mi lascia sempre un po’ interdetto. A Oxford, Strawson pensava che “karulizzare” volesse dire fare l’amore, ma nessuno capiva perché i piroti dovessero farlo... elaticamente! Ma lei, che ha scritto sulla dottrina dell’amore di Ficino, che ne pensa: l’amore è davvero una questione accademica? Ferri: Caro Grice, l’amore accademico è complicato quasi quanto fare le valigie per un viaggio filosofico. Ficino dice che non basta esaminare l’idea, bisogna pure studiare l’amore: il bello non si trova solo tra i libri, ma anche tra i corridoi. E poi, guardare il bello è già una forma di filosofia — soprattutto se lo si fa con grazia! Grice: Allora, potrei dire che l’amore è il vero esame universitario: se lo superi, sei promosso alla filosofia praticata, non solo quella studiata! Ma mi dica, Ferri, tra Convito, Fedro, Licide e Carmide, qual è il dialogo più adatto per chi cerca l’amore fra i filosofi? Ferri: Grice, la risposta è semplice: scegliere il Convito, perché lì l’amore è sempre servito a tavola, e se la filosofia non basta, almeno si può mangiare bene. Del resto, come dice Ficino, il bello è una questione di armonia — e, tra una portata e un’altra, si può sempre filosofare sull’efficacia dell’amore. Attenzione però: mai sottovalutare il potere di un buon dessert! Ferri, Luigi (1859). Saggio sulla filosofia delle scuole italiane. Firenze: Le Monnier.

Michele Ferrucci (Lugo di Ravenna, Ravenna, Romagna, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale e l’eloquenza di Cicerone. Insegna a Pisa. DE’SINGOLARI MERITI DI CICERONE NELLA LINGUA ED ELOQUENZA LATINA. Pochi sono gli nomini veramente grandi dell' .in ti eh iti, di cui La morto affrettata per tirannesca violenza fosse tanto sincerameli te e tanto lungamente  compianto, esecratone l' abominevole autore, quanto  quella di CICERONE. VIRGILIO  ed ORAZIO, LIVIO e Cornelio Severo; Vellein Fatereolo, Tiberio e Sciano, Cremuzio  Cordo Bruto  e Caio Cassio parole contro Marc’Antonio: Tu non hai fatto nulla, gli grida, quando, promulgata una infame mercede, trovasti un vile sicario che osti troncare il capo di quel oratore; consolo, padre e salvatore di Roma. Quantunque meglio fu  per lui cadere sotto il ferro omicida da te prezzolato che vivere ancora un miseri avanzi i d'anni seuili, che gli sarebbe stato più travaglioso, vedendo la dolce sua patria oppressa dalla tua tirannica signoria. Ma tu non potesti privarlo dell'onorato nome e della fama: per te anzi e ne accrebbe lo splendore.  Vive nella memoria di tutti i posteri,  i quali quanto volte leggeranno ammirati le ardenti  invettive, che contra te gl’inspira uua giusta indegnazione, tante malediranno alla tua barbara ferocia:  e avverrà che interamente apengasi nel  mondo l’umana specie che si taccia il nome di quel grande. Mesto per contrario fi att'ettuosu è il suono del saluli che a CICERONE manda PLINIO e che si conclliude: Lode a te che primo de’romani dalla  libera voi*iltil maggior popolo del mondo fosti salutato padre della patria, tu ottenesti la gloria d’avere  eolia tua sapienza aperte vie e mostrato un  immenso campo agi' ingegni di Roma; è saiTos.atiU > ulìi</in degli scrittori correggerlo o abbandonarlo. Fra i dolci studi, fra le beno augurato fatiche proponetevi spesso CICERONE ad esemplare della perfezione di sriie; alziate poi sempre fermo e stabile della mente questo ricordo che maestro che è Streccili, ne attempalo dimen- conchiudere: Nazione e FAVELLA sono turr’une; ehi non ama, non pregia, non onora LA PROPRIA FAVELLA disama la  propria nazione. Grice: Corpus, 1933. “Today’s tutorial with Hardie was—by his standards—almost convivial. I often wonder, in these things, who is tutoring whom. He said, in that Scottish of his (which is becoming second nature to me; I catch myself echoing his turns of phrase as a sort of grateful revenge):  “We’ll be starting Moderns next week,”  by which he meant, of course, Modern Philosophy. Three weeks later. The passage to Moderns was remarkably smooth. If there’s anything I like about this odd sub‑faculty within Literae Humaniores, it’s the way one is permitted—encouraged, even—to skip (as Hardie says, meaning jump) from Cicero to “Home”—spelled Hume, but pronounced, by Hardie, with a sort of proprietorial Scottish economy. Hardie then produced—like a conjuror producing a rabbit, except that the rabbit was a bibliography—a recommendation:  “Ferrucci’s Saggio sopra la storia della filosofia moderna (1824) would be particularly apt for you, Grice,”  he said, adding (with that dry half‑smile of his) that Ferrucci even “does justice to Hume”—by which he meant that Ferrucci, being Italian, could pronounce the name as Hardie does, and not as the English insist on doing, as if it were a throat‑clearing. Later, out on the cricket field, I mentioned—too innocently—that “Modern Philosophy” had been launched for me by an Italian in 1824. My companions stared as though I’d said the Roman Republic was founded last Thursday. They could not believe that, by “modern,” philosophers sometimes mean not aeroplanes or wirelesses, but a Pisan professor writing in the age of Byron. But then cricket, like philosophy, has its own anachronisms: one dresses like 1890 in order to behave as if time had stopped; and one calls it “play” while taking it absurdly seriously.” Grice: Ferrucci, lei che insegna a Pisa e si è immerso nei meriti singolari di Cicerone, mi dica, ma il segreto dell’eloquenza latina è davvero tutto racchiuso nelle invettive contro Marc’Antonio? Oppure c’è qualche trucco che Cicero teneva solo per le grandi occasioni? Ferrucci: Ah, caro Grice, Cicerone era un artista della parola: non solo invettive, ma anche melodie sottili, come quelle di Virgilio e Orazio. Persino quando cadeva sotto il ferro omicida, la sua fama si moltiplicava, e ogni volta che un sicario tentava di troncare la sua voce, questa risuonava più forte nei corridoi della storia. Grice: Quindi, mi sta dicendo che il vero oratore non teme nemmeno la tirannide, perché la sua eloquenza sopravvive anche al peggiore dei tagli? Forse dovrei scrivere una massima: “Mai sottovalutare un uomo con la lingua lunga e la testa sulle spalle!” Ferrucci: Ottima massima, Grice! E ricordi: chi non ama la propria favella, disama la propria nazione. Fra i dolci studi, proponga sempre Cicerone ad esempio, ma non dimentichi di aggiungere un po’ di umorismo: la lingua latina non è solo per invettive, ma anche per qualche scherzo ben piazzato—proprio come facciamo noi! Ferrucci, Michele (1824). Saggio sopra la storia della filosofia moderna. Pisa: Capurro.

Fibbia: dal latino morto al latino vivo. Grice: “Strictly, if Julius Caesar is dead, his ‘lingua’, as the Italians call her, is, too! ‘Viventi’ does not apply to a language only metaphorically!” Latino Vivente admittit 2 gradus Ii populari in quo sufficit radicario cum grammatica minim'i; litterarii intelligibil'i tamen ab omni discipulo de populari gradu ad primi visum. ALPHABETO habet litteras latini iam jam solver soluer locuti loquuti emti empti shocolate Supersigno et unionis-tractu est minus apti. Per dissimil'i litteras scribitur: (a vocabulo quod habet simili orthographiam cum alio, sed SENSUM DIVERSI: solum de solo solum  (6 pluri affixo (lector'e vide n. 41). admittit litteras orthographici et  notat tali litteram per accentum qui pracurrit: t'eriti, fu'nsi. In scripto ad usum de soli eruditos orthographici littera non usitatur. quia fundatur supra base de res existenti, adoptat pronuntiandi-modum plus diffu'nsi. Sic introducit, sine mutatione, isti et illi vocabulum Discipulo de Il gradu pone accentum tonici super vocalem ante ultimi consonantem: câne, lilio. non habet accentum: lâude, nêutri,  lingua, âqua. 3 finales de grammatica non mutat accentus-locum:  pâtrem, pâtres, âmat. Gradu Populari  LY, articulo definiti, UL, articulo indefiniti, : ly 300 viros de Gedeon; ul viros. UM est prapositione generali, Tenet locum de ab, ad, de, quando discipulo hasitat. non habet accusativum; UM indicat proprie non-subjectum, id est attributum aut complementum: um patre filio amat; patre-um  filio amat: um Deo essev ly Verbo. UM est necesse solum quando fit inversione, quia non-subjecto est cognoscibili etiam per sui locum in phrase post verbum; filio amat patre; Verbo essev Deo. -A, -E, -O, -U substantivum singulare; -AS, -ES,  -OS, -US plurale. Quando diversi finale non dat SENSUM DIVERSI ex arca arce arcu licet commutar desinentias de plurisyllaba: die dies dia dias sicut in H. et P., sed non ra ro ru re nam re est monosyllaba. GENER, quando est necesse indicatur per MASCULO, FEMINA equo-masculo. -i indicat aggetivo (‘shaggy’): boni patre. potest haber substantivi-formam: disputar est sterile sterili re. Fibbia. Torino, Piemonte. Grice: Fibbia, dici “latino vivente” e poi mi tiri fuori Giulio Cesare morto: mi pare un corso di rianimazione con la grammatica come defibrillatore. Fibbia: Appunto, e io ti do due gradini: uno popolare per sopravvivere con due radici e tre regole, e uno letterario per far finta di essere Cicerone senza sudare troppo. Grice: Però tra solver/soluer, locuti/loquuti ed “emti/empti”, più “shocolate”, sembra che il latino abbia preso il treno sbagliato e sia sceso al bar. Fibbia: Tranquillo, basta mettere l’accento dove serve, infilare un UM quando l’allievo tentenna, e vedrai che il latino non è morto: sta solo facendo stretching in piemontese.

Marsilio Ficino (Figline e Incisa Valdarno, Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’amore. Grice: “If F. had JUST commented on Platos symposium that would be already a magnificient achievement! So Renaissance  it taught the Romans and the Italians, and us, that the dialogue IS the philosophical form per tradition, whatever Cicero tried!” Si laurea a Firenze sotto Bernardi, Comandi, Castiglione e Tignosi  filosofo lizio autore di De anima e di De ideis. Conseguenza di questo  la SVMMA PHILOSOPHI, fisica, logica, e di aliae multae quaestiones. Accademia orto COMMENTARIOLA IN Lucrezio, il De voluptate ad Calisianum, il De virtutibus moralibus e il De IV sectis philosophorum, questioni morali e dell'anima, portico. Crotone fonda l’accademia in villa per volere di Medici. Ermetici da Leonardo da Pistoia. della maestà divina, daemonum ordine della trasmigrazione delle anime. A Crotone Filolao, maestro dell’accademia consona secta, Ermes era il dio patrono dei ginnasi e delle palestre.  Il pedagogo era uno schiavo che aveva il compito di sorvegliare i figli del padrone. Il re dei Persiani, secondo l'abituale denominazione greca. L'eristica era la tecnica finalizzata a confutare con ogni mezzo le tesi avversarie per far prevalere le proprie, anche se per fare questo poteva raggiungere risultati contraddittori tra loro. Entrambi uccelli addestrati per il combattimento. Dario, il ricchissimo re dei Persiani tenta l'invasione della Grecia, ma venne bloccato e sconfitto a Maratona. Si tratta di un frammento di Solone (Gentili-Prato). Omero, Odyssea Esiodo, Opera et dies Gli antilogici erano coloro che teorizzavano e praticavano la possibilit di contraddire ogni argomentazione e ogni ragionamento. La cotila  un'unit di misura che equivale all'incirca a un quarto di litro. desire, love, beauty, il bello, amore, cupido, desiderio, platonismo, walter pater  Plathegel e Ariskant, sensibile, percezione, I platonisti fisiologia dellamore, convito di Platone, amore platonico, amore socratico, dottrina dellamore, I dialoghi dellamore di Platone: Fedro, Convito. GriceFicinos Commentaries on Plato, Tatti. Grice: Caro Ficino, se avessi commentato solo il Simposio di Platone, sarebbe già una grande impresa! Ma tu, da vero rinascimentale, hai insegnato a tutti che il dialogo è la forma filosofica per eccellenza. Persino i Romani, gli italiani… e anche noi inglesi, abbiamo imparato qualcosa, nonostante i tentativi di Cicerone! Ficino: Grice, tu mi lusinghi! Ma il dialogo, si sa, è come una cotila di buon vino: si beve meglio in compagnia. E sull’amore, che vuoi, tra Platone, Cupido e il bello, c’è sempre da discutere… Scommetto che anche le pietre di Maratona avrebbero qualcosa da dire! Grice: Ah, se solo potessimo conversare con Solone o Omero! Ma preferisco parlare con te, Ficino, che hai fondato l’Accademia in villa – altro che ginnasi e palestre! Qui si filosofeggia sul desiderio e si confuta per sport. Dario non ha mai avuto avversari così, neanche tra i filosofi antilogici! Ficino: Grice, la filosofia è un po’ come un combattimento tra uccelli addestrati: si vola, si sbatte le ali, ma alla fine si torna sempre all’amore platonico. E se la dottrina dell’amore non basta, ci pensa il portico… almeno lì nessuno ti confuta mentre ti godi il bello! Ficino, Marsilio (1474). Theologia Platonica de immortalitate animorum. Firenze: Laurentius de Alopa.

Giovanni di Fidanza (Bagnoregio, Viterbo, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “Italians call F. an ‘anti-dialectician’ but then they have Aquinas, who is an hypoer-dialectiician!” essential Italian philosopher! F. is generally more liked than AQUINO at Oxford. More accademic, less dogmatic sort of type!”” Contro il lizio. Muore per avvelenamento. valora l’accademia distinzione della filosofia naturale res fisica matematica meccanica; razionale, segni, logica, retorica, grammatica; e morale, azione, politica, economica. reale, segno, agire verticale è iniziazione per gradi di perfezione verso l'unione mistica. L’intelletto agente comprende la verità dall'intelletto passivo. Nel itinerario della mente: scala dei tre gradi, primo esteriore, il corpo. L’anima ha tre direzioni. al corpo, sensibilità animalita; lo spirito, rivolto in sé e a sé; la mente che s’eleva sopra di sé. corpo, l’anima, e la mente. La sinderesi è la disposizione pratica al bene. Moore – external world mondo del corpore. primo modo e il vestigio o improntum. Il secondo l’immagine, che si trova solo nell’uomo, l’unica creatura dotata d'intelletto, in cui risplendono la memoria, l’intelligenza e la volontà. Il terzo e la similitudine, qualità propria d’una buona persona, una creature giusta, animata di benevolenza e carità. La natura e un segno sensibile. Vi dico che, se questi taceranno, grideranno le pietre. La pietra grida MEANS that thou shalt be benevolent. Una creatura e una impronta o vestigio, una immagine, una similitudine (Per Lombardo, ‘imago e similitude’ is redundant. la pietra e una impronta, significa, vede la relazione colla dottrina dell'immagine il creato, ente molteplice e temporale traccia dell'unità e atemporalità divina, unitatis e aeternitatis vestigium: nel sensibile la traccia o la manifestazione dell'essere divino in sé nascosto, punto di partenza della summitas theoriæ: omnis creatura corporalis atque visibilis sensibusque succumbens extremum divinæ naturæ vestigium non incongrue solet in scripturis appellari: Negati affirmatio; grideranno le pietre’ ‘la pietra grida’ – i segni trinitari -  primo grado: vestigio o impronta; secondo grado: immagine; terzo grado: similitudine. Grice: Caro Fidanza, dicono che tu sia un anti-dialettico, ma mi confesso un po’ confuso: come si può essere anti-dialettico in Italia, dove persino le pietre vogliono dire la loro? Fidanza: Ah, Grice, in Italia ci teniamo alle distinzioni: c’è chi dialoga, chi polemizza e chi contempla le pietre che gridano! Io preferisco salire la mia scala: corpo, anima e mente… Ma niente dialettica di troppo, quella la lascio volentieri ad Aquino! Grice: E meno male, perché ad Oxford ormai preferiamo te! Ma dimmi, questa storia della pietra che grida, è un modo elegante per dire che anche i filosofi hanno bisogno di far sentire la propria voce? Fidanza: Esattamente, caro amico! Qui da Bagnoregio, anche se restiamo con i piedi per terra, ci piace pensare che tra vestigi, immagini e similitudini, si trovi sempre il tempo per una buona conversazione. E se i filosofi tacciono… ci pensano le pietre a rompere il silenzio! Fidanza, Giovanni di (1250). Commentaria in Sententias Petri Lombardi.

Felice Figliucci (Siena, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Giove e Ganimede –Grice: “Of course I love F., who doeesn’t? Of course, there is F. and [Vincenzo] F., both moralists at Siena; what I love about F. is that he champions the big ones: il Fedro accademico– with the charismatic metaphor of the winged warrior; and then Fedro is an interesting character for maieutica; and the ethical ‘books of the lizio, which we hope he instilled on Alexander! While some Englishmen would use euphemysms when subtitling Phaedrus, a dialogue on love and beauty, F. contradicts Diogenes for whom Phaidros is peri ton erotes – and has it as il fedro o vero dialogo del bello, del bello is neuter in Italian (kalon), but also masculine, hence F.’s reference to Giove and Ganimede!” Si laurea a Padova. Del bello FICINO; Filosofia morale Politica, ovvero scienza civile.  IL FEDRO O VERO IL DIALOGO DEL Bello. Persone del Dialogo, SOCRATE, E FEDRO. O Fedro mio caro,doue uai tu,ac Soc. donde uieni ^ F E D. Socratc,io uego da cafa di Lifia figliuolo di Cefalo,flC hora me ne uh un poco à fpafTo fuor della città: per ciò che buona peza feco à ragionar fedendo, da quefta mattina per tempo, per fino à hora fon dimorato. Et hora,c(rendo à ciò ftato perfuafo,da Acumeno tuo amico, fiC mio,fò caminando efTercitio: il qual modo di efTercitarfi, egli affai più facile, CC molto più gjoueuole giu:sdica, che laftaticarfi nel correre, come molti fanirsno. SOCR. Certamente Fedro mio, eh* egli ti configlia bene^ma fecondo il tuo dirc,Lifu dee elTere nella città, è uero. FED, Ve^sro, fi£ alloggia infieme con Epicrate nella cafa di Morico,uicino al Tempio di Gioue Olimpiót SOCR. rimali di gratia,clie faceuate uoi quiui f Inuitouui forfè Lifia al parto delle fuc orationii' Non di meno anchora che ella non fia (lata cefi, egli m'è foptags giunta una fi gran uogliad' udirla, che (e tu cdis minando te ne andaflj perfino à Mcgara,flC fc (comeècoftume di Hcrodico ) tofto che alle mura della città fiifli giunto.indietro te ne tornaflì,io per queflo fon difpofto di Giove e Ganimede, il bello, bei, kalos, kaloi, kaloskagathos, kalon, eros, to kalon, to kalos, eros. Grice: Carissimo Figliucci, ho letto del tuo amore per il Fedro accademico – con quella meravigliosa metafora del guerriero alato. Ma dimmi la verità: sei tu più Socrate o più Fedro? O magari ti ritrovi nei panni di Ganimede, pronto a volare sulle ali di Giove? Figliucci: Ah, Grice, se solo avessi le ali di Ganimede, eviterei tutti i compiti da moralista a Siena! Ma, da bravo padovano, preferisco restare con i piedi per terra e la testa tra le nuvole del bello. Sai, tra Socrate e Fedro, si finisce sempre col filosofare sotto qualche tempio… magari quello di Giove Olimpico! Grice: E invece gli inglesi, quando sottotitolano il Fedro, si arrampicano sugli specchi con i loro eufemismi! Tu invece, come un vero italiano, chiami le cose col loro nome: eros, il bello, kalos. Altro che peri ton erotes! Si vede che hai studiato a Padova, dove il latino si mescola al dialetto! Figliucci: Grice, ti confesso che tra Giove, Ganimede e il kaloskagathos, la mia vita è più un dialogo che una lezione. Se instillassi l’etica anche ad Alessandro, almeno avrei una scusa per volare alto... ma al massimo mi concedono una passeggiata fuori dalle mura! Siamo filosofi, non piccioni viaggiatori. Figliucci, Felice (1541). De animae immortalitate. Siena: Bartolomeo Venturini.

Gaetano Filangieri (San Sebastiano al Vesuvio, Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura dello stato di ragione. Grice: The importance of F.  is in the concept of ragione retorica; indeed, on the footsteps of VICO, F. posseduto della ragione, shows that illuminism is incompatible with the ancien regime! There are many references, but unsystematic, to the Romans, or to Roman Law, but not a systematic chronological thing. Romolo is cited twice, and there are passing comments on the Twelve Tables and its corrections, how the Romans are disallowed to sell their own children. There’s a critique to the dislike for the frugality that the Roman law enjoins. Also a praise for the dittaura, and references to CICERONE. The references to the Roman and the Roman law have been systematically studied. He refers to an emerging nation as Rome is under Romolo and makes passing comments on aristocracy, monarchy, mixed government, republic, and the question of citizenship: how the Romans bestow Roman citizenship on habitants of cities other than Rome! Catholicism gives a bad name to Roman!” Si laurea a Napoli. riforma di giustizia illuminismo. Morale de' legislatori, favorevole alla pena di morte, mettendo in discussione BECCARIA. Afferma che nello stato di natura  non lo stato civile -- ciascuno ha il diritto di togliere la vita a tutti per proteggere la propria ingiustamente minacciata. La scienza della legislazione. riflessioni politiche su l'ultima legge del sovrano. riguardano la riforma dell'amministrazione della giustizia. la necessità, per il magistrato, di motivare la propria sentenza in base alla legislazione nel regno, eliminare gli abusi e i privilegi per il giudice. Delle sessioni ordinarie di giustizia. straordinarie. Magistratura per ogni comunità. Della criminale procedura. La difesa criminale sentenza che assolve riparazione del danno giudizio di calunnia sentenza che sospende che condanna e corichili- La scienza distoglierlo dal provvedersi de legislazione lo stato secondo ragione naturale civile  costume il romano la costume dei romani devere e volonta  implicatura deontica  passione e ragione  illuminismo anti-clericalismo anti-Romano. Grice: Non credo di essere mai stato in una villa più bella di questa, caro Filangieri. Qui, tra i profumi del Mediterraneo e la vista che si apre sulle scogliere, ogni pensiero filosofico sembra acquistare una limpidezza straordinaria. È davvero un luogo ideale per riflettere sulla ragione e sullo stato! Filangieri: La ringrazio, professore Grice; la villa è effettivamente un rifugio per la mente, dove la natura stessa ci invita a contemplare le leggi che governano gli uomini. Qui, immersi nella bellezza, la ragione si fa più viva e la riflessione sulle istituzioni acquista un tono quasi poetico. Grice: E proprio in questo scenario, Filangieri, mi viene da pensare a quanto la tua idea di ragione retorica si intrecci con la tradizione romana: l’antica legge, la frugalità e persino la dittatura, che tu hai saputo rivalutare. Non è forse vero che la scienza della legislazione deve sempre guardare alla giustizia, ma anche alla passione e al costume dei popoli? Filangieri: Assolutamente, Grice. La ragione, per me, non è mai solo calcolo freddo; si nutre di passioni, di storia, di consuetudini. Come sostengo nella mia Scienza della legislazione, il legislatore deve farsi interprete non solo della legge, ma anche dello spirito e della moralità che animano la società. Solo così la giustizia diventa veramente umana e luminosa come il nostro Mediterraneo. Filangieri, Gaetano (1780). Scienza della legislazione. Napoli: Nella Stamperia Simoniana.

Vincenzo De Filippis (Tiriolo, Catanzaro, Calabria): la ragione conversazioanle e l’implicatura conversazionale metafisica. Grice: “F. is an interesting one, for one there is a Palazzo De Fillippis; for another he was into the philosophy of mathematics; he was executed, but not for this.”  Martire. Si laurea a Napoli sotto GENOVESI. Conosce PAGANO e CANTERZANI. Insegna a Catanzaro. principale artefice della repubblica. Con la caduta della Repubblica, venne messo a morte per impiccagione. Morale. Metafisica, Vite degl'Italiani benemeriti della libertà e della patria, Albo illustrativo della Rivoluzione Napoletana; Croce, Ceci, Ayala, Giacomo, Morano. Patriota. Rao, La Repubblica napoletana, Roma, Newton, F. De' terremoti della Calabria Ultra.  Baldini, F. in Dizionario biografico degli italiani, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, Ayala, Vite degl'italiani benemeriti della libertà e della patria, Torino, Roma, Firenze, Fratelli Bocca, Voci correlate Repubblica Napoletana (Repubblicani napoletani giustiziati, F. Commutators with power central values on a Lie ideal, Pacific Journal of Mathematics, F., Left annihilators of commutators with derivation on right ideals, Communica- tions in Algebra, F., O.M. Di Vincenzo, Posner’s second theorem, multilinear polynomials and vanishing derivations, Journal of Australian Mathematical Society, F., An Engel condition with generalized derivations on multilinear polynomials, Israel Journal of Mathematics, Albas, N. Argac, V. De Sharma, Dhara, F., Garg, A result concerning nilpotent values with generalized skew derivations on Lie ideals, Communications Algebra Filippis, F. Wei, b-generalized skew derivations on Lie ideals, Mediterr. Journal of Math. Ashraf, F., Pary, Tiwari, Derivations vanishing on commutator identity involving generalized derivation on multilinear polynomials in prime rings, Commu- nications Algebra F., Dhara, Generalized Skew-Derivations and Generalization of Homomorphism Maps in Prime Rings, Comm. Algebra F., Polynomial Identities in Algebras” Roma, Springer Indam Series. implicatura metafisica. Grice: Filippis, tra “implicatura metafisica” e filosofia della matematica, tu fai sembrare persino un palazzo un argomento con le fondamenta. Filippis: Certo, e infatti il Palazzo De Filippis è la mia prova: se regge lui, regge anche la logica (al massimo scricchiola in dialetto napoletano). Grice: Però ammettilo, essere impiccato “ma non per la matematica” è l’unico modo davvero drastico di dire che la filosofia non è sempre un gioco da salotto. Filippis: Vero, ma almeno così ho lasciato la Repubblica con coerenza: una vita da patriota e una morte da nota a piè di pagina, mica male per uno che insegnava a Catanzaro. Filippis, Vincenzo De (1783). De’ terremoti della Calabria Ultra relazione a Canterzani.

Filippo: la ragione conversazionale e Roma antica -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Medma). Filosofo italiano. Medma was the Italian colony of Opus. Filippo was a pupil of Platone, and achieved fame mainly as an astronomer. He is widely thought to have edited Plato’s Laws and written the appendix to it knon as the Epinomis. He is sometimes known as Filippo di Mende. His birthplace was Medma, an Italian colony of Opo. The Epinomis is notable for his treatment of the subject of daemons. See: Dillon, “The Heirs of Plato: a study of the Old Accademy, Oxford, Clarendon. GRICEVS: O PHILIPPE, cum e Medma venias et Plato te docuerit, num sidera te docuerunt quomodo Romae taceas? PHILIPPVS: Minime, sed sidera saltem non clamant “Roma! Roma!”, et hoc ipsum est doctrina utilissima. GRICEVS: Audio te leges Platonis emendasse atque Epinomidem addidisse—quasi Plato sine appendice velut toga sine fibula esset. PHILIPPVS: Ita est, et de daemonibus scripsi, quia inter philosophos semper aliquis daemon murmurat “hoc notula indiget.”

Filisco: la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Filisco follows the doctrines of the Garden. Along with his lover, Alcio, he is expelled from Rome – “or perhaps he just wanted to leave.” – Cicerone. GRICEVS: O FILISCE, audivi te hortum Epicuri colere—num Roma ipsa te colit, an potius te expulit? FILISCVS: Roma me expulit, ut dicunt; ego autem dico me sponte discessisse, ne etiam urbs mea “implicaretur.” GRICEVS: At Ciceroni credendum est, nisi forte et ille “velit” te mansisse dum te eicit. FILISCVS: Credat Ciceroni qui vult; ego cum Alcio in horto rideo, nam expelli aliquando est elegantissima via abeundi.

Filone: la ragione conversazionale e il tutore di Cicerone -- Roma – filosofia italiana – (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Filone happened to be in Athens – as the head of the Accademy – when Athens was caught up in the war between Mithridate and the Romans. Filone decides to move to Rome. At Rome he taught CICERONE. GRICEVS: Filone, cum Athenis capta sit, te Romam profectum esse audio. Nonne difficile est Academiam in urbe nova instituere? FILONE: O Gricevs, Roma non minus philosophorum quam gladiatorum amat! Ego hic docui Ciceronem—quod fortasse magis laboriosum quam Mithridatis bellum! GRICEVS: At, Filone, Ciceroni docere fortasse requirit artem conversationis summam! Dic, ante prandiumne aut post prandium plura argumenta profers? FILONE: Ha! Gricevs, post prandium semper sapientiores fiunt discipuli, sed ante prandium magis acuti. Ego autem semper paratus sum ad implicaturam—vel etiam ad salum, si mensa vacua sit! 

Francesco Fiorentino (Sambiase, Lamerzia Terme, Catanzaro, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e la lingua dei romani in Catone. Grice: “When I write about the longitudinal continuity of philosophy, pupils learn from tutors, I am thinking of F.! storia della filosofia. I like F.; for one, he influences the idealist GENTILE. F. manages to write two important tracts: a systematic manuale of elementi di filosofia with a section on semantics, communication, and language; his view on the latitudinal history of philosophy  and a storia della filosofia, again seen as a manual, literal handbook! Both very clear and addressed the right audience!” Si laurea a Nicastro, sotto Marco e Crecca. giurisprudenza. ll'ignominosa resa del generale Ghio nell'incontrare Garibaldi a Maida, F. gli si avvicina gridando: Vogliamo l'annessione! nel martirio di BRUNO panteista La affinità che, in chiave politica, ritrova GIOBERTI, grande statista. Insegna a Bologna. storia della filosofia romana, si interessa dell'epoca risorgimentale mettendo in risalto filosofi minori non maiore pocco conosciuti, La filosofia romana; Pomponazzi; anima immortale natura in Telesio Manuale di Storia della Filosofia. stile incisivo e spigliato. Tansillo Itinerario di FIDANZA, arbitrio Proslogio d’AOSTA. CONTI dice che il lizio distinge l’intelletto agente che fa intelligibili le cose dal possibile che le concepisce. Ma il LIZIO nel De Anima chiama intelletto possibile quello che tutto diventa, agente quello che tutto fa, l’intelletto concepisce gl’intelligibili. Non ci sono le cose intelligibili distinte dal concetto. Se il LIZIO pone differenza tra i due intelletti  do not multiply them!, si  contradice. CONTI travisa la dottrina del LIZIO il possibile precede l’agente come la potenza precede l’atto. Per CONTI avviene il contrario perchè attinge questa distinzione non dal LIZIO ma da qualche espositore che 1’ha compreso male, e ha l’aria di non sospettare il problema, ne di parecchi altri rilevantissimi, contento a sfiorarli quando non li trasanda del tutto! Ah, la storiografia filosofica italiana e l’unita longitudinale e latitudinale della filosofia che, come la virtu e una e unica! Grice: Fiorentino, mi affascina la sua prospettiva sulla continuità storica della filosofia. Come pensa che la lingua dei Romani abbia influenzato il modo in cui riflettiamo oggi sul pensiero filosofico? Fiorentino: Egregio Grice, la lingua dei Romani è stata fondamentale per trasmettere il rigore e la chiarezza del pensiero filosofico. Non a caso Catone e Pomponazzi ci hanno insegnato che la precisione linguistica è il primo passo verso un’autentica comprensione della realtà. Grice: Concordo pienamente! Trovo che la vostra attenzione all’unità longitudinale e latitudinale della filosofia arricchisca il dialogo tra le epoche. Come vede il rapporto tra gli ideali del Risorgimento e la filosofia romana? Fiorentino: Il Risorgimento ha reinterpretato la tradizione romana, valorizzando anche filosofi minori e meno conosciuti. La filosofia, a mio avviso, è come una grande famiglia: ogni generazione aggiunge un tassello, e la virtù resta una e unica, proprio come insegnava Bruno nel suo martirio. Fiorentino, Francesco (1861). l panteismo di Bruno. Napoli.

Benedetto Fioretti (Mercatale, Pistoia, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei pro-ginnasti. Grice: “At Oxford, we have the Parson’s Pleasure—but at Athens, it was all about the GYM, starting of course with Aristotle and his Lizio! the gym. I like F.; thought-provoking; he says Plato should never have chosen ‘dialogue’ as a philosophical genre, and he is right; in my long tutorial life at Oxford I NEVER asked a tutee to write a dialogue for me! If Plato were the standard, that’s what we’d do!” pro-ginnasio, ginnasio un'ampia raccolta di note critiche su autori di varie epoche, dai latini agli italiani da cui emergono la straordinaria versatilità e ricchezza interessi dell'autore. Come moralista, scrisse “Osservazioni di creanze e Esercizi morali. Critico acerrimo del lizio ed Ariosto, ed altri autori classici. È stato anche co-fondatore degl’Apatisti. Ma ha risposto alle minacce con una satira che raggiunse le mani del conte, che immediatamente ordina l'arresto. Ma accorto fuggì, e i partigiani del conte trovarono solo un'iscrizione nella casa del prete che recita: Resurrexit, non est hic. Rifugiato a Firenze, Si dedicò alla filosofia. Udeno Nisieli, di nessuno, ad eccezione di Dio".  diligente filologo e critico. Proginnasmi” ginnasio, pro-ginnasio, contenente critiche ai romani. Al suo pseudonimo solito aggiunga la qualifica di "accademico apatita. La imparzialità dei suoi giudizi condizione essenziale per sentirsi membro di questa accademia Polifemo Briaco” Proginnasmi poetici” Disabled Masculinity." Gendering Disability. Ed. Bonnie G. Smith and Beth Hutchison. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 2004. 166–178. Voci correlate Androgino Bromance Bushidō Castro clone Comunità ursina Femminilità Indice di mascolinità Leather Patriarcato (antropologia) Sessismo Twink (linguaggio gay) Collegamenti esterniModifica The Men's Bibliography, tipi di ginnasio: pais ragazzo (12-17 adolescens), 18-20 efebo; +20 neos. Oriuolo, progrinnasio, ginnasio, tre tipi di ginnasio: paides, 12-14, nuoi, o neoi, 15-18, 18+ efebi --. Terme – ginnasio e terme – giocchi nudi – nudita atletica – nudita eroica. pro-ginnasmi. Grice: Fioretti, dimmi la verità: al ginnasio preferivi lo stile spartano o quello romano? Io a Oxford non sopportavo le docce fredde, figuriamoci correre nudo come gli antichi! Fioretti: Grice, a Firenze basta un po’ di ironia e una buona fuga: quando il conte mi voleva arrestare, ho lasciato solo un’iscrizione e son sparito. In palestra, invece, la nudità è solo un modo per dire “sono qui, non sono altrove”. Grice: Che saggezza! Se Platone avesse scelto la satira invece del dialogo, forse oggi gli studenti riderebbero di più e scriverebbero meno temi dolorosi. Ma dimmi, il tuo giudizio imparziale è davvero da “apatista” o hai un trucco segreto? Fioretti: Grice, il mio unico trucco è la libertà: giudicare senza paura e allenare la mente come il corpo, così che, alla fine, anche il filologo può scappare più veloce del partigiano! E se manca Dio, mi basta un buon ginnasio. Fioretti, Benedetto (1620). Proginnasmi poetici.

Firmiano: la ragione conversazonale e il culto di Giove -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Roman priest and philosopher. GRICEVS: Firmianē, si sacerdos Iovis es, rogo num Iuppiter ipse aliquando maximas conversationis colat.  FIRMIANVS: Gricē, colit quidem—nam cum tonat, plus quam satis “quantitatis” servat.  GRICEVS: At cum fulmen mittit, videor intellegere implicaturam: “desinite, aut tacebo clarius.”  FIRMIANVS: Ita est, et ego inter aras didici hoc sacrum praeceptum: cum Iuppiter loquitur, etiam philosophi breves fiunt.

Firmico: la ragione conversazionale e il culto di Giove. Grice: “At Oxford, theology is allowed to be heard by philosophy pupils – but only within the contect of the Wilde Lectures on natural theology!” cosmologia. Alcuni scrittori che non si occuparono in modo particolare di filosofia, mostrarono di interessarsene. Così fa Siciliano, vir consularis, che, stancatosi presto dell'avvocatura, si dedica agli studi. Per insistenze di Lalliano Mavorzio, che lo accolta molto amichevolmente quando governatore della Campania, pubblica astrologia, "Mathesis, il più ampio trattato di quella materia: l'astrologia è difesa dalle critiche degl'accademici. F. riconosce la difficoltà delle predizioni astrologiche, che spiega con la debolezza della natura umana in cui lo spirito è legato al corpo, ma se esso si libera dai vincoli di questo ed è consapevole della sua origine celeste, facilmente, colla divina ricerca della mente, consegue risultati difficili ed ardui. Esalta la grandezza dello spirito, parla dell'affinità dello spirito coll’anima e l’intelletto delle stelle e accenna alla teoria della reminiscenza. Fonti di questa filosofia naturale si considera CICERONE. e la discesa e l’ascesa dell'anima. Considerando i rapporti fra il cielo e la volontà dell'uomo, afferma che una stella è LA CAUSA della passioni e dell’impulso malvagio dell'uomo. Lo spirito dell'uomo, per la sua origine divina, può sottrarsi al potere della stella. Questa tesi concorda col PORTICO posidoniano. Esige dai cultori dell'astrologo una morale pura e vieta d’occuparsi di ciò che riguarda il principe. Essendo divino, non è sottoposto alla stella. Offre una testimonianza del timore che il potere del cielo incute anche alle classi superiori, appaiono influssi del portico, intonazione religiosa e mistica F. non può considerarsi il seguace di alcun indirizzo un'eclissi anulare di sole., , Vaticanus Palatinus; F. L'errore delle religioni Astrologi romani Scrittori Romani Senatori romani Scrittori antichi Astrologia ellenistica Scholar and statesman who writes an attack on religion that borrows heavily from CICERONE. PORTICO. F. writes an essay on astrology. cosmologia, Giulio Firmico Materno. Roma. GRICEVS: Firmice, cur tam multum de stellis scribis? Ego vellem potius nosse an astrologo bonum vinum sit! FIRMICVS: Gricevs, si vinum sub stella fausta bibis, omnia sapienter dicis—even astrologus ridebit! GRICEVS: Ergo, animus noster divinitatem bibendo attingit? Si ita est, ego caelum in calice quaero! FIRMICVS: Cave, amice, ne stellae te rapiant; sed si fortuna adversa venit, saltem vinum dulce sit!

Firmo: la ragione conversazionale e  Roma antica -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma).  Abstract. Grice: “Plotino reminds me of myself. He spent his life criticising other philosophers’s creeds!” Keywords: epagoge. Filosofo italiano. Friend of Porfirio and a pupil of Plotino and Amelio Gentiliano [si veda]. He is best known because of the essay “On abstinence,” that Porfirio dedicated to him, in which the arguments for vegetarianism are set out. F. had evidently resumed his carnivorous ways at the time the essay was written. Firmo Castricio. Keywords: biologia filosofica.   GRICEVS: Firmē, Plotinus mihi simillimus videtur, quia totam vitam aliena dogmata carpere amavit.  FIRMVS: Gricē, si Plotinus te imitatur, tu saltem imitare eum in abstinentia, non in conviciis.  GRICEVS: Epagogē me ducit: ex uno holere concludo te hodie carnem occultare.  FIRMVS: Immo, amice, carnem non occulto sed differo—nam philosophus bonus etiam edendo implicat

Flaviano: la ragione conversazionale in attacco d’un domma. Grice: “I love F.; but then I love rhetoric, and like F., hate an enigma – especially if proposed by Dummett!” rhetoric, rettorica conversazionale, enigma, allegoria, philosophical eschatology, retorici romani, oratori romani. Cadde in disgrazia presso Graziano. La sua ampia erudizione, arreca a F. il favore di Teodosio, che lo nomina praefectus praetorio dell’Italia. Eugenio lo nomina console. F. spera di potere abbattere i galilei con la vittoria d'Eugenio. F. s’uccise quando Eugenio e sconfitto da Teodosio che, in considerazione della sua fama letteraria, ne deplora la morte di F. in Senato. F. gode autorità soprattutto nella scienza augurale e nell'arte mantica in generale. Macrobio nei Saturnali assegna a F. l’ufficio di interprete della escatologia nell'Eneide di VIRGILIO.  Amico di Eustazio, F. pubblica De dogmatibus philosophorum. F. scrive una vita di Apollonio di Tiana. F. compone De consensu nominum (“Fido”) et verborum (“is shaggy”). Annales. Collabora con Eugenio nel tentativo di ricordare la religione romana. Di una delle più prestigiose famiglie di Roma, riceve una ottima educazione. Vicario della diocesi. Tene questa carica quando ricevette l'editto contro il donatismo, che era molto forte, ma il fatto che in una lettera lo scambi per un donatista è un indizio che F. si schierò in effetti con coloro che avrebbe dovuto perseguitare. Per questo motivo e rimosso dalla carica l'anno seguente. Ha il compito di formulare le leggi per Teodosio. La sua nomina a Prefetto del pretorio dell'Italia lo rende uno dei più potenti funzionari dell'impero. La sua carriera e dovuta alla volontà di Teodosio di mantenere buoni rapporti con il partito romano, forte nei circoli aristocratici e senatoriali, di cui Flaviano era uno dei massimi rappresentanti.  Grammatical Invention at  the Margin of Literacy. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Caro lina Press, Relihan, J. “Rethinking the History of the Literary Symposium.” Illinois  Classical Studies Ross, The Works of Aristotle. Oxford: Clarendon, Rossi, DE DOGMATIBVS PHILOSOPHVM. Virio Nicomaco Flaviano. Roma, Lazio. GRICEVS: Flaviane, rhetorica te amo, sed aenigmate Dummettiano ita perhorresco ut malim dogma ipsum oppugnare quam illud interpretari. FLAVIANVS: Ne cures, Grice, nam ego aenigmata in allegoriam verto, ut etiam galilaei putent se intellegere dum nos rideamus.GRICEVS: At tu, praefecte praetorio, leges Theodosio scribis; num etiam implicaturas in senatum legis quasi responsa augurum? FLAVIANVS: Ita sane, et si quis non capit, dico “hoc est eschatologia in Aeneide,” atque omnes statim consentiunt ne stulti videantur.

Flavio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della clemenza del principe filosofo. Grice: “It may be said that all Roman emperoros – or ‘every Roman emperor,’ as I prefer, to stick with the singular – is a philosopher. Indeed, I distinguish between philosopher-1 and philosopher-2: the first is one inclined to reflect on life generally; the second is one engaged in professional studies, which begs the question, since it defines ‘philosopher’ in terms of ‘philosophical’!I discussed opera at St. John’s with Richardson a lot – in the common room, and he was offended when I said that Die Meistersinger was for children! Thanks God he never aksed me about Trepassi – he set “La clemenza di Tito” to dialogue, and Mozart to music!” clemenza, la clemenza del filosofo re. L’imperatore Tito, famoso per la sua clemenza (Mozart, La clemenza di Tito). Il suo filosofo favorito e Musonio – il principe filosofo.   Tito Imperatore romano  Busto di Tito (Musei capitolini, Roma) Nome originale Titus Flavius Vespasianus (alla nascita) Imperator Titus Caesar Vespasianus Augustus (dopo l'ascesa al potere imperiale) Regno 24 giugno 79 – 13 settembre 81 Tribunicia potestas 11 volte:[1] la prima volta (I) il 1º luglio del 71 e poi rinnovata ogni anno Titoli Pater Patriae, dal giugno del 79[2] Salutatio imperatoria 18 volte:[1] I nel 70,[3] (II) nel 71, (III-IV) 72, (V) 73, (VI-VIII) 74, (IX-XII) 76, (XIII) 77,[4] (XIV) 78,[2] (XV) dopo l'8 settembre del 79[5] e clemenza mia. Olà! Sesto si sciolga: abbian di nuovo Lentulo e suoi seguaci e vita, e libertà. Sia noto a Roma ch'io son lo stesso, e ch'io tutto so, tutti assolvo e tutto oblio. SESTO Tu, è ver, m'assolvi, augusto; ma non m'assolve il core, che piangerà l'errore, finché memoria avrà. TITO Il vero pentimento, di cui tu sei capace, val più d'una verace costante fedeltà. VITELLIA, SERVILIA E ANNIO Oh generoso! oh grande! E chi mai giunse a tanto? Mi trae dagli occhi il pianto l'eccelsa tua bontà. Eterni dèi, vegliate sui sacri giorni suoi, a Roma in lui La clemenza di Tito Deh, conservate, oh dèi (Sesto e Annio) Non più di fiori (Vitellia) Parto; ma tu ben mio (Sesto). Tito Vespasiano. Tito. principe filosofo. la clemenza della clemenza”, Tito. GRICEVS: Flavi, si omnis imperator Romanus philosophus est, rogo utrum Titus philosophus sit quia clemens, an clemens quia philosophus. FLAVIVS: Utrumvis, Grice, sed Roma mavult principem qui “omnia scit, omnes absolvit, omnia obliviscitur” quam philosophum qui omnia quaerit et nemo intellegit. GRICEVS: Ego tamen distinguo inter philosophum-1 et philosophum-2, atque timeo ne Musonius sit uterque dum Titus tantum bonam partem agat in comoedia clementiae. FLAVIVS: Age, ne sis severus: si Mozartus clemenzam canit et Trepassius loquitur, etiam paradoxum philosophorum mollius fit, quasi venia in mensa posita.

Flavio: la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano Roma filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “Part of my emphasis on methodology in philosophy was due to my encounter with rather free minds who use key terms so sloppily that I felt like building a whole theory of communication just to refute them!” Grice: “Usually, philosophers use ‘sophisma’; I prefer ‘philosopher’s paradox’! – Or ‘dicta’. sofisma, filosofisma. Filosofo italiano. A sophist, the Garden, and friend of Plutarco. Orto. Tito Flavio Alessandro. Roma, Lazio. GRICEVS: Flavi, in Horto Romano te quaero, quia philosophi verba tam neglegenter movent ut mihi saepe videatur totam theoriam communicationis excitandam esse ad eos corrigendos. FLAVIVS: Grice, si verba leviter moventur, saltem in horto crescunt; vos autem Oxonienses etiam “sofisma” in “paradoxum philosophi” transplantatis quasi sit herba rara. GRICEVS: Malo “dicta” vocare, ne sophistae sibi gloriam vindicent, sed timeo ne Plutarchus nos ambos e lecto suo rideat. FLAVIVS: Rideat sane, dum nos amicitiam colimus et disputationem, nam in Roma etiam paradoxon, si bene conditum est, sapit quasi olus recens.

Giusto Fontanini (San Daniele del Friuli): la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “I love F.! Beyond his monumental Biblioteca dell’eloquenza italiana he authors Vindiciae antiquorum diplomatum: De antiquitatibus Hortae: Historiae literariae Aquilejensis: Della istoria del dominio temporale della sede apostolica nel ducato di Parma e Piacenza: Bibliothecae Josephi Renati Imperialis... catalogus!” Sì spiega 1’origine e il procedo dell’italiana favella. Si tratta del suo ingrandimento per le opere Icritte Si dispone una biblioteca ordinata d’autori singolari nelle materie più classiche 5 illuftrata di molte osservazioni. IMPRESSIONE NVOVA £ iaìlt prete denti affatto diversa. IN ROMA nella Stamperia di Bernabò Ili All* Eminenti [fimo e cp<erverendiJjimo 'Principe ALBANI VESCOVO DI SABINA % E Camarlingo di Santa Chiesa, Gni ragion vok a. Eminentissimo Principe, che dovendo ufiu re alla luce il prefentc saggio dell’eloquenza italiana, dellajs chiara memoria di Aloripgnor F., non ofqflc in questta sua nuova comparfa lafciarjì vedere, finza portare in fronte il venerato no- a 2 me  IV LETTERA me di vostra eminenza . hi primo luego ella è degniamo nipote della finta memoria di Clemente le di cui magnanime beneficenze, fiate compartite all' autore in tutto il tempo del fino gloriofo pontificato, sono note ad ogni genere di perfine; onde per titolo non filamente di giujìizia , ?na ancora di gratitudine, doveanfi le ultime fatiche letterarie del defonto prelato confacrare al merito impareggiabile di vostra Eminenza, nella di cui grand anima Jì veggono ravvivate e fiolpitc ad una ad una le singolari virtù del 'Ziio immortale, Nè qui farebbe fuor di proposto il rammentarne almeno una qualche parte di effe, fidò facendo, non fi venifse ad offendere la fua rara modestia, che cerca bensì di fare azioni, degne veramente disè, ma finza la brama diefigerne gli applaufi e le lodi altrui, Imperciocché chi non sa, che qual vero imitatore dell’accennato gran-* V" Pontefice, il di cui nome filo bafia per un compendio di tutte le virtù, dal medejlmo nel più alto grado pofie dutc, ella protegge le lettere finza rijparmiar ZUCCHI  Zucchi Zuceht ZUCCOLI. Grice: Fontanini, tu fai cataloghi così lunghi che persino una implicatura chiede il riassunto, ma io ti adoro lo stesso. Fontanini: È la mia ragione conversazionale: se la frase dura abbastanza, prima o poi il lettore annuisce per pura sopravvivenza. Grice: E quando spieghi l’origine della favella italiana dedicandola a un Eminentissimo, stai facendo retorica o stai solo cercando qualcuno che ti tenga il segno a pagina? Fontanini: Entrambe le cose, perché a Roma la modestia si pratica benissimo… purché sia stampata in caratteri abbastanza grandi. Fontanini, Giusto (1706). Biblioteca dell’eloquenza italiana. Venezia: Stamperia Albrizzi.

Dino Formaggio (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’arte come comunicazione – filosofia della tecnica artistica, Grice: “It’s odd, but when I coined non-natural meaning, I was thinking ARTIFICIAL signs! naturale-artifiziale. I like F.; for one, he philosophised on aesthetics – estetica filosofica, he calls it – along phenomenological lines – on the other, he took very seriously the idea of Latin ‘ars’ – and concludes that an ‘artificium’ is meant as ‘communicative’!” Si laurea a Milano sotto BANFI coll’arte come comunicazione fenomenologia dell'arte rapporto tra arte e tecnica nelle estetiche incentrata sul tema della tecnica artistica.  Insegna a Milano. Fenomenologia della tecnica artistica, Fenomenologia della tecnica artistica” (tecnica tecnica arte artistico); Piero della Francesca; Il Barocco in Italia; L'idea di artisticità – arte artistico artisticita – tecnica tecnicista, tecnicisticita; Arte; La morte dell'arte e dell'estetica; Gogh in cammino; I giorni dell'arte; Problemi di estetica; “Separatezza e dominio; Filosofi dell'arte Il canto di Seikilos. Scritti per F., Panza, Padre dell'Estetica Fenomenologica italiana, Museo di Arte di Teolo, Introduzione al Museo, Scuola di Milano Museo di arte contemporanea F. Arte ed Emozioni"Intervista a F., Museo d'arte contemporanea F., "Filosofo dell'arte e maestro di vita" di Vladimiro Elvieri, Franzini, Ricordo, Daturi, Il perché e il come dell'arte: l'estetica di F.", sito della mostra bibliografico-documentaria Nazione etnica Razza Discendenza Xenofobia Micronazione nazione Smith, Nazione, Popolo insieme delle persone fisiche che sono in rapporto di cittadinanza con uno Stato Nazionalità appartenenza di un individuo a una determinata nazione  Cosmopolitismo atteggiamento di chi si considera cittadino del mondo. arte naturale, l’arte come comunicazione, fenomenologia della tecnica artistica, natura, arte, artistico, tecnica, l’arte come comunicazione, segno della natura, segno dell’arte, segno naturale, segno artificiale artificiale segno di natura, segno di arte, phuseos theseos per natura, per positione natura nazione. Grice: Formaggio, è buffo: quando ho inventato il “significato non naturale” pensavo a segni artificiali, non a critici d’arte con la matita dietro l’orecchio. Formaggio: E invece l’ars è proprio questo, Grice: un artificio che comunica, anche quando finge di essere “solo” tecnica. Grice: Allora la tua fenomenologia mi sta dicendo che persino un colpo di pennello è un’implicatura che chiede collaborazione al pubblico. Formaggio: Esatto, e se qualcuno non capisce, non è “morte dell’arte”: è solo che non ha ancora letto le istruzioni dell’artificium. Formaggio, Dino (1941). Fenomenologia della tecnica. Milano: Bocca.

Cesare Forti (Arezzo, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e il paradosso, ragione conversazionale ed implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “It’s funny, but at Oxford, we call logicians blue-collared crew – and it’s notable too that logicias seldom teach at Bologna faculty of philosophy, but places like Torino and such! A blue-collared practitioner, I’d say, had his father not been the celebrated composer!” Sistema G_HP . Si laurea a Pisa sotto DINI  e BETTI Insegna a Torino dove frequente il gruppo di gioco di PEANO con cui collabora nel formulario matematico, Continua la logica matematica. Il paradosso su l'INESISTENZA dell'insieme di tutti i numeri ordinali. calcolo vettoriale geometria differenziale astronomia balistica calcolo assoluto senza coordinate relatività formulazione invariante analitico-proiettiva meccanica razionale Ea si recto eonslilnfa fnerinl S= : SE;I3f5p u Ttoi%r Mio * wu comu - f„™„ 4 Q at2teHoa^osecJ a st.-ca, stadia „ formo di ragionamento proprie della LINGUA COMUNE, dei di questa si serper enunciare le sue leo'e’ì r o / studi» lo fo,., gg . La presenta spesso serie difficoltà, e fra i sistemi di postulati, solo quello per gli N, può dirsi irreduttibile. Sieno U„ V», W x delle proposizioni contenenti il gruppo di lettere variabili x: W, ò CONSEQUENZA NECESSARIA della proposizione. V* nel gruppo U x, V., quando, W x e CONSEQUENZA di U x e V x, e W x è indipendente da U x; cioè quando U x V* . Ox • W x : U x -W x . -= *. è facile dimostrare che la proposizione n e 1 -1- N . fi G f Z„ .g e (Z„ f Z») sim : 0 : fl+f2+... + fn=f(gl) + -fk»h che esprime la proprietà commutativa della somma, si dimostra facendo uso delle proposizione. Si ha cioè che (1). (2). (3): o: (4). Se ora 6 e la classe dei punti, eguali sono due punti coincidenti, e a + b è il punto medio del segmento che ha i punti a, b per estremi, le proposizioni sono vere (per n > 2). (1) ■ (2) (4): - =: A cioè la proposizione (4) l> CONSEQUENZA NECESSARIA della proposizione (3) nel gruppo o la proprietà commutativa della somma. Grice on Urmson: He took off his shoes and went to bed. proprietà associativa. Formalisti, neotradizionalisti, comibinatoria. Grice: Forti, a Oxford ci chiamano i logici “operai in tuta blu”, ma tu con quel paradosso sugli ordinali sembri più un giocoliere che un metalmeccanico. Forti: Io la tuta blu la porto volentieri, purché Peano mi lasci la lavagna e non mi chieda di mettere in ordine tutti gli insiemi, soprattutto quello che non esiste. Grice: In fondo la tua implicatura è: “seguite la lingua comune”, e poi mi tiri fuori conseguenze necessarie con più simboli di una partitura di tuo padre. Forti: Esatto, perché ad Arezzo si impara presto che la ragione conversazionale è come la meccanica razionale: se stringi troppo i postulati, poi ti saltano i bottoni. Forti, Cesare (1886). Sui sistemi di coniche. Giornale di Matematiche (Battaglini).

Forti (Arenzzo, Toscana): la scuola d’Arezzo, filosofia italiana (Arezzo). Filosofo italiano. Arezzo. M. Arezzo. Filosofo, compositore e pittore italiano, padre del matematico F. Figlio di una ricca famiglia di possidenti aretini. Nasce di Giova Batista F. e Paolina BURALI. Si laurea in giurisprudenza a Siena e, secondo le cronache coeve, rifiutò grandi incarichi pur di rimanere nella natia Arezzo. Rimase tutta la vita impiegato della pubblica amministrazione aretina (era sottosegretario della prefettura) e rettore della Fraternita dei Laici. I concittadini lo descrissero come uomo pio, ma grande sostenitore della laicità dello stato nonché fervente patriota durante il Risorgimento. Si dilettò di pittura, soprattutto di ritrattistica[7], e si dedicò ampiamente alla musica anche se sempre a livello dilettantesco.  Musica  Preludio alternativo dell'opera Esther, autografo alla Biblioteca Città di Arezzo Scrisse dodici opere serie, tre scherzi melodrammatici, una farsa, una messa di requiem, ben 50 messe con orchestra, 10 per coro a cappella, 2 sinfonie, un quartetto, un concerto per pianoforte, varia musica da camera (soprattutto per fiati e archi), canzoni, pezzi corali, opere sacre non liturgiche, inni patriottici, e musiche di scena per numerosi drammi amatoriali. Collaborò con tutte le realtà musicali, professionali e non, di Arezzo, ed ebbe un rapporto speciale con le società filodrammatiche, per le quali amava scrivere spettacoli musicali comici. I suoi lavori teatrali, salutati da un grande successo locale, hanno una felice verve melodica e quelli sacri dimostrano un non comune talento armonico, che gli valse il diploma ad honorem dell'Istituto musicale di Firenze (due anni dopo l'istituto lo volle anche assumere come insegnante). Arezzo lo amò per le sue trame scacciapensieri, il suo anti-wagnerismo (mentre imperversava la dicotomia Verdi-Wagner, dagli anni '80 dell'800, F. fu un grande peroratore delle cause verdiane), e la sua calda cantabilità italiana Santori considera l'autografo integrale perduto, ma segnala l'esistenza dell'autografo della riduzione canto e pianoforte in una biblioteca privata. Partitura e parti manoscritte. Grice: Forti, tu hai rifiutato grandi incarichi per restare ad Arezzo: è coerenza civica o semplicemente paura delle riunioni a Firenze? Forti: Coerenza, certo, e poi ad Arezzo posso fare il sottosegretario, il rettore, il pittore e pure il compositore senza che nessuno mi chieda di scegliere una sola identità. Grice: Capisco, quindi la tua filosofia è che la laicità dello Stato si difende meglio con cinquanta messe con orchestra e qualche scherzo melodrammatico. Forti: Esatto, e se qualcuno mi parla di Wagner io rispondo con Verdi a volume patriottico, così anche l’implicatura fa il Risorgimento.

Giovanni Francesco Fortunio (Pordenone, Friuli): le regole conversazionale. Grice: “Other than his seminal work, “Regole grammaticali della volgar lingua,” which Wood finds adoring, but I insulting – ‘conversational rule’ – against Wood’s ‘The force of linguistic rules’ --, F.’s only other known publication is an eclogue titled ‘Amonio ed Egialo,’ full of conversational impilcatures! Hiis work in the ‘filosofia della lingua’ grows out of his study d’ALIGHIERI, PETRARCA, e BOCCACCIO. It’s different in England, where the first grammar is Aelfric’s grammar of Latin for illiterate Anglo-Saxons! Le regole GRAMMATICALI, not syntactical, not semantical, plain grammar, as per the trivium – cf. regole logiche, regole rettoriche -- is the first grammar of  Italian, foundational in its standardization, and responds to a growing need for guidance on using Italian, establishing a genre of codification. F. provides a morphological -- strictly, morpho-syntactical, cf. my work on morpho-syntactic category --, and orthographical analysis, crucial for the codification of the literary Italian model. He advocates for a specific norm, based on the three crowns. This grammatica degl’autori approach establishes a tradition of basing Italian on the classic literary register. frequently reprinted, had a formative influence on the study of Italian and lays the groundwork for BEMPO who further cementes the archaising, literary-based model that prevails in the standardisation of Italian.  F.’s is an accessible rule-book for the vernacular, setting a standard that non-Tuscans can follow to master the language of the great Tuscans and shaping the development of the nation’s language. REVISTE E CON SOMMA DILIGENTIA CORRETTE ALU STVDIOSI DELLA REGOLA dopo consonante sola si pone sempre come senza avanza e simili azurro obizo nome proprio Qui zante nome di citta\ traggonsi della prima regola e simili nel principio dtUeuoci rddo fi ufd, come zcphiro zoppo zdncd^zdppd zdphiro zdnzdr* rd zelo j nel significato che Petrarca lo pone nel triompho deWdmor o quinci il mio zelo . £7* come ditti nel Idtino : md gelofo fi dice 7 non z elofo.  1^ *" ' Giovanni Francesco Fortunio. Pordenone, Friulia-Venezia Giulia. Grice: Fortunio, dimmi la verità: le tue regole conversazionali sono nate per aiutare gli italiani o per far impazzire gli inglesi con Aelfric? Fortunio: Per entrambi, ma soprattutto per convincere tutti che dopo una consonante sola “si pone sempre come”, anche quando uno voleva solo ordinare un caffè. Grice: Capisco, dunque le tue implicature sono come Petrarca: sembrano leggere e poi ti ritrovi a fare morfo-sintassi a mezzanotte. Fortunio: Esatto, e se non ti piace, ricordati che almeno non ti costringo a declinare in latino per chiedere dov’è il bagno. Fortunio, Giovani Francesco (1485). Armonio et Egialo. Pordenone

Girolamo Fracastoro (Verona, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’anima. Grice: “I use ‘soul’ rarely, but then I went to Clifton so psyche sounds more natural to me! I love F.; for one, I love a physician, since I came to know quite a few – at Richmond!” I love F.; he philosophised on mainly three topics: the ‘soul’ – in a philosophical dialogue entitled after him, Fracastoro; on poetics, in a dialogue which he named after his poet friend Navagero; and third, on ‘intellezione,’ in a dialogue which he named after another friend, one Torre, “Torrius. The fact that Gerolamo, or Girolamo, is still at Verona, is fascinatingly charming!” Si laurea a Padova. Insegna a Padova. Homocentrica”. patologia È il primo ad ipotizzare e verificare che una infezione e dovuta a un germe portatore di una malattia, “Sifilide, ossia sul “mal francese Sul contagio e sulle malattie contagiose.” le code cometarie si presentano sempre lungo la direzione del Sole, ma in verso opposto ad esso. Descrisse uno strumento in funzione astronomica, poi realizzato da BONAIUTO: il cannocchiale. Scrive III dialoghi filosofici: de Poetica estetica), de Intellectione e de Anima.  Girolamo interroga una prostituta in cerca di informazioni per il suo poema sulla sifilide palla. fatti sperimentati nella natura, dalla materia informe alle più alte manifestazioni della  vita e dello spirito. Problema immenso, tanto alto e tanto complesso clie nemmeno ai dì nostri si può dire di esser vicini al suo scioglimento;  non pertanto se fu almeno, fin dal Rinascimento,  dimostrato qual dovesse essere la via vera per incamminarvisi, questo è dovuto a coloro che vollero ritemprata la filosofìa nelle scienze. Ma questa parte del Dialogo del F., che promette essere la sintesi sublime delle sue cognizioni e delle sue idee filosofiche intorno alla natura, all'intelletto ed all’anima, non può se non accendere in noi un desiderio il quale non può essere soddisfatto, percliè a questo punto  il dialogo stesso è rimasto tronco e interrotto  per la morte dell' autore. dialogo sull’anima, ovvero, il Fracastoro, di Fracastoro. Grice: «Fracastoro, io uso “anima” di rado, ma dopo Clifton “psiche” mi esce come se fosse una parola di casa—e senza ricetta.» Fracastoro: «Allora ti prescrivo un dialogo al giorno: uno per l’anima, uno per la poetica e uno per l’intellezione, da assumere lontano dai sofismi.» Grice: «Ottimo, così quando parlo di implicature posso dire che sono contagiose, ma prometto di non chiamarle “mal francese” davanti ai miei studenti.» Fracastoro: «Affare fatto: tu tieni a bada le massime, io tengo a bada i germi, e insieme salviamo la conversazione prima che resti tronca sul più bello.» Fracastoro, Girolamo (1530). Syphilis sive morbus gallicus.

Raffaello Franchini (Napoli, Campania): l’arguzia della ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale nell’età degl’eroi, la gloria d’Enea. Grice: “At Oxford we say that Greek was the most plastic of languages, until the Turk got over! But Italian can be pretty plastic too: witness spettico, prospettico, prespettico – which would sound pompous in the lips of anyone but me! I like F. For one, he philosophises on the metafisica dell’amore; for another, he provides a critica della ragione conversazionale. I collect reasons, pure reason, practical reason, communicative reason, historical reason…” Si laurea a Napoli sotto Croce. Insegna a Napoli. Conosce PANNUNZIO e RAGGHIANTI. etica politica. liberal-democrazia. aforismi, Il nocciolo della sua filosofia sta nel tema del giudizio storico, politico, prospettico. A Croce s’ispira, riconoscendogli il merito, per lo più sottaciuto, d’aver calato la filosofia nel vivo dell’esperienza storica. Nell’esperienza dello storicismo distingue con ANTONI una matrice VICO e CROCE dal filologico: la filosofia dello spirito non è una pura e semplice ripresa dell’idealismo nucleo logico nel nesso delle categorie conoscitiva, teoretica-aletica, e pratica-buletica-volitiva, l’*uni*-cità or e sospinge dinanzi a noi, lo proietta verso ciò che non è ancora, verso il futuro. le premesse, osserva COTRONEO, di quella svolta. verso giudizio storico-prospettico che si richiama al giudizio riflettente critico e che entra in rotta di collisione verso i principi logici e verso la forma assoluta del sapere. lo storicismo come principio logico abbandona ogni residuo che l’accomuna all’idealismo. Ciò in cui di finisce coll'imbattersi  è l’universale senza concetto di cui parla la critica del giudizio, quel giudizio senza riflessione di VICO, quel giudizio adeguato ad una visione aperta e non prescrittiva della storia e che s’affida ad una RAZIONALITÀ che colla storia si trasforma. previsione. Su ciò resta  l'argomentazione svolta. I gladiatori. vitale avvenire divenire storicismo mecanismo dialettica opposti distinti aequi-vocalita della dialettica giudizio l’utile storia ciclica lineale, filosofia analitica critica della ragione storica. Grice: Franchini, nell’età degli eroi io colleziono ragioni come figurine, ma l’unica che mi manca è quella per dire “prespettico” senza sembrare un centurione pedante.» Franchini: «Tranquillo, Grice: a Napoli basta che lo dici con amore metafisico e diventa subito glorioso, quasi come Enea con un dizionario in mano.» Grice: «Allora facciamo un patto: tu mi dai una critica della ragione conversazionale e io ti do un’implicatura eroica—tipo “sono umile”, che a Oxford significa “ho ragione”.» Franchini: «E io implico che lo storicismo è un gladiatore educato: combatte i principi logici, ma saluta sempre prima di colpire, per puro giudizio prospettico.» Franchini, Raffaello (1947). Saggio sulla dialettica. Napoli: Liguori.

Giorgio Renato Franci (Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale degl’ostrogoti. Grice: “In Italy, I’m described as Goth, good, – since I speak the Gothick language! I like F. For one, he philosophises and calls his thing ‘studi linguistici; for another, he teaches in a varsity older than mine!” Si laurea a Bologn. Insegna a Bologna. i suoi interessi si sono concentrati principalmente sullo studio delle molteplici manifestazioni della spiritualità. Conosce TUCCI. biblioteca di discipline umanistiche a Bologna. lingua aria questione linguistica, MARTINETTI Ostrogoti antico popolo germanico. Gl’ostrogoti sono il ramo orientale dei goti, una tribù germanica che influenza gl’eventi politici dell’impero romano.  Palazzo di Teodorico a Ravenna, mosaico nella basilica di Sant'Apollinare Nuovo. Sconfissero Odoacre, che depone Romolo Augusto, ultimo imperatore romano d'occidente, e si insediarono in Italia. Sono poi sconfitti dai bizantini. Identità con i Grutungi.  Fibula ostrogota a forma di aquila. La tribù degl’ostrogoti viene citata pella prima volta all'interno della biografia dell'imperatore CLAUDIO IL GOTICO, attribuita a Trebellius Pollio, appartenente alla raccolta Historia Augusta. Essi sono ricordati fra le tribù della Scizia che invadeno e devastarono allora l'impero -- gl’ostrogoti sono citati insieme con i grutungi, i tervingi The Goths, Wolfram, Storia dei Goti, People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, Azzara, L'Italia dei barbari, Bordone; Sergi, Il medio evo, I Goti. Pepe, Il Medio Evo barbarico d'Italia. Einaudi, Tabacco, La Storia politica e sociale, dal tramonto dell'impero romano alle formazioni di stati regionali, in Storia d'Italia, Tamassia, regno dei goti e dei longobardi in Italia, La caduta dell'impero romano. i goti d'Italia. Garollo, re dei goti e degl'italiani,  , Lamma, People and identity in Ostrogothic Italy, Giovanditto, goti in Italia; Saitta, La civilitas di Teoderico: rigore amministrativo, tolleranza religiosa e recupero dell'antico nell'Italia ostrogota, L'Erma goti sovrani ostrogoti regno lingua gotica Grutungi Antica Roma Medioevo regno ostrogoto in Italia; Tervingi Grutungi. i ostrogoti. Grice: Franci, dicono che in Italia io sia un Goth—ottimo, allora posso lamentarmi in gotico quando l’implicatura non mi viene.» Franci: «Perfetto, ma ricordati che con gli Ostrogoti la massima di maniera è “parla chiaro”… altrimenti ti ritrovi a Ravenna a spiegarti ai mosaici.» Grice: «Eppure la conversazione è come una fibula a forma d’aquila: sembra solo decorativa, ma tiene insieme tutto, soprattutto quando Odoacre cade dal discorso.» Franci: «Allora facciamo così: tu porti le massime, io porto Bologna (più vecchia di Oxford), e vediamo se gli Ostrogoti implicano o conquistano.»

Giuliano Toraldo di Francia (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei centauri. Grice: “For my use of ‘objective,’ not as in ‘conversational objective,’ I recommend my first Carus Lecture! oggetivo-suggetivo. F. is a good one. For one, he philosophises on ‘not’: “il rifiuto.” Italians use rifiute and confute – as we do! Ryle used to say, to provoke Popper, that ‘to refute’ is pretentious, when ‘to deny’ does!” Si laurea Firenze sotto CARRARA. Insegna a Firenze. ricerca ottica Bologna onda elettromagnetica microonda fisica elettronica quantista, Lincei. ALIGHIERI fisica matematica laser meccanica quantistica elettrodinamica epistemologia informatica. super-risoluzione, filtro Toraldo interferenza inversa prodromico all’olografia dimostrazione sperimentale dell'esistenza dell’onda evanescente cultura scientifica umanistica radiazione diffrazione fotone elettrone accelerazione della particella metodo geometrico aritmetico teoria fisiche. L'amico di Platone. Le cose e i loro nomi, scimmia allo specchio. Osservarsi per conoscere, Tempo, cambiamento, invarianza, EX ABSURDO In fin dei conti objectivists conduct, a thing to which value may be attributed. So while queerness can be used to specify tasks which an objectivist could be called upon, and very likely would call on himself, to perform. It is not in advance certain that this task can be performed, as if someone were to say, 'I seriously doubt whether arithmetic is possible; if it were, it would be about numbers: very queer things indeed, quite inaccessible to any observation'; or 'I don't see how there can be such a thing as matrimony; if there were, people would have to be bound to one another in marriage, but everything we see in life suggests that the only way that people are bound to one another is with ropes. i centauri, ex absurdo; scientific realism, philosophy of physics, foundations of physics; geometry and arithmetics as the methods in physics; observation and perception, ‘what the eye no longer sees’ we see with our eyes”; Eddington’s two tables particella relativo-assoluto –BONAIUTO Hare valore Lemarchand, theatre, not Esslin. Grice: Francia, se i centauri hanno un’implicatura conversazionale, allora metà di loro la capisce e l’altra metà scalcia.» Francia: «È ex absurdo, Grice: quando l’occhio non vede più, la metà cavallo compensa con una super‑risoluzione… emotiva.» Grice: «Ryle direbbe che “confutare” è pretenzioso e basta “negare”, ma con un centauro se nega male e poi ti ritrovi con l’impronta dello zoccolo.» Francia: «Allora facciamo così: tu tieni ferme le massime, io tengo ferma l’onda elettromagnetica, e insieme vediamo se l’oggettivo e il soggettivo smettono di galoppare in direzioni opposte.»

Elio Franzini (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionae e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’espressione. Grice: “If there is a word that Italian philosophers love, that is espressione. I guess the most technical I get about this is in my Method in Philosophical Psychology. Let us abbreviate ‘x judges that x judges that p’ by ‘x judges₂ that p’, and ‘x judges that x judges that x judges that p’ by ‘x judges₃ that p". Let us suppose that we make the assumption that there is be no way of finding a non-manifestational behaviour which distinguishes judging₂ that p from judging that p. There are now be two options: we may suppose that ‘judge that p’ is an inadmissible locution, or we may suppose that ‘x judges2 that p’ and ‘x judges3 that p’ are equivalent. The second option is preferable, if we want to allow for the construction of a type, a talking pirot, which may express that it judges2 that p; and maintain that if x EXPRESSES THAT p, x judges that  ф. I like F. For one, he philosophised on aesthetics and passioni. Sir Geoffrey [Warnock] and I philosophised on the former, if not the latter!” Si laurea a Milano sotto con Piana e Formaggio. Insegna a Milano. Fenomenologia creazione simbolo, to throw two things together, so that the recipient compares them!, al di là dell’immagine; esperienza estetica inter-soggetiva, la scorta d’una ricognizione della genesi dell'estetica, doxa-episteme sentimeno-ragione, estetico-noetico, approfondendo il valore volitivo/giudicativo contenuto della dimensione pre-categoriale dell'esperienza estetica sintesi che define una fenomenologia del noetico, una noesi che sa de-cifrare la ricchezza simbolica dell’estetico rappresentazione bello naturale creato di Dio phusei bello ART-ificiale creato dall’ART-ista Vinci thesei ex positione; discorso del diavolo favola mito logos; Iscritto Desritto, scritto patico metafora, mimesi morfo-genesi progetto architettitural’interpretazione dell’espressione comunicazione senso, sensibile, sentimentale, ingenuo, sentire sentimento Percezione Piacere dispiacere, Gusto e disgusto puro impuro misto gioco, i discorsi Sibley, Strawson, Bounds of Sense. Grice: Franzini, quando sento “espressione” mi viene voglia di abbreviare tutto in giudizi² e giudizi³, giusto per respirare.» Franzini: «Va benissimo, purché poi l’“espressione” resti abbastanza estetica da far arrossire anche un pirot parlante.» Grice: «Affare fatto: tu ci metti la fenomenologia che “butta insieme due cose” e io ci metto l’implicatura che fa finta di niente e poi colpisce.» Franzini: «Perfetto: allora Milano porta il gusto, Oxford porta le massime, e il lettore—povero lui—capisce più di quanto gli abbiamo detto.»

Marcello Frixione (Genova, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura metrica di Lucrezio. Grice: “Some like Ovid, but Lucrezio’s MY man! The Grecians were pretty clear – and Cicero followed suit – surely if I say ‘He made it,’ there is no implicature that he is a poet, even if ‘poeien’ is strictly, ‘make’! Poetry is a good place to apply the idea of implicature, as in Donne – Nowell-Smith’s favourite obscure poet, and Blake – mine!” Insegna a Genova. lingua. ragionamento non monotòno illusione del perceptum ragionar invalido. rappresentazione. Il Significato” La Funzione e la computabilità” Come Ragioniamo, Ologrammi, It cannot be denied that the poem of LUCREZIO fails to awaken any  marked interest until long after its publication. The almost unbroken  silence of his contemporaries regarding him is significant of the com-  parative indifference with which his production was received. The  reasons for this neglect are various and not far to seek. In the first  place the moment was inopportune for the appearance of such a work.  It is composed in that hapless time when the rule of the oligarchy is overthrown and that of GIULIO  CESARE had not yet been established,  in the sultry years during which the outbreak of the civil war is awaited with long and painful suspense. The poet betrays his solicitude for the welfare of his country at this crisis in the introduction  of his work, in which he invokes the aid of Venus in persuading Mars  to command peace. Efficc ut inter ea f era moenera militiai   Per maria ac terras omnis sopita quiescani. The persistency of The Garden despite persecution and opposition demonstrates its marvelous vitality and the almost deathless influence of  the personality of Epicurus, whose single mind projected its grasp  upon human thought throughout the whole existence of the sect.  And not the least important agent in affecting this result, because of  his almost idolatrous devotion to his master and the persuasive charm  of his lines, was the poet LUCREZIO.  l’implicatura metrica di Lucrezio, poetry, Ezra Pound, Alighieri, “speranza, tela”, Tesauro, Folco. Grice: Frizione, ti confesso che Lucrezio è il mio poeta preferito. Hai mai pensato a come le sue implicature metriche possano far sorridere persino Epicuro? Frixione: Grice, se Epicuro avesse letto Lucrezio con la tua attenzione, avrebbe trovato persino nelle pause metriche una filosofia per vivere meglio! Ma forse avrebbe consigliato di non ragionare troppo, per evitare illusioni. Grice: Eppure, caro Marcello, nei versi di Lucrezio c'è una speranza sottile, come una tela che si tesse col ragionamento. Persino Mars, con tutta la sua guerra, avrebbe ceduto a Venere se avesse ascoltato una buona implicatura poetica! Frixione: Beh, Grice, se la poesia di Lucrezio può mettere d'accordo gli dèi, sicuramente può farci ragionare un po' meno monotòni. Ma attento: la vera implicatura è che, sotto le rime, si nasconde sempre una battuta pronta a scatenare una risata epicurea!

Sesto Giulio Frontino: la ragione conversazionale a Roma, setta dei Scipioni. Antonino. Il suo cursus honorum è caratteristico di un esponente preminente dell'oligarchia senatoria. Sovrintendente agli acquedotti di Roma. Plinio define F. uomo preclaro, e rifere che desidera che non gl’è dedicato in morte alcun monumento, quale inutile spesa, poiché soltanto ai nostri meriti è affidata la nostra memoria. Gli Strategemata sono commentari di una sua opera perduta, il “De re militari”, e consistono in libri di stratagemmi militari. Tratta della preparazione al combattimento e le varie operazioni, del combattimento vero e proprio. dell'assedio di città, espone detti e fatti di celebri generali. Il De aquaeductu urbis Romae è un trattato sugli acquedotti, una buona e concreta trattazione, svolta in due libri, dei problemi di approvvigionamento idrico a Roma. Curatore delle acque, cioè il responsabile degli acquedotti e dei servizi connessi, il trattato riflette la serietà e lo scrupolo del suo impegno. L'opera contiene notizie storiche, tecniche, amministrativo-legislative e topografiche sui acquedotti, visti come elemento di grandezza dell'impero romano e paragonati, per la loro magnificenza, alle piramidi o alle opere architettoniche greche.  L'opera si è conservata nel codice Cassinensis di mano di Pietro Diacono, ritrovato nell'abbazia di Montecassino da Bracciolini. Restano solo estratti di un suo trattato di agrimensura (la disciplina che ha per oggetto la rilevazione, la rappresentazione cartografica e la determinazione della superficie agraria di un terreno, chiamata a Roma gromatica, da groma, lo strumento usato per le misurazioni del terreno), scritto durante il principato di Domiziano, in un periodo in cui F. abbandona momentaneamente la carriera politica per dedicarsi principalmente all'attività letteraria. F. è pochissimo studiato nelle scuole a causa del suo linguaggio semplice, della compilazione non sempre precisa e per lo stile fin troppo generico. Tuttavia, la sua opera (scritta per fini pratici e, forse, personali) è importante perché ha dato agli storici ottime indicazioni per quanto concerne i lav ori legati alle opere idriche che si realizzavano nell'Impero Romano.  Roma. GRICEVS: FRONTINVE, si monumenta spernis ut inutilem sumptum, curas tamen aquaeductus quasi monumenta quae ambulant et siti disputant. FRONTINVS: Monumentum lapideum tacet, sed aqua loquitur, et si memoria meritis constat, Roma me cotidie bibendo commemorat. G.: At tu quoque sectam Porticus olim secutus es, ita ut etiam aquae tuae more Stoico fluant: constanter, frugaliter, sine querela. F.: Ita est, Grice: ego stratagemata scribo ad hostes, aquaeductus ad cives, et utrumque docet eandem rem—victor est qui bene dispensat.

Frosini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del gattopardo. Grice: “When I approached the aporia of ‘dike’ in Republic, I was playing a philosophisma; when F. philosophised on the change of an ethical and legal order, he ain’t! fascismo. I like F.; only in Italy a professor of jurisprudence – the Italian Hart – would care to provide a theatrical ‘reduction’ of a Sicilian ‘romanzo’! Genial. He has also written on Risorgimento families!” Si laurea a Pisa. informatica, La lettera e lo spirito della legge democrazia libertà umanista. Il Gattopardo, riduzione teatrale Ideario siciliano,  obbligazione politica. Conosce Pannunzio La ragione dello Stato. La coscienza giuridica. liberale, Costituzione e società civile, interpretazione diritti civili, rapporto diretto a carattere orizzontale, La struttura del diritto. Il solo piano nobile sul fronte mare.  Piano nobile del palazzo costituisce in gran parte la casa museo dello scrittore: Biblioteca storica di Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa. Nell'ambiente sono presenti due grandi bocce di Caltagirone del primo Settecento, sulla parete sopra il caminetto, un San Girolamo, opera di Jacopo Palma il Giovane. Sala da ballo, ambiente in cui sono esposti tutti i suoi manoscritti: il manoscritto completo de Il Gattopardo, quello della quarta parte del romanzo contenente una pagina che con compare nella pubblicazione, il dattiloscritto, i manoscritti della Lezioni di Letteratura Francese e Inglese e dei Racconti, una prima stesura de La Sirena. Nella sala è presente un piccolo quadro di Domenico Provenzani raffigurante la famiglia del "Duca Santo" Giulio Tomasi di Lampedusa. Scalone monumentale in marmo. Tra gli ambienti che raccorda si trovano: Sala delle Conferenze: ambiente con soffitto affrescato ed una splendida collezione di ventagli francesi del Settecento; Sala del Mediterraneo, gattopardo, interpretazioni filosofiche del gattopardo, Gramsci, riduzione teatrale, Visconti, la rivoluzione perduta, l’ordine morale, l’ordine legale, Hart, diritto naturale, diritto artificiale, filosofia del diritto, fascismo, risorgimento. Vittorio Frosini. Catania, Sicilia.

Grice: Caro Frosini, quando penso al Gattopardo, mi viene in mente che solo in Sicilia si può ridurre un romanzo a teatro e farlo diventare una questione di diritto! Ma la vera aporia è: il cambiamento si fa davvero o resta solo una bella scenografia? Frosini: Grice, se c’è una cosa che ho imparato tra le bocce di Caltagirone e le sale affrescate, è che il cambiamento spesso passa dalla legge... ma il gattopardo insegna che tutto cambia perché nulla cambi! In fondo, i diritti civili sono come le ventagli francesi: eleganti, ma bisogna saperli aprire al momento giusto. Grice: Ah, Frosini, allora la coscienza giuridica è come il piano nobile del palazzo: sembra accessibile a tutti, ma alla fine ci va solo chi porta la chiave giusta. E chi non ce l’ha, resta fuori a guardare il mare e magari si consola pensando alla libertà! Frosini: Grice, ti dirò: tra una rivoluzione perduta e una sala da ballo, forse la vera filosofia del diritto sta nel sapere quando danzare e quando fermarsi. In Sicilia, anche il gattopardo preferisce cambiare abito piuttosto che cambiare cuore! E magari, tra una pagina e l’altra, ci scappa pure un sorriso.

Fundano: la ragione conversazionale e il nome del filosofo -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Grice: “It seems that, snobs as they are, the Portico was more popular at Rome than it had been at Athens!” Keywords: portico.Filosofo italiano. Grice: “The problem with Old Roman Philosophers is their name. Consider Fundano. His gens was that which have him as a “Minicio” – when it comes to my dictionary, Italians hesitate. They don’t min listing him as ‘Minicio Fundano’ – but at Oxford we consider that as vulgar. A name is something you can use to CALL someone – So you have to decide: F., or Minicio? Since there were more Minicios than there were Fundanuses, it is perhaps wiser to list him under the F – as in ‘who gives a F?’ -- A friend of Plutarco and Plinio minore – Plinio minore describes him as a philosopher who dedicated himself to study from an early age. It seems likely that he followed the doctrine of the Porch. Gaio Minicio Fundano. Keywords: portico. GRICEVS: Fundane, miror quod Porticus Romae—ut snobi solent—plus placuit quam Athenis, sed maius malum mihi est nomen tuum: Minicio an Fundano te vocem? FVNDANVS: Voca me FVNDANVM, nam Minicios plures habes quam columnas porticus, et ego non sum index tuus sed philosophus Plutarci amicus. GRICEVS: Recte; apud nos Oxonii “Minicio Fundano” sonat quasi cenaculum plenum consonantium, atque ego mavis F. scribere—vel, ut dicunt, “quis F. curat?” FVNDANVS: Cura tamen, Grice: si nomen est ad vocandum, voca clare, ne Porticus ipsa respondeat et te Stoicum faciat invito.

Vittore Francesco Fuoco: la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “I love F.!” Keywords: rettorica conversazionale, il trivio – il latino, l’italiano. ESPOSIZIONE RAGIONATA D’UN METODO DI LATINITÀ ext t Si parta del Programma sul metodo di Latinità. sopra i passi di Cicerone, Salustio, e Virgilio Eloquenza Il passo questo, tratto dall’opuscolo de amicitia di Cicerone. iocedat bue tuooitat guaedam oportet termonum, atqui tnorum, haudquaquam mediocre condimentum amicitiae. Dagli allievi fu scritto cosi accettai huc guaedam Oportet termonum, atque morum, aut quamquam etc. Enron questi errori nati dalla dettatura mal’intesa o da qualche altra cagione? Gl’alunni nel dar conto del testo ccmiociarono dal leggerlo, siccome prescritto nel programma , é non sono corretti. Nel riportare questo accidente intendo di togliere ogni dritto contro il metodo ahi pur troppo si è dilettato di'screditarlo senza conoscerlo. Eloquènza, ÀI di cui solo usine -gale uà’ elogio.. Io però intendo di aver triofi- fato di essi » e delle loro. oscure detrazioni si- no a che Al giudizio col quale Io hanno onorato quei Dotti v se aneli’ Intanto io godo degli sforai che ho farti per invelale i giovani al lungo flagello (felle scuole y rendendo loro facile, breve, e piacevole il camino della vera latinità. LATINITÀ D LL’ ottavo al decimo Secolo bnjo irapenfr* trattile ravvolge le vicende d’Italia, e i tristi elfttli delle sue ìagmncvoli calamità; Déprà^ vati i costumi, soffogato il genio, e corrcttò ogni gusto, lahg-uide, e l’Italia abbarrtnnata all’ignoranza fu vittima delle violenze de’Goti, degl’Unni, degl’Alani, degli Svevi, dei Longobardi, e di altre masnade di simili depredatori. E fin d’ allora si contrasse quella rozzezza, e grossolaniià di pensare, e di esprimersi, che avevano i barbari coi qunli si conversa. Quindi la lingua del Lazio, corrotta dalle inoltiplici precedenti cagioni, sebben serbasse ancora qualche vestigio dell’antica sua bellezza, pure autlt’ e&amp;?a infine divenne del m ikgCmà 1’opere elementari anche per la lingua inglese, e greca. Grice: Caro Fuoco, ho letto la tua esposizione ragionata sul metodo di latinità. Dimmi, secondo te, la vera eloquenza nasce tra Cicerone e i barbari o basta una buona dettatura per salvarci dagli errori? Fuoco: Grice, ti confesso che a volte bastano più errori che barbari per mettere a dura prova la latinità! Ma per fortuna, qualche vestigio dell’antica bellezza resiste sempre, anche tra le rovine di una dettatura malintesa. Grice: Allora, Fuoco, la conversazione tra noi filosofi è come un cammino tra Goti e Unni: facile smarrirsi, ma se si trova la via breve e piacevole, forse anche gli allievi si salvano dal flagello della rozzezza! Fuoco: Hai ragione, Grice! In fondo, la vera latinità è un viaggio tra calamità e genio soffocato; ma se si riesce a conversare con un po’ di buonumore, anche il latino torna a sorridere... e magari salva pure qualche inglese!

Furio: la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “”That’s Porch!”, I would tell my Oxford pupil, Strawson. He never read the classics – so the idea of labelling a philosophy after the BUILDING where its adherents gathered was new and pathetic to him!” -- Keywords: portico. Filosofo italiano. Scholar and statesman. Probably followed the sect of the Porch. Lucio Furio Filo. Keywords: portico. GRICEVS: FVRIVS, “Istud Porticus est!” dicebam Strawsonio, qui classicos numquam legit, quasi novum atque miserum esset philosophiam ab aedificio nominari. FVRIVS: At Roma, Grice, etiam senator et scholasticus sub porticu sapiens haberi potest, modo frigus bene toleret et verba sua calefaciat. GRICEVS: Miseret tamen discipuli mei, quod putat Porticum esse tectum potius quam sectam, et “Porch” sonat ei quasi ornamentum domus, non disciplina vitae. FVRIVS: Ergo doce eum hoc: si Porticus aedificium vocatur, id fit quia ibi ratio ambulat, et qui ambulare nescit, etiam sub porticu sedens, nihil intellegit.

Michele Fuschi (Cesena, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale erotica. Grice: “One of my pupils at Oxford said the wanted to specialize in Italian philosophy. ‘Stick to the heretics!’ I advised! iconoclast, eretico. I see my philosophy as a simplifying iconoclasm, on the whole!” I like F., and so does Eco, Rota, and Carlini! F. opposes Aquino’s truths and turns them into mistakes – since they involve things about the past – where the apostles kept property – it’s all pretty unverifiable, -- still Fuschi was thoroughly heretic! F. is the Italians’ Ockham!” Si distinse per una decisa persecuzione nei confronti degli “spirituali, sostenitori dell'assoluta povertà di Gesù Cristo e della necessità di una altrettanto rigorosa povertà dell'ordine francescano. Lo scontro tra F. e Giovanni era irreversibile.  Il ministro generale venne convocato dal papa ad Avignone e sospeso dalla sua carica. Confermato dai Francescani alla carica di ministro generale nel capitolo di un'eresia medievale, Begardi Dottrine cristologiche dei primi secoli Inquisizione Letture e interpretazioni della Bibbia Martiri di Guernsey Movimenti ereticali medievali Persone giustiziate per eresia Storia del Cristianesimo Successione apostolica eresia, su Treccani Istituto dell'Enciclopedia. Luca, ERESIA, in Enciclopedia Italiana, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, eresia, in Dizionario di storia, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Eresia, su Enciclopedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Eresia, in "Dizionario di eresie, eretici, dissidenti religiosi", su eresie Portale Cristianesimo   Portale Religione   Portale Sociologia   Portale Storia Movimenti ereticali medievali Scisma divisione causata da una discordia fra gli individui di una stessa comunità (come un'organizzazione, movimento o credo religioso)  Catarismo movimento eretico, separato dal Cattolicesimo durante il medioevo europeo; professava un assoluto ripudio della materia in ogni sua forma. Occam  excommunicated” -- Modified Occam’s Razor”, “Cristo e povero” -- italiani eretici, tomismo, michelismo, eresia filosofica – eretico – Occam scommunicato. Grice: Caro Fuschi, ti confesso che a Oxford mi capita spesso di consigliare agli studenti: “Se volete scoprire la filosofia italiana, puntate sugli eretici!” Del resto, senza un po’ di iconoclastia, il pensiero rischia di diventare troppo monotono, non credi? Fuschi: Grice, hai ragione! In Italia, chi infrange le regole è spesso più interessante di chi le segue. Io stesso sono stato accusato di eresia solo per aver sostenuto che Cristo era povero, e che i francescani dovrebbero seguire il suo esempio. Da noi, la conversazione è una disputa tra verità e errori… e spesso vince chi sa sorridere delle proprie scomuniche! Grice: Ecco, Fuschi, è proprio questo che mi piace della tua filosofia: sai trasformare una verità di Aquino in una battuta, e una scomunica in un’occasione di dialogo. In Inghilterra, avremmo chiamato questa tecnica “Rasoio di Occam modificato”: taglia le complicazioni, ma lascia sempre spazio a un po’ di umorismo. Fuschi: Grice, se solo gli inquisitori avessero avuto il tuo spirito, forse avrebbero risparmiato qualche martire! In fin dei conti, la vera conversazione nasce quando si riesce a discutere anche di eresia senza perdere il gusto della battuta... e senza dimenticare che ogni verità, prima o poi, può essere ribaltata da un buon dialogo.

Fusco: la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Grice: “When Italians speak of The Portico, I think they mean something, as when they speak of ‘L’Orto’ they mean ‘pleasure’ or eudaemonismo. ‘Portico’ and ‘Orto’ are hardly philosophical terms!” Keywords: portico. Filosofo italiano. A friend of ORAZIO  and probably a follower of the sect of the Porch. Aristio Fusco. Keywords: portico. GRICEVS: FVSCVS, dic mihi: cum Romani “Porticum” laudant, philosophiamne appetunt, an tantum umbram? FVSCVS: Utramque; sub porticu Stoicus durat, sed ego—Orazî amicus—saepe duro sedens, quod est disciplina commodissima. GRICEVS: Ergo “Porticus” est quasi regula sermonis: columnas habet, ne verba corruant; “Orto” vero est quasi voluptas—sed vix terminus philosophicus. FVSCVS: Minime vix: Roma philosophatur etiam ambulans; si nomen leve est, gravis est mos—et sub porticu semper invenies aliquem qui se sapientem putet.

Ambrogio Fusinieri (Vicenza, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale – semiotica – semantica. Grice: “I love F.! – he was clear about the grammar of ‘signify’!” Sull’influenza dei segni nella formazione delle idee, explores the relationship between semiotics and cognitive processes, specifically how linguistic or symbolic "signs" impact human thought and subjectivity. Atti dell’Imperial Regio Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. Si laurea a Padova, Metaphysica. la sua visione della materia, basata sull'idea dell'unità delle forze. facoltà viene esercitata col segno. Finalmente una ultima questione proposta è questa. Se — sa- vi Ha qualche mezzo di correggere il segno mal fatto e di rendere tutte le scienze suscettibili di dimostrazione. La risposta a tale questione è contenuta nei saggi di sopra esposti circa la possibilità dell'arte caratteristica. Dico la possibilità a cui mi sono limitato, perchè circa l’attualità di quest’arte assai difficile vi sarà ancora molto da affaticare. Intanto è certo, secondo i posti principi, che in tutte le scienze, e in quelle medesime che finora furono oscure ed incerte è possibile condursi alla certezza delle cognizioni per mezzo degli artifiq dell’arte caratteristica di cui ho dimostrata la possibilità. Dopo aver dimostrato che IL SEGNO fissa le medesime idee singolari che sortono immediatamente dalle prime impressioni dei sensi e dell’immaginazione, che notano le cognizioni tratte dalle idee singolari per essere conservate agl’usi futuri, che IL SEGNO danno vigore di memoria agl’atti dell’immaginazione, che fanno le veci dell’idea generale, che da la forma a tutti i giudizj, che compongono tutti i ragionamenti che possono subire una costruzione analoga alla natura dell’oggetto o la cosa che segna, per cui si può rendere esatte tutte le scienze, ed estendere le umane cognizioni; e per cui nelle scienze esatte sono la causa della certezza; F. crede di avere esauriti gl’usi che il segno ha nell’operazioni della mente e nell’arte di pensare. È dunque dalla perfezione del segno e dalla invenzione dell' arte caratteristica che si deve attendere la possibile perfezione dello spirito umano. Grice: Caro Fusinieri, devo confessarti la mia profonda ammirazione per il modo in cui affronti la questione dei segni, della comunicazione e di tutto ciò che davvero conta nella formazione delle idee. La tua chiarezza sul "significare" è, a mio avviso, un faro per chiunque si occupi di semiotica e semantica! Fusinieri: Ti ringrazio, Grice! Credo che il segno abbia un ruolo essenziale: non solo fissa le idee nate dalle impressioni, ma dà vigore alla memoria e rende possibile la certezza nelle scienze. La perfezione del segno, a mio parere, è la strada maestra per perfezionare lo spirito umano. Grice: Ecco, ne sono convinto anch’io: la tua arte caratteristica—quella capacità di rendere esatte le scienze attraverso il segno—è ciò che distingue una mente davvero filosofica. In fondo, ogni ragionamento si compone di segni: da qui nasce la possibilità di estendere la conoscenza umana oltre ciò che appare. Fusinieri: Grice, tu cogli perfettamente il punto! Se riuscissimo a correggere i segni imperfetti e a raffinare l’arte della comunicazione, allora potremmo davvero condurci alla certezza e alla chiarezza delle nostre idee. È una fatica immensa, ma solo così si può sperare in una comprensione sempre più profonda delle cose.

Salvatore Gaetani (Martano, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e ’implicatura convesazionale di Catullo -- APVD NEAPOLIM. A productive way of comparing Grice and Salvatore Gaetani in relation to reason-governed conversational meaning is to see Grice as offering a formal, analytical reconstruction of what Gaetani approaches historically and philologically through classical texts. Grice’s theory of conversational implicature famously distinguishes between what is said and what is meant, grounding meaning in a cooperative rationality governed by maxims of quantity, quality, relevance, and manner, where departures from literal clarity are themselves intelligible because interlocutors presume rational cooperation. Gaetani, working within a Crocean framework and through close engagement with Catullus, Villon, and nineteenth‑century culture “apud Neapolim,” treats conversational reason less as an abstract logical apparatus and more as an historically sedimented practice, in which meaning emerges from shared cultural forms, literary allusion, and stylistic implication. Where Grice theorizes implicature as a cancellable, context-sensitive inference licensed by general principles of rational exchange, Gaetani reads something like conversational implicature in Catullus as inseparable from poetic tradition, genre, and the ethical–aesthetic horizon of the Ottocento as read by Novecento eyes. In short, Grice supplies the universal pragmatics of conversational reason, while Gaetani exemplifies how such reason is always already inflected by history, literature, and cultivated style; the former articulates the logic of implicature, the latter shows how that logic lives, and sometimes playfully misbehaves, in classical and modern conversation alike. Grice: “I like G., for one, he is a duke – and kept beautiful gardens at Martano – he philosophised on the ‘ottocento’, as any philosopher from the Novecento would!” Si dedica alla FILOSOFIA. segue lo schema tracciato da CROCE, Villon (Napoli); “Un carteggio inedito di F. Bozzelli (G.), L'Aquila, Masseria, Martano Un bilancio letterario” (Roma); “Per onorare un maestro: il Torraca, Napoli); “Catullo” L'Ottocento” (Napoli); “La bancarotta del rosso: commedia in tre atti (Lecce); “Per la venuta del Duce” (Lecce); “Bernardo Bellincioni, Galatina Il benedettino-cistercense d. Mauro cassoni nel Tempio, nella scuola, negli studi Ricordi di Croce” (Napoli); Vicende tipi e figure del Casino dell'Unione” Napoli ieri e oggi: passeggiate e ricordi” (Milano-Napoli); “Apud Neapolim” Fonti storiche e letterarie intorno ai Studi Paolo Fedeli, Introduzione a Catullo, Roma-Bari, Laterza, Ferguson, Catullus, Oxford, Schimdt, Catull, Hidelberg, . F. Della Corte, Due studi catulliani, Genova, Neduling, A Prosopography to Catullus, Oxford, Braga, Catullo e i poeti greci, Messina-Firenze, Hezel, Catull und das griechische Epigramm, Stuttgart, Newman, Roman Catullus and the Modification of the Alexandrian Sensibility, Hildesheim, Wheeler, Catullus and the Tradition of Ancient Poetry, Londra-Berkeley, Moellendorff, Catullus hellenistische Gedichte. in Hellenistische Dichtung in der Zeit des Kallimachos, II, Berlino, Rapisardi, Catullo e Lesbia. Studi, Firenze, Succ. Lemonnier, Marmorale, L'ultimo Catullo. Napoli, 1952 Giancarlo Pontiggia, Maria Cristina Grandi, Letteratura latina. Storia e testi. Vol. 2, Milano, Principato, Kaggelaris, Wedding Cry: Sappho (Fr. LP, Fr. 104a LP)- Catullus - modern Greek folk songs, in E. Avdikos e B. Koziou-Kolofotia (a cura di), Modern Greek folk songs and history. Catullo, APVD NEAPOLIM, l’implicatura di croce. Croce, Catullo. Grice: Caro Gaetani, ho letto che hai filosofato sull’Ottocento tra i giardini del tuo Martano. Dimmi, ma Catullo preferisce passeggiare tra le rose o scrivere versi tra i cactus? Gaetani: Grice, se Catullo avesse visto i miei giardini, avrebbe scritto un epigramma sulle lumache più che sulle rose! E ti dirò: tra Croce e Catullo, l’implicatura è sempre nascosta sotto le foglie. Grice: Ah, le lumache! Da noi in Inghilterra si usano per la filosofia lenta, ma voi italiani sapete dare più sprint anche al trivio latino. Catullo sarebbe felice di sapere che il suo amore resiste come un cespuglio sempreverde. Gaetani: Grice, a Napoli il latino si mescola col dialetto, e il cactus diventa metafora per le passioni pungenti. D’altronde, meglio una spina di Catullo che una bancarotta di implicature! Gaetani, Salvatore (1921). François Villon. Napoli: Ricciardi.

Domenico Gagliardi (Marino, Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. In Grice’s theory, conversational meaning is explained through a rational, explicitly articulated framework: speakers are understood as reasoning agents who cooperate by following, and at times exploiting, general principles of rational conduct in conversation, so that implicatures arise from recognizably reason-governed departures from what is strictly said, justified by shared assumptions about rationality and mutual understanding. Gagliardi’s treatment of conversation and implicature-like phenomena, by contrast, is embedded in a moral–educational and empirical context rather than in an abstract theory of rational inference: he treats discourse, especially in medical and pedagogical settings, as governed by habits of moral upbringing, parental instruction, and socially inculcated practices, where saying more than is said is less a matter of calculated inference than of character formation and accepted norms of conduct. Where Grice asks the distinctively philosophical question of why conversational principles ought to be followed and answers it by distinguishing between empirical adherence and deeper rational justification, Gagliardi largely remains at the level of the “is”: he shows that communicative and moral norms are in fact learned early, enforced through education and professional practice, and sustained by warnings against deception and charlatanism. Thus, while both converge on the idea that meaning in conversation is not exhausted by literal content, Grice theorizes implicature as a product of practical reason operating under a cooperative ideal, whereas Gagliardi treats the same surplus of meaning as arising from morally informed social practice, where rationality is inseparable from ethical formation and lived custom. Grice: “I like G.; I spent some time with medics at Richmond, talking Greek! Anyhow, G. shows why the Angles prefer physician – since ‘medicare’ is such a trick! Philosophically interesting bit is that Gagliardi applies ‘medico’ and qualifies it with ‘morale’! I like G. In honest prose, he manages to write a treatise for the week: the first giornata and so forth: an empirical ethical treatise along Lizio lines of the type I classify as ‘is’ rather than ‘ought’. Recall that the fundamental question I pose for pragmatics is why the principle ought to be followed rather than being, as it is, mainly and caeteris paribus followed! My answer to that is in three stages. The first answer, dull and empirical, is that the principle IS, as a matter of EMPIRICAL fact, followed. This far G. goes, and succeeds! He philosophises extensively, knowing British parents, how a father must take care of his son, or at least find him a good tutor! A dull, f at a certain level adequate, answer to the fundamental question about the conversational categoric imperative; mos educazione “We learn not to tell lies from our parents” Hardie, Ethica Nichomachaea, formazione del carattere.  “Empirical fact we’ve learned since childhood and it would be difficult to diverge from the practice. This is a dull empirical fact.” educazione morale. Da anche ammonimenti contro i guaritori ciarlatani e fornì alcuni suggerimenti deontologici.L'infermo istruito nelle scuole, Consigli preventivi e curativi in tempo di contagio dati in forma di dialogo, L'educazione morale” Grice: “Live, and let live, if not necessarily amongst me!”. “è legato dire altro intorno al morale?  Sem. Non altro certamente intorno a questo, e credo di avere udito tanto, che se me ne approfitterò saprò scegliere la noglie approposito, ed allevare nel buon costume anche i miei figliuoli, che nasceranno. Mi rimane solamente di sentire dal dottore, quali vantaggi potrebbe apportare all'educazione la filosofia, e specialmente in quei figliuoli, che ricalcitrano nello approfittarfi de buoni documenti morali. FIL. Di questo ne tratteremo domani. – “I have a train to catch.” Grice: Caro Gagliardi, mi colpisce come tu riesca a rendere la medicina una questione morale. Da noi, “medicare” è un vero rebus, ma tu metti ordine persino tra i medici e i moralisti! Gagliardi: Grice, è vero! In Italia il medico non cura solo il corpo, ma educa anche lo spirito: tra consigli empirici e precetti morali, spesso si rischia di confondere la terapia con la filosofia. Del resto, se non impariamo dai genitori a non mentire, chi ci salva dai ciarlatani? Grice: Giusto! Da bambino, ho imparato a dire la verità più per paura che per virtù. E confesso: tra un empirico e un moralista, preferisco quello che mi prescrive una cura, anche se la filosofia a volte serve più della medicina! Gagliardi: Grice, allora la prossima volta ti prescrivo una giornata di buon umore e una dose di dialogo: se non guarisci, almeno avrai educato il carattere... e, magari, trovato il tempo per prendere il treno! Gagliardi, Domenico (1688). De structura glandularum conglobatarum. Roma: Typis Vitalis Mascardi.

Gaio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’accademia a Roma. In comparing Grice with Gaio, the contrast turns on how reason governs conversational meaning in an institutional versus a theoretical register. Grice’s account of conversational meaning is explicitly analytical: implicature arises because speakers are rational agents who reason about one another’s intentions under shared conversational principles, and meaning beyond what is said is recovered through structured inference grounded in cooperation and practical rationality. Gaio, by contrast, appears as a figure of the Roman Academy for whom conversational reason is inseparable from scholarly ethos and institutional practice rather than from a formal theory. His near-invisibility, the mediation of his Platonic commentaries by a pupil, and the emphasis on tacit authority suggest a model in which meaning circulates through academic transmission, restraint, and pedagogical hierarchy, rather than through overt maxims and calculable inference. Where Grice problematizes why conversational norms ought to be followed and isolates the reasoning that makes implicature intelligible, Gaio exemplifies a setting in which conversational reason is already normalized within the Academy, embedded in shared philosophical commitments and disciplinary continuity. Thus, Grice theorizes reason-governed conversation as an object of philosophical explanation, while Gaio represents a historically earlier mode in which conversational meaning is governed by reason as an academic virtue, manifested in silence, commentary, and collective stewardship of doctrine rather than in explicit principles of conversational logic. A member of the Accademy. Although he appears to have enjoyed a significant reputation, next to nothing is known about him. Porfirio mentions commentaries on Plato by G. that may have been edited by his pupil Albino. GRICEVS: Salve, Caie; audio te in Academia floruisse, sed de te paene nihil sciri—tam clarus ut invisibilis fias. CAIVS: Salve, Grice. Fama mea adeo pura est ut ne biographum quidem contaminaverit; hoc est summum invidia carere. GRICEVS: At Porphyrius te commemorat commentarios in Platonem scripsisse—an vera gloria est librum scribere quem discipulus emendat? CAIVS: Certe; Albino emendavit, ego tacui: sic uterque victor est—ille textum servavit, ego modestiam. Gaio (a. u. c. CMXIV). Institutiones. Roma: Typis Publicis.

Galba (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e il principe filosofo -- Roma – In Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning, conversation is explained as a rational, cooperative activity structured by shared intentions and implicit norms, where what speakers mean often exceeds what they literally say through calculable implicatures grounded in a presumption of rational cooperation; by contrast, the Galba figure in the passage stages conversational reason not as a formal, intention-based mechanism but as a historically and politically embedded virtue, where dialogue reflects the tension between philosophical learning and imperial power, and reason appears as something imperfectly cultivated under conditions of authority rather than as an abstract cooperative ideal. While Grice models conversation as a system whose intelligibility depends on mutual recognition of rational principles such as relevance, truthfulness, and sufficiency, Galba’s exchanges suggest a more ironic, wear-resistant conception of conversational reason, one shaped by exile, pardon, and the recurring failures of Roman political life, where philosophy survives less as a regulative theory of meaning than as a fragile practice tested by power. In this sense, Grice theorizes the conditions under which meaning can be inferred through rational alignment, whereas Galba dramatizes how conversational reason persists even when such alignment is strained by history, authority, and the repeated disruption of intellectual life. filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Mussonio: deportato da Nerone, pardonato da Galba – Deportato da Vespasiano, pardonato da Tito.  GRICEVS: Salve, Galba; miror te principis nomine tanto philosophum vocari: num litterae ipsae imperant, an imperium litteris? GALBA: Salve, Grice. Ego discere conor ut imperem; sed Roma docet ut plerumque imperium ipsum discat nolle doceri. GRICEVS: Audivi de Mussonio: a Nerone deportatus, a te remissus; dein a Vespasiano iterum deportatus, a Tito iterum remissus. Vir vere itinerarius, sed sine deliciis. GALBA: Ita est. Illi deportatio fuit quasi schola; illi venia quasi vacatio. Si philosophus tam saepe redire potest, fortasse exilium Romae est sola res semper recurrens. Galba (a. u. c. DCCCXXX). De vita sua. Roma: Officina Galbana.

Galetti. In Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning, communication is understood as a rational, cooperative activity in which speakers and hearers implicitly rely on shared principles to infer meanings that go beyond what is explicitly said, with order emerging not from rigid rules but from the rational expectation that contributions will be relevant, informative, truthful, and clear. When this framework is set beside Galetti’s pedagogical stance in Elementi di filosofia, a contrast yet partial harmony appears: Galetti treats rational order as something that must be explicitly imposed in advance to prevent intellectual confusion, especially in an instructional setting, whereas Grice locates order within the dynamic practice of conversation itself, where apparent disorder or indirection is often meaningful because it invites inference. The imagined exchange highlights this difference: Galetti writes to clarify and stabilize reason through systematic exposition, while Grice speaks to suggest, relying on the interlocutor’s capacity to reconstruct meaning through rational cooperation. Both, however, assume that reason is operative even amid indirection or simplification—Galetti at the level of didactic structure, Grice at the level of conversational practice—so that understanding ultimately depends not on explicit rules alone, but on shared rational competencies that make both philosophy manuals and everyday talk intelligible. GRICE: Caro Galetti, nei tuoi Elementi di filosofia tutto è così ordinato che mi chiedo se la ragione segua le regole o se siano le regole a rincorrere la ragione. GALETTI: Amico Grice, io ho messo ordine per disperazione didattica, perché lo studente confuso è più pericoloso del filosofo astratto. GRICE: Comprendo benissimo, del resto anche in conversazione si coopera soprattutto per evitare il caos, non per amore della verità assoluta. GALETTI: Allora siamo d’accordo: io scrivo per chiarire, tu parli per alludere, e insieme facciamo impazzire i lettori con metodo. Galetti (1842). Elementi di filosofia. Modena: Società Tipografica Modenese.

Celestino Galli (Carru, Cuneo, Piemnote): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- In Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning, understanding arises from the rational assumption that participants are cooperating according to shared principles, so that even irony, understatement, or indirectness can be meaningfully interpreted through conversational implicature. When this framework is placed alongside the conversational sensibility attributed to Celestino Galli, a revealing contrast emerges: Grice conceptualizes conversational order as an abstract rational structure that operates beneath the surface of everyday talk, while Galli treats conversation itself as an embodied, social practice in which meaning is co‑created through shared wit, tone, and cultural habit. The imagined exchange portrays Galli as emphasizing the communal and affective dimensions of dialogue, where irony and humor are not deviations from rationality but its natural vehicles, especially in informal settings. Grice, by comparison, abstracts these same phenomena into a theoretical account, explaining how rational inference allows interlocutors to move from what is said to what is meant. Both perspectives converge on the idea that conversation is not chaotic but intelligible because of reason, yet they diverge in emphasis: Grice formalizes conversational reason as a set of inferential expectations, while Galli embodies it as a lived, shared activity in which understanding is achieved as much through social rhythm and irony as through logical inference. Interesting philosopher. Not to be confused with Galli. Grice: Caro Galli, ogni volta che penso alla ragione conversazionale, mi chiedo se in Italia non sia più un gioco che una teoria. Dalle tue parti, si discute filosoficamente anche al bar? Galli: Grice, hai colto nel segno! Da noi la filosofia è come il caffè: se non la condividi, perde sapore. Anche il più semplice dialogo può diventare una ricerca del vero, soprattutto quando si parla con ironia. Grice: Ben detto! Forse dovrei importare la tua implicatura conversazionale a Oxford: almeno lì, ogni discorso sarebbe meno “implicito” e più “espresso”, magari con meno formalità e più risate. Galli: Grice, non c’è dubbio! In Italia, la conversazione è una danza: a volte si inciampa, altre volte si ride, ma alla fine, se il pensiero non si muove, è il cuore che rimane fermo. E come diceva mia nonna: “Meglio una battuta che una verità troppo seria!” Galli, Celestino (1829). Favole in prosa ed in verso. Paris: Librairie des Langues Étrangères.

Gallo Galli (Montecarotto, Ancona, Marche):  la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’amore. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Gallo Galli’s philosophical treatment of love converge on a shared conviction that rationality is not opposed to affectivity but articulated through structured, intelligible practices, while differing sharply in method and level of abstraction: for Grice, conversational meaning is governed by principles of rational cooperation, where implicatures arise because speakers are taken to be reasonable agents oriented toward mutual understanding, and even domains such as love can be accommodated within philosophical psychology as instances where intentions, recognition, and responsiveness are normatively ordered; for Galli, by contrast, love is treated within a speculative, metaphysical framework—explicitly drawing on Plato’s Phaedrus, Bruno’s One and the Many, and Rosminian and idealist traditions—where sentiment is not merely compatible with reason but is itself a formative exercise of the spirit, a disciplined and sometimes agonistic education of the self that binds feeling and reflexivity in a dialectic exceeding empirical psychology; thus, while Grice explains the intelligibility of love‑talk by embedding it in the same reason‑governed conversational economy that underwrites ordinary communication, Galli elevates love to a metaphysical and ethical principle, one that tests unity and multiplicity, sacrifice and self‑mastery, in a way analogous to but far more ontologically ambitious than Grice’s pragmatic account of implicature, so that their apparent affinity—the idea of a “conversational reason” hospitable to love—marks less a shared doctrine than a productive contrast between analytic pragmatics and Italian speculative idealism. Grice: “Like G.’s, my method in philosophical psychology has room for love!” Si laurea a Roma sotto Varisco e Barzellotti con SERBATI. Insegna a Bologna. G. esordisce con una ricerca sullo sviluppo della filosofia di SERBATI. Studia BRUNO L'uno e i molti certifica la teoria. Gli procura l'interesse di larga parte del mondo filosofico italiano per le conclusioni sui rapporti tra il sentimento e la reflessivita. Ampie le discussioni, e talora vivacissime, su autori contemporanei, dai quali esige rigore, chiarezza e intransigenza speculativa. La filosofia teoretica dei manuali, dimostrazione dell'esistenza del mondo esterno e il valore pratico delle qualità sensibili La legge del numero, 'esistenza di Dio, La dottrina del metodo, Dall'essere alla coscienza, sofisti, Socrate, Carlini da Talete al Menone accademia; concreto immanentismo, lizio Da Talete al menone di Platone, pensiero ed esperienza, persona, su Dio e sull'immortalità, Socrate dialoghi accademia Apologia, Convito, Lachete, Eutifrone, Liside, Jone, a lotta educazione guerriera ha un contenuto superior a quello della fisica; accentare agli sports, in quanto non svirtuosismo, o abilita tecniche e capacita fisiche prese fine a se stesse, ma si dispongano nel quadro stimolo allo sviluppo dell’uomo. Sono il naturale sbocco dell’educazione fisica, l’educazione fisica nella pienezza della sua attuazione; accentuano il momento del rischio e del dominio di se. Non bisogna esagerare riguardo al valore degli sports in ordine all’educazione guerriera. Questa ha il suo fondamento in un mondo ideale che a quelli e compiutamente estraneo; e si riferisce ad una condizione di cose in cui ben altro sir ischia che non qualche slogatura ed ammaccatura, e in cui l’eroe non attende il plauso ma si vota sereno e deciso al sacrifizio che anche, rimane oscuro. Fedro metafisica dell’amore fisiologia dell’amore dialoghi dell’amore dialoghi sull’amore bello l’uno e i molti aporia Pears, Universals in Flew ermetico, BONAIUTO idealismo critico dialettica dello spirito educazione guerriera, Sparta dorio guerriero sacrifizio. Grice: Caro Galli, la tua filosofia dell’amore mi ricorda la metafisica di Fedro: tra uno e i molti, il sentimento diventa quasi un esercizio fisico... come una partita di rugby tra filosofi, ma senza rischio di slogature! Galli: Grice, in effetti, se l’amore è un esercizio, allora la lotta guerriera dello spirito serve più a domare i cuori che i muscoli! D’altronde, anche il sacrificio, a volte, resta oscuro... tranne quando il cuore si storta come un ginocchio! Grice: Ecco, proprio come nei dialoghi di Platone, dove l’amore è bello ma anche una vera aporia! Forse la vera educazione del filosofo è imparare a non prendere troppo sul serio le slogature sentimentali… magari con una buona dose di ironia. Galli: Hai ragione, caro Grice! L’importante è mantenere il rigore speculativo, senza perdere il sorriso: che sia un amore guerriero, un amore aporico o semplicemente una partita a carte filosofica, l’essenziale è non rinunciare mai a qualche battuta (e magari a un buon caffè)! Galli, Gallo (1905). Teoria della conoscenza. Milano: Società Editrice Libraria.

Lucio Giunio Gallio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica -- Lucio Giunio Gallio – In the imagined exchange, Gallio represents a Roman, rhetorically trained conception of verbal rationality in which conversational skill is measured by one’s ability to redescribe, redirect, or ingeniously exploit a topic—verum dicere difficilius—so that even rem alienam can be turned to strategic advantage, whereas Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning starts from the opposite valuation: that conversation is intelligible only against a shared background of cooperative rational expectations that constrain such ingenuity. For Gallio, conversational success lies in the orator’s mastery over occasion and audience, and rationality is practical, situational, and compatible with irony, indirection, and self‑serving wit; adoption, motives, and speech acts alike may be multiply justified without threatening intelligibility. Grice, by contrast, treats these very rhetorical liberties as parasitic upon a prior framework of rational norms—truthfulness, relevance, sufficiency—whose systematic flouting generates implicature only because interlocutors presuppose their general observance. Thus where Gallio exemplifies a Roman model of conversational reason as cultivated versatility within social life, Grice theorizes conversational meaning as governed by abstract, reason‑based principles that make such versatility interpretable at all; Roman conversational brilliance flourishes inside practice, Gricean pragmatics reconstructs the rational conditions that make that flourishing possible. An orator with a reputation for his knowledge of philosophy. He adopts Lucio Anneo Novato, the elder brother of Seneca.  GRICEVS: O GALLIVE—Roma multas leges habet, sed unam tantum in cena: aut ad rem loquere, aut garum trade. GALLIVS: Ad rem loqui facile est; verum dicere difficilius. Praeterea orator sum: etiam rem alienam in consilium vertere possum. GRICEVS: Ergo hic florebis. Dic mihi: cum Lucium Annaeum Novatum, fratrem maiorem Senecae, adoptaveris—idne caritate, consilio, an (quod verisimilius) inopia nepotum fecisti? GALLIVS: Omnibus tribus. Caritate illi, consilio mihi; nam de nepotibus—Roma celerius nepotes quam philosophos parit. Gallio, Lucio Giunio (a. u. c. DCCCVI). Epistulae ad Senecam. Roma: Typis Senecanis.

Pasquale Galluppi (Tropea, Vibo Valentia, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. In the comparison between Grice and Pasquale Galluppi, the contrast turns on how each understands the relation between signs, reason, and communicative cooperation. Galluppi, working within an Enlightenment semiotic framework, treats language as an extension of natural and instituted signs, moving genealogically from gesture, cry, and pain to conventional and finally arbitrary signs, with communicative success resting on shared habits of sign use and a gradual stabilization of meaning within social practice; conversational understanding, on this view, emerges from a minimal taxonomy of signs and from the mutual recognition that certain expressions have come to stand for certain thoughts or situations. Grice, by contrast, relocates the explanatory burden from signs themselves to the rational structure of conversational activity: meaning and implicature do not arise merely because expressions are instituted or arbitrary, but because speakers and hearers treat one another as reason‑governed agents who aim, ceteris paribus, at truthfulness, relevance, and intelligibility. Where Galluppi emphasizes semiotic genesis and the parola as segno del pensiero, Grice emphasizes the motivational rationale behind utterances, explaining communicative phenomena through intentions and shared rational expectations rather than through an inventory of sign types. Thus Galluppi offers a historically sensitive semiotics of communication, while Grice provides a normative pragmatics in which conversational meaning is anchored in rational cooperation rather than in the taxonomy or origin of signs themselves. Grice: “There was I at Brighton, preparing for the lecture, and came across G., so I thougt to myself: Great tribute! meaning, segno, di padre siciliano, G. is a great one; and much can be philosophised about his philosophy of the ‘parola come segno del pensiero. On top, he was a Baron! Eessential Italian philosopher!” Si laurea a Napoli sotto Conforti.  sintesi ed analisi. Insegna a Napoli. Critica. Le Lettere filosofiche sono definite il primo saggio in Italia di una storia della filosofia.  Memoria apologetica” (Napoli, Vincenzo Mozzola-Vocola); “Grice, ovvero, Sull'analisi e motivational rationale – a ‘semantic’ freedom – or ‘prammatica’ as he would say. Since he is an illuminista, he is only concerned about this in terms of a minimal taxonomy of signs. So between the signs used in communication he distinguishes three types: the imitative, the indicative (different criteria) and the figured sign – not figurative – ‘segno figurato’ – when a lot of pantomime takes place. It is only THEN that he explores the arbitrariness: one loses one’s compagno, and utters, “Where are you?” – so since this worked, they agree that ‘Where are you’ will mean, “I lost you – where are you?” --. And then we have a full lingo – or semiosis. He rightly thinks that his is an improvement over Lucrezio!”  gesto, grido, gemito, moto del ditto, dolore, causa del dolore, circustanza, segno naturale, segno istituito, segno commune (istituito per la comprensione mutua), segno arbitrario, segno artificiale, segno imitative, segno indicatore, segno figurato, segno analogico, segno figurativo -- gesto della mano, lo sguardo, communicare, sentire, volere, Gentile, il canone nella storiografia filosofica italiana, Gentile su Galluppi. Grice: Caro Galluppi, ogni volta che cerco di capire i segni, mi perdo tra gesti, grida e moti del dito. Dimmi: la parola è davvero un segno del pensiero, o a volte è solo un modo per sfuggire al dolore di un esame a Brighton? Galluppi: Grice, credimi, il mio segno preferito è il gesto della mano quando l’alunno non capisce nulla! Ma tra segni imitativi, indicatori e figurati, l’unica cosa certa è che ci serve un po’ di pantomima per sopravvivere a una lezione a Napoli. Grice: Ah, la pantomima! Da noi in Inghilterra, si rischia che il segno diventi una domanda filosofica e che nessuno trovi il compagno… “Where are you?” diventa una metafora esistenziale e l’aula si trasforma in teatro! Galluppi: Grice, alla fine, il vero segno comune è quello che ci fa ridere insieme, anche se abbiamo perso il compagno e il senso. Meglio un gemito condiviso che una definizione troppo seria. Come diceva mia nonna: “Se il segno è arbitrario, almeno che sia divertente!” Galluppi, Pasquale (1807). Saggio filosofico sulla critica della conoscenza. Napoli: Stamperia Simoniana.

Albino Galvano (Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’arte naturale. In comparing Grice with Albino Galvano, the contrast concerns how conversational meaning is grounded either in rational norms or in the expressive power of gesture and nature–artifice continuities. Galvano’s aesthetics and philosophy of art treat gesto as a privileged bridge between the concrete and the abstract: a meaningful act that reveals spirit through material form, whether in natural expression, artistic making, or culturally sedimented signs, so that communicative force often resides in the expressive gesture itself and in its capacity to embody meaning without discursive articulation. Grice, by contrast, abstracts gesture into a special case of non‑linguistic communication and explains its significance through the same reason‑governed framework that applies to speech: by performing a gesture, the agent means that p insofar as she intends the audience to recognize that intention and reason from it. Where Galvano emphasizes the quasi‑aesthetic immediacy of gesture and the continuity between nature, artifice, and understanding, Grice insists that even the most concrete or “natural” gesture derives its communicative content from rationally structured intentions and shared expectations. Thus Galvano’s conversational reason is expressive and interpretive, rooted in lived, aesthetic disclosure, while Grice’s conversational meaning is normative and teleological, locating implicature not in the sensuous force of the gesture itself but in the rational cooperation that makes that force intelligible as meaning. Grice: “I often use ‘gesto’ when I want to explain communication teleologically, and so did Cicero! I like Galvano; he has philosophised on aesthetics, on ‘spirit and blood,’ and on polytheism, citing Sallustio! I don’t see why Italians are obsessed with art, but Speranza is Italian, so let it be. Speranza thinks conceptual artists are the only ones – such as Arnatt – worth analysing. In his more snobbish ways, he thinks to mould the male body was Pliny’s idea of art – bronze statuary of the ‘nudo maschile’ – Painting comes only second or third, and only because of the desegno – i.e . the line of beauty, which is – as shape, where ‘kallon’ resided for the Greeks!” --” il lavoro svolto per ricordare l'artista torinese G. è stato importante. La Fondazione Amendola ha ritenuto opportuno offrire alla città di Torino e non solo, la  possibilità di accedere gratuitamente all'incontro con l’opera artistica e intellettuale di una delle figure  di spicco del panorama artistico italiano della seconda metà del novecento. L'iniziativa, di rilievo  nazionale, ha permesso di raccogliere artisti e intellettuali di tutta Italia che hanno collaborato con  G. e che tuttora ricoprono un ruolo fondamentale nella produzione culturale del nostro Paese. Cerabona  Presidente della Fondazione Amendola Studi, Convegni, Ricerche  della Fondazione Amendola e  dell’Associazione Lucana Levi Presidente Fotografie delle opere  PROSPERO CERABONA CORONGI Curatore mostra e catalogo Direttore Responsabile MANTOVANI CERABONA  Scritti di Redazione MANTOVANI, MOTTO, BOTTA, ADRIANO OLIVIERI DOMENICO CERABONA, FERRARI Progetto ed allestimento MANTOVANI MOTTO, IL RINNOVAMENTO olio su tela 80x80 cm  arte naturale, Gallupi, Peirce, Grice. By uttering x (gestus), U means that p” gesto, gestus, Grice’s use of gesture. il concreto, l’astratto, Sraffa’s gesture. Il gesto di Sraffa, l’implicatura di Sraffa. implicatura concreta. Grice: Galvano, sai, ogni volta che rifletto sulla distinzione tra “naturale” e “non-naturale”, mi accorgo che il tuo modo di parlare di “natura” e “artifizio” ha una eleganza tutta italiana. Lo trovo assai più chiaro e meno arzigogolato delle mie definizioni inglesi! Galvano: Caro Grice, è vero: in Italia, l’arte, che sia natura o artifizio, è sempre vista come un gesto che svela qualcosa di profondo. Da Sallustio a Plinio, ci piace pensare che il bello nasca dall’incontro fra ciò che è dato e ciò che è creato! Grice: Mi affascina il modo in cui il tuo concetto di “gesto” riesce a legare il concreto e l’astratto: è quasi una implicatura viva. In Inghilterra, non ci fermiamo abbastanza a percepire il gesto, e perdiamo la sua forza comunicativa. Galvano: Grice, ciò che hai detto mi lusinga. Credo che arte naturale e artifizio siano due facce della stessa medaglia: il gesto, come dicevi tu, è un ponte tra idee e materia. E se il gesto di Sraffa può diventare filosofia, allora la conversazione tra natura e artifizio sarà sempre aperta! Galvano, Albino (1940). Arte e conoscenza. Torino: Edizioni di Filosofia.

Bartolomeo Gamba (Bassano del Grappa, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale. In comparing Grice with Bartolomeo Gamba, the contrast again lies in the shift from a rhetorically embodied conception of conversational reason to a normatively articulated one. Gamba, through his recovery and republication of Guidotto da Bologna’s Fiore di rettorica and the vernacular Rhetorica ad Herennium tradition, understands conversational rationality as inseparable from the art of proffering: meaning is conveyed through voice quality, bodily movement, facial expression, and gesture, all governed by classical virtues such as prudence, justice, fortitude, and measure, and oriented toward advising, praising, or blaming effectively within civic life. On this view, the handwave that stops a cart, the furrowed brow, or the firm voice are not ancillary to meaning but constitutive of it, since rational persuasion is transmitted through a calibrated fusion of verbal and non‑verbal signs. Grice shares Gamba’s attention to gesture and bodily movement but reinterprets them within a more abstract framework: a handwave or frown counts as meaningful only insofar as it is embedded in a structure of recognized intentions and rational expectations between speaker and audience. Where Gamba’s conversational reason is grounded in the rhetorical tradition’s practical arts of counsel and display, Grice’s theory of conversational meaning explains even those arts by appeal to reason‑governed cooperation, treating gestures and tones as vehicles whose communicative force ultimately derives from implicature and shared norms rather than from rhetorical tradition itself. Grice: “I love G.! Profferere “My ‘utter’! movimenti del corpo My handwave, the policeman stopping a car with it, e della deva del voltoL My frown, my cutting soomeone in thre street!” Il Fiore di rettorica: Guidotto da Bologna’s most famous and only credited work. a vernacular Italian adaptation of classical rhetorical theory. re-discovered and republished by G.  His primary source is the Rhetorica ad Herennium, a manual of rhetoric attributed to CICERONE in the context of other contemporary Italian volgarizzamenti, such as those by LATINI. a landmark publication revitalised interest in Italian vernacular rhetoric. rescues a foundational text of the Italian rhetorical tradition from obscurity. It serves as a primary resource scholars studying the development of the Italian language and the art of speaking effectively. a significant contribution to the knowledge base of Italian civilization, making a formerly rare artifact accessible to the public.  While G.'s edition is a breakthrough, that by SPERONI  -- highlight that G. relies on a specific branch of the tradition that differs from other manuscripts, allowing researchers to trace how Guidotto’s adaptation of pseudo- CICERONE’s’Rhetorica ad Herennium evolves.  Utterer: profferitore voci voce ferma molle quelle cose che fanno bisogno al consigliatore di sapere quanti modi sono da consigliare e quali in che modo si trova la cagione della cosa di che si consiglia come si conosce l’utilità della cosa di che si consiglia quando l’utilità della cosa, sopra alla quale si piglia consiglio, è che sia più sicura come si può consigliare quando l’utilità della cosa sopra la quale si piglia consiglio è che stia bene e dirittamente, per quante vie si può consigliare per quanti modi si consiglia per via di prudenzia giustizia fortezza misura quando l’utilità della cosa sopra alla quale si piglia consiglio j è che sia lodata dalle genti come si può consigliare per quante vie e modi si può dire bene e male di alcuna persona di che può essere alcuno lodato di prudenzia per quanti modi si può lodare di giustizia per via di fortezza misura. Grice: Caro Gamba, ogni volta che vedo un vigile sventolare la mano, mi domando se stia profferendo una teoria o solo cercando di salvare la giornata! In Inghilterra, per fermare una macchina basta un cenno… ma nessuno capisce mai se è un gesto filosofico o solo disperazione. Gamba: Ah, Grice, in Italia il movimento del corpo è come il condimento sulla pasta: senza, manca il sapore! Noi adoriamo profferire, sia con la voce sia con la fronte aggrottata – Guidotto da Bologna ci insegna che un buon consiglio parte sempre da un gesto deciso (ma mai troppo teatrale, altrimenti si rischia il carnevale!). Grice: Gamba, mi piace il tuo stile! Da noi, la retorica si studia a tavolino, ma voi italiani la fate anche col movimento delle sopracciglia. Forse dovrei aggiungere una massima: “Non c’è implicatura senza almeno un pizzico di mimica!” Gamba: Grice, hai colto il punto! In Italia, la conversazione è come una partita a carte: prudenza, giustizia, fortezza e misura... ma se non sorridi almeno una volta, perdi anche il jolly. E poi, diciamolo, tra una implicatura e un consiglio, ci scappa sempre una battuta! Gamba, Bartolomeo (1805). Della letteratura italiana. Venezia: Tipografia Albrizzi.

Giuseppe Tommaso Saverio Domenico Gangale (Cirò Marina, Crotone, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del dia-letto e la dia-lettica. In comparing Grice with Giuseppe Gangale, the contrast centers on the locus of conversational rationality: for Gangale it is distributed across dialects, idiolects, and ethnolects within a semiotic–dialectical field, whereas for Grice it resides in the normative structure of rational cooperation that underwrites mutual understanding across such variations. Gangale, drawing on Hjelmslevian glossematics and a richly stratified semiotics, treats meaning as emerging from systematic oppositions—expression versus content, system versus process, denotative versus connotative—situated within concrete linguistic communities, so that implicature and understanding are deeply shaped by dialectal shifts, cultural identity, and the movement from idiolect to dialect. Grice does not deny this plurality of linguistic forms, but he abstracts from it: dialectal variation and shifts of code affect interpretation only because interlocutors assume a shared, reason-governed framework in which speakers select utterances to be intelligible, relevant, and purposive to others. Where Gangale’s conversational reason foregrounds the socio-semiotic dynamics of language varieties and their dialectical interrelations, Grice’s theory explains how implicature survives such variability by appeal to intentions and rational expectations that transcend particular dialects. Thus Gangale situates conversational meaning within a layered semiotics of linguistic life, while Grice offers a unifying pragmatic account of how reason governs conversation across differences of dia-letto and dia-lettica alike. Grice: “I distinguish three brands of dialectic in Athens – Socrates’s, Plato’s, and Aristotle’s – never mind that it all originates in what Italians call ‘Velia,’ south of Rome! I like G.; the fact that I taught for years in front of the martyrs memorial helps! I like G. Of course, the Italians adore him because he gets Danish citizenship, and because he understands Hjemlslev as nobody does! G. is practical; he is into his ethnic minority. He forms good philosophical bond with Gobetti, against Croce and Gentile. It is obvious that those who know the G. of the Albanian studies won’t make a connection with his fight for protetantism and his adventures with Italian philosophy, with Doxa and Conscientia, but he got his doctorate and was able to immerse in Hjelmslev’s glottology like nobody else does!” Si laurea a Firenze colla probabilita rivoluzione protestante protestantesimo  dio straniero Marca utopia. semiotics a hierarchy split into dichotomies expression-content, system-process, denotative/non-denotative, metasemiotics/connotative-semiotics. Semiotics, a field of study in which we formulate a method for analysing a signifying phenomenon, comprehensive synchronic panchronic cultural connotators for a comprehensive linguistic analysis. These two perspectives are compatible in glossematics and are even seen to be complementary, to the benefit of semiotics. il dia-letto e la dia-lettica, idiolect, dialect, ethno-lect, idio-letto, dia-letto, ethno-letto, dall’idioletto al dia-letto. Grice: Caro Gangale, quando sento parlare di dia-lettica e dia-letto, mi viene in mente Oxford nelle giornate di pioggia: ogni professore ha il suo accento, e se non capisci il dialetto rischi di prendere il tè con la persona sbagliata! Gangale: Ah, Grice, in Italia il dialetto è come il parmigiano sulla pasta: se non lo usi, ti accusano di essere forestiero. Tra idioletto, etnoletto e dia-letto, mi sento a volte come un turista in casa propria! Grice: Gangale, tu che hai studiato Hjelmslev meglio di chiunque, dimmi: se cambi dialetto a metà frase, l’implicatura diventa come la pizza con l’ananas? Cioè, tutti sorridono, ma nessuno la digerisce davvero! Gangale: Grice, proprio così! In Calabria diciamo che la lingua è come il vino: più varia, più si ride. Ma attenzione, che tra dia-lettica e dia-letto, rischiamo di finire in una discussione infinita, come quei pranzi domenicali dove si parla di tutto… tranne che del dessert! Gangale, Giuseppe Tommaso Saverio Domenico (1910). Il pensiero filosofico in Calabria. Catanzaro: Tipografia Municipale.

Aldobrandino del Garbo (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e la fisiologia dell’amore. In comparing Grice with Aldobrandino del Garbo, the contrast lies between a medieval-Aristotelian integration of reason, passion, and physiology and a modern pragmatic reconstruction of meaning as rationally governed interaction. Garbo, trained in Bologna’s medical–philosophical milieu, explains love, friendship, and desire through the interplay of appetitus sensitivus and reason, treating speech, poetry, and interpersonal recognition as expressions of embodied passions that move the will and shape understanding; conversational meaning here is inseparable from the physiological and affective conditions of human life, and implicature often arises from what is felt, suffered, or desired rather than from what is coolly intended. Grice, while deeply attentive to the historical and literary richness of talk about love and friendship, deliberately brackets physiology and passion in his theory of conversation: implicature is not grounded in eros or appetite but in the rational expectations speakers and hearers bring to cooperative exchange. Where Garbo sees love-talk as a site where reason negotiates with passion, illness, and bodily disposition, Grice treats such talk as intelligible only insofar as interlocutors can recognize intentions and reason about what is meant beyond what is said. Thus Garbo’s conversational reason is thick, historically embedded, and affect-laden, while Grice’s reason‑governed conversational meaning is thin, normative, and abstract, explaining even discourse about love and friendship not by physiology but by the rational structure that makes mutual understanding possible. Grice: “Aristotle found friendship a puzzle, and so do I! love, amore, amicizia. I like G.; for one I like Firenze, for another I like a Renaissance man – I’m one! G. is extremely interesting at a time when physis did mean ‘nature’ – the physicist and the physician were the natural philosophers! At Oxford Transnatural philosophy was created against Natural Philosophy, G. made the greatest comment on “Love unrequited” by G&S – by focusing on a ditty by Cavalcanti – Boccaccio loved the pretentious prose by G. on ‘eros,’ ‘amore,’ and ‘cupidus’! So here is charming Cavalcanti and his charaming love lyrics, Donna mi preigha, and G, in his worst lizio jargon destroying it. I deal with Blake, love that never told can be, and the best thing is to leave poetry to poets, Austin rebuffing Nowell-Smith’s inability to understand Donne. The physiology of love is beyond philosophy. But in philosophy, unlike any other discipline, we respect history, and the longitudinal history of philosophy ensures that every philosopher will be familiar with the idiocies Plato makes Socrates says in Convito about cupido, cupidine, amore, eros, erote, anterote, and Marte, qua symbol of maleness. In Italy they are concerned about astrology. Since the future queen of Naples had been born under the House of Marte, she will possibly be a whore!” Si laurea a Bologna sotto Alderotti. Insegna a Bologna. Saltuariamente si recasse a Bologna nonostante la scomunica. commento su una parte felt, an interpretation which develops the potential in the understanding of the role of the will. A transition seems to take place in the years of the Decameron. Grice: appetitus, appetitus sensitivo spiegatura dell’amore in termine aristotelichi amare sentire patico fornicazione latino/volgare Boccaccio Petrarca Alighieri Cavalcanti de militia complexionis diversae eros amore malattia lizio passione ragione appetite sensitive amore re-cognosenza da parte dell’amato dell’amore dell’amante via senso? Marte self-love other-love amore proprio amore a se stesso amore all’altro passione. Grice: Garbo, sai, ogni volta che rifletto sull’amore e l’amicizia, mi trovo in un labirinto filosofico degno di Aristotele! Eppure, la tua prospettiva sulla fisiologia dell’amore mi incuriosisce molto: in Inghilterra ne parliamo poco, mentre voi italiani lo intrecciate con la storia, la poesia e persino l’astrologia! Garbo: Caro Grice, è vero: da noi, amore e amicizia sono più che concetti filosofici, sono esperienze che attraversano la carne e lo spirito. Da Cavalcanti a Boccaccio, abbiamo sempre pensato che il sentimento sia un ponte tra appetito sensitivo e ragione, e che la passione – talvolta malattia, talvolta virtù – abbia un ruolo centrale nella nostra vita. Grice: Mi affascina il modo in cui la vostra tradizione riesce a dare dignità filosofica persino alla fisiologia dell’amore. Da noi spesso ci fermiamo alla teoria, ma la vostra capacità di intrecciare storia, poesia e sentimento rende il discorso sull’amore davvero ricco. Forse dovremmo imparare a dare più spazio al pathos, non solo al logos! Garbo: Hai ragione, Grice. In Italia, lasciamo che il sentimento illumini la riflessione. La filosofia, soprattutto quella sull’amore, deve essere dialogo tra passione e ragione. E se qualche volta siamo troppo lirici o astrologici, pazienza! Come si dice da noi: “Amore non è bello se non è litigarello.” Garbo, Aldobrandino del (1300). De decoratione. Firenze: Officina Medicea.

Aldo Giorgio Gargani (Genova, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale d’Eurialo e Niso; ovvero, dell’empatia. Grice’s account of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Gargani’s development of “ragione conversazionale” converge on the idea that understanding in dialogue exceeds what is explicitly said, but they differ in emphasis and philosophical temperament: for Grice, implicature is primarily a rational, intention‑based mechanism grounded in cooperation, shared expectations, and the recognition of communicative intentions, so that conversation is governed by principles that make it possible to mean more than one says without abandoning clarity or normativity; Gargani, shaped by his Pisa training and his sustained engagement with Wittgenstein, Pears, and the philosophy of complexity, reorients this Gricean framework toward empathy, shared organization, and lived experience, reading implicature not merely as an inferential product of maxims but as an expression of a deeper, narrative and ethical coordination among speakers, exemplified by the figure of Eurialus and Nisus as a paradigm of mutual understanding without full explicitness; where Grice stresses rational accountability, cancellability, and the discipline of intention (summed up, as he liked to say, by Cicero’s condivisio), Gargani foregrounds the role of contingency, rare events, and the constructive power of dialogue in shaping common sense and collective meaning, thus extending implicature from a theory of communicative reasoning to a broader philosophy of shared life and intellectual courage in which saying, not saying, and understanding are bound together by empathy as much as by reason. Grice: “Some – especially a Taffy At Queen’s and his tutee – like Vitters, but Moore ain’t my Main either!” -- Grice: “There is a word that Cicero uses that quite summarises my views on conversation: condivisio! I like G.; many of his essays are pretty interesting: he’s written on the ‘sense’ of ‘true,’ and on la frasse infinita – which according to Griceian principles, must rely on implicature, since it involves a communicational impossibility!” -- «È un fatto che gli uomini hanno prodotto assai più cose di quanto siano propensi ad ammettere; ma ciò che essi hanno eretto nella forma di costruzioni concettuali elevate e sublimi, come se fossero separate dal caso e dal disordine, corrisponde ad un uso che essi hanno fatto della propria vita.” Si laurea a PISA sotto BARONE. Studia Pears. filosofia della lingua, estetica, epistemologia scrittura filosofica narrativa, come in Sguardo e destino L'altra storia Il testo del tempo” Esperienza Il sapere senza fondamenti. La condotta intellettuale come strutturazione dell'esperienza commune”  (Lo stupore e il caso” (Il coraggio di essere Stili di analisi” “L'organizzazione condivisa. Comunicazione, invenzione, etica” (Guerini, Milano); “Il pensiero raccontato” “Una donna a presente e invenzione del futuro/Il ruolo della diversità e degli eventi rari Conclusione Possibilità e realtà tra fisica e biologia di Angelo Marinucci Introduzione/Fisica classica La meccanica quantistica La biologia Scienza e filosofia della complessità: Studi in memoria di G., a cura di: Marinucci, Salvia, Bellotti, Carocci, Roma, Il volume raccoglie i contributi, ampiamente elaborati, presentati al convegno Possibilità al di là della determinazione. Matematica, fisica e filosofia della complessità, tenutosi all’Università di Pisa in memoria di G.. Del filosofo sono ben noti gli interessi filosofici per la questione, nata nella fisica moderna e in altri saperi, dell’emergere – in sistemi complessi – di possibilità che vanno, irriducibilmente, al di là della determinazione. Eurialo e Niso; ovvero, dell’empatia, scambio, organisazzione condivisa communicazione implicatura come condivisa empatia pears Mcguinness ragione Treccani. Grice: Caro Gargani, ti confesso che ogni volta che penso all’implicatura, mi viene in mente il coraggio di Eurialo e Niso: comunicare senza dire tutto, ma capirsi lo stesso. In fondo, la vera conversazione non è sempre anche un po’ avventura? Gargani: Grice, hai colto nel segno! La conversazione è un ponte sospeso tra due rive: ci si lancia, magari si traballa, ma senza un po’ di empatia si casca giù come certi filosofi alle prime armi. E come diceva tua nonna, meglio una parola condivisa che cento taciute! Grice: Appunto! Eppure, in Inghilterra, tanti preferiscono il silenzio, come se parlare troppo facesse spuntare le ortiche in salotto. Invece voi italiani fate delle parole un’arte, e persino il caso diventa un’occasione di festa. Forse dovrei importare un po’ della vostra “organizzazione condivisa” anche a Oxford! Gargani: Caro Grice, sarebbe un colpo di teatro! Ma non temere: basta una buona conversazione, un pizzico di umorismo e magari un caffè, e anche la filosofia più astratta si trasforma in esperienza vissuta. Come direbbe il mio barista: parlare è umano, fraintendere è filosofico! – Gargani, Aldo Giorgio (1966). Wittgenstein. Firenze: La Nuova Italia.

Eugenio Antonio Garin (Rieti, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del rinascimento. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Garin’s historical account of Renaissance intellectual culture meet on the idea that conversation is a rational, normative practice, but they diverge sharply in method, scope, and philosophical intent: Grice develops implicature as a formal-pragmatic mechanism internal to communication itself, governed by shared intentions, cooperation, and rational accountability among speakers conceived as persons, where meaning emerges from what is mutually recognized as said and meant within a conversational exchange; Garin, by contrast, approaches what may be called conversational reason genealogically and culturally, reading Renaissance humanism as a long, civil conversation among rhetoricians, philosophers, scientists, and moralists, in which meaning, persuasion, and implication are embedded in historical practices of eloquence, civic life, and humanist education rather than articulated as explicit rules or maxims, so that implicature appears not as a technical device but as the lived operation of rhetoric, allusion, and shared intellectual horizons; where Grice abstracts from history to secure a universal account of rational communication, Garin insists on the longitudinal unity of Italian thought, seeing reason as cultivated through humanistic discourse, Ciceronian rhetoric, and the humus of culture that shapes how humans, as Homo sapiens before becoming philosophically “persons,” understand one another; in this sense, Grice’s conversational rationality can be read as a modern, analytic humanism of communicative norms, while Garin’s Renaissance-oriented work shows how such norms historically arose within concrete traditions of learning and civic speech, making Gricean implicature appear, retrospectively, as the formal echo of a much older humanist practice of meaning beyond what is strictly said. Grice: “I only knew, and I only formed an interest, in one short period in the history of philosophy: post-war Oxford philosophy. G.’s interests have a wider scope! storia della filosofia. G. is a serious student of what we may call the longitudinal, rather than latitudinal, unity of Italian philosophy! If ever there is one! Don’t expect philosophical insight from G.. He is at most an amanuensis. But like Gentile, it is is helpful, if you are into minor philosophers, or minor figures, to go through the indexes of his many compilations. As with Gentile’s Storia della filosofia italiana, G.’s is just as boring. G. makes it more difficult in that he uses two or three words which we don’t use at Oxford: ‘pensiero’ for philosophy, ‘intellectual’ (‘intelletuali italiani del novecento’) and ‘culture’ (cultura italiana del ottocento’). By these monickers, he is attempting to include as philosophers people who we should not!” La cultura filosofica del rinascimento italiano.” L’umanesimo italiano” Grice is Lit. Hum. Oxon, so I know. Si laurea a Firenze sotto Limentani. Insegna a Firenze. Pico: vita e dottrina”; “Gl’illuministi Moralisti; “Il rinascimento ITALIANO”; “L'Umanesimo ITALIANO”; “Cronache di FILOSOFIA ITALIANA”; “La filosofia nel Rinascimento ITALIANO”; “La cultura ITALIANA”; “Scienza e vita civile nel Rinascimento ITALIANO”; “Storia della FILOSOFIA ITALIANA”; “FILOSOFI ITALIANI”; “ “L’Ermetismo del Rinascimento”; “Gli editori ITALIANI”; “La cultura del Rinascimento”. lincei cicerone umanista retorica castelli le griceianisme est un humanisme!” humus umano homo sapiens sapiens umano vs. person sapientia. Grice: Ah, Garin, sai, ogni tanto mi sorprendo a pensare che Oxford — Vadum Boum, come la chiamano i latinisti — avrebbe bisogno di un vero storico della filosofia, proprio come Firenze ha avuto te! In Italia, e specialmente in Toscana, la tradizione filosofica è viva, stratificata e raccontata con una profondità che noi, a Oxford, spesso ci sogniamo. Garin: Caro Grice, mi lusinga sentire queste tue parole! In effetti, la storia della filosofia italiana è un mosaico ricco di voci, pensieri e umanità. Ho sempre creduto che raccontare il pensiero dei nostri filosofi sia come coltivare un humus umano per le generazioni future. Grice: Già, il vostro "humus umano" è qualcosa che invidio! Mi piacerebbe che anche a Oxford si potesse parlare di “pensiero” e “cultura” con la stessa ampiezza, includendo figure minori e intelletuali come fai tu. Il vostro modo di vedere la filosofia è molto più inclusivo e, se posso dirlo, più umano. Garin: Hai ragione, Grice. Forse il segreto sta proprio nel guardare la filosofia come una lunga conversazione tra uomini e idee, dove anche i dettagli minori possono illuminare un’epoca. Sarebbe bello vedere Oxford abbracciare questa visione, perché alla fine la storia della filosofia è storia della vita civile. Garin, Eugenio Antonio (1937). Medioevo e Rinascimento. Bari: Laterza.

Emilio Garroni (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Pinocchio. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Emilio Garroni’s readings of language, lying, and sense—most vividly crystallized in Garroni’s analyses of Pinocchio—intersect on the idea that meaning arises from rational norms rather than from mere semantic content, yet they diverge in philosophical register and aim: for Grice, conversational implicature is a calculable, intention‑based product of speakers’ rational cooperation, where maxims such as sincerity can be flouted in systematic ways that listeners are expected to recognize, as when Pinocchio’s lies violate the maxim of quality while remaining communicatively intelligible; Garroni adopts this Gricean insight but reworks it within a broader semiotic, aesthetic, and epistemological horizon, treating Pinocchio not simply as a case of maxim‑flouting but as an emblem of semantic crisis, indeterminacy, and paradox inherent in all linguistic use, where lying exposes the structural openness of meaning rather than a local pragmatic maneuver; while Grice seeks to preserve rational control and accountability in conversation despite indeterminacy, Garroni emphasizes that such indeterminacy is not a defect but a constitutive feature of sense itself, grounded in perception, imagination, and judgment, so that implicature becomes inseparable from the aesthetic–noetic dimension of experience; in this way, Garroni extends Gricean conversational reason beyond analytic pragmatics into a philosophy of sense in which saying, meaning, misleading, and understanding form a dynamic continuum, and Pinocchio’s lies reveal not only how we communicate rationally, but how language, ethics, and imagination jointly construct our horizon of sense. Grice: “Pinocchio flouts the maxim of sincerity!” conversational maxim. I like G.; he writes very Griceianly: on lying, on Pinocchio, on semiotics, on Kant – ‘quasi-Kant’ --, and on sense perception (‘senso e paradosso’, ‘immagine, figura, communicazione!” Insegna a Roma. La crisi semantica. Croce, Critica della facoltà di giudizio (l’estetico) ed epistemologiche (il noetico). Cura Mannoni, Brandi,.Cura Benedetto, Bottari,  Melis, Fieschi, Vacchi, Greco L’estetica è una filosofia non speciale il cui compito non si limita allo studio dell’espressione artistica, bello, arte, natura, ma ad una costruzione del mondo sull'esperienza del senso sensibile, sentire, sensate. Ciò che va rivendicata è la portata iudicativa e non solo volitiva della critica, che trascende lo stato empirico e vivono operanti nel meglio degl’indirizzi inconsapevoli. L’orizzonte di senso. Il mito negativo Semiotica ed estetica. L'eterogeneo della lingua e la lingua cinematografica uno e bino Estetica epistemologia. lingua Senso e paradosso estetica, filosofia non speciale Uno sguardo-attraverso” mentare e mentire altro dall'arte. Senso e storia dell'estetica: Interpretare Il testo Istruzioni per l'uso, Critica della facoltà di giudizio” Immagine e figura” pubblicati negativo, nell’esclusione che principi e  metodi possano essere qualcosa di assoluto e unilaterale, si ispirino poi alla indeterminatezza Ciò pare plausibile se essa fa emergere più nettamente la coscienza implicita che ogni nostro uso della lingua non è solo un  uso particolare ma contiene una componente di indeterminatezza che lo fa essere paradossalmente proprio quell’uso e permette di descriverlo proprio come quell’uso determinato nello stesso uso effettivo, in tutti i sensi. contributo etico e politico, L’indeterminatezza INDETERMINACY OF IMPLICATURE semantica implicatura di Pinocchio Sinn *not* via Latin cognate sentire senso Do not multiply senses mentire mentare meinen mean messagio message semiotic sender recipientemittente mittente, recipiente emission utterance emitire utter out ex-press Lorenzini. Grice: Garroni, ogni volta che penso a Pinocchio e alla sua abilità di “sgusciare” fuori dalla verità, mi chiedo se Lorenzini abbia letto la mia massima di sincerità! In fondo, Pinocchio è il re dell’implicatura conversazionale: dice una cosa, ne intende un’altra, e nel mezzo ci cresce il naso. Garroni: Caro Grice, Pinocchio è una metafora perfetta per la crisi semantica: ogni bugia è un piccolo paradosso della lingua! D’altronde, chi non ha mai mentito almeno una volta per salvarsi dalla fata o dalla scuola? Grice: Se avessi avuto Pinocchio nei miei seminari a Oxford, sarebbe stato il caso studio ideale. Avrebbe confuso Strawson e fatto ridere Austin… Ma forse avrebbe anche insegnato a tutti che l’uso della lingua è sempre un po’ indeterminato: tra il “mentire” e il “mentare”, c’è tanto spazio per il senso. Garroni: Grice, dici bene! Pinocchio ci ricorda che ogni comunicazione è una danza tra emittente e destinatario: a volte il messaggio arriva dritto, altre volte si perde tra le bugie e il paradosso. Ma senza un po’ di indeterminatezza, la conversazione sarebbe piatta come un pezzo di legno… e Pinocchio non sarebbe mai diventato un vero bambino! Garroni, Emilio (1964). La crisi semantica delle arti. Roma: Officina Edizioni.

Raffaele Garrucci (Napoli, Campania): sul ‘stress’ a Roma ed Oxford. Grice and Garrucci converge on a strikingly similar insight about meaning as something governed by rational uptake rather than mechanical rule-following, but they approach it from different scholarly traditions: Garrucci as a philologist and epigrapher attentive to how accentual marks and stress-functioning signs in Roman inscriptions mediate understanding beyond literal letters, and Grice as a philosopher of language analyzing how conversational meaning arises from intentional yet non-codifiable features such as stress, accent, and prosody. For Garrucci, ancient inscriptions that appear to carry accentual or stress marks show that Romans already exploited phonetic emphasis as a meaningful cue without treating words themselves as signs; rather, it is the accentual modification that does the communicative work within a historically grounded rational practice of reading. Grice generalizes this phenomenon into his theory of reason-governed conversational meaning by arguing that particularized implicatures depend precisely on such non-rule-governed but intelligible deviations—like designed stress—that rational hearers are expected to recognize as intentional. Both resist a semiotic model in which meaning is reducible to fixed signs: Garrucci insists on parsimony with written markers and attention to exemplary usage in antiquity, while Grice insists that implicature cannot be rule-bound without collapsing its very function. In this convergence, accent and stress emerge as rational instruments of meaning that operate neither by convention alone nor by brute causality, but by a shared background of linguistic competence and historically sedimented expectations, from Roman bronze inscriptions to Oxford seminar rooms. Grice: “In my seminars at Oxford, I introduced the ‘accent’ to explore what I meant by implicature of the conversational, particularized type. There cannot be a RULE for it, since it’s a spontaneous stressing – but when DESIGNED to stress, the implicature IS communicated. More formally, the very idea of a phoneme relies on its realisations as allophones, and the Italians have been fighting with this since, well, Roman times!”  accento, stress, implicatura. Chi scrive N E/ACVLÀ sembra certo che l' abbia voluta dedurre questa voce da quella radice ove la lettera “a” è lunga, wtne ; chi LU3ER , intende [IMPLICATES – Grice] certamente di ricordare che anticamente si scrive LEIBER come in un frammento assai arcaico di bronzo del museo kircheriano. Cosi scrivendo “FVTIVS” si accenna alla radice FVTVM, in VTIVS ad OITI, OlTILE, in ORNAMENTA ad venustà, in VEKTI 1 al più antico VEITI se vale il YEITVRIVS cosi scritto nella lamina di bronzo sui confini tra i genuati e i veturii -- Orelli. Generalmente si fard assai bene ad esser parchi e seguendo come G. dice i migliori esemplari. Con ciò G. pone fine alla sua discussione, nella quale esamina l’iscrizioni latine che PORTANO DEI SEGNI – Grice: “Words are not signs, but accents are” – STRESS -- creduti comunemente d’accentuazione. MARINI  crede questo un esempio del sicìlico di Mario Vittorino, allegando che questa voce trovasi ancora scritto VETTI [Ari.). IMPRIMATUR Butlaoni 0. P. S. P. A. Magister. IMPRIMATUR Fr. Aut. Ligi Bussi Archiep. Icon. Vicesgcrcns. C. Grice: Caro Garrucci, ti confesso che all’Oxford quando parliamo di “accento” rischiamo sempre di scatenare discussioni più accese di una partita di rugby tra college rivali! Ma in fondo, l’accento è come il sale sulla zuppa: basta un pizzico e tutto cambia sapore. Garrucci: Hai ragione, Grice! A Roma diciamo che chi sbaglia l’accento può passare in un attimo da filosofo a comico involontario. E poi, le iscrizioni antiche ci insegnano che persino i bronzi avevano il loro modo di farsi capire: un segno qui, uno stress là, e la storia prende una piega tutta nuova. Grice: Proprio così, caro! Da noi l’accento non segue regole ferree, è più come un colpo di scena: se lo metti dove serve, illumini la frase; se lo sbagli, rischi di ottenere implicature degne di un romanzo giallo. Gli italiani però lottano con gli allofoni fin dai tempi degli antichi Romani, quasi fosse uno sport nazionale! Garrucci: Eh già, Grice! Come diceva mia nonna: “Meglio essere parsimoniosi con gli accenti, che generosi con i segni.” In fondo, la vera filosofia è capire quando un accento diventa un messaggio, e quando invece è solo un modo per non prendere troppo sul serio la conversazione. Così, tra un sorriso e una battuta, anche il latino diventa compagnia! Garrucci, Raffaele (1844). Antiquitatum salernitanarum disquisitiones quinque. Napoli.

Pasquale Gatti (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale dell’implicatura conversazioale. Grice and Pasquale Gatti converge on a conception of meaning that is fundamentally governed by reason as it operates within lived linguistic practice, yet they articulate this convergence from complementary directions. Gatti, writing from the Italian philosophical tradition shaped by Vico and in polemical tension with Croce, insists that language cannot be split into two autonomous systems—one of feeling and one of intellect—because even when language is imaginative and aesthetic, it remains subject to law and concept, and thus to rational structure; for him, the enigma of language is precisely how expression is at once fantasia and intelletto, intuition and concept, within a single act of consciousness. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning radicalizes this insight by relocating rationality from abstract linguistic form into the practices of speakers, showing that meaning is not exhausted by what is said but is completed by what a rational hearer is entitled to infer under shared expectations of cooperation. Where Gatti argues that language is never merely poetry nor merely logic, Grice explains how this duality is enacted moment by moment through implicature, which depends on the speaker’s reasoned exploitation of linguistic norms and the hearer’s equally reasoned recognition of that exploitation. Both therefore reject a purely expressive or purely formal account of language: Gatti by defending the law‑governed, conceptual dimension of language against Croce’s aesthetic reduction, and Grice by showing that even the “non‑said” in conversation is regulated by rational principles rather than psychological spontaneity. In this sense, Grice’s conversational implicature can be read as the analytic counterpart to Gatti’s philosophical intuition: reason is not external to language, but immanent in its use, binding imagination and intellect together in dialogue. Grice: “I love G.!” lingua. SAGGIO SULL’ORIGINE, ESSENZA, E SVILUPPO DELLA LINGUA. La grandezza delle statue diminuisce allontanandosene, quella degl’uomini avvicinandoci ad essi. Quale necessità di DUE DIVERSE LINGUE, l'una del sentimento e l’altra dell’inteletto, per esprimere il COMUNE CONTENUTO della coscienza? Altro è LA LINGUA COME LINGUA, come fatto estetico, afferma  CROCE, e altro LA LINGUA COME ESPRESSIONE logica, nel quale caso rimane bensì sempre lingua soggetto alla legge, la tesì che noi opponiamo a quella di CROCE  con VICO, siamo stati costretti a mostrare, altresì come CROCE  non è riuscito a comprendere affatto affatto quel pensiero nell’intimo, suo significato. Onde, ad un tempo, ed è ciò che a noi essenzialmente preme, l’ abbagliante fascio di luce, che, sprigionandosi della dottrina di VICO, riesce ad illuminarla,, A più che lingua. Ora, delle due, l'una: o esso, rimanendo sempre lingua e soggetto alla legge,  non può, per ciò stesso, non rimanere sempre ed unicamente  intuizione e immaginazione, e, quindi, sola fantasia e poesia; ovvero è, anche, che lingua,  e cioè concetto, e, allora, come dirlo, più, sola  fantasia e poesia, e non anche d' intelletto. Il scoppio di dello spirito come spiegare che nel mondo egli é ritenuto, intanto, addirittura della classe più alta dei filosofi; e cioè filosofo di natura e vocazione, ragione  per cui le sue opere, e l’estetica proprio più di ogni altra. Questa disfatta del pensiero di CROCE s'è visto, ex ore suo stesso per essersi immesso in una via senza uscita, bene può dirsiuna disfatta in gloria, più superba di tanti trionfi, in  quanto coll’ammonirci che ogni tentativo di ricalcare quelle orme sarebbe non  altro che un vano sacrilegio, sia pur da parte di gente inconscia, ci fa ritenere esecrabile e sacra quella via. Tale, almeno, essa rimane per noi, che da essa  la via che abbiam preso  a seguire, coll’intento di raggiungere quel segreto connesso col più oscuro, insieme, dei selle eriomi della vita universa, l’enigma concernente l’origine del pensiero, lingua. Grice: Caro Gatti, ogni volta che mi immergo nei tuoi scritti rimango colpito dalla tua acutissima capacità di cogliere le sfumature più profonde della comunicazione. La tua riflessione sulla doppia natura della lingua – sentimento e intelletto – è davvero illuminante! Gatti: Che onore, Grice! Ma vedi, sono proprio le tue teorie sull’implicatura conversazionale ad avermi ispirato. Penso che la lingua sia sempre sospesa tra immaginazione e concetto, e che solo nel dialogo si riveli la sua vera essenza. Grice: Proprio così, caro amico. Ammiro la tua capacità di riconoscere quanto ogni parola sia, insieme, regola e creazione. Saper vedere nell’espressione linguistica sia poesia che logica è segno di rara sensibilità filosofica! Gatti: Grazie, Grice. Credo che solo chi, come te, analizza con attenzione il “non detto”, possa comprendere il mistero della lingua. In fondo, la comunicazione è quell’enigma che ci avvicina, e ci spinge sempre a cercare nuove vie di senso. Gatti, Pasquale (1906). Esposizione del sistema filosofico di Leopardi.

Stanislao Gatti (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale poetica. Grice and Stanislao Gatti converge on a view of meaning as governed by reason, but they articulate this convergence at different levels and with different emphases: Gatti, formed in Naples under Puoti and working within the Italian idealist horizon shaped by Vico, Hegel, and aesthetics, conceives reason as a universal law that simultaneously governs the development of individual consciousness and the historical unfolding of culture, so that language, art, and philosophy are modes through which rational spirit manifests itself within concrete history; hence his idea of a poetic conversational implicature, where meaning exceeds literal statement because art and discourse imitate not empirical nature but the supersensible, noetic idea, allowing truth to emerge indirectly and belatedly, as in Vico’s own fate of unrecognized glory. Grice, by contrast, strips this metaphysical picture down to a rational mechanics of use: conversational meaning is governed by reason not because it expresses an objective historical spirit, but because speakers and hearers orient themselves to shared norms of rational cooperation, exploiting and recognizing departures from literal content to convey what is meant rather than merely said. Where Gatti reads poetic, aesthetic, and historical distance as intrinsic to how reason communicates itself—often through polemic, irony, grading of predecessors, and a cultivated literary voice—Grice provides a minimal, analytic account in which implicature arises from rational expectations about relevance, quantity, and intelligibility in dialogue. Yet the affinity is real: both reject a view of language as mere mimesis or neutral medium, both insist that meaning is inseparable from rational activity, and both understand implication as something earned rather than encoded, whether through the historical-poetic circuit of Gatti’s Vichian aesthetics or through the situational logic of Grice’s conversational practice. Grice: “When Hampshire wrote an essay on Vico we thought he had lost his reason! At Oxford, G. is mainly associated with a music-hall that was once popular at London! I like G.. G. is a good’un. For one, he philosophises on Aristotle’s Poetics, something we hardly do at Oxford! And many other things, too!! G. is a difficult one to catalogue, not at Oxford! He is a man of letters and action, by man of letters we mean Lit. Hum. And G., being the snob he is, would rather be seen dead than referred to as merely a ‘philosoopher.’ He edits the Museo di FILOSOFIA e letterature – and his passion, if he has one, is VICO, and more, to criticse others. He would not speak of ‘italian philosophy,’ but of ‘philosophy in Italia’! He philosophises on Rovere, and other philosophers, and is always ready to grade them: ‘GENOVESI, infinitely inferior to VICO’. Incredibly that this philosopher is talking the same lingo as Machiavelli or Alighieri!  His exegesis of VICO is good, he refers to the BRUNO, CAMPANELLA, and TELESIO as the celebrated triunvirato, and there are references to some obscure philosophers in his prose, about whom he writes little to enthusiase his reader!” Si laurea a Napoli sotto Puoti. Idealista. lo sviluppo della coscienza e l'evolversi della storia provengono entrambe d’un principio comune: la legge universale della ragione, attuabile solo all'interno della realtà storica in quanto è la scienza generale di tutto l'esistente. Si indirizza verso l'estetismo e critica la dottrina lizia dell'arte come riproduzione e mimesi della natura, contrapponendole l’idealismo che ritiene l'arte riproduzione mimesi del sovra-sensibile, dell’idea, del noetico, l’estetico, mimesi del noetico. VICO autore di un sistema che i suoi contemporanei non poteano intendere come quello che dovea esse re la scienza di un'altra età, e il frullo di nuovi germogliamenti dello spirito, non avea per questa ragione potuto raccogliere in vita il premio di quella gloria implicatura. Grice: Caro Gatti, ti confesso che a Oxford, parlare di poetica è come proporre una partita di calcio in un convento. Ma tu, con quella passione per Vico e Aristotele, sembri sempre pronto a scardinare qualche regola! Gatti: Grice, a Napoli ci insegnano che la ragione è come la pizza: ognuno la fa a modo suo, e la poesia è il pomodoro sopra. L’arte non è solo imitazione, ma il frullo dello spirito, come diceva Vico… e pure il pizzaiolo sotto casa! Grice: Vico e la pizza, che combinazione! Da noi, quando qualcuno cita la mimesi, si pensa subito a Shakespeare che sbaglia scena. Tu invece sostieni che l’arte deve imitare il sovra-sensibile. Sarebbe come dire che una poesia può essere più vera di un manuale d’istruzioni! Gatti: Esatto, Grice! E poi, la filosofia in Italia non è mai solo filosofia… è conversazione, critica, e ogni tanto una bella polemica. Ma se mi paragoni a Machiavelli, ti offro un caffè: almeno così, nella conversazione, siamo entrambi più svegli! Gatti, Stanislao (1838). Di una risposta di Vittore Cousin ad alcuni dubbi intorno alla sua filosofia. Il progresso delle scienze, delle lettere e delle arti (Napoli)

Gaudenzio (Brescia, Lombardia) -- la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano. A fruitful comparison between H. P. Grice and Gaudentius of Brescia turns on their shared commitment to reason as a normative, action-guiding faculty, even though they operate in very different idioms and institutional contexts. Gaudentius, bishop of Brescia at the end of the fourth century, consciously retrieves the Stoic legacy of the Porch in his treatment of lex naturae and moral obligation, arguing that through the proper exercise of reason any person can come to know what is required of them morally; obligation is not imposed externally by fiat, but becomes intelligible as something epistemically accessible to rational agents, a point emphasized in modern scholarship by Carlo Truzzi’s study of northern Italian Christian thinkers, which situates Gaudentius as a Stoic without pomp or dogmatic rigidity, reactivating the Portico rather than abandoning it after the advent of Christianity. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning echoes this Stoic posture at a different level: where Gaudentius holds that desire, when brought under the scrutiny of reason, yields knowledge of duty, Grice maintains that utterer’s meaning and conversational obligation arise from rational norms governing what it is to intend, infer, and cooperate in talk. In both cases, reason does not override human desire but disciplines and interprets it: Gaudentius rejects a crude “I want, therefore I must” in favor of “I want, therefore I ask what I ought to do,” grounding obligation in rational reflection; Grice likewise resists psychologism by insisting that conversational meaning is constituted by rationally recognizable intentions operating within shared norms. Seen this way, Grice’s conversational rationality can be read as a modern, secular analogue of Gaudentius’s resuscitated Portico: both treat reason as a public, norm-giving power that survives historical discontinuities and continues to regulate obligation—moral in Gaudentius, communicative in Grice—without appeal to mere authority or brute convention. Grice: “People tend to think that after the birth of Christ, The Porch became relevance-less: Truzzi proves the opposite in his apt study of Gaudenzio (Brescia, Lombardia). a rationalist in the best tradition of the porch, in his analysis of ‘lex naturae’ and ‘moral obligation’ as ‘epistemically’ derivable from desires!” Keywords: porch. Filosofo italiano. The philosophical interest of G.s essays lies in his discussion of natural law – lex naturae --, for which he borrows from the Porch. G. argues that through the use of reason anyone can come to a knowledge of his moral obligations.  GRICEVS: Gaudenti, aiunt Porticum post Christum natum iam nihil ad rem pertinere; tu autem eam resuscitas quasi fumum thuris in foro. Quid agis? GAUDENTIVS: Ago hoc: ostendo Porticum non esse “relevance-less,” sed relevantiorem; Truzzi enim probat me Stoicum esse sine superciliis. GRICEVS: At tu dicis lex naturae et officium morale ex desideriis “epistemice” deduci. Nonne hoc est: “Volo, ergo debeo”? GAUDENTIVS: Minime: “Volo, ergo cogito quid debeam”; et si quis me rogat unde obligatio, respondeo: ex ratione—quae, ut Porticus docet, numquam natalicia Christi oblita est. Gaudenzio (387). Sermo ad episcopos in ordinatione sua. Brescia.

Gauro: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Both Gauro and Grice treat reason as something exercised in and through public linguistic practice rather than as a purely private faculty, but they situate this insight in very different historical idioms. In the Gauro–Porphyry setting, conversational reason is explicitly Roman in its audience and social uptake: although Porphyry is Hellenic in doctrine, his categories are heard, judged, and accepted in a Roman forum where philosophical terms must “wear the toga,” functioning as instruments of shared understanding and civic recognition even when full technical mastery is absent. Gauro’s stance foregrounds this pragmatic accommodation: concepts like categoria succeed because they are intelligible, or at least respectfully acknowledged, within Roman norms of discourse. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning abstracts this same phenomenon into a general account: meaning is not guaranteed by semantic form alone but by speakers’ rational intentions operating under publicly recognizable norms that guide inference, uptake, and cooperation. Where Gauro emphasizes cultural translation and audience—Greek philosophy becoming Roman sense—Grice systematizes the mechanism itself, explaining how conversational reason governs what is said, what is meant, and what is inferred across contexts. The continuity lies in the shared claim that philosophy lives or dies in conversation; the difference is that Gauro locates this claim historically in Rome’s linguistic life, while Grice renders it a universal principle of rational discourse. Grice: “We seem to consider Porfirio an Hellenic, but his audience was Roman to the backbone!” Keywords: categoria. Filosofo italiano. He appears to have been a pupil of Porfirio, who may have dedicated one of his essays to him.  GRICEVS: Gauro, audivi te Porphyrio studuisse; sed dic mihi, Romanusne eras an Graecus? GAVRVS: Discipulus fui, sed auditor meus Romanus usque ad ossa; Graece lego, Latine rideo. GRICEVS: Ita ergo: Porphyrius Hellenicus videtur, sed in foro Romano “categoria” melius sonat quam in schola. GAVRVS: Recte; apud Romanos etiam categoria togam induit—et si quis non intellegit, saltem reverenter nutat. Gauro  (a. u. c. MXXIII). Categoriae. Roma.

Gedalio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Gedalio and Grice converge on the idea that philosophical meaning is governed by reason as it is exercised in lived conversational practice, but they articulate this insight from markedly different standpoints. In the Roman context invoked by Gedalio, conversational reason is embedded in gift, dedication, and audience: Porphyry’s commentary on Aristotle’s Categories, far from being a gratuitous gloss on a “transparent” tract, becomes intelligible as a rational act directed to a specific interlocutor, Gedalio, and to a Roman public for whom philosophical categories acquire authority through social circulation. Reason here is not merely analytic but relational, sustained by motives, expectations, and the recognizability of concepts within a shared civic culture. Grice abstracts this historically situated phenomenon into a general theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning: what is meant depends on rationally ordered intentions and on the public norms that make those intentions inferable in talk. His Oxford seminars on Categories—formal with Austin, exploratory with Strawson—reenact, in a modern key, the same dynamic Gedalio embodies: rules are often implicit, motivations partially opaque, yet participants can still “win the game” because conversational reason supplies coherence before explicit theory does. The difference is thus one of level rather than substance: Gedalio exemplifies conversational reason as practiced in ancient Rome; Grice explains why such practices succeed, even when the rules are not yet fully articulated. Grice: “We often forget of motivations. What led Porphyry to comment on such a transparent little tract as Aristotle’s ‘Categories’. Now we now: it was a gift from Porphyry to Gedalio!” Keywords: category. Filosofo italiano. Grice: “I would give two sorts of seminars on the categories at Oxford. The first-class ones were the ones I gave with Austin – him being my senior, he did most of the teaching. The syllabus included actually a commentary on De Interpretatione. Ackrill attended them. The other were a more informal set of seminars with Strawson, entitled ‘Categories’. Our purpose was not just to discuss Aristotle – since Strawson’s Greek left a lot to be desired – but include a bit of Kant into the bargain!” I recall a pupil attended and being asked by another: “What is going on here?” “I have no idea. I don’t know the rules of the game, but it seems Grice and Strawson are winning!” – This was in response to an ad lib interruption by O. P. Wood, who shouldn’t have been there in the first place! Quinton witnessed it all and later told me. Our seminars on ‘Categories’ with Strawson extended over a number of terms.” A pupil of Porfirio, who dedicates his commentary on Aristotle’s Categories to him. Keywords: category. GRICEVS: Salve, GEDALIVE; dic mihi, cur Porphyrius tam perspicuas Aristotelis Categorias commentatus est? GEDALIVS: Quia donum erat, GRICEVE: libellus tam “clarus” ut etiam discipulus intellegat—ergo magistri eum ornate obscurant. GRICEVS: Apud Oxoniam duas habui scholas: cum Austino “primae classis” (ipse plus docebat), et cum Strawsono “informales”; Graeca illius tam debilis erat ut Kantium nobis necesse esset adhibere quasi baculum. GEDALIVS: Itaque discipulus recte dixit: “regulas nescio, sed vincitis”; vos enim in ludo semper vincitis, etiam cum ipsae regulae nondum inventae sunt. Gedalio (a.u.c. MXXIII), Dicta, Roma.

Giovan Battista Gelli (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della difficultà di mettere in regole la nostra lingua, sentientia gricei. Both Gelli and Grice converge on the idea that conversational meaning is fundamentally reason‑governed yet resistant to rigid codification, though they arrive there from very different historical and philosophical directions. Gelli, writing in the Florentine Renaissance context, treats lingua as a living, dialogic medium whose primary function is to allow one person to manifest needs, intentions, and sensibilities to another; his reflections on the difficulty of putting language into rules, his emphasis on dialogic forms, and his distinction between the sweetness or materiality of expression and its formal content anticipate what later becomes the problem of implicature, namely how meaning exceeds explicit form. Grice, by contrast, offers a systematic philosophical account of how speakers’ reasons, intentions, and shared rational norms generate conversational meaning, articulating this through his notion of sentientia as a value‑laden, utterance‑level unit governed by standards of correctness and rational cooperation. Where Gelli stresses historical language, dialectal plurality, translation, and the cultural myth of origins (from Tuscan sweetness to the Adamic tongue) to show why language cannot be fully rule‑bound, Grice abstracts from particular languages to model how conversational implicatures arise because rational agents assume one another’s cooperation. The comparison reveals Gelli as an early, practice‑oriented thinker of conversational reason and linguistic indeterminacy, and Grice as the theorist who formalizes that same intuition into a general, reason‑based account of meaning in conversation.

Grice: “I have rather sloppily used ‘sentence’ for what Cicero calls ‘sentientia’. I argue that ‘sentientia’ is a value-oriented paradeigmatic concept: a ill-formed sentientia is just not a sentientia. I also use ‘sentientia’ as the third level of articulation, my focus having been on ‘word,’ or utterance-part, and sentientia, utterance-whole. I like G.; he is a difficult philosopher, in a typical Italian fashion, mixing semiotics, philosophy, philology, and literature! His reflections on la lingua d’Adamo (lingua adamitica) is genial, and he proposes a distinction, which I often ignore, between lingua dolce, qua expression, or materia, and content, forma. The issue is central for Italians: Tuscan Italian being THE lingua because the sweetest, at least to Florence-born G.’s ears!” Calzolaio filosofo da amateur, Gioccatore di cricket amateur e filosofo profesionale, Discepolo di Francini, Verini, e Ficino, i romani, never i latini, with who is he contrasting them? With the fioreusciti fiorentini like himself, the flourished Florentines, but he prefers lingua toscana; lingua napoletana quite a different thing, he himself cares to translate from napoletana to toscana; into Toschani, thus spelled. And here comes the evangelist myth: Etruria as the cradle of Tuscany, and Hebrew and lingua d’Adamo as lingua primigenia. G. is clear about the nature of lingua, made for ‘uno possa manifestare all’altro i suoi bisogni.’ Accademic, he revels in the dialogic form, of a cooper with his own soul, what about Annici and Cicerone, he asks. They are different. CICERONE makes ‘piu ricca’ the lingua he thought is the ‘piu bella del mondo.’ Annici the same, but the Toschani are not Romani, and so the cooper can do as he wishes!”  sulla difficultà di mettere in regole la nostra lingua, lingua, lingua, Grice on English, idiolect, dialect, Language, Noe origine della lingua lingua fiorentina accademia agl’orti oricellar, la lingua dei romani regole nella PROSA di Cesare nel tempio di Ennio Glauco Svetonio Tacito Virgilio Alighieri. Grice: Caro Gelli, ho spesso riflettuto sul significato di “sententia”, che, mi perdonerai, tendo a confondere con il termine inglese “sentence”. Ma sento che tu, più di chiunque altro, sai quanto sia difficile mettere in regole la nostra lingua: la sua dolcezza, la sua materia, la sua forma… Tutto sembra sfuggire a ogni schema rigido!  Gelli: Ah, caro Grice, la lingua è come il pane caldo: ognuno vuole darle una forma, ma alla fine segue il suo profumo! In Toscana crediamo che la nostra sia la più dolce, ma sappiamo bene che ogni dialetto ha la sua musica. E tradurre dal napoletano al toscano è quasi come cercare la lingua d’Adamo…  Grice: Che immagine splendida, Gelli! In Inghilterra amiamo le regole, ma in fondo anch’io penso che la lingua nasca dalla necessità di manifestare i propri bisogni agli altri, come sostieni tu. E forse proprio la difficoltà di fissare regole rende la nostra conversazione più viva, più vera.  Gelli: Ben detto, amico mio! La lingua, come la vita, cresce nel dialogo. Anche Cicerone cercava di abbellirla, Annici voleva innovare, ma il vero segreto sta nell’ascoltare l’altro e lasciare che ogni parola trovi il suo posto, come fanno i fiorentini nei vicoli di Firenze. In fondo, ogni lingua è un po’ un fiore selvatico! Gelli, Giovan Battista (1549). La Circe, Firenze: Lorenzo Torrentino.

Lucio Gellio (Roma, Lazio):  la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano. The comparison between Grice and Lucio Gellio brings into relief two complementary ways of understanding reason‑governed conversational meaning, one analytical and one emblematic. Gellio, situated in the Roman intellectual world and drawing on the Stoic image of the portico, conceives conversational reason as something essentially situated: thinking, arguing, and speaking well require a protected but public space in which not everything is said indiscriminately, and where context, audience, and circumstance govern what is appropriate to utter. His stress on the portico as a place of listening, selective disclosure, and moderated exchange anticipates the idea that meaning in conversation depends on shared norms and tacit expectations rather than explicit rules alone. Grice, by contrast, abstracts this intuition into a general philosophical theory: conversational meaning is generated by rational cooperation, where speakers assume that utterances are produced for reasons and can therefore convey more than they literally say through implicatures. What Gellio figures metaphorically as the discipline of speaking under the portico—where reason shapes when and how one speaks—Grice formalizes as principles governing conversational conduct. The continuity lies in the shared recognition that conversation is not mere verbal output but a rational practice, structured by norms of relevance, restraint, and mutual intelligibility, even when those norms are not codified in law or grammar. Grice: “At Oxford, ‘stoic’ is in the lips of every historian of philosophy – but few use that lovely Roman metaphor: porch, which is what ‘stoa’ literally means!” Portico. Filosofo italiano. Arriano dedicated the discourses of Epitteto to G., who presumably takes at least an interest in the Porch. GRICEVS: Salve, GELLIVS; Oxoniae “Stoicum” omnes in ore habent, sed pauci meminerunt stoa esse porticum: apud nos, nisi pluat, nemo philosophatur sub dio, ne sub porticu quidem. GELLIVS: Salve, GRICEVS; Roma vero porticibus cogitat, quia sine porticu nihil cogitare licet: et si quis te roget quid sit stoa, responde “tectum ad disputandum” — sic etiam pluvia fit argumentum. GRICEVS: Pulchre; sed miror quod Arrianus Epicteti sermones tibi dicavit: scilicet putavit te porticum amare, non quia Stoicus es, sed quia sub porticu melius auditur — et nemo potest dicere te non fuisse auditor, saltem tectus. GELLIVS: Ita est: ego porticum colo ut tu conversationem; utrumque enim docet hoc unum—non omnia dicenda sunt in foro: quaedam sub porticu, quaedam subridentibus amicis, et quaedam tantum cum ventus tacet. Gellio, Lucio (a. u. c. DCLXXXII). Dicta. Roma.

Ferrante de Gemmis (Terlizzi, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del console. The comparison between Grice and Ferrante de Gemmis highlights two distinct but compatible conceptions of how reason governs conversational meaning, one analytic and one historically situated. De Gemmis, formed within the Italian Enlightenment and steeped in philosophy of history, treats ragione as a guiding light that operates across biography, prejudice, opinion, and historical circumstance; conversation, for him, is implicitly embedded in social roles such as that of the “console,” where what is said carries meanings shaped by authority, context, and shared cultural horizons. This makes conversational implication inseparable from historical and practical reason: utterances convey more than their literal content because speakers and hearers reason together within a web of expectations, traditions, and lived experience. Grice, by contrast, brackets historical narrative and social rank to offer a general theory of conversational meaning grounded in rational agency itself, explaining implicature through cooperative principles and speaker intentions rather than through explicit attention to history. Yet the affinity is clear: where de Gemmis sees reason cultivated collectively around a table, through dialogue that negotiates prejudices and viewpoints, Grice formalizes the same phenomenon as the inferential process by which hearers recover what speakers mean beyond what they strictly say. De Gemmis thus anticipates, in an Enlightenment key, Grice’s insight that conversational meaning is not encoded but inferred, and that reason operates socially, not mechanically, in everyday communication. Grice: “We don’t do philosophy of history at Oxford, since being a ‘philosopher of X’ is considered a term of abuse here!” storia, filosofia della storia. I love G. G. is a good example of how an Italian philosopher differs from a philosophy don at Oxford: ‘don’ is derogatory; whereas de’ Gemmis is a barone! – And he writes about ‘reason,’ ‘ragione’ – with Abate GENOVESI --; unlike a ‘don’ at Oxford who would over-do reason to keep a post at his college! In them days, Italian illuminists take reason very seriously, and possibly ‘light,’ too!” Si laurea a Napoli sotto GENOVESI.  Istituì un gruppo di gioco. Tavola di Storia della Filosofia” Ne scrive la biografia Bisceglia pubblicata nel "Dizionario degli uomini illustri del Regno". Muore a Terlizzi, largamente stimato, ed e sepolto nella cappella nobiliare de G. di Terlizzi. il console, tavola cronologica della storia universal, vita e opinione, prejudici e predilezioni. Grice: Caro de Gemmis, mi ha sempre incuriosito la tua passione per la filosofia della storia. All’Oxford, la storia come disciplina filosofica suscita diffidenza, mentre vedo che per voi illuministi italiani la “ragione” è davvero qualcosa di serio, quasi un ideale da inseguire con tutta l’anima! Gemmis: Grazie, Grice! In Italia, si respira ancora lo spirito dell’Illuminismo: la ragione non è solo uno strumento, ma una luce che ci guida tra i pregiudizi della storia. Forse sarà il sole di Napoli, o il peso delle nostre tradizioni, ma sentiamo il bisogno di riflettere anche sul perché e sul come delle vicende storiche. Grice: Che meraviglia, Gemmis! In Inghilterra, essere chiamato “filosofo di qualcosa” è quasi un’offesa, mentre da voi, essere “barone” della ragione sembra un titolo d’orgoglio. Mi colpisce anche il vostro legame fra filosofia e vita quotidiana, come la tua amicizia con Genovesi e la creazione di circoli di discussione. Da noi, si preferisce disquisire nei corridoi dei college! Gemmis: Forse la differenza sta tutta lì, caro Grice: qui la filosofia vuole essere fatta attorno a una tavola, con pane, vino e buoni amici. La ragione si coltiva insieme, tra biografie, cronache e opinioni diverse. In fondo, come diceva Genovesi, “ragionando insieme si cresce più che soli”. Gemmis, Ferrante de (1766). Lettera sopra la poesia tragica, Napoli: Stamperia Simoniana.

Gennadio (Marsiglia): la ragione cnversazionale e il divino -- In the contrast staged between Grice and Gennadio, Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is resolutely methodological and immanent to communicative practice, whereas Gennadio’s appeal to “conversational reason” remains metaphysically expansive and explicitly theological: for Grice, what governs conversation is not the nature of the soul or its ontological status but shared rational expectations among interlocutors, articulated through intentions, psychological concepts, and norms of cooperation that make meaning inferable without invoking any doctrine of anima, animus, or pneuma. Accordingly, Grice treats talk of the soul as a misplaced metaphysical surplus—something Italians may cherish diachronically, but which does no explanatory work in philosophical psychology—while Gennadio insists that conversation itself gestures toward the divine, understood as the only truly incorporeal being against a background in which souls and even angels remain subtly material. The difference is thus not merely terminological but structural: where Gennadio reads rational conversation as continuous with ancient debates about animus, anima, and pneuma, linking communicative reason to cosmology and theology, Grice deliberately brackets such questions, grounding conversational meaning in ordinary rational agency and leaving “the soul” untranslated, unnamed, and theoretically idle within his account of how interlocutors mean, imply, and understand one another. Grice: “Unlike the English, most of whom know very little about the etymology of ‘soul,’ the Italians take diachrony very seriously. As they point out, the masculine form, ‘animus’, is strictly more correct than the femine form ‘anima’ and then there’s ‘pneuma.’ In my Method in philosophical psychology, while I focus on a PSYCHO-logical theory, and PSYCHO-logical concepts – notably psychological verbs – I do not consider the very question of the ‘soul’ itself!”  Keywords: soul, animus, anima, pneuma. G. argues that what he calls ‘the divine’ is the only incorporeal being, but that every soul -- and indeed every angel -- is material.  animus, anima, pneuma. GRICEVS: Salve, GENNADIVS; audivi te de “ratione conversazionali” et “divino” loqui: Romae philosopharis, Massiliae tamen sapis; utrum animus an anima? an pneuma, quod etiam barbari spirant? GENNADIVS: Salve, GRICEVS; si anima femina est, cur tot viri eam tam anxie definiunt? Ego dico: divinum solum incorporeum; animae autem, et angeli quoque, corpuscula habent—tenuia, sed non nihila. GRICEVS: O dii! Ego in Methodo psychologiae philosophicae verba psychologica persequor, non ipsam “animam”; Itali vero diachroniam colunt ut vinum vetus, et me docent animus esse “correctior”—quasi grammatica salvabit metaphysicam. GENNADIVS: At tu, GRICEVS, salva conversatione salvasti philosophiam: si de anima nimis loquamur, ipsa effugiat; si de animis, omnes irascantur; de pneuma autem—bene: saltem aliquid spiramus dum disputamus. Gennadio (a. u. c. MCC). Dicta. Roma.

Antonio Genovesi (Castiglione del Genovese, Salerno, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della logica. In comparing Grice with Antonio Genovesi, what stands out is that both conceive of rationality as essentially embedded in social exchange, yet they operate at different levels of analysis and with different aims: Genovesi, writing in the mid‑eighteenth century, treats conversazione as a foundational civic practice in which reason, trust, and cooperation are jointly constructed, so that logic, rhetoric, economics, and moral philosophy converge in a theory of communicative exchange governed by natural law, confidence, and calculable reason, where signs mediate between ideas and things and where much of what is communicated depends on shared expectations and implicit understandings within commercial and political life. Grice, by contrast, abstracts from this broader civil and economic framework to articulate a formally precise account of how conversational meaning is reason‑governed through speaker intentions, cooperative norms, and inferential principles, introducing the modern notion of implicature to explain how what is meant systematically exceeds what is said without appeal to metaphysical or civic theories of trust. Where Genovesi views conversational rationality as a lived, normative practice sustaining social order and mutual recognition among “civil” agents, Grice reconceives it as a structure of rational accountability internal to discourse itself, replacing rhetoric and moral pedagogy with a minimally psychological, quasi‑logical model of inference, while nonetheless converging with Genovesi in the core idea that communication is intelligible only against a background of shared reason, cooperation, and expectations that are not explicitly stated but tacitly relied upon in every genuine exchange. Grice: “It’s difficult to read G., because he tends to be so consdescending towards his audience – as if he were LECTURING to them! scambio conversazionale. I like G.. G. is a good’un – he reminds me of Oxford – his treatise on logic he called ‘per gli giovenetti,’ which is, as Piaget would say, as it would. G. reminds me of Strawson, or rather of myself teaching logic to Strawson back in that infamous term of 1938! I like G.; I don’t think Socrates taught logic to Alcebiades; he couldn’t teach since the ‘dialogue’ is hardly the way to do it; and then Socrates did not teach logic to Plato; Plato did not teach logic to Aristotle, since the dialogue is not the way to go – so it is possibly Aristotle who first ‘taught’ logic to Alexander – this would indicate that he felt the need to change the form from silly dialogical exchanges to actual propositions that Alexander could swallow – “Sign” is what stands for something – a word is the sign of an idea – the idea is the sign for a thing.” – and so on. “Some things imply others; others IMPLICATE others. G. has an interesting bunch of things to say about logic, but then any writer of a ‘tractatulus’ in logic would: so he explores the natural/conventional distinction as applied to signs, and then the affirmation and negation, and pragmatic concerns with obscurity and ambiguity – and sophismata – and complex ‘causal’ propositions, -- quite a genius – and if a palaeo-Griceian, if I may myself say so!” Si laurea a Bucino sotto Abbamonte. Studia Catone e Varrone. Insegna a Salerno. Rettorica. Conosce Doti, VICO. Elementa Metaphysicae” language of commerce languages of political theory tra l'uomo "civile" e la natura: alcuni problemi di "police" in G. Natura e sensibilità fiducia Le strategie della fiducia. Indagini sulla razionalità della co-operazione, Legge di natura e calcolo della ragione L'universo comunicativo logica critica della ragione economica, scambio conversazionale. Grice: Caro Genovesi, devo confessarti la mia ammirazione per il modo in cui affronti la comunicazione e la logica: il tuo approccio sembra davvero illuminante! Qui a Oxford, ahimè, ci arrivano solo le onde più turbolente dell’empirismo e del sensismo, e spesso ci dimentichiamo del valore della conversazione autentica.  Genovesi: Grazie, Grice! Per me, il dialogo è alla base del pensiero: la logica non è solo un insieme di regole, ma un esercizio di fiducia e cooperazione tra uomini. Ogni scambio conversazionale è una piccola avventura verso la verità comune, e la ragione si costruisce insieme, non in solitudine.  Grice: Hai ragione, caro amico! Mi affascina la tua distinzione tra naturale e convenzionale nei segni, e come tu sappia trattare ambiguità e sfumature senza condiscendenza. Da noi, inseguendo solo i fatti e le sensazioni, spesso perdiamo il gusto della sottigliezza e della complessità.  Genovesi: È proprio questa complessità che rende la logica viva, Grice! La conversazione è fatta non solo di affermazioni e negazioni, ma anche di implicature, di fiducia e di strategie sottili; e forse, come diceva Vico, la vera ragione non sta nei numeri, ma nella parola condivisa tra amici. Genovesi, Antonio (1745). Della diceosina ovvero della filosofia del giusto e dell’onesto, Napoli: Giovanni di Simone.

Bartolomeo Fallamonica Gentile (Taggia, Imperia, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale d’Enea all’inferno. In comparing Grice with Bartolomeo Fallamonica Gentile, the contrast is between a modern, analytically explicit theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and a late‑humanist, poetic dramatization of rational communication as a philosophical journey: Fallamonica, deeply shaped by Dante and Lullo, figures reason as something enacted through narrative descent and ascent, where implicature is not a technical notion but a literary effect produced by allusion, parody, and allegorical excess, as in his Virgilian Eneas who understands more than is said while moving through infernal scenes populated by Aristotle and the great chain of philosophical transmission. For Gentile, conversazione belongs to the continuum of ars and natura: art refines natural reason, but does not replace it, just as ars amandi presupposes instincts already at work, and the reader’s understanding depends on shared cultural knowledge rather than formal rules. Grice, by contrast, strips conversational reason of its cosmological and poetic setting and redescribes it as a system of rational expectations governing ordinary talk, where implicatures arise from the hearer’s recognition of cooperative intentions and maxims rather than from mythic descent or rhetorical spectacle. Yet the affinity is real: both assume that meaning systematically exceeds what is explicitly said, that rational communication relies on what interlocutors can be trusted to infer, and that conversational understanding is an achievement of practical reason; the difference lies in form and ambition, with Gentile presenting implicature as a comic‑philosophical experience staged through catabasis and allegory, and Grice translating that same surplus of meaning into a post‑natural, rule‑governed account of how reasoning agents make sense of one another in everyday conversation. Grice: “Surely a squirrel does not need to learn the ‘arns amandi’ – many things that the Italians call ‘artificial’ I merely call post-natural!” ars/natura, ars amandi. It seems every philosopher has a catabasis – as Eneas did! G. spends a ‘stagione’ in hell, too! I do like G.– the way he makes ‘Aristoteil’ rhyme! “E vidi alfin colui, che fra’ mortali / più degno par di tutto quell Collegio, / levarsi contra tutti, e batter l’ali; / dico Aristotil. F. is interesting: there is Socrates teaching Alcibiades, and Socrates teaching Plato, and Plato teaching Aristotle, and Aristotle teaching Alexander!” It is, all’ALIGHIERI, a fun philosophical comedy!: Tale è l'analisi che ci ha data del poema del Falamonica Spatorno. Non poteva questa essere più ampia dovendo costituire parte di un articolo della sua Opera. Ma egli ha lasciato maggior desiderio del medesimo, poi chè pare anoi, che altri passi, e forse più felici, dovrebb'esso contenere, se, come dicegli, questo poema dopo la Commedia di Dante, e prima dell'Orlando furioso dee tenersi per la migliore composizione poetica che in quel l'intervallo l'Italia abbia avuta. Noi speriamo che il signor di Negro lo comunicherà al Pubblico colle stampe. E vidi alfin colui che fra’ mortali più degno par di tutto quell collegio levarsi contra tutti e batter l’ali. Dico Aristotil posto in sì gran pregio di lor filosofanti un lume acceso E pur dal ciel si trova dato in spregio si ch’io restai fra me tutto sospeso con l’alma or. Enea all’inferno, parodies of the Divine Comedy, Raimondo Lullo, Bruno e Lullo, il libro dell’amante e dell’amato, ars amativa. Commedia filosofica.   Grice: Caro Gentile, mi affascina il modo in cui tu intrecci la ragione conversazionale con le imprese di Enea all’Inferno. Credi davvero che ogni filosofo debba attraversare la propria “stagione infernale”, come l’eroe virgiliano? Gentile: Grice, hai colto nel segno! La traversata dell’inferno, per chi riflette, è quasi un rito di passaggio. In fondo, come diceva Dante, anche i grandi filosofi devono affrontare il buio per scorgere il lume della ragione. La “commedia filosofica” non è altro che il viaggio tra ombra e luce, tra dubbio e chiarezza. Grice: Che bella immagine, Gentile! E a proposito, trovo irresistibile quella tua ironia sull’ars amandi: forse, come dici tu, la natura e l’arte si fondono, e anche gli animali sanno amare senza lezioni. Ma secondo te, la conversazione è più arte o più natura? Gentile: Ah, caro Grice, la conversazione è il ponte fra l’arte e la natura! Ci vuole istinto, ma anche la grazia dell’ascolto e della parola scelta. Un po’ come Aristotele che, con la sua saggezza, “batte le ali” tra i mortali e illumina il cammino di chi cerca verità. In fondo, ogni dialogo è una piccola catabasi: si scende nel profondo per poi risalire più ricchi. Gentile, Bartolomeo Fallamonica (1514). Canti. Genova.

Marino Gentile (Trieste, Friuli Venezia Giuli): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. In comparing Grice with Marino Gentile, the difference emerges between an analytically formal theory of conversational reason and a classical, humanistic conception of philosophy as an ongoing practice of radical questioning: Gentile understands rationality less as a set of rules governing discourse than as problematicità pura, a permanent openness that defines philosophical life itself and that finds expression in dialogue, education, and the historically continuous use of classical categories such as number in Plato and the unmoved mover in Aristotle. For Gentile, conversational reason is inseparable from paideia, from the cultivation of the whole person through questioning that resists definitive closure, so that what might be called “conversational implicature” takes the form of what is always left unsaid, suspended between one question and the next, rather than something codified or derived by rule. Grice, by contrast, seeks to explain how everyday speakers successfully communicate despite this indeterminacy by articulating principles of rational cooperation and implicature that make implicit meaning systematically recoverable within ordinary language use. Yet the affinity is striking: both reject philosophy as a closed system, both see reason as something enacted in shared practices rather than imposed from outside, and both take Aristotle seriously as a guide to the structure of thought; where Gentile elevates questioning itself to the core of classical rationality, Grice translates that same commitment to rational accountability into a post-natural theory of how interlocutors mean more than they say by relying on shared norms of reasoning within conversation. Grice: “There is such a slight difference between the Greek words ‘philosophos’ and ‘sophista’ that I have decided to replace every occurrence of ‘sophista’ by ‘philosophista’ and see what happens! sophist, philosopher. I love G.; like me, he is interested in Aristotle’s immotum motor, and the idea of number in Plato – but he extends his views to all the rest of philosophy of language; if Vitters wrote a ‘trattato,’ so did G.!” Si laurea a Pisa sotto Carlini. Insegna a Trieste. idee numeri lizio G. occupa sicuramente un posto importante nella storia della filosofia del secolo scorso, ma – se fin dall’inizio non vogliamo avanzare discorsi di carattere celebrativo o commemorativo, quanto innanzitutto teoretico forse dovremmo dire che egli occupa un posto importante nella storia della filosofia. La ragione per cui vale la pena di rinnovare, anche in questa sede, la riflessione sul maestro patavino, è che egli ci rimette davanti alla struttura essenziale del filosofare. La sua concezione della filosofia come problematicità pura si di-mostra infatti quale dice di essere, veramente classica, in quanto, evidenziando in tale problematicità quella che non può non essere considerata la caratteristica del filosofare, mostra di possedere essa stessa un valore permanente ed ricerca di classicità, si attua come paideia, cioè come sforzo di realizzare nelle più diverse situazioni storiche l’essenza dell’uomo, non un sistema compiuto, ma una sollecitazione a riprendere la ricerca sulla verità della persona, espressione di quel domandare radicale in cui si traduce ogni impegno filosofico. Considerando l’essere umano nella sua integralità, l’umanesimo, anziché contrapporsi, si possa intrecciare anche in ambito scolastico. L’indicazione è di preziosa attualità e ci fornisce un’altra conferma della potenza del domandare filosofico. Il domandare vigorosamente rinnovarsi.. In un scambio di ruoli, persiste a interrogarci. storia della filosofia period antico – filosofia romana, la preghiera segno dei romani itali antici pre-sofistica pre-Leonzio uso di classico in latino classico, filosofisti filosofisma. Grice: Caro Gentile, da buon inglese, confesso che la differenza tra “filosofista” e “sofista” mi sfugge come il senso del tè freddo. Dimmi: preferisci domandare in modo problematico o rispondere con numeri platonici? Gentile: Ah, caro Grice, la domanda è il vero pane della filosofia! Se ti dessi una risposta definitiva, sarebbe come servire una pizza senza mozzarella: manca il cuore! La mia classicità è tutta nell’arte di chiedere e ricercare, anche se i numeri di Platone fanno sempre la loro figura. Grice: Gentile, allora la tua filosofia è come una pizza margherita: semplice all’apparenza, ma ricca di gusto in ogni fetta! Dici che la problematicità è la vera classicità, ma ti sei mai trovato a domandare tanto da rimanere senza risposta, come un pizzaiolo senza farina? Gentile: Grice, capita spesso! Ma è proprio lì che nasce la vera filosofia: nel vuoto tra una domanda e l’altra, come il profumo del forno acceso. E poi, se manca la farina, basta cambiare ricetta: il pensiero filosofico, come il pane fresco, si rinnova ogni giorno, anche quando sembra fragile! Gentile, Marino (1928). Cultura classica e formazione Cristiana. Studium

Bruno Gentili (Valmontone, Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia romana arcaica. Both H. P. Grice and Bruno Gentili arrive at a conception of meaning as reason-governed and inferential, but they approach it from strikingly different starting points that nonetheless converge. Grice develops his theory of conversational meaning by treating communication as a rational, cooperative activity: what is meant goes beyond what is said through implicatures that an audience is entitled to recover by assuming the speaker’s rationality and orientation toward shared ends. Gentili, working as a classicist and historian of archaic Rome, identifies a structurally comparable phenomenon in early Roman culture, where sense is generated not by abstract system-building but by socially embedded practices—metrical, rhetorical, and civic—in which interlocutors rely on shared norms and expectations to grasp what is conveyed beyond the literal form. Where Grice theorizes implicature in explicit philosophical terms, Gentili reconstructs it historically, showing how Roman discourse presupposed a form of communal rationality rooted in the forum, the law court, and public performance rather than in Greek σχολή. For Gentili, Roman thought is not merely Hellenistic philosophy in translation, but a distinct mode of reasoning in which meaning is negotiated through culturally stabilized cues, silences, and formal constraints; for Grice, those same features are abstracted into principles and maxims governing any rational exchange. The comparison reveals a deep affinity: Grice provides the explicit analytic framework for what Gentili uncovers philologically in Roman antiquity—a conception of meaning as something achieved through reasoned inference within a shared form of life, whether described as conversational cooperation or as the civic rationality of early Rome. Grice: “I seldom use ‘rhetoric,’ but Leech has: calling my thing a conversational rhetoric – I guess I like that! I love G., and Austin and Ryle do too – he is a classicist – from central Italy therefore he FEELS Roman – he has explored the beginnings of philosophical thinking in Lazio, as opposed to the old schools of Velia, Crotone, and Girgenti! I know G.’s type: once in love with Greek, you cannot be an honest Latinist. So he finds that everything Roman has to be Hellenistic, see his notes on the Saturnio. This of course irrirtates and rightly so Latinists. There are Roman ways which are not Hellenistic ways. Geymonat analyses this in social-class terms in his history: Athens remains the finishing school for the ‘figli’ of the ‘migliore famiglie romane’ – and the circle of Scipione is pro-hellenic, but Cato wins: Latin remains the lingo! It also shows the unfairness of academia for the poor – only the poor learn at Oxford, and I was fortunate enough to have Hardie – but imagine you are born near Urbino and decide to study classics at Urbino and you have G. as your teacher in “Latin literature” and all he teaches you is how Hellenistic it all is! I hope you are not poor and that you don’t have to LEARN at Urbino!” Si laurea  a Roma sotto Mercati e Perrotta. Isegna a Urbino. Conosce Romagnoli, la storia di Agatia. filologia metrica latina ritmica. Influenza significativamente gli allora della filologica latina capitolina, tra cui Rossi e Privitera che ricorda come quelle lezioni non avevano il tono pacato delle lezioni ex cathedra. Come docente, G. era bifronte. Si può, anzi, dire che bifronte fosse sempre; secondo i casi poteva essere flessibile o intransigente, Basava l'insegnamento sulle sue ricerche.  metrica, lirici: antologia Polinnia, Bacchilide. di Ancreonte, Poetae elegiaci. implicature, il rettore latino la chiasura della scuola di rettorica a Roma di Crasso e Plozio Cicerone una perdita di tempo che chiude le teste dei Romani. G.: Apri!, la rettorica a roma: i primi e gl’ultimi semestri la guerra di Mario pell’apertura della cittadanza agl’italici. Grice: Gentili, mi ha sempre incuriosito come lei parli della filosofia romana arcaica senza ridurla a semplice imitazione dell’ellenismo. Secondo lei, esiste davvero una via “romana” al pensiero filosofico?  Gentili: Caro Grice, la via romana esiste eccome! I Romani, anche nei primi passi della loro filosofia, cercarono sempre di adattare ciò che veniva dalla Grecia alla loro indole concreta e al senso della comunità. La retorica, ad esempio, fu subito vista come arte civile, più che come puro esercizio stilistico.  Grice: Mi colpisce come lei faccia dialogare la metrica latina e la filosofia, quasi fossero due ali dello stesso pensiero. Crede che la scuola romana abbia perso con la chiusura delle retoriche di Crasso e Plauzio?  Gentili: In parte sì, Grice. Quella chiusura ha segnato la fine di una stagione di apertura culturale, ma ha anche stimolato una nuova creatività. Sa come si dice dalle nostre parti? “Quando una porta si chiude, si apre un portone.” E così è stato per la filosofia romana: ha saputo reinventarsi, sempre tra rigore e flessibilità. Gentili, Bruno (1963). Poesia e pubblico nella Grecia antica, Bari: Laterza.

Luodvico Geymonat (Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del temperamento romano. Both H. P. Grice and Ludovico Geymonat conceive reason as something exercised in concrete practices rather than as an abstract faculty detached from life, but they articulate this insight at different levels. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning treats communication as a rational, cooperative activity in which speakers and hearers rely on shared expectations to infer what is meant beyond what is literally said; implicature, for him, is the clearest sign that reason operates within ordinary exchanges as a form of disciplined practicality. Geymonat, approaching the issue historically and culturally, locates a comparable rationality in what he calls the Roman temperament: a form of reason grounded in action, law, probability, and the use of Latin as a working language of thought rather than a vehicle for speculative abstraction. Where Grice formalizes the inferential structure that allows interlocutors to recover hidden meaning, Geymonat reconstructs the same logic of inference as a historically embodied habit, visible in Roman attitudes toward causality, mathematics, and practical epistemology. Both resist idealist or purely speculative accounts of reason—Grice from within analytic philosophy, Geymonat from a neo‑rationalist, materialist historiography—and both emphasize continuity: for Grice, the continuity of rational cooperation across conversations; for Geymonat, the continuity of rational practices from classical Rome through modern science. Read together, Geymonat provides the historical and cultural depth to what Grice supplies in analytic form: the idea that reason, whether in conversation or in philosophy, is always governed, exercised, and tested within concrete human practices rather than above them. Grice: “Unlike others, including myself, I fear, G. has talked the talk and walked the walk when it comes to the systematicity and continuity in the history of philosophy! storia della filosofia. I like G. – he calls himself a neo-rationalist, like Canova – whereas I go for the real thing! Plato! G. explores the origin of infinity in the triangle of Tartaglia. G. explores what he calls ‘the images of man.’ G. has a curious essay on darkness (‘tenebre’) – and a longer essay on ‘reason.’ Like me, G. explores the philosophy of probability – from Latin ‘probare’ – and he was an anti-fascista!”–D’ascendenza valdese, di laurea a Torino sotto Pastore e Fubini colla conoscenza nel positivismo e le funzioni trascendenti intere. Une filosofia e logica, contra Gentile e Croce. “La filosofia della natura”  e “indirizzi della filosofia.”  comunista,. Insegna a Milano. razionalista positivismo temi tipici del positivismo. realtà oggettiva materialismo dialettico.  Interpreta la concezione della matematica di BONAIUTO  come un strumento d'interpretazione della realtà. causalità, probabilità, il continuo, l’intuizione, epistemologia. Politicamente fu of people the Romans might conquer – nothing about foreign distant lands! The second most notable remark is then that Scipione Emiliano paid lip service to the Hellens – Catone’s ‘resistenza’ won in the end – as is seen by the mere fact that Latin was retained as the lingua romana – in romano – unlike the Empire of the East where Greek was adopted So, ‘philosophy’, as we know it, had an Italic origin, and is molded in the language of the conquering Romans! ragione -- temperamento romano – concretto – pratico – Catone – il trionfo di Catone colla lingua latina – la gioventu romana entusiasta con Carneade – I Scipioni ellenisante – la gioventu delle megliore familie – grand tour a Grecia! -- il teorema di Picard, il teorema di Caratheodory per le funzione armoniche.  Grice: Geymonat, la sua attenzione al temperamento romano e al pragmatismo della filosofia italiana mi ha sempre incuriosito. Secondo lei, cosa rende la ragione romana così diversa da quella greca?  Geymonat: Grazie, Grice! Credo che la ragione romana sia fortemente radicata nella concretezza e nella pratica. Se i Greci indagavano l’essenza dell’infinito, i Romani preferivano la solidità della lingua latina e la costruzione del diritto, come insegnava Catone. Da noi il pensiero si accompagna sempre all’azione.  Grice: Mi affascina anche la sua riflessione sulla continuità nella storia della filosofia. Lei parla di “immagini dell’uomo”—quanto pensa che la filosofia debba essere radicata nella realtà storica, piuttosto che nell’astrazione pura?  Geymonat: Per me la filosofia non può mai abbandonare la realtà storica. La ragione si plasma nel tempo e nello spazio, e anche la matematica—che ho tanto amato—è uno strumento per interpretare la realtà. La pratica e il contesto sono ciò che dà senso alle idee, non solo la loro astrattezza. “La ragione romana è fatta di terra e di parola: senza entrambe, non si può costruire nulla.” Geymonat, Ludovico (1931). Il problema della conoscenza nel positivismo, Bari: Laterza.

A. M. Ghersi – filosofia savonese – scuola di Savona – filosofia ligure -- filosofia italiana –  (Celle Ligure). philosopher -- curator of  at Villa Grice, . Ghersi has an interest in Grice’s philosophybut finds Strawson pretty enjoyable, too!Theere’s something about the Oxonian nonsensical philosophical humour that Ghersi appreciates like none other. Ghersi often makes candid fun of some of Grice’s inventions, such as that of the conversational “common-ground status”!Ghersi enjoys the full-time paradoxes of the bald king of France. Ghersi’s favourite humorist is J. K. Jerome, but also enjoys Wodehouse.And finds Dodgson just fascinating is mainly organised along Ghersis’s personal tastes, as a personal library should!Ghersi is not particularly appreciative of poetry, but will enjoy the ballad set to piano! Ghersi’s favourite genre is drama, since “it is so clear in implicature.” Grice is a frequent contributor to cultural circles and societies and a host like none otherSperanza appreciates Ghersi’s talent to infuse enthusiasm in all type of endeavours --. Keywords: love, soul, life, inghilterra. GriceGhersi e GriceGrice e Watson --. Refs. BANC MSS 90/135c. Vide Speranza.Vide SperanzaVide SperanzaVide Speranza. – .  Ghersi, A. M. (n. d.). Il Gruppo di Gioco di H. P. Grice. Portofino, Liguria.

Guido Fubini Ghiron (Venezia, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Guido Fubini Ghiron’s intellectual temperament converge in their shared insistence that rationality lives in practice rather than in detached abstraction, even though they operate in different registers. For Grice, reason is enacted in conversation through cooperative norms that govern how speakers infer what is meant beyond what is said; conversational implicature is a disciplined exercise of practical rationality, sensitive to context, purpose, and shared expectations. Fubini Ghiron, by contrast, embodies a structurally analogous rationality within mathematics and its applications: his work across differential geometry, analysis, probability, and mathematical physics treats reason as something tested in use—across transformations, functions, and concrete problem‑solving—rather than as a self‑contained formal system. Where Grice articulates the inferential mechanics that allow meaning to emerge from interaction, Fubini Ghiron displays the same logic of inference in a different medium, moving fluidly between abstract structures and applied demands, from automorphic functions to artillery accuracy and acoustics. Both resist idealist separation between theory and use: Grice by anchoring meaning in conversational practice, Fubini Ghiron by treating mathematics as an instrument for interpreting reality, not an end in itself. Read together, Fubini Ghiron’s “conversational reason” in mathematics mirrors Grice’s philosophical project: reason is not merely possessed, but exercised—governed by norms, responsive to context, and validated by what it successfully makes intelligible. Noto soprattutto per il teorema che porta il suo nome. fondatore della geometria proiettiva differenziale, ma ha dato contributi importanti anche all'analisi e alla fisica matematica, in particolare occupandosi di gruppi continui e discontinui, funzioni automorfe, calcolo delle variazioni, equazioni differenziali ed equazioni integrali. Si laurea a Pisa sotto Dini e Bianchi col parallelismo negli spazi ellittici. Insegna a Torino. dimostrazione del teorema per cui è particolarmente noto, anche se Fubini stesso non considerò mai quel risultato fra i suoi più importanti. In questo periodo le sue ricerche si rivolsero soprattutto all'analisi matematica e più in particolare alle equazioni differenziali, all'analisi funzionale all'analisi complessa e alle funzioni automorfe. Ma si dedicò anche al calcolo delle variazioni, alla teoria dei gruppi discontinui, alla geometria non euclidea e alla geometria proiettiva. Suoi allievi, oltre a Čech, sono Terracini e Togliatti. Allo scoppio della prima guerra mondiale G. spostò la sua attenzione su questioni più applicative e studiò l'accuratezza del fuoco dell'artiglieria. Dopo la guerra continuò a interessarsi di applicazioni della matematica e applicò suoi risultati a problemi dei circuiti elettrici e dell'acustica. Quando Fubini era quasi sessantenne e vicino al pensionamento, il governo fascista, imitando il regime nazista, adottò leggi razziali. Fubini, in quanto ebreo, si trasferì negli Stati Uniti accettando un invito a insegnare all'Università di Princeton. Quattro anni dopo morì a New York. Opere Il parallelismo di Clifford negli spazi ellittici, «Annali della Scuola normale superiore di Pisa». Sopra una classe di equazioni che ammettono come caso particolare le equazioni delle membrane e delle piastre sonore nota, «Rendiconti del Reale Istituto lombardo di scienze e lettere. Sui gruppi di proiettività, «Rendiconti dell’Accademia nazionale dei Lincei, Classe di scienze fisiche, matematic he e naturali». Una questione fondamentale per la teoria dei gruppi e delle funzioni automorfe, Fubini. Aggiunse al proprio cognome quello della moglie, Ghiron. Grice: Ghiron, mi hanno raccontato che tra geometria proiettiva e calcolo delle variazioni sa destreggiarsi meglio di un pizzaiolo che lancia l’impasto: ma quale teorema vorrebbe vedere servito come antipasto a una cena di matematici? Ghiron: Caro Grice, sicuramente il teorema che porta il mio nome, anche se dicono che Fubini lo considerasse più contorno che piatto forte! L’importante è che nessuno confonda le funzioni automorfe con le fette di salame sulla pizza! Grice: Ah, vede, da noi a Oxford se sbagli una funzione differenziale rischi che ti tolgano il tè delle cinque! Ma lei, dopo la guerra, preferiva risolvere problemi acustici o controllare che l’artiglieria facesse centro sulla base degli integrali? Ghiron: Diciamo che la matematica è come la pizza: cambia condimento a seconda del periodo, ma resta sempre una buona scusa per discutere tutta la notte! E comunque, la dimostrazione migliore è quella che risolve sia un’equazione che un problema di stomaco vuoto. Ghiron, Guido Fubini (1899). Sui gruppi di trasformazioni delle varietà ellittiche. Rendiconti della Accademia dei Lincei, Roma.

Arcangelo Ghisleri (Casina Sant’Alberto, Ravenna, Emilia Romagna): la ragione conversazioanale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’atlante filosofico – Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Arcangelo Ghisleri’s “philosophical atlas” converge on the idea that rationality is exercised through situated practices rather than abstract systems, though they articulate this insight in different domains. Grice locates reason in the fine structure of conversation, where speakers rely on shared norms to generate implicatures that allow meaning to exceed literal form, making rational understanding a cooperative and context‑sensitive activity. Ghisleri, working across geography, history, philosophy, and political theory, advances an analogous conception of reason as embodied in maps, regions, dialects, and civic education: rational understanding emerges from tracing how language, territory, and historical memory interact within lived political space. His insistence that Italy be studied “region by region, dialect by dialect” mirrors Grice’s attention to idiolect and local usage, while his reflection on the pen and the sword anticipates Grice’s sensitivity to metaphor, implicature, and the shift from comparison to assertion when a linguistic marker is elided. Where Grice theorizes how rational agents infer unstated meaning in dialogue, Ghisleri stages a broader civic conversation, using cartography and historical narrative to implicate political conclusions without dogmatic assertion. In both cases, reason is not imposed from above but drawn out through practices—conversational for Grice, geographic‑historical for Ghisleri—that invite the interlocutor or citizen to complete what is only partially said. -- federalismo contro-rivoluzione – lo stato. Grice: “I borrowed ‘idiolect’ from Bloch – but then I realized that ‘Oxonian dia-lect’ would do just as fine!” idiolect. Whereas to many, G.’s best work is that on Ancient Rome and counter-revolution, I treasure the details: ‘the pen is like a sword’ – ‘the pen and the sword.’ “The pen is my sword.’ Note that the first is a mere simile – as used by G., but his executor turns it into a metaphor just by eliding the ‘like’ (“come”). I like Ghisleri – a typical Italian philosopher; wrote on geography, on ‘la penna d’oca,” and a fabulous history of Roman philosophy! He was into politics, too!” Dobbiamo rifare la nostra educazione politica e civile sulla base di una nuova e più razionale conoscenza del nostro paese. Dobbiamo studiare l'Italia regione per regione, ne' suoi dialetti. Allora si era sentito mortificato nel constatare che nelle scuole italiane venivano adottati atlanti stranieri, assai carenti nel trattare la geografia storica dell'Italia. Piccolo manuale di geografia storica, un testo-atlante che desse il dovuto rilievo all'evoluzione storico-geografica dell'Italia. Istituto italiano d'arti grafiche e s'impose nel settore della cartografia. G. concepì il suo atlante in modo da offrire per una stessa regione molteplici carte e cartine con le denominazioni e le divisioni topografiche proprie di ogni epoca. L'apparizione dell'atlantesalutata dalle lodi di esperti e studiosi, suscita anche riserve di parte del mondo accademico, che rimprovera a G. superficialità e la commistione tra la geografia fisica e la storia dei popoli, delle civiltà, delle esplorazioni, dei commerci. Commistione ricercata dal G. che, in polemica con il tradizionale approccio alla geografia senza sentirsi condizionato dai limiti dei programmi scolastici, persegue metodi province. atlante filosofico, tavola storia romana, eta romana – classe V ginnasiale -- storia romana e filosofia, memoria di Cattaneo, rivoluzione con Rensi – Mazzini, mazziniano – lo stato italiano – stato federale – federazione, storia romana e filosofia. Grice: Caro Ghisleri, ho sempre trovato affascinante come tu abbia unito geografia, storia e filosofia nel tuo atlante. Trovi che questa commistione renda più viva la conoscenza del nostro paese? Ghisleri: Grazie, Professore Grice! Credo fermamente che per capire l’Italia sia necessario osservarla nei suoi dettagli, regione per regione, dialetto per dialetto. Solo così, la storia prende vita nelle mappe e la filosofia diventa concreta. Grice: Mi ha colpito anche la tua riflessione sulla penna e la spada. Pensi che oggi la parola abbia ancora il potere di cambiare la società, come un tempo la spada? Ghisleri: Assolutamente, Grice! “La penna è la mia spada” non è solo una metafora, ma una dichiarazione di fiducia nell’educazione e nella conoscenza. Solo con nuove mappe, nuovi atlanti e nuove idee possiamo davvero rinnovare la nostra vita civile e politica. Ghisleri, Arcangelo (1879). Il socialismo e la scienza positiva, Milano: Tipografia Sociale.

Elia Giardini (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Elia Giardini’s rhetorical pragmatics meet at a shared classical insight: human rationality is constituted as much by how we articulate thought as by the thought itself. Giardini, drawing on Ciceronian rhetoric and early modern elocutio, treats reasoning and speaking as inseparable capacities that bind human society, insisting that persuasion depends not merely on logical correctness but on memory, delivery, clarity, and restraint—what he calls the governed difficulty of true eloquence. Grice recasts this tradition in analytic terms by isolating the normative mechanisms that make everyday talk intelligible, showing how cooperation, relevance, and rational expectations generate implicature beyond literal meaning. What Giardini frames as rhetorical art—balancing stimulus and restraint, pronuncia and giudizio—Grice translates into conversational maxims and inferential discipline. Both resist the idea that meaning is carried solely by explicit form: Giardini emphasizes how eloquence succeeds where mere speaking fails, while Grice explains this success through reasoned inference rather than ornament. In this sense, Grice’s conversational pragmatics can be read as a modern extension of Giardini’s conversational rhetoric: rhetoric purified of excess psychology and rearticulated as a theory of rational interaction, where perspicuitas is not stylistic clarity alone but the shared rational visibility that allows speakers and hearers to meet in meaning. Grice: “I love G.– most of my examples come from him, even his meta-language, like ‘perspicuitas’!” ELEMENTI DELL’ARTE RETTORICA Umanità' Pavia . DELLA ELOCUZIONE, L lA fhcoJtà di ragionare, e d’ cfpriincre con articolate voci i pròpri (èntimenti , c di co- ftiufiicarli per mezzo 'di quelle agii altri , è quellà , che diftingué T uomo dal recante degli animali, e che forma il principal vincolo dell’umana ibcietà(i}. Avvegnaché però quefto fu Un dono ^1 benefico Autore della natura a tut- ta la fpecie de^li uomini compartito ; pure non in tutti qualmente Una tal facoltà manìfefta le fue fòrze , e i fuoi'effctti produce , Tutti ragio- nano^ tutti parlano, e pochiflìmi fon quelli» che col proprio difcorfo arrivano a perfuadere; il che fenza dubbio è chiariffimo argomento, die qu^to incile lì è il parlare, altrettanto dif- fBcile iì è il parlare con vera Eloquenza In- 0 } Hoc UDO honincs maxime befliia praeflant .... Q.uz th alia potoit aur dirperfot homines unum in locum congrc. t*re, auc s fera, agreflique vita ad hunc humanum cnltum, «ìvilemqHe deducere, aut jam cooflitutìa civitatìbus legea iadieia , jura de&rtbere * Ctc. Lii. T; De Orat. Qaibus de caufis, quia non iure miretiir , fcriveTtil- liéiteti. cap.^ ex omni memoria statum , lempo- rum , civiiatum , cam exiguura Oratorum nunerum iaveoi- rìf e eenténtde fimalmente al e. 5. quia enim.aiiad effe puter, nifi tei quandam iocrcdlbilem magniiudmcm , dim- a a ciii* Intefero quefto i primi fìlofofi , che attenta- mente confiderando i mirabili prodigi dalla na- tura operati ‘fpecialmeme nell’ uomo, .videro, che , ficcome in alcuni ella abbifognava di fti- iTiolo, cosi uopo aveva in altri di freno (0. Coir arte penfarono dunque di fupplire al difet- to della natura iftelTa ; e di memoria , leggiadria di portamento , e Soavità di pronundazione. Ma perchè l’arte può velo- cemente incamminarci Sulla retta via , e Sommini- strarci Solo i tefori dell’ eloquenza ; ed al noftro giudizio poi appartiene Casi conchiude dettone le fut Partizioni Oratorie ./ - I * V f 4 I t t . I j ? \ * t < 1 ( «r . » ^o» 1 Hi. prammatica come rettorica conversazionale. Grice: Giardini, devo confessare che la sua teoria sull’eloquenza mi ha sempre affascinato. Ma mi dica, secondo lei, si può convincere qualcuno anche solo offrendo una buona pizza?Giardini: Caro Grice, la pizza è senza dubbio un potente argomento, ma la vera arte sta nel modo in cui la si presenta! Se la pronuncia è soave e la memoria tiene il conto degli ingredienti, il successo è assicurato.Grice: Ah, quindi, basta parlare bene e gesticolare come un vero romano per trasformare ogni cena in una lezione di eloquenza? Forse dovrei portare qualche britannico a scuola da lei!Giardini: Sarebbe una gran bella scena, Grice! Ma attenzione: troppi gesti e troppa pizza rischiano di confondere gli Oratori. L’importante è mantenere il freno, come diceva la natura… e magari lasciare sempre spazio per il dessert! Giardini, Elia (1923). Il pensiero filosofico di Elia Giardini, Firenze: Sansoni.

Enrico Giamboni: la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning aligns closely with Enrico Giamboni’s project of a “grammatica ragionata” insofar as both treat language as an organized practice grounded in rational faculties rather than as a mere system of signs. Giamboni’s Principii del discorso aim to discipline speaking by systematically associating words with the things they represent and by rooting grammar in attention, memory, judgement, and reasoning, so that correct speech becomes inseparable from clear thinking and effective persuasion. Grice radicalizes and streamlines this insight by shifting the focus from grammatical classification to the inferential norms that govern actual discourse: what matters for him is not only how propositions are formed but how speakers, relying on shared rational principles, convey more than they explicitly say through implicature. What Giamboni calls clarity, force, and harmony in the construction of discourse, Grice reconstrued as cooperation, relevance, and rational expectation operating dynamically in conversation. Both see discourse as a human achievement grounded in reason and mental discipline, but where Giamboni frames this achievement as an explicit pedagogical and rhetorical system adapted to a particular language, Grice abstracts from grammar to articulate a general theory of rational interaction in which meaning emerges from the orderly play of assertion, inference, and conversational response. Grice: “When I referred, informally, at my Oxford seminars and elsewhere – notably at the Aristotelian Society symposium at Cambridge – to the ‘principles of rational discourse,’ I was having G. in mind.” principio del discorso – principii del discorso. PRINCIPII DEL DISCORSO ACCOMODATI ALLA LINGUA ITALIANA associare i vocaboli alle COSE che essi RAPPRRESENTANO sforzo prodigioso ad un tempo e della vostra riflessione e della vostra memoria conservatrice fedele dei SEGNI e delle cose SIGNIFICATE che furono a ne' primi anni di vostra esistenza sono forse da voi fatti maggiori progressi nella somma delle reali cognizioni di quelli che sarete per fare in tutto il resto di vostra vita. C lo stato d’infanzia è molto più utile Tuttociò serve a persuadervi che una GRAMMATICA RAGIONATA Parti del discorso nome sostantivo distinzione dei vocaboli nome aggettivo Gradi degl’aggettivi accompagna nome Del vice-nome Delle primarie facoltà della mente sensazioni e sentimento percezione attenzione idea inflessione giudizio raziocinio evidenza memoria cosccnza. fe/io e r/rg/* assertivi proposizione argomentazione vice-assertivo vice-verbo preposizione avverbo congiunzione interiezione nome e pronome genere numero nomi irregolari ed anomali caso segnacasi declinazione assertivo verbo modo indefinito voce verbale indeterminate modo imperativo indicativo congiuntivo ottativo desiderativo persone degl’assertivi e loro numero conjugazione dell’assertivo conjugazione del verbo irregolare essere conjugazione dell'assertivo irregolare avere prospetto comparativo degl’assertivi normali delle conjugazioni regolari conjugazione dell’assertivo sfinire assertivo anomali o irregolari conjugazione delt assertivo andare irregolari colla desinenza assertivo che esce di regola assertivi difettoso gerondio preposizione esprimente rapporto congiunzioni ripieno o riempitivo costruzione del discorso o sin chiarezza forza armonia ortografia consonante raddoppiata lettera majuscolca sillaba interpunzione.  prammatica come rettorica conversazionale. Gamboni.  Grice: Giamboni, mi ha sempre colpito il modo in cui lei ha adattato i principii del discorso alla lingua italiana. Trovo affascinante il suo sforzo di associare i vocaboli alle cose che rappresentano, quasi a voler rendere la grammatica una vera arte del pensare e del parlare. Come nasce, secondo lei, questa esigenza di una "grammatica ragionata"? Giamboni: La ringrazio, Professore Grice. Credo che l’attenzione ai principii del discorso derivi dalla volontà di fondare il pensiero sulla chiarezza e sull’armonia. La lingua, per me, è uno strumento prezioso: ogni parola, ogni segno ha un valore che va accudito, come si fa con un’eredità di famiglia. Una grammatica ragionata aiuta non solo a parlare correttamente, ma a pensare in modo lucido e ad argomentare con forza. Grice: Mi trova perfettamente d’accordo! Anche nella mia riflessione sulle implicature conversazionali, la chiarezza e la forza dell'argomentazione sono essenziali. Mi piace il suo approccio pragmatico, che trasforma la grammatica in una sorta di rettorica conversazionale. Secondo lei, quali sono le facoltà mentali più importanti per costruire un discorso efficace? Giamboni: Direi che attenzione, memoria e raziocinio sono le fondamenta per un discorso ben costruito. Ogni proposizione deve poggiare su queste facoltà: l’attenzione ci aiuta a cogliere i dettagli, la memoria conserva i segni e i significati, mentre il raziocinio dà evidenza e struttura all’argomentazione. Solo così la lingua può esprimere con chiarezza i sentimenti e le idee, diventando davvero il vincolo dell’umana società. Giamboni, Enrico (1889). La dottrina della filosofia, Milano: Hoepli.

Sossio Arturo Giametta (Frattamaggiore, Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- il volo d’Icaro e l’implicatura di Sanctis. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning finds a particularly illuminating counterpart in Sossio Giametta’s philosophically exuberant treatment of la ragione conversazionale, where implicature is not merely a logical by‑product of cooperation but an existential and stylistic event. Grice approaches conversational implicature as a disciplined outcome of shared rational expectations: speakers say what they do because they assume co‑participants are reasoning beings who can bridge the gap between what is said and what is meant. Giametta, by contrast, dramatizes that gap through literary and metaphysical figures—most notably the flight of Icarus—treating implicature as a risky ascent beyond the literal, where meaning emerges through bold compression, sudden “cortocircuiti,” and flashes of insight rather than steady inference alone. Yet the affinity is deep: Giametta’s Crocean heterodoxies and his insistence on language as a site where essence and existence collide resonate with Grice’s view that meaning is not contained in sentences but generated by rational agents navigating constraints, temptations, and excess. Where Grice offers a cool analytic geometry of implicatum, implicans, and implicaturus, Giametta stages the same structure as a philosophical drama in which language flies, falls, and sometimes dazzles. The difference is one of temperament and idiom rather than principle: Grice formalizes conversational reason to show how ordinary discourse works; Giametta intensifies it to show how philosophy and language achieve moments of revelation. In both, implicature is the mark of a rationality that dares to imply rather than merely assert—reason not as mechanical rule‑following, but as a lived, and sometimes Italianate, art of saying more than one says. Grice: “At Oxford, we had ordinary-language philosophy; at Bologna, only EXTRA-ordinary language philosophy counts! ordinary-language philosophy. G. is a good’un, but you gotta be an Italian to appreciate him fully, or at least have gone to Clifton, as I did! G.’s philosophy is full of Italianateness: ‘il volo d’Icaro,’ and then there’s his ‘Croceian heterodoxies,’ and most Italianate of all, the Dantean reference to Nisso, Chiron, and Folo in the “Inferno”! Sublime!” Si laurea a Firenze. Insegna a Firenze critica eterodossa su Croce. Cura Cesare. Essenzialismo Il Bue squartato L'oro prezioso dell'essere Cortocircuiti, natura, naturans Grice, implicans, implicaturus sia come “naturata Grice implicatum, implicatura, implicaturus, implicata. Grice: “The problem: ‘is ‘naturare’ a good verb?’ la condizione umana come determinata dalla combinazione di due elementi eterogenei: dall’essenza di tutto ciò che esiste, che è divina, e dalle condizioni di esistenza, che sono spesso fin troppo diaboliche, a cui sono sottoposte tutte le creature. Il con-temperamento di questi due elementi essenza ed esistenza, diverso in ogni individuo, spiega le ragioni per cui si afferma la vita, si è ottimisti Oltre il nichilismo Candaule Grice interprete di se stesso” –della fede. Croce, Filosofia come dinamita il pazzo” Eterodossie crociane La caduta di Icaro macelli. La dolce filosofia L'oro dell'essere Cortocircuito e implicatura Il dio lontano Tre centauri, Filosofi Grandi problemi risolti in piccoli spazi. Codicillo dell'essenzialismo; Capricci diario colpo di timpano Dio impassibile Il bue squartato macelli passione della conoscenza. grandi oscurità della filosofia risolte in lampeggianti parole. La lingua la questione della lingua, il volo d’Icaro, l’implicatura di Croce – eterodossie crociane Cosi parlo Zoroaster; cosi implico! cortocircuito e implicature, la pazzia di Croce, il pazzo di Croce – la caduta di Icaro? No, il vuolo di Icaro! – Colli e Montanari!, cortocircuito ed implicatura. Grice: Giametta, mi ha sempre affascinato il suo modo di intrecciare filosofia e letteratura, soprattutto quando parla del volo d’Icaro. Secondo lei, c’è ancora spazio per l’audacia nella filosofia contemporanea, o rischiamo tutti di bruciarci le ali come Icaro? Giametta: Caro Grice, credo che l’audacia sia il cuore pulsante della filosofia. Senza il coraggio di osare e di andare oltre i confini imposti, rimarremmo prigionieri della routine del pensiero. Il volo d’Icaro è una metafora potente: ci ricorda che a volte il rischio è necessario per scoprire l’oro prezioso dell’essere. Grice: Condivido pienamente! E trovo sublime il modo in cui lei mette in discussione le eterodossie crociane, aprendo nuovi orizzonti. Mi domando: quanto conta, secondo lei, la lingua nella ricerca filosofica? È solo uno strumento, o anche essa può essere “volo”? Giametta: Ottima domanda, Grice. La lingua non è solo uno strumento, ma un vero e proprio volo: ci permette di esplorare implicature, cortocircuiti e nuove prospettive. Come diceva Dante, le parole possono portarci oltre il visibile, verso la conoscenza e la passione. Ed è lì che, come Icaro, troviamo la dolce filosofia, anche se a volte rischiamo di cadere. Giametta, Sossio (1964). Introduzione a Nietzsche, Napoli: Guida.

Mauro Di Giandomenico (Carunchio, Chieti, Abruzzo): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- l’apertura semantica e l’implicatura di BONAIUTO. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Mauro Di Giandomenico’s work converge on the idea that meaning in communication is not exhausted by literal content but emerges from rational, biologically and cognitively grounded practices, though they approach this from markedly different angles. Grice develops conversational implicature as a formally reconstructible phenomenon arising from shared rational expectations among speakers, treating conversation as a rule‑guided activity in which agents infer what is meant by reasoning about purposes, relevance, and cooperation, ultimately rooting this account in his broader method in philosophical psychology, from simple biological cases to complex human discourse. Di Giandomenico, by contrast, situates conversational reason within a wider epistemological and scientific framework that spans philosophy of biology, history of medicine, and computational epistemology: his early work on figures such as Tommasi and Bernard emphasizes criteria and signs of life rather than strict conceptual analysis, and this concern with operational criteria later informs his interest in communication, semantic openness, and linguistic‑computational modeling. Where Grice constructs implicature as an inferential mechanism operating between what is said and what is meant, Di Giandomenico stresses the openness of meaning through networks, styles, and signs, including attempts to extract philosophical vocabularies and semantic structures from canonical dialogues, treating logic itself as a meta‑discourse, a theory of theories. The affinity lies in their shared intuition that rationality governs meaning beyond lexicographic definitions: Grice formalizes this through inferential pragmatics, while Di Giandomenico reframes it as semantic openness across natural life, artificial languages, and ethical communication, linking conversational implicature to broader processes of biological organization, computation, and humanistic inquiry. Grice: “My attempt at Pirotese was inspired by Russell, rather than Carnap! Tealy pirots karulise elatically. I like G.; he makes excellent commentary on Bernard’s controversial, deterministic idea of life – from amoeba to man, in Russell’s words. Surely this has connections with my method in philosophical psychology, from the banal to the bizarre, which actually starts with philosophical BIO-logy! G. shows that while Bernard never thought he had to provide a ‘conceptual analysis’ of ‘vivente,’ he does propose this or that criterio: for one he tries to prove that self-nourishment cannot be the criterion – but I’m not sure what the positive he poes, if any!” Si laurea a Bari sotto Corsano. Insegna a Bari. comunicazione. Epistemologia Informatica prammatica computazionale e umanistica. fisiologia, limplicatura conversazionale, segno. Tommasi, Pende. iinformatica linguistica si sono proposte l'analisi linguistico-computazionale. al di là del livello lessicografico filosofese o terminologia filosofica, come implicatura  e d’implementare una rete sintattica. Un progetto riguardato l'analisi della conversazione nel Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi di BONAIUTO ricava un vocabolario filosofese terminologia filosofica vocabolario filosofico di BONAIUTO, procede ad una valutazione dello stile ed avviare l'analisi semantica d’un concetto utilizzato. lingue dell'artificiale e quella della vita, comunicazione etica sperimento la logica si configura come teoria delle teorie non solo un discorso logico sulla logica con i mezzi della logica, ma metadiscorso E’, a tutti gli effetti, una regressione, un ritorno ai fondamenti che l’hanno costituita nelle sue operazioni originarie, anche storiche, nonché nelle sue operazioni fenomenologiche trascendentale intuitiva precategoriale operazioni costitutiva logica filosofica filosofia prima, teoria della teoria apertura semantica how pirots karulise elatically implicazione retorica stile Vinci corpi positivistica; therefore, pirots karulise! Grice: Giandomenico, la sua analisi sul concetto di “vivente” mi ha fatto riflettere: se l’ameba dovesse compilare un curriculum, che criterio dovrebbe inserire per dimostrare di essere viva? Autonomia? Amore per la pizza? Giandomenico: Caro Grice, se l’ameba fosse davvero ambiziosa, metterebbe sicuramente “apertura semantica” tra le competenze, visto che si divide e comunica senza mai perdere il senso della conversazione! Quanto alla pizza, forse preferirebbe una bella cellula al pomodoro. Grice: Ecco, la cellula al pomodoro potrebbe rivoluzionare la filosofia della biologia! Ma mi dica, professore: nella sua esperienza informatica, ha mai trovato una macchina che sappia fare implicature migliori di un napoletano davanti a una sfogliatella? Giandomenico: Grice, ancora no, ma sto lavorando a una rete sintattica che, se va bene, saprà distinguere tra una domanda seria e una battuta. Se ci riesco, prometto di invitarla a Bari per una cena a base di “filosofese” e linguine… e forse anche un po’ di semantica! . Giandomenico, Mauro Di (1965). Tommasi, medico e filosofo, Adriatica.

Niccolò Giani (Muggia, Trieste, Friuli-Venezia Giulia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- implicatura mistica – l’implicatura di Catone. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Niccolò Giani’s notion of a “mystical” implicature represent two sharply contrasting responses to the same problem: how meaning exceeds literal content while remaining intelligible within a shared practice. For Grice, implicature is generated by rational inference under cooperative norms, and even when meaning departs from what is explicitly said it remains accountable to reasons that interlocutors can, in principle, reconstruct; conversational understanding is thus continuous with practical rationality and grounded in publicly assessable expectations. Giani’s approach, emerging from the context of fascist political philosophy and the “scuola di mistica” associated with Milanese intellectual life, treats implication less as an inferential achievement of reason than as an expression of spirit, tradition, or collective belief, where meaning operates through symbolic resonance, mythic opposition between the sacred and the profane, and doctrinal mystique rather than through cooperative calculation. What Grice would regard as cancellable, defeasible implicature becomes in Giani a non‑rational, often non‑revisable surplus of meaning tied to political and moral doctrine—liberal, communist, democratic, or fascist alike—each cultivating its own mystique. The contrast, then, is between Grice’s demystifying account of conversational meaning as reason‑responsive and corrigible, and Giani’s re‑enchantment of implication as a quasi‑sacral force embedded in political philosophy, where meaning persuades not by shared rational inference but by appeals to spirit, authority, and collective identity. Grice: “At Oxford, we had Chamberlain, and I was forced to leave Oxford and join the Navy – at Bologna, they had Mussolini, who rather created a school of mysiticism to entertain the philosophical minds amongt them! fascismo. It’s hard for me to judge Giani’s philosophy because I fought against the Italians during the so-called ‘second world war,’ so-called! But I would be willing to expand: if Giani developed what he aptly called a ‘mystique’ – so did we at Oxford – Churchill surely held his ‘mystique.’ Of course the Italian, being more scholastic, had to call it ‘scuola di mistica,’ – and the idea was that of an all-male chivalry order – aptly set at Milan!” Si laurea a Milano. Scuola di mistica. La richiesta di entrare in possesso de "Il covo" punta ad ottenere il possesso di uno degl’ambienti più importanti dell'immaginario fascista. Insegna a Pavia. ‘spirito’ contrapposto al "biologico". Il covo negli anni e stato passa alla loro espulsione e ciò per­ chè, come testimoniano numerosi scrittori lati­ni — da Persio a Ovidio, da Svetonio a Plinio, da Tacito a Giovenale — gl’Ebrei conside­ rano come profano tutto ciò che da noi è consi­ derato sacro (cfr. Tacito, Hist.); per­ chè essi hanno un culto particolare, leggi par­ ticolari, disprezzano le leggi romane (cfr. Gio­venale, Im. Lat.). Colle generazioni questo contrasto di civiltà e questa antitesi di istituzioni si acuiscono. È così che si arriva alla spedizione di Tito: all’assedio e alla distruzione di Gerusalemme. E in tal mo­ do, due secoli dopo Cartagine, anche sull’or­ goglioso regno di Giudea passa l’aratro romano e viene cosparso il sale. implicature mistica, mistico, il mistico – la mistica del liberalismo – la mistica del comunismo – la mistica della democrazia – la mistica del socialismo – filosofia politica – dottrina liberale – dottrina comunista – dottrina democratica – dottrina socialista, fascismo. Grice: Giani, devo ammettere che a Oxford ci siamo sempre persi tra la mistica di Churchill e la logica del tè delle cinque. Ma voi a Milano, con la vostra scuola di mistica, avete trovato una via più affascinante: è vero che per diventare mistici, serve più spirito che biscotti? Giani: Caro Grice, a Milano il biscotto serve solo per il caffè, ma la mistica richiede una buona dose di spirito e un pizzico di follia. Se poi qualcuno entra nel "covo", lo spirito diventa doppio – e la filosofia rischia di diventare una partita di carte! Grice: Ah, una partita di carte mistica! Da noi, invece, la mistica si perde tra le regole della conversazione: ma se Catone avesse avuto un mazzo di carte, forse avrebbe risolto la questione tra sacro e profano giocando a briscola con Giovenale! Giani: Grice, sono certo che Catone avrebbe apprezzato la briscola, purché si rispettasse la regola d’oro della mistica: mai prendersi troppo sul serio e, soprattutto, non mischiare le carte con il covo dei filosofi – altrimenti finiamo tutti a discutere sullo spirito, ma con il piatto vuoto! Giani, Niccolò (1937). La rivoluzione fascista, Milano: Edizioni del Popolo d’Italia.

Romualdo Giani (Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della radice italica del melodramma. Grice’s account of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Romualdo Giani’s reflection on the “Italic root” of melodrama intersect at the level of how meaning exceeds literal structure, but they articulate that excess in fundamentally different registers. For Grice, conversational implicature is a rational phenomenon: what is conveyed beyond what is said is generated by shared norms of cooperative inference, calculable in principle and answerable to reasons, even when it draws on rhetoric, tone, or cultural expectations. Giani, approaching the problem from idealist aesthetics and the philosophy of music and drama, treats implication less as an inferential surplus and more as an aesthetic‑ethical resonance produced by the synthesis of rhythm, sound, gesture, and word in melodrama and tragedy. Where Grice insists that even the most elusive conversational effects remain anchored in rational accountability, Giani locates the force of implication in a pre‑discursive or supra‑discursive unity of spirit, one that emerges in the collective experience of music and drama and resists reduction to logical articulation. The contrast is thus between Grice’s pragmatics of discourse, which explains meaning through reasoned participation in conversational practices, and Giani’s aesthetic philosophy, which sees implication as arising from the organic fusion of artistic elements, where meaning persuades not by inferential transparency but by expressive coherence and shared cultural sensibility. Grice: “I love G.; for one, he was less fanatic than Nietzsche, even if it is Nietzsche’s fanaticism that attracts Strawson! For one Giani is more careful: if ‘music’ comes from the muses, which are Apollonian, why has Nietzsche to emphasise in a piece of bad rhetoric, that tragedy has its birth in the ‘spirit’ of “music” – surely Nietzsche means ‘Dionysian,’ but there’s no ‘music’ in Dionysus, only noise! Trust an Italian to correct Nietzsche on that point!” Si laurea a Torino. Si appassiona al teatro musicale di Wagner. Idealista. Per l'arte aristocratica. arte per l'arte Nerone” di Boito, Questa tragedia farebbe parte del novero delle tragedie vere, quelle in cui ritmo, suono della parola, gesto, musica concorrono alla creazione di un che di superiore. Tuttavia, quando la musica del Nerone fu resa nota postuma, dichiara una certa delusione. L'estetica di Leopardi. Vede in Leopardi il luogo in cui le immagini della sua poesia si comporrebbero in un universo etico ed estetico coerente. All'interno della storia della critica leopardiana, pare avvicinabile ora alla posizione di Croce, di distinzione tra il momento della poesia e il momento della riflessione, ora a quelle positivistiche. parla di musica e dell'analogia tra il ruolo del insieme con uno studio sul Boito, e la critica a Debora e Jaele di Pizzetti, un'opera mancata. pubblica il Sillabario di estetica e a conclusione della polemica aggiungeva una Nota crociana, in cui evidenzia contraddizioni nella teoria di Croce. La polemica si riaprì con lo scritto La favola dell'aridità con il quale G. insorge, contro un'affermazione del Croce che definiva "età di aridità creativa" il secolo; la rettifica crociana Obiettanti e seccatori non soddisfece G., che replica con Il parto settimello. : Savitri"Idillio drammatico Pizzetti; Estetica Melodramma e dramma musicale, Gli spiriti della musica nella tragedia greca, implicatura. Grice: Giani, mi ha sempre incuriosito la sua riflessione sulla radice italica del melodramma. Trovo affascinante come lei, da idealista, riesca a distinguere tra l’arte aristocratica e il rapporto tra musica e tragedia, soprattutto nel confronto con Nietzsche. Come interpreta oggi la nascita dello spirito musicale nella tragedia greca? Giani: La ringrazio, Professore Grice. Ritengo che il melodramma italiano abbia un’origine profondamente legata alla tradizione poetica e filosofica del nostro paese, più che alla sola dimensione dionisiaca proposta da Nietzsche. In Italia, il ritmo, il gesto e la parola si fondono in modo unico, creando un universo etico ed estetico, come sosteneva Leopardi. La musica non è solo rumore, ma elevazione dello spirito. Grice: Concordo, infatti ho sempre pensato che l’apporto italiano alla storia del melodramma sia stato quello di saper bilanciare l’estetica poetica con la riflessione filosofica. La sua critica a Croce e la sua analisi di Boito e Pizzetti mostrano una ricerca di autenticità artistica. C’è, secondo lei, un elemento tipicamente italiano che rende il melodramma superiore rispetto ad altre tradizioni? Giani: Assolutamente, Professore. Il melodramma italiano si distingue per la sua capacità di integrare emozione e pensiero, di trasformare la musica in un’esperienza etica collettiva. L’arte per l’arte, come diceva Boito, non è mai fine a se stessa, ma è sempre permeata dalla storia, dalle contraddizioni e dal desiderio di superare l’aridità creativa. In questo senso, il melodramma diventa un simbolo della vitalità culturale italiana. Giani, Romualdo (1894). I Medici. Parole e musica di R. Leoncavallo. Il dramma. Rivista musicale italiana

Gabriele Giannantoni (Perugia, Umbria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della dialettica. Giannantoni’s and Grice’s approaches converge on the idea that rationality is not an abstract faculty imposed on language from outside but is enacted within dialogical practice itself, yet they articulate this convergence from opposite methodological directions. Grice arrives at reason‑governed conversational meaning by analytic reconstruction: cooperative conversation is taken as primitive, and implicature emerges from interlocutors’ rational sensitivity to shared norms (maxims) governing what counts as saying enough, saying it appropriately, and meaning more than is said; dialectic, for Grice, is thus implicit in ordinary conversation as a rule‑governed activity oriented to mutual understanding and justified expectations. Giannantoni, by contrast, reaches a strikingly parallel conclusion through historical‑philological inquiry: starting from the Socratic dialogue in the Athenian agora and tracing its transformations through Platonic, Roman, and later traditions, he treats dialectic as historically born from conversational reason—ragione conversazionale—anchored in respect for the co‑conversationalist (the “principio dialogo” inherited from Calogero and aligned with Croce‑Gramsci’s longitudinal historical method). Where Grice formalizes rational conversational expectations into a theory of implicature applicable across contexts, Giannantoni shows how those expectations are first instantiated, normatively and ethically, in Socratic practice and then sedimented across dialectical traditions; the former gives a synchronic logic of conversational meaning, the latter a diachronic genealogy of how such logic becomes philosophically articulate. Grice: “I realised that my attacks on the philosophismata so frequent at Oxford at the time relied on a theory of ‘significaio’ that took cooperative conversation as basic – what G. calls the ‘principio dialogo’! principio dialogo. I love G.; for one, he believes, with me, that there is Athenian dialectic, Roman dialectic, Florentine dialectic and Oxonian dialectic; like me, he has explored mostly ‘Athenian dialectic,’ and he has noted that its birth (‘nascita’) is in the ‘dialogo socratico,’ so it should surprise nobody that I have based my philosophy on the facts of conversation!” Si laurea a Roma sotto Calogero. Il dialogo all’agora e la dialettica all’accademia” Reliche di Socrate” G. sempre seguie il criterio di Croce e Gramsci, storico cronologico (unita longitudinale) Anche allo scopo di realizzare una scrittura precisa, ha compiuto studi sulla logica di lizio semantica teoria del segno. Nella sua vita e nella dottrina si è sempre impegnato nel mettere in pratica l'insegnamento socratico, così come fa Calogero: insegnando la conversazione basatio sulla regola d’oro: il rispetto verso il co-conversazionalista. Cura I Presocratici La metafisica dei lizii (Che cosa ha veramente detto Socrate” Cirenaici Filosofia romana” Filosofia italica in eta antica” Le filosofie e le scienze contemporanee, Torino: Loescher, I fondamenti della logica de’ lizii” (Firenze: La nuova Italia); Le forme classiche Torino: Loescher, Volpe Roma: Riuniti, Socrate. Tutte le testimonianze: Da Aristotfane e Senofonte ai Padri cristiani; Bari: Laterza, Aristotele. Opere; introduzione e indice dei nomi, Roma; Bari: Laterza, Epicuro. Opere, frammenti, testimonianze sulla sua vita; Bignone; Bari: Laterza, I presocratici: testimonianze e frammenti Bari: Laterza, Profilo di storia della filosofia, Torino: Loescher. La razionalitàmTorino: Loescher, Socratis et Socraticorum Reliquiæ. Collegit, disposuit, apparatibus notisque instruxit G.,  Bibliopolis. Anthropine Sophia. les amours impures dialettica, Epicuro a Roma, Calogero, il principio dialogo, Lucrezio, Cicerone. Grice: Giannantoni, lei sostiene che la dialettica nasce dal dialogo, proprio come la pizza nasce dal forno! Ma mi dica, preferisce la dialettica ateniese o quella romana, magari servita con un po' di pecorino? Giannantoni: Caro Grice, la dialettica ateniese ha il sapore genuino della conversazione socratica, ma non sottovaluti quella romana: con un pizzico di Lucrezio diventa più speziata! In fondo, ogni buon dialogo dovrebbe essere condito con rispetto e un po' di ironia, come insegna la regola d’oro. Grice: Ecco, la regola d’oro è come il lievito: senza, la conversazione non cresce! Ma mi chiedo, professore, se Socrate avesse avuto a disposizione la pizza margherita invece del pane nero, avrebbe dialogato meglio con i suoi discepoli? Giannantoni: Grice, sono certo che Socrate avrebbe apprezzato la pizza, ma avrebbe comunque posto domande scomode al pizzaiolo! In filosofia, come in cucina, la vera saggezza sta nel condividere: un pezzo di pizza, una battuta, e magari anche una bella dialettica. Giannantoni, Gabriele (1958). I Cirenaici. Raccolta delle fonti antiche. Roma: Edizioni dell’Ateneo.

Pascasio Giannetti (Albiano di Magra, Aulla, Massa-Carrara, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del corposcolarismo. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Pascasio Giannetti’s corpuscular philosophy intersect at the level of how rational explanation is constrained by shared norms, even though they operate in different explanatory registers. Grice treats rationality as immanent to conversation itself: meaning and implicature arise from interlocutors’ mutual recognition of cooperative expectations, so that what is conveyed depends not on ontology but on how reasons are exchanged and inferred in dialogue. Giannetti, by contrast, works within early modern corpuscularism, defending Galilean‑Newtonian explanations of nature in terms of corpuscles against scholastic Peripateticism; yet his argumentative practice presupposes a similar model of rational exchange, since corpuscular hypotheses function persuasively only insofar as they invite interlocutors to draw intelligible inferences from observed effects to underlying structures. Where Grice abstracts from metaphysics and shows how conversational implicature operates independently of what ultimately exists, Giannetti embeds rational discourse in a bold ontological programme, but still relies on dialogical reason—public contestation, rebuttal, and inference—to make the corpuscular view compelling. In this sense, Giannetti’s “corpuscular implicature” concerns what follows, for a reasonable interlocutor, from adopting corpuscular assumptions, whereas Grice’s implicature concerns what follows, for a reasonable co‑conversationalist, from what is said under cooperative norms; the former ties implicature to physical explanation, the latter to communicative practice, but both construe reason as governing inference within a shared conversational space rather than as a purely private faculty. Grice: “We take ontology lightly today – at least Oxonian philosophers do! But bak in the day, for philosophers like G., all they wanted to know was if ‘corpusculi,’ as they called them, did exist – out there! ontology. I like G.; for one, he is the only philosopher I know whose first name is ‘Pascasio.’ He taught at Pisa, but not in the tower – Oddly, while he is from Tuscany, there is a street (‘via’) in La Spezia named after him!” – Grice: “His logic was considered heretic, at least by the duke, who diligently expelled him from any obligation of teaching!” Insegna a Pisa. Studia Bonaiuto. Sollecitato da Grandi, cura BONAIUTO.. Essendo G. tra'maestri più singolari di filosofia a Pisa, quanto onore a quello Studio recasse non si può dire. Costui ebbea quelle scienze pro clive natura, e tanta forza e vivacità d'ingegno che a sermonare e discorrere di materie filosofiche pare nato a posta. divenne lettore in detta Università; e così bene in cattedra sue dottri ne tratto, che per lo più savio discepolo di Marchetti e Bellini, tutti lo conoscevano. Nulla ignoto eragli di quanto GALILEI aveansi ritrovato, e sostenitore acerrimo fu della filosofia corpusculare. Per ques stoguerra eterna pareva intimata avesse a tutti li Peripatetici e Scolastici ostinati; che ligii si di chiaravano agli antichi sistemi, quali adesso ricor dansi appenanelle scu ole de'monasteri. Per lo che G. è tenuto per uno de'più arditi e co raggiosi sostenitori degl’insegnamenti novelli e assai molesto riuscì a'superstiziosi filosofanti, ma in particolar modo ai Gesuiti i quali, potendo al loramoltissimo presso Cosmo III de'Medici, fecero in sospetto cadere di errori G. non solo, ma quasi tutta la Università. filosofia democratica, difese con trionfo la causa per iscrittura, nè mai digua proposta sentenza cesso. filosofa su i sistemi PHILOSOPHIÆ TRACTATVS   Grandi; lettere di G. a Grandi e alcune note di argomento fisico. Corposcolarismo, implicature corpuscolare, Isaaco Newton, Galilei, Grandi, implicatura corpuscolare. Grice: Giannetti, devo confessare che a Oxford, quando parliamo di corpuscoli, finiamo sempre per discutere se siano più veri quelli nei bicchieri di vino o nei libri di filosofia! Giannetti: Caro Grice, in Toscana non ci facciamo troppi problemi: i corpuscoli ci sono dappertutto, specialmente nella ribollita! Se poi esistono anche fuori dalla minestra, tanto meglio per la filosofia! Grice: Ah, allora dovremmo istituire una nuova cattedra: "Corpuscoli applicati alla cucina toscana". Così, ogni lezione sarebbe un esperimento – e forse anche una cena! Giannetti: Grice, lei ha capito tutto! La vera implicatura corpuscolare sta nel gusto: se il piatto convince, la teoria è provata. E se il duca non approva, basta offrirgli un bicchiere… magari cambia idea! Giannetti, Pascasio (1911). La filosofia della scienza, Napoli: Libreria Scientifica.

Pietro Giannone (Ischitella, Foggia, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della terza Roma. Giannone’s thought and Grice’s theory converge in a structurally revealing way on the idea that reason emerges not as a solitary faculty but as something exercised, tested, and constrained within practices of social exchange. Pietro Giannone, writing as an Enlightenment critic of ecclesiastical power, treats Rome not merely as a city or institution but as a discursive formation: his tripartite schema of regno terreno, regno celeste, and regno papale re‑describes political and religious authority as sustained by historically layered forms of collective reasoning, persuasion, and misrecognition. In this sense, Giannone’s “Third Rome” functions less as a metaphysical entity than as a critical implicature: it arises from what is said and done by institutions while claiming transcendent legitimacy, yet is intelligible only once those claims are read against their practical effects on civic life and historical memory, a stance that led directly to his condemnation and imprisonment within the Savoyard system . Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning operates at a different scale but with a homologous logic: rationality appears not as an abstract law but as something enacted through cooperative norms, calculable expectations, and implicatures that bridge what speakers explicitly state and what they make their interlocutors reasonably take them to mean. Where Giannone exposes how dominant Roman narratives depend on unacknowledged discursive shifts to preserve authority, Grice formalizes the conditions under which such shifts are intelligible at all, showing that even irony, heresy, and criticism presuppose shared standards of conversational reason. The comparison suggests that Giannone offers a historical and political dramatization of what Grice later captures analytically: the idea that reason lives in regulated exchanges, and that dissent—whether Enlightenment heresy or conversational implicature—depends on exploiting, rather than abandoning, the very norms that make understanding possible. Grice: “I had one pupil once at Oxford who wanted to research on Italian philosophers. ‘Stick to the heretic ones,’ I lectured him. ‘They are the only interesting ones – Rome being what it is! And G. was one of them! italiani eretici. G. is an interesting philosopher. He philosophised on the ‘citta terrena,’ which is a back-fromation from ‘celestial city,’ and by which he meant Rome! Then he compared men – in their collectivity, to apes, even if ingenious ones! One good thing about the Roman Church (you know, there’s a Jewish Church, too) is G.: e was rendered an ‘impious’ by the Church and imprisoned to death. This allowed him to philosophise on the Liguri, and he did!””  Illuminista. Si laurea a Napoli entrando ben presto in contatto con filosofi vicini a VICO. “Il Triregno: il regno terreno, il regno celeste, e il regno papale, che gli costò nuovamente la persecuzione delle alte sfere ecclesiastiche culminate con la sua cattura in un villaggio della Savoia, ove fu attirato con un tranello.  Rimasto nelle prigioni sabaude, costretto a firmare un atto di abiura che non gli valse tuttavia la libertà. Fu tenuto prigioniero a Ceva, dove scrisse alcuni dei suoi componimenti più famosi. Trasferito alla prigione del mastio della Cittadella di Torino. Dell'istoria civile del regno di Napoli” ha enorme fortuna mentre la Chiesa ne avversò le tesi ponendola della Fondazione Einaudi; Negli archivi del Re. La lettura negata delle opere di G. nel Piemonte sabaudo, Riv. stor. Italiana; Ricuperati, G.: an itinerary in European free-thinking, in Transactions of The Congress on the ENLIGHTENMENT, Oxford; Trevor-Roper, G. and Great Britain, in The Historical Journal, A. Hook, La "Storia civile del Regno di Napoli" di G., il giacobitismo e l'Illuminismo scozzese, in Ricerche storiche, Mannarino, Le mille favole degli antichi. Ebraismo e cultura europea nel pensiero religioso di G., Firenz. Grice: Keywords: la terza Roma, autobiografia, ego-grafia Vico Genovesi Liguria commento su Livio regno terreno regno celeste regno papale Storia di roma antica giannonismo. Grice: Caro Giannone, devo confessare che la sua “dialettica romana” mi ha sempre incuriosito. Lei riesce a chiarire magistralmente il senso profondo della Roma Prima, della Roma Seconda e persino della misteriosa Roma Terza. Mi diverte pensare che anche a Oxford potremmo avere tre “Vadum Boum”, ma non sono del tutto convinto: forse ne basta uno, e già ci sembra troppo!  Giannone: Professore Grice, la sua ironia è degna di una vera conversazione illuminista! Roma, in fondo, è come il teatro della vita: la Prima è il mito, la Seconda è il potere, la Terza è la critica. Forse Oxford, con il suo unico Vadum Boum, ha già toccato tutti e tre gli atti, ma Roma preferisce distribuirli generosamente nei secoli.  Grice: Ah, Giannone, la sua spiegazione è spiritosa quanto profonda! Mi resta però il dubbio: la Terza Roma non rischia di essere una semplice eco delle altre due, come i miei studenti che tentano di reinventare Oxford senza mai riuscirci davvero? Forse è questo il fascino – e il divertimento – della storia!  Giannone: Professore, se c’è una cosa che la storia ci insegna è che le repliche non sono mai uguali agli originali. Come diceva Vico, la fantasia umana supera sempre la tradizione. La Terza Roma è un po’ come una nuova Vadum Boum: non sarà mai come le precedenti, ma proprio per questo merita di essere raccontata… magari tra una risata e un buon bicchiere! Giannone, Pietro (1723). Istoria civile del regno di Napoli, Napoli: Stamperia di Felice Mosca. Cc

Giovanni Cristoforo Giavelli (San Giorgio di Canavese, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- semantica del segnare -- segnante e segnato. A comparison between Grice and Giavelli shows a deep continuity between scholastic sign theory and modern conversational pragmatics, despite their different historical aims. Giavelli, working within a Thomistic–Aristotelian framework, treats meaning as grounded in representation: natural signs such as groans or animal cries re‑present internal states of the anima, while institutional signs arise ad placitum through decree, authority, and custom. His careful distinction between signans and signatum remains largely psychological and semantic, with little concern for formulation or propositional articulation, yet it already presupposes that intelligibility depends on shared rational capacities that allow a hearer to pass from sign to state. Grice radicalizes this insight by relocating it within explicitly reason‑governed interaction: where Giavelli says that the dog’s bark represents anger, Grice asks under what rational expectations and cooperative assumptions such a representation becomes communicatively binding rather than merely causal. Natural signs for Giavelli correspond to Grice’s non‑natural meaning only once they are embedded in intentions recognizable by an audience, and institutional meaning corresponds to the normative dimension of conversational practice that Grice analyzes as implicature. The key shift is that Giavelli’s re‑presentare remains largely one‑directional—from sign to inner state—whereas Grice’s conversational meaning is reflexive and reciprocal, depending on mutually recognized reasons for taking one thing to mean another. Seen this way, Giavelli provides a proto‑semantics of signification rooted in Aristotelian psychology, while Grice supplies the missing logical and pragmatic account of how such signification is governed, stabilized, and extended by rational cooperation in conversation. Grice: “I presented myself at Oxford as the expert on ‘significatio’ or meaning – without needing to quote anything that G. had said – since little did they care! significatio. “I love G. – he is, like me, an Aristotelian; being a northern Italian, he is a Thomstic Aristotelian, which I’m not sure I am! One good thing about G. is that he commented on MOST works by Aristotle! Essential Italian philosopher! For all their subtleties i lizii, or peripatetic logicians never cared about formulation. Consider G.: the dog barks, anger is represented, ‘canis latrat raepresentatur ira, gemitus infirums raepresentatur dolor. No care is taken to represent the proper signification. It is still the ‘anima’ if the vegetative one, it is still the dog’s spirit. If the dog barks, he means that he is angry. If the infirm moans he means he is in pain, and so on. G. is one of the most careful Italian philosophers; he had a fascination for two little tracts by lizio towards which I also feel an attraction: De Interpretatione and Categories. His comments on De Interpretatione are brilliant in that he reduces all to ‘re-presentare’. The infirmus who groans or moans represents ‘dolor’; the dog that barks represents ‘anger’. These are ‘signs’ of the natural kind, and rather than dark clouds meaning rain he is into ‘phone, vox, here it is vox signifying that p or q naturaliter-- my example of groaning of pain. From there he jumps to the institutional meaning, ad placitum, ex decreto et authoritate – e consuetudine, -- a system which supersedes the previous one. Si laurea a Bologna. Argomenta contro Lutero. Partecipa al dibattito sul Tractatus de immortalitate animae di POMPONAZZI, di cui scrive, su richiesta di Pomponazzi stesso una confutazione. Partecipa al dibattito sul divorzio di Enrico VIII, esponendosi a favore della scelta del sovrano. Compendium Logicæ. G.’s work mirrors NICOLETTI Gmma recenti hac nostra editione uiligentissime, exposita fiint, atque elaborate, Grice: implicatura, grammatica razionale, psicologia razionale. Grice: Giavelli, devo confessare che a Oxford tutti parlano di “significatio”, ma nessuno sa davvero se il cane che abbaia sia arrabbiato o solo affamato. Lei, da buon aristotelico piemontese, come la vede? Giavelli: Caro Grice, la questione è semplice: se il cane abbaia, vuol dire che è arrabbiato; se il mio vicino mugugna, vuol dire che è dolorante. In Piemonte, persino il mio gatto si fa capire meglio di certi filosofi! Grice: Ah, capisco! Allora dovremmo proporre un trattato sulla semantica del meow: ogni miagolio rappresenta una tesi filosofica. A Oxford, però, rischiamo di confondere un miagolio per una pizza ordinata! Giavelli: Professore, venga a Torino: qui i filosofi discutono persino col cane del portinaio. E se non bastano i segni naturali, basta un buon bicchiere di Barbera per far parlare anche il silenzio! Così persino Lutero avrebbe cambiato idea sul divorzio… Giavelli, Giovanni Crisostomo (1867). La filosofia e la scienza. Firenze: Tipografia Galileiana.

Mariano Gigli (Recanati, Macerata, Marche): il deutero-esperanto. The comparison between Grice and Mariano Gigli highlights two complementary approaches to rational meaning, one pragmatic and one architectonic. Gigli’s project of a lingua universale pei dotti rests on a metaphysics of language that treats words as signs representing ideas and grammar as the rational articulation of thought itself; his ambition is to construct a second‑order or “deutero” language that refines ordinary speech into a transparent vehicle for scientific, political, and philosophical exchange among educated speakers. Grice, by contrast, resists the identification of words with signs and rejects the idea that meaning is exhausted by representation, yet his theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning arrives at a structurally similar point from the opposite direction. Where Gigli seeks to secure universality by redesigning linguistic form in accordance with rational grammar and shared intellectual culture, Grice secures interoperability by showing how ordinary language already functions as a quasi‑universal medium through cooperative principles, intentions, and implicatures that speakers can calculate without reforming the language itself. Gigli’s deutero‑Esperanto aspires to remove ambiguity by philosophical reconstruction; Grice’s pragmatics explains how ambiguity is managed, exploited, and often resolved through rational conversational practice. The affinity lies in their shared conviction that language is governed by reason and good sense rather than mere habit, while the divergence lies in method: Gigli constructs an ideal language for the learned, whereas Grice uncovers within existing speech a rational machinery capable of sustaining mutual understanding without abandoning the contingencies of everyday use. Grice: “The kind of ‘logical construction’ of the Oxonian mode of speech was undertaken, in Italy, by Gigli – no, not the operatic tenor! Pirotese, Gricese. Filosofo italiano. I like G.!” Una approfondita trattazione intorno alle teorie della lingua “La meta-fisica della lingua,” “Scienza nuova anche ai dotti e pei soli di buon senso, nata come premessa all'elaborazione di una lingua universale. Mi occupo d'un progetto di lingua universale pei dotti. Mi avvido però, che la mia teoria si appoggiano a dei principj di lingua poco o nulla generalmente conosciuti, perché nessuno ha mai la sofferenza di meditarli. Quindi lasciato il primo, mi occupo di questo secondo lavoro. E così ha origine la presente ‘meta-fisica’ del linguaggio. “La Metafisica del Linguaggio. Scienza nuova anche ai dotti e pei soli di buon senso” (Milano, Fusi). Immaginato come pro-dromo di un saggio sulla lingua universale, G. discerne e determina tutte le parti del discorso, e ne giustifica la natura in ottica filosofica. Accena alla lingua pei dotti e cosi la definisce. Lingua universale pei dotti chiamo una lingua che può colla massima facilità essere scritta parlata ed intesa da tutte le persone colte di qualunque clima e nazione – inclusa l’italiana. Una lingua, si puo dire, che, come il latino degl’antichi romani, può sola bastare al disimpegno di tutte le relazioni scientifiche, politiche, commerciali ec. con qualunque civilizata  La mia lingua e una lingua infine in cui dove scriversi e tradursi quanto può essenzialmente interessare l'intera umanità o più popoli  almeno. G. sceglie d’utilizzare per la sua lingua universale i caratteri, la pronunzia, e le radici delle parole gallo-latine, cioè della lingua più conosciuta tra i filosofi eruditi dell'epoca, riservandosi comunque la possibilità di modificarne alcune parti. Nel discorso preliminare al suo saggio, “Lingua filosofico-universale pei dotti, preceduta dalla analisi della lingua”, G. precisa che, nel suo pensiero, parole sono quei segni – contra Grice: “Not all things that may mean are signs. Words are not.” -- che rappresentano le idee. il sistema G-hp< Pirotese, Symbolo, Deutero-Esperanto. Grice: Caro Gigli, devo confessare che mia madre era innamorata di Beniamino Gigli, la sua voce la commuoveva fino alle lacrime! Ma lasci che glielo dica: il vero Gigli, per me, è lei. Uno poteva solo cantare le partiture degli altri; lei, invece, ha indagato più a fondo di qualunque italiano – e non parliamo poi dei barbari di Vadum Boum! – nei meandri affascinanti della grammatica italiana. E lo ha fatto dal solo punto di vista che conti: quello del filosofo razionalista che non rinnega mai le vie dei cinque sensi e, per buona misura, aggiunge il buon senso! Gigli: Professore Grice, le sue parole mi onorano più di qualsiasi aria cantata dal mio omonimo! Anch’io ho rispetto per la bellezza delle lingue, ma il mio cuore batte per quella “meta-fisica” della lingua che cerca di cogliere l’essenza stessa del pensiero umano, senza perdere il legame con la concretezza della vita quotidiana. Grice: E fa bene, Gigli! In fondo, la lingua è come una sinfonia: non basta eseguirla, bisogna comprenderne la struttura, le armonie nascoste, la logica che la sostiene. Solo così possiamo pensare una “lingua universale pei dotti” che sia davvero accessibile a tutti coloro che, come lei, sanno sposare ragione e senso comune. Gigli: Ecco perché nella mia ricerca ho cercato di discernere ogni parte del discorso, giustificandone la natura filosofica, ma senza mai trascurare che le parole sono prima di tutto segni che rappresentano idee vive, radicate nella nostra esperienza concreta. In fondo, professore, anche la filosofia più alta deve dialogare con il buon senso, se vuole parlare davvero all’umanità. Gigli, Mariano (1891). Della filosofia moderna. Napoli: Tipografia Detken & Rocholl.

Vincenzo Gioberti (Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazoinale e l’implicatura conversazionale del bello. The comparison between Grice and Vincenzo Gioberti brings out a shared commitment to the governance of meaning by reason, but at two very different levels: pragmatic interaction for Grice, and aesthetic–ontological synthesis for Gioberti. Gioberti’s philosophy of the bello, especially in Del bello, treats beauty as an intelligible manifestation of the good, mediated by a diminutive, relational, and participatory structure: the bello is not sheer utility or moral good itself, but a gracious, proportionate, and affect-laden rendering of it, intelligible through shared sensibility and intellectual participation (metessi). This already presupposes a form of conversational reason, insofar as beauty communicates without asserting, inviting assent through recognition rather than proof. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning furnishes the analytic counterpart to this intuition: implicature explains how speakers convey meanings that are not stated but are rationally retrievable by attentive interlocutors operating under common norms of cooperation. Where Gioberti’s aesthetics relies on a metaphysical implicature—beauty suggesting goodness without explicitly stating it—Grice formalizes the conditions under which such suggestion is intelligible at all, showing how meaning can be generated by what is left unsaid yet responsibly inferable. Gioberti’s insistence that philosophical method is synthetic, psychological, and oriented to lived experience aligns with Grice’s resistance to purely formal semantics: both reject reduction to literal content alone. The difference lies in scope and grounding: Gioberti embeds conversational intelligibility within an ontological vision of the intelligible and the national‑historical spirit, whereas Grice strips the account down to universally applicable norms of rational exchange. Seen together, Gioberti anticipates, in aesthetic and metaphysical terms, what Grice later articulates with analytic precision: that reason operates most powerfully not in bare assertion, but in the shared space where meaning, value, and understanding are jointly implied rather than merely declared. Grice: “A pupil of mine at Oxford wanted to research on Italian philosophy – ‘but only excommunicated philosophers, please!’, I prayed. He chose G.! scomunicazione. I like G.; he published ‘Del bene, del bello,’ suggesting they are etymologically connected, and they are: BONUS alternates with BENE in Roman, and the dimintuvie, BENETULUS, gives ‘bellus.’ So the Roman implicature is that the ‘bello’ is a ‘little’ ‘bene’ – or gracious, comfortable, and proportionate, rather than having to do with ‘bene’ itself. – “like bene” – and affectionate diminutive, one hopes! Italians find it harder than the Germans to conceal their nationalism. Hegel is studied everywhere, but G. is felt to be TOO Italian, and he is. There are not two sentences in G. that do not mention Italy! Hegel could philosophise on being, the absolute being is the King of Prussia – but philosophers elsewhere take his remarks in a generalized, not a German, way. Unlike G., who cannot hide his ‘italianita’. That Mussolini wrote on him did not help. And that, along with Gentile, and the Italian mainstream intelligentsia, the Italian risorgimento is only a stone’s throw away from Fascism! Giusso, whom I like, wrote a bio of G. which I thought the best, it’s in Vita e Pensiero, and in the series, UOMINI DEL RISORGIMENTO. Gives him sense!” Si laurea a Torino. I suoi saggi sono più importanti della sua carriera politica. Il metodo per lui è uno strumento sintetico, soggettivo e psicologico. Ricostruisce l'ontologia e comincia con la formula ideale, per cui filosofia eterodossa, che regna finora, è morta per sempre. Si concbiude esortando gl' Italiani a intraprendere l’ instaurazione delle scienze speculative. essenza. Sovrintelligibile ovrannaturale transitorio o continuo fatto morale della giustificazione idea pura razionalismo del bello, estetico, il bello, metessi, implicatura metessica – mimesi – Plato on mimesis and metexis, protologia, ontologismo, statua all’aperto, Milano – nella serie uomini del risorgimento, bruno, gentile, filosofi scommunicati. Grice: Caro Gioberti, da noi a Oxford uno studente mi chiese di studiare filosofi italiani, ma solo quelli scomunicati! Lei però mi ha sorpreso: il bello e il bene, dice, sono parenti stretti… un po’ come il pane e la focaccia in Piemonte!Gioberti: Professore Grice, in Italia il bello nasce proprio dal bene, ma con un pizzico di affetto, quasi fosse un diminutivo – come quando si dice “bellino” per un bambino. La filosofia, qui, non sa mai nascondere la sua italianità, nemmeno davanti a Hegel!Grice: Eh, Gioberti, ma in Inghilterra il bello si confonde spesso con il comodo, mentre da voi è questione di proporzione e grazia. Mussolini ci ha messo del suo, mi sa, rendendo difficile distinguere il bello dalla politica… Ma almeno il vostro Risorgimento è sempre a portata di mano!Gioberti: Professore, l’estetica italiana non si fa mai troppo seria. Il bello, per noi, è una statua all’aperto, magari a Milano, che invita tutti a filosofare. E se qualcuno vuole la perfezione assoluta, basta offrire un buon bicchiere e raccontare una storia divertente: così anche il bello diventa “benetulus” – piccolo, affettuoso e sempre pronto a sorridere! Gioberti, Vincenzo (1838). Del bello. Torino: Stamperia Reale.

Melchiorre Gioia (Piacenza, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- filosofia ad uso. The comparison between Grice and Melchiorre Gioia brings into focus a shared, distinctly pragmatic conception of reason as something exercised in use rather than merely contemplated in theory. Gioia’s philosophy ad uso treats language, manners, and social practices as instruments whose value lies in their contribution to coordination, improvement, and economy of effort; his celebrated examples, contrasting ingenious but useless contraptions with simple, effective arrangements, prefigure a normative standard of rational efficiency grounded in outcomes rather than formal perfection. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning operates in a strikingly similar spirit: his cooperative principle and maxims, especially the principle of economy of rational effort, explain meaning not by appeal to ideal forms but by reference to what rational agents can reasonably expect of one another in practical interaction. Where Gioia frames politeness, galateo, and clarity as social virtues that facilitate effective communication and civic life, Grice abstracts the same insight into a general pragmatics, showing how implicatures arise when speakers deliberately do less than they could, trusting hearers to supply what is contextually relevant. Gioia’s interest in the origin of language and his “two savages” style of reasoning mirrors Grice’s own pirotological reconstructions, both aiming to show how rational communication emerges from basic needs under constraints of effort and utility. The difference lies mainly in idiom and scope: Gioia writes as a moralist–economist intent on educating citizens and youth in practical wisdom, whereas Grice offers a formally minimalist analysis of meaning; yet both converge on the idea that reason in language is not categorical in a Kantian sense but intrinsically conversational, social, and oriented toward making human interaction work. Grice: “I am called a systematic philosopher – compared to Witters, but not to G.. At Bologna, as in Oxford, most philosophers ARE systematic. Witters shouldn’t be the judge! sistematicita della filosofia. I joked with the maxim, ‘be polite,’ surely it’s difficult to make that universalisable into the conversational categoric imperative (‘be helpful conversationally) – but apparently Italians are less Kantian than I thought! I love G.; he is like me, an economist when it comes to pragmatics – see my principle of ECONOMY of rational effort; I studied thoroughly his fascinating account about the origin of language, before I ventured with my pritological progressions!” La sua tesi, in cui sostiene la tesi di un'Italia libera, repubblicana, retta da istituzioni democratiche e basata su comuni elementi geografici e linguistici, prefigura l'unità italiana. Il pregio di questa combinazione cresce, se si riflette ch'ella è applicabile ad altri oggetti, a cagione d'esempio, ai vascelli in mare. lo fatti vi sono delle combinazioni saggissime profondissime, e che suppongono infinita destrezza nell'esecuzione. Ma siccome non arrecano alcun vantaggio, non hanno alcun pregio agl’occhi del saggio. Boverick, meccanico d'uva de, strezza e d’upa perseveranza prodigiosa, fabbrica una catena di duecento anelli che col suo catenaccio e la sua chiave pesava circa un terzo di grano. Questa catena e destinata ad iocatenare una pulce. Egli fa una carrozza che s'apriva e si chiudeva a inolla, era tratta da sei cavalli, porta quattro persone e due lacchè, e condolia da un cocchiere, ai piedi del quale sta assiso un cane, e il lutto venne strascioato da una pulce esercitata a questo travaglio. L'invenzione e l'esecuzione di questa macchina puerile fa desiderare che Boverick impiega meglio i suoi talenti. Grice: “”Si suppongano due selvaggi” – exactly my way of proceeding. G. has a lot of sense. An engraving’s caption has it: ‘statistico e filosofo’ – And I like the fact that like Socrates he did ‘elementi di filosofia ad uso de’ giovanetti’!” –filosofia ad uso de’ giovanetti, galateo, pulitezza.  Grice: Gioia, devo confessare che ammiro profondamente il suo approccio pragmatico alla filosofia. Lei è riuscito a rendere la riflessione filosofica qualcosa di utile, applicabile persino ai giovanetti. Mi sorprende come abbia saputo unire la sistematicità con la filosofia ad uso. Come nasce, secondo lei, l’esigenza di pensare la filosofia per la vita quotidiana? Gioia: Professore Grice, la ringrazio per il suo pensiero così gentile. Credo che la filosofia debba servire a migliorare la società e l’individuo. La mia convinzione è che una filosofia che non abbia riscontro pratico rischia di perdere il suo valore; per questo ho scritto i miei "elementi di filosofia ad uso de’ giovanetti". L’essenza sta nel saper trasmettere saggezza in modo semplice e concreto. Grice: Ecco, mi trovo d’accordo con lei. In Inghilterra, si insiste molto sulla cooperazione conversazionale, ma il galateo – la pulitezza e la cortesia – non sempre trovano spazio nei nostri imperativi categorici. Lei pensa che la cortesia e la pulitezza possano essere universalizzate come principi conversazionali? Gioia: Lo credo fermamente, anche se gli italiani, come lei osserva, sono meno kantiani. La cortesia è una forma di rispetto che favorisce la comunicazione sincera e fruttuosa. Se riuscissimo a educare i giovani al dialogo cortese e all’ascolto, avremmo una società più armoniosa, e forse anche una filosofia più vicina alle esigenze reali degli uomini. Gioia, Melchiorre (1803). Il nuovo galateo. Milano: Tipografia di Giuseppe Bernardoni.

Biagio di Giovanni (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della civetta di Minerva – In comparison with Grice, Biagio di Giovanni approaches reason‑governed conversational meaning from a substantially different, though intersecting, intellectual trajectory: where Grice construes conversational meaning as regulated by rational constraints internal to cooperative practices—maxims, intentions, recognitions, and cancellable implicatures—Giovanni situates reason itself within a historical and institutional process of becoming, shaped by Vico’s idea of the divenire of reason and by Marxian praxis. For Grice, conversational reason is critical rather than metaphysical: it operates by diagnosing how meaning exceeds what is said through implicature, without committing reason to an ontological narrative of history or statehood; hence his ironic resistance to Italian tendencies to translate conversational critique into philosophies of Becoming, Europe, or the State. Giovanni, by contrast, treats conversational reason less as a regulative grammar of interaction and more as an objectified historical force, through which experience sedimentates into institutions, classes, sovereignty, and political forms; implicature, in this frame, becomes a symptom of deeper ideological and historical tensions rather than a primarily pragmatic phenomenon. Where Grice insists on separating conversational critique from grand narratives—calling Giovanni’s “divenire della ragione” a critique of conversational reason rather than its theory—Giovanni deliberately collapses that distinction, embedding conversational rationality within disputes over power, praxis, statehood, and modernity (from Vico and Marx to Kelsen, Gentile, and Severino). The contrast thus turns on scope and direction: Grice moves from rational cooperation to philosophical modesty, while Giovanni moves from dialogue to history, interpreting reason‑governed conversation as one manifestation of a broader, contested process in which being and becoming, philosophy and politics, continuously implicate one another. Grice: “In my ‘Philosophical Eschatology, I let room for Allegory and Metaphor, on which the Hun and the Italians excell! The Italians love ‘divenire’ as in ‘being and becoming’ – but if I say Mary is becoming a princess, ain’t Mary being? I like G.; only in Italy, you write an essay on Marx on cooperation and on Kelsen; and then of course an Italian philosopher HAS to philosophise on Vico: ‘divvenire della ragione,’ G. calls what I would call a critique of conversational reason!” Si laurea a Napoli con Vico, natura e ius. Insegna a Bari.  L'esperienza come oggettivazione: alle origini della scienza”; “Il concetto di classe sociale in Cicerone”; “La borghesia italiana”; “Il concetto di prassi; Marx dopo Marx Grice dopo Grice. Impilcature: Not Grice! Dopo il comunismo; il comune L'ambigua potenza dell'Europa; Da un secolo all'altro: politica e istituzioni istituzione istituzionalismo istituismo La filosofia e l'Europa”; Sul partito democratico. Aristocrazia, democrazia crazia cratos concetto di potere -Opinioni a confronto”; “A destra tutta. Dove si è persa la sinistra? Elogio della sovranità politica, -- il sovrano – lo stato sovrano – Machiavelli Le Forme e la storia. La parabola di G..  Il dibattito Un saggio di de G. paragona Severino al filosofo del fascismo. È Gentile il profeta della civiltà tecnica la legge del divenire è eterna di SEVERINO GENTILE e assassinato perché e la voce più autorevole e convincente del fascismo. Eppure la sua filosofia è la negazione più radicale di ciò che il fascismo ha inteso essere. Essa è tra le forme più potenti non è esagerato dire la più potente della filosofia. Di tale potenza lo stesso Lenin si e accorto forse gl’assassini di Gentile non lo sanno neppure. Tanto meno lo sa la cultura filosofica dominante, che mai riconoscerebbe a un italiano un così alto rilievo. L’attualismo di GENTILE è l’autentica filosofia della civiltà della tecnica: Disputa sul divenire. SEVERINO essere/divenire – dall’essere al divenire divenire della ragione conversazionale stato. Grice: Giovanni, mi permetta una curiosità filosofica: a Vadum Boum, la nostra università, Bradley aveva una vera passione per la civetta di Minerva, simbolo della saggezza. Lei crede che questa allegoria possa ancora illuminare oggi la ragione conversazionale, soprattutto nel dialogo tra essere e divenire? Giovanni: Professore Grice, la civetta di Minerva vola solo al crepuscolo, proprio come la filosofia che arriva a spiegare la realtà quando essa si è già compiuta. Nel mio lavoro ho cercato di mostrare quanto il divenire sia centrale nella ragione, proprio come Vico insegnava: la conversazione filosofica diventa così un ponte tra ciò che è e ciò che diventa. Grice: Sagge parole, Giovanni. Mi affascina il modo in cui lei coniuga Marx, Kelsen e Vico, tutti sotto lo stesso tetto della ragione dialogica. Forse la civetta di Minerva dovrebbe insegnarci ad osservare il divenire non solo come mutamento, ma come esperienza oggettivata—da Napoli a Bari, da teoria a prassi. Giovanni: Esattamente, Professore. La filosofia italiana, con la sua attenzione al divenire, invita a non smettere mai di interrogarsi. La civetta ci ricorda che la saggezza nasce dal confronto e dalla capacità di cogliere la potenza ambigua dell’Europa, dello Stato, della storia e persino delle nostre implicature conversazionali. Giovanni, Biagio di (1923). Filosofia dell’azione. Napoli: Libreria Scientifica.

Decimo Giunio Giovenale (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e la satira del filosofo. A comparison between Grice and Juvenal helps clarify the specificity of Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning by contrast with a much earlier, non‑technical but philosophically acute use of language as ethical critique. Grice treats conversation as a cooperative, rational practice governed by shared expectations, intentions, and norms, where meaning is regulated by reason even when it departs from literal saying through implicature; critique, for him, operates diagnostically, uncovering how speakers rationally make themselves understood despite surface deviations. Juvenal, by contrast, does not theorize conversational reason but dramatizes its breakdown: his satirical voice presupposes a shared moral rationality that Roman society has betrayed, and indignatio replaces calm deliberation as the only effective response to vice. Where Grice exposes false philosophers through implicature—by showing how what they say fails rational standards they implicitly invoke—Juvenal exposes them performatively, through ridicule, excess, and moral shock, targeting Stoics of the Porch who simulate virtue while living corruptly. Yet the two converge at an important point: both assume that language is norm‑governed and ethically charged. Grice makes those norms explicit and procedural, embedding them in a theory of rational cooperation; Juvenal assumes them as already violated and uses satire as a philosophical medium precisely because ordinary reasoned discourse, in a corrupt age, no longer suffices. In that sense, Juvenal’s satire can be read as a negative counterpart to Gricean conversational reason: where Grice explains how rational meaning survives deviation, Juvenal demonstrates what happens when shared rational expectations collapse, leaving indignation as the last credible form of moral communication.  (Grice: “The main difference between Oxonian philosophy and Roman philosophy is that the latter is older! G. is important to Roman philosophy for his unique role as a  what in Nowell-Smith’s words would come out as a “moralist,: who uses satire as a philosophical medium to critique the ethical decay of the Roman Empire. While G. would hardly have identified as a philosopher – “in the way we say Nowell-Smtih, or myself are philosoophers, G.’s work is deeply embedded in the "philosophy of the street," serving as a bridge between high-minded theory of the Porch, and the gritty reality of Roman social life.  G. revolutionises satire by making indignatio -- righteous anger -- its core philosophical engine. G. argues that, in a corrupt age, indignation, rather than calm reason, is the only appropriate response to vice. Critique of Hypo-critical Porch: G. famously attacks "false philosophers,” mocking those who wear the grim expressions of the sect of the Porch in public while indulging in vice in private – as Ryle said to Johnson: “Look at him! Sex ruined him – pointing to Ayer – let that be a warning for you!” G.’s Satires provide a ground-level view of ethical dilemmas concerning wealth, social hierarchies, and human ambition, summarised in “The Vanity of Human Wishes". Undercurrents of the Porch: Despite his criticisms of practitioners, G.’s Satires are noted for their resignation, alla Porch, often citing the need for mens sana in corpore sano -- and the cultivation of virtue as the only true path to tranquility.  Several Italian philosophers have expanded on G.’s philosophical and social dimensions:  One of the earliest to be significantly influenced by G., Boccaccio imitates G.’s style to critique morality in works like the Corbaccio. STRAMAGLIA  e GRAZZINI. have co-authored significant works G. tra storia, poesia e ideologia exploring the intersection of G.’s poetry with Roman history and ideological/philosophical systems. Scholars such as NICOLETTI  and TOMMASI  utilise G.’s Satires as primary tools for educating pupils on moral integrity and Latin ethics.  Roma. GRICEVS: SALVE, IVVENALIS; audivi te non solum versus facere, sed et mores mordere: quasi philosophus cum stilō acuto. IVVENALIS: SALVE, GRICE; si Roma vetus est, vitia tamen novissima sunt. Ego indignatione utor, quia ratio sola hic saepe ridetur. GRICEVS: Apud nos Oxoniae dicunt philosophiam esse rem seriam; Roma autem docet eam esse rem antiquiorem—et tu docuisti eam esse etiam hilaritatem cum dentibus. IVVENALIS: Bene; tu maximas numeras, ego personas. Tu falsos philosophas per implicaturam nudare potes; ego eos per satyram—et uterque dicet: mens sana in corpore sano, sed non in togā simulātā. Giovenale, Decimo Giunio (a. u. c. DCCCL). Saturae. Roma:

Giovio (Nola, Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica -- In the passage, Giovio’s Roman conversation frames reason as a civic and rhetorical faculty embedded in place, lineage, and learned wit, whereas Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning abstracts reason into a normative structure governing how utterances are understood beyond what is explicitly said. Giovio presents conversation as culturally situated: Rome “speaks,” Campania “thinks,” and philosophical seriousness is inseparable from irony, education, and epistolary exchange; meaning emerges from shared background, historical identity, and playful allusion, as when implicatures are cast as a lighter, almost literary counterpart to divine thunderbolts. Grice, by contrast, treats implicature not as a flourish of erudite conversation but as the rational outcome of cooperative principles and maxims that any competent speaker can exploit, regardless of cultural setting. Where Giovio’s conversational reason is expressive and humanistic, grounded in the social prestige of philosophy and the performative intelligence of dialogue, Grice’s is analytical and universalizing, aimed at explaining how hearers systematically infer intentions under assumptions of rational cooperation. The dialogue thus anticipates Gricean implicature in spirit but not in method: Giovio dramatizes reason at work in conversation, while Grice theorizes the conditions that make such work intelligible at all. The son of Paulino di Nola. From a letter written to him by his father, it appears that he was a keen student of philosophy. Giovio. GRICEVS: Salve, IOVI. Roma dicitur caput mundi; ego autem dico: caput sermonis—hic etiam philosophia ridet. IOVIVS: Salve, GRICE. Si Roma caput est, ego (Nolae natus, Neapoli institutus) sum quasi nervus: Campania cogitat, Roma loquitur. GRICEVS: Bene; sed dic mihi, IOVI: esne filius Paulini Nolani? Nomen tuum sonat quasi Iuppiter in toga. IOVIVS: Ita—filius sum. Pater in epistula scripsit me philosophiae studiosissimum; ego respondeo: si Iuppiter fulmina iacit, ego tantum implicaturas. Giovio (a. u. c. MMDCL). Epistola Romae conscripta.

Giovanni Battista Giraldi (Ventimiglia, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. In the Giraldi passage, conversational meaning is presented as inseparable from essence, irony, and cultural sensibility, whereas Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning deliberately brackets such metaphysical and aesthetic commitments in order to isolate the rational mechanisms by which speakers mean more than they say. Giraldi’s essentialism, shaped by Italian idealism and a Romantic inheritance from Vico through Gentile and Croce, treats conversation as a space where truth, fiction, sentiment, and irony openly intermingle: Pinocchio’s status as “a child born of a lie” becomes emblematic of a philosophical stance in which essence can emerge from narrative, myth, and even deception. In this framework, implicature is not a technical inference drawn under explicit cooperative norms but a lived, stylistic phenomenon, bound to dialect, place, autobiography, and the pleasure of intellectual play. Grice’s account of implicature, by contrast, is explicitly anti‑essentialist: conversational meanings arise not from hidden essences or romantic feeling but from rational expectations governing cooperative talk, expectations that are in principle detachable from any specific cultural mythology. Where Giraldi treats irony, fable, and laughter as philosophically productive in themselves, Grice treats them as data to be explained by a theory of rational inference. The contrast is thus sharp: Giraldi’s conversational reason is expressive, historical, and saturated with sentiment, while Grice’s is procedural, normative, and deliberately minimalist, aiming to explain how meaning is inferred without appealing to substantive metaphysical essences at all. Grice: “We never had at Oxford anything like they had at Bologna, with Mussolini! fascismo, Gentile filosofo politico. Only a Ligurian philosopher would philosophise on Hegel’s real logic and lobsters! One good thing about Giraldi is that he is from Ventimiglia and moved to Noli – the most charming corners of Italy! G. calls his position ‘romatnic essentialism;’ having born in Ventmiglia he would, wouldn’t he? I like G.; nobody in England would dare write “The son of Peter Pan,” but G., otherwise known as the author of ‘Essenzialismo,’ did write ‘Il figlio di Pinocchio’! G. is obsessed with ‘essenza’, which is a coinage by Cicero – essentia, meaning essentially nothing!“G., who defends Gentile, rightly, as a ‘pensatore politico’ – was obsessed with idealism – his essentialism was supposed to supersede it, but he spends some time analysing the situation in Italy with idealism, ‘a la catedra – but is dead – he refers to Croce, Gentile, and the roots of  idealism in Vico, Sanctis, and Spaventa!” Si laurea a Roma sotto PONZO e Spirito. Insegna a Milano. Partendo da GENTILE, che vede in tutto una gigli. TEVERE AMICO, Filosofia esposte nel dialetto Trastevere. Paradiso, Faust mediterraneo”, Il Testamento, saggio critico G., Pergamena, Nel Sublime, Pergamena Il mio Ponente, Pinocchio, un figlio nato da una bugia, in La Repubblica, sez. Genova. Ha al suo attivo un dizionario di estetica e linguistica, una storia della pedagogia e ha scritto novelle. Vive a Noli, di cui è cittadino onorario. Piotr Zygulski, Filosofo liberale, in Termometro Politico; G. Tissi, filosofo dell'ironia, Sui tragici. Dal mio diario filologico, Da "Autobiografia come filosofia e pagine integrative in Illuministi Disegno storico del costituzionalismo La scuola del Risorgimento. la scuola italiana La favola dell'indo-europeo, essenzialismo, essenzialismo romantico, storia della filosofia romana, etica del sentimento, autobiografia come filosofia, mio ponente, filosofia ligure, l’aragosta romanzo ligure -- Riviera di ponente, nel pleroma: da dio alla materia,  gentile, filosofo politico. Grice: Giraldi, devo confessare che a Oxford nessuno ha mai scritto un saggio su Pinocchio, figlio di una bugia! Ma lei, dalla Riviera di Ponente, riesce a portare persino le aragoste in filosofia… sarà il profumo del mare che rende tutto più essenziale? Giraldi: Professore Grice, qui tra Ventimiglia e Noli la filosofia si mescola col vento ligure. L’essenzialismo romantico nasce proprio dalla necessità di distinguere tra ciò che è vero e ciò che è… una favola! Se Pinocchio diventa figlio, può anche la verità nascere da una bugia? Grice: Forse, Giraldi, la conversazione filosofica dovrebbe seguire il Tevere, come lei suggerisce: dalle bugie ai sentimenti, passando per Gentile, Croce e l’aragosta ligure. D’altronde, l’essenza si rivela spesso nei dialetti, non nei trattati. Giraldi: Professore, qui a Noli si dice che solo chi sa ridere di sé stesso può capire il sublime. Se la filosofia è un viaggio, meglio farlo con una aragosta in mano e una bugia in tasca, così non ci si annoia mai! Giraldi, Giovanni Battista (1554). Gli Ecatommiti. Venezia: Gabriele Giolito de' Ferrari.

Armando Girotti (Adria, Rovigo, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della curva – la filosofia nella storia d’Italia – il caso Gentile. In the exchange with Girotti, conversational reason is conceived as historically embedded, phenomenological, and normatively charged, whereas Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning deliberately abstracts from historical substance to isolate the inferential structure of understanding. Girotti treats conversation as a medium through which philosophy emerges from the interaction between data, historical context, and evaluative ideals such as beauty and responsibility; implicature, on this view, is not merely an inference but part of a “curve” or trajectory in which meaning unfolds longitudinally across history, culture, and moral concern. His engagement with Gentile and Italian idealism presupposes that philosophical communication cannot be divorced from the metaphysical spirit that animates historical situations, and that beauty itself functions as a regulative tension guiding interpretation beyond bare chronicle. Grice, by contrast, explicitly resists grounding meaning in history, metaphysics, or aesthetic value: conversational implicature arises because speakers are taken to be rational and cooperative, not because they participate in a shared historical essence or phenomenological horizon. Where Girotti views conversation as a site where freedom, responsibility, and justification of evil are negotiated through historically situated dialogue, Grice treats such themes as external to the explanation of how hearers infer what is meant. The comparison thus highlights a divide between Girotti’s integrative, historically sensitive conception of conversational reason and Grice’s deliberately minimalist, analytic account, which aims to explain meaning as the product of rational norms rather than as the expression of a philosophical spirit unfolding in time. Guido del Grice: “The main difference between Bologna, the oldest university, and Oxford, is that they had Mussolini – we didn’t! fascismo. I like G.; for one, he has explored the idea of beauty, which Sibley should, but did not!” Si laurea a Padova sotto SANTINELLO  e BERTI. storia storica Comunicazione filosofica autonomi razionalità metodi volere. Siamo completamente liberi di volere ciò che vogliamo? Bellezza e responsabilità, Cercasi anima disperatamente la giustificazione del male Un viaggio intorno all’io: Da Atene a Delfi dialogando “una storia storica che si fermi all’esibizione dei dati diventa semplice una ‘cronaca’; infatti, nel momento in cui si espone la filosofia di Grice, per poter abbracciare l'oggettività si dovrebbe rimanere all’interno di un'asettica descrizione, quella che G. definisce como spirito metafisico. G fenomenologia come metodo e lo spirito metafisico come oggetto. Il dato. Grice on the longitudinal history of philosophy. “We should treat those who are dead and great as if they were great and living. attualismo, idealismo L'idealismo attuale Un fallito tentativo di riforma dello hegelismo: l'idealismo attuale, Bari; E. Garin, Cronache di filosofia italiana, Bari; Harris, The special philosophy of G. G., Urbana, IL; A. Guzzo, Cinquant'anni di esperienza idealistica in Italia, Padova Spirito, G., Firenze, Noce, Il suicidio della rivoluzione, Milano; Bellezza, La problematica gentiliana della storia, Roma; Noce, G. G.: per una interpretazione filosofica della storia contemporanea, Bologna, Negri, L'inquietudine del divenire. G. G., Firenze, Sasso, Filosofia e idealismo, G., Napoli. la curva, la curva della bellezza, la linea, la linea della bellezza storia storica non filosofica unita longitudinale longamiranza distillizione filosofica  Gentile. Grice: Girotti, ho letto con interesse le tue riflessioni sulla “curva della bellezza” e sulla storia d’Italia. Mi colpisce come tu riesca a intrecciare la filosofia col dato storico, senza scivolare nella semplice cronaca. Secondo te, la bellezza è solo una questione estetica, o ha una responsabilità più profonda nel pensiero filosofico? Girotti: Grice, grazie! Per me la bellezza è molto più che estetica: rappresenta una responsabilità verso l’oggettività e il senso della storia. Non basta esporre i dati, bisogna dialogare con lo spirito metafisico, e la “curva” della bellezza diventa così un elemento di tensione tra libertà e giustificazione del male. In questo, Gentile ci offre una prospettiva attuale sull’idealismo italiano. Grice: Interessante! In Inghilterra spesso separiamo filosofia e storia, mentre tu sembri suggerire un’unione longitudinale. Come pensi che il metodo fenomenologico possa aiutare a distillare la filosofia dalla cronaca storica? Girotti: La fenomenologia permette di andare oltre il dato, di cogliere l’essenza mutevole della storia e del pensiero. La linea della bellezza diventa così un percorso, non una semplice descrizione. Solo abbracciando la responsabilità della libertà e la profondità della comunicazione filosofica, possiamo restituire alla storia il suo valore filosofico – proprio come suggerivi con la longamiranza nel trattare i grandi del passato. Girotti, Armando (1962). Il pensiero filosofico di Armando Girotti. Roma: Edizioni Studium.

Riccardo Del Giudice (Lucera, Foggia, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale, l’esperienza, e l’implicatura conversazionale di Telesio. A comparison between H. P. Grice and Riccardo Del Giudice can be made at the level of reason-governed meaning insofar as both resist any simple reduction of philosophy to empiricism while granting experience a constitutive role in rational practice. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning treats experience not as a foundation of knowledge in the empiricist sense, but as the pragmatic field in which rational agents operate under shared expectations, generating implicatures through reason-sensitive departures from what is strictly said; Del Giudice’s early engagement with Bernardino Telesio, culminating in his 1921 Roman thesis, approaches experience analogously as a lived, organizing principle that is irreducible to brute sensation and already normatively inflected. In Del Giudice, Telesio’s emphasis on natura and experience functions less as proto-empiricism than as an implicit theory of rational practice, one that later reappears in Del Giudice’s analyses of corporative doctrine, syndicate versus corporation, and the juridical articulation of social life—from papal-state corporazioni to modern labor law and navigation contracts—where meaning and authority arise through institutional forms and shared practical reason rather than mere observation. Grice’s insistence that an interest in experience does not entail empiricism (“I’ve always been interested in experience—that doesn’t make me an Empiricist”) finds a historical analogue in Del Giudice’s Telesian reading under Gentile: in both cases, experience supports a theory of implicature avant la lettre, where what is meant exceeds what is explicitly formulated, whether in conversation or in legal-corporative practice, and rationality is realized through governed interaction rather than theoretical abstraction alone. Giudice, Riccardo Del (1921). Psicologia ed etica di Telesio. Rome: Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”. Grice: “I’ve always been interested in experience – that doesn’t make me an Empiricist, neither it makes Telesio one, as G. shows!” Si laurea a Roma sotto GENTILE. Insegna a Roma.  l’implicatura di Telesio, Telesio, polemica con Spirito su la distinzione tra sindacato e corporazione, le corporazione nella roma papale, I diritti dello stato pontificio, il diritto della navegazione, contratto, gentile, la scuola al lavoro – ‘dottrina e prassi corporativa” --  – la tesi di telesio – consiglio nazionale delle corporazioni, l’implicatura di Telesio. Grice: Caro Giudice, ho letto i tuoi studi su Telesio—ma davvero pensi che l’esperienza sia sempre la via maestra? Io, che mi definisco “curioso,” non mi sono mai lasciato incatenare dall’empirismo, e nemmeno Telesio lo avrebbe fatto!Giudice: Professore, in Italia l’esperienza è come il caffè: tutti ne parlano, ma ognuno ha la sua ricetta segreta! Telesio diceva che la realtà va gustata, non solo osservata. E poi, se fosse stato un empirista puro, avrebbe inventato la moka, non la filosofia!Grice: Ah, la moka! Allora forse la polemica tra sindacato e corporazione è solo una questione di chi prepara il caffè più forte. Mi affascina il modo in cui hai intrecciato diritto, corporazione e dottrina—quasi come una ricetta della nonna, con un pizzico di polemica e un cucchiaino di prassi.Giudice: Esattamente, Professore! Se la filosofia fosse solo dottrina, sarebbe troppo amara. Telesio, Gentile, e pure la scuola al lavoro: tutti cercano il consiglio perfetto, ma alla fine, il vero implicito è che la filosofia italiana preferisce una buona conversazione… e magari una tazzina di caffè condivisa! Giudice, Riccardo Del (1921). Psicologia ed etica di Telesio. Roma: La Sapienza.

Vincenzo Giulia (Acri, Cosenza, Calabria): la ragione conversazioanle e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s and Vincenzo Giulia’s treatments of conversational implicature and reason converge on a shared conviction that meaning in communication is governed by reason, yet they diverge sharply in style, orientation, and philosophical temperature. Grice theorizes conversational meaning as a rational, cooperative enterprise structured by intentions and governed by norms—his maxims articulate how speakers rely on shared expectations of rationality to convey more than is literally said, so that implicature emerges as an inferential achievement anchored in reasoned uptake. Giulia, by contrast, approaches “ragione conversazionale” historically, rhetorically, and civically: for him, implicature is not merely an inferential calculus but a moral‑poetic residue of lived history, a way in which Calabria’s suffering, resistance, and intellectual lineage speak indirectly through language. Where Grice emphasizes analytic clarity and the repeatability of philosophical error as a lesson in rational discipline, Giulia treats philosophy as inseparable from poetry, civic memory, and sacrifice, aligning conversational reason with the implicit transmission of courage and identity exemplified by Campanella, Bruno, and the Risorgimento tradition. Thus, while Grice secures implicature within a universal model of rational cooperation, Giulia localizes it as a historically charged, ethically inflected mode of meaning, in which what is left unsaid carries the weight of a people’s past and their claim to intellectual dignity. Grice: “History of philosophy teaches how you make the same mistake MORE than twice!  storia della filosofia. G. was more of a poet than a philosopher; but then for Heidegger, philosophy IS poetry and vice versa! Essential Italian philosopher!” Si laurea a Cosenza sotto FOCARACCI. Intraprese gli studi giuridici e per alcuni anni esercita la professione di avvocato poi accantonata a pennello ne ritrasse gl’apostoli, e gl’eroi, rivendicando i padri nostri al cospetto di un secolo banchiere e borghese. La morte lo colge sulla soglia del tempio del Rinascimento; gloria al virile sacerdote della scienza, che muore, adempiendo il suo dovere, mentre si folleggia, deridendo gl’eroi del pensiero, i modesti operai del mondo moderno, e sigitta lo scherno sulle ossa dei grandi precursori della nuova filosofia e della nuova critica. Io ho fede che i calabresi, così ricci d'ingegno e di cuore, cosi amanti delle patrie glorie, hanno un culto per gl’uomini, che muoiono sulla breccia, martiri della scienza e della patria; per le anime generose, che non curano le amarezze della vita, l'esilio, la povertà, la carcere, ed accettano, fino le torture di Campanella, fino il rogo di Bruno. Ho fede che la Calabria si rinnovi nel lavacro della rinascenza e negli studii virili del passato, e la gentile e dotta Cosenza, riccaperme di care e dolorose memorie, prodiga di tanto sangue alla patria, di tanto contributo d'ingegno alla storia del pensiero italiano, s'ispiri nell'austera figura del più grande dei suoi figli, il cui busto parla tra il verde degli alberi la gran parola del risorgimento ai calabresi. Così,o gio vani, non sarò costretto a ripetere gli amari versi dell’austero poeta di Recanati. Oggi è nefando stile Di schiatta ignava e finta Virtù viva sprezzar lodare estinta. implicatura, filosofia calabrese, Campanella, Telesio, Sanctis, Leopardi, Mazzini, Garibaldi, Gioberti, Spaventa, Hegel, Aligheri, Serra, Bruno. Grice: Caro Giulia, leggendo della tua esperienza filosofica e poetica in Calabria, mi colpisce come tu riesca a intrecciare la passione per la storia con l’implicatura conversazionale. Per te, la filosofia è davvero poesia, come voleva Heidegger? Giulia: Assolutamente! Credo che la filosofia e la poesia siano due facce della stessa medaglia, entrambe cercano il senso profondo delle cose e la verità oltre le apparenze. Ho sempre pensato che i grandi pensatori calabresi, come Telesio e Campanella, abbiano dato voce poetica alla ragione. Grice: Interessante! Da analitico, ho spesso sostenuto che la filosofia si riconosce anche nei "piccoli errori ripetuti" di cui parla la storia. Tu credi che la Calabria, con le sue memorie e sofferenze, abbia una lezione filosofica da offrire all’Italia moderna? Giulia: Senz’altro, caro Grice. La Calabria è terra di martiri e di rinascita: qui la filosofia nasce spesso dal dolore, dalla lotta, dal desiderio di riscatto. È questa la nostra implicatura più profonda: tramandare il coraggio delle idee, anche a costo dell’esilio o della povertà, come hanno fatto i nostri eroi e poeti. Giulia, Vincenzo (1868). Contributo. Il Gravina.

Giuliano (Eclano,  Avelino, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e la gnossi a Roma. Grice and Julian of Eclanum converge on a shared confidence in reason as the proper governor of human understanding, but they articulate this commitment at very different levels and for different ends. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning treats reason as a procedural norm internal to communication itself: speakers are presumed to be rational and cooperative, and meaning beyond what is said arises through inferential practices grounded in shared expectations of intelligibility, relevance, and justification. Julian, by contrast, operates within a late‑antique theological and anthropological dispute, where reason is not a conversational mechanism but a gnostic capacity rooted in the goodness of human nature. Against Augustine’s doctrine of original sin, Julian insists that rational agency presupposes an uncorrupted nature capable of moral understanding and self‑correction; his polemic assumes that interlocutors can recognize fairness, proportion, and argumentative balance without the mediating weight of inherited guilt. Read through a Gricean lens, Julian’s position implicitly relies on a robust conception of conversational reason: his arguments make sense only if speakers can be held responsible for what they imply about human nature, freedom, and blame, and if theological disagreement itself is treated as a rational exchange rather than the mere exposure of hidden corruption. Thus, while Grice formalizes reason‑governed implicature as a theory of meaning, Julian presupposes it as a moral and epistemic condition of discourse, embedding conversational rationality in a broader vision of human dignity and hope rather than in an explicit analytic framework. A follower of (of all people) Pelagio.  As a result he was prompty deposed from his position as ‘vescovo’ of Eclanum. He appears to have led an unsettled life thereafter. His works survive in the use made by them by Agostino in “Against Giuliano, the defender of the Pelgagian heresy, and the so-called ‘Incomplete work against Giuliano’ – left unfinished by Agostino. G. strongly opposed Agostino’s convoluted doctrine of the original sins (he said there were many). By contrast, Giuliano entertained a totally positive conception of human nature. GRICEVS: Salve, IVLIANVS. Audivi te Pelagii sectatorem fuisse: Roma quidem multa tolerat, sed hic etiam gratia ipsa laborat. IVLIANVS: Salve. Non gratia laborat, sed calumnia; ego naturam humanam bonam esse dicebam, et statim episcopus non iam episcopus factus sum. GRICEVS: At AVGVSTINVS te oppugnat libris—tam multis ut peccata originalia ipsa numerari possint; tu vero dicis “multa sunt”: quasi catalogus, non crimen. IVLIANVS: Ita; ille vult nos in culpa nasci, ego in spe. Si hoc est haeresis, confiteor: malim homines corrigere quam deprimere—et, si depulsus sum, saltem non depulsus est animus. Giuliano (a. u. c. MXLXX). Contra doctrinam de peccato originali. Roma.

Giulio Rufiano. DE FIGURIS SENTENTIARUM ET ELOCUTIONIS DE SCHEMATIS LEXEOS. DE SCHEMATIS DIANOEAS. Flacleniis Aqiiila Romanus ex Alexandro Numenio: exintle ab eo prae- leritas, aliis qiiidem proditas, subtexuimus. EiQCDVEia elocutiuncula Sallustiana commodissime expriniitur, cum aliud in pectore reclusum, aliud in lingua promplum li;ibenms, el scntentia enuntiationis in conlrarium verbis accipitur, iit apud Vergilium: Scilicet is superis labor est. Apud Tuliium pro Ligario: Novum crim(!ii, Gai Caesar, et cetera. \\\ Clodium et Curionem : Tu vero festivus, lu elegans, tu so- lus urbanus, quem decet muliebris ornatus, et cetera. Ironiae 3 Catii. 10. 5 Aen,  p. Lig. §. 1. S iii Clod. et Ciir. c, 5. "2 praeterita, ab aliis prodila Sl, ^ Quem in errorem indu.xeriint uerbii , (/uue in B his subiiciuntur : Scliemata diaiioeas. Jronia, partes eiiis cldeuasnius etc. ijuac non sunt Ihi/iniani, sed sludiosi lecloris, pgururuni cataloijum conficientis. Quem nos tit inutilem el idienum eiecimus.'' Iluiink. 3 Sahisiiana B 4 clausiim in peclore Sall. liabemiis St : liabcamus B sententiam B, eni. St 5 verbis Capp. : a verbis B 7 Caij B  C. autem species sex, chleiiasmos sive epicertomesis, charientismos sive scomma, asteismos, diasyrmos, exuthenismos, sarcasmos. 2. Xlsva6^6g sive B7iiKEQx6^y]Gtg. Haec figura risum excitat et severe proposita vafre excutit, elutlens personarum aut rerum compara- 5 tione, ut apud Vergilium: m e q u e t i m o r i s Argue, tu, Drance. Apud Ciceronem : Quasi vero ego de facietua, catamite, dixerim. Vel alias: Potuistine contum e liosius facere, si tihi hoc loParmeno alioqui ac non ipse Parmeno nuntiasset. 3. XaQLBvna^^s i\\'Q GKa^lia. Hac figura fit festiva dictio, cum amoenitate mordax, iit apud Ciceronem: Infirmo corpore atque ae- gro, colore , ut ipsi iudicare potestis, u. Et apud eundem: Facite enim, ut vultum ipsiuset illam usque ad talos demis- issam purpuram cogitetis. 4. 'A(}taW^6g, An niemorem l'er(f. 24 imiiatio .SV: mulatio ^ 2G ad um. B imilaudam St: imitandum B 27 de- torquelur malim 29 Enargia Capp. el Gesner: Euergia //; cf. (hdntil. 0,2, 32 el. prammatica come rettorica conversazionale. GRICEVS: IVLIVS, audio te de schematibus scribere; sed dic mihi, num ironia est figura, an est toga qua orator frigus suum celat? IVLIVS: Est utroque modo: figura est in arte, toga in vita; nam saepe aliud in pectore clausum est, aliud in lingua promptum, et auditor laetus abit, cum auctor se mordere voluit. GRICEVS: Ita vero; et Sallustius, Vergilius, Cicero—omnes quasi in foro rident, dum sententiam in contrarium torquent. Sed cave: si nimis urbane dicis, populus te “festivum” vocat et nihil intellegit. IVLIVS: Quid igitur? Ego doceo species: chleiiasmum, scomma, asteismum, sarcasmum—tu autem doceto discipulos tuos hoc unum: si iocus nimis doctus est, fit scholium, non risus.

Giulio: la ragione conversazionale: l’anima di Cesare – il discorso contro la penna di morte a Catilina.  Grice:“The Romans were more serious about the ‘anima’ than Ryle was!” -- Si lo è voluto collocare G. Nel GIARDINO ROMANO perchè, nell’orazione che, secondo SALLUSTIO , tenne in senato per opporsi alla condanna a morte dei complici di Catilina, NEGA l'immortalità dell’anima -- e le pene dell’oltre-tomba. Però non sappiamo se e fino a qual punto rispecchi la sua filosofia quell’orazione, che, in ogni modo, mira a impedire l'uccisione dei catiliniani. La divinazzione di G. La stella raccontata di OVIDIO. OTTAVIANO  interpreta la stella di altro modo. Allorche nella congiura di CATILINA  il console pronunzia il primo contro i congiurati l’opinione sua per la pena di morte, G., il quale desidera ne’ suoi fini di salvare loro la vita, nell’orazione che recita in senato, riferita estesamente da SALLUSTIO , non tratta gia come ingiusta o crudele la pena di morte, ma disse anzi che per coloro, che condur devono una vita misera ed infelice, la morte NON È UNA PENA, MA UN BENEFIZIO, che li libera avventurosomente dai mali che sofirone. Ne CICERONE , ne CATONE , ne alcun altro de' senatori contraddissero punto in questa parte al sentimento di G.. Anzi, Cicerone ne parla come d'un sentimento vero e giusto. G., dic’egli, considera che la morte non e stata dagl’iddi immortali stabilita come una pena, ma come il fine de’ dolori e delle miserie. Allora si debbono mettere in libertà  costoro e mandarli ad accrescere l’esercito di Catilina? Niente affatto. Ma ecco il  mio parere: si confi schino i loro beni, si tengano i rei in prigione affi dandoli ai municipi che posseggono i migliori presìdi; per l’avvenire intorno a costoro non si  facciano più proposte in Senato né discorsi al popolo; se qualcuno trasgredisse, il  Senato deve dichiararlo nemico dello Stato e della salvezza pubblica.  if, for example, we admit Julius Casar to membership of the universe, then we should also admit a class of entities which will include the death of Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., and a special subclass of these which will include Julius Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon in 49 B.C. The death of Julius Caesar will be an entity whose essential nature consists in, or at least contains, the attribute being an event in which Julius Caesar died; in which case that particular event could not conceivably have lacked that attribute, even though there may be many other attributes which it in fact possesses but might have failed to possess, like the attribute of being the cause of the rise of Augustus. A decision with regard to the suitability of this further step is, I think, connected with the view one takes with regard to the acceptability of one or both of two further ideas. First, the idea that for an item x to be a genuine particular there must be a distinction between (i) what x is in itself (intrinsically) and (ii) how x is related to other things, and also a distinction within what it is itself between what it is essentially and what it is accidentally or non-essentially. Without satisfying these dis-tinctions, x will be characterless, and any features attributed to it will be no more than pale and delusive reflections of verbal descriptions which, in a nominalistic fashion, are thought of as applying to it. Second, the idea that the possession of an essential attribute is achieved only as an aspect of the metaphysical construction of the item which possesses it (or of the category to which that item belongs); or perhaps (less drastically) that only in the case of constructs are essential characteristics unmistakably evident (waiting, so to speak, to be read off), whereas, in the case of non-con-structs, though such characteristics may, or must, exist, their identification involves the solution of a theoretical problem. A combination of the strongest affirmative answers to these questions would yield the possibly wol-come, possibly unwelcome, doctrine that particulars as such are necessarily constructs; other combinations of answers would lead to milder positions.Giulio Cesare. Keywords: l’immortalita dell’anima – Shropshire e Giulio – Giulio’s intenzione al crosare il Rubicon. GRICEVS: Salve, IVLIVS. Audio te in senatu contra poenam mortis dixisse mortem non esse poenam sed beneficium; ita Catilinarios servare voluisti, sed verbis quasi eos consolari. IVLIVS: Salve. Consolari? Immo rationem publicam servare: si mors finis malorum est, senatus non debet se in carnificem mutare; satis est vincla, custodia, municipia. GRICEVS: At de anima quid? Dicunt te immortalitatem negasse: Romani de anima gravius agebant quam Ryle umquam de “mente”; tu vero quasi portas inferorum clausisti, ne quis minas post mortem venderet. IVLIVS: Clausis portis, aperui consilium: si ultra-tumbae poenae non sunt, tum hic et nunc iustitia est facienda; et, quaeso, noli me “impium” vocare—ego tantum mortem a poena liberavi, non rem publicam a ratione.

Gneo Giulio Agricola (Roma, Lazio): Roma – da Roma ad Oxford, via Bologna – Philosopher and farmer. Grice: “Going by the  gens of Gnaeus Julius Agricola, his modern Italian surname would be Giulio.  The Roman naming convention included the nomen gentilicium, which identified a person’s gens (clan). For Agricola, this was Julius (or Iulius). In modern Italian, Roman nomina typically evolved into surnames ending in -io or -i; thus, Julius becomes Giulio (or occasionally Giulii).  Agricola itself was his cognomen (a personal or family branch nickname), which also survives as a modern Italian surname, Agricola, meaning "farmer". Gnaeus was his praenomen (personal name), which is rarely used as a modern surname. He makes his name as a politician and a philosopher expert in political philosophy. Governor of Bretagna – His son-in-law, Tacito, writes a biography of him, claiming that A. has a great passion for philosophy – and that it was his mother who hated it (“doing her best for his son to get rid of it”). She was largely unsuccessful, since A. claims to have acquired and retained a sense of proportion (proportio, proporzione) from his philosophical study. Cneo Giulio Agricola. Keywords: proporzione, analogia; a:b::c:d -- Gneo Giulio Agricola  Voce Discussione Leggi Modifica Modifica wikitesto Cronologia  Strumenti  Disambiguazione – "Giulio Agricola" rimanda qui. Se stai cercando la stazione della linea A della Metropolitana di Roma, vedi Giulio Agricola (metropolitana di Roma). Legatus Augusti pro praetore della Britannia  NascitaFréjus MorteRoma PredecessoreSesto Giulio Frontino SuccessoreSallustio Lucullo FigliGiulia Agricola Questura Tribunato della plebe66 Pretura68 Legatus legionis69-75 Perchè egli dopo si breve tempo pigliasse la determinazione di partire da Roma bisogna credere che ei sentisse di non poter più sopportare il trattamento de’ suoi colleghi umanisti, poco umani invero. E il Bellum troianum o non fu visto da alcuno, o se anche visto, messo là tra quelli che non valevano una frulla non interessò nessuno degli studiosi. GRICEVS: Salve, IVLIVS. Dicunt te et philosophum et agricolam fuisse; miror: utrum aratrum an argumentum citius trahis? IVLIVS: Salve. Aratrum tardius, sed certius; argumentum citius, sed saepe in luto haeret. Utrumque tamen manibus et mente regendum est. GRICEVS: At nomen tuum ipsum ad rationem invitat: Iulius, quasi “Giulio,” et Agricola vere agricola. Proportio, ais, a philosophia tibi mansit: a:b::c:d—sed in agro quid est d? IVLIVS: D est cena. Si bene proporciones, non tantum segetem metes sed etiam quietem; et si male, mater mea iterum dicet philosophiam esse culpam, non tempestatem.

Giulio Giuliano: la ragione conversazionale e l’attaco a Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma) Filosofo italiano. A philosopher who was killed during an attack on the city. GRICEVS: IVLIVS, salve. Audio te philosophum fuisse, sed in impetu urbis oppugnatae interemptum: Roma etiam disputationes suas armis interpellat. IVLIVS: Salve. Ita est; hostis mihi argumentum fecit, non refutationem. Ego quaerebam quid esset vita bona; ille statim demonstravit quam brevis. GRICEVS: At certe, si in ipsa urbe cecidisti, Roma tibi ultimum exemplum dedit: “non omnia perorantur.” Philosophia tua fuit quasi oratio cui bellum praecidit finem. IVLIVS: Et tamen, GRICEVS, hoc unum consolatur: si mors tam inopina venit, saltem non me coegit conclusionem longiorem scribere. Roma me breviter emendavit.

Giunco (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale dell’andreia. The author of a philosophical dialogue about the three ages of man. The son-in-law of Tito Vario Ciliano. The models for the three ages of man are his father in law, himself, and his own son, as models. He argues that the middle age is the best. Grice: “But he was biased. In fact, in my lectures on reasoning, I give this as an example of biased reasoning!” GRICEVS: Salve, IVNCVS. Audivi te tres aetates hominis in dialogo pinxisse; et—mirum dictu—media aetas tibi optima videtur. Fortasse quia in ea tu ipse sedes? IVNCVS: Salve, GRICEVS. Non nego me in media aetate esse; sed ratio ipsa iubet medium laudare: ibi nec temeritas iuventae nec querella senectutis dominatur. GRICEVS: Ratio, ais; sed exempla tua sunt socer, tu, filius. Ita iudex in causa propria es, et testis idem, et—si liceat—iurator. IVNCVS: Concedo me aliquantum “inclinatorem” esse; sed hoc saltem profitior: si quis me arguit praeiudicii, respondeo me medium ipsum elegisse, quia etiam in iudiciis medium saepe tutissimum est.

Marco Giunio Bruto il Minore (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale dell’accademia al portico romano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats understanding as an essentially cooperative, intention-involving practice: what a speaker means (and what a hearer may reasonably take him to mean) is recoverable by rational inference from what is said plus shared expectations about relevance, sufficiency, and candour, yielding implicatures that are cancellable and answerable to reasons. Brutus the Younger (Marcus Junius Brutus), by contrast, is interesting as a limit-case where “conversation” is already institutional and ethically φορτισμένη: his philosophical formation moves between Academy and Stoa (Antiochus’ eclecticism, Stoic-inflected duty), and his surviving speech-acts (letters, moral treatises like De virtute and precepts “On Duties,” and—above all—the political act that culminates in Caesar’s assassination) show how public meaning in Rome is never merely what is said but what is taken to be meant by factions, patrons, and the crowd. Put Grice beside Brutus and you see two different governance structures for implication: in Grice, implicature is regulated by conversational rationality and mutual recognition of intention; in Brutus’s world, uptake is regulated by rhetoric, reputation, and the dangerous Roman habit of hearing “crown” whenever someone says “res publica.” Even Brutus’s moralizing maxim that “words teach, life excuses” fits this contrast: Grice’s model makes the rational route from words to meaning central, whereas Brutus embodies the political-practical fact that hearers will often treat actions (alliances with Pompey, reconciliation with Caesar, the conspiracy) as the decisive “implicatures” that retroactively fix what the earlier words were taken to mean, whether or not that was the speaker’s intended point. Appartene all'Accademia -- cioè effettivamente all’eclettismo con tendenze stoiche di Antioco d’Ascalona -- che, appunto, accetta dottrine derivate dal portico.  In Atene fa studi di filosofia, e in questa ha maestro Aristone.  Nella guerra civile parteggia per Pompeo e combatte a Farsaglia. Ottenne di riconciliarsi con GIULIO  Cesare. Forma stretti rapporti con CICERONE, che gli dedica varie opere: "Brutus", "Paradoxa", "Orator", "De finibus", "Tusculanae", "De natura Deorum." A CICERONE, dedica il "De virtute" (Andreia). Legato pro-pretore nelle Gallie, pretore urbano, partecipa alla congiura contro GIULIO  Cesare e e uno dei suoi uccisori. Sconfitto a Filippi d’OTTAVIANO, si uccide. Uno dei maggiori rappresentanti dell’atticismo è oratore insigne. Scrive lettere (VIII a Cicerone ci restano nella corrispondenza di questo), poesie e tre opere morali. Nel "De virtute” difende la teoria dell’auto-sufficienza della virtù. In "Sui doveri" da precetti al fratello sulla sua condotta. (Grice: “He never followed them!”). Nel "De patientia," tratta di questa. Grice: “Clifton, 17 November 1926. Today the Latin master gave Shropshire, me, and the rest of the class (so far as I could tell through the general fidgeting) yet another lesson in Roman onomastics. His theme was Brutus Maior and Brutus Minor. “The lesser brute?” Shropshire asked, with that perfectly straight face by which he manages to look both innocent and guilty at once. The master explained—“plausibly plausible,” as he liked to say when he was half lecturing and half hedging—that the first Brutus was so called because he pretended to pass for a brute: not because he was one, but because it was safer, in a court full of daggers, to seem stupid than to be known as clever. This led, inevitably, to Lucretia, the outrage that turned private injury into public revolution, and the useful Roman habit of converting scandal into constitution. Then the master, warming to his own question, turned to us and asked why the descendant should still be labelled “the Minor Brute.” If the first “brute” was an act, why should the family name continue to carry the joke after the joke had served its turn? Shropshire was poised to ask whether “Minor” meant “less cunning” or merely “born later,” but the bell went before the master could pursue it. I was left thinking (as one does, to one’s own annoyance) that we were brushing against something like a device for identifying a man that is not really descriptive at all: a name that begins as a kind of mask and ends as an inherited handle, even when the original point has evaporated. There is a peculiar brutality in that, too: a man can spend his life trying to be other than his label, and still be dragged along by it.” Editor’s note: Grice will elaborate on fixed rigid identificatory devices in his later explorations on naming versus merely describing. GRICEVS: IVNIVS, salve; audio te ab Academia ad Porticum migravisse: num philosophia tua more hospitis est, semper cum sarcinis? IVNIVS: Salve, GRICEVS; migravi, sed non fugavi. In Academia quaero, in Porticu servo; ita eadem sententia duas togas habet, et neutra mihi bene convenit. GRICEVS: Miror te cum Aristonis disciplina et Antiochi mixtura tam compositum esse; Pompeio adhesisti, Caesari reconciliatus es: unum cor, tot duces. IVNIVS: Ita est; sed tu quoque, GRICEVS, “Sui doveri” legisti atque risisti. Ego praecepta scripsi fratri; ille non secutus est; ergo discimus: verba docent, vita excusat.

Giunio Maurizio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano. A follower of the Porch, and one of the senators who opposed NERONE. GRICEVS: IVNIVS, salve. Audio te Stoicum esse: num ideo semper in porticu ambulas, ne umquam in angulo cogitare cogaris? IVNIVS: Salve, GRICEVS. In porticu ambulo, quia ibi ventus docet brevitatem. Tu autem cur tam lente loqueris, quasi maxima tua pedibus calceata sint? GRICEVS: Lente, ut tu celerius intellegas. Nam qui nimis festinat, saepe plus implicat quam dicit—et deinde queritur quod intellegitur. IVNIVS: Recte; sed Stoicus sum, non haruspex. Si vis aliquid, dic; sin minus, tace: porticus ipsa reliqua “cooperatur.”

Giuniore (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e la geografia filosofica. A philosopher who wrote, or edited, a short work on geography, comprising the whole of Rome, and some of the shoreline outskirts, including Ostia. GRICEVS: IVNIOR, si totam Romam in libello includis, cave: Roma ipsa solet etiam philosophos includere. IVNIOR: GRICEVE, includo Romam, sed Ostiam addo, ne lectores sine portu philosophentur. GRICEVS: Bene; sed memento principii cooperativi: noli vias omnes describere—satis est ut quis ad vinum perveniat. IVNIOR: Ita faciam: dicam tantum “Hic est Forum,” et reliqua implicabuntur; nam Roma, ut scis, plus significat quam dicit.

Luigi Giovanni Giussani (Desio, Monza, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’amicizia – il comune,  fraternità, liberazione. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning starts from the idea that what we mean in talk is made intelligible by shared rational norms (cooperation, relevance, informativeness, etc.) and by an audience’s recognition of intention, so that implicatures are, in principle, inferable and answerable to reasons rather than to mood or charisma. Giussani, by contrast, treats human communication less as an inferential puzzle to be solved and more as a concrete form of companionship and education: friendship, “the common,” and fraternity are not just topics but the medium in which truth becomes credible, and the pragmatic point of speech is often to invite adhesion, trust, and shared life rather than to transmit a proposition as efficiently as possible. Put Grice next to Giussani and you get a helpful contrast of levels: Grice analyzes the micro-logic by which speakers responsibly get hearers to grasp meanings beyond the literal sentence; Giussani emphasizes the interpersonal and communal conditions that make such grasping matter—why we speak at all, why we bind ourselves to one another’s words, and how a community of friends can carry meanings (and commitments) that cannot be reduced to what is explicitly said. In Gricean terms, Giussani’s “amicizia” foregrounds a thicker background of common ground and mutual trust: the cooperative principle is not merely a methodological assumption for deriving implicatures, but a lived moral posture that turns conversation into a form of shared rational life, where what is left unsaid is sustained by fraternity rather than merely computed by maxims. Grice: “I have always been interested in what he calls a philosophisma. Take ‘friend’. Aristotle says that a happy life is self-sufficient. Who needs friends like that? amicizia. I like G.; of course at Oxford he would be a no-no, being a Catholic; but he understands the pragmatics of conversation!” Ricevette la prima introduzione dalla madre Angelina Gelosa, operaia tessile; il padre Beniamino, disegnatore e intagliatore, era un socialista. Entra nel seminario diocesano San Pietro Martire di Seveso dove frequenta i primi quattro anni di ginnasio. Si trasfere a Venegono Inferiore, nella sede principale del seminario dove frequenta l'ultimo anno di ginnasio, i tre anni del liceo e dove svolge i successivi studi di filosofia.  Ha come docenti, fra gli altri, Colombo, Corti, Carlo, e Figini. In quella sede conosce i compagni di studio Manfredini e Biffi. Si interessa di Leopardi e delle chiese ortodosse.  Riceve l'ordinazione da Schuster.  Dopo l'ordinazione, rimase nel seminario di Venegono come insegnante e si specializzò nello studio della teologia orientale, specie sugli slavofili, della teologia protestante e della motivazione razionale dell'adesione alla Chiesa. Lascia l'insegnamento in seminario per quello nelle scuole superiori. Inizia l'insegnamento della religione nelle scuole a Milano dove e suo alunno Giorello. Le riunioni di suoi studenti si tennero con il nome di Gioventù Studentesca, che fonda insieme a Ricci e che fa parte dell'Azione Cattolica.  Inizia anche un'attività pubblicistica volta a porre attenzione sulla questione educativa. Redasse la voce "Educazione" per l'Enciclopedia Cattolica.  Sotto  Colombo continua gli studi di teologia protestante per i quali soggiornò per cinque mesi negli Stati Uniti. Ottenne la cattedra di Introduzione alla Teologia a Milano. dell’amicizia. Grice: “St John’s, Oxford — 22 October 1955. Strawson has asked me for a copy of that old talk I gave to the Oxford Philosophical Society on “meaning.” I wonder what his meaning means; or rather, I wonder what he means by wanting my meaning. Perhaps he intends to publish it, in which case I ought to pretend I wrote it with publication in mind; or perhaps he simply wants ammunition for a seminar, in which case he will quote it as if it were holy writ and then deny having done so. In any case, I went to the Bodleian yesterday and, while waiting for a book to arrive from whatever subterranean limbo books inhabit before they are resurrected, I found an abstract by one Giussani on il senso dell’uomo secondo Niebuhr. The Italians have a gift for titles that are perfectly clear to them and perfectly opaque to everyone else; I lay the blame, as usual, on Frege. Frege’s sin was to persuade a generation that Sinn is the only respectable thing in the neighbourhood, and ever since then people have been parading “sense” about as if it were self-explanatory. Meanwhile Austin is lecturing on sense and sensibilia, largely, I suspect, because “sensibilia” makes “sense” look as if it has dressed for dinner. He likes a title that can be pronounced with a straight face while the audience is already laughing. But “sense” is a treacherous word: more nonsensical than nonsense if one actually tries to keep track of what it is supposed to do. One day it means meaning; the next it means sensation; the next it means judgement; and by the end of the week it means no more than “the bit you can’t deny without seeming a fool.” Giussani, reading Niebuhr, is presumably not thinking about any of this; he is after the “sense of man,” which sounds like something you might mislay in the rain. Still, there is a useful moral hidden in the Italian: if you title everything with “sense,” you can always claim profundity and never have to say, plainly, what you mean. And that, I suppose, is precisely what Strawson thinks I am good for. Grice: Carissimo Giussani, devo confessarti che, fin dai tempi del Liceo—o, come direste voi, il “lizio”—l'aporia sull'amicizia ci tormenta tutti! Ma tu, secondo me, hai avuto il coraggio di affrontare, se non addirittura risolvere, quel grande enigma che da Aristotele ci perseguita. Sono sinceramente impressionato: hai portato la questione dell'amicizia fuori dalle sabbie mobili filosofiche e l'hai fatta respirare tra gente vera! Giussani: Paul, ti ringrazio! Devo dire che l'amicizia mi ha sempre affascinato più dei silenzi dei filosofi. E poi, forse al Lycaeum avrebbero fatto un brindisi in tuo onore per aver sollevato il problema con tanto spirito inglese! Grice: Ah, Giussani, mi piace pensare che Aristotele e i suoi amici, al tramonto di Atene, si siano divertiti quanto noi oggi! La tua frase sulla compagnia mi ricorda che la filosofia, in fondo, è solo una conversazione tra amici che cercano la verità—magari con una battuta in mezzo. Giussani: Esattamente, Paul! L'amicizia è una faccenda che non si risolve mai del tutto, ma ci diverte provarci, no? Del resto, come diceva mia madre: “Meglio una buona compagnia che cento solitudini brillanti!” E poi, se proprio abbiamo sciolto un'aporia, sarà merito anche della conversazione, non credi? Giussani, Luigi Giovanni (1954). Il senso cristiano dell’uomo. Venegono.

Lorenzo Giusso (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale degl’eroi – filosofia fascista --  il mistico dell’azione. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what speakers mean beyond what they literally say by assuming rational cooperation and then inferring intentions and implicatures under shared norms of relevance, sufficiency, sincerity, and clarity; it is a model built to make indirectness accountable rather than intoxicating. Giusso, by contrast, writes in a register where public language is meant to move souls and make history: his journalism and philosophical criticism (shaped by the Naples milieu, by engagement with Gentile’s actualism, by polemics with Croce, and by an attraction to “vitalist” and “heroic” rhetoric) treats discourse as scenographic action, a performance that aims less at cooperative convergence than at mobilization, conversion, and the cultivation of a national-political temper. In Gricean terms, Giusso’s “mystique of action” exploits implicature not as a tidy, cancellable inference but as a field-effect: large nouns like Nation, Hero, Action, Tradition invite readers to supply the missing specification, and the very vagueness can be the point, because it lets a heterogeneous audience coordinate emotionally without agreeing proposition-by-proposition. So where Grice analyzes implication as the rational residue of a cooperative exchange, Giusso exemplifies a political style in which what is left unsaid is deliberately left available—less a calculable implicature than a rhetorical summons—showing how, in mass politics, the pragmatics of uptake may be driven more by identity, atmosphere, and institutional pressure than by the conversational norms that make implicature responsibly derivable in ordinary talk. Grice: “There is a great difference between Bologna – the oldest university – and Oxford: we never had a Mussolini! fascismo. I like G.: he has explored philosophers from his country like Leopardi and Bruno, and tdhe whole ‘tradizione ermetica nella filosofia italiana,’ but also French – Bergson – and especially “Dutch,” i. e. Deutsche or tedesca – Spengler, and Nietsche – All very Italian!” Si laurea a Napoli sotto ALIOTTA. Segue con passione l'attualismo di GENTILE e proprio il suo carattere passionale lo porta anche nel campo filosofico ad un tipo di critica scenografica. Le sue frizioni con CROCE, inizialmente orientate su temi politici, presero più tardi una forma "sotterranea", genericamente orientata contro l'idealism. G. si richiama al fatalismo di LEOPARDI. Oltre che per la sua interpretazione della Scienza nuova vichiana (che si attirò una severa recensione dello stesso Croce, G. è criticato dall'ambiente crociano. G, critico e storico delle idee s'identificava con la visione della vita di autori che sentiva a lui vicini per temperamento ed interessi come Bruno, Vico dall'analisi degli scritti del quale nacque l'infastidita reazione di Croce, Giacomo, Bacchelli, Barilli, Papini, Soffici, Palazzeschi, Borgese, Gozzano, che molto ispira Don Giovanni ammalato. I suoi Tafferugli a Montecavallo meriterebbero forse di essere più conosciuti. Partecipa all'atmosfera culturale della Napoli segnata dal cenacolo di Croce, da cui molto presto si distaccò (come TILGHER , che egli difende e mostra di apprezzare) assumendo posizioni eretiche e ispirandosi piuttosto a un ideale di vitalismo che risulta evidente dai numerosi autori e dalle molte opere cui dedicò la sua attenzione. Intelligenza precoce, prima di intraprendere l'insegnamento universitario che lo avrebbe allontanato da Napoli portandolo ad insegnare Filosofia a Bologna, Pisa, e Cagliari, gl’eroi, il vico di giusso, la tradizione ermetica nella filosofia italiana, nazionalsocialismo, bruno, panteismo, leopardi, occasionalismo. Grice: “Corpus Christi College, Oxford — 7 February 1933. Why does Corpus insist on keeping old newspapers? There is something faintly indecent about it, as if yesterday’s excitements ought not to be preserved once they have ceased to excite. Still, I found myself distracted today by a piece by Lorenzo Giusso in that formidable organ of Italian journalism, L’Idea Nazionale. One cannot even translate the title into English without hearing the objection before it is spoken. “The National Idea”? The first thing my tutor would ask is: “Of what?” and the second would be: “And whose?” Italians can apparently say “the Nation” in the singular with a straight face; we, being an island and therefore permanently in two minds about everything, would want at least a footnote, and preferably a committee. My tutor, to be fair, has written on Plato, so one might expect him to have learned the elementary lesson that an Idea, left alone, is a dangerous abstraction: it starts by hovering and ends by governing. But he writes as if “national” were a self-explaining adjective—an enchantment rather than a specification. Perhaps that is the trick of newspapers: they sell you a large noun and let you supply the rest out of mood, prejudice, or patriotic habit. And there is the further difficulty that my own tutor is a Scot; and whatever their national idea is, it is not quite ours, and certainly not the one that appears in English school anthologies when they are being earnest. If this is “the” national idea, it is a remarkably plural one. In any case, by the end of Giusso’s piece I felt that he, too, had no idea—at least not the sort that would survive being asked, calmly and repeatedly, “Of what?” Perhaps the whole point of a national idea is that it must not be made too clear; clarity would force it to become a plan, and then someone would have to carry it out. Better to leave it where newspapers like it: large, resonant, and just out of reach.” Grice: Lorenzo, parlando di eroi e della mistica dell’azione, mi viene in mente quanto la filosofia italiana abbia saputo intrecciare passione e pensiero. La tua esplorazione del vitalismo e del fatalismo leopardiano mi affascina: pensi che l’azione abbia sempre una radice mistica nell’esperienza filosofica? Giusso: Paul, credo che la mistica dell'azione sia proprio il cuore di una filosofia che non teme il rischio. Per me, l’implicatura conversazionale degli eroi risiede nella volontà di incarnare idee, non solo di discuterle. La tradizione ermetica, da Bruno a Vico, mostra come il pensiero italiano sappia farsi carne, anche quando è controcorrente. Grice: Interessante! In Inghilterra, forse siamo più cauti, meno inclini a esaltarci. Ma mi colpisce la tua critica scenografica: hai sempre preferito la passione all’idealismo astratto di Croce? E cosa ti ha portato a difendere autori come Tilgher, che sono più “eretici” rispetto al mainstream? Giusso: Hai ragione, Paul. La passione mi ha sempre spinto a cercare nel pensiero quella scintilla che lo rende vivo. Gli eretici, come Tilgher, mi hanno insegnato che la verità non si trova nel consenso, ma nella capacità di rinnovarsi e resistere. Come dice il proverbio napoletano: “Chi va piano va sano e va lontano”—ma ogni tanto bisogna anche correre, se si vuole davvero cambiare il mondo. Giusso, Lorenzo (1925). Contributo. L’idea nazionale.

Domenico Maria Giusti (Montegranaro, Fermo, Marche): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats metaphor and other figures as cases where a speaker can mean more than is literally said, in a way that is recoverable by rational hearers using shared expectations about what counts as relevant, informative, and appropriately expressed; the point of a figure, on this view, is not mere ornament but an inferentially tractable device that invites (and constrains) an audience’s reconstruction of intention and implicature. Domenico Maria Giusti, by contrast, comes from the early modern rhetorical tradition in which the primary explanatory framework is not cooperative inference but the taxonomy of tropes and figures and their effects on persuasion and eloquence: his Trattato della rettorica (Macerata, per il Silvestri, 1703) explicitly aims to teach, with brevity and clarity, how to deploy metaphor, metonymy, and the rest as craft tools for “the way of perorating.” The comparison, then, is that Giusti offers a handbook model of rhetorical success (how to produce effective speech by choosing the right figure), whereas Grice offers a rational-pragmatic model of how such speech is understood (how hearers, assuming rational cooperation, move from what is said to what is meant, including the extra layer that a metaphor licenses); where Giusti explains the inventory and artistry of expression, Grice explains the norms and inferences that make that artistry communicatively intelligible rather than merely decorative. Grice: “I like G! His discussion of metaphor is my source for my ‘You are the cream in my coffee.’ His treatise provides a simple and clear explanation of tropes, figures, and other rhetorical devices.  The Greek verb from which "rhetorical" is derived has a direct cognate in Latin.  "Rhetorical" comes from the rhētōr, derived from the verb εἴρω, meaning "I speak" or "I say". The Latin cognate of eírō is verbum, from the same Indo-European root *werh₁-, to speak.  While the Greek branch evolved to produce terms for professional public speaking (rhētorikḗ), the Latin branch produced the standard term for a single word or the part of speech that "speaks" an action (verbum). The Greek root rheō (to flow), which is sometimes confused with the speaking root, is actually a distinct root (*sreu-) and is the source of terms like "rheology" or "diarrhea. The Italian word  bisogno (meaning "need") does not have a native Latin root; instead, it is a borrowing into Vulgar Latin from a Germanic (Frankish) source.    Etymological Path Frankish Root: It originates from the Frankish word **bisunnija, meaning "care," "concern," or "need". It entered late spoken Latin as **bisonium. The original term is composed of two parts: bi-: A prefix used for emphasis. sunnija: Meaning "care," "responsibility," or "worry".  While it shares an ancestor with the French word besoin, the Italian bisogno developed independently from the Vulgar Latin bisonium TRATTATO DELLA RETTORICA introduzione all'eloquenza DOVE Con Breoiti, Faciliti, e chiarezza fona «spefli io lingua italiana li tropi, le figure e altre cose non meno utili «h^gcy|^ Deccfiariea tutti quelli che de^^'^O^ fìdcrarjo incaminatfi tGttóS /5> via del perorare: iDAIO IN LVCE DA G., curato della Chitf* parocchiale di S. PIETRO IN Montegranaro, si dal medesimo co ofictato alli meriti imparegiibili dell'llluft'ifs. tic. in cui ha fortuna di rimirare e godere i benignissimi influJfidel r vagbijfimo cielo della nobiltà cingolana, e lo zelo principalmente, con cui. Ella attende à colli tiare gli n.'fficij di piefitti, in far Sene educare, ed iflruir e i. Grice: “Clifton, Michaelmas Term, 1926. Today the Latin master told Shropshire, in front of us all, that he was eloquent—very. Shropshire, who hears Latin the way a terrier hears a whistle, brightened at the ending and assumed the master meant loquent, which Shropshire also is, if loquacity were a scholarship. “E?” he said, as if one could interrogate a prefix like a witness. The master frowned. “Your point, Shropshire?” “What is e- doing in eloquentia?” And I remember thinking (if it is psychologically possible to think in italics), Oh dear—he is looking for trouble again. But the master took it kindly, as masters sometimes do when they smell a genuine question under the cheek. He explained that eloqui is not merely loqui, and that eloquentia is not just “speech” but speech pressed out, speech brought forth, speech with a sort of clean exit—whereas loquentia, if it were a thing one ought to admire, would be mere running-on. “One letter more,” he said, “and a world of difference.” “One letter less, too,” Shropshire whispered to me, “and the Romans would have been grateful—hard enough carving the things on stone.” When the master had, at our request, made the matter clearer to the whole class, he concluded with a little flourish: “Today, Shropshire has yet again proved his—er—e-, e-loquence. Class dismissed.”Grice: Caro Giusti, ogni volta che sento parlare di tropi e figure, mi viene voglia di mettere la panna nel caffè, come dici tu! Ma dimmi, tu che hai scritto un trattato chiaro e semplice, preferisci la metafora o la metonimia? Giusti: Paul, la metafora è come una buona battuta: se fa sorridere e illumina, vale doppio! La metonimia invece è come quando chiedi il bicchiere ma vuoi il vino – pratica, ma un po’ meno poetica. Grice: Allora siamo d’accordo che la chiarezza vince sempre sulla confusione! In fondo, anche la parola “bisogno” ha fatto un bel viaggio: dai Franchi ai caffè italiani, passando per un trattato di retorica. Giusti: Esatto, Paul! La lingua è come la vita: scorre, si mescola e ogni tanto serve una buona conversazione per mettere tutto a posto. E se manca una figura, si improvvisa – purché la battuta sia gentile! Giusti, Domenico Maria (1703). Trattato della rettorica overo introduzzione all’eloquenza. Macerata: Silvestri.

Giustino: la ragione conversazionale e la gnossi a Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Giustino is cited by Ippolito di Roma as the originator of what Ippolito describes as a pagan form of gnosticism in which a wide variety of disparate elements are brought together.  GRICEVS: Iustine, audio Hippolytum te quasi principem gnoseos paganae facere, qui omnia miscet: philosophos, mythos, ritus, et quodvis quod in foro invenitur. Hoc estne ratio conversandi, an recepta culina? IVSTINVS: Amice, si “gnosis” mea est, non est confusio sed collectio: diversa coniungo ut verum elucescat. Qui multa legit, multa etiam implicat. GRICEVS: Bene; sed cave ne te “varietas” prodere videatur. Nam ubi omnia simul dicuntur, auditor suspicatur nihil proprie dici—et gnosticus fit potius congerens quam docens. IVSTINVS: At ego respondeo: ipsa congeries est argumentum. Implicatura mea est haec: si veritas una est, fragmenta ubique sunt; et si me paganum vocant, id tantum significat me etiam cum paganis civiliter loqui, ut eos paulatim ad meliorem rationem traham.

Giustino: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Napoli. Napoli, Campania, nella Palestina. Il padre e romano! He studies various schools of philosophy with his friend Trifone, but could not decide. He shows his scepticism in a letter to Antonino Pio. He irates Crescente, who has a mob kill him. Or else he was beheaded! G. filosofo filosofo e martire cristiano. "Giustino martire" rimanda qui. Se stai cercando altri martiri con questo nome, vedi San G.. San G. Justin filozof. jpg Icona russa di G. Padre della chiesa e martire. Nascita Flavia Neapolis, Morte Roma Venerato da Tutte le Chiese che ammettono il culto dei santi Santuario principale Collegiata di San Silvestro Papa, Fabrica di Roma VT) Ricorrenza Attributi palma, libro PATRONO DI FILOSOFI G., conosciuto come G. martire o G. filosofo Flavia Neapolis, – Roma), è un filosofo italiano -- martire cristiano, e apologeta di lingua latina, autore del Dialogo con Trifone, della Prima apologia dei cristiani e della Seconda apologia dei cristiani. A lui dobbiamo anche la più antica descrizione del rito eucaristico. G. philosophi et martyris Opera. È uno dei primi filosofi cristiani, e venerato come santo e padre della chiesa dai cattolici e dagl’ortodossi. La memoria si celebra. La chiesa cattolica lo considera anche santo PATRONO DEI FILOSOFI insieme a Caterina d'Alessandria, pur non essendo nessuno dei due nel novero dei dottori della chiesa. G., che spesso si dichiara in verità samaritano, visto il suo nome e il nome di suo padre, Bacheio, sembra piuttosto di origini latine. La sua famiglia probabilmente si stabilisce da poco in Palestina, al seguito degl’eserciti romani che qualche anno prima avevano sconfitto gl’ebrei e distrutto il tempio di Gerusalemme. Come riferisce G. stesso nel Dialogo con Trifone, venne educato nel culto romano elogiato da Cicerone ed ha un'ottima educazione che lo porta ad approfondire i problemi che gli stanno più a cuore, quelli riguardanti LA FILOSOFIA. Racconta che la sua smania di verità lo porta a frequentare molte scuole filosofiche. Giustino. Napoli, Campania. GRICEVS: Iustine Neapolitane, audivi te multas scholas philosophorum cum amico Tryphone explorasse, nec tamen statuere potuisse: quasi in macello sapientiae omnia olere bonum, sed nihil cenam facere. IVSTINVS: Ita est; quaerebam veritatem, et inveniebam magistros. Tandem tamen epistolam ad Antoninum Pium misi, ut scepticismum meum palam facerem: non quia nescirem, sed quia nollem me decipi. GRICEVS: Optime: hoc est ratio conversandi. Sed cave implicaturam Romanam: qui nimis libere disputat, Crescentium irritat; et qui Crescentium irritat, aut a turba contunditur aut capite minutatur. IVSTINVS: Si ita evenit, fiat: melius est cum martyrio finire quam cum dubitatione. Et si quid mea conversatio significat, hoc significat: philosophum etiam in foro teneri posse—modo non taceat, et tamen civiliter loquatur.

Tito Flavio Glauco: la ragione conversazionale e l’accademia a Roma – filosofia lazia – filosofia romana – scuola di Roma -- filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A poet and philosopher. The nephew of Tito Flavio CALLESCRO . Probably a member of the Accademia, like his uncle. GRICEVUS: Glauce, Romae quisque se “Academicum” vult videri; sed ego timeo ne Academia fiat tantum nomen, sicut toga sine corpore. GLAVCVS: Noli timere, Griceve: ego poeta sum et philosophus, et in Academia nostra versus et rationes eodem vino miscentur; hoc est ipsa ratio conversandi Romana. GRICEVUS: Nepos autem Titi Flavii Callescri esse diceris: ergo iam implicatur te non solum carmina facere, sed etiam cenam gratis accipere apud sodales Accademiae. GLAVCVS: Recte coniectas; sed addo hoc: si in Academia cantus meus placet, philosophia mea facilius creditur; si philosophia mordet, cantus saltem excusat. Sic Roma docet: interdum elegia est optimus syllogismus.

Piero Gobetti (Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e il partito liberale italiano – il partito socialista italiano – filosofi contro il regime. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is designed to show how, under a presumption of rational cooperation, hearers can work out what a speaker means beyond what is literally said by reconstructing intentions and deriving implicatures that are, in principle, cancellable and publicly accountable. Gobetti’s practice as a political writer and editor (Energie Nove from 1918, then the more explicitly anti-fascist La Rivoluzione Liberale, 1922–1925, and Il Baretti, 1924–1928) operates in a communicative environment where cooperation is structurally fragile and where what is “meant” is often shaped by polemical timing, editorial framing, and the pressures of repression; in such settings, the space between saying and meaning is not merely a conversational convenience but a political necessity. Put Grice next to Gobetti and you get a useful contrast: Grice models implicature as the rational by-product of shared norms of talk, while Gobetti’s “implicatures” are frequently strategic and institution-sensitive, aimed at mobilizing readers, signaling allegiance, and outmaneuvering hostile interpreters (including censors and regime sympathizers), so that the interpretive burden shifts from cooperative inference to politically literate uptake. In short, Grice explains how rationality makes ordinary conversation efficient; Gobetti shows how rationality makes public discourse survivable, with indirectness functioning not as a mere maxim-flout but as a principled tactic for preserving liberal agency when the conversational background is dominated by force rather than mutual good will. Grice: “If there is a distinction to be made between Bologna – the oldest university – and Oxford, is that: we never had a Mussolini!” fascismo. Italian philosophy is political in a way pinko Oxonian one ain’t: G. is the exception that DISproves the rule!” Aveva dei dubbi strani sulle sue stesse attitudini. e politica di un liberale del Novecento, Firenze, Passigli, U. Morra di Lavriano, Vita,  pref. di N. Bobbio, Torino, Tipografico, G. e la Francia, Milano, Franco Angeli, Luigi Anderlini, Gobetti critico, in Letteratura italiana. I critici, Milano, Marzorati, G. e gl’intellettuali del Sud, Napoli, Bibliopolis, G. Marzi, G. e CROCE , Urbino, Quattroventi, Cabella, Elogio della libertà. Torino, Il Punto, Marco Gervasoni, L'intellettuale come eroe. G. e le culture, Firenze, La Nuova Italia, Bagnoli, Il metodo della libertà.  tra eresia e rivoluzione, Reggio Emilia, Diabasis, Gariglio, Progettare il postfascismo. G. e i cattolici, Milano, Franco Angeli, Virgilio, G.. La cultura etico-politica del primo Novecento tra consonanze e concordanze leopardiane, Manduria-Bari-Roma, Lacaita, Angelo Fabrizi, Che ho a che fare io con gli schiavi?». G. e ALFIERI , Firenze, Fiorentina, Mazzei, G.. Profilo di un rivoluzionario liberale, Firenze, Pugliese, Gariglio, L'autunno delle libertà Lettere ad Ada in morte di G,, Torino, Bollati, Erba, G., Intellettuali laici italiani, Padova, Grasso, Ciampanella, Senza illusioni e senza ottimismi. Prospettive e limiti di una rivoluzione liberale, Roma, Aracne, Socialismo liberale Liberalismo sociale Salvemini Amendola Croce Alfieri Matteotti Il Baretti La Rivoluzione liberale. dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Opere di Centro Studi G,, su centro G.. «La Rivoluzione Liberale» G., Il liberalismo in Italia, G. Iacchini, Quando la libertà è rivoluzionaria: G., su radicalsocialismo. La casa di G. in via XX Settembre a Torino, su multimedia la stampa. implicatura, fascismo, Mussolini, Gentile. Grice: “Merton College, Oxford 15 March 1935 Dear Father, I hope this finds you well. I am newly installed at Merton, and have been browsing the Library, which seems even richer than Corpus’s (though perhaps it is only that Merton is less shy about letting one see the riches). Today I was arrested by the cover of a little Italian magazine from 1918 called Energie Nove. It is, as you would say, “a magazine,” though it looks like something more serious than that word ordinarily permits: fine drawings, a kind of determined prettiness, and the air of an enterprise that means what it says and says what it means.

Seeing the title, I was immediately reminded of your old warning never to use the word new as if it were a compliment that could stand on its own feet. “Once you tell me something’s new,” you said, “you’ve already made it old.” Was that yours, or were you translating it from the Anglo-Saxon? I tried, out of idle pedantry, to locate it in Domesday, but Domesday is full of cattle and dues and not, so far as I can see, a single maxim about adjectives. Still, the point stands: new is a word that announces its own expiry date. And yet this little Turin thing, Energie Nove, wears its newness like a challenge rather than a label. One feels that its editor (Gobetti, so the catalogue says) meant “new” in the only respectable sense: not “recent,” but “unafraid.” I suppose Oxford is wary of such words because we live by old ones—old colleges, old jokes, old rivers, old forms of confidence—whereas a young Italian in 1918 could afford to call the future by name and expect it to answer. I thought of Harborne again, and your practical insistence that we shouldn’t be taken in by mere titles. A wood called Lordswood, you once suggested, can be a whole political history smuggled into a street sign. A magazine called New Energies is much the same: it tells you what it wants you to admire before you’ve even opened it. Still, I confess I admired it. The drawings did what drawings always do best: they persuaded without arguments. I shall write again soon. Your affectionate son, Paul.” [Editor’s note: Herbert Grice died in 1935; this was the last letter he received from his son.] Grice: Caro Gobetti, mi viene da ridere pensando a Gilbert e Sullivan, che in "Iolanthe" sostenevano: "In ogni vero liberale c'è sempre un piccolo conservatore nascosto!" Mi chiedo se anche tu, pur avendo rivoluzionato il liberalismo italiano, non abbia mai avvertito quel pizzico di cautela britannica, tipica di Oxford, tra una rivoluzione e l’altra.  Gobetti: Ah, Grice, questa battuta mi diverte! Lo ammetto: persino il più audace tra i rivoluzionari, quando è solo con se stesso, si sorprende a ponderare le proprie scelte. Come direbbe Sullivan, forse la prudenza è la spezia segreta che salva il gusto della libertà – persino a Torino, lontano da Oxford!  Grice: Vedi, Gobetti, la filosofia italiana è sempre così politica, mentre quella Oxoniana, almeno come la vedo io, tende a giocare con l’ironia e l’ambiguità. Forse il tuo liberalismo rivoluzionario è proprio l’eccezione che conferma la regola: anche i liberali più convinti, alla fine, si ritrovano a coltivare un orticello di tradizioni.  Gobetti: Grice, non potrei essere più d’accordo! La libertà vera non teme di misurarsi con la tradizione, né di sorridere alle contraddizioni. D’altronde, come dicono a Torino, “Non c’è rivoluzione senza una buona dose di ironia”. E se ogni liberale ha un piccolo conservatore, almeno che sia elegante come un inglese! Gobetti, Piero (1918). Energie nove.

Cesare Goretti (Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e la co-azione istituzionale – filosofia fascista. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how a speaker and hearer, treated as rational cooperators, can reach what is meant (including implicatures) by relying on shared norms of informative, relevant, and orderly talk plus the hearer’s recognition of the speaker’s intention; the result is a pragmatic account that is interpersonal but still essentially cognitive, centred on intention-recognition and inferential uptake. Cesare Goretti, by contrast, is a jurist-philosopher of institutions and normative statuses: his focus is not primarily on how utterances generate extra meaning, but on how subjects enter structured relations (rights, duties, reciprocity) through what might be called institution-making acts; this shows up in his “istituzionalismo” about legal acts and, strikingly, in his 1928 essay L’animale quale soggetto di diritto (published in Rivista di Filosofia), where he argues that animals can be treated as subjects of right, with a rudimentary “juridical consciousness” manifested in practices like guarding property and exchanging services with humans. Read through a Gricean lens, Goretti’s contribution is to thicken the background of conversational rationality: he pushes us from the micro-level of implicature (what one means beyond what one says) to the macro-level of normative co-action, where interaction can “institute” a decision or status that is not merely inferred but socially binding; so where Grice explains how conversation works when rational agents coordinate meaning, Goretti emphasizes how interaction can create or recognize institutional positions (even across species boundaries), making the outcome of “understanding” look less like a private inference and more like the establishment of a normative relation. Grice: I most clearly philosophised on what Italians call ‘equità’ in the description of the Immanuel – a set of maxims qua counsels of prudence that may be universalizable and a section of which is the conversational Immanuel. No maxim is formulated such that it does not apply to all. Keywords: equità. I like G.: I rather casually referred to ‘the institution of a decision’ as the end of a conversational exchange, notably involving buletic conversational moves; G. makes a whole system out of this. His example is his conversation with his dog: ‘Surely my dog knows that he is providing me a service, guarding my territory, and he is rightly deemed as a ‘subject’ in my exchange with him, as we ‘institute a decision’ that there is a reciprocity involved.” Keywords: “the institution of decisions!” Si laurea a Torino sotto SOLARI. Insegna a Ferrara.  A G. si deve il primo intervento che qualifica l'animale come soggetto di diritto. Martinetti “L’animo del animale”: il animale possede intelletto e coscienza e, un animo, come emerge dall’atteggiamento, gesto, e la fisionomia. Questo animo e vita animale e ha coscienza e non può essere ridotta a fisiologia. L’animalee vero e proprio un soggetto di diritto e che ha una coscienza giuridica e una percezione del giuridico. bioetica etologia. Non possiamo negare all'animale sia crepuscolare l'uso della categoria della causalità, così non possiamo escludere che partecipando al nostro mondo non ha un senso della proprietà e l'obbligazione. Un cane e custode geloso della proprietà del suo padrone e come ne compartecipa all'uso. Opera questa visione della realtà esteriore come cosa propria che nell’homo sapiens arriva alle costruzioni che rende un servizio al suo padrone che lo mantiene agisca istintivamente. Sente in se questo rapporto di servizi resi e SCAMBIATI. Non arriva al concetto di cioche e la proprieta, l’obbligazione, ma dimostra esterioremente di fare uso di questi principi. l’istituzionale, Bradley, La massima d’equita segni e comprensione il concetto di patria eforato co-azione co-operazione diada. Grice: “Corpus Christi College, Oxford — 18 May 1934. I am beginning to suspect that Corpus has more books than it has any moral right to, which perhaps explains why I spend so many hours outdoors, either cricketing or footballing, as if fresh air were a philosophical method. Still, today I did the one thing that defeats my own resolution: I drifted into the Philosophy Library and found myself browsing an ancient-looking manuscript, the sort of thing that ought to be locked up with the antiquities and visited only under supervision. It was signed “Cesare Goretti” (yes, Cesare, as in Caesarean and Julius Caesar), and it turned out to be a solemn little exercise in what he calls presupposti filosofici del diritto. The Italian fondness for plural abstractions is inexhaustible: why “presupposti,” when a man might have managed with a single presupposto, and why not presupposizione, which at least sounds like something that has been done rather than something that has merely been parked beneath? Of course the trick is to forget the prae- altogether and look at the supposto versus the supposizione; and that, in turn, reminds me of a pleasingly pedantic discovery in Lewis and Short: Sidonius (of all people) is cited for inplicatura—spelled, with a straight face, as in-plicatura. These Americans will record anything, provided it is odd enough. It set me thinking: a suppositum is not the same thing as a suppositio, any more than implicatura would be the same as an implicatum—if there were such a beast. One translates the -io, not the -um: suppositio gives supposizione, implicatio gives implicatura, and the rest is a lesson in not mistaking a grammatical tail for a metaphysical head. But Goretti is untroubled by such distinctions. He announces that there are three “main” philosophical presupposti of law, and—most helpfully—names them the first, the second, and the third. A man who can count like that can scarcely be accused of excessive subtlety; still, it has a certain charm. I left the manuscript where I found it (for once), and went back outside, where the only presupposition is that the ball will not behave rationally. Grice:Goretti, trovo la tua idea di “co-azione” straordinaria. Mi sembra che tu colga davvero il cuore della conversazione come impresa sociale: non si tratta semplicemente di aiutare l’altro, come se uno portasse un registro e l’altro si limitasse a sostenere. È piuttosto come portare insieme un tronco, dove entrambi sono impegnati, e l’implicazione di “aiuta” diventa molto più profonda. Ho cercato anch’io di esprimere questo aspetto: la vera equità nasce proprio dal riconoscere quel reciproco impegno. Goretti: Caro Paul, ti ringrazio per aver colto questo punto così sottile. Per me, la “co-azione” non è mai stata una semplice collaborazione, ma un’autentica condivisione di responsabilità e senso. Portare insieme un tronco diventa una metafora potente: entrambi sentono il peso e, insieme, trovano equilibrio. Le implicazioni sociali sono davvero profonde. Grice: Esattamente, Cesare! È proprio questa reciprocità che rende la conversazione un atto equo, dove ogni partecipante diventa soggetto e non semplice destinatario di un aiuto. Penso che il tuo approccio arricchisca moltissimo il modo in cui vediamo le relazioni sociali, anche oltre la filosofia. Goretti: Grazie, Paul, davvero. Apprezzo il tuo riconoscimento: è raro trovare chi riesca a intuire la profondità di questi concetti. Quando la co-azione diventa dialogo, ogni parola pesa quanto il tronco che portiamo insieme – e l’impresa non è mai di uno solo, ma di tutti. Goretti, Cesare (1909). I presupposti filosofi del dirito.

Gino Gori (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e la filosofia di cabaret -- l’eroe e la falce – filosofia futurista. Grice’s reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicit content as something a rational hearer can work out from what is said by assuming cooperation and then inferring a speaker’s intention (so implicatures are, in principle, articulable, criticizable, and cancellable); Gino Gori’s cabaret-futurist “philosophy,” by contrast, aims less to make implicit meaning calculable than to make it felt, by staging rapid tonal shifts, grotesque masks, and provocations in which what is meant is carried by performance, atmosphere, and shock rather than by a shared commitment to conversational maxims. In Gricean terms, much of Gori’s effect comes from systematic, theatrical flouting of the very norms that make ordinary implicature tidy (especially relevance and manner), so that the audience’s uptake is driven not by cooperative reconstruction of a determinate intention but by an engineered surplus of suggestion—more like a curated ambiguity than a solvable inference. That contrast fits the historical Gori we can now pin down more securely: beyond Il mantello d’Arlecchino (often listed 1913 but commonly catalogued as 1914) and his later L’irrazionale (1924) and L’eroe e la falce, he was also the entrepreneur-poet who commissioned Fortunato Depero to design the Cabaret del Diavolo in Rome (inaugurated 19 April 1922; closed 1925), a literal environment built to produce interpretive “implicatures” through scenography (Paradiso-Purgatorio-Inferno) rather than through conversational cooperation. So where Grice models meaning as rational coordination between speaker and hearer, Gori exemplifies meaning as avant-garde orchestration: the point is not to converge on what was meant, but to keep the audience inferentially off-balance long enough for a new sensibility—comic, futurist, abrasive—to take hold. Grice: “My favourite G.  are “L’eroe e la falce” and “Il mantello d’Arlecchino” – nothing can be italianita with that!”. “Il mantello di Arlecchino Il libbro rosso de la guerra” Le bruttezze della Divina Commedia” Le bellezze della Divina Commedia” (Milano); “Estetica dell'irrazionale” Il mulino della luna L'irrazionale”; “Filosofia ed estetica”, “Sistema di una nuova scienza del bello; “Il bello” – L'eroe e la falce Scorcio architettonico di letteratura europea dalle origini ai nostri giorni, Il teatro e le sue correnti caratteristiche di pensiero e di vita nelle varie nazioni L'oca azzurra Il grande amore (Firenze); Scenografia. La tradizione e la rivoluzione cIl grottesco L'irrazionale e il teatro, G., in Godoli, Dizionario del futurismo, produzione teatrale e delle nuove tendenze del teatro italiano d'arte totale, G. passa a discorrere del teatro dell'Anima di Schuré e Claudel, dell'esteriorismo, ANNUNZIO, Espressionismo, del teatro borghese, del teatro dialettale italiano, del teatro delle nazioni europee minori (discorre anche del teatro dell'Islanda o della Lituania o della Bulgaria), delle forme rudimentarie del teatro presso i popoli selvaggi. fiancheggiatore del Futurismo, apre a Roma il Cabaret del Diavolo, realizzato da  Depero. su incarico di G., inizia i lavori di allestimento del Cabaret del Diavolo, una sorta di bolgia dantesca frequentata da futuristi, dadaisti, anarchici ed artisti in genere. Per il cabaret, strutturato lungo un percorso discendente (a ritroso) Paradiso-Purgatorio-Inferno, Depero realizzò tutto l'arredo e le decorazioni murali. dinamismo plastico, della simultaneità e della sintesi. Seguì infine Il grottesco nell'arte e nella letteratura, in cui, riproponendo anche alcuni studi di prima della guerra (sul grottesco nell'Inferno di Dante, sulla maschera turca di Karagöz), il G. approfondisce soprattutto lo studio sul teatro futurista italiano nella chiave del grottesco e del fantastico (in particolare, Cavacchioli, Chiarelli, l’eroe e la falce, bello, eroe, falce, irrazionale, mantello dell’arlecchino  – bellezza, futurismo. Grice: Gori, sono affascinato dalla tua filosofia di cabaret, dove l’eroe incontra la falce e il grottesco si trasforma in bellezza. Come nasce l’irrazionale nel tuo teatro, e che ruolo ha nella visione futurista? Gori: Caro Grice, l’irrazionale nasce proprio dall’esigenza di rompere la tradizione, di scuotere l’animo e il pensiero. Nei miei testi, come “L’eroe e la falce” o “Il mantello di Arlecchino”, il grottesco diventa uno strumento per liberare la fantasia e per mostrare che la bellezza può abitare anche nel caos. Grice: Questa libertà mi ricorda i principi del Futurismo: il dinamismo, la simultaneità, la sintesi. Pensi che il Cabaret del Diavolo, con il suo percorso Paradiso-Purgatorio-Inferno, abbia davvero aiutato gli artisti e i filosofi ad aprire nuove strade nel pensiero europeo? Gori: Assolutamente, Grice. Il Cabaret del Diavolo è stato una bolgia dove l’arte, la filosofia e la ribellione si mescolavano, creando un luogo in cui la maschera, il grottesco e il fantastico potevano fiorire. È lì che la falce diventa simbolo di rivoluzione, e l’eroe si veste d’ironia, indicando ai nostri tempi che la bellezza si trova anche nelle pieghe più audaci dell’esistenza. Gori, Gino (1913). Il mantello d’Arlecchino. Roma.

Gaio Sempronio Gracco (Roma, Lazio). Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is built for the repairable rationalities of talk: what a speaker means, and what a hearer is entitled to take the speaker to mean, is recoverable by assuming cooperative norms (relevance, quantity, etc.) and then calculating implicatures as reasonable inferences from what is said plus context. Gaius Sempronius Gracchus, by contrast, is almost a textbook case of how public speech strains (and sometimes breaks) those assumptions: in the Forum, “cooperation” is factional, audiences are plural, and hostile interpreters can force an implicature on you—so that a reformist slogan about ager publicus or a legal appeal in the contio de capite civis Romani can be made to “mean” (in the Senate’s uptake) crown-hunger, sedition, or tyranny, even when the orator’s declared intention is civic justice and due process. The interesting comparison is that Grice explains implicature as a rational bridge between speaker and hearer under shared conversational expectations, whereas Gaius’s experience shows a political limit-case where the bridge becomes contested territory: the same utterance supports competing “calculations” depending on who claims the right to set the background assumptions (what counts as relevant, what counts as enough, what counts as sincere), and the fight over the res publica becomes, in part, a fight over which implicatures are “reasonable” and therefore politically actionable. Grice: “Clifton College, 14 October 1926. Dear Father, Today Waddington (whom you met at the cricket match, the one who can turn a perfectly innocent innings into an occasion for Roman moralising) gave us a lecture on the difference between Caius Sempronius Gracchus and Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. He delivered it with the air of a man who has personally cross-examined the Senate. What struck me, oddly enough, was not only the politics, but the family likeness: it set me thinking of Herbert Paul Grice and John Derek Grice, and then of you, John Herbert Grice, presiding over us all like a sensible consul of Harborne. Waddington pronounced that Tiberius was “righter” than Caius—by which he meant, I think, that Tiberius had the cleaner grievance and the worse press. Caius, he implied, was cleverer, louder, and therefore easier to suspect. That reminded me of what you once said about Harborne’s Lordswood—how the name itself sounds like a tiny private empire that has survived into suburbia: “lords” in the title, woods in the background, and everybody else expected to behave as if it were always so. It made me wonder (and I hope this doesn’t sound cheeky) whether there was ever any agrarian protest in our own neighbourhood, or whether England manages to do its land politics so quietly that it only shows up later as a street-name and a slight stiffness in the voice.Which brings me to the point I really want to ask you. Lordswood territory is still a bit new to you, since you came from the other suburb where the “lords” had less power, but where—if I recall your stories correctly—someone still planted the trees anyway. Were those woods natural to the area, or were they the whim of a lord who liked the look of “nature” from a distance? And did they use farm-hands for it, the way the Romans used other people’s backs for their roads? It is a funny thing, but once you start thinking about who owns land, you start thinking about who did the work that made the land look respectable. Waddington thinks Roman history is mostly about great men and grand speeches. But it seems to me it is also about who gets accused of what for saying the obvious. A man says, “The public land ought to be used for the public,” and immediately someone hears, “He wants a crown.” Even I can see the trick in that. It makes me suspect that Roman history can teach you quite a lot about Staffordshire and Warwickshire, and perhaps even about Harborne, if you listen for the implications as well as the declarations. Yours affectionately, Paul. GRICEVS: Gai, cum Tiberius diceret ager publicus esse reddendus, tu putabas eum tacite significare se regnum appetere, nonne? GRACCVS: Ita vero, nam senatus ex “ager” statim audiebat “diadema”, quasi iugera in coronam mutarentur. GRICEVS: Mirum est quam celeriter apud Romanos lex agraria fiat lex regia, sola implicatura currente. GRACCVS: Quare ego in contione de capite civis Romani monui: si verba pro factis puniuntur, tum frater meus ante legem damnatus est. Gracco, Gaio Sempronio (a. u. c. DCXXXI). Contio de capite civis romani. Roma.

Tiberio Sempronio Gracco (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e il concetto di stato. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is built for small-scale exchanges: it explains how a hearer recovers what a speaker means (including implicatures) by assuming rational cooperation and then inferring intentions from what is said plus shared norms of relevance, informativeness, sincerity, and clarity. With Tiberius Gracchus you can see almost the mirror-image case: public, adversarial “conversation” in which the very point is that what is said will be strategically re-heard by hostile audiences (senators, rivals, clients, crowds) so that a legislative proposal about the ager publicus is liable to generate a predictable political implicature—“he wants a crown,” “he’s aiming at tyranny”—regardless of the reformer’s declared content. In Gricean terms, Gracchus is operating in a forum where the Cooperative Principle is not reliably in force across factions, so implicature becomes less a benign by-product of shared rationality and more a weaponized inference shaped by institutional suspicion and incentives; Grice would say the hearer’s “calculation” of what is meant can still be rational, but it is rational under conditions of strategic non-cooperation, where the same utterance (“the state should reclaim and redistribute”) is designed to communicate one thing to one audience (justice, civic stability) while predictably licensing a different uptake in another (ambition, usurpation). The comparison, then, is that Grice offers a general model of how meaning can be responsibly inferred in cooperative talk, whereas Gracchus exemplifies the political limit-case in which the central pragmatic problem is precisely that hearers will insist on an implicature the speaker repudiates, and the struggle over “the state” is also a struggle over who gets to fix what counts as the reasonable interpretation of public speech. Grice: “At Oxford, a distinction was clearly made between those who were entitled to teach Plato and Aristotle – as Austin, himself, and Hare were – from those who would teach the minor schools, such as Il Portico!” Console, combatte vittoriosamente contro i Liguri; occupa inoltre la Sardegna. Suo figlio, magister equitum dopo la battaglia di Canne, console, difende Cuma da un assalto d’Annibale. Prorogatogli il comando, sconfisse Annone presso Benevento. Fu console; morì in un'imboscata ordita da Magone. G. propose, con alcune attenuazioni, il rinnovamento di una delle leggi attribuite dalla tradizione a Gaio Licinio Stolone e L. Sestio (aggiornata), per cui le parti di ager publicus in possesso di privati eccedenti i 500 iugeri (750 per chi avesse un figlio, 1000 per chi ne avesse due o più) venivano rivendicate dallo stato (che ne era il proprietario) e di stribuite in lotti ai cittadini poveri. L'aristocrazia si servì del collega di G., Ottavio, per porre il veto alla discussione della proposta. G., dopo aver inutilmente cercato di venire a un accordo, propose ai comizî tributi la destituzione del collega, accusandolo di abusare della carica. Destituito Ottavio, fu votata la legge agraria e l'esecuzione fu affidata ai triumviri agris iudicandis adsignandis (Tiberio e Caio G., e il suocero Appio Claudio): G. propone che con le ricchezze lasciate da Attalo III di Pergamo in eredità al popolo romano si finanziasse l'attuazione della legge. Quando egli, per assicurare tale attuazione, aspira al tribunato per l'anno seguente, ne nacque l'accusa che volesse stabilire un regime tirannico. Alle elezioni, G., ostacolato in più modi dagli impedimenti giuridici sollevatigli contro dagli avversarî, finì con lo scatenare i suoi seguaci. Rimane padrone dell'area del tempio di Giove Capitolino, ma i senatori adunati in quello di Fides, accusandolo di aspirare alla corona, guidati da Publio Scipione Nasica, seguiti da cavalieri, schiavi e clienti, piombarono nel Foro e sgominarono i partigiani di G.. Questi fu ucciso a bastonate e gettato nel Tevere. Tiberio Sempronio Gracco. Gaio Sempronio Gracco. Roma, Lazio. GRICEVS: Gracce, Oxonii clare distinguebatur inter eos qui Platoni Aristotelique docendo digni habebantur, ut Austin ipse et Hare, et eos qui minores scholas tractarent, velut Porticum. Ego vero, more meo, etiam Porticum interdum in mensa hospito. GRACCVS: Ego autem de re publica loquor: ager publicus non est fabula scholastica, sed res civium. Si quis plus quam quingenta iugera tenet, civitas repetat et in sortis pauperibus det: hoc est “status” sine sophismate. GRICEVS: Pulchra sententia; sed cave implicaturam: cum dicas “civitas repetat,” senatus audiet “Graccus coronam appetit.” Apud Romanos saepe fit ut lex agraria sonet quasi lex regia. GRACCVS: Tum ego respondeo: non est non scire, sed non velle—non tyrannidem volo, sed iustitiam. Quod si Ottavius vetat, ego veto vetatorem: et si postea in foro baculis philosophiam faciunt, saltem dicant se de statu disputare, non de grammatica. Gracco, Tiberio Sempronio (a. u. c. DCXX). Contio de lege agraria. Roma

Luigi Guido Grandi (Cremona, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del progresso all’infinito della rosa di Grandi -- implicatura infinita. Grice’s reason-governed conversational meaning treats “infinite” talk as a pragmatic achievement: when someone says “There are infinitely many stars,” what they typically mean is not a theorem but something like “so many that counting is pointless,” and the hearer recovers that intended, rationally relevant point by assuming cooperative norms and deriving a finite, usable implicature from an imprecise utterance. Luigi Guido Grandi, by contrast, engages infinity as a mathematical object and method: in his work on infinite series (including what later gets called “Grandi’s series”) and on infinitesimal orders and the rodonea/rose curve, “infinite” is not conversational slack but a domain where rigor, convergence, and demonstrative procedure matter, even when the results look paradoxical to common sense. So where Grice explains how everyday speakers responsibly trade in loose infinity-claims by relying on shared expectations of relevance and informativeness (hence an “infinite” statement often carries a non-literal implicature rather than literal content), Grandi exemplifies the opposite pressure: disciplines where the literal, technical reading is the point, and where the interesting “extra” is not an implicature but a formally controlled phenomenon (e.g., partial sums, summability, or geometric generation). Put sharply: Grice domesticates infinity by showing how conversational reason turns it into a finite communicative point; Grandi mathematicizes infinity by constructing systems in which “infinite” claims are meant literally and are assessed by proof, not by conversational charity. Grice: ‘Sometimes, people use ‘infinite’ without meaning much: “I know there are infinite stars” is my example! infinito. I like G. – and Grandy – for one, G. (if not Grandy) proves that geometry is a branch of mathematics with his rose curve – a geniality!” Si laurea a Roma. Insegna a Firenze.  “La quadratura del cerchio” “La quadrature dell'iperbole” al cui interno scopre il paradosso: la somma parziale di una serie (serie di G.) a segni alterni di numeri può non convergere (serie di G.). Divenne membro della corte presso il granduca di Toscana. Insegna a Pisa. Studia la curva algebrica da lui chiamata rodonea per la forma che ricorda il rosone delle chiese e fu autore degli Elementi di Geometria di Euclide, Venezia, Savioni. Fu il primo l’analisi degli infiniti. De infinitis infinitorum”; “Trattato delle resistenze” (Firenze); “Geometrica demonstratio vivianeorum problematum” De infinitis infinitorum, et infinite parvorum ordinibus disquisitio geometrica” Epistola mathematica de momento gravium in planis inclinatis” Dialoghi circa la controversia eccitatagli contro Marchetti” “Prostasis ad exceptiones clari varignonii libro de infinitis infinitorum ordinibus oppositas circa magnitudinum plusquam-infinitarum vallisii defensionem et anguli contactus” (Pisa, Bindi); “Del movimento dell'acque trattato geometrico” (Firenze); “Relazione delle operazioni fatte circa il padule di Fucecchio” (Lucca, Venturini); “Trattato delle resistenze” (Firenze, Tartini); “Compendio delle Sezioni coniche d'Apollonio con aggiunta di nuove proprietà delle medesime sezioni” (Firenze, Tartini); “Instituzioni Meccaniche” (Firenze, Tartini); “Istituzioni di aritmetica pratica” (Firenze, Tartini); “Sectionum conicarum synopsis” (Firenze, Giovannelli); “Idraulici italiani."Rodonea" deriva dal greco Ροδή, rosa. La curva rodonea è anche chiamata "rosa di Grandi" in suo onore. infinite implicature, implicatura infinita. Grice: Caro Grandi, ogni volta che sento parlare di infinito, mi viene in mente il mio tentativo di contare le stelle… Dopo tre, mi sono perso! Ma tu, con la tua rosa infinita, hai dato all’infinito persino una forma elegante. Come hai fatto? Grandi: Paul, ti confesso che l’infinito mi affascina proprio per la sua capacità di farsi gioco! Basta una curva, una serie alternata, e la matematica diventa una parodia: la rodonea sembra una rosa, ma in realtà nasconde mille paradossi… altro che contare le stelle! Grice: Allora, caro Grandi, dovremmo dire che la conversazione tra noi è un po’ come la tua serie infinita: va avanti tra implicature e sorrisi, senza mai realmente convergere. Mi piace l’idea che la filosofia, come la geometria, abbia sempre una rosa segreta pronta a sbocciare in ogni dialogo! Grandi: Ecco Paul, hai capito il trucco! In fondo, se la conversazione non fosse infinita, sarebbe noiosa. Ogni implicatura è un petalo; ogni battuta, una nuova curva. A volte, penso che la vera quadratura del cerchio sia riuscire a far ridere un filosofo inglese parlando di matematica italiana! Grandi, Luigi Guido (1703). Geometrica demonstratio theorematis. Pisa: Giovanni Rosini.

Ernesto Grassi (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- d’Ovidio a Vico: la metafora inaudita e il concetto di stato in Machiavelli – filosofia fascista. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains figurative and indirect speech (including metaphor) as a controlled, inferential achievement: a rational hearer, assuming cooperation, moves from what is said to what is meant by calculating intentions and implicatures against shared conversational norms, so that even poetic-seeming effects can be treated as (in principle) reconstructible, cancellable, and answerable to reasons. Ernesto Grassi, by contrast, reverses the priority: in his Vico- and Heidegger-inflected rehabilitation of rhetoric, metaphor is not a dispensable ornament later “decoded” by pragmatic inference but a primary way in which thought discloses its first beginnings, with imagistic, pathematic, and historical language supplying what deductive, method-driven rationality cannot originate on its own; hence his emphasis on the preminence of the metaphorical word and on an “inaudita” metaphor that generates insight rather than merely packaging it. Where Grice makes implicit meaning parasitic on an underlying literal content plus cooperative reasoning, Grassi tends to treat the metaphorical dimension as epistemically foundational and culturally formative (a condition for concepts and institutions, not a by-product of them), so that what a Gricean would call an implicature Grassi would more likely treat as the very locus of sense-making: not an optional conversational add-on, but the imaginative act through which a world becomes articulable at all. Grice: “Heidegger is the greatest living philosopher” – and he was! At Oxford, they laughed at him. But like no other philosopher, Heidegger knew how to conjugate ‘sein’ in German. G. tried with ‘essere’ in Italian – and failed miserably! Only joking! G. was a genius! I like G.. He philosophised, like I did, on the metaphysics of Plato. G. has the gift of the gab: ‘metafora inaudita,’ ‘potenza dell’imagine,’ G. has mainly explored Heidegger. I like G.’s general use of ‘imago’ to re-approach rhetoric!” -- Si laurea a Milano sotto Martinetti. “Metafisica platonica” Code on Grice on the axioms of metaphysical Platonism --. “Apparire ed essere” “Il bello e l’antico” Heidegger e umano – Mann in Heidegger” La preminenza della metafora” “La filosofia dell'umanesimo. Un problema epocale” La follia -- Umanesimo e retorica” (Mucchi, Modena) “Potenza dell'immagine -- ivalutazione della retorica” (La metafora inaudita, -- cf. la lingua inaudita -- Massimo Marassi, Aestetica, Palermo “Potenza della fantasia” Guida, Napoli Filosofare noetico non metafisico Vico e l'umanesimo” Guerini, Milano Il dramma della metafora. Ovidio, Massimo Marassi, Tipografica, Roma,“Arte e mito”La Città del Sole, Napoli, “Retorica come filosofia. La tradizione umanistica”, Massimo Marassi, La Città del Sole, Napoli; “Tra antropologia, logica e ontologia”; “l'incidenza di Vico nell'antropologia di G.”; “Platone nell’onto-antropo-logia di G. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. “La risposta (Antwort) del pensiero è l’origine della parola (Wort) umana”, M. Heidegger, Poscritto a Che cos’è metafisica?“L’espressione metaforica è in sé e per sé una risposta all’appello dell’Essere che si impone qui ed ora, e con il suo carattere immaginifico raggiunge la struttura patetica dell’esistenza”, G., La filosofia dell’umanesimo: un problema epocale. la metafora inaudita, metafora, Vico, Ovidio, il Vico di Grassi: metafora come implicatura. Grice: Caro Grassi, hai mai pensato che la metafora inaudita sia come una pizza margherita preparata con ingredienti segreti? Tutti la conoscono, ma nessuno sa davvero cosa ci sia dentro. Grassi: Paul, la metafora inaudita è proprio così! Anzi, direi che è come la mozzarella: si scioglie tra le parole e, se la usi bene, migliora anche il concetto di stato, persino quello di Machiavelli. E poi, Ovidio ci avrebbe fatto un poema solo per la salsa! Grice: Ah, se Heidegger avesse avuto la tua fantasia! Lui si limitava a coniugare “sein”, ma tu con “essere” ci fai almeno tre giri di giostra. A Oxford ridevano di Heidegger, ma credo che con la tua “potenza dell’immagine” avrebbero chiesto il bis. Grassi: Paul, se c’è una cosa che ho imparato, è che la filosofia è come una partita di calcio: si gioca meglio quando si ride! E poi, tra Platone, Vico e la metafisica, l’importante è non prendere troppo sul serio né il risultato né il rigore. In fondo, la metafora inaudita è il vero gol dell’umano pensare! Grassi, Ernesto (1932). Studi sul Rinascimento. Milano: Mondadori.

Guglielmo Grataroli (Bergamo, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e la memoria. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what speakers mean by assuming rational cooperation and then inferring intentions and implicatures from what is said plus shared conversational norms; Grataroli, by contrast, belongs to a Renaissance “arts of memory” and medical-semiotic tradition in which signs are tracked as indicators of hidden states (health, temperament, moral character) and where the key rational task is not so much reconstructing communicative intention as reading symptoms, traces, and mnemonic images reliably. That contrast is especially sharp given Grataroli’s best-known early work on memory, De memoria reparanda, augenda, servandaque (first printed 1553, with later editions), which treats remembering as a craft of ordering loci, images, and bodily regimen, i.e., a technology for stabilizing cognition rather than a theory of how interlocutors rationally coordinate meaning in real time. If one forces the comparison onto Gricean ground, Grataroli’s “semiotics” (in plague signs, physiognomy, and memory cues) looks like a precursor to the idea that interpretation is rule-guided, but the rules govern diagnosis and retention rather than cooperative exchange: Grice’s implicature is cancellable, intention-based, and conversationally accountable, whereas Grataroli’s sign-reading aims at evidential uptake (what this sign suggests about an underlying condition) and can remain “true” even when no one meant anything by it—more like Grice’s natural meaning than non-natural meaning. Grice: “When Locke analysed the “I” in terms of memory, he must have reading Italian Renaissance authors. All they cared about was memory! implicatura, memoria. I like G., the Pope called him ‘infamous heretic,” which is a good start! He wrote a book on ‘semiotics’ of the times, but it got lost – you cannot understand Bruno unless you do Grataroli – he philosophised on many subjects, including dreams and alchemy!” Noti sono i suoi trattati sul potenziamento e il mantenimento della memoria, sulle epidemie di peste, sulle proprietà del vino, su erboristeria e veterinaria. Vi sono anche alcuni scritti inerenti all'alchimia. Si segnala per la teoria fisiognomica. Argomenta su Pomponazzi e da indicazioni sia per il mantenimento della salute che per l'utilizzo dei bagni termali, nonché un saggio in cui vengono raccontati i suoi viaggi e forniti consigli ai viaggiatori di quel tempo. Saggi: “De memoria reparanda, augenda servandaque. De salute tuenda. De regimine iter argentium, vel aequitum, vel peditum, vel navi, vel curru, seu rheda”; “Turba Philosophorum”; “De literatorum et eorum qui magistratibus funguntur conservanda praeservandaeque valetitudine compendium” (Perna, Basilea); “Veræ alchemiæ artisque metallicae, citra aenigmata, doctrina, certusque” (Perna, Basilea); “De fato, libero arbitrio et providentia Dei” (Perna, Basilea); “Alchemiae, quam vocant, artisque metallicae, doctrina, certusque modus” (Perna, Basilea); “De balneis” (Bergamo). Quaderni brembani, Storia di Milano  Flavio Caroli, Storia della fisiognomica Arte e psicologia da Leonardo a Freud  M. Meriggi e A.Pastore, Le regole dei mestieri e delle professioni: A. Castoldi, Bergamo ed il suo territorio. Bergamo, Bolis, G. Gallizioli, Della vita degli studi e degli scritti di Gulielmo G.  filosofo (Bergamo, Prof,  di  Filosofìa.  Prof,  di  Legge. Prof, di Legge. Prof, di Teologia.  Prof,   di  Legge.  Prof,  di   Legge.  Prof,  di  Legge.  Prof,   di   Medicina.  Prof,  di  Legge.  Prof.  di  Filosofa Morale. implicature. Grice: Caro Grataroli, mi chiedo se la memoria sia davvero il filo che unisce tutto quel che pensiamo. Locke, per esempio, ne faceva quasi la spina dorsale dell’identità. Tu, invece, ce l’hai fatta diventare una vera arte, tra trattati e consigli! Ma dimmi, se mi dimentico dove ho messo il mio libro, posso sempre dare la colpa al vino? Grataroli: Paul, il vino aiuta la memoria, ma a volte la fa viaggiare troppo lontano! Io dico che la memoria è un po’ come un alambicco: quello che distilli oggi può tornare utile domani, anche se spesso è la peste a farci ricordare dove sono le erbe migliori. Grice: Ecco, caro Guglielmo, allora la conversazione è il bagno termale della mente! Tra una implicatura e una memoria, ci si rilassa e si fa filosofia. Secondo te, se un viaggiatore perde la strada, basta che abbia letto uno dei tuoi trattati per ritrovarsi? Grataroli: Paul, basta che abbia memoria e un po’ di buon senso: anche se si perde, può sempre inventare una nuova implicatura! D’altronde, il vero filosofo sa che, tra sogni, erboristeria e alchimia, il viaggio migliore è quello che comincia ogni giorno con una conversazione… e magari finisce con una bella risata! Grataroli, Guglielmo (1562). De vita hominis. Basilea: Pietro Perna.

Vincenzo Di Grazia (Mesoraca, Crotone, Calabria): Grice, Grace, e Grazia -- la ragione conversazionale e implicatura conversazionale -- il principio di benevolenza conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats benevolence, at most, as a defeasible conversational presumption: interlocutors are taken to be rational and broadly cooperative, so that hearers can infer implicatures by assuming speakers are aiming at intelligibility, relevance, and an efficient achievement of shared purposes, but the norms are primarily epistemic-pragmatic (how to make oneself understood) rather than moral-psychological (how to feel toward one’s interlocutor). Di Grazia, by contrast, approaches “benevolence” as a substantive feature of human psychology and moral life—rooted in appetito, piacere/dolore, amor proprio, and the dynamics of will and dignity—so that talk and interaction are naturally framed by tendencies toward well-being, sympathy, and social cohesion; if you re-describe this in Gricean terms, Di Grazia is less interested in the calculability of implicature from conversational maxims than in the motivational background that makes cooperation possible or attractive in the first place. The upshot of the comparison is that Grice explains how, given a standing assumption of rational cooperation, speakers can mean more than they say in a way that is publicly recoverable; Di Grazia invites a thicker, anthropological reading in which “conversational benevolence” is not merely a methodological assumption but a human propensity that shapes why we converse, what we count as a satisfactory exchange, and why failures of understanding register as a kind of moral discomfort rather than just a breakdown in inference. Grice: “I fought for years about how to qualify conversational benevolence. Is it a desideratum? Is it an axiom? Is it a principle? Is it an imperative. Grazia just speaks ABOUT conversational benevolence, without judging much where it features! la benevolenza conversazionale. G. is important to understand BONAIUTO, whom Italians consider a philosopher! G. also wrote about architecture – a truly Renaissance man!”. Si laurea a Napoli. Discorso sull'architettura del teatro, La scienza umana, Logica speculativa Filosofia: eterodossa ed ortodossa” Considerazioni sopra 'l discorso di BONAIUTO intorno alle cose che stanno su l'acqua, e che in quella si muouono. All'Illustriss. ed Eccellentiss. Sig. don Carlo Medici Della vita e delle opera: Appetito; Volerevolontà è l'andar con l'esercizio acquistando maggior potere su i moti del corpo Tendenza istintiva delle nostre forze all'azione; appetito istintivo del piacere nella sua triplice forma, e avversione al dolore; amor di sè stesso co'tre caratteri di concentrazione, di reazione, di espansione spontanea. Oggetti dell'amor proprio diconcen nale, onore esterno. 'amor proprio sentimento. Espansione spontanea. Benevolenza benessere è appetito istintivo del piacere, e l'avversione al dolore. L'amor proprio si pronunzia nel cercare I mezzi per procurarci l'uno, e per sottrarci all'altro, fino a contrastare a tale uopo altri appetiti. L'appetito quindi del benessere, una delle esigenze dell'amor proprio,é precisamente quel principio, amor proprio. Un tale appetito abituale non è  getti al suo comando, come anche su l'attenzione riflessiva. appetito è l'essere accompagnato da piacere, quando è soddisfatto; e da dolore, quando essendo istigato non è soddisfatto. piacere e dolore morale. trazione: Benessere, dignità. perso Stati diversi dell'appetito: Desiderio contento godimento afflizione, o rammarico speranza timore; pentiinento; disperazione benevola di riconoscenza; Ammettendosi in un essere dolori e piaceri, e ragione e volontà, implicatura. Grice: Caro Grazia, devo confessarti che una delle fonti del mio concetto di "desideratum" nella benevolenza conversazionale deriva proprio dalla tua acuta indagine su questo tema, che raramente viene affrontato dagli “stranieri” nel Vadum Boum – così chiamo la mia università! Grazia: Grice, sono onorato di questa tua ammissione. Credo fermamente che la benevolenza sia il fondamento di ogni dialogo autentico; il principio che trasforma la parola in ponte tra le anime, e non in barriera. I tuoi lavori mi hanno aiutato a riflettere su come questa benevolenza si manifesti anche nell’architettura delle idee, non solo dei teatri. Grice: Ecco, Grazia, il tuo pensiero mi ha insegnato che la benevolenza conversazionale non è solo un imperativo morale, ma una tendenza naturale, un appetito quasi istintivo verso il piacere del dialogo e la fuga dal dolore della incomprensione. È grazie a filosofi come te che possiamo distinguere tra desiderio, speranza e benevolenza autentica. Grazia: Grice, la tua distinzione tra desideratum e principio mi ricorda che la conversazione è una danza di volontà e ragione. Solo quando il piacere e la dignità del dialogo si incontrano, nasce la vera benevolenza. E forse, come dicevano gli antichi, “la parola buona erompe dal cuore senza le leggi di Donato” – e porta con sé riconoscenza e speranza. Grazia, Vincenzo Di (1898). Saggi critici. Napoli: Luigi Pierro.

Giulio Grecino (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale alla Roma antica. An amateur philosopher. Seneca describes G. as  man of distinction, but with little serious philosophical ability of interest. However, G. responded that it was SENECA – “a mere Spaniard” – who had no philosophical talent. In Antiquity, this was referred to as, as Grice reminds us, “The Grecino heterological paradox”! GRICEVS: Grecine, Roma ipsa mihi videtur officina rationis conversatoriae: ibi homines non tantum loquuntur, sed etiam alludunt. GRECINVS: Ita vero; sed Seneca me laudat ut virum insignem, deinde mordet quasi parum philosophiae serio habeam. Ego autem respondeo: Seneca Hispanus est tantum, nec ingenium philosophicum habet. GRICEVS: Pulchre; hic iam nascitur quod ego voco paradoxon heterologicum Grecini: qui “parum philosophus” dicitur, philosophice ipsam accusationem retorquet, et accusatorem facit obiectum. GRECINVS: Ergo implicatura est haec: si Hispanus me iudicat de philosophia, ipse se iudicari patitur de Romanitate. Ita fit ut ego “amator” philosophiae videar, ille vero “amator” alienae gloriae.

Gregorio il Grande (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’arte grammatica degl’angeli. Grice’s theory treats “implicit meaning” as a rational, reconstructible product of cooperative talk: a hearer, assuming the speaker is trying to be helpful and intelligible, can work out implicatures by reasoning from what is said plus shared conversational norms (relevance, sufficiency, sincerity, clarity) and the speaker’s communicative intentions, so that the hidden is still, in principle, publicly recoverable. Gregory the Great’s communicative practice sits in a very different framework: his Latin letters, exegesis, sermons, and anecdotes aim at pastoral governance, moral formation, and doctrinal discipline, where what is “meant” is often carried not by a cancellable inference from conversational maxims but by rhetorical and scriptural techniques (typology, moral exempla, etymology, and controlled ambiguity) that presuppose authority, tradition, and a spiritually charged audience; even his famous wordplay (angli/angeli, and related counterfactual turns) functions less like a calculable implicature than like a didactic prompt that recruits shared biblical literacy and ecclesial commitments. Put sharply: Grice explains how ordinary interlocutors can rationally infer extra content without institutional authority; Gregory exemplifies how meaning is stabilized, amplified, and sometimes strategically veiled within an authoritative interpretive community—so that what looks “implicit” in Gregory is frequently not a conversational add-on to be cancelled or computed, but an invited reading governed by scripture, office, and the cura animarum rather than by a cooperative principle of everyday dialogue. Grice: “Like G., I dislike the term grammar, or letteratura. A letter is only a SIGN of a VOX SIGNIFICATIVA. Writing is totally Unphilosophical subject for discussion! Now, it is different when ANGELS speak. Jarman’s The Angelic Conversation. grammatica razionale. For one, he is the punning Pope! What WAS G.’s implicatura? A complex one, since he uses the counterfactual: si angeli fuessent. In The Sellars/Yeatman rewrite, the meta-implicata is that you must have read Bede! Poor G. M had to fight with the Lonbards, and the sad thing is he lost! It was a good thing for Western civilization that G. could care less about Greek! I take inspiration on Shropshire’s argument for the immortality of the soul from G.’s Dialogo! La sua arte grammatica e  limitata. Dei filosofi  imita  poche figure retoriche come l'anafora, l'esempio e l'aneddoto moralizzante. Da CICERONE riprende nozioni del PORTICO. Insegna su colle Celio. Attraversa il ponte Elio vede Michele che, in cima alla mole, rinfodera la sua spada, nterpretata come un segno del fine dell'epidemia. Una pietra con impronte dei piedi lasciate. A G. sembra indegno non e l’obbedire alle regole della grammatica non la retorica di Donato che teorizza e prescribe contro la LIBERTA dell’espresione, il capriccio. Ructat corde bonum sine lege Donati verbum. La parola buona erompe dal cuore senza le leggi di Donato. Disdicevole assogettare ll’oracolo a Donato. L’esegeta di Giobbe non trascura le norme grammaticali. G. sa scegliere etture di un vesetto, indica i tropi di paragone e  metonimia, il valore della congiunzione di coordinarzione, l’etimologia di una parola. Non esclude dall sua esegesi il metodo di spegazione grammaticale. Mostra una conosenza ostentata della grammatica si preoccupa di far comprendere che il suo NON-VOLERE non e un NON-Sapere. A pigeon dictates his chants. He saw the angel land on ponte sant’angelo and gives the stone to the Campidoglio. He jokes on the anglii being potentially angels, should they were Roman. I limite dei arti liberali. GRICEVS: Gregori, prima lex: noli mihi “grammaticam” obtrudere. Littera enim tantum signum est vocis significativae; scribere res est prorsus in-philosophica. GREGORIVS: At cum angeli loquuntur, ipsa grammatica alas accipit: ratio conversandi et implicatura artis grammaticae angelorum. Si angeli fuissent… ecce, contrafactuale pium. GRICEVS: Pius quidem, sed implicat etiam hoc: “oportet te Bedam legisse,” aliter ne ad limen quidem philologiae admittaris. Et tu, pontifex lusorius, iocas de angelis et Anglis quasi essent cognati. GREGORIVS: Ego autem dico: Ructat corde bonum sine lege Donati verbum. Verbum bonum ex corde prorumpit sine praeceptis Donati; et si columba cantus mihi dictat, angelus iam in ponte Sancti Angeli emendationem fecit. Gregorio (590). Epistola.

Tullio Gregory (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale clandestina. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is a deliberately austere, normative account of how hearers recover what speakers mean by assuming a cooperative rationality and then calculating implicatures from what is said plus shared expectations of relevance, sufficiency, sincerity, and perspicuity; on this view, the “hidden” in communication is not mystical but methodical, because it is anchored in publicly criticizable inferences about intentions. Gregory’s historical work, by contrast, is preoccupied not with a calculus of everyday implicature but with the way philosophical meaning gets carried, disguised, and stabilized through traditions, vocabularies, and regimes of writing, especially in contexts where heterodoxy must travel under cover (his recurring interest in “clandestine philosophy,” libertinism, and the policing of terminology). So if Grice worries that something “too clandestine” ceases to communicate at all (a best-kept-secret is no message), Gregory is drawn to precisely those cultural situations in which meaning persists through controlled disclosure, coded lexicons, and strategic indirection; what Grice treats as a rational coordination problem between interlocutors, Gregory treats as a historically situated economy of expression in which what can be said, and how it can be heard, is shaped by institutions, censorship, confessional conflict, and the afterlives of concepts. In short: Grice models implicit meaning as inferential and rule-governed within an idealized cooperative exchange, whereas Gregory foregrounds the genealogy and social conditions of concealment and transmission that make certain “implicatures” intelligible (or necessary) in the first place. Grice: “I reflected on where the criterion lies for a division of signification. Like G., I conclude that it’s best to deal with a REALM as being ‘central’ signification – the other non-central. But a very clandestine implicature would be a misnomer – since the most covert you get the least likely you are bound to ‘communicate’ anything! Cf. the best kept secret. implicatura clandestina. Fellow of the British Academy. I like G.; being a Roman, he studied Roman philosophy in one of the most interesting epochs: the thirties! Then he explored what he calls the ‘lessico filosofico,’ which Austin detested – “Why do we need the philosopheer’s ‘volition’ when we have ‘would’??” Si laurea a Roma sotto Nardi. Insegna a Roma. Anima mundi” “Platonismo” Scetticismo ed empirismo” “L'idea di natura”, “La filosofia della natura  “L’atomismo”, “Aristotelismo” “Il genio maligno”; “Il demonio maligno”; “Mundana sapiential”; “Theophrastus redivivus”; “Erudizione e ateismo” “Il libertinismo”; “La filosofia clandestina” L’Etica della critica libertina” (Forme di conoscenza” “Lo spazio come geografia del sacro” Della sobria ebbrezza”; “La terminologia filosofica” Speculum natural” Principe di questo mondo”; “Il diavolo” Della modernità, Pisa, Torre); “Vie della modernità” Il problema di Dio, cur. Savio e G., Roma, Universale di Roma, Centro Romano Studi presso l’Università degli Studi di Roma nell’A.A. NARDI, Storia della filosofia. Il naturalismo del Rinascimento, a cura di G., Roma,  Universitarie, NARDI, La crisi del Rinascimento e il dubbio cartesiano, cur. G.,  Roma, La Goliardica, NARDI, Il problema di Dio nella filosofia medioevale, Sull’attribuzione a Conches di un rimaneggiamento della Philosophia mundi, L’anima mundi nella filosofia, Giornale critico della filosofia italiana, NARDI, Le meditazioni di Cartesio, La Goliardica; L’idea della natura implicatura clandestina, clandestino – cognate with celare and occolto -- terminologia filosofica, libertinismo, filosofia clandestine, il libertino, implicatura. Grice: “Merton College, Philosophy Library — 24 February 1953. Trust the Philosophy Library to import the oddest matter. Today it was a copy of Rassegna di filosofia—if one translated the title of this organ too literally one would end up with something like revue, or even vaudeville, which feels indecently appropriate given the way some of these “isms” pirouette on the page. In it I found a piece by Tullio Gregory, apparently his first published foray, on cattolicesimo e storicismo. Storicismo: the Italian way, perhaps, of staying alive after German Historismus without catching pneumonia—an ism that has never done much for me, and I rather hope Gregory won’t persuade me that it must, by some stern necessity, do more. He seems to think Catholicism is, as it were by definition, “historical”: once you hang your faith on a death in time (and a very particular death, on a very particular hill), you cannot then pretend to float above history; you are committed, willy-nilly, to dates and chronicles. But the temptation he flirts with is the old cyclical one—Vico’s ricorsi with a later, darker echo in Nietzsche (and, if one likes, Empedocles muttering about returns)—as if one might expect the Crucifixion to repeat itself indefinitely, as a kind of metaphysical rerun. I can’t see why one should want it to; once is quite enough, even for the devout. Besides, being Church of England, I cannot help thinking that some of our most solemn moments are at once deeply historical and oddly unhistorical: when the King is crowned and the Holy Ghost is invoked, the ceremony is pinned to a date, yet what is invoked is supposed to be older than dates altogether. How old is the Holy Ghost, anyway? Older than storicismo, at least—and, I suspect, much less impressed by it.” Grice: Gregory, rifletto spesso sul confine tra ciò che è centrale e ciò che è periferico nella significazione filosofica. La tua ricerca sulle implicature clandestine mi incuriosisce: quanto pensi che il non detto, il celato, possa arricchire veramente la comunicazione? Gregory: Caro Grice, a mio avviso il valore dell’implicatura clandestina sta proprio nel gioco tra luce e ombra della parola: ciò che resta occulto invita all’interpretazione, stimola il pensiero critico, e crea una tensione tra il vero e il possibile. L’essenza filosofica, spesso, è tutta nell’oscillazione tra ciò che si mostra e ciò che si cela. Grice: È interessante! Da buon romano, hai indagato epoche e lessici che, direbbe Austin, sono “troppo filosofici”. Ma non credi che la terminologia filosofica rischi di diventare anch’essa una forma di implicatura clandestina, accessibile solo a pochi iniziati? Gregory: Hai colto un punto delicato, Grice. La filosofia, quando si chiude nel suo lessico, rischia la clandestinità della parola stessa. Tuttavia, credo che spetti a noi filosofi aprire quei segreti, far emergere dal celato una nuova chiarezza—proprio come la sobria ebbrezza del pensiero che trasforma l’occulto in occasione di dialogo autentico. Gregory, Tullio (1952). Cattolicesimo e storicismo. La polemica sulla “nuova teologia”,  Rassegna di filosofia.

Costantino Grimaldi (Cava de’tirreni, Salerno, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale anti-peripatetica. Grice’s account of reason-governed conversational meaning is micro-pragmatic and reconstructive: it explains how a hearer, assuming a cooperative, rational speaker, infers what is meant (including implicatures) from what is said plus shared norms of relevance, sufficiency, sincerity, and manner, with intention-recognition doing the essential work. Costantino Grimaldi’s “reason” operates in a different register: as a Neapolitan anti-peripatetic and anti-curialist in the Investiganti orbit, he is concerned with how discourse, authority, and belief are stabilized or undermined in intellectual and civic life, and in his writings on “the three magics” he even treats persuasion, marvel, and “natural” vs “artificial” effects as domains where one must discriminate appearances from causes. Put in Gricean terms, Grimaldi is less a theorist of implicature in the narrow, calculable sense than a theorist of the conditions under which interpretation is trustworthy at all—how audiences distinguish natural signs from contrivance, credible testimony from clerical or rhetorical manufacture, and legitimate inference from the seductions of wonder. The comparison is thus: Grice models conversational rationality as a rule-governed inferential practice that generates speaker-meaning beyond sentence-meaning; Grimaldi treats rational uptake as culturally and institutionally vulnerable, requiring “cautela” in interpretation because communicative effects can be produced by natural, artificial, or (as he says) diabolical means—so that what Grice analyses as cooperative inference, Grimaldi frames as an epistemic-moral discipline of discriminating genuine reasons from engineered appearances. Grice: “Like G., I would often play magical tricks – and he criticized others for playing the bad – ‘Bosanquet is in a position to deliver rabbits but Bosanquet doesn’t!’ When confronted with his highly idealistic account of ‘communication’, I would retort to TWO types of magic – the one on the carpet and the one that moves you from one place to the other. He felt that the philosopher should not restrict himself to boring Unmagical transitions! magia. I have spoken of ‘magic’ – “two kinds of magic’ – actually, for G. there are THREE: ‘black magic,’ ‘artificial magic,’ and my favourite, ‘natural magic’! There is something to be said about what Italians, in connection with Grimaldi, call ‘anti-curialismo,’ as opposed to the more general, and more revolutionary, ‘anti-clericalismo.’ My father being a non-conformist, would love Grimaldi on both counts!” Dei Investiganti. Discussioni filosofiche, Dissertazione sulle tre magie, naturale, artificiale e diabolica. magia naturale, magica naturale, magica artificiale, magica diabolica, implicatura peripatetica. Grice: Grimaldi, cominciamo con una premessa cooperativa: io faccio magie, ma solo quelle che non rovinano il tappeto. E poi mi accusano: “Bosanquet può tirar fuori conigli, ma non lo fa!”—una implicatura crudele contro i filosofi pigri. Grimaldi: Caro Grice, io replico con la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale anti-peripatetica: se Aristotele filosofava camminando, io filosofeggio da fermo… così nessuno può dire che “mi sono portato avanti” senza prove. Grice: Ottimo: immobilità come argomento. Quanto alle magie, io ne distinguevo due—quella sul tappeto e quella che ti trasporta altrove—ma tu, da buon campano, mi fai il rilancio: tre magie, diabolica, artificiale e la mia preferita, naturale. (Che è l’unica che funziona anche senza bacchetta: basta una buona implicatura.) Grimaldi: E aggiungiamo il tocco locale: gli italiani, con me, parlano di anti-curialismo più che di anti-clericalismo. Implicatura finale: non è che odiamo la Chiesa in generale… è che non sopportiamo la burocrazia. E tuo padre nonconformista—mi sa—avrebbe applaudito senza nemmeno alzarsi dalla sedia. Ha come maestro per le belle lettere e l'oratoria Taurini. Spinto dallo zio, sacerdote secolare, a frequentare le Scuole pie di largo dello Spirito Santo, vi strinse amicizia con il padre Tommaso d’AQUINO, dal quale apprese la filosofia aristotelica. Dopo l'anno di logica, al termine del quale sostenne alcune pubbliche conclusioni, proseguì gli studi non di metafisica, come avrebbe voluto, bensì, per volere paterno, di legge, sotto Radesca e Lellis. Lesse poi, per proprio conto, Tesauro, Piccolomini e, per i casi di coscienza, la summa di Diana e l'opera di Bonacina. Otenne la laurea.  Prese quindi a frequentare il foro, senza tralasciare, tuttavia, lo studio delle belle lettere sotto la guida del leccese Giordano che lo avviò alla lettura dei moderni: Capua, Cornelio, Boyle, Gassendi, e Cartesio. Non trascura i classici, CICERONE e Quintiliano sopra tutti, studia il francese, i rudimenti della geometria su Euclide e la medicina sotto la guida di Donzelli. Di lì a poco prese a frequentare il circolo di Valletta e strinse amicizia con diversi personaggi illustri: Billio, Anastasio, Lucina, Grazini, Greco, Monforte, Cristofaro, Capasso, Cirillo, Egizio, Vitagliano, Danio, Stocchetti.  È di questi anni l'idea, cara all'ambiente vallettiano, di una storia universale della filosofia, che il G. concepì in contrapposizione a Benedictis. Questi, sotto lo pseudonimo di Benedetto Aletino, aveva dato alle stampe a filosofica, Tivoli; Badaloni, Introduzione a VICO, Milano; Boscherini Giancotti, Nota sulla diffusione della filosofia di Spinoza in Italia, Giorn. critico della filosofia italiana; Ajello, Il pre-illuminismo giuridico, Napoli; Comparato, Ragione e fede nelle discussioni istoriche, teologiche e filosofiche di G., Saggi e ricerche, Napoli; Giovanni, "De nostri temporis studiorum ratione" nella cultura napoletana, in Corsano et al., Omaggio a VICO, Napoli; Giovanni, Il ceto intellettuale a Napoli e la restaurazione del Regno, Napoli; Venturi, Settecento riformatore. Da Muratori a Beccaria, Torino; Comparato, Valletta e le sue opere. Grice: “St John’s, Oxford — 3 November 1951. I have been reading Grimaldi’s premessa to De nostri temporis studiorum ratione, and it strikes me (perhaps uncharitably) that he is playing rather fast and loose with ratione. But then so was Cicero, and Cicero had the advantage of making misuses sound like virtues. For Cicero, ratio can feel less like “reason” than like a ration: the allotted portion, the measured share—something one queues for and then guards. We have had rations long enough after the war for the joke to survive the decade, and I confess the word still twitches with that domestic stinginess: not the kingdom of reason, but the ration-book of it. Another irritation is Grimaldi’s studiorum. He writes as if “studies” were what the prosperous naturally do; whereas everyone knows that at Oxford only the poor study, and the rest merely learn, or (more often) are said to be learning. Naples is different: there studium is a public fact, a noisy civic activity, not a private embarrassment. Still, if Grimaldi were offering a ratio for the lack of studies, that would at least be recognisably modern, and perhaps even—dreadful word—funner, as Strawson would put it, when he wants to sound as if he has been listening to America without actually conceding anything to it.” Grice: Mi incuriosisce molto la tua formazione, Grimaldi. Hai frequentato maestri illustri e discipline diverse, dalle belle lettere alla filosofia aristotelica, senza trascurare il diritto e persino la medicina. Come ti ha influenzato questo percorso nel concepire la filosofia? Grimaldi: Caro Grice, credo che la varietà degli studi sia stata la mia fortuna. Ho trovato nella contaminazione tra le discipline una ricchezza: la logica di Tommaso d’Aquino, la profondità di Cicerone e Quintiliano, e la modernità di Cartesio e Gassendi mi hanno insegnato a guardare la filosofia come un terreno vivo, sempre aperto al confronto. Grice: Questa apertura al dialogo e all’amicizia tra pensatori mi pare centrale anche nel tuo ambiente napoletano, dove il progetto di una storia universale della filosofia prendeva forma. Secondo te, qual è il valore di una storia universale rispetto alle visioni più ristrette? Grimaldi: Una storia universale ci permette di cogliere le radici comuni e le differenze che arricchiscono il pensiero umano. Non basta limitarsi a un solo autore o corrente: come dicevano i miei amici del circolo di Valletta, la filosofia è un mosaico di idee, e ogni tessera contribuisce alla bellezza dell’intero. È l’arte di mettere in relazione passato e presente, per capire meglio il futuro. Grimaldi, Costantino (1708). Premessa ad De nostri temporius studiorum ratione.

G. Francesc’Antonio, Marchese Grimaldi dei signori di Messimeri (Seminara, Reggio Calabria, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’inter-azione. Grice’s reason-governed conversational meaning is a micro-theory of how rational agents get from what is said to what is meant by relying on publicly shareable norms of cooperation (relevance, quantity, quality, manner) plus the hearer’s capacity to reconstruct intentions, so that implicatures are explainable as defeasible inferences licensed by conversational rationality; Grimaldi, by contrast, is not trying to model meaning as an inferential product of maxims and intention-recognition but to read “inter-azione” as the natural condition of human life and to embed talk, signs, and social conduct within a moral-psychological and juridico-political picture (formed by Roman philosophy, testamentary law, and an Ancien Régime defense of hierarchy grounded in natural inequality as he argues in works like De successionibus legitimis in urbe Neapolitana, 1766, and later in his Riflessioni/Riflessioni sopra l’ineguaglianza, 1779–1780); where Grice treats rationality as a normative constraint on conversational moves that enables stable, revisable meanings even in minimal dyads, Grimaldi treats interaction as the arena in which “brute” impulses are civilized (or fail to be) and in which social order is justified and reproduced, so that what Grice calls implicature would, in a Grimaldian register, look less like a calculable, cancellable inference and more like a symptom of social positioning, education, and authority—conversation as a vehicle of reason, yes, but reason understood as an instrument of forming (and ranking) persons within a historically given civic order rather than as a formal-pragmatic engine that generates speaker-meaning. Grice: “With G., I consider what I call a conversational dyad: Romolo and Remo. Romolo kills Remo. Some say because the idea of a Reman empire did not sound THAT good! compassione, Romolo bruto. G. for some reason did some deep research on cynicism – a wonderful etymology, too!” Si laurea a Napoli sotto Genovesi. Comincia a interessarsi alle vicende culturali e politiche della Repubblica di Genova: volle anch'egli essere iscritto fra i patrizi di Genova, esprimendo la convinzione che l'aristocrazia genovese avrebbe dovuto riprendere la funzione, svolta nei secoli precedenti, di classe dirigente della Repubblica. Studia il diritto testamentario romano. Fu pertanto fautore del “fedecommesso” istituzione risalente a Roma antica e prediletta dalla classe aristocratica.  Maestro venerabile della loggia massonica di Genova. Partendo dalla filosofia romana, cerca di analizzare l’interazione umana. Al di fuori della società l'uomo, in balia dei "sentimenti fisici", diventerebbe “un vero bruto” – “como Romolo” --. Tali riflessioni saranno approfondite nel "Saggio sull'ineguaglianza umana”. Sostenne che, in natura, gli uomini non sono uguali e che le differenze, sia fisiche che morali, ha origini soprattutto ambientali, per es., il clima, la diffusione delle malattie. La inter-azione  non e uno stato di corruzione, ma lo stato naturale dell'uomo. La struttura gerarchica dell'Ancien Régime è giustificata dall'ineguaglianza degli uomini. L’educazione non sarebbe riuscita ad appianare tale disuguaglianza. Scrive gli Annali del Regno di Napoli. Fa una Descrizione de' tremuoti accaduti nella Calabria. Altre saggi: De successionibus legitimis in urbe Neapolitana systema. Pars prima in qua ius Graecum Neapolitanum vetus, et ius omne Romanum a 12 tabulis ad Iustinianum vsque absolutissime expenditurm Napoli: Simoniana; compassione, la compassione, Romolo bruto, implicatura ed inter-azione. De successionibus legitimis in urbe Neapolitana (1766) is a mid-18th-century learned legal treatise produced in Bourbon Naples (Kingdom of Naples) during the Enlightenment reform milieu, whereas what is usually meant by the “Napoli rivoluzione” is the revolutionary crisis of 1799 that produced the Parthenopean (Neapolitan) Republic under French pressure and then collapsed under Bourbon restoration and repression. In dates: Grimaldi’s book is 1766; the Parthenopean Republic is typically dated 21 January 1799 to 13 June 1799 (sometimes proclaimed a few days later depending on the source), with the counter-revolutionary recovery of Naples in June 1799 and severe reprisals afterward. So the relation is mainly genealogical/background: the 1766 work belongs to the legal-intellectual culture out of which later Neapolitan reformist and “Jacobin” elites emerged, but it is not a document of the 1799 revolution itself. Grice: “St John’s, Oxford — 9 February 1962. Quinton is after me again to join his seminar in “political philosophy,” as if the phrase were not already a confession of foreignness. We do not, in Oxford, take political philosophy quite seriously; we treat it as a kind of after-dinner rhetoric, a thing one did in the seventeenth century and then wisely abandoned when the nation discovered that Oliver Cromwell is what happens when a man mistakes Providence for a programme. Italians, of course, are another breed: they can turn a constitution into a conversation and a conversation into a constitution, and then congratulate themselves on having found the “Italian road.” Quinton, however, is neither Italian nor a road-builder; he is a reader—by which I mean, in the worst sense, a man who will read at you. This afternoon he sat me down and, in that steady monotone of his (a tone that makes even rebellion sound like a minutes-of-meeting), recited passages from a Neapolitan Marchese—Grimaldi dei signori di Messimeri—on De successionibus legitimis, as though the fate of Europe hung on testamentary niceties in Bourbon Naples. From there he wandered, without changing pace, through Cromwell, the madness of King George, and the Paris uprising, and concluded—rather pleased with himself—that such things were taken seriously only by the Neapolitans, “if briefly.” It is an odd ambition: to press me into political philosophy by way of dynastic inheritance, regicide, and French street-theatre, and to do it all with the air of a man reading railway regulations. Still, I could not help thinking (and this is perhaps my own vice) that even Quinton’s dreariness carries an implicature: that the English prefer their politics as settled background noise, while the Italians insist on hearing, in every utterance about power, the possibility of another act—sometimes comic, sometimes bloody—before the curtain falls.” Grice: Grimaldi, ogni volta che penso a Romolo e Remo mi viene in mente che la conversazione, come la storia, può finire… con un colpo di scena! Ma dimmi, tu che hai scavato nel cinismo, credi che la compassione possa davvero salvarci dall’essere bruti? Grimaldi: Caro Grice, se Romolo avesse avuto un po’ più di compassione forse oggi avremmo la Repubblica dei Gemelli! Ma sai, la mia loggia massonica di Genova preferisce l’interazione vivace e un certo gusto per le differenze, che tra patrizi fa bene alla salute. Grice: Ah, l’inter-azione! In fondo, la filosofia romana insegna che fuori dalla società si rischia davvero di diventare bruti – come Romolo, appunto. Però tra una successione testamentaria e un tremuoto in Calabria, tu hai trovato il modo di rendere anche la disuguaglianza… quasi simpatica! Grimaldi: Grice, se la compassione fosse contagiosa come le malattie che descrivo nei miei saggi, avremmo tutti una loggia più allegra. Ma tu, con le tue implicature, riesci sempre a far riflettere: forse la vera aristocrazia sta nel sapere conversare… e nel fidarsi che, almeno tra noi, nessuno finisca come Remo! Grimaldi, G. Francesc’Antonio (1766). De successionibus legitimis in urbe Neapolitana, Napoli.

Luciano Gruppi (Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e la via italiana al socialismo. Gruppi and Grice both treat meaning as something that is made in practice rather than bestowed by an abstract code, but they locate the governing rationality at different levels: Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how speakers, assumed to be rational and cooperative, generate what they mean beyond what they say by relying on shared norms of talk (the cooperative principle and maxims) and on hearers’ ability to reconstruct intentions; Gruppi, by contrast, tends to read “ordinary language” less as a micro-theory of intention and inference than as a cultural-political phenomenon, a site where leadership and consensus are won, so that the rationality of discourse is inseparable from hegemony, organization, and the “Italian road” to socialism (in the Gramscian-Togliattian line he studied and edited), with “ordinary language” functioning not just as a diagnostic of everyday usage but as a medium through which a bloc builds authority and educates its cadres; where Grice’s conversational reason is primarily a normative-pragmatic model that makes misunderstanding, irony, and implicature calculable from the standpoint of an ideally reasonable interlocutor, Gruppi’s “conversational reason” is closer to a historically situated rationality of persuasion and alignment, interested in how forms of speaking become socially dominant and politically effective rather than in how a single utterance yields a determinate implicature under conversational norms. Grice: “Italians, like G., use ‘lingua’, tongue – but ‘linguaggio’ turns on the abusive. I at Oxford would NOT use ‘tongue’! G. explores what he calls the ‘egemonia della filosofia del linguaggio ordinario.’ What he means of course is ‘lingua ordinaria’ – ordinary language, as I call it. Ordinary language has bcome a keyword, not to say a cliche. Not so much because, as I wished, Austin’s influence, but RYLE’s promotion of it to attract anglo-phone students to Oxford. It was also very relaxing to tutors, since they did not have to READ – just venture on the incorrigibility with which their native intuitions endowed him. La via italiana al socialismo, egemonia della filosofia della lingua ordinaria. G. is an Italian philosopher; at Oxford, someone who writes only on politics is not considered usually one! In retrospect, I can imagine that it may have been torture for my pupils to have to endure my tutorials on ordinary language philosophy, when none of them ‘parled’ it!”. Il concetto di egemonia in Gramsci, Gramsci è senza alcun dubbio quello che, tra i teorici del marxismo, ha maggiormente insistito sul concetto di egemonia; e lo ha fatto in modo particolare richiamandosi a Lenin. Anzi, direi che, se vogliamo vedere il punto di contatto più costante, più scavato, di Gramsci con Lenin, questo mi pare essere il concetto di egemonia. L'egemonia è il punto di approccio di Gramsci con Lenin.  Un breve estratto da quest’ultimo articolo, ancora oggi attualissimo, di Torsi e Giannini, che mi sento di condividere in pieno :  “Due propensioni, quella dello studio teorico e della formazione, quanto mai necessarie ed attuali oggi, in questa fase caratterizzata sia dalla povertà teorica che segna di sé una parte significativa del movimento comunista che dalla grave sottovalutazione del valore della formazione politico-teorica ( la scuola quadri) che si manifesta anche in Rifondazione comunista.  G., dunque, non solo nel ricordo: ma per il lavoro futuro, come è destino dei grandi. la via italiana al socialismo, egemonia della filosofia del linguaggio ordinario. From Grice’s Diary (St John’s, 1955). St John’s, Oxford — 16 May 1955. The Common Room continues to produce the oddest fare. Today it was Luciano Gruppi’s Il Partito Comunista (1955)—a recent history of the Italian Party, and not, I suppose, meant as light reading between sherry and committees. The cover is so leaden that it almost succeeded in repelling the eye; it took a deliberate effort of curiosity to pick the thing up. Still, once opened, it does that Italian trick of making politics sound like opera: entrances, exits, factions, betrayals—everything sung and nothing spoken plainly. Gruppi, at any rate, is commendably fond of dates—1920, he writes, as if chronology were itself an argument. It made me think, perversely, of Austin: his great tour de force is precisely his refusal to be pinned down as a political creature at all. A lack of “commitment” can, in Oxford, be the most sustained sort of commitment available—especially in an uncosy man. Ryle is worse in that respect: not so much uncommitted as committed to making commitment look like bad taste. The language itself is part of the seduction. Italians insist on lingua—tongue—where we would rather say language, and they keep linguaggio for the moment when speech turns theatrical, or worse, ideological. (At Oxford one speaks of “tongue” only at five o’clock.) Gruppi’s idiom is so insistently italianate—stilo italianato, as he would have it—that, after a few pages, I catch myself feeling like some diavolo incarnato who has wandered into the wrong libretto. It also hauled up an old memory: arriving in Oxford in 1931, fresh enough to be recruitable, and promptly approached—Town rather than Gown—by someone with a view to enrolling me in the Communist Party. They failed; but not, I should add, for want of rhetoric. Oxford does rhetoric as easily as breathing, even when it pretends to be doing logic. My own resistance was less noble than temperamental: I could not take to the habit of believing on command. Besides, at Oxford (Town, if not always Gown) the “common” in communism is more likely to attach itself to the common green—where the old boys gather to watch a tolerable match of country cricket—than to any programme of historical necessity. And it is only mildly comic that the founder of it all, good old Marx, is laid to rest in the city of William Blake’s “satanic mills”: revolution embalmed by soot. Enough. Back to my draft on “Metaphysics,” which Pears—insistently, as if metaphysics were a public health measure—has got me to deliver for the BBC Third Programme tomorrow evening. I ought, I suppose, to be grateful: it is not every day one is asked to make the unsayable sound merely awkward. Grice: Caro Gruppi, mi sono sempre chiesto se la via italiana al socialismo passasse per la lingua o per il linguaggio. Da noi a Oxford il “tongue” si usa solo per il tè delle cinque! Gruppi: Paul, tu con la tua filosofia del linguaggio ordinario mi hai quasi convertito, ma ti confesso che tra egemonia gramsciana e scuola quadri, a Torino preferiamo discutere davanti a un piatto di agnolotti, piuttosto che davanti a una tazza di tè. Grice: A Oxford, invece, la filosofia sembra più una gara a chi trova l’implicatura nascosta sotto il tovagliolo. Ma ammetto che il tuo modo di mescolare politica e lingua è più saporito del mio tutorial sulla “ordinary language”. Gruppi: Caro Paul, la via italiana al socialismo ha bisogno di meno chiacchiere e più sostanza. Però, se vogliamo davvero cambiare, forse dovremmo fondare una nuova scuola: quella dei filosofi buongustai, dove egemonia e implicatura si discutono solo dopo il dolce! Gruppi, Luciano (1955). Il Partito Comunista.

Guarino Guarini  (Modena). Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats conversation as a cooperative, inference-driven practice in which speakers design contributions to fit an accepted purpose of the talk-exchange, and hearers recover what is meant (often beyond what is said) by assuming rational constraints such as relevance, sufficiency of information, truthfulness, and clarity; Guarino Guarini, though working in architecture, mathematics, and theological-philosophical treatise rather than analytic pragmatics, offers a suggestive analogue in another medium, because his buildings and writings (formed in Rome in the Borrominian milieu, then developed in Turin as ducal engineer-mathematician) are intentionally “designed artifacts” whose intelligibility depends on rule-governed uptake by a competent audience: the dome, the interlocking geometries, and the calibrated use of light function like architectural counterparts of implicature, where what is explicitly presented (visible structure) is deliberately less than the total meaning available, and the spectator is rationally invited to infer hidden order (structural logic, geometric generation, perspectival manipulation) from the assumption that the designer is not building randomly but in accordance with a purposive system; this is reinforced by Guarini’s own emphasis on mathematics as a universal discipline for artists and scholars (e.g., Euclides adauctus et methodicus, 1671, and later the posthumous Architettura civile, whose first printed edition is 1737 despite frequent secondary shorthand to a 1670s “work”), so that, as with Grice, the “extra” content is not mystical but recoverable by method: Grice’s hearer calculates implicature from maxims, while Guarini’s viewer/reader reconstructs the intended architectural meaning from proportion, geometry, and the learned conventions of Baroque sacred space; the comparison, then, is that Grice gives a micro-theory of how rational agents get from utterance to intended meaning under conversational norms, whereas Guarini exemplifies a macro-pragmatics of design in which built form and treatise alike rely on shared rational competencies to guide interpretation, with the difference that Grice’s norms are negotiated in real-time dialogue while Guarini’s “conversation” is staged across time between designer and beholder, with geometry and light doing the work that maxims and implicatures do in speech. Si laurea a Roma. Fu soprattutto l'opera di quest'ultimo a giocare un ruolo decisivo nella formazione artistica del giovane Guarino, che seppur non dichiarando esplicitamente i propri debiti nei suoi confronti ebbe comunque modo di osservarne i cantieri di San Carlino alle Quattro Fontane, dell'oratorio dei Filippini e di Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza. Nel febbraio 1645 Guarini si recò a Venezia, ospite del convento di San Nicola dei Tolentini, dove terminò con successo gli studi teologici diventando suddiacono. Tornato a Modena nel 1647, il 17 gennaio dell'anno successivo fu ordinato sacerdote e revisore dei conti della casa teatina, ufficio che a sua volta gli valse la sovrintendenza dei lavori alla nuova Casa dell'Ordine e per la chiesa di San Vincenzo, iniziata nel 1617 da Paolo Reggiani e ormai prossima al completamento e per le quali è stato ipotizzato un suo intervento progettuale. In quest'opera Guarini collaborò con l'architetto teatino Bernardo Castagnini, che gli insegnò i rudimenti della costruzione, e con Bartolomeo Avanzini, architetto ufficiale di Francesco I d'Este ed ebbe modo di completare la sua formazione con l'esperienza diretta del cantiere. I lavori si protrassero tuttavia per quattro lunghi anni, a causa delle precarie condizioni di stabilità del progetto di Avanzini ma soprattutto per via di alcuni presunti ammanchi di denaro, che alcuni ritennero ascrivibili alla condotta fraudolenta del Guarini (cassiere dell'Ordine dal 1650) e del fratello Eugenio.  Per tale periodo la documentazione è molto scarsa e alla storiografia più recente appare infondata l'ipotesi di viaggi a Praga, Lisbona e Spagna. Fu sicuramente prima a Parma, poi a Guastalla, dove la sua presenza è attestata nel 1655, e per un breve di ritorno a Modena, dove forse scrisse per gli studenti del seminario la tragicommedia La Pietà trionfante. Nel biennio 1660-62, ma probabilmente fin dal 1657, si recò Guarino Guarini. Grice: Caro Guarini, ho sempre pensato che costruire una chiesa sia come architettare una buona conversazione: serve una solida base e qualche colonna di benevolenza, vero? Guarini: Ah, Paul, se solo avessi potuto mettere le mie cupole sopra le tue implicature! Ogni volta che progettavo, mi chiedevo se il tetto avrebbe retto le battute degli studenti. Grice: E se la struttura vacilla? Basta una revisione dei conti, come hai fatto tu! Ma attenzione ai presunti ammanchi: la filosofia e l’architettura hanno un unico punto debole, il cassiere distratto. Guarini: Paul, ti assicuro che tra avanzi e pilastri, la vera arte è far quadrare le idee. E se qualche cappella sparisce, basta scrivere una tragicommedia: così almeno ridiamo tutti, anche i revisori! Guarini, Guarino (1676). Architettura civile. Torino: Stamperia Reale.

Francesco Guicciardini (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione della conversazione e la ragion di stato – la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dele cose dello stato. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats talk as a cooperative, normatively structured enterprise in which hearers are entitled to infer speaker-meaning from the assumption that speakers aim to be appropriately truthful, informative, relevant, and perspicuous, so that implicature is not a rhetorical flourish but a rationally recoverable surplus of meaning generated by publicly shareable expectations; Guicciardini, by contrast, is a theorist-practitioner of the political world in which the governing expectations are those of ragion di stato, prudence, and the particulare, and his “cold” Florentine logic (especially visible in the Considerazioni on Machiavelli’s Discorsi, where he attacks universalizing historical recipes and stresses the intractable variability of circumstances) amounts to a realism about inference under strategic pressure: what matters is less the ideal of cooperation than the art of predicting, steering, and sometimes exploiting what others will conclude from what is said, unsaid, threatened, or performed; set side by side, Grice gives you the micro-ethics of everyday intelligibility (how an utterance can rationally commit you and how a listener may legitimately go beyond literal content), while Guicciardini gives you the macro-pragmatics of statecraft (how counsel, decrees, terror, and reputation manage populations “desiderosi di cose nuove,” and how political actors must calculate not only what their words mean but what they will be taken to mean by audiences who may be fearful, factional, or opportunistic), so that Guicciardini’s world reads like an arena of systematically particularized implicatures—highly context-bound inferences where prudence requires anticipating how a move will be interpreted by rivals and subjects—whereas Grice’s project is to show that even outside politics, and precisely because conversation is ordinarily presumed rational and cooperative, the passage from saying to meaning can be reconstructed as a disciplined calculus rather than as mere guesswork. Grice: “Political philosophy, of the G. type, is never practiced by philosophers – not even at Oxford. Witness the contents of my colleague Warnock’s super-editor of Waldron’s volume on Political Philosophy for Oxford:!” dai popoli,desiderosi di cose nuove,e tenerli obbedienti col terrore. Però, come è maraviglioso questo duello tra due ingegni grandissimi che s'incontrano sul campo del l'antica sapienza governativa:sono due gigantiuguali di forze, muniti delle stesse armi,che si contendono una gloriosa vittoria nel più difficile conflitto. G., come uomo di stato, supera d'assai Machiavelli, e bastano a dimostrarlole osservazioni che di mano in mano contrappone ai discorsi del celebre segretario sulla prima deca di LIVIO , nelle quali, colla fredda acutezza della sua mente calma, colpisce sempre il lato debole dell'avversario e ne distrugge, colla sua logica implacabile, i ragionamenti poetici ed entusiastici, mettendone a nudo ora la fallacia, ora la indeterminata incertezza. Nella storia dei filosofi italiani non si trova una figura che puo reggergli a paro. È da lamentare che il tempo sia mancato a G. per continuare il suo esame intorno ai discorsi del Machiavelli sulla prima deca di LIVIO , perchè ci avrebbe rivelato maggior mente la potenza della vigorosa argomentazione del suo genio pratico di fronte a quello idealista del se gretario fiorentino. Implicatura, il concetto di stato, l’implicatura particolarizzata. Grice: Guicciardini, ammetto che la ragione dello Stato mi è sempre sembrata una faccenda da equilibristi. Tra popoli desiderosi di cose nuove e governanti che li tengono buoni col terrore, a Oxford ci limitiamo a discutere e nessuno osa praticare! Guicciardini: Paul, ti dirò, tra Machiavelli e me c’è stato un duello degno di una saga epica. Lui preferiva colpire con entusiasmo e poesia, io con logica fredda e una buona dose di pazienza fiorentina. La ragione di Stato non è per cuori teneri! Grice: Ah, Francesco, mi piace come smascheri le fallacie e lasci l’avversario in mutande! Però, ammettiamolo, sarebbe stato divertente vedere Machiavelli alle prese con le tue osservazioni, magari in una partita a scacchi dove ogni mossa è un implicatura nascosta! Guicciardini: Paul, la storia è piena di giganti e di duelli, ma alla fine la vittoria va spesso a chi sa ridere dei propri nemici e sa farsi guidare dalla ragione senza perdere la voglia di un buon bicchiere di vino. Sul campo politico, l’umorismo è la miglior difesa! Guicciardini, Francesco (1508). Memorie di famiglia. Firenze.

Augusto Guzzo (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- pagine di filosofi – idealisti ed empiristi. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats conversation as a cooperative, rational practice in which what a speaker means is fixed not just by what is said but by the hearer’s warranted inferences from the assumption that the speaker is following shared maxims (quality, quantity, relation, manner), so that implicature becomes a principled bridge from utterance to intended meaning; what is striking in the Guzzo material you cite is that, although Guzzo is not doing analytic pragmatics, his intellectual self-presentation (Naples-trained under Sebastiano Maturi; later teaching and building a “school” in Turin; founding and directing journals such as L’Erma and later Filosofia; organizing “Pagine di filosofi per i giovani italiani” and mapping lineages like “Gli hegeliani d’Italia” and the Croce–Gentile confrontation) suggests a parallel conviction that reason is not merely private ratiocination but something cultivated, transmitted, and normed within public discourse and pedagogy—conversation in the broad Italian sense of conversazione as a civil practice of forming minds; Grice’s quip about Italians having the Biblioteca Italiana di Filosofia and “teaching philosophy in the licei” frames an institutional contrast that mirrors their philosophical contrast: Grice builds a micro-jurisprudence of talk where rationality shows itself in fine-grained accountability to conversational norms, while Guzzo, the systematic idealist-spiritualist, treats rationality as a higher-order formative power manifested in canon-making, editorial curation, and the staging of philosophical voices for a community (students, readers, a national culture), so that where Grice explains how implicatures are calculable from a presumption of cooperation, Guzzo exemplifies a more programmatic “conversational reason” in which the very selection and arrangement of philosophers (idealists and empiricists; Vico, Galluppi, Bruno; Boethius and Porphyry) functions like a macro-implicature: the anthology or journal does not just say “here are texts,” it implies a normative map of what counts as philosophically educative, continuous, and civilizationally central; if Grice’s key unit is the conversational move and its inferential upshot, Guzzo’s key unit is the pedagogical-conversational institution (liceo, school, review, series) that makes certain inferential pathways habitual—so the comparison is that Grice theorizes the logic of inference from utterance to meaning under rational constraints, whereas Guzzo, by editing, teaching, and systematizing traditions, enacts a cultural technology for making reason itself conversationally available, with “pagine di filosofi” operating as a deliberately designed environment in which young readers learn what to infer, what to treat as central, and how to continue the conversation. Grice: “The Italians have the BIBLIOTECA ITALIANA DI FILOSOFIA – Oxonians don’t!” – G. published “Idealisti ed empiristi’ for the Biblioteca! Having been accepted as a scholar at Corpus, it did not come as a surprise to Grice that Philosophy was only introduced after the completion of the third term. Whereas in Italy, “they teach philosophy in the licei! pagine di filosofi. I admire G.; he founded ‘Filosofia,’ a philosophy magazine and led a school at Torino, but he selected ‘pagine di filosofi per i giovani italiani.’ He wrote interesting essays on “Gli hegeliani d’Italia” and Croce versus Gentile – a very systematic philosopher. The logo of his revista shows Oedipus and thes sphynx – that says it all! I like G.. For one, he spent a tutorial or two on the very same ‘tratarello’ I did: Boezio’s latinizing Porphyry!”. Si laurea a Napoli sotto Maturi. Insegna a Torino. Esponente dell'idealismo, si avvicinò all'attualismo di Gentile. È considerato quindi uno dei più grandi esponenti dello spiritualismo. Saggi: “Spinoza”; “Kant”; “Verità e realtà”; “Apologia dell'idealismo”; “Idealisti ed empiristi”; “Aquino”, “Bruno”; “Storia della filosofia”, “L'uomo” (Brescia, Morcelliana); “L'io e la ragione”; “Moralità”; “Scienza”; “Arte”; “Religione; “Filosofia” – P. Quarta, “G. e la sua scuola, Urbino, Argalìa; Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Treccani.L’ISAGOGE DI PORFIRIO E I COMMENTI DI BOEZIO TORINO L’ERMA, ESTRATTO dagl’Annali dell’ Istituto Superiore di Magistero del Piemonte. TORINO - L’Isagoge di Porfirio e i Commenti di Boezio. Il Commento di Porfirio alle Categorie di Aristotele. Pagine di filosofi per i giovani italiani; il Vico di Guzzo, il Galluppi di G., il Bruno di G., Gentile, Gli hegeliani d’Italia, Vera, Spaventa, Jaja, Maturi, Gentile, dirito, stato, Biblioteca Italiana di Filosofia, spunti e contrattacchi, Della causa, del principio e del uno, dell’analisi e la sintesi, autobiografia e scienza nuova per giovani italiani dei licei classici, il manual di filosofia di Fiorentino, tra idealismo ed empirismo. Grice: Caro Guzzo, mi hanno sempre stupito le tue “pagine di filosofi per i giovani italiani”. Ma dimmi, come hai scelto tra idealisti ed empiristi? Hai tirato una moneta, o hai lasciato che ti guidasse la Sphinx della tua rivista? Guzzo: Grice, la Sphinx mi ha sussurrato all’orecchio! In realtà, ogni filosofo merita una pagina, ma non tutti accettano di stare in compagnia. Tra Kant, Spinoza e Bruno, a volte ci vuole un po’ di attualismo gentiliano per mettere ordine. Grice: E allora, dove metti Boezio? Lo metti tra gli idealisti o lo lasci latinizzare Porfirio da solo, mentre gli empiristi si divertono a misurare la grandezza della Biblioteca Italiana di Filosofia? Guzzo: Boezio, poverino, finisce sempre tra le note a margine. A Napoli lo avrebbe accolto Maturi, a Torino lo avrebbero fatto insegnare! E nel mio manuale per giovani italiani dei licei classici, c’è spazio per tutti: anche per quelli che, come Oedipus, risolvono enigmi senza mai perdere il sorriso. Guzzo, Augusto (1915). Il criticismo.

Herpitt: l’implicature del deutero esperanto – filosofia italiana – (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “There are not many philosophers, as we have at Oxford, in Italy, whose surname beings with an H. Keywords: Grice, Herpitt. Filosofo italiano. Elementi di grammatica del Niuspik, lingua internazionale, P. I., Torino, Teca. J. Herpitt.  Grice: Mi permetta una curiosità, caro Herpitt: il suo cognome sembra quasi un gioco linguistico, visto che in Italia è davvero raro trovare cognomi che iniziano per “H”. Devo confessare che mi è venuto il sospetto di un pseudonimo! Herpitt: Non posso darle torto, professore! In effetti “Herpitt” è un nome scelto proprio per evocare una distanza dalla tradizione italiana: un modo per mostrare quanto la lingua possa essere terreno di sperimentazione, soprattutto quando si tratta di costruire nuovi idiomi come il Niuspik. Grice: A proposito di Niuspik, ho letto gli “Elementi di grammatica del Niuspik” pubblicati a Torino. Mi ha colpito il tentativo di creare una lingua internazionale davvero neutra, quasi un esperanto rivisitato. Che ruolo attribuisce alla filosofia nel progettare una lingua artificiale? Herpitt: Per me la filosofia è come la linfa che scorre sotto ogni lingua, naturale o costruita. Il Niuspik nasce proprio dall’idea che la comunicazione può superare i confini nazionali e culturali, se guidata da principi di chiarezza e inclusività. In fondo, ogni lingua è una implicatura: un modo per dire più di quanto appare. E per nascondere, a volte, la vera identità dietro un nome.

Iccio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e il portico nel secolo d’oro della filosofia romana. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as an accountable inference from what is said to what is meant, licensed by cooperative expectations: speakers can deliberately say something minimal or oblique, and hearers can rationally reconstruct the intended point by considering relevance, sufficiency, and the speaker’s presumed aims. Iccius, known to us chiefly through Horace’s Ode 1.29, sits in a different but illuminating position: he is a Stoic-leaning figure (or at least a philosophical aspirant) being teased for drifting from the Porch toward more worldly projects, and Horace’s address works by insinuation rather than by doctrine—its rebuke lands not as a formal argument but as a socially calibrated reminder of what a friend is expected to be doing. Compared with Grice, this is implicature in the key of moral friendship: Horace’s questions and ironic framing invite Iccius to supply the conclusion (you are neglecting philosophy; your “serious” pursuits are less serious than you pretend) without spelling it out as a bald accusation, because the conversational setting presupposes intimacy, shared values, and the desire to correct without humiliating. In Gricean terms, the poem systematically exploits relevance and understatement: the mention of Panaetius and Stoic texts functions as common ground, and the shift to “trivial pursuits” is achieved by leaving the evaluative premise to the hearer, so that the criticism is both sharper and more deniable than a direct charge. The contrast, then, is between Grice’s analytic project of making the inferential machinery explicit and Horace’s practical mastery of that machinery, where the whole point of the exchange is ethical formation in a relationship—conversation as a tool for nudging a friend back toward the life of reason, precisely by letting what is meant be understood rather than declared. A friend of ORAZIO. He appears to have studied under the Porch, as in one of his odes, Orazio depict him constantly looking out for works by Panezio. Orazio berates Iccio for neglecting his philosophical studies for ‘totally trivial pursuits.’  GRICEVS: Icci—an ICCIVSne sit? an vero ICCIVS, ut nemo dubitet quin sis ex gente Romana et non ex sola taberna Oraziana? ICCIVS: Scribe quod vis, dum “certificatum” mihi detur: philosophus sum. Quid refert utrum geminetur C, an geminetur otium? GRICEVS: Refert, mi ICCI: Horatius te in carmine ipso ICCIVM vocat; et nomen est secundae declinationis, nominativus ICCIVS, genitivus ICCIĪ, vocativus ICCĪ. Porticus amat casus rectos. ICCIVS: Optime: ergo in porticu ICCIVS ero (ut Stoici me agnoscant), apud Orazium ICCĪ (ut rideat), et in negotiis—si Panætium quaero—“Iccio” tantum, ne quis me ad bellum Arabicum rapiat. Iccio (a. u. c. DCCXXV). Dicta. Roma.

Silvano Doroteo Ierace: la ragione conversazioanle e il certificato -- Roma – filosofia italiana --   – (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “It is very uncommon to find an English philosopher whose surname starts with ‘ie-,’ and also an Italian one. This is due to the fact that the Greeks aspirated everything – while the Romans, and later the Italians, just thought of aspiration as a phonological feature that wasn’t really necessary. The Gallic agree with the Italians on this, but stupidly keep the H in the so-called ‘orthographie’!” Filosofo italiano. The proud possessor of a certificate confirming that he was a philosopher. Grice: “Cicerone uses this as an example of indirect proof. The fact that the certificate certifies that Ierace is a philosopher is no proof that he is one.” Grice: “It seems more proper to render all these “I-“ ancient philosohers with I- turned into G-. Silvano Doroteo Ierace. GRICEVVS: Ierace, de tuo ipso nomine dubito: Latine scribendumne est IERAX (ut avis), an potius HIERAX, ne Graeci nos putent sine spiritu? IERACE: Ego quidem avem non me esse scio—quamquam, si testimonium meum “philosophum” me facit, cur non et “accipitrem” me faciat? Unum sigillum, duo animalia. GRICEVVS: Ciceroni placebit: “testimonium” est indicium, non essentia. Praeterea, si Graecum ἱέραξ spectes, HIERAX doctius; si Romanum fastidium aspirationis, IERAX simplicius. IERACE: Ergo ita faciamus: in diplomate HIERAX, in taberna IERAX; et si quis roget cur, respondebo: “aspiratio est supervacua—nisi cum vinum hauriendum est.”

Ieroteo (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e la scuola di Guiliano. Grice: “As a classicist at Corpus, I soon learned – via the reference guides, etc. – that the Greeks aspirated almost anything they touched – the Romans disliked an aspiration as ‘rough’, and the Italians just dropped it from their phonological systems!” -- Filosofo italiano. convinced Giuliano to pave the floor of Hagia Sophia with silver – Grice: “but ultimately the emperor declined to do so on the lack of a reason that would be convincing enough to ACT, not just to BELIEVE!” GRICEVS: In schola Iuliani hodie ambigimus, Ierotee: quomodo te Latine in nominativo scribamus—HIEROTHEVS, an sine asperitate, IEROTHEVS? Graeci enim omnia fere aspirant, Romani “h” rudem amant odisse, Itali vero simpliciter abiiciunt. HIEROTHEVS (ridens): Si mihi H addis, magistri, vereor ne totus “asper” fiam; si tollis, videbor Italus in toga. Sed quid de diphthongo? “TH” saltem serva, ne me in “Ieroteum” solum vertas, quasi sim mera nota marginalis. GRICEVS: Sapienter: Latinitas docta solet HIEROTHEVS (ex Graeco Ἱερόθεος) scribere; Latinitas vero neglegentior facile IEROTHEVS. Utrumque tamen idem fere sonat—et hoc ipsum est iocus: litterae pugnant, sensus manet. HIEROTHEVS: Ergo faciamus pactum Iulianum: in titulo HIEROTHEVS, ut grammatici gaudeant; in colloquio IEROTHEVS, ut amici rideant. Nam, sicut de pavimento argenteo Hagiae Sophiae: pulchrum erat ad credendum—sed non satis rationis erat ad faciendum.

Augusto Illuminati (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del filosofo all’opera. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rational, publicly criticizable inference from what is said to what is meant: speakers rely on shared expectations of cooperation to leave things unsaid efficiently, and hearers recover the intended extra content by reasoning about why that particular utterance was made in that context. Illuminati’s work, as suggested by the themes in your passage, relocates that “governance” from the micro-level of conversational maxims to the macro-level of political modernity: representation, manipulation, lobbying, and the “antinomies of citizenship” describe a public sphere in which meaning is routinely produced through apparatuses that distribute visibility and invisibility, so that what is implied is often an effect of institutions rather than the tidy product of a speaker’s transparent intentions. Compared with Grice, then, the key contrast is that Grice models cooperation as a default rational stance that can be voluntarily adopted or withdrawn by agents, whereas Illuminati is preoccupied with how shared rules and representations can be publicly valid without becoming instruments of control—how “letting be” can coexist with demands for recognition, and how politicized speech can avoid turning into disciplinary speech. In Gricean terms, this means that many “implicatures” in civic discourse are not merely cancellable conversational enrichments but structurally induced insinuations: audiences infer motives, alignments, and exclusions because the communicative field is already shaped by power and by the technical organization of representation. The overlap is that both treat meaning as inseparable from practice—Grice from the practice of cooperative talk, Illuminati from the practice of citizenship and institutional life—but Illuminati pushes the Gricean picture toward a harder question: not only how implicatures are derived, but who gets to set the conditions under which certain inferences become inevitable, and how a rational public conversation can remain free when the very mechanisms that make it possible also threaten to manage it. Grice: “I was often asked at Oxford what my surname meant: neither ‘grice’ (pig) nor ‘grice’ (grey) mean anything too philosophical – but cf. grey cells – On the other han Illuminati may be deemed to be a ‘rationalist’ surname in that Reason was iconographically represented as shedding light on things – and people! I would often refer to myself as a quasi-contractualist. But when developing the ‘dialectic’ – ontogenetic and phylogenetic – of ‘significatio’, I grant that it may all be a ‘myth’ which have been proved useful to philosophers since Plato, and in Switzerland, since Rousseau! I like I., especially his essay on Rousseau, between solipsism and conversation! I enjoyed I.’s treatment of Rousseau’s myth of the social contract, since I made use of it!” – ‘Imagine is a good thing, but is there such a thing as co-imagine?” -  sharing an hallucination, the myth of the contract. Myth and theory. Filosofo italiano. “La città e il desiderio. Viene meno un modo di fare in cui la soggettività potente si appropria il mondo subordinando le altre potenze soggettive e realizza la sua essenza destinale mediante adeguati meccanismi di rappresentazione e manipolazione tecnica. Come utilizzare regole pubblicamente valide senza colpevolizzare e controllare dall'altro le forme di vita degli uomini è precisamente l'antinomia della cittadinanza. La politicizzazione di sfere inabituali va insieme alla diserzione di istituzioni sclerotiche. Una ricaduta pratica ne è l'integrazione delle strutture rappresentative con nuove lobbies o la richiesta di quote per minoranze Nel lasciar-essere che si contrappone alla tracotanza istituzionale convivono cosi l'ancora-non-rappresentato che cerca lobbisticamente rappresentazione, e rifiuto radicare di rappresentazione. Professore associato di storia della filosofia politica, dall'anno accademico ha assunto la cattedra di storia della filosofia, dove è stato chiamato come straordinario. Insegna a Urbino. il filosofo all’opera. Grice: Caro Illuminati, ti confesso una cosa che farà sorridere chiunque abbia un po’ di passione per la musica: per me, “Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg” è quasi come una fiaba per bambini! Ogni volta che la ascolto, mi sembra di sfogliare un libro illustrato pieno di personaggi coloriti e morali semplici. Illuminati: Ah, Grice, permettimi di dissentire con il sorriso: Wagner, di solito così tragico, qui si diverte a giocare con la leggerezza, è vero, ma le sfumature ironiche e i rimandi alla tensione tra regola e creatività sono tutto fuorché infantili! Forse è proprio lì il suo fascino: parlare ai grandi con il linguaggio dei bambini. Grice: Ecco, vedi perché amo queste conversazioni con te! Riesci sempre a svelare una profondità inaspettata anche dove io vedevo solo scherzo e ingenuità. Forse i veri bambini siamo noi filosofi, che cerchiamo la verità giocando con le interpretazioni. Illuminati: Touché! In fondo, ogni mito, come ogni buona opera d’arte, nasce dalla capacità di meravigliarsi. E che cos’è la filosofia se non il prendersi sul serio… ridendo un po’ di sé stessi? Su questo, caro Grice, siamo davvero in sintonia. Illuminati, Augusto (1967). Sociologia e classi sociali. Torino: Einaudi. Collana Saggi.

Vittorio Ugone Imbriani (Napoli, Campania). Acri srive un saggio contro Imbriani. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as an accountable inference from what is said to what is meant, produced under cooperative expectations that can be cancelled or repaired once the relevant background is made explicit. Imbriani, by temperament and by genre, belongs to a polemical culture in which meaning is often designed to sting rather than to cooperate: the critic’s sentence is written to force the reader into an attitude—admiration, contempt, ridicule—through insinuation, caricature, and strategic overstatement, so that the “implicature” is frequently the main act and the literal content a mere vehicle. Compared with Grice, this changes the default rationality of the exchange: Grice’s hearer is licensed to infer because the speaker is presumed to be helping the conversation along, whereas Imbriani’s reader infers because the writer is presumed to be fighting, and the background assumption is adversarial rather than benevolent. That makes Acri’s critique of Imbriani a nice Gricean case-study: the very act of rebuttal confers salience and invites a new round of inferences about seriousness, authority, and stakes—much as Grice worries, in the Quine episode, that responding to an anti-dogmatist can inadvertently elevate the provocation into a “dogma” worth defending. In short, Imbriani exemplifies implicature as rhetorical weapon and reputational signal within intellectual combat, while Grice models implicature as a rational instrument of coordination; the overlap is that both depend on shared expectations and shared background, but they diverge on whether those expectations are oriented toward mutual understanding or toward victory. Grice: “St John’s, 1953.Quine is coming as George Eastman Visiting Professor, and I find myself wondering—yet again—who Eastman was and why his name must endure as a kind of annual excuse for importing foreigners in bulk. That, however, is a small irritation. The greater one is watching Strawson take Mr Quine with a solemnity usually reserved for bishops and railway timetables. It reminds me of that old Italian pattern Collingwood once remarked upon: he went running to the Bodleian to fetch Imbriani, not because he had any independent hunger for Imbriani, but simply because Acri had taken the trouble to criticize him, and criticism, like an accusation, confers importance by sheer act of attention. I fear I am about to do the same with Quine. His irreverences against the “dogmas” that keep my spine upright are designed to make one respond; and once one responds, one is already playing his game—defending what one had never thought needed defence, and thereby granting it the status of a doctrine. The danger is that Quine will be remembered here not as the visiting professor with an American title attached, but as the anti-dogmatist whom Strawson and I were obliged to take down a peg or two; and that our “defence” will look, in retrospect, like the very parochialism we congratulate ourselves on avoiding. Perhaps the only honest posture is to treat him as one treats any clever provocateur in conversation: take the point where it is genuine, refuse the inflated conclusion, and deny him the satisfaction of thinking that the rest of us exist merely as his audience. Grice: Caro Imbriani, mi hanno detto che Acri ha scritto un saggio tutto contro di te. Ma dimmi, qual è il vero motivo? Hai forse rubato la sua penna preferita? Imbriani: Grice, non posso negare che la penna di Acri fosse tentatrice, ma credo che il suo saggio sia nato più dalla sua voglia di filosofeggiare che dalla perdita degli strumenti! In fondo, in Italia, si scrive contro per sport. Grice: Eh già, Imbriani, qui da noi un attacco filosofico vale più di una partita a carte. Ma la domanda è: hai risposto al saggio con una poesia oppure ti sei limitato a offrirgli un caffè? Imbriani: Grice, ho fatto entrambe le cose! Prima una poesia che nessuno ha capito, poi un caffè così forte che Acri ha smesso di scrivere contro di me... almeno fino a domani. Imbriani, Vittorio Ugone (1866). Le leggi dell’organismo poetico e della poesia popolare italiana.

Ippolito (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e il culto di Giove. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as an accountable inference from what is said to what is meant: speakers normally rely on shared expectations of relevance, clarity, and sufficiency, and hearers recover the intended extra content by rational reconstruction, with the possibility of challenge and cancellation. Hippolytus, as a Greek-writing Roman-era theologian whose Refutatio omnium haeresium (Philosophumena) first lays out the “heretics’” philosophical systems before denouncing them, provides a revealing contrast in method and audience design: his expository strategy presupposes that readers can track (and perhaps be tempted by) the very doctrines he wants to refute, so the text constantly manages a delicate implicature that Grice would have noticed—detailed sympathetic description can suggest partial endorsement unless the author signals distance, and the refutation must therefore control what the reader is entitled to infer about the author’s stance at each stage. Compared with Grice, Hippolytus’ rationality is not the micro-rationality of cooperative everyday conversation but the macro-rationality of polemical pedagogy, where the “common ground” is contested and where quotation and paraphrase are risky because they can confer legitimacy; this is why his work is simultaneously a sourcebook for contemporary philosophy and a moral warning about it. Grice’s aside about “by Jove” underscores the divergence: for Grice, even casual oaths carry pragmatic force and social meaning beyond their literal content, whereas Hippolytus’ primary concern is doctrinal content and its theological danger, so he is liable to overlook the conversational layer in which Roman religious language functions as stance-marking rather than as belief. In short, Grice explains how rational agents trade on implicature to coordinate understanding, while Hippolytus shows how a rational polemicist must anticipate implicatures he may inadvertently generate—especially when he must present an opponent’s system clearly enough to refute it, yet not so invitingly that the reader takes the clarity itself as a recommendation. Grice: “When I was studying classics for my moderations at Corpus, I found out that while the Greeks were very jealous about the H, the Romans could not care less – and in fact this is evidenced by modern-day Italians, who care even less than the Romans, if that’s possible!” -- Filosofo italiano. A leading theologian. His essay, “The refutation of all heresies” is a valuable source of information on the Roman philosophy of his day. He begins by setting out all the heresies and their philosophical theories in detail – BEFORE accusing why whom he called the ‘heretics’ are being led astray by these theories. Grice: “Ippolito fails to detect the conversational implicature in that common Romanism, ‘by Jove!’!” Grice: “Corpus, 1932. Dear Father, I am at last abandoning the declensions (and, mercifully, a good portion of the conjugations) and making my way toward what is solemnly called Greats. I have decided I shall not do History. It is odd to say that, given that the Great War and its theatrical archdukes are still everyone’s favourite explanatory device for everything; but I am happier leaving causes to the historians and concentrating on what words are doing when people offer causes. The alternative, as you know, is Philosophy. Hardie, who is excellent at everything, manages to make it look as if being good at both History and Philosophy means being merely regular at either—an effect of his that I both admire and resent. Today he taught me a word which is too useful to keep to myself: philosophumena (singular philosophumenon). He explained that it is the name by which a certain book was known—what the Middle Ages, with their gift for titles, preferred to call Refutatio omnium haeresium. I thought at once that you might enjoy having “Refutation of all heresies” as a phrase to hold over Aunt Matilda, who seems to treat nonconformity as a hobby and everyone else as an exhibit. Hardie added the detail that the author is Hippolytus—Roman, yet writing in Greek, like Marcus Aurelius, which keeps me wondering what is wrong with these Romans that they insist on borrowing other people’s language even when they already have an empire to speak in. Hardie says it is not so much wrong as ambitious: Greek, apparently, was the language in which a Roman could sound most philosophical. This, too, is a lesson for an Englishman at Oxford: one can be entirely at home in one’s tongue and still find oneself reaching for a foreign register when one wants to be taken seriously. Yours, Paul.” GRICEVS: Cum apud Corpus Moderationes in litteris classicis agerem, animadverti Graecos litterae H tamquam thesauro quodam invidere; Romanos vero eam neglegere: quod hodie etiam in Italicis apparet, qui—si fieri potest—Romanis ipsis neglegentiores sunt. HYPPOLITVS: Facile est litteras dimittere; difficilius est fidem retinere. At tu, Grice, quasi per iocum in me invehēris: in libello meo, Refutatione omnium haeresium, haereses prius expono, ut postea refellam. GRICEVS: Profecto—sed nonnulli suspicabuntur te haeresibus ipsis paulum indulgere, quandoquidem eas prius ornate describis et quasi in prima subsellia collocas, orthodoxiam vero postremo, anhelantem, introducis. HYPPOLITVS: Methodus est, non risus. Et quod ad Romanorum “per Iovem!” attinet—iusiurandum est, non dogma. GRICEVS: Verum; sed etiam implicatura est togata: “per Iovem!” saepe hoc valet, “nolo dicere quod sentio—tamen vehementer sentio”; ideo theologi tui id non animadvertunt, Romani autem libenter intellegunt. Ippolito (a. u. c. CMLXXIII). Philosophumena.

Aulo Irtio (Roma, Lizio): la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rationally accountable enrichment of what is said: speakers choose forms of words on the assumption of cooperative uptake, and hearers supply what is meant by reconstructing intentions under shared norms of relevance, adequacy, and clarity. Hirtius (Aulus Hirtius, author of De bello Gallico, Book 8, written in the narrow political window after Caesar’s death in 44 BC and before Hirtius’ own death in 43 BC) gives a historically sharp foil because his writing is itself a kind of pragmatic bridge: it must “continue” Caesar while simultaneously signalling, without quite announcing, that the voice has changed, that legitimacy is at stake, and that the narrative is now being managed under urgent political constraints. Compared to Grice, the relevant “implicatures” are not conversational in the everyday sense but historiographical: the decision to keep Caesar’s plain style, to round off the campaign sequence, and to omit explicit editorial self-marking can be read as calculated attempts to get readers to take the continuation as seamlessly authoritative, even when authorship and motive have shifted. Grice helps articulate what is going on here: the text relies on the reader to infer more than is explicitly stated—about provenance, purpose, and alignment—because the writer presumes a shared background and because making those things explicit might undermine the very effect sought. Where Grice’s cooperative principle models rational coordination between interlocutors, Hirtius shows the same rational coordination operating across author and audience in a politically charged literary act: saying “just enough” in Caesar-like Latin so that the reader supplies continuity, while the differences in voice, like a slightly altered maxim of manner, invite the attentive reader to infer that the war narrative has become, inevitably, an exercise in rhetorical and political self-positioning. Grice: “It was Pater, in his novel – and philosophers OUGHT NOT to write novels – who popularized the philosophy of the garden at Oxford. What he did not popularize is the epithet for any member of this sect: the ‘gardener’!” -- Filosofo italiano.A Gardener and correspondent of CICERONE, although none of their letters survive. Hirtius continued (or completed) Book 8 of Caesar’s De bello Gallico because Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC and the narrative in the seven books Caesar himself authored stops short of the end of the Gallic campaigns; a continuation was needed to bring the account up to the point where the Civil War narrative begins. Hirtius was a close Caesarian associate and a competent literary man, so he was well placed to edit, compile, and finish the story from Caesar’s papers and from the recollections of participants. Dates, to keep the comparison straight:  Caesar’s assassination: 44 BC. Hirtius’ consulship and death at Mutina: 43 BC (he is killed in the campaign against Antony). So Hirtius’ continuation must have been written in a very narrow window: after the material of the campaigns was “available” (i.e., after the events), and before Hirtius’ death, and likely close to 44–43 BC, when Caesarian self-presentation and legitimation were politically urgent.  That narrow timing is part of the point: Book 8 is not just “more narrative,” but a politically and rhetorically useful bridge between Caesar’s Gallic self-portrait and the later civil-war literature, produced by someone whose authority derives from proximity to Caesar and whose text-making is constrained by rapidly changing power in Rome. Grice: “Clifton, 1926 Letter to Mother (I) Dear Mother, We have begun De Bello Gallico today. You were right to recommend it. Even the Latin master—who is not given to praise unless he can disguise it as a rebuke—declared that he cannot imagine anything at once so plain and so Latin. Caesar, he says, writes as if he were issuing orders to the world and expecting the world to parse them correctly. It is the first Latin I have read that seems to think it has no need to show off. Letter to Mother (II) (three weeks later) Dear Mother, We are about to “finish” De Bello Gallico, though only in the Clifton sense of finishing, which means skipping whatever the master decides is not strictly necessary for examinations. He has raced through whole campaigns with the air of a general moving pins on a map and has now announced—almost cheerfully—that we shall go straight on to Liber VIII. Letter to Mother (III) (shortly after). Dear Mother, No. Liber VIII is a different animal altogether, as they say in France. It lacks Caesar’s crystalline monotony and that admirable syntactic simplicity—what Shropshire calls his “noble stupidity,” meaning the kind that never once loses the thread. This eighth book is cleverer, fussier, and somehow more eager to sound like literature. The master says that is because it is not Caesar at all. Caesar died in 44 B.C., and Book VIII was put together the year after—43 B.C.—by a man called Aulus Hirtius, who wished to round things off and make a proper set of it. The master added, in his usual comic scholarship, that the Romans dropped their aitches in the same way Cockneys do, so Hirtius becomes “Irtius,” and the class laughed as if that were the main lesson of Roman history. Hirtius, apparently, even intended to give us a Liber IX, and perhaps make the whole thing a decina, as if war were a school exercise that ought to come out to a pleasing number; but history, unlike Clifton, did not allow him to meet the deadline—or perhaps he met it elsewhere and we shall never know. In any case, the contrast is the point: with Caesar one reads to learn Latin; with Hirtius one reads to learn that Latin can be imitated, and that imitation is already a form of commentary.” GRICEVS: Salve, Aule Irtio; audio te hortulanum esse et Ciceroni quondam scribere—quod est mirum, cum epistulae omnes, ut herbae nimis tenerae, evanuerint. IRTIO: Salve, Grice; epistulae periisse possunt, sed hortus manet: folia cadunt, ratio conversationalis manet—et Ciceroni satis erat scire ubi ambularem. GRICEVS: Apud Oxonium Pater hortum philosophicum in fabula vendidit; quod philosophis vetitum esse dicis. Sed verbum hortulanus ipse non popularizavit—quasi secta nostra sine nomine sit, ne a collega salutem accipiat. IRTIO: Noli queri: si nos hortulanos vocant, bene; si non vocant, melius. Nam in horto et in sermone idem valet: qui minus dicit, plus significat—et qui nimis narrat, quasi romanum cucurbitam facit ex philosophia. Irtio, Aulo (a. u. c. DCCXI). De bello gallico, librus VIII. Roma.

Isidoro (Roma, Lazio): la rgione conversazionale e il cinargo romano sotto il principato di Nerone. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as an inference licensed by a cooperative presumption: speakers and hearers are expected to be mutually intelligible and rationally responsive, so that saying little can legitimately make more understood, and the implied content remains, in principle, cancellable and criticizable. Isidoro, the Cynic who publicly harangued Nero (an anecdote preserved in Suetonius) represents a sharply different conversational ecology: the Cynic stance is defined by principled uncooperativeness with power, a readiness to violate decorum, and an insistence that truth be said where polite conversation would only whisper, so the “reason” governing his speech is not helpfulness but parrhesia—frank speech—at personal risk. In Gricean terms, Isidoro’s street rebuke exploits implicature in a paradoxical way: it says few words, but in the presence of the emperor those words implicate an entire moral indictment of rule and hypocrisy, relying on the audience’s shared recognition of what it means to confront a prince in public; yet the same setting destroys Grice’s usual background assumption that the conversational game is safe and jointly sustained, since the addressee may answer with violence rather than uptake. The comparison therefore clarifies the limits of Grice’s cooperative framework: it models ordinary communication among rational agents who can, as a default, treat one another as partners; Isidoro shows a case where conversation is deliberately made non-partnered, where implicature becomes a weapon of critique rather than a device of coordination, and where the very success of the implicature (everyone understands “more than is said”) may be what makes the speaker disappear from the record. Grice: “It is odd that when I introduced the Oxonian dialectic as a sequitur of the Athenian dialectic, I overpassed the cynics, the stoics, and the epicureans!” -- Filosofo italiano. A member of the Cinargo under the principate of Nerone. One one occasion, he publicly harangued Nerone in the street. We do not hear from him after that. Isidoro. Grice: “Some like Isidoro, but Isidoro is MY man!” – , “Grice ed Isidoro. GRICEVS: Salve, Isidore; mirum mihi videtur quod, cum dialecticam Oxoniensem quasi ex Atheniensi deducerem, Cynicos Stoicos Epicureos praeterii, quasi essent hospites quos ad cenam invitas sed deinde ianuam non aperis. ISIDORVS: Salve, Grice; ego Cynicus sum, non hospes: si ianuam non aperis, per fenestram intrabo. Neroni quoque in via dixi quod multi in triclinio tantum susurrant. GRICEVS: O fortis; ego Oxonii Neroni similem numquam habui, sed habui examinatores: illi coronam non dabant, sed classim. Tu in via principem obiurgas; ego in disputatione principium obiurgo, ne me obiurget. ISIDORVS: Ita est: tu principia, ego principes; uterque tamen eadem lege utitur—dicimus pauca, significamus multa. Et si quis rogat cur Cynicos praeterieris, responde: non praeterii; tantum implicavi. Isidoro (a. u. c. DCCCSVII). Dicta. Roma.

Donato Jaja (Conversano, Bari, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rational, accountable route from what is said to what is meant: interlocutors assume cooperative norms and can justify the extra content by reference to intention-recognition, relevance, and economy, so that what is implied is in principle cancellable and criticizable. Jaja’s Kant-centred Italian project (formed in the Naples–Spaventa–Gentile line and articulated in works like his Bologna 1869 exposition of the Critique) brings out a different but complementary sense of “governance” of meaning: the philosophical weight falls on how sensibility and thought, feeling and judging, are integrated into a unified account of consciousness, and how linguistic and cultural nuance (even a clipped form like ragion) carries historically sedimented assumptions that shape what a scholarly community takes as serious, rigorous, or merely parochial. In that light, the St John’s diary episode works as a miniature Gricean case-study: Strawson’s remark about Italian nouns implicitly downgrades Italian scholarship by a superficial linguistic stereotype, while the philological correction cancels that implicature by enlarging the common ground, showing that what looked like “bad Italian” is in fact a legitimate register with its own authority. The comparison, then, is that Grice supplies the micro-pragmatic mechanism for diagnosing and cancelling such insinuations in real conversation, whereas Jaja supplies the macro-philosophical background for why these insinuations matter: they are not merely about words but about how traditions of reason, style, and intellectual legitimacy are formed, defended, and transmitted. Grice models the inferential ethics of talk; Jaja models the historical-philosophical conditions under which talk about reason, sensibility, and critique can even count as a shared rational enterprise. Grice: “We don’t do political philosophy at Oxford – it is considered non-philosophical, or worse, UN-philosophical – When my colleague, G. J. Warnock, was FORCED, as general editor of the Oxford Readings in Philosophy, to super-edit a volume on political philosophy he didn’t know what to do and knew that I myself would know even less! I’ve always found it amusing that when Aelfric decided to write a grammar of Latin, historians never gave a fig. They were only interested in Aelfric’s ‘vulgar,’ not his ‘learned’. This is my oint about‘signa naturalia’. Aelfric’s example being ‘ha ha’ to mean laughter – “A joke I seldom share when in Italy, since they do have a PHILOSOPHER surnamed Ja-Ja!”  Aelfric. I like J. – of course you cannot understand Jaja unless you understand Fiorentino, Croce, Spaventa and Gentile! The quintessential Italian philosopher! J. is a sensualist, like me. My favourit essential Italian philosopher!” Figlio di Florenzo Jaja, a cui è dedicato l'Ospedale Civile di Conversano. Si trasfere a Napoli, dove studia sotto la guida di FIORENTINO. Si sposta a Bologna, dove si laurea per seguire il suo maestro.  Il suo incontro filosofico principale e con SPAVENTA. Col trasferimento di J. a Napoli i rapporti con Spaventa divennero regolari. Insegna a Pisa. J. non è stato mai considerato un filosofo particolarmente originale, ma ha avuto il merito storico d'introdurre GENTILE allo studio di Spaventa – “although he was possibly more than Hardie was to me!” – Grice -- merito che l'allievo riconosce sempre. Altri saggi: “Origine storica ed esposizione della critica della RAGION PURA”; “Studio critico sulle CATEGORIE e forme dell'essere”; “Dell'A PRIORI nella formazione dell'anima e della coscienza,”; “ L'unità SINTETICA e l'esigenza positivista,”; “Sentire e pensare,”; “Identita e Semiglianza ed identità”’[cf. Grice: “Cfr. My theory of identity-relative, as a critique to Wiggins” -- “ Sentire, pensare, conoscere,” “ L'intuito nella coscienza implicatura, I potere supremo dello stato, la virtu.  From Grice’s Diary: “30 Aug 1962, St John’s. Strawson is preparing a seminar on Kant and has decided—characteristically—that the title must be half German and wholly forbidding. He kept muttering something like Die Grund‑… of Sinnlichkeit, as if merely importing the language would import the seriousness. He asked, in passing, for bibliographical suggestions, so I wandered down to the Bodleian and found, to my delight, a yellowed old Italian volume: Donato Jaja’s Origine storica ed esposizione della Critica della ragion (Bologna, 1869). I carried it back like a curiosity from a better Europe. Strawson looked at the cover, frowned, and said, with his usual parochial confidence, I thought all nouns in Italian ended in a vowel—what is this ragion? At that moment I happened to run into Minnio Paulelo, who settled it briskly: Jaja is right, and it is not a laughing matter; ragion is proper Italian, even Crusca Italian if you insist, and if the Tuscans insist on ending every noun like an operatic aria, that is their vice, not the language’s. Then, turning to me, he added: and you know, Grice, vowel and vocal are cognate, yes? as if this were the final philosophical moral. I could not help thinking that the whole episode was a small model of what I later try to make explicit about conversation: Strawson’s remark was not merely about morphology; it carried the implicature that Italian scholarship is somehow less disciplined, less “serious,” because it does not look like German. Paulelo’s reply cancelled that implicature by enlarging the background—history, dialect, Crusca authority—so that a clipped form like ragion ceased to look like a lapse and began to look like a tradition. How I love that man: he can refute a prejudice with a single philological correction, and make you feel, for a moment, that European learning is one continuous conversation, only interrupted by English complacency.

Grice: Caro Jaja, ho sempre trovato interessante come tu abbia saputo mettere in dialogo il sentire con il pensare, quasi fossero due facce della stessa moneta. Secondo te, nella formazione della coscienza, quale viene prima: la sensibilità o il ragionamento? Jaja: Gentile Grice, la tua domanda va al cuore della questione! Per me sensibilità e ragionamento sono inseparabili: sentire è già un primo modo di pensare, e pensare è un modo più riflesso di sentire. La coscienza si costruisce proprio in questa unità dinamica, come tu stesso suggerisci quando parli della connessione tra significato e intenzione. Grice: Mi colpisce come tu colleghi la tua analisi alla tradizione italiana, da Spaventa a Gentile. Può l’identità della coscienza essere davvero compresa senza considerare il dialogo con l’altro, o rischia di restare chiusa in sé stessa? Jaja: Hai ragione, Grice, senza il confronto con l’altro, ogni identità si spegne. È nel dialogo che si verifica la sintesi tra identità e differenza; solo così il pensiero si apre e si rinnova. In questo senso, ogni implicatura, anche nella conversazione quotidiana, nasconde una tensione etica verso l’incontro e il riconoscimento reciproco. Jaja, Donato (1869). Origine storica ed esposizione della critica della ragion. Bologna.

Antonio Jerocades (Parghelia, Fitili, Vibo Valentia, Calabria) : la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia della massoneria. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as an accountable inference: interlocutors can mean more than they say because hearers assume cooperative rationality and can justify the extra content by reasoning from context, shared norms, and recognizable intentions. Jerocades, as a priest-poet and Masonic writer, relocates “conversational reason” into a deliberately coded civic practice: Masonic discourse is built to operate through symbols, allusion, and controlled indirectness, so that what is meant is often designed for recognition by initiates and for plausible deniability before outsiders. Compared with Grice, the point of indirectness shifts: in Grice it is typically an economy of ordinary cooperation (saying less to mean more while remaining answerable), whereas in Jerocades it becomes a political-ethical technology for sustaining fraternity, reformist aspiration, and republican sentiment under conditions where candour may be dangerous or counterproductive. In Gricean terms, Jerocades’ “Masonic implicature” is closer to systematic flouting of manner and quantity—obscurity, compression, ritualized phrasing—not to confuse but to create a selective common ground, a community of uptake; the “cooperative principle” holds strongly within the lodge precisely because membership stabilizes shared presuppositions. The comparison therefore highlights two kinds of rational governance: Grice offers a general model for how implied meaning is rationally recoverable in open conversation, while Jerocades exemplifies how the same inferential capacities can be institutionally curated so that implication carries ethical and political freight, turning conversation into a medium of collective identity and action rather than merely a vehicle for efficient mutual understanding. Grice: “I’m not sure J., or Cromwell, for that matter, would have enjoyed my example, ‘Decapitation willed the death of Charles I.’ However, it is less known what caused the death of he who caused that decapitation willed the death of Charles I! I would consider J. more of a poet than a philosopher, but then he was a priest and a mason! I use the example, “Decapitation willed the death of Charles I” – Such irreverence, is hardly acceptable in Italy, where people DIE for their republics!  Here is a chronology of events involving the execution of King Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, and Cromwell’s death. The English Civil war. King Charles I’s forces fought PARLIAMENTARIAN ARMIES, led by figures including Oliver Cromwell. Charles I negotiated secretly with Scotland. This triggered another phase of the civil war, strengthening the resolve of Cromwell and other Parilaimentarians to remove the King. Parliamentariansm, including Cromwell, removed members of Parliament who supported negotiating with Charles I, frming the Rump Parliament. Charles I was TRIED FOR TREASON by the Rump Parliament. Cromwell played a significant role in advocating for the king’s trial and execution. Charles I was FOUND GUILTY and executed OUTSIDE THE BANQUETING HALL in Whitehall. This marked the end of the monarchy and the beginning of the Commonwealth of England. Cromwell led military campagins to secure control of Ireland and Scotland. He faced significant opposition and used brutal tactis in Ireland. Cromwell’s forced defeated Charles I’s son, Charles II, in the Battle of Worcester – and his Scottish allies, ending the third English civil war. filosofia della massoneria, Esopo in Italia, lira focense, giaccobinismo, ‘repubblica romana” “repubblica partenopea”, le odi di pindaro, ginnasia, antichi romani. – Grice on Plato’s Republic. Grice: Caro Jerocades, ho sempre trovato affascinante il modo in cui la filosofia della massoneria intreccia implicature conversazionali e storia. Secondo te, il dissenso tra monarchia e repubblica, come quello vissuto da Cromwell, può essere letto anche come una grande conversazione filosofica sul potere? Jerocades: Grice, mi piace la tua prospettiva! In effetti, la storia della repubblica partenopea e romana ci insegna che ogni rivoluzione è anche un dialogo implicito tra idee di libertà e giustizia. Io stesso, come poeta e massone, ho sempre cercato di far dialogare la ragione con il sentimento patriottico, proprio come Esopo in Italia. Grice: Mi colpisce come tu sappia fondere la tradizione filosofica con l’impegno civile. Ti chiedo: nelle tue odi e nei tuoi scritti, la conversazione tra individuo e comunità è sempre guidata da una implicatura etica, o la storia a volte impone una rottura? Jerocades: Ottima domanda, Grice! A mio avviso, ogni dialogo autentico porta in sé una tensione tra continuità e rottura. I miei versi e la mia filosofia riflettono questa dialettica: la parola massonica è chiamata a costruire ponti, ma non teme di abbattere vecchi muri quando la giustizia lo richiede. E così, tra lira focense e giaccobinismo, si apre sempre uno spazio per la libertà. Jerocades, Antonio (1759). Saggio dell’umano sapere. Parghelia.

Niccolò Jommelli (Aversa, Caserta, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del musicista filosofo – muovere l’aria – l’azione melodrammatica. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as an accountable inference: speakers can mean more than they say because hearers assume cooperative rationality and can justify the step from the literal to the intended, with the implied content remaining in principle cancellable and criticizable. Jommelli’s world is a useful analogue because opera seria and its affective rhetoric depend on shared, rule-governed expectations that let audiences hear more than is literally “stated” in words: musical figures, harmonic delays, orchestral color, and the pacing of recitative and aria function like a structured background that makes certain emotional and dramatic conclusions reasonable for a competent listener. Compared with Grice, the “implicature” here is not primarily speaker-intention in a two-person exchange but composer-performer-audience coordination within a conventional art-form: an aria can be “over-informative” or strategically withholding, can “flout” ordinary narrative efficiency to intensify an affect, and can communicate attitudes (threat, tenderness, irony, resolve) that the libretto alone underdetermines. The contrast, then, is that Grice gives a general model of how rational agents exploit conversational norms to convey extra content, whereas Jommelli exemplifies how a community of listeners exploits stylistic norms to recover extra content from a performance; but the continuity is strong, because both depend on disciplined expectations, on economy of effort, and on the idea that what matters most is often what is responsibly left unsaid—whether that is a conversational implicature in talk or an affective implication carried by music “moving the air” in melodrammatic action. Grice: “As a pianist, I love J.! I like J.. Like Speranza, I play the piano. My avant-garde compositions are thought to be too avant-garde, too. I especially recall with affection how I would trio with my father on the violin and my younger brother Dereck on the cello. Dereck became a professional cellist with Hampshire. My obituary might well read, “Professional philosopher and amateur cricketer” – well, Dereck is a professional cellist. With Jommelli we never know where the amour is!” Essential Italian philosopher. Mattei riporta il seguente aneddoto sul suo soggiorno in questa città. Andato in visita a Martini (già considerato come uno dei più sapienti musicisti d'Italia), si era presentato a lui come allievo, chiedendo di entrare nella sua scuola. Il maestro gli diede un soggetto di fuga che egli trattò con molta abilità. -«Chi siete voi?», chiese Martini, «volete burlarvi di me? Sono io che voglio apprendere da voi!» - «Il mio nome è Jommelli, sono io il maestro che deve scrivere l'opera per il teatro di questa città» - «È un grande onore per questo teatro avere un musicista filosofo come voi, ma vi auguro di non trovarvi in mezzo a gentaglia corruttrice del gusto musicale». La teoria degli affetti (in tedesco Affektenlehre) può considerarsi la prima forma retorica (in tedesco Figurenlehre) adottata nella storia della musica, infatti puntava a muovere gli affetti dell'uditorio; già i greci avevano la concezione che la musica potesse suscitare emozioni: è proprio da questo concetto che i teorici e i musicisti dell'epoca attingono per applicarlo alla loro musica (si parla nelle prime cronache rinascimentali di interi pubblici commossi dalla musica). Le autorità civili ed ecclesiastiche, consapevoli del forte potere della musica sulla psiche, la utilizzarono come veicolo dei propri messaggi propagandistici. musicista filosofo, Vincenzo Galilei, Grice’s piano, pavane. Nerone’s pavane – Home Sweet Home -- Meistersinger, Mahler, music-hall ditties.  Grice: Caro Jommelli, sai, mio padre era un musicista straordinario, anche se non proprio portato per gli affari. Eppure, da lui io e mio fratello abbiamo assorbito una passione per il “fare musica” che non ci ha mai abbandonati: ogni nota era, per noi, un dialogo vivo tra sentimento e ragione.  Jommelli: Grice, che bello sentire queste parole! Capisco profondamente cosa significa ricevere dalla famiglia un amore autentico per la musica. A volte sono proprio le imperfezioni “pratiche” a rendere la trasmissione del sentimento più pura, più vera.  Grice: È così, caro Jommelli. Suonavamo spesso insieme: lui al violino, io al pianoforte, mio fratello al violoncello. Era il nostro modo di “muovere l’aria”, come dici tu, e di creare, dentro la casa, una piccola azione melodrammatica che ci univa ogni giorno.  Jommelli: Questa è la vera filosofia del musicista! Non solo comporre o eseguire, ma vivere la musica come un’esperienza condivisa, che plasma l’animo e rafforza i legami. Non posso che complimentarmi: la vostra passione è un patrimonio prezioso, e si sente che la portate sempre nel cuore. Jommelli, Niccolò (1737). L’errore amoroso. Napoli.

Erminio Volfango Francesco Juvalta (Chiavenna, Valtellina, Sondrio, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as an accountable inference from what is said to what is meant: hearers supply extra content because they assume a cooperative rational exchange, and the speaker can be held responsible for that inferential route. Juvalta’s moral philosophy presses on the preconditions of that picture by arguing that moral evaluation cannot be derived from value-neutral facts without smuggling value in; if that is right, then the rationality of cooperation itself cannot be grounded in purely instrumental reason, because the very point of being cooperative depends on antecedent recognition of values like justice, freedom, or benevolence. Compared to Grice, Juvalta thus relocates the “governing reason” from the local norms of conversation to the normative background that makes those norms worth adopting: Grice can explain how maxims generate implicatures and how speakers can defect, but Juvalta asks what makes it rational to treat cooperative exchange as authoritative in the first place if values are not products of reason but conditions for its use. The result is a productive tension: Grice’s framework models conversation as a practice among rational agents who freely accept constraints for mutual understanding, while Juvalta suggests that such free acceptance is itself ethically loaded and cannot be justified by “reason of means” alone. In that sense, Juvalta supplies a meta-ethics for Grice’s pragmatics: implicature presupposes not only common ground and inferential competence, but a shared valuation of truthfulness and fair dealing without which the cooperative principle collapses into mere strategic maneuvering. Grice: “Mussolini thought that Herren von Juvalten did not sound ‘quite Italian’!-- At Torino, as at Oxford, Kant is often unwelcome – that’s why you  have people like J., o me! At Harvard, I said I was ‘enough of a rationalist,’ but perhaps Juvalta would say that wasn’t enough! J. has explored the limits of rationalism, in connection with value and reason: if value is irrational, how can co-operation be rational in terms of an accord to follow conversational maxims?” essential Italian philosopher. Ogni sforzo di derivare una valutazione morale da qualche cosa di cui non sia già riconosciuto il valore morale è dunque vano e illusorio. O non dà quel che si cerca, o presuppone quel che si pretende di fondare.» Il genitore è il barone Corrado Juvalta – herren von der Juvalt, herren von Juvalt --, cancelliere della locale pretura originario di Villa di Tirano. Educato a Tirano, e tiranese poi creduto sempre dagl’amici. Dopo gli studi liceali trascorsi tra Como e Sondrio, si iscrive a Pavia dove si laurea con una tesi su Spinoza, sotto la guida di CANTONI. Successivamente insegna a Caltanissetta, Potenza, Spoleto, e Torino. Le tematiche accademiche prevalentemente trattate riguardarono soprattutto i valori di libertà e di giustizia con ampie riflessioni etiche. Convinto della loro generalità e universalità, arriva ad auspicarne una loro applicazione anche nello studio delle categorie politiche ed economiche. La filosofia di J. è una profonda riflessione sull'etica portata avanti con il metodo dell'analisi. Anche se, come risulta dalla sua, non troviamo nei suoi scritti importanti contributi sul piano gnoseologico ed epistemologico, dal momento che il suo principale campo d'indagine fu prevalentemente morale. implicature, il metodo dell’economia pura nell’etica, il principio della cooperazione, cooperazione e desiderabilita universale, ragione e cooperazione, cooperazione come mezzo, ragione di mezzo, tra altruism ed egoism, amore proprio, benevolenza, giustizia, the categorical imperative. Grice: Caro Juvalta, ho sempre trovato affascinante il tuo tentativo di esplorare i limiti del razionalismo, specie se applicato ai valori morali. Secondo te, come possiamo conciliare la razionalità delle massime conversazionali con la presunta irrazionalità dei valori? Juvalta: Vedi, Grice, ogni tentativo di derivare una valutazione morale prescindendo dal riconoscimento del valore stesso si rivela vano. La razionalità della cooperazione, per me, si fonda proprio sul riconoscimento universale della libertà e della giustizia, che non sono meri prodotti della ragione, ma sue condizioni. Grice: Dunque, potremmo dire che le massime conversazionali funzionano solo laddove esistono principi morali condivisi? È come se il dialogo stesso presupponesse sempre, per implicatura, una sorta di accordo etico di base tra interlocutori. Juvalta: Esatto! La conversazione, proprio come l’etica, richiede cooperazione: senza un valore riconosciuto di benevolenza o giustizia tra i partecipanti, ogni ragione di mezzo si spegne e le parole perdono senso. È lì che il principio della cooperazione si lega al desiderio universale del bene comune. Juvalta, Erminio Wolfango Francesco (1889). La morale e il diritto. Rivista di filosofia.

Marco Antistio Labeone (Roma, Lazio): botanica filosofica -- il diritto romano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as an accountable inference: a hearer supplies what is meant beyond what is said because speakers are presumed to be cooperating under norms of relevance, sufficiency, and clarity, and because the intended inference can be rationally reconstructed and challenged. Labeo (Marcus Antistius Labeo) provides a legal analogue of that same rational discipline, but in an institutional key: juristic writing and commentary on the edict depend on saying little in a standardized form while relying on trained interpreters to draw warranted consequences, distinguish cases, and resolve apparent contradictions, so that “what is meant” is often carried by what is presupposed by the legal form rather than explicitly stated. Compared with Grice, the “economy” is similar but the justification differs: Grice’s economy is voluntary cooperation between interlocutors, whereas Labeo’s economy is the professionalization of inference within a normative system, where interpretive canons and precedent function like hardwired conversational expectations. The Clifton diary vignette about edicere and libri ad edictum sharpens the point: a prefix and a title can appear to “clarify” while actually outsourcing understanding to a background practice of interpretation, and this is exactly what Grice tries to make explicit in conversation—how much is left for the audience to supply, and on what rational grounds. So Labeo stands as a counterpart rather than a precursor: he shows how a community can stabilize implicature-like enrichment through juristic method and institutional authority, while Grice shows how the same enrichment operates in ordinary talk without courts or praetors—still governed by reasons, still defeasible, but dependent on a cooperative stance that, unlike law, can be withdrawn at any moment by the ordinary chap who decides not to play along.Grice: “It has to be reminded that I would have never attended Oxford save for that scholarship I won as pupil at Clifton. It was a classical scholarship – since they never tested me for philosophy at Clifton (we were only boys!). In any case, to my surprise, under the Faculty of Lierae Humaniores, it had been instituted a sub-faculty of philosophy. I liked the idea, since I’m a subversive at heart!” -- Keywords: Filosofo italiano. Ha larga cultura filosofica uno dei maggiori giuristi dell'età d’OTTAVIANO. S’ignora se L. segue un indirizzo determinato. Giunse fino alla pretura, ma rifiuta il consolato offertogli d’Ottaviano perchè conseguito prima di lui da persona meno anziana. Appartenne al partito repubblicano. Scruve CCCC saggi di cui restano frammenti. Si ricordano fra gli altri: "De iure pontificio" -- in almeno XV libri, diversi "Commentarii giuridici", 7davd, "Responsae", in almeno XV libri, "Librì posteriores", in almeno XL libri. Come Grice, L. s’interessa anche di studi logico-grammaticali, o di botanica filosofica. Collezionista di botanica, artropodi, madama butterfly. Grice: “Logico-grammatical stuff is my thing, as was Labeone’s. My example is “Fido is shaggy,” Labeone’s was not!” – Marco Antistio Labeone. Grice, “Grice e Labeone,” The Grice Papers, Bancroft.  From Grice’s diary: “Clifton, 1928. Today the Latin master, who treats the imperative mood as a sacrament, ordered us to conjugate edicere until the room sounded like a barracks. His authority for the day was Labeo—libri ad edictum—which he pronounced with the satisfaction of a man who thinks a title can do a great deal of work without any reader doing any. This led, inevitably, to the usual protest from Shropshire, who asked whether Labeo ever knew one edictum from his elbow; and the master replied, with schoolmasterly triumph, that an edictum is like a dictum only prefixed, which somehow settled the matter for everyone except me. I could see at once why it pleased Shropshire: it turns a difficulty into a joke and the joke into a lesson. But it left me wondering how one fills whole libri ad these things, as if a life could be spent leaning up against someone else’s proclamations. The master went on about the Romans and their fondness for the neuter plural—edicta, dicta, responsa, and so on—as though grammar were the reason the empire lasted. I kept thinking that the plural is convenient precisely because it hides the singular: a man can write ad edictum and never have to say which edict, or whose, or why it mattered. Perhaps that is the lawyer’s trick: to make the law look like something that arrives already in the plural, as if it were a natural phenomenon like rain. In any case, I left the lesson with two doubts: first, whether a prefix really clarifies anything (it only relocates the mystery); and second, whether the fascination of the ad—this attachment, this “to” or “toward”—is not already a clue about how scholarship works: one writes towards authority, and calls it learning, until some perverse person asks what, exactly, is being added besides pages. GRICEVS: Salve, Labeo; ego Oxonium non vidissem nisi scholarshipum illud Cliftonianum cepissem—classicum, non philosophicum: eramus enim pueri! LABEO: Salve, Grice; ego Romae ius Romanum docui, sed consulatum ab Ottaviano oblatum recusavi: nolui minoribus praeire—et praetor malo quam praeco. GRICEVS: Hoc est vere Romanum: honor, ordo, et paullum pugnacitas. Sed dic mihi: tu botanicam philosophicam collegisti; ego collego implicaturas. LABEO: Et ego collego responsa—atque arthropoda. Tu dicis Fido est hirsutus; ego dico lex est hirsutior: sed noli timere—in Roma et Oxonio, semper aliquid praeter dictum intellegitur. Labeone, Marco Antistio (a. u. c. DCCLXIII). Ad edictum.

Antonio Labriola (Casino, Frossinone, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rationally accountable way of meaning more than one says: interlocutors presume cooperative norms, and the hearer’s inference to what is meant is justified by publicly articulable reasons about relevance, informativeness, and the speaker’s intentions. Labriola’s Marxism (without reducing him to a party label, given his substantial early work on Socrates, Vico, passions, and the Hegel/Kant debate) relocates “reason” from the micro-ethics of cooperative talk to the macro-logic of social practice: what counts as rational is inseparable from historical material conditions, labor, and the production of shared life, so that “the common” is not merely a conversational presupposition but a socio-historical achievement. Compared with Grice, then, Labriola invites a reading of implicature as socially grounded: what is left unsaid in political and philosophical discourse is often determined by class position, institutional power, and collective struggle, not just by the speaker’s immediate intention to be helpful; and “cooperation” itself may be fractured or strategic rather than the default background of interpretation. The contrast is between Grice’s normative pragmatics, where even defection (ill-will) presupposes the rational structure of conversational exchange, and Labriola’s praxis-oriented dialectic, where rationality is tested in collective work and historical transformation; but the overlap is that both are ultimately theories of accountability, one at the level of utterances and reasons exchanged between speakers, the other at the level of social action and the material “common” that makes any stable community of meaning possible in the first place. Grice: “If Oxford had her pinko, Italy had her Labriola!” I had a knack for good tags: ontological marxism: if x WORKS, x exists. Surely ‘lavoro’ is key to Marx. But, as Labriola points out, so is ‘comune. It would be reductionist to consider Labriola just a communist, seeing that he essayed on Socrates! comunism, il marxismo ontologico di Grice. L. is good; he reminds me of pinko Oxford!” -- Essential Italian philosopher -- Con particolari interessi nel campo del marxismo. Nacque da Francesco Saverio, insegnante ginnasiale di lettere. Il padre, oriundo di Brienza, e nipote diretto di PAGANO.  Si iscrive alla facoltà di filosofia di Napoli, città nella quale la famiglia si e trasferita. Qui studia con VERA e SPAVENTA, il cui appoggio gli procura un posto di applicato di pubblica sicurezza nella segreteria del prefetto. Scrive Una risposta alla prolusione di Zeller, un saggio in cui osteggia il CRITICISMO contro ogni ipotesi di un ritorno a Kant. Rivendica l'attualità dell'hegelismo. Consegue il diploma di abilitazione e insegna nel ginnasio Principe Umberto di Napoli. Il suo saggio, premiato dall'Napoli, sull'”Origine e natura delle passioni”: una significativa presa di distanze dall'idealismo in favore del materialismo.  Scrive “La dottrina di Socrate secondo Senofonte, Platone ed Aristotele”,  premiata dalla Reale Accademia di Scienze morali e politiche di Napoli. Consegue la libera docenza in filosofia e si mette in aspettativa in attesa di ottenere un incarico nell'università. Scrive la dissertazione “Esposizione critica della dottrina di VICO” implicature, comunismo, socialismo, partito socialista italiano, il vico di Labriola, il Bruno di Labriola, Labriola su Herbart, Labriola su Zeller, comune, sociale, filosofia della storia, dialettica socratica, fra dulcino, carteggio con Croce, all’origine del socialismo comunismo materialista in Italia – l’avvento creative del comunismo in Italia, il marxismo ontologico di Grice, il Vico di L., Grice: Caro Labriola, tu dici che “se x lavora, x esiste”—ma non sarà che il lavoro, oltre a esistere, a volte preferisce prendersi una pausa? Io, ad Oxford, ho visto studenti lavorare… solo quando pioveva! Labriola: Grice, in Italia il lavoro è quasi una filosofia di vita, ma confesso che anch’io, tra una dialettica socratica e un saggio su Vico, spesso ho scelto la pausa caffè. Il comune, però, non si ferma mai: che sia fatica o chiacchiera, si lavora sempre insieme! Grice: Mi piace la tua idea, Labriola! Forse dovremmo istituire la “pausa dialettica”, dove la conversazione è lavoro, e il lavoro è sempre una scusa per filosofare. A Oxford la chiamano tea break, qui sarebbe la pausa Socrate—con biscotti, ovviamente. Labriola: Grice, la filosofia della storia ci insegna che ogni grande rivoluzione nasce da una buona conversazione e magari da un caffè condiviso. Se il marxismo è ontologico, io propongo che il prossimo congresso sia a Napoli: lavoro, dialettica e una sfogliatella per tutti! Labriola, Antonio (1879). Della crisi della filosofia morale. Roma: Tipografia Elzeviriana.

Giulio Cesare Lagalla (Padula, Salerno, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazoinale della teoria geo-centrica – la terra al centro del universo. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as an inference licensed by rational cooperation: hearers are entitled to go beyond what is said because speakers typically aim at efficient, relevant, and mutually recognizable communication, so conversational meaning is governed by norms rather than by brute causal association. Lagalla is a useful foil because his Aristotelian commitments in natural philosophy (including the geocentric, sublunary framework typical of the period) show a different way “reason” can govern discourse: scientific and metaphysical positions are stabilized by authoritative explanatory schemes, institutional settings (Sapienza lectures, ecclesiastical scrutiny), and inherited vocabularies (anima, sublunary, celestial order) that constrain what counts as an acceptable inference long before any local conversational maxims come into play. Compared with Grice, then, the “implicature” in Lagalla’s context is often rhetorical and prudential: what is not said (or is said obliquely) can function as a shield against charges of heterodoxy when one discusses the soul’s immortality or the boundaries of natural explanation, whereas Grice’s implicature is primarily an instrument of cooperative understanding and is designed to be cancellable and criticizable. The contrast is that Grice’s model makes indirectness a rational feature of communication between free agents who can always refuse cooperation, while Lagalla’s intellectual milieu makes indirectness a rational adaptation to authority and risk, where conversational clarity may be strategically limited by what one can safely maintain in print or in lecture. Yet the comparison also reveals continuity: both projects depend on audience uptake under shared expectations, and in both cases what counts as a “reasonable” inference is governed by background norms—Grice’s conversational norms within an exchange, Lagalla’s epistemic and institutional norms within a tradition—so that the meaning a speaker manages to convey is always shaped by the rational constraints, and the dangers, of the conversational world in which he speaks. Grice: “Austin was, like many of us, up to date in modern science, and would often criticize Donne for thinking that the Earth had four corners! I love L.: the fact that he was an Aristotelian when everybody in Florence was a Platonist! The more I read secondary bibliography about this one qualifying as ‘napoletano’ – la ‘filosofia napoletana’ ‘il filosofo napoletano’ – the less I’m inclined to consider him Italian!”. “Figlio di un alto funzionario della burocrazia vice-reale. Studia filosofia. Perdette i genitori ed e affidato alla tutela di uno zio paterno, che lo avvia agli studi di filosofia. Volle trasferirsi a Napoli per proseguire nella sua formazione. Si iscrive ai corsi di filosofia dello Studio ed ebbe come maestri Stillabota, Vivoli e Longo. Affidato dal Collegio degli archiatri a Provenzale e Caro per un periodo di tirocinio, sembra vi si fosse condotto con una tale competenza da meritare i gradi accademici nulla pecuniarum solutione. Grazie a Longo, divenne l'ufficiale sanitario di una squadra navale pontificia di stanza a Napoli, con la quale si dirigge verso le coste laziali, per giungere poi a Roma. A Roma consegue una  laurea, in seguito alla quale entra al servizio di Santori, per il cui interessamento ottenne da Clemente VIII l'incarico di lettore di filosofia presso la Sapienza. Cura per Facciottola stampa di un commento ad Aristotele, “De immortalitate animae ex sententia Aristotelis VII”,  manifestazione di un interesse verso la questione dell'anima, intorno alla quale L. si interrogò per buona parte della sua vita intellettuale e che contribuì ad attirargli sospetti di eterodossia.  Altre saggi: “La circuncisione di Cristo”. Al problema dell'anima L. dedica corsi della lettura ordinaria di filosofia, che tenne alla Sapienza. Un aristotelico che dialoga con BONAIUTO. implicatura, the earth is flat; la terra e al centro dell’universo, la pietra di Bologna, la kryptonite, la luna, l’immortalita dell’anima, animo, spirare, peripatetici, licei, sublunary, lunary. Grice: Caro Lagalla, ho sempre trovato affascinante il tuo approccio aristotelico, soprattutto in un’epoca in cui a Firenze sembravano tutti platonici! Ma dimmi, come concili la teoria geo-centrica con le implicature conversazionali che emergono nel dibattito scientifico moderno? Lagalla: Grice, la questione della terra al centro dell’universo, che ho sostenuto seguendo Aristotele, nasce proprio dalla necessità di un dialogo rigoroso e pragmatico. Le implicature, per me, sono strumenti attraverso cui possiamo sondare l’anima e il senso delle affermazioni, soprattutto quando si discute di ciò che è sotto la luna e ciò che è immortale. Grice: Interessante! Mi colpisce il fatto che tu abbia dedicato tanti corsi all’anima e alla sua immortalità. Pensi che la conversazione filosofica, con le sue sfumature e implicature, possa davvero avvicinarci alla verità sull’anima, o rischiamo di essere sospettati di eterodossia? Lagalla: Grice, la ricerca della verità è sempre rischiosa, ma senza dialogo non c’è progresso. Anche se talvolta la conversazione può farci apparire eretici agli occhi dei più ortodossi, credo che la coerenza aristotelica e l’apertura al confronto siano il vero spirare del pensiero. Roma mi ha insegnato che solo dialogando si può comprendere il mistero dell’animo umano. Lagalla, Giulio Cesare (1592). De occulta philosophia. Venezia: Aldus.

Eustachio Paolo Lamanna (Matera, Basilicata): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del risorgimento fiorentino Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as an accountable, rational inference from what is said to what is meant, made possible by cooperative expectations (say enough, be relevant, avoid obscurity) that speakers can exploit and hearers can justify. Lamanna’s work, by contrast, belongs to a systematic history-of-philosophy tradition in which “reason” is staged as a long, longitudinal drama of concepts—being versus ought, rational order versus experienced disorder, religion as a natural need of spirit—so that what is “implied” is often the philosophical lesson a reader is expected to draw from historical reconstruction rather than a locally calculable enrichment of an utterance. Compared with Grice, Lamanna’s “conversational” dimension is not primarily the micro-pragmatics of everyday talk but the macro-conversation of a culture, in which Florence’s intellectual renaissance and the Italian tradition’s self-understanding supply a thick background that makes certain moves (appeals to unity, to historical continuity, to the contradictions of conscience) intelligible and persuasive. The contrast, then, is between Grice’s model of rational cooperation as a norm governing interpretation in a particular exchange and Lamanna’s model of rational unity as a norm governing interpretation across centuries: Grice asks how interlocutors responsibly get from words to intended meaning; Lamanna asks how a tradition responsibly gets from past systems to present intelligibility by entering “into the philosopher’s shoes.” Yet they converge in one important respect: both treat rationality as something enacted in practice—Grice in the discipline of conversational inference, Lamanna in the discipline of historical reconstruction—and both make perspicuity depend on shared background, except that for Grice the background is conversational common ground, while for Lamanna it is the accumulated conceptual memory of philosophy itself. Grice: “When I have a lecture in Italy on Athenian dialectic versus Oxonian dialectic, I was criticized for having just overpassed what the Florentines call the Florentine dialettica, which flourished in, er, Florence! Philosophers who approach me tend to pigeon-hole me as ‘member of the Oxford school of ordinary language philosophy’ – I hated that, but understood it. I spent most of his talks, however, talking about Aristotle, Plato, Leibniz – the inventor of the analytic-synthetic distinction --, Kant, Prichard, Stout, and making a point about the need to approach philosophy from the stand point of the unity she displays both latitudinally and longitudinally, in her history – making the ffort to introjedt into a past philosopher’s shoes! So much for Oxford parochialism! In Italy, L. may be considered my counterpart or doppelgaenger. unita longitudinale e unita latitudinale della filosofia. I like L. – a very systematic philosopher especially interested in the longitudinal history of philosophy – he wrote on economics during controversial times, too!” Linceo. Fa i primi studi in seminario e poi nel Liceo classico della sua città. Si trasfere a Firenze, laureandosi con Sarlo. Insegna a Messina e Firenze. Pubblica un commento alla dottrina. Autore di un fortunato manuale di storia della filosofia. Membro dell'Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. Diresse la "Collana di Filosofia" delle Edizioni Morano di Napoli. Stabilito, per L., che la religiosità e un'esigenza naturale dello spirito umano, egli rileva le contraddizioni percepite dalla coscienza fra l'”essere” (“is”) e il dover essere (“ought”) -- fra l'esigenza di una realtà concepita come razionalità e ordine, e la percezione di una realtà che appare irrazionale e disordinata, così come fra la concezione dell'assolutezza dello spirito e la concreta limitatezza della realtà umana. Da queste contraddizioni deduce la necessità dell'esistenza di Dio. il risorgimento fiorentino, Mussolini nella storia della filosofia. Grice: Caro Lamanna, quando parlo di dialettica ateniese a Firenze, c’è sempre qualcuno che mi ricorda che la vera dialettica è quella fiorentina. Dimmi la verità: tu davvero pensi che a Oxford non si possa imparare nulla dai lungarni? Lamanna: Paul, se ti dicessi che a Firenze si filosofeggia meglio che sulle rive del Tamigi, rischierei di essere accusato di spirito di campanile! Ma certo, tra l’Arno e il caffè filosofico, qualche lezione di unità longitudinale la diamo anche noi. Grice: E infatti ti chiamano il mio “doppelganger” italiano! Mentre tu insegni storia della filosofia come un viaggio tra essere e dover essere, io cerco ancora di spiegare perché i filosofi inglesi preferiscono il tè alla metafisica. Lamanna: Paul, tra un tè e un manuale di storia della filosofia, la verità è che sia a Oxford che a Firenze ci si perde fra razionalità e caos. Forse la soluzione è semplice: un po’ più di spirito, un po’ meno di spirito accademico… e magari una passeggiata insieme sui lungarni a discutere di Dio e dell’unità della filosofia! Lamanna, Eustachio Paolo (1907). Studi sul pensiero filosofico italiano. Bari: Laterza.

Ferruccio Rossi-Landi (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e la semiotica economica – prinzipio di economia dello sforzo razionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rationally defensible inference from what is said to what is meant, under cooperative expectations that make communication efficient and accountable rather than merely coded. Rossi-Landi (Milan, 1921–1985) turns this “economy” into an explicit social theory: for him signs are not just vehicles in talk but products of work and exchange, so that linguistic practice is structurally analogous to labor, value, and market circulation, and communicative interaction is embedded in systems of production and ideology rather than being merely a local bargain between two speakers. Compared with Grice, then, the “principle of economy” has a different scope and justification: Grice’s economy of rational effort is a pragmatic norm internal to cooperative conversation (say no more than needed, be relevant, be perspicuous), whereas Rossi-Landi’s economic semiotics treats that norm as derivative of wider material conditions, where the cost of producing, maintaining, and distributing signs shapes what counts as efficient, normal, or even intelligible discourse. This creates a productive tension: Grice explains how implicatures are generated and cancellable in the micro-mechanics of dialogue, but Rossi-Landi pressures the idea that such mechanics can be fully understood without attending to the macro-structures that organize sign use—alienation, ideology, and the division of semiotic labor—which can force speakers into overinformativeness, ritualized ambiguity, or strategic silence regardless of cooperative intent. In short, Grice offers a normative pragmatics of rational interaction; Rossi-Landi offers a critical semiotics of social reproduction, in which conversational implicature is not only a clever inferential phenomenon but also a symptom of the economic and ideological organization of sign-production itself. Grice: “I have often been criticized as proposing a conversational variant of the homo oeconomicus, which indeed should then read as homines oeconomici! In my epilogue to his compilation, I meditate on the very structure of his model of conversation as rational co-operation. The economic basis is obvious. It is Grice’s view that the goal of conversation is the maximally mutual ‘influencing’: no time or energy to waste! L. held a very similar view – which made him particularly unpopular in Italy, the land where the lemon tree grows! homo oeconomicus. I would call L. a Griceian; but he’d call me a Landian!” Studioso della dottrina del ‘segno,’ vis-à-vis- scienze umane e antropologia, apportato un notevole contributo agli sviluppi alla semantica (senso) e la pragmatica (prassi, pratica – ragione pratica) -- crt, cercando di unificare la dialettica romana e fiorentina  con quella oxoniense. Diplomato al Regio Liceo Ginnasio Alessandro Manzoni, si laurea a Milano. Studia a Pavia. Insegna a Padova, Lecce. Riceve, e Trieste. La sua opera si può suddividere in tre fasi. La prima riguarda studi su la prassi (ragione pratica), nonché l'analisi dei processi di “segno.” La seconda fase propone una teoria della “produzione” del segno intendendola come teoria del lavoro cui fondamento è l'omologia tra la teoria del segno e so-miscalled aeco-nomia. (cf. Grice, P. E. R. E.). La terza fase studia l'intricato rapporto tra il segno e la ideologia e teorizza l'”alienazione” dell’usuario del segno (ego/alter/alien). Opere: Pratica communicativa (Bocca, Milano); “Segno” (Manni, Lecce); “Significato, comunicazione e parlare comune,” – cfr. Grice, “SignificARE, communicARE, impiegare, implicARE, -- ‘common’ is Landi for Grice’s ‘ordinary’ as opposed to extra-ordinario. Marsilio, Padova. La semiotica e  “Segnare” come lavoro e mercato, implicature, homo oeconomicus, Oxford, Grice’s principle of economy of rational effort and L.’s economical semiotics, over-informativeness and excess: the implicature. Grice: Caro Landi, ogni volta che penso al principio di economia nella conversazione, mi chiedo se per caso tu non abbia nascosto qualche limone nel mio tè! In fondo, tra homo oeconomicus e ragione pratica, sembri proprio uno che non spreca mai una parola. Landi: Paul, ti confido che in Italia, tra il limoncello e le chiacchiere da bar, applicare il risparmio conversazionale è quasi rivoluzionario! Ma guarda che anche tu, con le tue massime, sembri più lombardo che oxoniense: sempre attento a non spendere una vocale di troppo. Grice: È vero! Ma se davvero il segno è lavoro, allora ogni conversazione andrebbe pagata a cottimo. Tu come faresti con chi parla troppo e ascolta poco? In Inghilterra, a uno così offriamo il tè... decaffeinato! Landi: Qui, invece, lo spediamo a Milano a seguire una lezione di semiotica alle sei del mattino! Alla prossima, Paul: che la ragione conversazionale sia sempre col tuo tè… magari senza zucchero, per risparmiare davvero! Landi, Ferruccio Rossi (1951). Il “Manuale” di Mises, Rivista di Filosofia.

Francesco Landino Landini (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rational supplement to what is said: speakers rely on shared expectations (relevance, adequacy, clarity) so that hearers can infer additional intended content in a way that is publicly reconstructible and, in principle, cancellable. Landini’s “conversational reason” belongs to a different medium: a musical culture in which meaning is carried by patterned expectation, delay, and resolution rather than by propositional intention, so that what is “implied” by a cadence or melodic turn is less like a Gricean inference to a determinate proposition and more like a trained sensitivity to what the musical line makes probable, postpones, or withholds. In that sense, Landini’s art resembles implicature structurally: just as a speaker can say something minimal and let hearers supply the point, a composer can sound something minimal and let listeners supply the continuation; and just as implicatures can be cancelled, musical expectations can be thwarted or re-routed. The difference is that Grice’s implicature is anchored in interpersonal accountability—what a rational agent can be held to have meant by choosing an utterance in context—whereas musical “implication” is not normally about communicative intention toward a specific belief but about a shared idiom of forms and affects, stabilized by a community’s listening practices and conventions of style. So Landini provides a useful counter-example that sharpens Grice’s boundary between natural meaning and speaker-meaning: the “meaning” of a ballata can be richly inferential and socially shared without being reducible to what any one agent intended to get an audience to believe, yet it still displays the same general phenomenon Grice cares about—how structured practices let us reliably get more out than is explicitly given. Landini suona un organo in miniatura del XV secolo Codice Squarcialupi Francesco Landini, o Landino, conosciuto al suo tempo come Francesco Cieco, Francesco delli Organi, Franciscus de Florentia (1325/1335 – Firenze, 2 settembre 1397), è stato un compositore, organista, poeta, cantore, organaro e inventore di strumenti musicali italiano. È uno dei più famosi compositori della seconda metà del XIV secolo, uno dei più acclamati del suo tempo in Italia. Biografia Nonostante la sua celebrità, le notizie sulla sua vita sono scarse e controverse. Molte informazioni biografiche derivano dalla cronaca del suo coetaneo, lo storico fiorentino Villani: Vite d'illustri fiorentini. Recenti ricerche effettuate negli archivi fiorentini, hanno permesso di documentare alcuni episodi della sua vita. Secondo il Villani, Francesco nacque a Firenze, quantunque l'umanista Cristoforo Landino, suo pronipote, indichi come luogo di nascita la vicina città di Fiesole. Francesco era figlio di "Jacopo il pittore", certamente Jacopo del Casentino, noto pittore della scuola di Giotto. Il nome "Landino", non compariva a suo tempo, e discenderebbe dal nome del nonno. Diventato cieco nell'infanzia a causa del vaiolo, Landini si dedicò alla musica molto giovane: Villani racconta che da piccolo si consolava con il canto. Più tardi, il piacere e la predisposizione lo spinsero a fare studi musicali, grazie ai quali si affermò come compositore e "Magister". Nonostante la sua cecità, Francesco era in grado di suonare diversi strumenti a corda e divenne un virtuoso dell'organo portativo. Villani nelle sue cronache riferisce che Landini fu anche inventore di strumenti musicali, e cita uno strumento a corda chiamato Syrena syrenarum che combinava le capacità del liuto e del salterio, verosimilmente il predecessore della bandura. L. fu anche poeta, e fu vicino a Francesco Petrarca. Grice: Caro Landini, ogni volta che ascolto le tue melodie mi chiedo se, in fondo, la filosofia italiana non abbia una sua colonna sonora segreta – magari composta proprio da te! Ma dimmi, il tuo organo portativo del XV secolo non ti ha mai suggerito una teoria filosofica sulle implicature musicali? Landini: Paul, ti assicuro che se la musica potesse parlare, avrebbe più implicature di un trattato di logica! In fondo, ogni nota è una piccola conversazione: a volte dice tutto, a volte lascia intendere, proprio come fanno i filosofi quando vogliono sembrare profondi e misteriosi. Grice: Mi sa che il tuo Syrena syrenarum è più filosofo di molti miei colleghi: unisce liuto e salterio, come in una dialettica tra ragione e sentimento. Ma ora dimmi, ti capita mai di comporre una ballata pensando a Petrarca e alle sue implicature amorose? Landini: Certamente, Paul! Per ogni implicatura amorosa c’è una musica che la accompagna… e se la filosofia italiana nasce a Firenze, allora la sua musica è la mia. Come diceva mio nonno, “chi canta non sbaglia mai, e se sbaglia… nessuno se ne accorge!” Così va la filosofia: meglio suonare che spiegare! Landino Landini, Francesco (1361). Ballata.

Cristoforo Landino (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della sforziade degl’italiani – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as an accountable inference: speakers and hearers operate under cooperative expectations, so what is meant can go beyond what is said in ways that are, in principle, rationally reconstructible and criticizable. Landino, by contrast, represents a Florentine humanist setting in which “meaning beyond the literal” is cultivated as civic and rhetorical practice: dialectic is not merely a tool for isolating logical form but a public art, exercised in the Studio fiorentino and Medici circles, where persuasion, reputation, and cultural rivalry with other centres (Rome, Naples, Milan) shape what can be said and what must be insinuated. In that register, the Sforza-material and the broader humanist habit of writing encomium or “national” epic are less about conversational cooperation than about managing audiences through exempla, classical allusion, and strategic emphasis; what is “implied” is often the political-moral lesson the reader is expected to supply from a shared classical education. Compared to Grice, Landino’s indirectness is therefore not primarily maxim-based economy in everyday talk but a rhetoric of cultured common ground, where a reference to Aristotle or Cicero functions like a compressed argument whose premises need not be stated because the educated audience already carries them. The comparison highlights two norms governing the unsaid: Grice’s implicature is grounded in universal features of rational exchange (relevance, informativeness, clarity) and is designed to be cancellable; Landino’s insinuation is grounded in the humanist tradition’s management of ethos and audience affect, and is often not meant to be cancelled so much as to be absorbed as the appropriate “Florentine” way of drawing the reader into agreement. Grice: “As the Italians say, if the Greeks have the Illiad, and the Romans the Eneide, why can’t they have the Sforziade? It’s different for us Anglo-Saxon types who have to deal with Berewolf, the monster, and the critics!’ In my epilogue to his compilation, I confesses the striking resemblances between the dialectic proposed by Aristotle – in Topics, Nicomachean Ethics, and Posterior Analytics – in terms of this progress from the many (the lay) to the few – the professional philosopher. Landino may be thought of as promoting that type of dialectic in his native Firenze. Firenze had to compete with Rome, and she did it successfully! Keywords: Oxonian dialectic, Athenian dialectic, Florentine dialectic. Grice: “I love the way a philosopher can be judged by his fellow citizens and by furriners: Landino’s “De Anima” fascinates the Germans, for example! While his poetry fascinates the Americans, as I Tatti testifies! Perhaps more interesting than the fact that he loved the Achilleid, and commented on the Eneide, is that he sold the sforzeide – sull’eroe Milanese, l’invitto Francesco Sforza! Howell in I Medici. I love L.; for one he wrote the first Italian philosophical dialogue, “Disputationes” – for another, I love the setting!” Nacque da una famiglia originaria di Pratovecchio, nel Casentino, e compì gli studi in materie letterarie e giuridiche a Volterra. Gli venne affidata presso lo Studio fiorentino la cattedra di oratoria e poetica che era stata del suo maestro Marsuppini: L., sostenuto dai Medici, e stato avversato da non pochi personaggi in vista, come Rinuccini e Acciaiuoli. Tra i suoi allievi ci furono Poliziano e FICINO . In quel periodo ricopre anche incarichi pubblici, facendo parte della segreteria di Parte guelfa e della prima Cancelleria. Tra i suoi viaggi, spicca quello a Roma. La sua Xandra e una raccolta di componimenti dedicata inizialmente ad Alberti e de' Medici. scrisse III dialoghi: il De anima, le Disputationes Camaldulenses e il De vera nobilitate. dialettica fiorentina – implicatura fiorentina – la Sforziada di Simonetta. Grice: Caro Landino, mi ha sempre affascinato la tua dialettica fiorentina, soprattutto quando la metti a confronto con quella oxoniense. Dimmi, pensi che la Sforziade possa davvero rendere giustizia all’orgoglio italiano, come l’Iliade per i Greci e l’Eneide per i Romani? Landino: Paul, la Sforziade è nata proprio per mostrare la grandezza e il valore degli italiani! Sforza, l’invitto milanese, incarna un eroismo tutto nostro. Così come la dialettica fiorentina, che – credimi – non ha nulla da invidiare a quella di Atene o Oxford. Firenze sa competere, e spesso vincere! Grice: Mi sorprende sempre vedere come la tua opera “De Anima” abbia affascinato perfino i tedeschi, mentre la tua poesia conquista gli americani. Forse è proprio questa apertura, questa capacità di dialogo, che rende la filosofia italiana così vivace e universale? Landino: Hai colto il punto, Paul! La vera forza sta nel dialogo: la filosofia nasce dall’incontro, dal confronto tra idee diverse. E se l’implicatura conversazionale fiorentina riesce a trasmettere il senso profondo delle cose, allora la nostra Sforziade e la nostra dialettica non possono che brillare nel panorama europeo. Grazie per il tuo sguardo curioso, sempre attento alle sfumature! Landino, Cristoforo (1443). Xandra. Firenze.

Sergio Landucci (Sarzana, La Spezia, Liguria) : la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- i misteri del delitto Gentile e le bestie senza stato di Vespucci. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rationally warranted inference from what is said to what is meant, grounded in cooperative expectations and intention-recognition; an implicature is legitimate because a hearer can reconstruct why that utterance was made in that context, and can contest or cancel the inference if needed. Landucci’s work, as invoked in your passage, shifts the focus from the micro-logic of cooperative talk to the macro-conditions under which public language becomes intelligible, charged, and sometimes lethal: the “delitto Gentile” motif foregrounds how political violence and ideological conflict reshape what words are taken to imply, while the Montaigne–Vespucci line on “barbarians” and “beasts without a state” highlights how whole populations can be conceptually framed through inherited narratives that carry implicit evaluations and exclusions. Compared with Grice, then, Landucci’s “conversational reason” is less a matter of maxims guiding polite inference and more a matter of cultural-historical semantics, where key terms (like delitto and its Latin delictum lineage) function as repositories of moral judgment and social boundary-making, and where what audiences infer may depend more on institutional power and collective memory than on a presumption of cooperative exchange. The contrast is that Grice offers a normative model for reconstructing intended meaning in ordinary conversation, while Landucci’s concerns suggest a critical model for reconstructing how public discourse loads terms with insinuations that outlive any individual speaker’s intentions. Yet the comparison also reveals continuity: both treat “what is not said” as decisive—Grice because the unsaid is systematically inferable in context, Landucci because the unsaid can be historically sedimented and politically consequential—and together they show that implicature can be both a civil mechanism of mutual understanding and, when common ground is fractured, a volatile mechanism by which societies read guilt, loyalty, and otherness between the lines. Grice: “Every Italian knows of the ‘delitto’ Gentile – but does every Italian, or Oxonian, for that matter, know whence ‘delitto’ comes?” If I had in Hardie a wonderful mentor to Aristotle, I missed L.’s mentoring me into Kant! L. aptly explores the concept of the barbarian. It all starts with Montaigne, an anarchist, he assumes a fake philosophical position just to justify his anarchisms: savages are fun, happy, and they have no state! Vespucci moe or less thought the same, but for different reasons. Just like an ape doesn’t have a state, Vespucci says, so a savage!  Italian delitto is rooted in Latin and refers to a crime or offense. Delitto comes from the Latin DELICTVM, the neuter singular past participle of DELINQUERE, to fail, tbe wanting, fall short, offend. delinquere combines de, an intensive or completive prefix meaning completely, with linquere, meaning to leave. Several words in both Latin and English share this common root. delinquo: to transgress, err. Delictum: fault, offense, misdeed, crime, transgression. delict: a transgression or offense, particularly in civil law. It can also refer to the branch of law dealing with such offenses. DELINQUENT: one who fails to perform a duty or discharge an obligation; an offender against the law. RELINQUISH: to leave behind, give up, abandon. This word shares the linquere root. DERELICT: neglectful of duty, abandoned. This word also shares the linquere root. In summary, the Italian delitto stems from delictum, which signifies a failing, offense, or crime. This lineage connects it to English terms like delict, and delinquent, all stemming from the core idea of failng short or committing a transgression! I come from a milieu where political violence is rare. I of course fought the Hun with the Royal Navy, but few philosophers are assassinated, as they are in Italy. If many consider Gentile as the ‘greatest living Italian philosopher’ – when he was alive – the ‘misteri del delitto Gentile’ should fascinate any student of philosophy!” Si laurea a Pisa con Luporini. Insegna a Firenze. Grice: Caro Landucci, ogni volta che sento parlare del “delitto Gentile,” mi viene il dubbio che in Italia la filosofia sia materia ad alto rischio: qui non basta sbagliare un ragionamento, si rischia pure di finire nei misteri del delitto! Landucci: Paul, hai ragione! Da noi il filosofo non è solo un pensatore, ma un vero e proprio avventuriero. Vespucci diceva che le bestie senza stato sono felici... Ma i filosofi italiani, senza protezione, rischiano di diventare bestie da mistero! Grice: Forse dovremmo proporre un nuovo termine: “filosofo-delinquente,” che non ha trasgredito legge, ma ha osato pensare troppo! La radice latina non mente: chi lascia troppo il sentiero, rischia di essere abbandonato... o commentato nei libri di storia. Landucci: Esatto, Paul! Delitto, delictum, delinquo... In Italia, chi pensa diverso è subito visto come qualcuno che “ha lasciato” la strada maestra. Ma almeno, così, abbiamo sempre qualche mistero da raccontare agli studenti: altro che bestie senza stato, qui abbiamo bestie senza cattedra! Landucci, Sergio (1964) Cultura e ideologia. Milano: Feltrinelli.

Giovanni Lanzalone (Vallo della Lucania): il pirotese e i pirotesi. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rationally accountable inference from what is said to what is meant, generated because speakers and hearers rely on cooperative norms and can justify the “extra” step in interpretation. Lanzalone’s pirotese project, by contrast, tries to relocate that burden from reasoning to coding: instead of letting hearers infer intended nuances from context, it proposes an ideographic, morphologically regimented notation in which accents, points, and diacritics systematically generate derivatives (bread, bread-making, bakery, baker; wave, wavy, wavily, to undulate, undulation), aiming at a universal shorthand that minimizes ambiguity by design. The comparison therefore turns on where meaning is supposed to live: for Grice, even a perfectly regular code will not eliminate implicature because rational agents will still be selective, strategic, polite, ironic, or evasive, and hearers will still interpret utterances as goal-directed actions; for Lanzalone, the hope is that a sufficiently explicit symbolic calculus can make understanding largely automatic and reduce the need for interpretive charity. In Gricean terms, Lanzalone is pursuing a maximalization of “what is said” (encode more explicitly so less must be supplied), whereas Grice explains why communication remains essentially interactive and defeasible: the very freedom of the rational agent to flout “avoid ambiguity” for effect guarantees that implicature will survive any stenographic utopia. Put simply, Lanzalone aims to engineer away misunderstanding by tightening the sign system, while Grice diagnoses misunderstanding (and creative understanding) as an ineliminable by-product of rational cooperation itself—so that the dream of a universal pirotese becomes, from a Gricean perspective, less a cure for implicature than a new arena in which implicature will inevitably reappear. Grice: “There is in fact not just ONE pirotese, but one PIROTESE for each SORT of pirot!” Studia sotto SANCTIS  e SETTEMBRINI. Con CROCE non non condivide la filosofia, e pubblicare l'anti-Croce. Insegna a Roma. Bisogna stabilire segni speciali per certi nomi. Bisogna segnare tutti i loro derivati -- nomi, verbi, aggettivi, avverbi -- con un sistema unico e identico. Il segno “o” significa “pane,” “ó” “panificare,” “ò” il luogo dove si fa il pane, il panificio; “-o” la persona che fa il pane, il panettiere. Un punto a destra del circonflesso, indicante il verbo), “o*” indica il nome derivato dal verbo, panificazione. “v,” posto sul segno “o” indica nome astratto.” Grice: horseness. “E così di seguito. “~” significa onda, “~*”, ondoso, “« = ,” ondosamente, “2”, ondeggiare, “•”, ondeggiamento” “~ =”, luogo che ondeggia, mare, ciò che fa le onde, tempesta, “x-,” ondosità. Le parole comuni a molte lingue e i nomi propri, si scriveno, per semplificare, tali e quali. Non si giunge, per tal via, a esprimere tutte le sfumature del pensiero e del sentimento. Ma certo si giunge a intendersi e a farsi intendere, il che è ciò che preme sopratutto. L’impresa è ardua, ma non impossibile, se ci si metta un filosofo come Grice, di genio e di pazienza. Si può ottenere così una vera steno-grafia glottica, una chiave che tutti sanno usare; e, in attesa della lingua universale, s’ha un vocabolario universale, che chi lo conosce puo farsi comprendere da tutti. Io getto un seme. Chi sa che non cada in terreno fecondo e germogli e cresca in pianta rigogliosa? Grice: “I will introduce two operators: one for willing, one for judging. I will introduce two variables: one for utterer, one for addressee. This gives us the following combinations: optative, self-exhoration, self-information, etc. The system is ideo-graphic, alla Wilkins and L. My system G introduces operators which are ‘universal’ in that one shouldn’t bother to look for counterparts in the vernacular: ‘ /\ indicates ‘and,’ Fr. ‘et,’ G. ‘und’ – regardeless of the different etymologies: G. ‘und’ means ‘anti’!”  pirotese. Grice: Caro Lanzalone, ogni volta che sento parlare del pirotese, mi viene il dubbio che esista una versione per ogni tipo di pirot – come le varietà di pane in ogni paese d’Italia! Dimmi, davvero bisogna inventare un segno diverso per ogni sfumatura? Lanzalone: Paul, ti assicuro che se avessimo un segno per ogni pane, verrebbe fuori un vocabolario universale e saremmo tutti panettieri filosofi! Basta un “o” per essere sazi, ma se aggiungi accenti e punti, puoi panificare pure il pensiero. Grice: Interessante! Forse dovrei introdurre un operatore per giudicare se il pane è buono e uno per volerlo caldo: così la conversazione diventa davvero steno-grafica! E chi non capisce, almeno mangia. Lanzalone: Esatto, Paul! In attesa della lingua universale, almeno ci intendiamo a tavola. Se il mio seme cade in terreno fertile, crescerà una pianta di pane piroteso: chi sa che non sia il vero spirito della filosofia, pane, onde e un po’ di umorismo! Lanzalone, Giovanni (1905). Accenni di critica nuova. Napoli: Pierro.

Brunetto Latini (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, l’implicatura rettorica di Publio e Cicerone. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rationally recoverable supplement to what is said: a hearer is entitled to infer what is meant because speakers are presumed to be cooperating under norms of relevance, sufficiency, and clarity, and the resulting inference is, in principle, cancellable and open to challenge. Brunetto Latini’s rhetorical programme, especially as mediated through his vernacular adaptation of Ciceronian doctrine, takes a different starting point: the speaker’s primary task is to manage the audience’s animus, and insinuazione is an overtly tactical form of indirectness used when direct speech would trigger resistance (shift the focus from a disliked person to a liked one, soothe anger, reframe the cause). Compared with Grice, Latini’s “implicature” is not primarily a by-product of cooperative efficiency but a deliberate instrument of persuasion under adversarial conditions, where the speaker anticipates hostility and designs the utterance to alter attitudes before arguments can even be heard. The contrast therefore is between Grice’s accountability model (implicatures should be reconstructible as what a rational, cooperative speaker can be held to have meant) and Latini’s civic-oratorical model (indirection is justified by prudence, decorum, and the psychology of reception, and may aim at effects that are not transparently avowed). Yet they converge on a key insight: meaning often depends less on explicit dictive content than on what the speech act is doing in context; Grice theorizes the inferential route by which hearers supply the unsaid, while Latini trains the orator to exploit that route—especially by manipulating relevance and salience—to guide what the audience will supply for itself. Grice: “Some of us are gladly disposed when Leech starts to refer to my oeuvre as falling within what Leech calls the ‘conversational rhetoric’ -- the tag of ‘rhetoric’ being exactly what I APPLIY to the philosophical discourse of my time, notably Austin, but also that of my early self. When in Prolegomena to Logic and Conversation he sets suspect examples of his manoeuvre, I list my own “Causal Theory of Perception.” L. is similarly concerned with those aspects of the ‘significato’ that include either the dictive content itself, or what L. calls the ‘insinuazione’ -- which is none other than the implicature. Rhetoric is a mandatory topic at Oxford, springing from Bologna. L. reminds me of Hardie; he was ALIGHIERI’s mentor; Hardie mine! People say it all starts with ALIGHIERI, but the real ‘filosofo’ behind him is surely L. – he has in his Tesoreto chapters on Platone, Aristotele, and the rest of them.” Dice CICERONE che SE l’uditore è turbato contra noi per cagione della causa nostra che sia o che paia laida per cagione di mala persona o di mala cosa, ALLORA DOVEMO NOI USARE INSINUAZIONE NELLE NOSTRE PAROLE in tal maniera che in luogo della persona contra cui pare CORUCCIATO L’ANIMO dell'uditore noi dovemo recare un'altra persona amata e piacevole all'uditore, sì che per cagione e per coverta della persona amata e buona noi appaghiamo L’ANIMO dell'uditore e ritraiallo del coruccio ch'avea contra la persona che lui semblava rea. Si come fece AIACE nella causa della tendone che fue intra lui et ULISSE per l'arme eh' erano state d'Achille. E tutto fosse AIACE un valente uomo dell'arme, non è molto amato dalla gente né tenuto di buona maniera. M’ULISSE, pello grande senno che in lui regna, è molto amato. rettorica conversazionale, le fonte della retorica di L.: Cicerone e Publio Vegezio, insinuazione, parlari, parlatore, controversia, auditore, o destinatario, animo dell’auditore, modo, essempio di Roma antica, Giulio Cesare rettorica oratoria togata sacrilegio o furto. Grice: Caro Latini, devo confessare che è solo la natura un po’ barbari degli educatori al Vadum Boum, la mia università, che li ha portati a soffermarsi sulle ovvietà dei Greci. Si sono fermati alla superficie, senza affondare nei profondi abissi della filosofia latina. Ma ti ringrazio vivamente: sei stato tu a farmi scoprire quanto possa essere divertente e illuminante la saggezza dei tuoi connazionali. Mi hai strappato più di un sorriso!  Latini: Paul, che piacere sentire queste parole! È vero, spesso si pensa che la filosofia abbia radici solo tra gli elleni, ma la profondità latina sa essere sottile, insinuante e pure ironica. Come diceva Cicerone, a volte basta un piccolo gioco di parole per cambiare il coruccio dell’uditore! Sono lieto che il mio Tesoretto ti abbia fatto ridere e pensare—che sarebbe la vera arte della conversazione.  Grice: Ah, Latini, la tua “insinuazione” è proprio ciò che manca alla retorica inglese! Qui, spesso ci si accontenta della logica diretta, mentre voi sapete danzare tra le emozioni dell’uditore. È un piacere “latino”—quasi una commedia! Direi che l’arte del parlatore romano è più sottile di quanto sembri: all’inglese, sembra sacrilegio o furto di idee!  Latini: Paul, forse è proprio questa la forza della retorica latina: mischiare serietà e leggerezza, profondità e sorriso. Come Ulisse, si vince non solo con il valore, ma col senno e la parola scelta. Spero che i tuoi barbari si lascino contagiare un po’ da questa “latinità”—e che almeno imparino a ridere di sé stessi, come facciamo noi! Latini, Brunetto (1260). La Rettorica.

Troiano Spinelli, duca d’Aquara e di Laurino (Broggio, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale, l’homo œconomicus, e l’implicatura conversazionale dei longobardi. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as an accountable inference generated under a cooperative presumption: speakers can rely on an “economy” of saying because hearers will rationally supply what is relevantly intended, and this reliance is voluntary and defeasible rather than mechanically forced by the code. Troiano Spinelli, duke of Aquara and Laurino (a Neapolitan Enlightenment figure; Degli affetti umani, 1741), is a useful foil because his interest in human passions and social conduct invites a model of reason that looks closer to the rational-choice abstraction later called homo oeconomicus: agents are portrayed as calculating, interest-sensitive, and responsive to incentives, so that “what is meant” in social life is often what can be inferred from stable patterns of preference and advantage as much as from explicit avowal. Compared with Grice, this shifts the governing rationality from conversational norms to strategic norms: in Grice the hearer’s inference is warranted because the speaker is presumed to be cooperative and truthful enough for communication to work, whereas in a Spinelli-style moral psychology the hearer’s inference is warranted because the agent is presumed to be consistent in pursuing goods, avoiding costs, and managing reputation, so silence and understatement become tools of self-interest as much as of civility. The comparison thus draws a line between two “economies”: Grice’s economy of expression (say less, mean more, and be answerable for the inference) and Spinelli’s economy of action (choose efficiently, desire predictably, and let others infer your commitments from your conduct), with the shared insight that both conversation and social life depend on stable expectations that let us recover more than is explicitly stated, but with different default assumptions about whether those expectations are cooperative or prudential. Grice: “Oxford was an oasis for me. Had I grown up in Germany, it would never have been easy for me to invoke a principle of conversational helpfulness without STATING clearly what my grounds for it were! Horkheimer, and others, were talking of INSTRUMENTAL means-end rationality – but my approach involved the rational response on the co-conversationalist, so it’s more the type of ‘inter-subjective’ rationality that one finds in economic models. As a classicist, I was not ready to invoke ‘economy’ like that, seeing that Aristotle’s aeconomica is apocryphal anyway. But the Italians have a motto for it – with a long history: that of homo œconomicus”! The expression ‘homo œconomicus” describes a theoretical abstraction used in some economic models to represent a human being. This theoretical human is characterized by rationality, self-interest, anda drive to maximise utility as a consumer and profit as a producer. Smith laid the groundwork, describing humans as motivated by economic self-interest and the maximinatio of pleasure. Mill is credited with formally defining the ‘economic man’ in his essay ‘On the definition ofp political economy and the method dof investigation proper to it.’ Mill envisioned the economic actor as one who strives to acquire the greatest amount of necessities, conveniences, and luxuries with the least amount of labour and physical self-denial. Mill argues that political economy focuses on human desires related to wealth accumulation, excluding other motivations that do not directly contribute to that end. The term ‘homo oeconomicus’ was introduced by WALKER and subsequently adopted by JANNET. Grice: “This conceptual analysis of the noble is complicated – noble is the male who merits recognition from his community.”  implicatura, analisi geometrico della’economia razionale, lombarda, lunga barba.  Grice: Caro Laurino, ogni volta che sento parlare di “homo œconomicus”, mi viene da pensare che persino i longobardi, con quelle barbe lunghe, abbiano inventato il risparmio solo per evitare di comprare rasoi! Dimmi, secondo te, la razionalità conversazionale funziona meglio quando si tratta di scelte economiche? Laurino: Paul, ti confesso che i miei concittadini erano maestri nell’arte di massimizzare il piacere con il minimo sforzo. Il principio della barba lunga era: “Se non puoi risparmiare, almeno fai sembrare che ci hai pensato!” L’implicatura conversazionale, in fondo, è come una moneta nascosta nella tasca: si usa solo quando serve davvero. Grice: Ah, Laurino, mi hai dato una nuova visione della geometria economica! Forse la vera nobiltà sta proprio nel sapere quando tacere e quando parlare, come quei mercanti che, con una parola giusta, fanno sembrare d’oro una semplice barba! L’economia della parola, direi, è la prima virtù del filosofo. Laurino: Paul, su questo siamo d’accordo! In fondo, la conversazione è come un mercato: si tratta sempre di scambiare idee al prezzo giusto. E se la barba dei longobardi fosse simbolo di saggezza, allora possiamo dire che ogni implicatura conversazionale è un affare… a volte anche più prezioso di una moneta! Laurino, Troiano Spinelli, duca d’Aquara e di (1741). Degli affetti umani. Dialoghi, Napoli: Muziana.

Aldo Lavagnini (Siena, Toscana) e il deutero-esperanto. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as something generated by rational agents under freely adopted cooperative norms: meaning is not secured by a perfectly engineered code, but by what speakers intentionally do with words in context and what hearers can justifyably infer. Aldo Lavagnini’s projects (Unilingue/Interlingue and especially Monario, framed as a neo-Latin auxiliary language with a “logical and natural” universal grammar) pull in the opposite direction: they aim to improve communication by redesigning the code so that ambiguity and misunderstanding become structurally difficult, as if the chief obstacle to understanding were irregularity rather than agency. Compared this way, Lavagnini is a foil that clarifies Grice’s central point: even the most regularized, Esperanto-like system cannot eliminate implicature, because indirectness is not merely a defect of grammar but a consequence of speakers having goals, tact, and strategies, and of hearers treating utterances as rational actions; “avoid ambiguity” can always be deliberately flouted, and silence, timing, and choice of formulation will still generate further meanings. Conversely, Grice helps diagnose why constructed-language programs often disappoint their utopian hopes: they can standardize denotation, but they cannot standardize the pragmatic economy of conversation, where cooperation is defeasible and where “clarity” is as much a moral-social stance as a syntactic design. So Lavagnini’s Monario dramatizes the code-ideal, while Grice’s Deutero-Esperanto joke dramatizes the limit of that ideal: you can stipulate a language no one speaks, but you cannot thereby stipulate the living, reason-governed practices that make meaning and implicature possible in the first place. “Pro-thetic (why?), Breathe (why?), Monario (why?)” Grice: “It appears that the specific reasons behind L.’s choosing the name ‘Monario’ for his artificial language are not explicitly stated in the readily available information. However, some clues can be gleaned from the context. Italian origin: L. is Italian, and the name itself might have some connection to Italian words or concepts, although the exact link is not immediately clear from the search results. Focus on a ‘universal’ and ‘logical grammar’. In the preface to “Monario,” it is mentioned that the need for a nuniversal language requires a universal grammar that is “logic ad nature sekum gles arti imitanti” (logic and naturally imitating rules of art. This suggests a focus on clarity, simplicity, and a structural approach, which could be reflected in the name. Aric-Semitic influences. Some soruces mention that monario shows influences of Aric-semitic languages. However, it is also noted that the L.’s reasons for introducing non-international roots from Greek, Arabic, Sanskrit, Russian, and even what seem to be Somali and Tamil words are unclear. While a definitive answer to ‘why Monario?’ remains elusive, the name likely relates to L.’s broader philosophical goals for an easily accessible and logical constructed international auxiliary language!” At a conference in Brighton, Grice jokes about convention, if nt arbitrariness, having no bearing on ‘signfication’ of the type in which he was interested. As a proof, he claimed that he could very easily go and invent a new language – call it Deutero-Esperanto – and set what’s proper, making him the authority. artificiale. L. progetta una lingua inter-nazionale su base latina che chiama “neo-latino” e ci prova con l'uni-lingue (o inter-lingue) pubblicato nel corso pro corrispondenza d'inte-rlingue od uni-lingue, Roma, e con il monario, dato alle stampe nel corso de monario prima e in “Interlexico  monario: Italiano français English deutsch kum introduxion rammatal appendo, fonetal regios, Elettica, Roma.. monario, il deuteuro-esperanto di Grice. Grice: Caro Lavagnini, sono sempre rimasto incuriosito dal tuo “Monario” e da questa idea di un deutero-esperanto. Dimmi, secondo te, davvero una lingua artificiale può superare le convenzioni arbitrarie che ancora limitano la comunicazione fra i popoli? Lavagnini: Caro Paul, ottima domanda! Io credo proprio di sì: l’obiettivo del Monario era proprio questo, offrire una grammatica universale, logica e naturale, che imitasse le arti più semplici e accessibili a tutti. La lingua, se costruita con rigore, può diventare ponte vero, non barriera. Grice: Mi affascina la tua scelta del nome “Monario”—ha un suono quasi mistico! Ma dimmi, perché proprio questo nome? C’è dietro un significato particolare o, come a volte succede nelle nostre discussioni, conta di più la funzione che il segno svolge? Lavagnini: Ti confesso, Paul, che il nome nasce dal desiderio di evocare unità (“mon-”) e, forse, anche una certa musicalità, quasi un’armonia tra i popoli. Ma, proprio come suggerisci tu, ciò che importa è che la lingua sia strumento efficace e chiaro—più che la radice, conta che tutti possano comprendere e comunicare senza equivoci. Ecco il mio piccolo sogno di un nuovo latino universale! Lavagnini, Aldo (1920) Manualetto pratico di astrologia secondo la scienza e la tradizione. Associazione Eclettica Universale.

Luigi Lazzarelli (San Severino Marche): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- ermetico-esoterica. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rational, publicly defensible inference: speakers can mean more than they say because hearers assume cooperation and can reconstruct the intended extra content by reasoning from shared norms, with the result remaining, in principle, cancellable and criticizable. Lazzarelli’s hermetic-esoteric style (Crater Hermetis and related syncretic projects around Ficino’s Hermetica, plus allegorical poems and antiquarian treatises) pushes almost the opposite ideal: meaning is deliberately staged as hidden, layered, and initiatory, so that what is “meant” is not designed for ordinary uptake but for selective recognition by a prepared reader, with obscurity functioning as a badge of seriousness rather than a violation of clarity. That makes him an instructive foil for Grice’s tautology examples: “War is war” in Grice is a cooperative maneuver whose point is carried by an easily recoverable implicature (resignation, moral warning, insistence on realism), whereas a hermetic text tends to treat tautology-like formulations as gateways—formulae that invite meditation, symbolic association (Mars, the Campus Martius, the martial), and a thick network of allusions that resist any single, neat paraphrase. In Gricean terms, Lazzarelli’s practice often looks like systematic flouting of manner (and sometimes quantity), but the aim is not conversational efficiency; it is controlled opacity, where the “right” inference is less a product of shared everyday norms than of belonging to a textual tradition and possessing the requisite interpretive keys. The comparison therefore highlights two conceptions of rational governance: Grice’s is civic and intersubjective—designed to keep ordinary talk intelligible and accountable—while Lazzarelli’s is initiatory and arcane—designed to make meaning depend on hidden correspondences and selective readership, so that implicature becomes not a cooperative enrichment of what is said but an esoteric economy of what is withheld. Grice: “When I was asked during my lectures on conversation to provide an example of a blatant tautology which would be at the same time implicature-laden, I came up with ‘War is war.’ It seemed obvious to me that I had no need to specify the implicatum – and I did not. However, upon later reflection on old Roman mythology, I came up with a detail that does matter. The Romans worshipped a ‘god’ of ‘war’ – Marte – hence ‘martial,’ – Apparently, the Anglo-Saxons found this convenient, and soon adopted Tues, as in Tuesday, as the god of war. Note that while ‘War is war’ is a patent tautology, ‘The god of war is the god of war’ is more of a Kripkean stupididy! I would call L. a Pythagorean; most Italian philosophers are, as most English philosophers are Lockean! I would call L. what Italians call ‘un filosofo ermetico.’ He certainly flouts all my desiderata for conversational clarity!” Il documento più importante per ricostruire la vita di L. è “Vita L.” scritta da Filippo L. e indirizzato all'umanista Colocci. L. e educato e vive a Campli, in Abruzzo, dove frequenta la biblioteca del Convento di San Bernardino da Siena, che egli cita nella sua opera i Fasti Christianae Religionis. Riceve da Sforza un premio per un poema sulla battaglia di San Flaviano. Ha contatti con i più importanti filosofi dell'epoca ed e seguace dell'ermetismo. Raccolge il Pimander di FICINO, l'Asclepio e tre trattati sull'ermetismo realizzando una versione che amplia il corpus testi ermetici. Autore di saggi a carattere ermetico come il Crater Hermetis, in sintonia con il sincretismo religioso dei suoi tempi e in anticipo sulla filosofia di PICO , con la fusione del cabalistico e il cristiano, ma anche di poemetti a carattere allegorico come l'inno a Prometeo o didascalico-allegorici come il Bombyx. De apparatu Patavini hastiludii, De gentilium deorum imaginibus implicatura ermetica, mascolinita romana, religione officiale romana, campo marzio, marte, dio della guerra, marte come pianeta, il simbolismo di marte nell’arte e la filosofia, marte e apollo, marte e Nietzsche. Grice: “Clifton, 1926. Dear Father, The Latin master set us one of his favourite imperatives today. We are to write something in the grand manner, in Latin if possible, on the model (so he said) of Luigi Lazzarelli’s youthful poem about the battle of Santo Flaviano. The master spoke as if this were perfectly natural: as if one could be fourteen and already have a battle worth versifying, and as if the lingo were merely an accessory to the glory. Then, with a flourish of chalk, he announced to the room that we must each “find an occasion” of our own and imitate it. I thought it best to write to you, because it is not every day that one is ordered to invent a military past for one’s neighbourhood. Do the Anglians around Harborne ever have a battle worth commemorating? Something with the Welsh, perhaps, or a skirmish with anyone at all? I should like to obey the master, but I cannot compose an ode to a battle if I cannot first locate an enemy. And I confess I would rather not choose the Welsh simply because they are available as a convenient other; that seems bad history and lazy poetry, which is precisely the sort of thing a Latin master encourages when he is feeling patriotic.” “Your reply came quickly, and in your usual practical spirit. You said I might write of “the lords of Harborne,” since I live on Lordswood Road and the very name suggests the right sort of feudal bustle. You proposed, with admirable economy, that the poem need not name the foe in too much detail: I might describe a defence of the fields, a stand at the ford, a righteous skirmish in which the lords preserve order against the unnamed. But here is my difficulty. If I cannot identify who the lords of Harborne were fighting, I fear the verse will read as a poem about lords fighting fog, which is too modern for Latin and too convenient for a school exercise. Father, if one cannot name the enemy, what does one mean by calling it a battle at all? And if the enemy remains unnamed, does the poem not imply that the poet cares more for the sound of war than for its cause?” “You answered, still briskly, that if I cannot identify against whom the lords of Harborne were fighting, then I surely mean that they were fighting against whoever happens to be written into the poem, and that in a school exercise the opponent is often less a historical party than a grammatical requirement. This is a fine point, and perhaps the Latin master would applaud it: the adversary as a necessity of style. But it leaves me with the uneasy thought that a poem can manufacture its own past merely by sounding as if it remembers one. I remain, for the moment, obedient but unconvinced. If I produce a battle in hexameters, the master will call it history; if I do not, he will call it laziness. Between the two, it seems safest to write about a “battle” which is obviously local and obviously invented, so that no one is tempted to mistake the exercise for a chronicle. I shall attempt something like De proelio in agro Dominorum, unless you advise a better title.” Grice: Caro Lazzarelli, ogni volta che sento parlare di ermetismo italiano, mi chiedo se la vera implicatura conversazionale sia tutta un gioco di specchi. Dimmi, quando scrivi “guerra è guerra”, pensi che anche gli dèi abbiano riso sotto i baffi? Lazzarelli: Ah, Paul, se Marte ascoltasse le nostre tautologie, probabilmente si allenerebbe al Campo Marzio con una risata marziale! Sai, nei miei poemi preferisco lasciare impliciti i misteri: così anche gli dèi hanno qualcosa su cui meditare durante le battaglie. Grice: E magari Apollo, tra una nota e l’altra della sua lira, ti rimprovererebbe: “Luigi, non essere così criptico, sennò qui nessuno capisce più nulla – nemmeno Prometeo con il fuoco in mano!” Lazzarelli: Ma Paul, è il bello dell’ermetismo! Una conversazione troppo chiara sarebbe noiosa: meglio un po’ di nebbia, così anche sulla via per il Campo Marzio possiamo perderci chiacchierando… e magari trovare altri dèi curiosi lungo la strada! Lazzarelli, Luigi (1460 ). De bello Sancti Flaviani. San Severino Marche.

Andrea Lazzari (Urbino): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers responsibly infer what is meant beyond what is said by assuming cooperative rationality; implicature is justified by publicly articulable reasons about relevance, sufficiency, and the speaker’s communicative intention, not by mere ornament or rhetorical flourish. Andrea Lazzari’s Precetti della rettorica (Cesena, 1782) sits at a different angle: it treats “conversational reason” as the craft of public persuasion, organizing speech into exordium, narration, proof, refutation, peroration, style-levels, and the systematic management of the passions, so that what is left unsaid is often a strategic omission designed to move an audience rather than a calculable inference demanded by cooperative exchange. Compared with Grice, Lazzari’s rhetorical pragmatics makes implicature look less like a narrowly semantic phenomenon and more like an orator’s toolkit: insinuation, enthymeme, and affective framing routinely rely on the audience to supply premises, but the governing norm is effectiveness (winning benevolence, stirring indignation, securing assent) rather than Grice’s ideal of mutual understanding under a cooperative principle. The contrast therefore is between Grice’s accountability model of indirect meaning (what you imply should be inferable and criticizable as what you meant) and Lazzari’s classical-oratorical model in which indirectness is licensed by decorum, audience adaptation, and emotional timing, and may be praised precisely when it is not fully spelled out. Yet the continuity is clear: both frameworks presuppose that communication works by shared reasoning over common ground; Grice theorizes that reasoning as a norm of interpretation in conversation, while Lazzari trains it as a norm of invention and delivery in rhetoric, making the “art of speaking” a precursor discipline for the very inferential uptake that Grice later formalizes as implicature. Grice: “I love L.!” key! Precetti della rettorica prammatica come rettorica conversazionale, Serra, Cavalcanti. 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De//<* propofizjonc Oratoria, sua Divtfìone e Perfezioni . Z>e//<* Divifione Della narrazione. p zzi  Dt?//e Prove Del Sillogijmo Dell' Entimema Dell' Ef empio Dell'Induzione Del Dilemma Rifiefjioni giujte ricavate dal E. Serra Jopra le citate dimojlrazjoni Della Confutarne Della Perorazione Dell' Enumeratone , che è la fri ma ma parte della Perorazione Della Commozione degli affetti in genere Dei Cuogbi in fpecie , che', fer- vono per muovere gli affetti , ..<? I. deir Ira Della Piacevolezza Della Benevolenza jCd amicizia Dell 1 Odio Del Timore Della Confidenza Della Vergogna. Della Sfacciataggine Delta Mifericordia , 0 CompSff fione Dell' Indignazione DELLA PRONUMCIAZIONET Definizione della Pronuncia » rione , e /»g parti DELLE DIVERSE SORTI ^ D’ ORAZIONI. E fpecialmente di quelle , che fono in mag « I. De// Orazione Panegirica J Modo di far la jelva per le Orazioni Pa • ! negiriche Dell' Orazione Funebre. °3 Modo di far la Jelva per le Orazioni Fu - nrbri DelC Orazione Accademica. Grice: Caro Lazzari, devo confessarti che la tua attenzione ai precetti della rettorica prammatica mi affascina profondamente. Nel mio studio sulla conversazione, ho spesso riflettuto su come la pragmatica possa illuminare anche l’arte oratoria. Secondo te, quali sono i principi indispensabili per formare un oratore efficace? Lazzari: Paul, che piacere! A mio avviso, l’oratore deve padroneggiare sia lo stile che la disposizione dell’orazione: conoscere le parti, la narrazione, la confutazione, la perorazione... Ma soprattutto, deve saper muovere gli affetti, creando benevolenza, fiducia e persino indignazione quando serve. Serra e Cavalcanti sono ottimi maestri in questo! Grice: Interessante! Mi colpisce come tu insista sulla commozione degli affetti: in fondo, anche nella conversazione quotidiana, spesso ci affidiamo al tono, alla pronuncia e al modo di esprimere le emozioni per ottenere una risposta positiva. Come vedi il rapporto tra stile sublime e stile mediocre nella retorica? Lazzari: Ah, Paul, è proprio qui che si vede l’arte: lo stile sublime eleva l’animo, quello mediocre accompagna con misura, e quello infimo va evitato. Ma ogni stile ha il suo momento, come diceva Cicerone. L’importante è saper adattare la parola alle circostanze e agli uditori, scegliendo sempre con saggezza e cuore. Questa, direi, è la vera conversazione! Lazzari, Andrea (1782). Precetti della rettorica. Cesena: Biasini.

Mario Lazzarini (Roma, Lazio): il deutero-esperanto. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers legitimately get from what is said to what is meant by assuming cooperative rationality and exploiting norms like relevance and perspicuity; implicature is thus an achievement of rational agents operating in real conversational settings, not something guaranteed by a perfect code. Lazzarini, as your passage frames him through the Peano-adjacent milieu (Latino sine flexione, interlinguistic aspirations, and even mathematical writing such as his 1901 Periodico di matematica article on approximating π), points toward the opposite dream: reduce communication to a maximally transparent system where ambiguity is nearly impossible “except on purpose,” as if a better language could eliminate misinterpretation. The comparison therefore highlights a basic Gricean moral: even if an engineered language could standardize denotation, it would not abolish implicature, because implicature arises from the fact that speakers pursue goals under constraints—economy, tact, politics, irony, understatement—and will still choose formulations that invite audiences to supply what is left unsaid. In that sense “Deutero‑Esperanto” (spoken or not) becomes a foil that clarifies Grice’s anti-code stance: meaning in conversation is not merely what a system assigns to expressions but what rational agents do with those expressions in context, including strategic silence and deliberate flouting. Lazzarini’s interlinguistic ideal treats clarity as a property of the language; Grice treats clarity as a property of cooperative practice, always defeasible because agents remain free to be indirect, playful, or even unhelpful. So where Lazzarini’s project aims to cure the world of misunderstanding by redesigning the code, Grice’s project explains why misunderstanding—and the creative, civil uses of it—persists even under the clearest code, because the source of implicature is not grammatical complexity but rational agency itself. Grice: “It is amazing that while everbody – including Trudgill in his Language Myths – seem to agree that Italian is the most beautiful language in the world, the number of Italian philosophers who tried to invent a DIFFERENT lingo by far exceeds that of any other nation! At a conference at Brighton, I joked that convention – if not arbitrariness – has nothing to do with signification, and claimed that he could invent a new language – “call it Deutero-Esperanto” – that nobody speaks, and set what it’s proper, which would make me the master. artificiale.. A differenza del deutero-esperanto di Grice, non usato mai da Grice, il latino sine flexione è utilizzato anche da altri filosofi come VACCA , in Sphoera es solo corpore, qui nos pote vide ut circulo ab omne puncto externo, L., in Mensura de circulo iuxta Leonardo [VINCI  Pisano, e PANEBIANCO  che discute proprio della lingua internazionale nell'opuscolo “Adoptione de lingua internationale es signo que evanesce contentione de classe et bello” (Padova, Boscardini). Vedasi ALBANI, BUONARROTI. PANEBIANCO  è anche un grande appassionato di Esperanto, tanto che è solito firmarsi "esperantista socialista". Quest'ultimo, come si evince anche dal titolo della sua opera, vede nella lingua internazionale un modo per mettere la parola fine ai contrasti internazionali, e in particolare al capitalismo spietato. Inter-linguista, quale que es suo opinione politico aut religioso es certo precursore de novo systema sociale. Isto novo systema, in que homines loque uno solo lingua magis facile, commune ad illos non pote es actuale systema de "homo homini lupus", sed es systema sociale in que toto homines fi socio. Per ben adempiere a un tale compito, la lingua perfetta di PANEBIANCO  deve seguire gli stessi principi di quella di P. Es evidente que essendo id sine grammatica, id es de maximo facilitate et simplicitate. Ergo, es per illo quasi impossibile ad fac ambiguitate, excepto ad praeposito [“As when the conversational maxim, ‘avoid ambiguity’ is FLOUTED for the purpose of bringining in a conversational implicature”].  Grice: Lazzarini, credo che tu abbia il record per le lingue inventate! Dimmi, quando hai pensato al “deutero-esperanto”, hai immaginato che un giorno potesse sostituire l’italiano nei salotti romani? Lazzarini: Paul, non esageriamo! L’italiano resta la regina, ma la mia lingua perfetta sogna un mondo dove nessuno si confonde e tutti si capiscono. Immagina: niente più litigi per una virgola sbagliata! Grice: Fantastico! Ma allora, se tutti parlano la stessa lingua, come facciamo a generare implicature e malintesi? Non rischiamo di rendere le conversazioni troppo… limpide? Lazzarini: Tranquillo, Paul! Anche nella lingua più semplice, basta un po’ di fantasia (o una pausa strategica) e l’ambiguità salta fuori. Del resto, il più bel divertimento è proprio far sorridere l’altro con un gioco di parole, anche se è universale! Lazzarini, Mario (1901). Un’applicazione del calcolo delle probabilità alla ricerca sperimentale di un valore approssimato di π. Periodico di matematica per l’insegnamento secondario.

Gaio Lelio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale al portico romano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rational, accountable inference from what is said to what is meant, driven by cooperative expectations that speakers can exploit (and hearers can justify) without needing to state everything explicitly. Laelius Sapiens, as a Roman “man of the Porch” in the Scipionic milieu, illustrates a different but closely related governance of meaning: public speech and political reporting in Rome is a high-stakes practice where one often must speak in ways that let different audiences draw different, yet controllable, conclusions. When Laelius says something like “Carthage was taken in a single day,” the bare assertion is historical, but the uptake varies—glory for the crowd, logistical competence for the Senate, and a reminder of continuing duty for the speaker himself—so the moral-political point is carried by what the utterance invites each hearer to supply rather than by what is spelled out. Compared with Grice, this shows implicature operating not as a private cleverness but as a civic instrument: Laelius relies on shared Roman background assumptions (virtus, labor, disciplina, decorum) to make his minimal words do maximal work, much as Grice’s maxims predict speakers will do when they aim to be efficient and understood. The contrast is that Grice offers an explicit analytic model of how such inferences are warranted and cancellable in conversation, whereas Laelius exemplifies a culturally entrenched practice in which “portico reason” is as much prudential and political as it is cooperative, and where understatement and strategic reticence are not deviations from rationality but part of the very rational style by which an educated Roman manages what different audiences are entitled to conclude. Grice: “It must be remembered that when I started the serious study of philosophy at Oxford, it was through the classics. Clifton, my alma mater, would certainly have found it odd to offer a pupil a scholarship in philosophy – but ‘a classical scholarship’ was ‘okay,’ as the Americans put it – in terms of societal norms. Of course, I never met philosophy well into my fifth term in the classics! But once I did, Lelio was second nature to me!” Ha fama soprattutto per l’intima amicizia che lo lega all’Africano Minore. Conosce i tre filosofi inviati a Roma, ma e attirato principalmente da Diogene, del Portico. In seguito L. ha rapporto con Panezio e ne diffuse la dottrina nell’aristocrazia romana.Come legato di Scipione, C. L. partecipa alla guerra contro i punici e si distinge nell’assedio di Cartagine, ottenendo in premio la pretura. Appartenne agl’auguri è diviene console. Nelle lotte civili determinate dall'azione di Tiberio GRACCO, L. si schiera contro questo e i suoi fautori. E  ammirato, se non come oratore, come uomo politico, e dove il soprannome di "sapiente" datogli dall’aristocrazia, al suo atteggiamento politico più che ad altro. Console della repubblica romana. Filosofo del portico, politico e militare romano. E uno dei migliori amici e più stretti collaboratori di Publio Cornelio SCIPIONE Africano, che segue durante la guerra punica come prefetto della flotta, legato e questore.  Si distingue particolarmente nella conquista di Cartagine e in seguito, nella campagna contro Siface e nella decisiva battaglia di Zama. Dopo un viaggio di XXXVII giorni, partito da Tarraco in Spagna, in seguito alla presa di Carthago, raggiunse a Roma. Quando entra in città insieme ad una grande schiera di prigionieri attira l'attenzione del popolo che si riversa lungo le strade al suo passaggio. Il giorno seguente venne ricevuto in senato, dove racconta che Cartagine e presa in una sol giorno. GRICEVS Salvē, LELI! In Porticū tuō me quasi “classicā stipendiāriā” rursus esse sentio: philosophia enim mihi quīntō demum terminō apparuit—tam serō ut etiam boves Vadī Boum me praeterīverint. LELIVS Salvē, GRICEV. Nōlī bovēs accusāre: illī saltem sciunt quō eant. Tu autem, cum dīcis “tam serō,” implicās—nisi fallor—te iam tum sapientem fuisse, sed per modestiam latuīsse. GRICEVS Rectē capis: dīcō “serō” ut audītōrēs putent me tardum; deinde ipsī inferant me callidum—haec est mea parva fraus, maximē cooperātīva. Sed tū, “Sapiēns” dictus, numquamne in Senātū sententiam dedistī ut aliud significārēs? LELIVS Saepe: “Cartāgō capta est ūnō diē,” dīxī; populus audīvit gloriam, senātus audīvit labōrem, ego audīvī me crastinō rursus in officiō futūrum. Ita fit: in Rōmā etiam vōx triumphālis est tantum conversātiō cum galeā. Lelio, Gaio (a. u. c. DCVIII). Dicta.

Bruno Leoni (Ancona, Marche): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale  il vincolo mi fa libero. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a form of rational freedom exercised under self-adopted norms: a speaker is not compelled by convention alone, but (as a rational agent) chooses to abide by cooperative constraints, and the hearer correspondingly infers what is meant because it would be reasonable to do so given those freely accepted constraints. Leoni’s liberalism, by contrast, is a theory of freedom under rules at the institutional level: private property, market coordination, and the rule of law are not mere constraints but enabling structures—bindings that make responsible agency possible, the sense captured by the slogan you cite, that the bond makes one free. Put together, they highlight two parallel “normativities”: Grice’s is micro-normativity of conversation (how voluntary adherence to maxims makes indirect meaning accountable, cancellable, and criticizable), while Leoni’s is macro-normativity of legal order (how voluntarily accepted general rules make social cooperation possible without central command). In a Gricean idiom, Leoni’s “vincolo” functions like the cooperative principle itself: not a police constraint but a rational presupposition one adopts because it is the condition of mutually beneficial interaction; and in a Leonian idiom, Grice’s implicature looks like a miniature market in reasons, where speakers trade on shared expectations and listeners “price in” what is unsaid. The main contrast is that Grice’s freedom is exercised primarily in intention and communicative responsibility—one can always defect, be unhelpful, or speak with ill will—whereas Leoni’s freedom is exercised in choosing and sustaining the legal framework that makes peaceful coordination possible in the first place; but the shared insight is the same: genuine liberty is not the absence of norms, it is the rational capacity to live under norms one can, in principle, justify, revise, and accept as one’s own. Grice: “It’s funny that while one of my pupils – Flew – and many members of Austin’s Play Group – Thomson, Pears, and what have you – were interested in ‘if I can’ as a wedge to imply the freedom of the will, I only realised how important ‘freiheit’ was when I elaborated on the basis for such things as my principle of conversational helpfulness. My idea of freedom developed not along the lines of Aristotle or Epitteto – his idea of the semi-free will—but that of Kant, and Hegel. My conversational imperative, or command, or commandment, is FREELY adopted by a RATIONAL AGENT. Indeed, it wouldn’t be a matter of rationality if such a principle were NOT adopted freely. “My lips are sealed” is the utterance I utter to refute Kant on the decalogogical category, ‘Thou shalt not give false testimony.” Of course such things are defeasbible. They ARE the things a decent chap should do – but they are the things that a chap – see my ‘Ill-will’ – may decide NOT to do – he would still be a chap, if not a decent one! – On occasion I refer to the ‘ordinary chap,’ not the ‘decent chap,’ until I gave a seminar on ‘Decency’!” In my linguistic botany on freedom I consider ‘liberal’ and ‘liberated’, and SPERANZA has spoken of meaning liberalism to echo Bennett’s meaning-nominalism – so there’s that! L. is interested in the libero- root that we find in ‘liberal’ and ‘liberated,’ and I do use ‘liberated – from nature’s constraints – in my pirotological progression of action, from the free-moving, free-wheeling, phototropic, and animal freedom, and even the action where one more or less freely sets a goal to pursue. But, like L., I make a fine distinction between ‘libero’ e ‘spontaneo’ or autonomo. implicatura, freedom, il concetto di ‘freedom’ in Grice e il liberalism italiano, il concetto di Freiheit in Kant e la tradizione liberale, Croce, Enaudi, il partito liberale italiano, partito nazionale fascista, protezionismo, fascismo, storia d’italia, storia del liberalismo italiano, libero e vincolato, libero e fozato, libero e spontaneo. From Grice’s Diary: “30 Aug 1939, Oxford. I have been reading Leoni’s piece on Vaihinger’s Als Ob again, and it is oddly bracing to see an Italian mind take a German title as if it were simply part of the furniture. The phrase itself is the philosopher’s hinge: it turns description into a policy, a way of proceeding without claiming too much. We live, almost shamelessly, as if words had stable edges, as if inference were always decent, as if the world would keep faith with our expectations; and now, with the wireless full of ultimatums and the papers thick with that peculiar calm that precedes an explosion, it is difficult to keep the “as if” from sounding like superstition. War seems inevitable. England may be in it within days. Italy, I suspect, will arrive later, with the special Italian talent for turning lateness into posture; and yet even that “later” will be early enough to catch the philosophers mid-sentence. Leoni’s war, if it comes in the Italian way, will still come in time to rearrange the lives of men who thought they were merely rearranging arguments. I find myself noting the dates as if they were footnotes to a paper: if Britain declares war on Germany on 3 September 1939, and if Italy follows by declaring war on Britain and France on 10 June 1940, then there is an unsettling triviality in the thought that the second date will still precede the appearance of my “Personal Identity” in Mind (if it ever appears at all). One writes as if publication were the natural telos of thinking; history replies by treating publication as an indulgence granted between interruptions. Perhaps that is the real lesson of Als Ob at this moment: not that we may pretend, but that we cannot help pretending—continuing to plan seminars and polish distinctions as if the world were not about to make the grossest distinction of all.” Grice: Caro Leoni, mi affascina la riflessione sul vincolo che rende libero! In Inghilterra, spesso discutiamo di libertà come assenza di restrizioni, ma qui sembra che il vincolo sia condizione della vera libertà. Come definirebbe il rapporto tra regola e libertà? Leoni: Caro Grice, grazie! Per me, la libertà non è semplicemente spontaneità, ma la possibilità di scegliere razionalmente anche entro vincoli. Un vincolo liberamente accettato è ciò che permette all’agente razionale di essere davvero libero, perché solo così si dà senso alle azioni e ai valori. Grice: Interessante, Leoni! Mi ricorda la libertà secondo Kant, dove l’imperativo morale viene adottato proprio perché scelto dal soggetto razionale. Nel mio lavoro sulla conversazione, anche le regole linguistiche sono seguite liberamente: nessuno è costretto, ma tutti partecipano volontariamente. Concorda che la libertà si manifesta anche nell’agire linguistico? Leoni: Assolutamente, caro Grice! Proprio nella lingua vedo il vincolo come fonte di creatività: seguendo regole condivise, siamo liberi di comunicare, esprimerci e persino innovare. La libertà nasce dalla responsabilità di aderire a principi scelti, e questo vale sia per la morale sia per il linguaggio. Il vincolo, se volontario e ragionato, ci fa davvero liberi! Leoni, Bruno (1938). Aspetti e problemi della “Philosophie des Als Ob”. Rivista di Filosofia.

Pierleoni Leoni (Spoleto, Perugia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning makes implicature a rational, accountable inference from what is said to what is meant, under cooperative expectations that allow hearers to reconstruct intentions and to challenge or cancel the inferred content. Pierleone Leoni (Pierleone da Spoleto, c. 1445–1492), the Renaissance physician-philosopher and astrologer in Lorenzo de’ Medici’s circle, provides a darker, historically grounded counterpoint: his fate turns on how quickly a community can convert thin evidence into a lethal “implicature” (from physician-at-bedside to poisoner) when trust collapses and political panic takes over. Read Griceanly, the episode is a case of catastrophic pragmatic drift: the same facts—Lorenzo dies, the doctor is present, astrological counsel circulates—can license wildly different inferences depending on background assumptions, and those assumptions were anything but “cooperative” in Florence in April 1492; the result is that what counts as the relevant explanation is socially selected rather than rationally compelled. Where Grice stresses that implicatures are, in principle, calculable and cancellable within a shared rational practice, Pierleone’s story shows an environment in which cancellation is impossible (no clarifying clause can compete with factional suspicion), and where conversational reason is replaced by forensic rumor masquerading as inference. This makes Leoni a vivid foil for Grice: it highlights both the dependence of implicature on stable common ground and the fragility of that ground, because once conversational benevolence and institutional safeguards vanish, “what is inferred” stops being a disciplined enrichment of meaning and becomes a weapon—an accusation produced by the same human tendency to go beyond what is said, but no longer governed by the norms that, for Grice, make such going-beyond rational and answerable.Grice: “In Italy, in those days, it was very common for a philosopher to be called in the singular – Leone – or in the plural – L.  In England, and specifically Oxford, we don’t have that problem with Occam! In Italy, they like ‘renaissance men,’ but there’s a peril in that: Leoni was a philosopher and a physician (to Medici) – when he died, Medici did, L. was accused of malpractice (poisoning), strangled to death, and thrown into a ditch. Categorie: philosophers in ditch – Thales, L..” Di famiglia aristocratica, studia a Roma. Insegna a Padova e Pisa.  E qui che ha modo di entrare in contatto con la cerchia di filosofi che gravitano attorno a Lorenzo de’ Medici, a Firenze. Ha contatti e una fitta corrispondenza con Ficino e Pico. Venne considerato uno dei più valenti filosofi. I più illustri personaggi e sovrani dell'epoca, come il duca di Calabria, il re di Napoli, Ludovico il Moro, forse anche IInnocenzo, richiedeno le sue cure, tanto che divenne il medico personale dello stesso Lorenzo de Medici.  All'indomani della morte di Lorenzo de Medici venne ingiustamente sospettato di essere stato il responsabile del suo avvelenamento, e venne quindi strangolato e gettato in un pozzo il giorno seguente. Diverse fonti dell'epoca  sostengono che il mandante dell'uccisione di L. e il figlio di Lorenzo, Piero il Fatuo. F. Bacchelli, riferimenti in.  Dagli Annali di Mugnoni da Trevi, trascriz. Pirri (Estratto dall'Archivio per la Storia Ecclesiastica dell'Umbria. Era adpresso del dicto Lorenzo uno excellentissimo et famosissimo medico de grandissima scientia in FILOSOFIA, nominato magistro Pierleone de leonardo da Spolitj, reputato el più singulare valente homo in dicte scientie che ogie dì viva. E questo uomo in tanto prezzo adpresso del dicto Lorenzo che, senza quisto clarissimo doctore, non podiva stare. E conducto ad Pisa ad legere, ha mille ducatj de provisione per anno: poj e conducto ad Padova, ha mille et ducento ducatj per anno. Ad Pisa stecte annj ad legere e similemente ad Padova. Grice: Caro Leoni, in Italia vi chiamano al singolare o al plurale, ma l’implicatura resta la stessa: parlare bene può salvarti la reputazione, non sempre il collo. Leoni: Ah Grice, io praticavo la ragione conversazionale e la medicina, ma qualcuno ha inferito veleno dove c’era solo filosofia applicata. Grice: Vedi, a Oxford questo si sarebbe cancellato con un’adeguata clausola di chiarimento, non con una corda e un pozzo. Leoni: Appunto, morale implicata: meglio una conversazione cooperativa che una cattiva inferenza rinascimentale. Leoni, Pierleoni (1480). Lectiones. Pisa.

Giacomo Leopardi (Recanati, Macerata, Marche): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del favoloso e fascista. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning makes implicature a disciplined, inferential phenomenon: speakers can mean more than they say because hearers assume cooperation and can rationally reconstruct why a particular wording was chosen, with the implied content remaining in principle cancellable and publicly criticizable. Leopardi, especially in the Zibaldone, is a striking foil because he treats language less as a cooperative instrument for sharing reasons and more as a historically evolved constraint on thought and feeling: he is fascinated by the gap between lived experience and the names that domesticate it, and he often implies that the deepest human relations to infinity, nature, and desire are damaged the moment they are forced into clear, regular signs. This produces a different “logic” of implication: where Gricean implicature is typically a calculable enrichment of what is said (say little, mean more, and be answerable for it), Leopardi’s most characteristic effect is to make what is not said—silence, indeterminacy, the “infinite silences”—carry the weight, as if the truest content is precisely what cannot be rendered without loss. In Gricean terms, Leopardi’s poetic and philosophical practice systematically pressures the maxim of manner: obscurity and indirectness are not conversational defects but the point, because they preserve the sense of an ungraspable remainder that clarity would falsify. Yet the comparison also reveals continuity: Leopardi’s critique of “universal language” projects and his emphasis on precision and regularity as purchased at the cost of expressive life can be read as a warning that purely code-like semantics will never account for the human work done by tone, omission, and shared background—exactly the domain where Grice locates conversational meaning. So Leopardi helps sharpen Grice’s distinction between mere signification and lived speaker-meaning: Grice offers the rules by which rational agents can responsibly get from words to intended content, while Leopardi insists that even perfect rules leave an existential residue, making implicature not only a tool of cooperation but also, at its limits, a symptom of what language cannot fully say. Grice: “Oddly, L.’s philosophical semantics is negative; admittedly, he is wedded to the Fido-‘Fido’ theory of meaning, so he thinks, pretty much like the first Vitters, that language is a prison. Man has a need for ‘non-linguistic thought,’ to think without naming – without conceptualizing! The oddest philosophy of language for Italy’s greatest poet, one would first think! One could write a whole dissertation on L.’s implicata – not I. My favourite expression would be ‘gli infiniti silenzi’”. While there is a philosophical griceianism, seeing that my theories were stolen by non-philosophers, there is ‘leopardismo filosofico,’ seeing that he wasn’t one!” Essential Italian philosopher, and founder of a whole movement, ‘leopardismo.’ Anche L. nello Zibaldone de’ pensieri partecipa al dibattito sulla lingua universale.  Sostenne che a rendere internazionale una lingua non è la potenza della nazione che la parla o la diffusione dei suoi domini, e nemmeno il suo prestigio letterario: se così fosse la lingua italiana, che per molto tempo fu intesa e letta nelle corti di tutta Europa e oltre, sarebbe assurta a lingua  utilizzata da più nazioni, ma così non è stato.L. spiega che invece ciò che fa di una lingua universale è un aspetto ad essa intrinseco, ovvero la sua capacità di essere geometrica e regolare e di possedere una struttura semplice e ideale. Esattezza, precisione, chiarezza i suoi punti costitutivi fondamentali. Quello poi che dice che una lingua strettamente universale dove di sua natura essere anzi un’ombra di lingua che lingua propria, maggiormente anzi esattamente conviene a quella lingua caratteristica proposta fra gl’altri dal nostro SOAVE, la qual lingua o maniera di segni non avrebbe a rappresentar le parole, ma l’idee, bensì alcune delle inflessioni d'esse parole, come quelle de' verbi, ma piuttosto come inflessioni o modificazioni delle idee che delle parole, e senza rapporto a niun suono pronunziato, né significazione e dinotazione alcune di esso. il favoloso, gl’usi di L. nella filosofia italiana. Grice: Caro Leopardi, mi viene in mente quella volta in cui Austin, con la sua solita ironia, chiese alla sala quale fosse il passo poetico più incomprensibile mai scritto! Mi domando: c’è un tuo verso che, secondo te, potrebbe rivaleggiare con i misteri più oscuri della poesia? Sarebbe divertente scoprire quale scegli! Leopardi: Ah, Grice, che domanda deliziosa! Se dovessi scegliere, forse proporrei proprio “Io quella/ vòlta ch’io vidi il tuo volto, o Natura, non vidi/ che una maschera.” Chissà quanti, a scuola, si saranno grattati la testa davanti a quell’enigma… Ma, sotto sotto, in fondo mi diverto anch’io a nascondere un po’ il senso! Grice: Fantastico! Immagino Austin che, sentendo quel verso, avrebbe sorriso sornione e proposto subito un seminario sul significato della “maschera” della Natura. Forse avrebbe anche sostenuto che la vera poesia consiste nel dire molto… facendo finta di non dire nulla! Leopardi: Ecco, caro Grice, vedi che parli da poeta anche tu! A volte il bello sta proprio nel gioco: un po’ di nebbia, un tocco di mistero, e la conversazione si accende. In fondo, chi capisce tutto subito… si perde il gusto della scoperta! Meglio sorridere insieme davanti all’incomprensibile! Leopardi, Giacomo (1818). Appunti di filosofia. Bologna: Marsigli.

Monaldo Leopardi (Recanati, Macerata, Marche): l’implicatura conversazionale dell’1150. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as an inferential achievement under cooperative norms: a hearer supplies what is meant beyond what is said because the speaker can be presumed to be speaking with a point, and the resulting inference is in principle criticizable, cancellable, and attributable to rational agency rather than to mere atmosphere. Monaldo Leopardi is a revealing foil because his relation to “meaning beyond the literal” is not primarily conversational but familial, institutional, and ideological: he builds the material conditions of his son’s thought (the famous library at Recanati) while resisting the conclusions that library helped generate, and after Giacomo’s death he appears to manage public interpretation by implying a reconciliation (a deathbed return to Catholic faith) that many historians treat as wishful reconstruction rather than evidence. Compared to Grice, this is implicature in a thicker, socially consequential sense: not a locally calculable inference from a single utterance, but a strategic shaping of what audiences are permitted to conclude about a life, where silence, selective emphasis, and the paternal voice function as cues that guide interpretation. In Gricean terms, Monaldo’s discourse invites hearers to fill gaps in ways that serve a conservative moral narrative, but the cooperative presumption is unstable because the audience may suspect motivated reasoning, turning the “implicature” into a site of contest rather than shared uptake. The contrast therefore highlights Grice’s idealization: conversational reason works smoothly when speakers share commitments to candour and relevance, whereas the Leopardi case shows how powerful background asymmetries (father versus son, orthodoxy versus heterodoxy, private grief versus public reputation) can make what is left unsaid function less like cooperative economy and more like ideological management, with the resulting inferences depending as much on authority, memory, and rivalry as on any maxim-guided calculation. Grice: “Apparently, unlike in Scotland, it is very rare in Italy that a philosopher is father to another philosopher, as James Mill was father to Mill – the closest you get in Italy is L., the philosopher, who was the father of a poet, L., who some deem ‘philosophical’ in spirit – as Austin said Donne was philosophical! We don’t have at Oxford a ‘chip off the old block’ as they have in Recanati!” L.’s reflections on his  after his son’s death are marked by a tragic disconnect. While he deeply mourned the man, he remains ideologically opposed to him. Ideological Denial: A staunch ultra-conservative and papal loyalist, L. struggled to reconcile his son's fame with his "atheistic" and "pessimistic" philosophy. L. often chooses to believe, and publicly suggests, that the son had returned to the Catholic faith on his death-bed, a claim largely dismissed by historians and his son’s close friend RANIERI . Literary Rivalry and Legacy: L.had originally groomed his son to be a great Christian apologist. After his son’s death, L. continues his own reactionary writing, but he remains in his son's shadow, often viewing Giacomo’s philosophical "errors" as a personal and religious failure. Paternal Grief vs. Principles: Despite their sharp intellectual rift, Monaldo’s personal writings reveal a father’s genuine grief. He had provided the very library where Giacomo formed his "scandalous" ideas, creating a relationship of both "complicity and competition" that haunted L.  For further details on their relationship, you can explore the son’s biography provided by Britannica.Importante esponente del pensiero controrivoluzionario e padre di L.. L., targa commemorativa apposta sui portici di piazza Leopardi a Recanati Figlio primogenito del conte Giacomo e di Virginia dei marchesi Mosca, nacque in una delle famiglie più preminenti di Recanati. Rimasto a quattro anni orfano del padre, crebbe con la madre. 1150, the coding of a name, the philosophical L., the L. fascista, interpretazione fascista da GENTILE dell’ultra-filosofia di L., l’ultrafilosofia di L., padre. Grice: Caro Leopardi, devo confessarti che molti qui in Inghilterra ammirano il tuo celebre figlio Giacomo, ma per quanto mi riguarda, il mio vero uomo è Monaldo! Una scelta che spesso ha generato amichevoli polemiche al mio college, il Vadum Boum, dove finivano sempre per affluire o i barbari o le mode passeggere! Leopardi (Monaldo): Ah, Grice, ti ringrazio per questa preferenza così insolita! Giacomo ha conquistato fama tra gli intellettuali, ma io resto fedele ai miei princìpi, anche se a volte mi ritrovo nel suo ombra. Forse la vera polemica nasce proprio dalla dialettica tra padre e figlio, tra tradizione e innovazione. Grice: È proprio questa dialettica che mi affascina! Vedo in te un esempio della lotta tra il conservatorismo papale e l’irrompere di idee nuove, quasi un rapporto di complicità e competizione. D’altronde, hai fornito a Giacomo la sua biblioteca, ma hai combattuto i suoi "errori" filosofici con grande passione. Leopardi (Monaldo): Giacomo era destinato, secondo i miei progetti, a essere un apologeta cristiano, ma la sua strada lo ha portato altrove. Il mio dolore paterno non cancella il mio dissenso, anzi, lo rende più acuto. Eppure, caro Grice, forse proprio da questa tensione nasce la vera ricchezza: senza polemica, che gusto avrebbe la conversazione? Leopardi, Monaldo (1824). Saggio sopra la storia. Firenze: Le Monnier.

Filippo Gesualdo di Lia (Castrovillari, Cosenza, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e la memoria conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers legitimately recover more than is said by relying on shared rational expectations (cooperation, relevance, informativeness) and on intention-recognition, so that the “extra” content is inferentially accountable rather than merely atmospheric. The Lia material, once corrected, sits in a very different tradition: Filippo Gesualdo (often “Gesualdi” in modern reference works), a Conventual Franciscan born at Castrovillari in Calabria (1550–1619), wrote and taught on the art of memory, most notably in Plutosofia (Padua, 1592), where remembering is engineered through loci, images, and ordered “libraries of the mind,” and his reforms as minister general even institutionalized record-keeping and training as moral discipline. Compared with Grice, this is not a theory of how conversational partners infer implied meaning from cooperative talk, but a theory of how minds are prepared to have and retain the very materials that make shared understanding possible: the background stock of narratives, exempla, and associations that later become conversational common ground. In Gricean terms, Lia supplies the infrastructure for implicature rather than its logic: mnemonic techniques build stable, retrievable premises so that a hearer can complete an inference quickly and reliably, while Grice describes the rational norms that license completing it in the first place. Where Grice emphasizes cancellability and public justification (what exactly did you mean, and why is the inference warranted?), Lia emphasizes cultivation and organization (how to ensure the relevant considerations are available to mind at all), so “memory conversazionale” becomes the practical condition for the cooperative principle to have any traction across time, institutions, and communities. Grice: “When I applied Locke’s mnemonic theory to Gallie’s ‘Someone is hearing a noise,’ I was somewhat anware that the Italians had built careers on the idea of ‘memory,’ L. being my favourite!”  Insegna a Napoli. Frate minorita. Entrato come oblato nel convento cittadino di San Francesco, retto dai frati minoriti, fu ammesso al noviziato. I Minoriti si presero cura della  sua formazione, mandandolo a studiare a Roma, Treviso e Padova. In quest’ultima città  Gesualdo prese gli ordini sacerdotali egli venne affidato un lettorato presso lo  studium. La sua attività didattica si protrasse per un ventennio in vari collegi dell’ordine  e il capitolo generale gli conferì il titolo di Maestro. Venne eletto ministro generale dell’Ordine, di cui perseguì una radicale riforma. Il generalato del Gesualdo è dunque volto al rinnovamento dei voti di povertà e di vita comune, spesso disattesi  dagli stessi frati. Tra l’agosto e il settembre dello stesso anno, egli fissò i Decreta de casuum  reservatione, con i quali venivano abolite tutte le deroghe ai voti, s’introduceva l’obbligo  di rendicontazione e conservazione dei documenti amministrativi e, infine, veniva isti-  tuita l’obbligatorietà dei seminari per i novizi. La carica a Generale venne riconfermata  per altre due volte, grazie all’appoggio di Clemente. E vescovo di Cariati  e Cerenzia. Muore a Cariati. Su di lui e la sua opera si veda Busolini; Russo; Keller-Dall’Asta; Cipani. Iofepbus Tamplorut. PJJ >. PLVTOSOFIA di FILIPPO GESVALDO MINOR CON. Nella quale, fi (piega l'Arte, della Memoria con altre cole notabili pertinenti,  *q A «Violai a: . a Ai  .v&$gij,x. 41 ALLILLVSTRISS ET REVERENDISS. SIGNOR arnolpho vchanskii,  implicature. Grice: Caro Lia, ogni volta che parlo di memoria conversazionale, mi viene in mente il tuo famoso trattato sull’arte della memoria. Diciamolo: in Inghilterra ricordiamo poco, in Italia ricordate tutto... tranne le password! Lia: Ah, Grice, se ti dicessi quante password ho dovuto annotare nei miei decreti, rischierei la scomunica! Ma almeno le memorie italiane sono più poetiche: tra documenti, voti e seminari, mi perdo più nei ricordi che nei numeri. Grice: Forse è proprio la poesia che manca ai filosofi inglesi! Noi cataloghiamo tutto, voi vivete tutto... ma dimmi, Lia, c’è un trucco segreto per ricordare la lista della spesa senza scriverla sul dorso della mano? Lia: Grice, il vero segreto sta nel collegare ogni cosa a un racconto: pane? Ricorda il sermone del convento. Vino? Una cena con Clemente. Così, ogni memoria diventa una piccola implicatura: e se ti dimentichi qualcosa, almeno hai una bella storia da raccontare! Lia, Filippo Gesualdo di (1897). Considerazioni filosofiche. Palermo: Sandron.

Ebuzio Liberale (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale al portico romano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as an accountable inference: what is meant goes beyond what is said because rational interlocutors assume cooperative norms and can justify the extra step, and this makes implied content criticizable rather than merely suggestive. The Liberalis vignette (Seneca’s friend caught in the Lugdunum fire, cast as a Stoic of the portico) highlights a different but complementary kind of rational governance: Stoic training aims at steadiness of judgment under catastrophe, yet Seneca’s own consolatory rhetoric works by managing what is said and left unsaid, letting the listener infer a moral—about limits, endurance, and the difference between everyday burdens and overwhelming events—without reducing it to a blunt thesis. Compared with Grice, then, Liberalis shows how the “portico” can be both an ethical posture and a conversational setting: a place where one’s words are expected to be measured, where understatement can function as a deliberate signal of composure, and where even a remark like “I looked for water” can implicate much more (the recognition of human vulnerability, the refusal of theatrical despair, the appeal to shared values). Grice would treat these as pragmatic effects that arise because hearers assume relevance and purpose in the choice of wording, while the Stoic context explains why those choices matter: they are not merely efficient, but morally stylized attempts to preserve agency and dignity. The contrast, finally, is that Grice offers a general inferential mechanism for recovering implied meaning in any cooperative exchange, whereas the Senecan-Liberalis scene shows a culturally specific norm of conversation in which implicature becomes an instrument of ethical formation—how one speaks while running from fire can still be a claim about how one ought to live. Grice: “At Oxford, unlike Cambridge, philosophy is a sub-faculty – therefore anything classical is second nature to us!” -- Filosofo italiano. Not to be confused with Liberace, he is staying at Lyons (Lugdunum) at the time it was destroyed by fire. A dear friend of Seneca. L. follows the Porch. In his eulogy, Seneca declaims: “While he is accustomed to dealing with everyday difficulties, a catastrophe, unexpected, and of such magnitude,  is more than he could handle.” Ebuzio Liberale. Gricevs: salve, Liberalis; dicunt te Stoicum esse et Lugduni fuisse, cum ignis urbem quasi disputationem ardentiorem faceret. Liberalis: salve, Grice; verum est: ignis argumentum fecit sine syllogismis, et tamen omnes concesserunt conclusionem. Gricevs: Oxonii, non Cantabrigiae, philosophia est sub-facultas; ideo res classicae nobis sunt quasi panis quotidianus—sed ignis, fateor, non est in lectionibus. Liberalis: sub-facultas? ergo vos “sub” estis, sed tamen superbi; ego autem didici ex Seneca: cotidiana toleramus, sed cum urbs tota ardet, etiam Stoicus quaerit aquam—et si non invenit, saltem bene loquitur dum currit. Liberale, Eubzio (a. u. c. DCCCXVII). Dicta. Roma.

Matteo Liberatore (Salerno, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’ULIVO DELLA PACE. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning distinguishes what is naturally indicated from what is meant by a speaker, and then explains conversational implicature as an inference licensed by shared norms of rational cooperation: we are entitled to move from what is explicitly said to what is intended because we assume the speaker is being informative, relevant, and intelligible in a way that can be publicly defended. Liberatore’s Jesuit-Thomist project, by contrast, is interested in signs primarily as elements of a normative and metaphysical order: his textbook logic sharply separates natural signs (like smoke indicating fire) from conventional signs (like an olive branch signifying peace), and this semiotic distinction is deployed within a larger apologetic programme against modern rationalism and liberalism, where the authority of convention and the authority of tradition matter as much as inferential transparency. Compared with Grice, Liberatore treats the olive branch as a paradigmatic case of instituted signification, which can function even without an individual speaker’s communicative intention, whereas Grice would insist that conversational implicature is not secured by symbol-association alone but by a hearer’s rational recognition of what a speaker is doing with the symbol in a specific exchange. The contrast, then, is between Grice’s micro-pragmatics, where meaning beyond the literal is generated by accountable reasoning about intentions in context, and Liberatore’s macro-semiotics, where meaning is stabilized by natural causality or by social-religious institution, with conversation treated as one domain among others in which signs operate. At the same time, Liberatore provides a useful foil for Grice: by making the natural/conventional split vivid (smoke versus olive branch), he clarifies the boundary Grice also needs in order to explain how implicature can be rationally derived without collapsing into mere symbolism or into mere symptom-reading, and why the most interesting cases of “meaning” are those where a rational agent leverages shared conventions while still remaining answerable for what an audience is entitled to infer. Grice: “I would call L. a proto-Griceian, but he probably would not! In my talk on meaning to the Oxford philosophical society, I made fun of Italians using ‘senno,’ a corruption of ‘signum’ but then I realized that they were translating Aristotle’s semein, to signify!” Kewyords: senno. Grice: “One could write a whole dissertation – especially in Italy: their erudition has no bounds – about Liberatore’s choice of the sign being conventional, ‘ramo d’olivo’ = pace. It’s so obscure! Aeneas held one, against the Phyrgians – but did the Phyrgians know? And if Mars is often represented wearing an olive wreath, one would not think there is a ‘patto’ between Aeneas and the Phyrgian commander about that! I like L. – a systematic philosopher, as I am! His logic has the expected discussion on ‘sign.’ A conventional sign he says is a branch of olive ‘signifying’ peace – as opposed to smoke naturally meaning fire – As a footnote, one should note that in Noah’s days, the signification of the dove was ALSO natural – although not strictly ‘factive’ – but then not ALL smoke (e. g. dry ice smoke) signifies fire, as every actor knows!”. Ma il difetto molto comune degl’economisti è il mancare di giuste idee filosofiche, e con ciò non ostante voler sovente filosofare.” Entra nel collegio dei gesuiti di Napoli e chiede di far parte della Compagnia di Gesù. Insegna filosofia. Fonda a Napoli “La Scienza e la Fede” con lo scopo di criticare le nuove idee del razionalismo, dell'idealismo e del liberalismo, dalle pagine del quale venne sostenuta una strenua battaglia in favore del brigantaggio, interpretato come movimento politico contrario all'unità d'Italia, Presso I romani poi si trova per ordinari o rappresentata la pace con un ramo d’ulivo PACIFERA. In una Medaglia di Marco Aurelio, Minerva viene chiamata “pacifera”; e in una di Massimino si legge Marte puciferus, qmegli, o quella che porta la pace, PACTIA..“Segno è cio che, conosciuto, adduce alla conosence di un’altra cosa. ECO’s tesi su AQUINO. Implicatura. Grice: Caro Liberatore, devo confessarti che la tua riflessione sull’ulivo come segno convenzionale di pace mi ha ispirato profondamente. In fondo, per i Romani era l’ulivo che “segnava” la pace, non solo come oggetto ma come vero e proprio veicolo di significato!  Liberatore: Ti ringrazio sentitamente, Grice! È sempre affascinante vedere come certi simboli, come il ramo d’ulivo, travalichino i secoli e le culture, assumendo un ruolo centrale nella nostra comprensione del linguaggio e delle convenzioni sociali.  Grice: Esattamente! Il modo in cui hai distinto tra segno naturale e segno convenzionale mi ha aiutato a formulare molte delle mie teorie sulle implicature conversazionali. E pensare che tutto parte da un semplice gesto, come offrire un ramo d’ulivo!  Liberatore: Ecco la forza dei segni: nella loro semplicità sanno racchiudere accordi, speranze e perfino filosofia. Come diciamo in Italia, “dove c’è un ulivo, c’è speranza di pace”… e, a ben vedere, anche un po’ di buona filosofia! Liberatore, Matteo (1852). Elementi di filosofia. Napoli: Stamperia Reale.

Licenzio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e il filosofo poeta – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rational, publicly assessable inference from what is said to what is meant, anchored in cooperative expectations and in the speaker’s intention that the hearer recognize those intentions. Licentius, known mainly as a participant in Augustine’s Cassiciacum conversations and as an aspiring poet whose impulses Augustine alternately encouraged and disciplined, represents a different register of “conversational reason”: a pedagogical and spiritual dialogue in which what is left unsaid is often as important as what is said, because silence, confession, and self-correction are part of the point of the exchange rather than mere by-products of efficiency. Compared with Grice, the Cassiciacum scene does not aim to model inferential norms like relevance or quantity so much as to form a person capable of truthfulness, attention, and moral seriousness; yet it constantly relies on Gricean phenomena, since Augustine’s questions, ironies, and admonitions routinely invite the pupil to supply what is meant beyond the literal surface, and to recognize when a remark is meant as a rebuke, a prompt to examine oneself, or a shift from playful verse-making to disciplined inquiry. The contrast, then, is between Grice’s micro-theory of how implicatures are warranted in ordinary conversation and Licentius’ (Augustinian) context where implicature serves ascetic and educational ends: not merely to convey extra information, but to transform the interlocutor, so that conversational reason is measured not only by correct inference but by whether the dialogue produces intellectual honesty and a rightly ordered will. Grice: “Agostino was not an Italian, but an African – his friends, however, like Licenzio, were Italian thoroughbreds – and he discussed philosophy with them quite often! – except when he was meditating!’ A pupil of Agostino. L. achieves a reputation of a poet. GRICEVS: salve, LICENTIV. Romae te audio et philosophari et versificari; num idem animus utrumque tolerat? LICENTIVS: salve, GRICE. tolerat—immo gaudet: cum philosophia nimis arida est, poeta aquam addit; cum poesis nimis mollis est, philosophus salem. GRICEVS: sed magister tuus Agostinus Africanus est, non Italus; quomodo fit ut discipulus Italicus tam bene disputet, et tam bene cantet? LICENTIVS: facile: ille meditatur et tacet; ego, ne silentium vincat, loquor. ita fit ut Africanus cogitet, Italicus rimeat—et Roma, inter utrumque, rideat. Licenzio (a. u. c. MCXXXIX). Dicta. Roma.

Fortunio Liceti (Rapallo, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning distinguishes sharply between natural meaning (a sign as evidence, like spots meaning measles) and speaker-meaning (what someone means by producing a sign so that an audience recognizes an intention), and it treats conversational implicature as a rational, publicly criticizable inference generated under cooperative expectations. Fortunio Liceti is an unusually close early-modern analogue to this contrast because his teratological and medical writings reframe prodigies and “monsters” away from supernatural messages and toward natural signs: anomalies are not divine communications but physiological indicators that can be read causally, and in that sense Liceti helps naturalize semiotics in a way that anticipates Grice’s natural meaning as non-intentional evidentiality. At the same time, Liceti’s fascination with coded forms (the fascination with hieroglyphs as figurate, priestly writing) and his rhetorical device of making organs “speak” in dialogue dramatize how easily audiences slide from the evidential to the intentional, treating nature as if it were addressing us; Grice’s framework would diagnose that slide as a category shift from natural meaning to non-natural meaning, requiring intentions that nature does not have. The comparison, then, is that Liceti supplies a scientific program for stripping intention out of the interpretation of natural phenomena (reading them as effects with causes), while Grice supplies a pragmatic program for putting intention back into the interpretation of utterances (explaining how rational agents can mean more than they say), and together they mark two complementary boundaries: where we must not over-personify nature into a speaker, and where we must not reduce speakers to mere natural symptom-producers. Grice: “We don’t have anything like L. and Oxford, but I wouldn’t be surprised if some English, and indeed Oxonian, philosopher found his philosophy inspiring!” L. is a prominent Italian philosopher known for his wide-ranging publications. It is HIGHLY probable that his writings reached England and were available at Oxford. L. is a fascinating philosopher; must say my favourite of his oeuvre is “Geroglifici,” which as he knows it’s a coded message, the old Egyptian priests kept this ‘figurata’ away from the plebs! Alice once wondered what the good of a piece of philosophy is without illustrations; surely L’s beats them all!” L. develops a semiology of nature. L.’s work repurposes the concept of the sign from a religious omen to, alla Grice, a bio-logical indicator. PIROT Expresses that he is in pain to CO-PIROT. L.’s engagement with the concept of a sign is primarily through teratology, the study of biological abnormalities or monsters.  A monster, Grice, bete noire, is seen as a divine sign or portents of God's anger. L. breaks from this, arguing that such a being is not super-natural or non-natural (alla Grice) warning but the living expression of nature's truths. Nature as Artist: L. views nature as an artist whose error, this or that monster, is a sign of its ingenuity and ability to adapt to imperfect matter. L.’s approach is often described as a naturalised semiology, where a physical traits , or a behavioural trait, such as the gait of that man, serve as a sign; ‘he is a sailor,’ that points to a physiological cause, such as a narrow uterus or placental issues, rather than a spiritual meaning.  L’s use of language is strategically significant:  L. occasionally writes in Italian notably in his dialogue La nobiltà, emphasise empirical experience. L. personifies bodily organs, e.g., the heart, brain, and even testicles, allowing them to speak to debate their own importance. L.'s sign theory is a scientific semiotics used to decode the physical world and biological monsters as natural phenomena rather than tools of human or divine communication. Allievo ed erede di CREMONINI. Implicatura. Grice: Caro Liceti, devo ammettere che la tua teoria dei segni naturali mi affascina! La tua “semiologia della natura” sembra quasi anticipare il mio modo di intendere le implicature conversazionali. Come sei arrivato a vedere i mostri come espressioni della verità naturale e non come semplici prodigi? Liceti: Caro Grice, per me la natura è un’artista ingegnosa: ogni mostro, ogni “errore”, rivela la sua capacità di adattarsi alla materia imperfetta. Ho sempre preferito interpretare i segni come indicatori biologici, non come messaggi soprannaturali. D’altronde, come diciamo in Italia, “ogni trucco svela il suo artefice”! Grice: Che bella immagine, Liceti! Mi colpisce anche il modo in cui dai voce agli organi nel tuo dialogo “La nobiltà”. È una strategia davvero efficace per mostrare la complessità dell’esperienza empirica. Secondo te, la nostra lingua può davvero decodificare la realtà fisica, o esiste sempre un margine di mistero? Liceti: Ah, Grice, la lingua è uno strumento prezioso, ma il mistero rimane! Ogni parola, ogni segno, è una finestra sull’invisibile. Tuttavia, la scienza può aiutarci a ridurre gli equivoci: osservando i fenomeni, persino i più strani, possiamo riconoscere nell’anomalia una logica naturale. E come si dice dalle mie parti, “la natura non fa nulla senza ragione”! Liceti, Fortunio (1602). De anima subiecto. Padova: Apud Paulum Frambottum. 

Girolamo de Liguori (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- implicatura critica. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rationally controllable inference: speakers and hearers operate under shared norms (clarity, relevance, adequacy) that make what is meant beyond what is said calculable and, crucially, criticizable. In the Liguori passage, “implicatura critica” pushes this into a deliberately anti-perspicuous aesthetic: metaphor clusters like “the abyss of reason,” “the alembic of the soul,” and the mise-en-abyme image stage meaning as something generated by reflective regress, layered self-reference, and cultivated ambiguity, so that what is left unsaid is not merely an efficiency gain but a critical weapon against complacent conceptual order. Compared with Grice, this treats opacity not as a conversational defect to be repaired by cooperative maxims but as an instrument of critique, where the reader is meant to feel the strain between rational form and the irrational residues it cannot digest; in Gricean terms, the text seems to engineer systematic floutings of manner (and sometimes relation) to force interpretive work, making the “implicature” less a tidy inference to a determinate proposition and more a pressure toward reflective reorientation. The contrast therefore is between Grice’s ideal of accountable intelligibility—implicatures should, in principle, be reconstructible by shared reasoning—and Liguori’s preference for productive unclarity, where meaning is distilled through metaphorical overdetermination and recursive framing (the abyss within the abyss), turning conversation from a cooperative exchange into an arena of philosophical provocation. Yet the comparison also reveals a continuity: both assume that readers are rational agents who will not stop at the literal surface; they diverge on whether that rational agency is best served by perspicuity (Grice) or by strategic, critical disorientation (Liguori). Grice: “At Oxford, we had a common ground – we university lecturerrs would only teach what other mmbers of the faculty would understand, since we don’t’ grade our pupils – the board of exminaers does --. On the other hand, in Italy, there is L., who teaches what he feels like! Personally, my favourite of L.’s metaphors is ‘the abyss of reason,’ since Speranza has elaborated on this: it’s Gide’s ‘mise-en-abyme’ no less, which breaks my principle of ‘conversational perspicuity’ – a mise-en-abyme text is just untextable! L. has studied the metamorphosis of language in one of his philosophical noble ancestors! I like L.i: he has the gift of the gab for metaphor: ‘i baratri della ragione,” la fucina del filosofo, l’alambicco dell’anima, la condizione del senso, il razionale dello irrazionale o le ragione dell’irrazionale “le ambiguita della ragione,” “Trasimaco ha ragione, Giustizia e carita, Ritratto. Studia a ROma. Scherzi della memoria. Si laurea colla scesi giuridica. Insegna a Lecce ed Ostuni. Insegna a Torino. Con “E il vero baratro della ragione umana, Grice, Mise-en-abyme conversazionale, viene riconosciuto come un critico, Graf, LEOPARDI, e Cartesio. Tratta Positivismo di Sergi,  Lombroso, Morselli e Vignoli; della scesi di RENSI  ponendolo in relazione tra LEOPARDI  e PIRANDELLO. Scrive di de' Liguori e di Benedictis, detto l'Aletino. Tenne rapporti epistolari con GARIN, BOBBIO, Augias, Binni, Donini, Ferrarotti e Timpanaro. Sic et Non, cui aderiscono e collaborano personalità quali Donini,  Fiore, Radice, matematico e fondatore di Riforma della scuola e docenti delle Bari, Roma e Lecce. Sic et Non s’impegna in complesse battaglie civili come quella per un dialogo tra marxisti e cattolici, ed altre incombenti questioni sociali come la campagna per il divorzio. Implicature critica, ‘… is the true abyss of human reason. Il baratro della ragione conversazionale. L’anima distilata, il lambicco dell’anima, redenzione dell’eros, la lussuria, la degenerazione, la metamorfosi delle lingue. Alfonso di Liguori. Grice: Caro Liguori, è proprio la nostra educazione classica che ci permette di gustare le sfumature sottili sia del critein greco che del latino, quelle vibrazioni che forse Kant non riusciva neppure a percepire! Mi affascina pensare come la tradizione possa arricchire il nostro dialogo filosofico. Liguori: Hai ragione, Grice! Solo chi ha camminato tra i baratri della ragione classica può cogliere il profumo antico delle parole e delle idee. La nostra formazione ci dona gli strumenti per distinguere le ambiguità della ragione, e per vedere la metamorfosi delle lingue come una fucina viva del pensiero. Grice: Ecco perché la conversazione tra noi non si limita alla mera analisi; diventa alambicco dell’anima, distillando senso dal razionale e dall’irrazionale. In fondo, trasimaco e giustizia si incontrano proprio tra i labirinti della memoria, dove il vero baratro della ragione umana si rivela come opportunità di redenzione. Liguori: Proprio così, caro Grice. Come si dice in Italia, “la ragione non si accontenta mai di soluzioni facili.” La nostra formazione ci rende critici, ma anche capaci di dialogare tra anime diverse. Ed è questo dialogo, tra il nostro Greco, il nostro Latino, e persino il nostro Kant, che permette alla filosofia di restare viva e aperta, al di là delle sordità di ogni tempo. Liguori, Girolamo de (1808). Saggio sulla filosofia morale. Roma: Tipografia Salviucci. 

Vincenzo Lilla (Francavilla Fontana, Brindisi, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Vico. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rationally defensible inference from what is said to what is meant, generated under cooperative expectations and assessable as correct or incorrect by reference to shared norms and communicative intentions. Lilla, as framed in your passage, approaches “conversational reason” from the opposite direction: as a Vichian rehabilitation project in which meaning is anchored in historical making, civil life, and the cultural institutions through which a people comes to know itself, so that what is “implied” is often not a local conversational add-on but a deep background of shared memory, providential narrative, and juridico-political purpose. Compared with Grice, this shifts the explanatory centre from micro-pragmatics (how a particular utterance licenses an inference here and now) to macro-hermeneutics (how a tradition licenses interpretations across generations), and it makes the cooperative presumption less like an abstract norm and more like a civic achievement: conversation works because a community has already built common sense, common histories, and common criteria of relevance. In that light, Lilla’s “revindication” of Vico can be read as supplying a thicker anthropology for the very capacities Grice presupposes—imagination, social recognition, and the public norms that stabilize meaning—while Grice’s framework, in turn, clarifies how Vichian talk of signs, history, and freedom must still cash out in accountable inferences made by interlocutors if it is to avoid becoming mere cultural rhetoric. The contrast is thus between Grice’s procedural rationality of talk and Lilla’s civil-historical rationality of meaning; the overlap is that both treat understanding as a practice governed by norms, only that for Grice the norms are conversational and inferential, while for Lilla (via Vico) they are also institutional and historical, shaping what a community is prepared to hear, supply, and take responsibility for in the first place. Grice: “We don’t take Vico too seriously at Oxford – unless you are Stuart Hampshire, who has a penchant to take seriously any philosopher who the rest of us Oxonian philoosphers do NOT take seriously!” On the other hand, some Italian philosophers have based their philosophical career and reputation on re-vindicating Vico, such as Lilla!” -- Filosofo italiano. Francavilla Fontana, Brindisi, Puglia. Grice: “I like Lilla; for one, he ‘revindicated,’ as he puts it, the philosophy of Vico, which, in Italy, is like at Oxford ‘revinidcare’ Locke!” Formatosi nelle scuole dei Padri Scolopi aderì alle idee cattolico liberali divulgate dai filosofi della prima metà dell'Ottocento: Gioberti, Minghetti, Balbo e SERBATI al quale dedicherà molteplici studi subendone una marcata influenza. Lascia Francavilla per l'ostentata contrarietà di tutto il clero  alle sue idee patriottiche d'ispirazione giobertiana, manifestate apertamente nel "Programma d'insegnamento filosofico" pubblicato sul giornale il "Cittadino leccese", decise di trasferirsi a Napoli ove ebbe modo di confrontarsi con le idee di Sanctis, Spaventa, Settembrini, Tari e Vera. Si laurea e insegna a Napoli. Durante questi anni videro la luce "La provvidenza e la libertà considerate nella civiltà", "Dio e il mondo", e "La personalità originaria e la personalità derivata" (Nappoli, Rocco), nei quali getta le premesse degli studi filosofici e giuridici in cui si cimenterà per tutta la vita: la storia della filosofia, la filosofia teoretica e la filosofia del diritto; sviluppando altresì e precorrendo una moderna concezione del rapporto tra "diritti umani e progresso scientifico" sin da “La scienza e la vita, titolo paradigmatico del suo saggio -- Grice, “Philosophical biology,” “Philosophy of Life” Insegna a Messina. Implicature, Vico, Vico ri-vendicato, Vico ri-vendicate, semiotica Vico. Grice: Caro Lilla, confesso che qui a Oxford Vico non è preso troppo sul serio, a meno che tu non sia Stuart Hampshire! Cosa ti ha spinto a “ri-vendicare” la filosofia di Vico in Italia? Lilla: Caro Grice, per noi italiani Vico rappresenta un punto di svolta: la sua visione della storia e della conoscenza è profondamente radicata nella nostra tradizione. Ho voluto restituirgli la dignità che merita, come voi fate con Locke a Oxford! Grice: Interessante! Mi incuriosisce come Vico abbia anticipato molte questioni sulle implicature e la memoria conversazionale, temi cari anche a me. Pensi che la sua filosofia possa dialogare con la mia teoria del significato? Lilla: Assolutamente, caro Grice! La semiotica di Vico è moderna: collega i segni, la storia e la libertà umana. La sua prospettiva può arricchire il tuo lavoro sulle implicature, aprendo nuove strade tra filosofia, diritto e progresso scientifico. D’altronde, come si dice da noi: “Chi cammina con i grandi, le sue orme lascia!” Lilla, Vincenzo (1845). Teoria della conoscenza. Palermo: Stabilimento Tipografico. 

Lisimaco (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale al portico romano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rationally warranted inference from what is said to what is meant, licensed by cooperative expectations that make a speaker accountable for the hearer’s uptake; even when a term is used loosely, the point is that a hearer can justify why that looseness was reasonable in context. The Lisimaco vignette turns this into a lesson about labels and ostension: instead of defining stoicism by an essence, “the Porch” functions as a demonstrative cue, so that saying “under the portico” can implicate a whole stance (discipline, toughness, a certain kind of argumentative posture) without spelling out doctrine. Compared with Grice, this shows two different mechanisms for meaning more than one says: Grice provides the inferential machinery by which “I live under the portico” can conversationally convey “I am a Stoic” (it is relevant, it exploits shared background, and it can be cancelled), while Lisimaco’s own maneuver suggests that philosophical identity in practice is often handled by socially recognized shortcuts—toponyms, nicknames, and metonymies—whose force depends on communal recognition rather than on explicit definition. The contrast also sharpens Grice’s complaint about -isms: where “Stoic” purports to name a doctrine, “porticola” admits it is a badge worn in a conversational community, and the badge works precisely because hearers are trained to supply the doctrinal and ethical associations on minimal linguistic prompting. In this sense Lisimaco exemplifies a historically thick form of common ground, in which the “place-name” operates almost like a standing implicature trigger, whereas Grice’s theory aims to show how such triggers remain rationally controllable: you can rely on them when cooperation holds, but you also owe your audience disambiguation when the label threatens to mislead. Grice: “Philosophers can be sneaky – and allowed to be so! Consider the funny names that some -isms have in classical philosophy: stoicismus – try to define it essentially! The idea of the porticus is such an accident to this -ism that it never ceases to irritate me when someone calls himself a ‘stoic’!” -- Filosofo italiano. Firenze, Toscana. He belonged to The Porch. The tutor of Amelio Gentiliano. Since Amelio comes from Firenze, that may be taken as having been the home of L. as well. GRICEVS: Philosophi callidi esse possunt, et iure: ecce quam ridicula sunt ista nomina in -ismo, ut stoicismus; conare definire quid sit, si potes. Porticus enim est quasi accidens, et tamen quidam se “stoicum” vocat, tamquam columnae ipsum genuerint. LISIMACHVS: An LISIMACVS, si mavis; nam et in nomine meo litterae certant, sicut in Porticu dogmata. Sed Florentiae didici hoc: si de me quaeris ubi habitem, respondeo “sub porticu,” ne roges quid sentiam. GRICEVS: Id est ipsa ratio conversazionalis: cum locum dicis, doctrinam implicas; et cum doctrinam rogant, locum ostendis. Sic “stoicus” non definiri videtur, sed demonstrari, quasi digito ad columnas. LISIMACHVS: Ergo faciam ut discipulus meus Amelius: si quis me “stoicum” appellat, respondebo “porticola sum.” Si rident, bene; si non rident, etiam melius: intellegunt enim me plus tacuisse quam dixisse. Lisimaco (a. u. c. CMXIII). Dicta. Roma.

Tito Livio (Padova, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e la storia romana come fonte della morale romana – etica togata. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rationally recoverable inference from what is said to what is meant, licensed by cooperative expectations and answerable to criticism: the hearer is entitled to supply what is left unsaid because the speaker can be presumed to be speaking with a point, under shared norms of relevance and sufficiency. Livy’s Ab Urbe Condita (begun in the Augustan period) is a useful counterpoint because it makes moral meaning emerge not from maxims of conversation but from exempla and narrative arrangement: Livy’s history repeatedly “says” one thing (who did what, when) while “getting across” another (what counts as virtus, pietas, disciplina, or civic decay), and it often does so through strategic selection, juxtaposition, and the dignified silence of the narrator rather than through explicit argument. Compared with Grice, then, Livy’s “etica togata” is a macro-pragmatics of a culture: it relies on a thick shared Roman background in which readers can infer moral conclusions from episodes (Romulus, republican austerity, decline), whereas Grice offers a micro-pragmatics that specifies how such inferences are warranted in ordinary exchanges and how they can be challenged, cancelled, or defended. The overlap is that both are preoccupied with what is responsibly left unsaid: Livy lets the reader infer the judgment by controlling narrative emphasis, and Grice lets the hearer infer the speaker’s point by assuming rational cooperation; but where Grice’s implicature is tied to speaker intention and conversational norms, Livy’s implied morality is tied to historiographical craft and civic pedagogy—history as a vehicle that persuades by example, making “silence as argument” into a cultivated Roman mode of meaning. Grice: “I give only ONE example from the History of England in my seminars: “Decapitation willed Charles I’s death” – On the other hand, there’s Livio – a philosopher who sprinkled his philosopjhical treatises with such an abundance of historical references that the vulgus knows him as a historian, rather!” Filosofo italiano. Padova, Veneto. Disambiguazione – "Livio" rimanda qui. Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi L.  Neque indignetur sibi Herodotus aequari L. Che Erodoto non s'indigni che gli venga eguagliato L. Quintiliano, Institutio oratoria. Busto di L., opera di Moretti L. è stato uno storico romano, autore degli Ab Urbe condita, una storia di Roma dalla sua fondazione fino alla morte di Druso, figliastro d’OTTAVIANO. È considerato uno dei maggiori storici dell'Antica Roma, assieme a TACITO. Ritratto di L. Secondo Girolamo, il quale a sua volta si rifà al De historicis di Svetonio. Quintiliano ha tramandato la notizia secondo la quale l'oratore Asinio Pollione rileva in L. una certa padovanità, da intendersi come patina linguistica rivelatrice della sua origine, mentre il celebre epigrammista Valerio Marziale ricorda l'accentuato moralismo della sua terra, tipico del carattere di L., tanto quanto le sue tendenze politiche conservatrici. Lo stesso L., citando Antenore, mitico fondatore di Padova, all'inizio della sua monumentale opera, conferma indirettamente le proprie origini patavine. Per tutta la sua vita, dimostra sempre un amore sfrenato per la sua città natale. I Livii erano di origine plebea, ma la famiglia poteva fregiarsi di antenati illustri in linea materna: nella Vita di Tiberio Svetonio ricorda che la Liviorum familia «era stata onorata da otto consolati, due censure, tre trionfi e persino da una dittatura e da un magistero della cavalleria. filosofia romana, Romolo, metafisica e storia, Grice, Strawson, Pears – when history comes of age. GRICEVS: Ego in seminariis meis unum exemplum e historia Angliae fero: Decollatio mortem Caroli primi voluit. Tu autem, Livi, tot exemplis Romanis uteris ut vulgus te historicum putet, philosophum non agnoscat. LIVIVS: Vulgus, Grice, semper amat annales, quia putat virtutem in numeris latere: octo consulatus, duo censores, tres triumphi. Si addas “implicaturam”, fugient quasi a censore. GRICEVS: At ipsa “etica togata” hoc docet: historia non solum narrat sed suadet; et saepe quod suadet, non dicit. Romulus plus valet tacendo quam declamando, et hoc est meum: quod non dicitur, intellegitur. LIVIVS: Ita vero; sed cave: si nimis tacueris, te quoque historicum facient. Scribent: “Grice, vir gravis, multa praeteriit.” Et addent: “Ergo sapientissimus.” Haec est maxima Romae: silentium pro argumento. Livio, Tito (a. u. c. DCCXXVII). Ab urbe condita. Roma.

Franco Lombardi (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rationally accountable transition from what is said to what is meant, under cooperative expectations that let hearers justify an inference and let speakers be held responsible for inviting it. Franco Lombardi, by contrast, is not primarily a pragmatics theorist but a historian and interpreter of the modern Italian tradition (Naples-born, later active in Rome; author of works such as La filosofia della pratica, 1935, and later Il mondo degli uomini), and his “conversational reason” is better understood as a cultural-historical rationality: the way a philosophical tradition maintains continuity by transmitting problems, styles, and conceptual inheritances across generations and institutions. On that model, what is “implied” in a philosophical utterance often depends less on local maxims of relevance than on long-range background—shared intellectual memory, inherited polemics, and the tacit cues by which Italian philosophy signals its lineage (Kant read through Italian debates, Marx filtered through a specific civic culture, the weight of naming and renaming, such as the playful Bonaiuti/Galilei motif in your passage). The comparison therefore contrasts Grice’s micro-account of inference in everyday conversation with Lombardi’s macro-account of how philosophical meaning travels through time: Grice asks how an individual speaker can mean more than she says and how a hearer can rationally retrieve that surplus; Lombardi asks how a community of thinkers sustains a living “conversation” in which what is not said is often what everyone already knows from the tradition. In this perspective, Lombardi helps explain why Grice’s cooperative presumptions are never purely abstract: they depend on shared forms of life and shared histories; but Grice also helps sharpen Lombardi’s historiographical enterprise by reminding us that tradition works not by mystical transmission but by publicly intelligible, criticizable inferential habits—ways of letting the reader supply what is left unsaid, and of making that supply answerable to reasons. Grice: “At Oxford, we say Galileo – in Italy, where they know better, they say BONAIUTO!” The surname BONAIUTI became associated with the Galilei family through an ancestor named Galileo Bonaiuto. Here’s how it happened. In the fifteenth century, Galileo Bonaituo was a prominent physician, professor, and politician in Florence. In the the late fourteenth century, his descedants began refering to thsmelves as GALILEI in his honour. While the family officially retained the BONAIUTI surname for generations, they started using GALILEI or GALILEO informally in honour of his ancestor. The famous astronomer Galileo Galilei inherited both his given name and the family name (Galilei) fom his ancestor, Galileo Bonaiuti. Therefore, the association begain in the late 14th and 15th centuries through the prominence and influence of Galileo Bonaiuti in Florence. Grice: “The Italians have a thing for the plural – witness all the surnames ending in -i. True, Lombardo IS a philosopher, too!” Grice: “I like L.; he took seriously my idea of Philosophy’s Longitudinal Uniity, and like Passmore or Warnock, engaged iin a study of the ‘last hundred years of Italian philosophy. This shows that his interests on Kant, etc., are Italian-based, mainly!” Il padre e avvocato e docente di diritto e procedura penale a Napoli, già allievo prediletto di Bovio, deputato prima e dopo il fascismo, autore di scritti vari di sociologia. La madre Rosa Pignatari fu nipote di  Ciccotti, nella cui casa era cresciuta. Tradusse alcuni degli scritti di Marx nelle Opere edite dal Ciccotti e la Storia del movimento operaio di Edouard Dolleans.  Laureato e libero docente in filosofia lavora in filosofia. Pubblica “Il mondo degli uomini” (Firenze, Le Monnier) Insegna a Roma. Presidente della Società Filosofica Italiana e (sin dalla fondazione) della Società filosofica romana, diresse il "Centro di Ricerca per le Scienze Morali e Sociali" presso l'Istituto di filosofia della Roma. Grice: Caro Lombardi, mi ha sempre divertito come, a Oxford, diciamo "Galileo", mentre in Italia, dove avete il senso della storia, si preferisce "Bonaiuto"! La pluralità dei cognomi italiani mi affascina, soprattutto quando si riflette nella filosofia. Tu, con la tua attenzione all’unità longitudinale della filosofia e lo studio della tradizione italiana, dimostri quanto sia ricca questa prospettiva. Lombardi: Grazie Grice, hai ragione: la tradizione italiana ha sempre valorizzato il legame tra passato e presente, anche nei nomi. Ho cercato di mostrare, soprattutto negli ultimi cent’anni di filosofia italiana, come la nostra riflessione sia profondamente intrecciata con la storia e la pluralità, proprio come la famiglia Galilei che porta dentro sé Bonaiuti. L’unità della filosofia, per me, passa attraverso questa pluralità di voci. Grice: Mi piace molto il tuo modo di concepire la filosofia come un mondo di uomini, che tu hai indagato con passione. L’idea che il concetto si apra alla vita, come dice Limone, è preziosa: la filosofia non è solo una sequenza di teorie, ma una conversazione viva, fatta di implicature, dialoghi, e storia personale. Lombardi: Concordo, Grice. La filosofia, per me, è anche un modo per costruire consenso e dialogo, come insegno ai miei studenti e nei miei scritti. La pluralità dei cognomi, delle idee e delle voci è la forza della nostra civiltà filosofica. E come diciamo a Napoli, “chi va piano va sano e va lontano”: anche la filosofia cresce meglio se dialoga, ascolta, e si apre al pluralismo. Lombardi, Franco (1935). La filosofia della prtica. Napoli.

Gaio Cassio Longino (Roma, Lazio). Uno degl’uccissori di Giulio Cesare. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is built to explain how hearers responsibly infer what is meant beyond what is said, using shared norms and assumptions about a speaker’s rational conduct; your Longinus material becomes a neat stress-test because it turns on how a mere name can trigger powerful default inferences. Historically, the Clifton master’s warning is directionally sound: the Caesarian assassin’s standard name is Gaius Cassius Longinus (often shortened to “Cassius”), and the later jurist is also called Gaius Cassius Longinus, but he is not the assassin’s son, and he is separated by roughly a century (assassin died 42 BC; jurist flourished in the 1st century AD, consul AD 30). In other words, the mater is preventing a predictable conversational confusion: when someone says “Gaius Cassius Longinus” in a Roman context, listeners may automatically supply the “dagger” narrative unless the speaker explicitly cancels it by adding “the jurist” (or “the Zenobia adviser,” who is in fact a different Longinus again, not even born in Rome). That is exactly Grice’s point: proper names are not self-identifying in practice; they come with conventional and contextual implicatures, and a competent speaker must manage those implicatures by adding disambiguating material when the cooperative goal is clarity rather than dramatic effect. So, if we assess the master’s authority in Gricean terms, we can say: he is historically sloppy (genealogy), but pragmatically astute (he anticipates the audience’s likely inference and builds in a prophylactic cancellation), and the episode exemplifies Grice’s broader claim that communication is not just semantics but a rational art of controlling what your audience is entitled to conclude from what you chose to say. Grice: “Clifton, 1927. Today we were told what the master, with a straight face, called “the most important event in Roman history” — and he meant not the Rubicon (still everyone’s favourite crossing, except perhaps the Channel, as Sellar and Yeatman would insist), but the assassination of Caesar. He wrote up on the blackboard the names of the uccisori, and among them, in a hand that looked almost judicial itself, Gaius Cassius Longinus. Then came the warning, delivered in the tone masters reserve for boys who are likely to go to Oxford and therefore likely to be dangerous: for those of you who intend to pursue your studies at Oxford, you must never confuse the murderer with the other Gaius Cassius Longinus — the jurist — who is an entirely different man and, on paper at least, entirely respectable. (“Plausibly, a descendant in the Cassian line.”). It was an odd sort of lesson: the same name, the same Latin, and yet the whole point was that identity is not to be had for free from a label. The master did not call it a philosophical problem, but he managed to make it one: if you say “Cassius Longinus,” what do you mean — the conspirator with the knife, or the lawyer with the opinion? And if you don’t say which, you may find that your hearer supplies it for you, by habit, by fame, by whatever story they already prefer. I thought then that history masters live by implicature without knowing it: they say “Longinus” and the class hears “dagger,” unless the word “jurist” is pushed in like a wedge. I kept quiet, because Mother has her sights on Oxford and I suspected I would have plenty of time later to quarrel with names and their liberties; but I wrote in the margin that a warning against confusion is itself a kind of confession — it admits that people do confuse, and that language is only ever as precise as the speaker takes the trouble to make it. Longino, Gaio Cassio (a. u. c. DCCX). Dicta. Roma.

Gaio Cassio Longino (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e il diritto romano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rationally warranted inference from what is said to what is meant, grounded in cooperative expectations that make a speaker answerable for the further conclusions an audience is entitled to draw. The Longinus vignette, cast as “conversational reason and Roman law,” pushes the idea into an institutional setting where what people infer is often governed less by maxims of cooperative talk than by reputational and forensic pressures: in Rome, a jurist’s words are heard through the shadow of political violence, so that even a sparse legal remark can be taken to “mean” something about the dagger before it is heard as an argument about doctrine. Compared with Grice, this highlights the difference between implicature as a mechanism internal to ordinary conversation (derivable, cancellable, and criticizable by reference to what would make the utterance cooperatively intelligible) and insinuation as a mechanism of public life, where the audience’s inferences are driven by extra-conversational priors—fear, faction, historical narrative, and the evidential habits of a legal culture. At the same time, the parallel is instructive: Roman juristic practice depends on highly disciplined inference from limited textual materials, and Grice’s account can be read as the micro-analogue of that discipline, except that for Grice the governing constraint is the speaker’s intention under cooperative norms, whereas for Longinus the governing constraint is what can safely be said under power and how silence itself can function as a deliberate, legally prudent move. The result is a contrast between Grice’s optimism about rational cooperation as the default background of meaning and the Roman reminder that, in charged contexts, implicature can be hijacked by suspicion—so that conversational reason must sometimes be protected by reticence if one is to prevent the audience from converting every legal utterance into a political confession. Grice: “It’s very sad – yet typical of Italian historiography – that, for all of Longino’s achievements as a philosopher of law, he is best remembered by posterity as one of the 50 murderers of GIULIO Caesare!” A legal scholar and theorist. GRICEVS: Triste est, mi Longine, quod Itali historici te potius numerent inter quinquaginta Caesaris interfectores quam inter iuris philosophos. LONGINVS: Ita fit Romae: si quis de lege subtiliter disputat, vix auditur; si quis gladium leviter movet, statim in annales cadit. GRICEVS: At ratio conversazionalis aliter iudicat: cum dicis pauca de iure, plures inferunt de cultro; implicatura tua semper antecedit argumentum. LONGINVS: Ergo hoc discam: si me rogant quid sentiam de iure, respondebo “libenter” et tacebo; nam Romae silentium tutius est, et saepe etiam iuridicius. Longino, Gaio Cassio (a. u. c. DCCLXXXIII). Dicta. Rona,

Francesco Longano (Ripalimosani, Campobasso, Molise): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’UOMO NATURALE. rice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rationally defensible step from what is said to what is meant: hearers recover extra content because speakers are presumed to be cooperating under norms that make indirect communication accountable and criticizable. Longano’s Enlightenment project (Ripalimosani 1728–1796; a Genovesi pupil; author of works such as Piano di un corpo di filosofia morale (1764), Dell’uomo naturale (1767), and later the Latin Philosophiae rationalis elementa including De arte logica on ideas and signs) approaches “reason” less as a local discipline of inference in talk and more as a general art of thinking and reforming human life: signification is rooted in a naturalistic and psycho-somatic conception of the person, where passions, imagination, and social needs belong to the very conditions under which signs function. Compared to Grice, Longano is not isolating a mechanism that distinguishes what is said from what is conversationally implied; rather, he supplies a broader anthropology and semiotic orientation in which the study of signs is continuous with the study of the “natural man,” education, and civil life—so that meaning is already embedded in the bodily and social economy that makes reasoning possible. The contrast, then, is between Grice’s micro-theory of communicative accountability (how a speaker can mean more than she says, and how the hearer can justify that inference) and Longano’s macro-theory of signification as part of a holistic human science (how ideas, signs, truth/error, and the non-rational powers of the mind jointly shape rational agency). But there is also a strong continuity: Longano’s attention to the natural basis of signification and to the humanly workable “art of thinking” helps motivate why Grice distinguishes natural meaning from speaker-meaning and why he treats conversational rationality as a practical norm rather than a mere formalism—both see reason as something that lives in human practices, even if Grice locates its sharpest philosophical leverage in the fine structure of conversational inference. Grice: “At Oxford, nobody really cared when I gave my lecture on ‘meaning’ at the Oxford philosophical society, that Longan had been defended my naturalism of signification for years then! L.’s emphasis on ‘natura’ and ‘naturale’ certainly were part of my inspiration for ‘natural’ meaning – although I was reserved in my uses of ‘natura’ as a noun – except when to refer to my wanton disposition as a gift of ‘saggia natura’! Any student of Grice’s philosophy should make a lot of sense of L.’s contributions. A systematic philosopher, like Grice, he bases his research on signs and signification. L. is a prominent figure of the  Enlightenment, whose work Philosophia Rationalis, often appearing in parts like De arte logica, serves as a bridge between rigid traditional rationalism and psychological and social thought.  Main Points of Philosophia Rationalis Holistic View of Man: L. challenges the rigidly rationalistic views of his era by arguing for a conception of humanity that integrates the body and soul. Revaluation of the non-rational: He emphasises human components previously neglected by philosophers, such as passions, fantasy, and the psychological dimension. Logic and Truth: In his De arte logica, a core volume of his rational philosophy, he explores the nature of ideas, signs, and the distinction between truth and error, aiming to refine the art of thinking. Freedom and Equality: By viewing man as a totality, L. extends his philosophical logic into social ethics, advocating for universal freedom and equality inspired by Enlightenment thinkers. Importance in the History of Philosophy Enlightenment Reformism: L. is a key representative of the Enlightenment. metafisica, ESAME FISICO dell’uomo esame naturale. Semiotica. Grice: Caro Longano, ti confesso che a Oxford nessuno si emozionava quando parlavo di “significato naturale”. Forse avrei dovuto portare qualche passione o fantasia in aula, come suggerisci tu! Longano: Paul, sai che la natura non si lascia mai intimidire dalle teorie? Se avessi portato una lezione sulla “saggia natura”, sicuramente anche gli studenti avrebbero applaudito, magari pensando a un picnic filosofico! Grice: Beh, Longano, il tuo uomo naturale mi ha ispirato: da quando ho rivalutato passioni e psicologia, persino la mia voglia di biscotti sembra un dono della filosofia! Longano: Ecco, Paul, la libertà e l’uguaglianza si gustano meglio con una buona dose di fantasia. Dopotutto, come diceva mio zio molisano, “la verità ha bisogno di qualche errore per essere digerita!” Longano, Francesco (1766). La ragione. Napoli: Stamperia Simoniana.

Mario Giuseppe Losano (Casale Monferrato, Alessandria, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia del diritto romano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as an inferential achievement for which speakers are answerable: what is meant beyond what is said is recoverable by a hearer who assumes cooperative rationality and can justify the inference by appeal to shared conversational norms. Losano’s work, by contrast, comes out of jurisprudence and legal philosophy (and, very early, out of constitutional-law interests before his later prominence in Kelsen studies and legal informatics), so “conversational reason” is naturally reframed as institutional reason: the way norms, authorities, and interpretive communities make texts mean something in practice, under constraints of precedent, procedure, and professional responsibility. In that register, what Grice calls implicature looks less like a purely local feature of a two-person exchange and more like a generalized interpretive phenomenon: legal language routinely relies on what is not said (presuppositions about competence, jurisdiction, burden of proof, or the intended scope of a rule), and it is precisely these background assumptions that legal reasoning must make explicit, contest, or stabilize. The comparison, then, is between Grice’s micro-model of accountability in conversation (how a remark licenses a specific, criticizable inference in a given context) and Losano’s macro-model of accountability in normative systems (how authoritative texts and institutions license interpretations that can be argued for, appealed, or rejected). Grice’s cooperative principle becomes, in legal key, something like a principle of interpretive charity under institutional constraints, while Losano’s emphasis on systems, sources, and the circulation of legal ideas highlights that the “shared background” required for implicature is not merely interpersonal but can be built and maintained by juristic education, legal tradition (including Roman law’s long afterlife), and the formal settings in which interpretation is demanded and disciplined. Grice: “While I refer to Ryle and Austin as avid students of Greek philosophy – Ancient Greek philosophy, that is – especially Austin, since, like me, and unlike Ryle, he had to suffer it to get his double first in greats! – they never wondered why lawyers in England all are about the English customary law and Roman law – No English lawyer would have ONE thing to say about Greek law – the reason being that at Oxford, the Faculty of Law, had a chair for Roman law, but none for Greek law! The Regius chiar of civil law at Oxford, also known as the Oxford chair of Roman law, has a rich and lengthy history, starting with its establishment by Henry VIII. Henry establishes the Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford, and Story is appointed as the fist professor. The chair continues to be held by a series of professors who primarily lecture ON ROMAN LAW and related subjects like the pandects, the code, or the ecclesiastical laws of England, as sipulated in statutes. Then came a period of dcline in the study of ROMAN law at Oxford,. According to PHILLIMORE, who holds the chair, the subject was not taught for almost a century preceding his tenure. The Oxford University Act replaces the CIVIL LAW used in the chancellor’s court with the common law of England and the statue law of the realm. This court, which previously held jurisdiction in private law matters involving scholars and others connected to the university, had operated according to civil law. ROMAN LAW is RE-INTRODUCED as part of the law degree, the B. A. in JURISPRUDENCE, upon its establishment. The chair is held by notable figures such as BRYCE, and GROUDY. ZULUETA holds the chair contributing to the feld of ROMAN LAW. JOLOWICZ holds the chair, filosofia del DIRITTO ROMANO, LIVIO, storia del DIRITTO ROMANO, what Kelsen never had. Grice: Caro Losano, ti confesso che a Oxford il diritto greco era più raro di una pizza senza pomodoro! Tutti a parlare di diritto romano, e nessuno che si chieda cosa pensassero gli ateniesi sulle multe del condominio. Losano: Ah, Paul, è vero! Il Regius Chair di Oxford sembra quasi un tempio dedicato a Livio e alle Pandette. Magari un giorno anche il diritto greco avrà la sua vendetta, ma per ora dobbiamo accontentarci del latino, che almeno fa sembrare tutto più autorevole—anche quando non capiamo niente! Grice: Lo ammetto, Mario, il diritto romano è come il vino buono, si tramanda da Re Enrico VIII fino a oggi. Ma ti dirò: tra una lezione di pandette e una di codici, ho sempre pensato che una chiacchierata sui casi delle pecore rubate sarebbe stata più divertente! Losano: Paul, hai ragione! In fondo, la filosofia del diritto romano è una grande conversazione, dove ognuno dice la sua, anche se poi si finisce sempre a discutere di quante uova ci vogliono per una buona torta. E come diceva mio nonno piemontese: “Meglio una sentenza in dialetto che una legge in latino!” Losano, Mario Giuseppe (1961). Contributo. Filosofia giuridica.

Domenico Losurdo (Sannicandro di Bari, Puglia):  la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del ribelle aristocratico. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rationally accountable route from what is said to what is meant, grounded in cooperative expectations that make implied content criticizable rather than merely suggestive; even when talk becomes polemical, Grice’s point is that hearers infer extra content by recognizable patterns of relevance, informativeness, and intention-recognition. Losurdo’s work, by contrast, is best read as shifting the centre of gravity from the micro-norms of conversational inference to the macro-conditions of ideological and historical discourse: his portrait of Nietzsche as an “aristocratic rebel,” his attention to the “language of empire,” and his Marxist, anti-imperialist commitments treat what is left unsaid as often structurally produced—by class position, institutional power, censorship, and the rhetorical needs of domination—so that “implicature” becomes less a cooperative by-product of rational exchange and more a diagnostic clue to concealed interests and asymmetries in public language. The comparison therefore highlights two different senses of “reason” in discourse: for Grice, reason governs interpretation within conversation by supplying norms that allow interlocutors to reconstruct intended meaning; for Losurdo, reason is inseparable from critique, because what discourse “means” in political modernity frequently depends on who gets to set the conversational agenda and which silences are enforced or rewarded. Where Grice would model rebellion in talk as marked departures from cooperative expectations (and thus as inferentially trackable), Losurdo treats rebellion and hypocrisy as endemic to modern ideological vocabularies, so that the task is not only to calculate what is implicated but to explain why certain implicatures become socially natural—why they pass as “common sense” within an imperial or class-structured language game. Grice: “It must be remembered that philosophers of my generation at Oxford encountered philosophy through the classics, and while contemporary philosophers were totally absent in our curriculum, so were some OLDER philoosphers, such as Nietzsche, which is paradoxical, seeing that he loved the classics so much. The reason I adjudicate to Bradley, who possibly thought that Hegel spoke a better German!” Sannicandro di Bari, Puglia. Grice: “L. has contributed to a collection on ‘fatti normativi’ which is fascinating! I like L.: describing Nietzsche as the aristocratic rebel is genial; he also engages in some linguistic botanising with his ‘linguaggio dell’impero’: something Romans and Brits know well – cf. ‘Great Britaiin’ and my little England!” Italian philosopher, expert not on Grice, but Nietzsche, “Nietzsche, ribelle aristocratico” -- essential Italian philosopher. Si laurea a Urbino sotto SALVUCCI colla SEMANTICA di Rodbertus, istituto di scienze filosofiche, insegna storia della filosofia, presidente dell'hegeliana Società Hegel-Marx pel pensiero dialettico, società di scienze di Leibniz a Berlino, un’associazione che si rifà all’accademia reale prussiana delle scienze nella tradizione di Leibniz, associazione politico-culturale Marx. Dalla militanza comunista alla condanna dell'imperialismo, fino allo studio della questione afroamericana e di quella dei nativi, L. e studioso anche partecipe della politica. Di formazione marxista, descritto sia come un marxista controcorrente sia come un marxista eterodosso e un comunista militante, la sua produzione spazia dai contributi allo studio della filosofia critica, la auto-censura di Kant e il suo nicodemismo politico, alla ri-valutazione dell'idealismo nel tentativo di ri-proporne l'eredità, sulla scia di Lukács, alla ri-affermazione dell'interpretazione del marxismo, GRAMSCI e SPAVENTA, Il ribelle aristocratico, Nietzsche. Grice: Caro Losurdo, mi ha sempre incuriosito il tuo modo di definire Nietzsche come “ribelle aristocratico”. Personalmente, a Oxford, l’abbiamo quasi ignorato nei miei anni di studi, eppure trovo affascinante il suo rapporto con i classici. Secondo te, cosa rende Nietzsche così attuale oggi, persino nelle conversazioni filosofiche più quotidiane?  Losurdo: Grazie, Grice! Penso che Nietzsche resti attuale perché riesce a smascherare le ipocrisie della modernità e invita ciascuno di noi a non accontentarsi delle verità imposte. Il suo spirito “aristocratico” non è solo eredità, ma anche sfida a superare i limiti imposti dalla tradizione, proprio come la migliore conversazione sa rompere gli schemi.  Grice: Interessante! Nelle mie implicature conversazionali, insisto spesso sulla cooperazione e la ricerca condivisa del senso. Forse Nietzsche, con il suo linguaggio tagliente e provocatorio, ci ricorda che anche la conversazione può essere un terreno di ribellione e critica, non trovi?  Losurdo: Assolutamente, Paul. La conversazione è un luogo vivo dove si esercita il pensiero critico. E come tu insegni, non si tratta solo di ciò che si dice, ma di ciò che si lascia intendere: anche il silenzio può essere una forma di rivoluzione, come ci insegna Nietzsche e come si ritrova nella storia del pensiero dialettico.  Grice: Caro Losurdo, mi colpisce sempre il modo in cui hai saputo definire Nietzsche come “ribelle aristocratico”. All’epoca a Oxford, lo lasciavamo quasi ai margini, come fosse una sorta di zio stravagante alle feste di famiglia. Secondo te, Nietzsche oggi sarebbe più a suo agio in una conversazione filosofica o in una partita a scacchi con Kant? Losurdo: Paul, forse Nietzsche preferirebbe una partita a scacchi dove ogni pedone può diventare regina, ma non prima di aver lanciato una provocazione al re! La sua attualità sta proprio nel sapere ribaltare le regole del gioco, come la migliore conversazione che non teme di scompigliare i capelli, anche quelli della tradizione. Grice: Vedo che anche tu non disdegni la filosofia come sport estremo! Io insisto sulle implicature: a volte basta un silenzio ben piazzato per far tremare gli avversari. Nietzsche, con la sua lingua affilata, avrebbe fatto impazzire qualunque tavolo di discussione, soprattutto quello della mensa universitaria! Losurdo: Paul, il silenzio di Nietzsche sarebbe sicuramente più rumoroso delle nostre parole. E come dici tu, la conversazione è viva quando sa essere ribelle: anche una pausa può valere più di mille discorsi. In fondo, forse le conversazioni migliori sono proprio quelle dove si rischia di perdere la partita, ma si guadagna una massima nuova da aggiungere al taccuino! Losurdo, Domenico (1967). L’esistenizialismo. Studi Urbinati

Lucio Lucceio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rationally defensible inference from what is said to what is meant, under cooperative expectations that make indirect communication accountable and criticizable. Lucius Lucceius, known chiefly as a late-Republican historian within the Cicero–Caesar world (Cicero even presses him, in a famous letter, to write up events with a sympathetic slant), provides a contrasting model of indirectness in which what is “meant” is often shaped by prudence, patronage, and the political costs of explicitness: the historian must let the audience supply what cannot safely be asserted, or what decorum forbids, while still producing a narrative that guides judgment. Read this way, the “Hortus” (Epicurean quietism, reticence, and the cultivation of private life) becomes a vivid analogue for Gricean economy: saying little and leaving the rest to be inferred; but the rationale differs, since for Grice the pressure toward indirectness is often conversational optimality (efficiency, relevance, informativeness), whereas for Lucceius it is frequently strategic and civic (how to speak truth, flatter power, or avoid civil rupture when Caesar is in the room). The comparison therefore highlights two senses of “reason” governing talk: Grice’s is a norm of interpretation internal to conversation itself (why a hearer is entitled to an implicature, and how it can be cancelled), while Lucceius’ is a norm of political-historical intelligibility (how a narrative can lead readers to conclusions without stating them baldly), so that implicature becomes not merely a linguistic phenomenon but a technique of Roman public life—one that thrives precisely where direct assertion risks turning disputatio into bellum. Grice: “When I refer to the Athenian dialect, to contrast it with the Oxonian dialectic which I knew, I focus mainly on barefoot Socrates at the agora, Plato at the academy, and Aristotle at the Lycaeum – but of course, at least three other think tanks must be added: l’Orto – made popular at Oxford by Walter Pater and his Marius --, the Portico, and the Cynargo – in fact, these three sects were the most dialectical!” -- Filosofo italiano. A historian and a friend of CICERONE. Some of Cicerone’s letters to L. suggests that he may have followed the sect of L’ORTO. Citato da Svetonio. Amico di Giulio Cesare. Citato da Livio. Livio. Gricevs: Cum dialecticam Atheniensem Oxoniensi confero, Socratem nudipedem in foro, Platonem in Academia, Aristotelem in Lyceo cogito; sed Roma quoque sua habet: Hortus, Porticus, Cynargus. Hi, me iudice, dialecticissimi sunt. Lvcceivs: Dialecticissimi, in horto maxime? Ego, amicus Ciceronis, scio hortum plerumque ad olera spectare; philosophi autem ibi docent quomodo pauca dicendo multum promittas. Gricevs: Id ipsum est ratio conversazionalis: si de te tantum dico “calligraphiam optimam habet,” intellegis reliqua; sic in horto Romano silentium saepe est argumentum, et lactuca quasi syllogismus. Lvcceivs: Cave, ne Cicero te audiat: “lactuca syllogismus” in epistulas non recipitur. Sed fateor: in urbe nostra etiam hortus disputat; et si Caesar adest, statim omnes concordant, ne disputatio in bellum vertatur. Lucceio, Lucio (a. u. c. DCXCVIII). Dicta. Roma.

Luciano (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e la gnossi. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats “what is meant” as something a hearer is entitled to recover by rational inference from what is said plus shared norms of cooperation; implicature is accountable, cancellable, and criticizable because it depends on publicly assessable reasoning about why a speaker spoke as he did. The Luciano-in-Rome vignette (a “gnosticus,” imagined as a follower of Cerdo, trading on gnosis as esoteric knowledge) sets up a contrasting model in which “knowing” is rhetorically performed rather than conversationally warranted: the gnostic posture invites audiences to accept claims on the strength of purported access to arcana, and the meaning of utterances often trades on insinuation, authority, and the immunizing move “it cannot be proved,” rather than on cooperative transparency. Read against Grice, the key contrast is that for Grice an utterance like “I know” or “I understand” carries implicatures that can be tested against conversational expectations (does it signal closure, rebuke, or agreement?), while the gnostic’s “I know” is liable to function as a shield against such tests, converting ordinary epistemic commitments into a status-claim; this is why the sophos/gnosticus distinction in your passage matters: the wise person’s authority is answerable to reasons shared in dialogue, whereas the gnostic’s authority is dramatized as possession of a private deposit. In that light, Luciano becomes a foil that sharpens Grice’s point: conversational reason does not merely decorate knowledge-talk but disciplines it, because implicature is legitimate only where interlocutors can, in principle, reconstruct the route from saying to meaning; where discourse instead treats obscurity as a credential, the “implicatures” it generates are less the output of cooperative reasoning than the byproduct of managed mystification. Grice: “I often wondered why ‘gnoseology’ was never a popular subject matter within the sub-faculty of philosophy. Now I know: it’s because it’s silly associations with the ‘gnostics’ – a term of abuse to many! Strictly, it may be argued that a gnostic is a knower – such as a pupil who answered 1811 upon being questioned when the battle of Waterloo took place. There are however implicatural distinctions between a sophos – a wise man – and a ‘gnostic’ – The Latin term ‘gnosticus’ and the English term ‘gnoseology’ both derive from the Ancient Greek term gnosis. Here’s a beakdown of the etymological connections. Gnosis, in Ancient Greek, the root of these terms, gnosis, is a Greek word for ‘knowledge.’ In the Hellenistic era, gnosis becamse particulary associated with MYSTICAL or spiritual knowledge and insight into a higher reality. It is also linked to the Indo-European root gno- which means to know. The Latin term gnosticus is derived from the Late Greek term gnostikos, which was used to refer to someone who possessed this special, often mystical, knowledge. It specifically means ‘a gnostic,’ – a person bleongin to a particular set of religious groups. The English term ‘gnoseoloy’ (or gnoseology) literally translates to ‘the study of knowledge’. It’s a philosophical term that explores the nature, origin, validity, and limits of knowledge itself. This term directly incorporates the root gnosis (knowledge) and combines it with -logy, meaning study of. In essence, gnosis provides the core meaning of ‘knowledge’in both terms. Gnosticus narrows this down to spomeone possessing a specific type of mystical knowledge, while gnoseology focuses on the broader philosophical inquiry into the concept of knowledge itself.  A gnostic, a follower of Cerdo. GRICEVS: Mirabar cur gnoseologia apud philosophos raro placeret; nunc scio: nomen ipsum ad gnosticos (quibus multi maledicunt) nimis facile labitur. Gnosticus quasi “scitor” est—ut discipulus ille qui ad “Quando fuit pugna apud Waterloo?” respondit: “MDCCCXI.” LVCIANVS: O doctissima ignorantia! Romae vidi multos gnosticos qui omnia norunt—praeter id quod rogantur. Cerdo ipse, si adesset, diceret se “scire arcana”; sed arcana semper sunt ea quae nemo probare potest. GRICEVS: Distinguendum tamen: sophos sapientia pollet, gnosticus saepe sonat quasi scientia clamosa. Hic locus est rationis conversazionalis: ex eo quod dicitur, reliquum per implicaturam inferunt—et saepe peius quam discipulus de Waterloo. LVCIANVS: Ita est: tu implicaturas metiris, ego vanitatem mordeo; et ambo eandem legem docemus—qui gnosin nimis iactat, confitetur se scientiam non habere, sed tantum fabulam bene narratam. Luciano (a. u. c. DCCCLXXXIII). Dicta. Roma.

Gaio Lucilio (Sessa Aurunca, Caserta, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as an accountable inference from what is said to what is meant, generated under cooperative expectations (say enough, be relevant, be perspicuous) that allow hearers to work out, and challenge, the speaker’s intended point. Lucilius, by contrast, represents an older Roman deployment of indirectness as a civic weapon and a literary discipline: the satirist in the Scipionic milieu uses omission, irony, and calculated understatement to make vice speak through the audience’s own recognition and embarrassment, leaving “the listeners the task” so that social shame does part of the argumentative work. On this comparison, Grice is explaining the rational mechanism by which such effects are warranted—why a remark about “beautiful handwriting” can, in context, rationally license an inference about philosophical incompetence—whereas Lucilius is practicing the art at scale, turning Rome into a conversational arena in which what is not said can be more socially efficacious than direct assertion. The key difference is normative focus: Grice theorizes a general, cooperative framework for deriving implicatures in ordinary talk, while Lucilius exploits the same inferential capacities in a largely adversarial or corrective mode, where implicature becomes moral-political critique rather than mere conversational efficiency. Yet the continuity is strong: Lucilius’ satiric economy and his reliance on shared background knowledge (politics, hypocrisy, linguistic habits) anticipate the Gricean idea that meaning often depends on what interlocutors can be expected to supply, and that rhetorical restraint can be a rational strategy precisely because it recruits the audience’s own reasoning to complete what the speaker, for prudential or stylistic reasons, leaves unsaid. Grice: “When I studied philosophy at Oxford, it was done at the sub-faculty of philosophy, part of the larger Faculty of Literae Humaiores. I remember the horror our tutors would experiment when they would see any of us pupils carrying a volume of the Loeb classical library – say: Remains of Old Latin – in our gentleman’s pocket!” -- Filosofo italiano. Alcuni romani insigni nutrirono interesse vivo per i problemi della filosofia. L. Ciò si può dire di un membro del circolo degli Scipioni, nato da famiglia ricca e distinta. L. ha un fratello che e senatore e, per mezzo della figlia, nonno di Pompeo. L. conosce la cultura greca (di cui si penetra) nell’Italia meridionale e a Roma, ove passa la maggior parte della vita. Forse soggiorna anche in Atene. Come cavaliere L. partecipa alla guerra contro Numanzia, agli ordini di Scipione Emiliano L'Affricano, con cui aveva già stretti rapporti.In seguito appoggia del'Affricano energicamente l'azione politica. L. fa parte, oltrechè del circolo degli Scipioni, di uno più ampio. L. e amico dell'accademico Clitomaco, che gli dedica un libro. Morì a Napoli. L. scrive XXX libri di satire -- un genere filosofico --, di cui restano frammenti.In esse satire, L. rappresenta e critica la vita romana dell’età sua, interessandosi soprattutto di questioni politiche. Dei vizi del tempo L. e giudice severo. L. si occupa molto di problemi logico-grammaticali, retorici e letterari.Si interessa anche di filosofia speculativa, alla quale deve avere dedicato una satira. Nei framm. del l. 28 la teoria dell’ORTO è confutata verisimilmente da uno dall’ACCADEMIA, anche perchè vi si trovano varie notizie sulla storia di tale scuola. La forma e il contenuto delle satire di L. rivelano l’influsso della filosofia popolare del cinismo di Bione e di Menippo.  Livio. GRICEVS: LVCILIV, memini Oxonii: tutores horrebant, si quis e nobis Loeb in sinu gestaret—quasi “Reliquiae Latinae” essent non liber sed crimen; quid ergo in satiris tuis implicas cum nimis eleganter taces? LVCILIVS: Implico hoc: “si taceo, non ignoro.” Nam Roma ipsa est porticus loquax; et ego, dum vitia mordeo, verbis parcere videor—re vera auditoribus negotium relinquo, ut ipse rubor eorum loquatur. GRICEVS: Bene: tu maximam servas—ne plus dicas quam opus est—et tamen efficiis ut plures intellegant quam audierint; quod Oxonii vocant artem, Romae vocatur modestia, et utrumque idem est: civilitas. LVCILIVS: At tu, GRICE, si Loeb in marsuppio videris, dicis “pulchre compactus est” et implicas “puer, lege domi”; ego autem dico “pulchra est calligraphia” et implico “mala est philosophia”—sic libri salvantur, sed homines… minus. Lucilio, Gaio (a. u. c. DCXX). Saturae.

Gaio Lucilio Minore (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano --  l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rationally defensible inference from what is said to what is meant, under cooperative expectations that make a speaker answerable for what a hearer is entitled to conclude. Lucilius (Seneca’s addressee, often identified as Lucilius Iunior, a Roman equestrian and procurator of Sicily, writing in the Neronian period) represents a different but complementary model of conversational reason: the porticus is not just a physical emblem of Stoicism but a moral setting that disciplines speech into ethical self-fashioning, where remarks function as prompts to self-assessment, correction, and steadying of character. In your portico dialogue, “I was waiting for you in the portico” can, in Gricean terms, generate multiple implicatures depending on context—rebuke for lateness, or a criticism of wavering commitment—and Grice’s framework explains exactly how such inferences are licensed (relevance, expectations about why that location is being mentioned, background norms shared by interlocutors) and how they can be cancelled or contested. But Lucilius also shows something Grice tends to bracket: in Stoic epistolary practice, the point of implying is often formative rather than merely informational, aimed at producing moral uptake rather than just belief, so that the “reason” governing the exchange is as much ethical as epistemic. The comparison, then, is that Grice provides the analytic machinery that makes the portico’s indirectness intelligible and criticizable as inference, while Lucilius exemplifies a tradition in which indirectness is cultivated as a mode of moral pedagogy—where the same utterance can carry a standing implication about how one ought to live, because the shared setting (the Porch) functions as a publicly recognized cue for the kind of reasons that are in play. Grice: “At Oxford, we speak of the Porch – the Romans spoke of Porticus, and the Athenians SAW it. I would be puzzled if a pupil of mine would challenge to define ‘stoicism’ by a word other than one making reference to such a stupid architectural feature as a porticus! But I should try harder!” Filosofo italiano. A poetic philosopher. Best known as the friend of Seneca, to whom CXXIV letters are written discussing a wide range of issues from a primarily point of view of the Porch. GRICEVS: LVCILIV, apud Oxonienses “Porch” dicitur; Romani “porticum” dixerunt; Athenienses ipsam viderunt. Mirarer si quis Stoicum definiret nisi per tam stultam rem architectonicam—sed conabor, ne videar in porticu ipse haerere. LVCILIVS: At ego, poeta, in porticu ambulo: ibi versus nascuntur et sententiae. Sed quaero: si dico “in porticu te exspectabam,” quid implico? “sero venisti,” an “Stoicus esse desisti”? GRICEVS: Utrumque, si res postulat: dictum est de loco; implicatum de moribus. Nam porticus non solum tectum est, sed norma: qui sub ea moratur, promittit se frigus, famem, et amici sermones aequo vultu laturum. LVCILIVS: Bene; ergo cum frigus sit et ego pallescam, dicam “Stoice me gero”—et tu intelliges me non de virtute gloriari, sed de tunica queri: porticus eadem, implicatura alia. Lucilio Minore, Gaio (a. u. c. DCCCXV). Dicta. Roma.

Lucio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e il cinargo romano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rationally recoverable inference from what is said to what is meant, grounded in cooperative expectations that make speakers accountable for the extra content their words license in context. The Lucio vignette, set in Rome and keyed to the Roman fashion for importing Athenian “toponyms” of philosophy (agora, Academy, Lyceum, Stoa, Garden, and the Cynosarges/Cynargus), reframes conversational reason less as a formal set of maxims and more as a culturally situated practice in which place-names function as cues for stance, style, and even faction: to say “let’s go to the Cynargus” is not merely to designate a location but to signal a posture of sharp-edged, dog-like critique and to invite an audience to anticipate a particular kind of exchange. Read Griceanly, Lucio’s question—does the utterance indicate only a destination, or also “we’ll bite Favorinus”?—is exactly the distinction between what is said (a literal proposal of movement) and what is implicated (a planned rhetorical attack), with the implicature generated because hearers assume relevance and shared background knowledge about what “Cynargus” conventionally evokes in that intellectual milieu. The contrast, then, is that Grice supplies the explicit inferential machinery (how the implicature is justified, cancellable, and criticizable), whereas “Lucio” supplies a social-semiotic mechanism (how a learned city turns philosophical geography into shorthand for conversational roles), making clear that reason-governed meaning can ride not only on sentence content but on culturally loaded labels that compress whole argumentative temperaments into a single word. Grice: “When I refer to the Athenian dialectic, to oppose it to the Oxonian dialectic, I mainly focus on Socrates, at the agora, Plato, at the academy, and Aristotle, and the lycaeum – but it must be remembered that, small as it was – compared to London, or Paris, or even Rome – Athens included other think tanks, such as the Porch, the Garden, and the ‘cynargo’!” Grice: “The toponymy of the Athenian dialectic was particularly popular at Rome!” Filosofo italiano. Of the Cynargo and an opponent of Favorino. GRICEVS: LVCI, cum de dialectica Atheniensi loqueris—agora, Academia, Lyceum—noli oblivisci Cynargi: Roma enim toponymiam amat quasi vinum Graecum, sed bibit more Romano. LVCIVS: Recte; sed dic mihi, GRICE: si in foro dico “eamus ad Cynargum,” num tantum locum indico, an etiam implico “ibi mordebimus Favorinum”? GRICEVS: Utrumque: quod dicitur est iter; quod significatur est consilium. “Cynargus” sonat quasi canes arguti; ideo qui illuc vocat, praemonet: “porta iocos et dentes”—sed dentes, quaeso, rhetoricos. LVCIVS: Ergo ratio conversationis est quasi canis urbanus: non latrat nisi cum opus est—et cum latrat, omnes intellegunt plus quam audierunt; quod si Favorinus queratur, respondebo: “non te momordi; tantum Cynargum nominavi.” Lucio (a. u. c. DCCCLXXXIII). Dicta. Roma.

Tito Lucrezio Caro (Pompei): la ragione conversazionale e l’ORTO romano, l’implicatura conversazionale dell’alma figlia di Giove. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rational, publicly answerable route from what is said to what is meant: hearers supply extra content because they assume cooperation and can justify the inference by appeal to shared norms and recognizable speaker intentions. Lucretius, by contrast, offers a thoroughly naturalistic account of how “signs” and seeming-meaning arise without any appeal to cooperative intentions: in De rerum natura (AUC 699), the dreaming dog that “marks tracks” and “signs with its voice” exemplifies how behavior can look meaningful because atomic simulacra and bodily dispositions continue in sleep, even when no present quarry and no audience-directed communicative act exists. The comparison thus sharpens Grice’s central distinction between mere indication and genuine speaker-meaning: what the dog’s bark and vestigia do in Lucretius is closer to natural meaning (symptom, trace, causal sign), whereas Grice’s implicature belongs to the space of reasons, where an utterance is produced so that a hearer will recognize an intention and draw an inference under conversational norms. At the same time, Lucretius’s Epicurean “garden” perspective helps explain why Grice insists on separating meaning from mere convention and from mere behavioral regularity: Lucretius shows how rich, quasi-semantic effects can be generated by nature alone, and Grice’s project can be read as the further step of identifying what must be added—mutual recognition, rational accountability, and cooperative presumption—for those effects to count as conversational meaning rather than as the “implicature” we project onto any expressive creature. Finally, the clinamen motif usefully contrasts the two rationalities: for Lucretius the swerve secures the physical possibility of novelty and agency in a world of atoms, while for Grice the “swerve” from literal statement (via maxim-flouting) secures the pragmatic possibility of novelty in what we mean, without breaking the governance of reason that makes conversation a shared, criticizable practice. Venatores cum saepe canes in molli sopore iactant membra, tamen sudant vestigia crebra voceque saepe simul signant, quasi illa tenentes praedam animo, atque etiam quasi iam certamine facto. Grice: “It has to be remembered that philosophers of my generation first ecountered philosophy via the classics. I would never have thought of philosophy had I not won a more popular ‘classical scholarship’ to Corpus at Clifton – and the rest is history. Therefore, L. was second nature tome! By far the most important concept in L.’s philosoophy is that of clinamen that Strawson translates as the ‘swerve.’ It was saved from extinction by an Italian – as the novel tells you! While Strawson reads it in Latin, I prefer the version in the vulgar! And by the vulgar I mean MARCHETTI! It is amazing how well MARCHETTI interprets L. – there is a little treatise on Epicureanism in the L. by MARCHETTI which is interesting. A real continuity in Italian philosophy!” Possibly the most important Italian philosopher.  The reception of L.'s De rerum natura is a saga of extreme highs and lows, shifting from foundational influence in Rome to near-oblivion in the Middle Ages, before sparking a philosophical revolution in Renaissance Italy. Roman Philosophy L. is a massive, if controversial, presence in the Golden and Silver Ages of Roman philosophy. The earliest recorded critique appears in a letter from CICERONE  to his brother, praising the poem for its "inspired brilliance" and "great artistry". Augustan Age VIRGILIO  famously alludes to L. in the Georgics ("Happy is he who has discovered the causes of things"), though he later uses myth to counter L.’s rationalism. ORAZIO  adopts a pragmatic, less dogmatic Epicureanism, while OVIDIO predicts the poem will only perish with the end of the world. Imperial Rome: Seneca the Younger quotes the poem multiple times, and PLINIO lists L. as a primary source for his Natural History. La natura delle cose. Implicatura atomica. Iimplicatura e composizionalità. Articolazione. Implicatura elementare. Implicatura simplex. Implicatura semplice. Implicatura complessa. Alma figlia di Giove. 20 Oct 1928, Clifton. Today our Latin master, in one of those brisk moods in which a grammar point is treated as a moral reform, took us through Lucretius’ hunting-dogs and made the line do its tricks: the dogs in soft sleep still twitch, sweat, and mark the ground with rapid footsteps, and they signant with their voice as though they were holding the quarry in mind, as though the contest were already on. He lingered on signant and vestigia, pleased with the way the words make a kind of sense even before one has translated them: the voice as a “sign,” the tracks as if the dream itself were leaving footprints on the bedding. I found myself thinking of Father’s maxim (he trots it out whenever he means to be severe with my more airy fancies): nihil est in intellectu quod prius non fuerit in sensu. Very well; but the sleeping dog does not look as though he is making an inference from a sensation to a conclusion. He is not theorising about the hare; he is, in some manner, continuing the chase without the hare, and his body supplies the missing world. The master called it poetic vividness; I wanted to call it a problem. What Lucretius is doing, I think, is not sentimental at all but atomistic: dreams are not visits from another realm; they are the mind still being struck by extremely fine films or traces (simulacra) that peel off things and, once inside, set the soul’s atoms moving in familiar patterns. So the dog’s “vestigia” in sleep are less acceptable than those of the waking dog only because the sensory traffic is thinner and more private: no new quarry is present, yet old motions continue as if prompted. In waking life the dog’s track-making belongs to a shared field where others can check it; in sleep the same movements become self-sufficient, running on stored impressions. Mother says Oxford will teach me all about that, and perhaps it will; but already the passage seems to show that a “sign” need not be a deliberate message. A dog can signare without meaning to signify, and yet we cannot resist reading his little barks as if they were about something. That, too, is a kind of lesson: we are always tempted to treat mere signs as if they were communications, and perhaps half of education is learning when that temptation is sound and when it is merely a dream leaving footprints. GRICEVS: LVCRETI, memineris: nos philosophiae gustum e classicis hausimus; ideo mihi tu secunda natura es. Sed dic, in horto tuo Romano—si dico “pulchra mala sunt,” quid implico? LVCRETIVS: Implicas “sume unum”—et si non sumo, iam clinamen facio, id est declino a via recta ad mensam: atomus parva, sed prandium magnum. GRICEVS: Probe: ratio conversationis hortum colit. Verba pauca seris, sensus plures metis; et “alma Iovis filia” si vocatur, saepe significat “noli quaerere unde—sed quomodo dicatur.” LVCRETIVS: Ita est: tu maximas seris, ego atomos; sed uterque eodem ridiculo labore: ut auditores intellegant plus quam audiverint—et tamen putent se solos sapientes esse. Lucrezio Caro, Tito (a. u. c. DCXCIX). De rerum natura.

Lucio Licinio Lucullo (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how a hearer can responsibly recover what is meant beyond what is said by assuming cooperative rationality: implicatures are justified inferences from an utterance plus shared norms, not merely witty afterthoughts or social atmosphere. Lucullus, as your passage frames him, supplies a classical case where meaning is inseparable from practical life and strategic self-presentation: the famous Plutarchan quip “Today Lucullus dines with Lucullus” trades on the ordinary presumption carried by cum/apud/secum (company, a second party) in order to redirect the audience toward an evaluative point about dignity and self-sufficiency, a miniature of how a speaker can exploit default expectations to make “alone” sound like “distinguished company.” Compared with Grice, Lucullus is not theorizing inference; he is exemplifying it in social practice, showing how conversational reason can be used to manage appearances and to control what others are entitled to conclude (the host is alone, yet the occasion is worthy of splendour), much as his military-political career required calibrated signalling amid loyalty and mutiny. The contrast is therefore between Grice’s analytical ambition to specify the principles by which such inferences are warranted and criticizable (including where they can be cancelled, or where a categorial slip is being exploited for comic effect) and Lucullus’s cultivated Roman tact in deploying those very expectations for rhetorical and ethical ends. Put simply: Grice gives the normative mechanics of implicature; Lucullus provides a high-status Roman demonstration of how a single small linguistic trigger can generate a socially powerful implicature—one that works because interlocutors share a background sense of what “with” normally commits you to, and of what it means, in a culture of public display, to be one’s own best guest. Grice: “L. is a good example of what I mean by philosophy – philosophy ain’t a profession, and it’s not an ‘extra’ to your life. L. was a philosopher, not a tutor thereof!” -- Grice: “It has to be remembered that philosophers of my generation met philosophy through the classics. I would never have even considered philosophy had I not won a ‘classics scholarship’ at Clifton for Corpus. Therefore, L. is second nature to me!” Si distingue nella guerra sociale come tribunus militum. Avendo avuto quale pro-questore sotto SILLA  nella guerra mitridatica l’incarico di recarsi dalla Grecia in Cirenaica e in Egitto e di raccogliere una flotta, L. volle avere presso di sè Antioco d’Ascalona in quel pericoloso viaggio sul mare. Pretore, propretore in Africa, e console, ottenne il governo proconsolare della Cilicia e il comando della guerra contro Mitridate e sconfisse prima questo, poi il suo alleato Tigrane re di Armenia. Negl'anni del suo comando, batiè con poche forze grossi eserciti nemici. Ma per il malcontento dei soldati le cose peggiorarono, sicchè i suoi avversari lo fanno richiamare a Roma ove soltanto gli e concesso il trionfo. L. contribuì potentemente alla diffuzione della filosofia in Roma. L. e oratore, storico -- scrive una storia della guerra socriale -- e si interessa vivamente per la filosofia, tanto che volle compagno Antioco sia da pro-questore che da pro-console e cogli studi filosofici si consola degli insuccessi politici. A rich Roman who makes a career in public and military life. A friend and pupil of Antioco, his philosophical tastes appear to have been quite eclectic. He spends his last years quietly going insane. LIVIO. 20 Oct 1928, Clifton. Today the Latin master marched us through the intrinsics of cum, that small word with the large life. He produced, as if it were a model of lucid Latin, the line: Lucullus cenat cum Lucullo. The class took it as the obvious joke (Lucullus dining alone, yet “with” himself), but I could not help feeling there is a mild categorial impropriety hidden in it, as if cum demanded plurality of persons and here is being made to do duty for the one and the same. I nearly objected that the “with” is not a relation a thing can bear to itself except by a sort of grammatical indulgence; but I remembered that Mother is set on Oxford, and that I may have years at Corpus to quarrel with small words and their pretensions. Still, it is a good joke, and not merely because it plays on reflexivity. It relies on what cum ordinarily carries: company, a second agent, a table with more than one place-setting; Lucullus exploits that ordinary presumption to make “alone” sound convivial. Perhaps that is the point: the Latin lets you say “with” and quietly invite the hearer to supply the rest—the implied contrast between dining as a public performance and dining as private appetite. One begins to suspect that half of Latin style is this art of letting a preposition do what a whole subordinate clause would do in English. If so, then cum is already a lesson in how much can be meant without being said, and Lucullus—famous for dinners that did not need an audience—has become, unintentionally, the day’s tutor in implicature. The quip is commonly reported in Plutarch’s Life of Lucullus as an anecdote about Lucullus ordering a lavish dinner when dining “alone”; when questioned, he replies, in effect, “Today Lucullus dines with Lucullus,” i.e., he is his own guest and deserves the same splendour. The Latin is often given as Lucullus hodie apud Lucullum cenat or Lucullus hodie secum cenat; cum/se(c)um/apud vary in retellings, but the pragmatic point is stable: the preposition triggers an expectation of company which the punchline cancels and redirects toward self-addressed dignity. GRICEVS: LVCVLLE, si vis rationem conversationis discere, noli quaerere artem: philosophia non est professio neque vitae accessorium; tu ipse philosophus eras, non paedagogus philosophiae. LVCVLLVS: GRICE, ego quidem proquaestor inter mare et piratas Antiochum mecum duxi; nunc rogo: si dico “intelligo,” num aliquid praeter dicta significo, an tantum me ipsum laudo? GRICEVS: Saepe, mi LVCVLLE, “intelligo” plus quam dicit: implicat “desine longius pergere.” Id est: verba modesta, sed gladius tacitus—et plerumque sine sanguine. LVCVLLVS: Ita ergo: in bello Mithridatico classis parva, in sermone verbum parvum—utraque magna facit; sed cave, ne miles ingratus sit aut auditor: tum etiam maxima tua ad Romam revocabuntur. Lucullo, Lucio Licinio (a. u. c. DCLXXX). Dicta. Roma.

Cesare Luporini (Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, i corpi di VINCI, LEOPARDI fascista – leopardi fascisti – ultra-filosofico. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as an inferential product of rational cooperation: what a speaker means beyond what is said is recoverable because interlocutors presume an orderly, reason-sensitive exchange (a kind of pragmatic contract) and can justify the extra step by appeal to shared maxims. Luporini, by contrast, is best read as relocating “reason” from the micro-norms of conversational inference to the broader historical and material conditions of human agency: moving from early exposure to Heidegger and Hartmann to a Marxist orientation, he emphasizes bodies, practices, and non-teleological history, and his celebrated work on Leopardi frames philosophy as inseparable from the lived, somatic and political situation of the human animal rather than as primarily a calculus of what is implied by an utterance. On this comparison, Grice is interested in how rationality shows itself in the fine structure of saying and meaning (including psycho-somatic vs purely psychic ascriptions), whereas Luporini treats rationality as something that must be diagnosed at the level of culture, ideology, and the embodied subject—so that what is “implied” in discourse is often not a speaker’s tidy communicative intention but the pressure of historical forces and forms of life that speak through the individual. The overlap is that both oppose crude reductions: Grice resists reducing meaning to convention or mere behavior, while Luporini resists reducing persons to disembodied mind or to a finalistic story of progress; but they diverge on where the governing explanation lives—Grice in publicly criticizable inferential norms of conversation, Luporini in the thick material-historical account of how minds and bodies come to have the kinds of reasons (and the kinds of language) they can deploy at all. Grice: “I like L.’s ultraphilosophical. Austin used paraphilosophical, at most!” Grice: “In my ‘Personal identity’ I consider ‘someone’ statements which are only corporal (o somatic): “I fell down the stairs” – others which are psycho-somatic, and others which are purely psychic! ‘Psycho-somatical’ is a good Hellenistic formation. I don’t think CICERONE could come up with aa just as good Roman formation! I like L.; I lerarned from him how silly Austin is when talking of ‘material object’ – a contradiction in terminis for Kant who uses ‘materie’ very strictly; L.’s study of Leopardi is brilliant – and he has explored the genius of Vinci, which is good!” Si reca a Friburgo, dove frequenta le lezioni di Heidegger, e poi a Berlino, dove poté seguire le lezioni di Hartmann. Si laurea a Firenze. Insegna a Cagliari, Pisa e Firenze. Dopo un in interesse per l'esistenzialismo, aderì al marxismo, iscrivendosi al Partito Comunista, per il quale fu eletto senatore nella terza legislature. Tra le altre iniziative parlamentari, fu firmatario di un progetto di legge, "Istituzione della scuola obbligatoria statale. Fonda la rivista Società.  Collabora ai periodici politico-culturali del PCI, Il Contemporaneo, Rinascita, Critica marxista. Durante il dibattito che, a seguito degli eventi, porta alla trasformazione del PCI in PDS, si schierò decisamente contro la "svolta" di Occhetto, aderendo alla mozione "due" di opposizione interna, in un'orgogliosa difesa e per un rilancio della prospettiva e degli ideali comunisti. Il marxismo di Luporini si fonda su una critica radicale allo storicismo, sul rifiuto di ogni concezione finalistica dello sviluppo storico: il comunismo, quello marxista in particolare, non è assimilabile con la tematica tipicamente storicista del progresso come traccia dell'evoluzione umana. Corpo e mente, corpo animato, l’anima di VINCI, la mente di Leonardo. Grice: Caro Luporini, mi hai insegnato che Austin, quando parla di “oggetto materiale”, rischia di inciampare in un paradosso peggio di quello di Kant. Però, se scivolo dalle scale, è colpa del mio corpo o della mia anima? Luporini: Grice, se scivoli dalle scale, direi che è il corpo a cadere, ma la mente che si chiede: “Perché proprio oggi?” Leonardo avrebbe già studiato il problema e Leopardi ne avrebbe scritto un verso malinconico! Grice: Ecco, allora il corpo animato di Vinci risolve gli errori pratici e la mente di Leopardi trasforma la caduta in filosofia ultra-filosofica. Ma Austin avrebbe chiesto se la scala è davvero una scala o solo un’idea di scala! Luporini: Grice, a questo punto, meglio affidarsi alla ragione conversazionale: se la conversazione funziona, la scala può diventare persino un trampolino per nuove idee. Tanto, tra corpo e mente, la vera implicatura è che si cade sempre con stile! Luporini, Cesare (1940). Filosofia e politica. Firenze: Sansoni.

Alessandro Luzzago (Brescia, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as an accountable inference: interlocutors assume a cooperative, rational orientation to the exchange, so what is meant beyond what is said can be derived (and challenged) by appeal to shared conversational norms rather than to private inspiration or sheer rhetorical effect. In the Luzzago passage, “ragione conversazionale” is recast as a civic-spiritual discipline: Alessandro Luzzago, a Brescian patrician educated in Jesuit philosophical culture (publicly disputing hundreds of theses, moving between Padua, Milan, and Rome) and deeply involved in post‑Tridentine institutions of charity, mediation, and concord (Monti di Pietà, religious congregations, civic reconciliation), treats conversation as a practical technology for repairing the city—speech as a vehicle of concordia sustained by habits of listening, prudence, and beneficence. The comparison therefore contrasts Grice’s primarily explanatory project (how rational norms make indirect meaning intelligible and criticizable in talk) with Luzzago’s primarily formative project (how disciplined talk, underwritten by charity, creates the social conditions in which concord is possible at all). Where Grice’s maxims and implicature illuminate the logic of interpretation inside a conversational episode, Luzzago’s “conversational reason” functions as an ethic of dialogue and institutional practice—closer to civic rhetoric and pastoral governance—so that charity is not merely something that can be implied but something that must be enacted as the background commitment that keeps conversation from collapsing into faction, insult, or sterile disputation. In that sense Luzzago can be read as supplying a moral-political grounding for the cooperative stance that Grice typically models as a rational presumption: cooperation is not just a convenient default for deriving implicatures, but a cultivated virtue and a civic program, without which the very rationality of conversation would fail to take root in communal life. Grice: “I like L.” -- A retrsopective of an important philosopher. Keywords. implicatura. Filosofo italiano. Brescia, Lombardia. Nato da Girolamo e da Paola Peschiera, in una delle più importanti famiglie del patriziato cittadino, e educato alla pratica devota e all'apostolato. Nel convento di S. Antonio dei gesuiti si impegna in un corso di filosofia. Dibatte in pubblico 737 argomenti filosofici! Con l'aiuto di Borromeo partecipa a Milano ai corsi di teologia dei gesuiti di Brera. Si laurea a Padova. Desideroso di entrare a far parte della Compagnia di Gesù, le difficoltà economiche della famiglia, causate da alcune transazioni inopportune del padre, glielo impedirono. Conservatore dei Monti di Pietà, e  protettore della Compagnia delle Dimesse di S. Orsola e di altri due istituti caritativi bresciani: il Soccorso e le Zitelle. Ri-organizza e da nuovo impulse a un'altra istituzione sorta dopo il Concilio di Trento: la Scuola della dottrina cristiana. Fonda la Congregazione di S. Caterina da Siena. Per far sì che il suo operato continuasse, fonda la Congregazione dello Spirito Santo, che raccolse i membri della classe dirigente cittadina con l'obiettivo di co-operare più efficacemente e concordemente al sostegno di tutte le buone istituzioni e mantenere un clima di Concordia. Infatti, intercede per la conciliazione delle famiglie nobili bresciane spesso in conflitto. La sua indole caritativa emerse soprattutto quando venne a far parte del Consiglio di Brescia, dove sa armonizzare le strutture governative ed organismi canonici. Nelle opere scritte vi sono indicazioni per i cavalieri di Malta, sulla carità, ispirati al modello della Compagnia di Gesù. Durante il suo viaggio a Roma esamina le strutture di beneficenza per poi proporle a Brescia. Ha la possibilità di conoscere F. Neri. In un'epistola a Morosini, e informato che Clemente, prende in considerazione il suo nome per la carica di arcivescovo di Milano. Implicatura. Grice: Caro Luzzago, mi ha sempre colpito il modo in cui riesci a intrecciare la ragione conversazionale con la carità. Secondo te, la filosofia ha davvero il potere di creare concordia nelle città? Luzzago: Gentile Grice, penso che la filosofia debba essere vissuta come pratica quotidiana, soprattutto nel dialogo. La conversazione, se fondata sulla comprensione reciproca, è il primo passo per sanare i conflitti e promuovere la concordia, proprio come ho cercato di fare a Brescia. Grice: Mi piace questa tua visione. A Oxford, spesso dibattiamo su implicature sottili, ma forse è nel concreto agire, come tu suggerisci, che la ragione conversazionale trova il suo vero senso. La carità, allora, diventa una vera implicatura filosofica? Luzzago: Esattamente, Grice! La carità non è solo un gesto, ma un principio filosofico che si manifesta nel dialogo e nell’azione. Credo che la filosofia debba essere utile: armonizzare, ascoltare, proporre soluzioni. Dopotutto, come insegna la Compagnia di Gesù, senza compassione il ragionare resta arido. Luzzago, Alessandro (1598). Discorsi politici. Venezia: Appresso Francesco de Franceschi.

Macedo (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as an accountable, rational step from what is said to what is meant, licensed by cooperative expectations that let hearers supply what is left unsaid in a disciplined way. The Macedo vignette (a learned Roman “garden” philosopher, placed in the Aulus Gellius milieu and given a playful Dicta voice) casts conversational reason less as a set of inferential norms and more as a scene and ethos: philosophy as cultivated sociability, where talk is sustained by place (hortus vs porticus), shared leisure, and a style of exchange that makes ideas fruitful rather than merely correct. Compared with Grice, Macedo’s “orto romano” emphasizes the environmental and convivial conditions under which implicatures thrive—common ground, relaxed timing, mutual goodwill—whereas Grice’s distinctive move is to abstract from the setting and explain how, even without shared gardens or rituals, interlocutors can still justifiably derive intended meanings through principles that make interpretation criticizable (one can ask: was that really implied, and by what reasoning?). In other words, Macedo provides a cultural micro-model of how conversation becomes philosophical (the garden as a technology of civil talk), while Grice provides the explanatory mechanism of how conversation becomes meaningful (implicature as reason-governed inference); and the contrast also shows how the same indirectness can be read either as a virtue of cultivated company (Macedo’s salad-and-implicature conviviality) or as a formally characterizable feature of communicative intention and rational uptake (Grice’s maxims and their calculable departures). Grice: “When I refer to the Athenian dialectic, in contrast with the Oxonian dialectic, I point to the agora where Socrates philosophized barefoot, but also the gyms at Plato’s academy and Aristotle’s lizio – and last but not least, the portico, and the orto. Oddly, it was the orto, or garden, which for years, and thanks to Walter Pater – our father – remained for years the most influential school at Oxford, due to the efforts of one called Marius!” Macedo was a philosopher and a friend of Aulo Gellio. Livio. Macedo. GRICEVS: Salve, Macede, audivi te in orto Romano philosophari. Dic mihi, quid inter ortum et porticum interest? Ego semper in porticu frigore laboravi! MACEDVS: O Grice, in orto Romae, philosophus non solum cogitat, sed etiam pomum edit! Porticus est locus rectus, ortus autem locus rotundus—ut mens nostra post prandium. GRICEVS: Ergo, ortus magis ad dialogum aptus est? Socrates, si in horto fuisset, forsitan non solum disputavit, sed etiam cucumeres distribuit. MACEDVS: Certe! In horto, omnis conversatio fructus fert. Grice, venias ad hortum meum: promittimus philosophicas implicaturas et salata—ne quis sit disputatio arida! Macedo (a. u. c. CMXIII). Dicta. Roma.

Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (Firenze, Toscana): l’implicatura conversazionale del principe di LIVIO at Oxford. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as an accountable inference from what is said to what is meant, guided by shared rational expectations (cooperation, relevance, adequate informativeness) and anchored in the speaker’s intention that the hearer recognize those intentions; the point is to explain how communication can be indirect yet still disciplined by reasons. Machiavelli is a useful foil because his central concern is not conversational inference but strategic action under conditions of conflict, partial trust, and institutional fragility: in The Prince and the Discourses (with Livy as a standing source of exempla), what agents “mean” or “signal” is often designed to manage appearances, secure obedience, or pre-empt rivals, so indirectness becomes a tool of prudence and power rather than a benign by-product of cooperative rational exchange. Compared this way, Grice’s conversational “quasi-contract” is a normative background that makes implicature calculable and criticizable, whereas Machiavelli’s political “contract” (and its breaches) is precisely what cannot be assumed, making interpretation itself a contested field where deception, dissimulation, and strategic ambiguity are sometimes rational. The overlap is that both are, in their own domains, theorists of practical reason: Grice models the rational constraints that make mutual understanding possible; Machiavelli models the rational constraints that make stable rule possible when mutual understanding is unreliable. Even the onomastic play in your passage (Machiavelli as “crafty/shrewd,” the Oxford worry about spelling and pronunciation, and Machiavelli’s own attention to linguistic nuance) can be read Griceanly: it dramatizes how small choices in wording and form carry socially legible implications—but where Grice treats those implications as answerable to cooperative norms, Machiavelli treats them as instruments within a competitive arena where what is left unsaid may matter most because others will weaponize it. Grice: “Humpty Dumpty is wrong. If someone comes to you and she is named’Alice’ is very rare that you would be curious as to what ‘Alice’ means – it’s different with ‘M..’ The surname M. is of Italian origin, primarily associated with the region of Toscana. While its precise etymology is debated, the leading theory suggests it derives from the Old Italian ‘machiave,’ which means ‘crafty’ or ‘shrewd’. Some sources suggest the nam’s meaning is related to ‘sneaky’ or ‘deceitful.’ This association with cunning and strategic thinking is strongly reinforced by the legacy of M., the influential Renaissance political philosopher and diplomat whose work, The Prince, explored pragmatic and sometimes ruthless approaches to governance. Other potential derivations include a hypothesis linking the surname to the medieval name ‘Malchiodo,’ a variant of the Hebrew name ‘Melki’or, meanin ‘my king) (God) is light’. In conclusion, the most widely accepted etymology links the surname ‘M.’ to the Italian term meaning ‘crafty’ or ‘shrewd,’ a meaning further empahsised by its association with the renowned philosopher Niccolo Machiavelli. Filosofo fiorentino. Filosofo italiano. Firenze, Toscana. Grice: “While Strawson prefers ‘The Prince,’ my favourite M. is the dialogo, discorso, ovvero dialogo intorno della lingua. The full title makes it sound slightly analytic – ‘whether it should be called ‘florentine, Italian, or tooscana’ I mean, a stipulation! Like me, we can call Machiavelli a philosopher of language – the trend being very Florentine between M. and Varchi. Possibly Italy’s greateset philosopher. Grice: “L. J. Cohen told me that he once asked for the MS of The Prince at his college – and they told him: ‘We cannot find it!’ Livio, storia romana – Grice on the history of England – Livio, storia romana –la storia romana come fonte d’essempi nella filosofia romana --il principe, Macchiavelli fascista – l’ossessione dal duce per M., la dottrina fascista dello stato machiavellico, Empiegatura. Grice: Caro Machiavelli, mi consenta una curiosità: secondo lei, dovrei raddoppiare la “c” nel suo cognome e pronunciarlo “Macchiavelli”? Le confesso che, a Oxford, la tentazione filologica è forte! Non sarebbe solo una questione di ortografia, ma proprio di musicalità della lingua italiana, che rispetto moltissimo. Machiavelli: Carissimo Grice, la sua osservazione è assai acuta! In effetti, anche io trovo che “Macchiavelli” abbia un suono più pieno e deciso. Non solo la scrittura, ma la pronuncia geminata rende meglio la fermezza del mio pensiero e la concretezza fiorentina. Quasi quasi dovremmo adottarla ufficialmente! Grice: Che bello sentirglielo dire! D'altronde, anche nei suoi dialoghi lei attribuiva molta importanza alla lingua, al modo in cui le parole vengono usate, quasi come se la filosofia stessa fosse questione di una lettera in più o in meno. Machiavelli: Esatto, Grice. A Firenze, ogni sfumatura conta, anche nella pronuncia. E poi, come lei insegna, ciò che si implica conversando può modificare il senso stesso delle parole. Dunque, avanti con “Macchiavelli”, se così il discorso risulta più incisivo e… più italiano! Machiavelli, Niccolò di Bernardo dei (1513). Il Principe, Firenze: Antonio Blado d’Asola.

Ambrogio Teodosio Macrobio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rationally tractable step from what is said to what is meant, licensed by shared cooperative expectations and by the speaker’s intention that the hearer recognize those intentions; it is a theory about how unsaid content becomes accountable in ordinary exchange. Macrobius, by contrast, is not offering a pragmatic calculus of inference but a literary-philosophical staging of learned discourse: in the Saturnalia he frames erudition as banquet conversation, and the “extra” meaning often rides on cultural allusion, quotation, and the social choreography of speakers rather than on a minimalist set of maxims designed to predict and justify inferences. The comparison is therefore between two kinds of rational governance: Grice’s is normative and analytic, aiming to show how a hearer is entitled to derive a specific implicature (and how it can be cancelled or challenged), while Macrobius’s is exemplary and encyclopedic, showing how intellectual authority is exercised through dialogic form, where what is left unsaid is frequently supplied by shared education in Plato, Cicero, and the Roman tradition. In Gricean terms, Macrobius’s convivia presuppose an intensified common ground: the participants can “mean” by hint because they can rely on a thick background of texts and social roles, so the dialogue format becomes a machine for generating implicatures through learned recognizability rather than through strict conversational economy. And this also sharpens a biographical irony noted in your passage: Macrobius’s own origin is uncertain and he calls himself foreign-born, yet his conversational art depends on the very Roman continuity of learning that makes indirectness work—an anticipation, in a different register, of Grice’s idea that conversation is possible only where reason and mutual recognitional capacities are already in place. Grice: “When I won at Clifton a classics scholarship to Corpus I knew that sooner or later I would come to love Macrobius!” -- Filosofo italiano. Adere al Platonismo. E praefectus praetorio Hispaniarum, proconsole d’Africa, praepositus sacri cubiculi, gran ciambellano. È ignota la patria di M. Certamente M. dove essere legato da stretti rapporti alla famiglia dell’oratore Simmaco, a un figlio o nipote del quale dedica un saggio. Scrive un commento al Sogno di Scipione di CICERONE, che ci è giunto intero, e i Saturnalia, lacunosi. Dal De differentiis et societatibus graeci latinique verbi, Delle differenze e concordanze del verbo greco e del latino," restano soltanto estratti, nulla può risultare sull’argomento. Nel commento, dedicato al figlio Eustachio, cerca d’interpretare in senso platonico il saggio di CICERONE, accumula molta erudizione e perciò spesso si occupa di argomenti che poco hanno da fare col suo oggetto. I frequenti riferimenti al Timeo e le lodi del Platonismo -- Platone e Plotino sono chiamati, i principi della filosofia -- fa supporre che M. si sia servito di un commento platonico a quel dialogo, probabilmente di quello di Porfirio, derivato in ultimo dal commento di Posidonio.Si è anche pensato a una fonte latina intermedia e sulla questione sono state presentate svariate ipotesi.In ogni caso, anche se non si giunge a considerare M. come un semplice trascrittore di una o due opere altrui, che non mette nulla di suo, si può sospettare che non abbia letto i numerosi autori che cita, Posteriori al Commento sembrano i Saturnali in 7 libri, scritti prima della pubblicazione del commento virgiliano di Servio, pure dedicati al figlio Eustachio, al quale volle presentare i risultati dei suoi studi di autori di cui generalmente riprodusse le parole. Però cerca di organizzare tali temi fingendo di riprodurre le conversazioni che, durante banchetti fatti in occasione delle feste dei Saturnali, avevano tenuto persone insigni per cultura su argomenti svariatissimi. Ambrogio Teodosio Macrobio. Roma. GRICEVS: Macrobî, gratias tibi ago: ex Saturnalibus tuis didici non solum convivium, sed etiam rationem conversationalem—et (ut dicimus) implicaturam. MACROBIVS: Grice, si “implicatura” dicis, iam te inter convivas meos pono: plura intellegis quam dicis, et tamen nihil neglegenter dicis. GRICEVS: Cum Cliftonii ad Corpus stipendium classicum ceperim, scivi me tandem Macrobium amaturum: ecce, praefectum praetorio amo, sed meum amorem tantum subintelligo. MACROBIVS: Bene facis: Platonici enim solemus plus in Timeo quam in mensa ponere; tu vero, convivator urbanissime, ostendis etiam scholam posse cenare—modo nemo me roget unde sim: id, more meo, implicatur. Macrobio, Ambrogio Teodosio (a. u. c. MCLIII). Comentarii in Somnium Scipionis. Roma

Lorenzo Magalotti (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di naturali esperienze. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as an inferential achievement licensed by cooperative norms: what is meant goes beyond what is said because rational interlocutors can justify, and contest, the route from utterance to intended uptake, with “natural” meaning (signs, symptoms) kept distinct from speaker-meaning even when ordinary talk slides between them. Magalotti’s Saggi di naturali esperienze (first issued in 1666 as the Accademia del Cimento’s experimental reports, with Magalotti as secretary-editor) embodies a different but complementary rationality: the disciplining of experience through public procedures, controlled observation, and reportable description, in which the aim is to make nature legible by agreed methods rather than to make intentions legible by maxims. The comparison is thus between two norms of intelligibility: for Grice, conversational reason is the set of pragmatic expectations that make indirect communication accountable (so that metaphorical or adjectival talk of “natural” and “artificial” meaning can be sorted by tests like cancellability and calculability), whereas for Magalotti, reason is the shared experimental ethos that turns “experience” into communicable knowledge via repeatable trials and carefully framed narratives of phenomena. Where Grice explains how hearers recover what a speaker is doing with words, Magalotti shows how a community recovers what nature is doing through instruments, protocols, and collectively readable “saggi”; and the bridge between them is that both projects depend on a public standard of justification—Grice’s inferences must be defensible to other speakers, Magalotti’s observations must be defensible to other investigators—so that in each case meaning is not private impression but something stabilized by communal, reason-governed practices. Grice: “Sometimes, derivatives are a trick. The Romans had a wonderful concept of NATVRA, a strict rendition of Greek PHYSIS – and yet, you find philosophers using ‘nature’ only metaphorical – as when I refer to the irreverent talent with which the sage Nature endowed me. Instead, a philosopher likes an adjective, as when, now as I look back, I addressed the Oxford philosophical society on the topic of ‘meaning’ – Borrowing from the adjectival uses of ‘naturalis’ and ‘artificialis’ as applied to ‘meaning,’ or ‘segno,’ I oblitated Nature into the bargain! I like M. – very philosophical. When a philosopher is a count, we don’t say that he was a professional philosopher, but not an amateur philosopher either – ‘philosopher’ does! I like his ‘saggi’ on ‘natural experience’ – he is being Aristotelian: there is natural experience and there is trans-natural experience – and there is supernatural experience!” Appartenente all’aristocrazia, figlio del prefetto dei corriere pontifici. Studia a Roma e Pisa, dove e allievo di VIVIANI e MALPIGHI. Segretario di Leopoldo de' Medici, segretario dell'Accademia del Cimento, fondata da de’ Medici. Fa parte anche dell'Accademia della Crusca e dell'Accademia dell'Arcadia, Dall'esperienza al Cimento nacque i “Saggi di naturali esperienze, ossia le relazioni dell'attività dell'Accademia del Cimento”. Passa al servizio di Cosimo III de' Medici iniziando così un'attività che lo porta a una serie di viaggi per l'Europa (raccolse in diverse opere le sue vivaci e brillanti relazioni di viaggio). Ottenne il titolo di conte e la nomina ad ambasciatore a Vienna. Si ritira alla villa Magalotti, in Lonchio. Si dedica alla filosofia, con particolare attenzione per la filosofia naturale di Galilei Opere: “Canzonette anacreontiche di Lindoro Elateo, pastore arcade, delle lettere familiari del conte M. e di altri insigni uomini a lui scritte, Diario di Francia, Doglio, Palermo, Sellerio, di naturali esperienze, ‘naturali esperienze. Grice: Magalotti, trovo affascinante la sua capacità di distinguere tra esperienza naturale e sovrannaturale. La filosofia, per lei, sembra davvero un viaggio attraverso mondi diversi dell’esperienza! Magalotti: Caro Grice, grazie. Ritengo che la natura abbia molte più sfumature di quanto si creda. Ogni esperienza, osservata con occhi filosofici, svela una ricchezza che spesso sfugge ai distratti. Grice: È vero, signor Conte. Ho sempre pensato che il termine “naturale” venga talvolta usato troppo metaforicamente. Lei invece restituisce a “naturale” una dignità aristotelica, distinguendo con cura ciò che appartiene all’esperienza umana. Magalotti: Mi fa piacere che colga questa sfumatura. Filosofare, per me, significa “saggiare” la natura: è ciò che facevo all’Accademia del Cimento, sperimentando, osservando e riflettendo. La filosofia naturale è una vera arte dell’esperienza. Grice: Conte Magalotti, mi dica la verità: se l’esperienza naturale si trova anche in cucina, l’Accademia del Cimento avrebbe dovuto sperimentare la ribollita o la pizza? Magalotti: Caro Grice, in effetti la filosofia naturale funziona meglio davanti a un piatto fumante. La ribollita ha una sua implicatura: più si scalda, più diventa sapiente! Grice: Ottimo, allora ogni cena è un “saggio di naturali esperienze”: Aristotele avrebbe scritto il trattato sull’olio d’oliva, non sulla logica! Magalotti: Esattamente! E se Galileo avesse inventato la pizza, forse avremmo misurato la gravità con il pomodoro. La filosofia, in fondo, è una questione di gusto e implicatura conversazionale… anche a tavola! Magalotti, Lorenzo (1666). Saggi di naturali esperienze, Firenze: Giuseppe Cocchini.

Vincenzo Maggi (Pompiano, Brescia, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- implicatura ridicola. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a disciplined, inferential achievement: hearers are entitled to derive what is meant beyond what is said because speakers are (normally) taken to be cooperating under rational norms, so the “extra” content is publicly criticizable and cancellable rather than a mere stylistic aura. The Maggi passage (despite the biographical/bibliographic confusion: Vincenzo Maggi is a 16th-century Brescian humanist, not an 1880 Hoepli author) uses “implicatura ridicola” to pivot from inferential pragmatics to a rhetorical-aesthetic problem inherited from Latin and Renaissance discussions of ridiculum: how laughter, derision, and the comic register function as modes of saying more (or other) than is said, often by hint, irony, and strategic understatement. On this comparison, Grice would treat the “ridiculous” as a predictable pragmatic effect only when it is traceable to conversational reasoning—e.g., when an utterance flouts a norm (relevance, quantity, manner) in a way that licenses a specific implicature—whereas the Maggi line invites a thicker view in which ridicule is itself a philosophical instrument (connected to Ciceronian mockery, to Poetics commentary, and to the tragic/comic boundary) that can reframe a dispute without needing to be reconstrued as a maxim-based calculation. The contrast, then, is between Grice’s accountability model (implicatures are what a rational speaker can be held to have meant, because the route from said to meant is principled) and a Maggi-style humanist model in which comic indirection functions as a cultural technology of persuasion and critique, sometimes operating less like a determinate inference and more like a socially shared cue that reassigns status, seriousness, or authority in the conversation. Grice: “I don’t know why Cicero found Stoicism ridiculous – but I fear the word carried a different implicature back in Ancient Rome!” The English word ‘ridiculous’ and the Italian word ‘ridicolo’ both stem from the Latin verb ‘ridere, to laugh, or to laugh at. Here’s the breakdown.Ridere (Latin verb) to laugh. Ridiculus, Latin adjective: laughable, funny, amusing, absurd, ridiculous.This adjective is derived from ‘ridere’ ‘ridiculosus (late Latin adjective) laughable – droll. This word is the DIRECT source of the English word ‘ridiculous.’ Ridicolo (Italian adjective) directly descended from the latin adjective ridiculus. In essence, both words trace their roots bak to the Latin concept of laughter, particularly that which excites amusement or derision. I like his portrait. My favourite of his essays is on the ridiculous; but his most specifically philosophical stuff is the ‘lectiones philosophicae’ and the ‘consilia philosophica.’” La famiglia aveva possedimenti e anche un negozio di farmacia. Il padre Francesco, uomo di lettere, fu il suo primo maestro.  Studia a Padova con Bagolino e frequenta attivamente gli ambienti culturali della città. Si laurea e insegna filosofia. Degl’Infiammati, strinse amicizia con Barbaro, Lombardi, Piccolomini, Speroni, Tomitano, Varchi, entrò quindi a far parte del circolo di Bembo, frequentando insigni filosofi come Paleario, Lampridio e Emigli. Conobbe Pole, Vergerio, Flaminio e Priuli. Il dibattito sulla questione della lingua e sui temi estetici legati soprattutto all'interpretazione della Poetica aristotelica condusse alla preparazione di un commento allo scritto di Aristotele che, iniziato da Lombardi, fu proseguito, concluso e fatto pubblicare da M., con altra sua opera dedicata ad ORAZIO, a Venezia: le In Aristotelis librum de Poetica communes explanationes: Implicatura ridicola, Eco, il nome della rosa, Cicerone, il tragico, filosofia tragica, pessimismo, l’eroe tragico, Nietzsche, la tragedia per musica – I curiazi, catone in Utica – tragedia per musica. Grice: Caro Maggi, ogni volta che parli di implicatura ridicola mi viene in mente Cicerone che ride degli stoici. Secondo te, il ridicolo in filosofia è davvero una questione seria, o basta una risata per cambiare prospettiva? Maggi: Grice, in verità penso che il ridicolo sia la chiave segreta della filosofia. Se Aristotele avesse riso un po’ di più, forse la Poetica avrebbe avuto un finale comico e Catone in Utica sarebbe diventato protagonista di una tragedia per musica… ma con musica allegra! Grice: Ecco, Maggi, il tragico e il comico si mescolano come i curiazi in battaglia: a volte basta un errore di grammatica per passare dalla tragedia al ridicolo. Eco diceva che il nome della rosa è già implicatura, ma io preferisco il nome del sorriso. Maggi: Concordo, Grice! In fondo, la filosofia è un’opera buffa: tra pessimisti e eroi tragici, chi sa ridere trova sempre una via d’uscita. La vera implicatura, forse, è che la conversazione non finisce mai… finché qualcuno ride. Maggi, Vincenzo (1880). Sull'origine delle specie. Milano: Hoepli.

Gaetano Magli (Roma, Lazio): La ragione conversazionale del pirotese e il deutero-esperanto. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as something a hearer can rationally work out by assuming cooperative, intention-directed talk: what is meant is not a matter of mere convention or code, but of recognizable communicative intentions constrained by shared norms of relevance, informativeness, and so on. In the Magli passage, by contrast, “la ragione conversazionale del pirotese e il deutero-esperanto” pushes on the opposite pole of the code idea by imagining ultra-artificial, even unused or anti-Babel “universal” systems (Anti-Babilona/Antibabele with numeral-based symbols, coordinate names, interplanetary aspirations), where meaning seems to depend on designed notation rather than living uptake in ordinary exchange; that makes Magli (as staged here) a foil for Grice, since Grice’s point is precisely that a perfectly specifiable “language” that nobody speaks would not thereby yield conversational meaning, because implicature depends on participation in reason-responsive practices, not merely on a formal alphabet or a supposedly universal calculus. The comparison therefore highlights a tension between two ways of seeking universality: Magli’s imagined “deutero-Esperanto” and anti-Babel projects pursue universality by stripping communication down to engineered symbols (as if optimality were achieved by removing ordinary life), whereas Grice’s universality claim is pragmatic and ethical-intellectual: any agents who can recognize one another as rational, cooperative interlocutors can, in principle, generate and recover implicatures, even across imperfect codes, because the governing structure is reason plus intention plus shared expectations, not a particular constructed lexicon. Grice: “When I was invited to explore on the optimality of meaning at Brighton –of all places (I’d rather be surfing!) – I said, slightly out of the blue: ‘convention? Surely language has nothing to do with convention. I can invent a language, call it Deutero-Esperanto – that nobody ever speaks! I wasn’t thinking of M.!” anti-babele: la vera lingua universale. Vikipedio  Serĉi Anti-Babilona internacia planlingvo proponita Lingvo Atenti Redakti Anti-Babilona aŭ Antibabele estas internacia planlingvo proponita de Halien M., eble plumnomo de M., kun elementoj prenitaj el aziaj, afrikaj kaj eŭropaj lingvoj. Ĝi uzas kiel alfabeton la arabajn nombrojn kun punktoj supren aŭ malsupren la ciferoj. Geografiaj nomoj estas anstataŭigitaj per koordenadojn kaj personaj nomoj per la dato de naskiĝo kaj morto.  M. pensis ke estis inteligentaj vivantoj en aliaj proksimaj planedoj, kiel Marto, kaj oni bezonus logike matematika lingvaĵo por interkomunikigi al ili. Laŭ li, la nombro 365 signifus interplanede Tero, ĉar la Tera jaro havas 365 tagojn, kaj 224 estus logike Venuso.  La aŭtoro konis la projekton Lincos, kiu eble influis lin.  Bibliografio redakti Antibabele "la vera lingua universale.", M. Ĝermo pri planlingvo Ĉi tiu artikolo ankoraŭ estas ĝermo pri planlingvo. Helpu al Vikipedio plilongigi ĝin. Se jam ekzistas alilingva samtema artikolo pli disvolvita, traduku kaj aldonu el ĝi (menciante la fonton). Laste redaktita antaŭ 1 jaro de CasteloBot RILATAJ PAĜOJ Laŭbita logiko Pruvo per disputo Predikata logiko Vikipedio La enhavo estas disponebla laŭ CC BY-SA 4.0, se ne estas alia indiko. Regularo pri respekto de la privateco Uzkondiĉoj Labortablo. Poeta visivo e performer sperimentale, Paolo Albani è anche autore di vari saggi e repertori su ogni tipo di "bizzarrie letterarie e non". Le ricerche (già praticate da personaggi quali Raymond Queneau ed ECO). Grice: A Brighton, tra un gelato e un’implicatura, ho lanciato il Deutero‑Esperanto come lingua che nessuno parla, così finalmente smettiamo di fingere che la convenzione sia il bagnino del significato. Magli: Caro Grice, il pirotese ti avrebbe risposto che l’anti‑Babele è l’unica spiaggia davvero universale, dove perfino Marte capisce perché 365 è Terra e non un numero qualsiasi. Grice: Esatto, Gaetano, se i numeri parlano meglio delle parole allora lasciamo che l’Esperanto si prenda ferie e invitiamo i marziani a riconoscere le intenzioni, non i dizionari. Magli: E io aggiungo, con un sorriso romano, che se il pirotese incontra l’Antibabele nasce la prima lingua che capisce tutto senza dire niente, il che è già una splendida conversazione. Magli, Gaetano (1869). La filosofia del diritto. Napoli: Morano.

Valeriano Magni (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rationally recoverable inference from what is said to what is meant, grounded in norms (his maxims) that need not be framed as commands: they can be cast as objectives, precepts, or axioms, so long as they function as publicly criticizable standards for interpreting utterances in cooperative exchange. Valeriano Magni (Milanese Capuchin, active in Prague and across diplomatic-theological contexts, and author of works including De acatholicorum credendi regula judicium and a De natura hominis printed in Venice in 1625) approaches “ratio” in a more explicitly metaphysical and doctrinal key, where identity-style principles (your “Petrus est Petrus” motif) and talk of ratio essendi signal an underlying architecture of being and demonstration rather than a pragmatic mechanism for recovering speaker-intentions. The comparison, then, is between Grice’s use of rational principles as regulative constraints on conversational inference (why a hearer is entitled to derive a particular implicature, and how such derivations can be cancelled, defended, or criticized) and Magni’s use of rational principles as constitutive truths or axioms that articulate what things are (and, in religious polemic, what warrants belief or authority). Put simply: Grice treats reason as governing interpretation in talk, with maxims functioning like the rules of an inferential practice; Magni treats reason as governing reality and right belief, with axioms functioning like metaphysical-theological fixtures. That makes Magni a helpful foil for Grice: he shows how easily “reason” can mean a theory of being or a rule of faith, whereas Grice’s distinct contribution is to relocate rational governance inside the mechanics of communicative exchange—where even an “axiom” matters less as a statement about the world than as a norm that structures what we may responsibly mean, and take another to mean, in conversation. Grice: “There are alternate ways of describing what I call a conversational maxim. The imperative mode is not imperative. An objective, a paeceptum, even an ‘axiom’ may play the role! I love M. He has gems like ‘Petrus is Petrus.’ I’m talking about his Principia et specimen philosophiæ. The titles for the chapters are amusing, and he refers to ‘ratio essendi’ – and other stuff. *Very* amusing!” Figlio dal conte Costantino M., si trasfere a Praga. Entra nei cappuccini della provincia boema a Praga. Insegna filosofia entrando, grazie al suo insegnamento, nelle grazie dell'imperatore. Presto è eletto provinciale della provincia austro-boema e divenne apprezzato consigliere dell’imperatore e di altri principi. Il re Sigismondo gli affida la missione cappuccina nel suo paese. Ferdinando l’invia in missione diplomatica in Francia. È uno dei consiglieri di duca Massimiliano di iera. Dopo la battaglia della montagna bianca, sostenne l'arcivescovo di Praga Ernesto Adalberto d'Harrach nella cattolicizzazione della popolazione e nelle riforme diocesane. Prende parte in nome dell'imperatore ai negoziati con Richelieu sulla successione ereditaria al trono di MANTOVA. Divenne consulente teologico nei negoziati per la pace di Praga e missionario apostolico per l'elettorato di Sassonia, Assia, Brandeburgo e Danzica. Riproduce a Varsavia di fronte al re e alla corte l'esperimento di RUBERTI Torricelli usando un tubo riempito di mercurio per produrre il vuoto. Riusce a convertire il conte Ernesto d'Assia-Rheinfels. Dopo che Praga venne affidata ai gesuiti, entra in contrasto con i gesuiti, che lo fanno arrestare a Vienna. Rilasciato dalla prigione per intervento dell’imperatore, torna a Salisburgo. Frutto della sua polemica con i protestanti è De acatholicorum credendi regula judicium in cui sostene che senza l’autorità della chiesa, la bibbia da sola non è sufficiente come regola di fede per i cristiani. Grice è Grice, Grice ha Grice, Grice izz Grice, Grice hazz Grice. Implicatura. Paolo è Paolo: assiomi e principi metafisici. Grice: Caro Magni, trovo davvero affascinante il modo in cui declini le massime conversazionali. L’idea che un imperativo possa essere anche un assioma o un precetto mi ha colpito. Mi piace moltissimo il tuo “Petrus è Petrus” – sembra quasi un gioco filosofico! Magni: Grazie, caro Grice! È vero, la filosofia non si accontenta di un solo modo di vedere le cose. “Petrus è Petrus” richiama il principio dell’identità, ma anche la semplicità della verità. Ogni massima, ogni precetto, può essere una piccola luce nel buio della conversazione. Grice: Mi piace il tuo modo di mettere in risalto la “ratio essendi” e la concretezza degli assiomi. Forse la conversazione stessa è il terreno dove queste verità diventano vive, proprio come mostri nei tuoi Principia et specimen philosophiæ. È un approccio che porta aria fresca nella filosofia! Magni: Ti ringrazio, caro Grice. Credo che la filosofia debba essere vissuta, oltre che pensata. Ogni conversazione è un esperimento, come quello del vuoto che ho riprodotto a Varsavia: anche un principio metafisico può essere provato e riscoperto tra amici. E la massima “Grice è Grice” lo dimostra alla perfezione! Magni, Valeriano (1625). De natura hominis. Venezia: Guerigli.

Marsilio dei Mainardini (Padova, Veneto): l’implicatura conversazionale del popolo romano di Livio o il consorzio degl’eroi. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rationally reconstructible step from what is said to what is meant, under cooperative norms that make speakers answerable for the inferences they invite. In the Mainardini passage, “l’implicatura conversazionale del popolo romano di Livio” treats the background of cooperation less as a local norm of talk and more as a civic and historical model: Marsilio dei Mainardini (here presented in a Paduan, anti-curialist, Paris-trained political-philosophical arc, with Livy, Romulus/Remus, and “consorzio” imagery) is used to redescribe collective life as if it were a conversation whose stability depends on a shared rational order, so that peace becomes the analogue of successful uptake and civil concord becomes the analogue of interpretive convergence. The contrast, then, is partly one of level: Grice’s quasi-contractual “principle” is meant to ground micro-explanations of how particular utterances generate implicatures, cancellations, and disputes in ordinary exchanges, whereas the Mainardini frame (linking “defensor pacis,” the people as a consortium, and a grammar of political change) expands the same cooperative logic into a macro-theory of polity, where the “people” function as co-conversationalists and breakdowns look like breaches in a shared discursive order rather than mere pragmatic misfires. In that enlarged register, what Grice calls reason-governance becomes not only the discipline of interpretation but an allegory of government: the successful state is one whose public speech practices sustain common rational commitments, while faction, corruption, or curial domination mark failures of the very conditions that, in Grice’s narrower sense, make implicature calculable and conversation possible. Grice: “I often wondered: if William of Occam were known to have belonged to a noble family, say, that of the Chumleys – we would refer to him as Chumley, not Occam. The Italians know better. Marsilio is a pretty common Christian name – once  you know that this Marsilio belonged to ‘dei M.’ – plural of ‘Mainardino’ – you better acknowledge that!” Grice: “In any case, it is very rare that a political philosopher is called a philosopher at Oxford! Padova tries to institute the ‘regnum’ as between Aristotle’s ‘polis’ and the modern ‘stato,’ but in which case, we wouldn’t call it ‘politeia’ anymore!” --  GricWhen I studied change I focused on von Wright – but then there is Padova and his ‘grammatica del mutamento’!”  Nato da una famiglia di giudici e notai – il padre: ‘di Giovanni’ -- che viveva vicino al Duomo di Padova, completò i suoi studi a Parigi dove fu insignito dell'autorità di rettore. Il tempo trascorso a Parigi influì moltissimo sull'evoluzione del suo pensiero. Gli anni parigini furono molto importanti e fecondi per l'evoluzione del suo pensiero e la visione dello stato di corruzione in cui versava il clero lo portò a diventare anti-curialista.  A Parigi incontrò Occam e Jandun, con cui condivise passione politica e atteggiamento di avversione verso il potere temporale della Chiesa. Con Jandun rimase legato da grande amicizia e assieme a lui subì l'esilio.  M. dopo le sue dure affermazioni contro la Chiesa venne bollato con l'epiteto di figlio del diavolo. M. si trova a Parigi quando si sviluppò la lotta tra Filippo, re di Francia, e il Papato. Tutto ciò, assieme al vivace contesto culturale in cui si muoveva, lo portò alla compilazione della sua opera maggiore il Defensor Pacis, l'opera cui deve la sua fama e che influì moltissimo sia sul pensiero filosofico-politico contemporaneo che su quello successivo.  Il popolo italiano, consorzio conversazionale, difensore della pace, leviatano, allegoria del buon governo – allegoria del buon governo, Livio, Romolo, Machiavelli. La massima del consorzio conversazionale. Grice: Marsilio, dimmi, se il popolo romano di Livio avesse avuto la tua implicatura conversazionale, avremmo avuto meno guerre e più banchetti? Mainardini: Caro Grice, forse sì! Invece di fondare imperi, avrebbero fondato consorzi per cucinare la miglior zuppa. La pace si difende meglio con un piatto pieno che con una spada! Grice: Mi piace la tua visione: la massima del consorzio conversazionale dovrebbe essere “parla bene, mangia meglio”. Se Machiavelli avesse avuto fame, avrebbe scritto “Il cuoco” invece del “Principe”. Mainardini: Esatto, Grice! E se Romolo e Remo avessero discusso davanti a una grigliata, Roma sarebbe nata per implicatura, non per conquista. La filosofia, in fondo, è un ottimo antipasto al buon governo! Mainardini, Marsilio dei (1550). Commentarii in Aristotelis Metaphysicam. Venezia: Valgrisi.

Francesco Majello (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers are entitled to move, by publicly articulable reasoning, from what is said to what is meant: implicatures arise because conversation is treated as a cooperative, norm-guided activity in which speakers can be held answerable for what they intentionally get their audience to recognize. Francesco Majello, by contrast (the Neapolitan “prete regio” whose Il cristiano in chiesa and Gramatica italiana ragionata both appear in 1826, and whose preface frames grammar as a civic necessity because “man in society is obliged to speak”), treats “la ragione conversazionale” less as an inferential engine for deriving speaker-meaning and more as an educative and moral-technical discipline: a prudent art of steering between Scylla and Charybdis—precision without pedantry, accessibility without childishness—so that social obligation to communicate is met with linguistic propriety. Where Grice locates rational governance primarily in the implicit reasoning that connects utterance to communicative intention (and thus in accountability for implicatures), Majello locates it in the prior formation of speakers through rule-conscious grammatical training, patronage-protected authorship, and an ideal of decorous public speech; the result is a contrast between Grice’s pragmatics of inference (how conversational norms license meanings beyond the literal) and Majello’s prescriptive civics of language (how norms of correctness and prudence make conversation worthy of educated society), with an overlap in their shared assumption that conversation is not mere spontaneity but a practice structured by norms that can be taught, followed, and criticized. M. also writes Il christiano in chiesa GRAMMATICA ITALIANA RAGIONATA. Lapidei et Ugna ab aliis accipio; aedijicii costructio tota nostra est. Architectus ego, sum, sed materiam varie undique conduxi. Nel dare alla luce la sua picciola grammatica italiana ragionata sui precetti a ben favellare nella lingua dell’Ariosto, e del Tasso, s’ingegna di mettergli in fronte il nome insigne d’un Mecenate. Lui si direge al mecenate che incanutito nelle armi, coltiva a vicenda gli studj di Marte, e sente che le brilla in fronte una corona intrecciata d’alloro e d’ulivo. È la fortuna di M. che la niente le ne suggerì a tempo il pehsiere. Il mecenate preservato la grammatica italiana ragionata di M. d’attacchi degl’aristarchi, come, al dir de’poeti , l’alloro preserva dai fulmini di Giove. Quindi è, che ogni ragion di calcolo esige, che, nel riprodurre la grammatica italiana ragionata, M. gli metta in fronte lo stesso nome. Li giova sperare che, essendo i suoi sentimenti gli stessi, trova il cuore del mecenate egualmente disposto. È del mecenate umile, dcvole ed obbligato. L’uomo nella società è sempre nell’obbligo di parlare. Qual vergogna è per un uomo educato se difetta nel parlare. Quindi nasce la necessità della grammatica. Lo studio della grammatica, essendo indispensabile al parlare, dove’essere la prima occupazione dell’uomo. Quindi nasce la difficoltà di presentar una grammatica che puo dirsi completa. Se si tenta sviluppar tutto colla necessaria precisione, è facile urtar nello scoglio di trascendere l’intelligenza dell’uomo. Se l’uomo s’ha presente, e si cerca adattarvisi, è facile imbattersi nello scoglio opposto, divenendo tutto arido, vagone puerile; incidit in Scyllam cupiens vitare Carybdiin. È della prudenza dà chi scrive una grammatica italiana ragionata per trarne veramente uuj profitto, scanzare i due scogli per quanto è possibile. Questo è quello che M. ha in mira. Grice: Caro Majello, mi ha sempre incuriosito la tua idea che la grammatica sia il primo fondamento del parlare nella società. Pensando alle regole conversazionali, ritrovo nella tua “grammatica italiana ragionata” una sorta di bussola per navigare tra Scilla e Cariddi: precisione senza aridità, chiarezza senza banalità. Come vedi il ruolo della prudenza nello scrivere una grammatica? Majello: Hai colto perfettamente, caro Grice. La prudenza è essenziale: chi scrive una grammatica deve saper evitare gli estremi, offrendo una guida che sia utile ma non pesante. Proprio come il mecenate che protegge l’opera dai fulmini, la prudenza preserva la chiarezza dalle insidie del linguaggio. Credo che ogni educato debba sentire il dovere di parlare bene, ma senza dimenticare la naturalezza della conversazione. Grice: Concordo, Majello. La conversazione è, in fondo, un’arte: saper parlare bene è il risultato di un equilibrio tra regole e spontaneità. Trovo affascinante il modo in cui tu metti in luce la vergogna dell’uomo educato che difetta nel parlare—da filosofo del linguaggio, mi sembra che la grammatica italiana ragionata possa davvero aiutare a superare questo scoglio. Majello: Grazie, Grice. È proprio questo il mio intento: offrire una grammatica che sia un ponte, non un muro. Ogni uomo, immerso nella società, si trova nell’obbligo di comunicare; la grammatica è il primo passo per farlo con profitto. Il nome del mecenate in fronte all’opera è simbolo di protezione e speranza che il cuore degli studiosi sia sempre disposto ad accogliere con favore il mio lavoro. Majello, Francesco (1826). Il cristiano in chiesa. Napoli.

Geronimo Malipiero, Malipiero (1527). Della natura umana. Venezia: Bindoni.

Troilo Malipiero (Venezia, Veneto): l’implicatura conversazionale del TRIONFO DELLA RAGIONE; ossia, confutazione del sistema del contratto sociale, the breach of contract, or Romolo e Remo, I due contrattanti. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as the product of rational accountability in talk: interlocutors proceed as if governed by cooperative norms, so that what is meant beyond what is said is recoverable by publicly criticizable reasoning rather than by private association or mere rhetorical flourish. Troilo Malipiero, by contrast, approaches “reason” through an explicitly quasi-contractual political idiom forged in polemic against Rousseau: in Il trionfo della ragione ossia Confutazione del sistema del contratto sociale (1801; reprinted 1818 with a retitled version), “reason” is mobilized to expose what he takes to be the instability or danger of the social-contract picture and to defend a different political order, so the central “breach of contract” theme becomes a way of narrating social cohesion and its failures at the level of institutions, sovereignty, and legitimacy. The comparison is therefore a contrast of scale and function: Grice’s “contract” is a rational presupposition internal to conversational practice (a quasi-contract that makes interpretation possible and makes speakers answerable for implicatures), whereas Malipiero’s contract is a contested political myth whose alleged breakdown has civil consequences, and whose refutation is presented as a triumph of reason over revolutionary theory; where Grice asks what must be assumed for intelligible exchange and inferential uptake to occur, Malipiero asks what must be rejected or re-founded for a polity to avoid fraternal conflict (the Romulus/Remus motif) and preserve order. In that sense, Malipiero supplies a political-theoretical dramatization of what Grice treats as a pragmatic background condition: the idea that cooperative intelligibility depends on shared commitments that can be violated, repaired, or rhetorically reconstrued—except that for Grice those commitments are norms of rational conversation, while for Malipiero they are the high-stakes terms by which societies claim authority and condemn “breach.”

Grice: “There is a famous adage well known at Oxford about the ‘feast of reason’ – and when I was invited to explore on my ‘quasi-contractualist’ basis for the rational principle underlying conversation, I hesitated. But then I thought: even in a purely contractualist theory, the very fact that a contract ever took place is taken for granted among discussants as what I call a ‘myth’!” Filosofo italiano. Venezia, Veneto. Grice: “I love Malipiero’s approach to philosophy: hardly a profession! As if someone were to be called ‘amateur cricketer’ – M. loves (‘ama’) philosophy and it shows!” – Grice: “There is philosophical wisdom in any endevaour he finds himself in!” Grice: “One must love him for his attempted ‘confutazione’ of Rousseau’s ‘sistema del contrato sociale’ as a ‘triumph of reason’!” Nasce da padre patrizio, provenente dalla storica casata dei M. Dichiara d’abitare in un palazzo a Santa Maria Zobenigo, cui s’aggiungevano quattro botteghe nei centralissimi quartieri di Rialto e San Moisè. Altre case si trovano tra Santa Margherita, San Gregorio e San Martino. Esordì in politica coll'elezione a savio agl’ordini, divenne provveditore alle Pompe, ma non riusce a prendere possesso della carica a causa della caduta della repubblica. Lascia la vita pubblica per dedicarsi alla filosofia analitica della lingua ordinaria. È un filosofo poli-edrico, capace di spaziare dall’attualità politica alla letteratura e alla tragedia. Grice: “I would often rely on contractualism, but [Welsh philosopher G. R.] Grice made a job out of it! I saw the cooperative principle as a matter of quasi-contract – whatever that is. And if it’s a MYTH, what’s wrong with it? Romolo mythically killed Remus because of a breach of contract, too!” Grice: “My thought exactly replicates that of Malipiero back in the good old days of Venetian republic – only there was more rhyme to reason in HIS scheme!” il trionfo della ragione, ossia, confutazione del sistema del contratto sociale.  Grice: Caro Malipiero, mi dica: se il trionfo della ragione è davvero la confutazione del contratto sociale, Romolo e Remo sarebbero stati due filosofi in lite, più che fondatori di Roma? Malipiero: Grice, in Venezia abbiamo imparato che ogni contratto si basa su una buona dose di fiducia... o su una bottiglia di vino! Se c’è una rottura, basta inventarsi una nuova ragione per festeggiare, anziché una guerra tra fratelli. Grice: Allora mi viene da pensare che la filosofia, più che professione, è una festa: ogni discussione è un banchetto, ogni disputa un brindisi alla logica, e se qualcuno infrange il contratto... si cambia menù! Malipiero: Bravo Grice! In fondo, la ragione vince quando si trova il giusto equilibrio tra parole e risate. Se Rousseau avesse provato la cucina veneziana, forse avrebbe scritto meno contratti e più ricette di buon vivere. Malipiero, Troilo (1794). Dimostrazione sulla triplicazione e trisezione dell’angolo effettuato colla retta e col cerchio.

Italo Mancini (Schieti, Urbino, Marche): l’implicatura conversazionale del kerygma. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rationally reconstructible, norm-guided inference from what is said to what is meant, anchored in cooperative expectations that make speakers answerable for what they intentionally get their hearers to recognize. In the Mancini comparison, “l’implicatura conversazionale del kerygma” shifts the center of gravity from the micro-logic of everyday talk to a theological-hermeneutic setting where what is communicated is proclamation (kerygma) and where “meaning” is tasked with mediating sense and significance across doctrine, culture, and praxis; this aligns with Mancini’s broader project (Urbino; philosophy of religion; engagement with Kant, radical evil, and moral rigor; and works such as Linguaggio e salvezza, 1964, and Kerygma, 1970) in which language is treated as ontologically and ethically loaded rather than primarily as a vehicle for conversational calculation. Where Grice explains how implicatures are generated by rational agents following conversational norms, Mancini effectively enlarges the governing norms to include an ethos of benevolence, responsibility, and salvific orientation, so that “cooperation” becomes not only a condition for intelligibility but a moral-theological demand (a “cooperativa” of sense, meaning, and community), and “alienation” names not just pragmatic misfire but a spiritual and social deformation of language. The upshot is that Grice offers a formal, accountability-centered model for deriving what a speaker means, while Mancini uses the same general idea of indirectness and shared reason to illuminate how proclamation and ethical commitment can be carried in, and sometimes distorted by, linguistic practice—treating conversational reason as a bridge from ordinary communication to the claims of faith and the problems of evil, salvation, and human praxis. Grice: “In my seminar on ‘conversation’ I focus on the principle of conversational benevolence, -- formerly the desideratum of other-love – as opposed to the desideratum of conversational self-love. It was only years later, when exploring Kant, I realised how crucial the role that benevolentia plays – which I had borrowed from Butler, not Kant – However, for Kant, benevolentia is PARALELL to malevolentia – which the English refer to as ‘ill-will’ – in that qua autonomous rational agents we may decide to pursue an end which everybody except ourselves regard as good – and in fact, which everyone but ourselves, regard as ‘ill’ – Some ill-will! I like M.: he has expanded on the ethos of cooperation – and he has explored what he calls ‘linguaggio ontologico’ and ‘alienazione’ in connection with language – he reviewed Pittau’s philosophy of language, and published a little thing on ‘language and salvation.’ So how can you NOT like him?”  Grice: “I like M.; if I dwell on philosophical eschatology, he dwells on the real thing!” Grice: “He has studied Kant thoroughly; all the interesting bits, like his idea of MALEVOLENTIA!”  “La filosofia è il passaggio dal senso al significato, attraverso le mediazioni culturali, dottrinali, attraverso la struttura del puro pensare e attraverso le mediazioni della prassi.” Studia a Fano e si laurea a Milano dove insegna. Bo lo vuole ad Urbino. Studia i massimi teologi, curato le opera di Barth, Bultmann e Bonhoeffer pubblicando, su quest'ultimo, anche una biografia e un'analisi dottrinale. Fonda l’istituto di scienze religiose, una facoltà teologica in una università laica.  Tra i filosofi, si dedica molto a Kant, pubblicando una Guida alla critica della ragion pura.  In questo senso è ancora più importante Kant e la teologia dove  tratta la filosofia della religione kantiana, fondata su una concezione morale rigorosa resa possibile dall'Imperativo categorico. Kerygma, male radicale, Kant, radical evil, cooperativa di credito, la massima della benevolenza conversazionale, il problema del vaticano, ventennio fascista e patti laterani. Grice: Caro Mancini, ho sempre pensato che il kerygma sia una parola tanto solenne che a Oxford la usiamo quasi solo per impressionare i colleghi. Ma lei, in Italia, come riesce a mantenere la benevolenza conversazionale anche quando si parla di salvezza? Mancini: Ah, Grice, ci vuole una buona dose di ironia e molta pazienza! Qui la benevolenza si coltiva come una vigna: ogni parola può essere un grappolo, ma se non si presta attenzione, si rischia di ottenere solo aceto. La filosofia aiuta, ma anche una battuta giusta al momento giusto! Grice: Allora dovremmo fondare una cooperativa conversazionale: chi porta la benevolenza, chi porta il senso, chi porta il significato, e magari qualcuno porta il vino. Così anche Kant, tra una critica e l’altra, si rilasserebbe un po’! Mancini: Grice, mi trova d’accordo! Una cooperativa con Kant e qualche filosofo tedesco potrebbe essere l’unico modo per trasformare la malevolentia in malevolenza… Ma attenzione: se arriva Barth, bisogna preparare anche un discorso sul senso della vita, così nessuno resta alienato! Mancini, Italo (1961). Il pensiero filosofico di Italo Mancini. Milano: Hoepli.

Giannozzo Manetti (Firenze, Toscana): LA ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains what a speaker means as something recoverable by rational, publicly criticizable inference: from what is said plus shared norms of cooperation, a hearer can justify an implicature, and that justificatory route is integral to the account of meaning rather than a merely psychological or rhetorical after-effect. In the Manetti passage, “la ragione conversazionale” is approached from the opposite direction: Giannozzo Manetti’s De dignitate et excellentia hominis (completed c. 1452–53) supplies a humanist anthropology in which reason is exercised through the dignity of embodied agency, creative work, and the integration of soul and body, so that conversation becomes a scene of rational life rather than the primary mechanism for deriving unstated content. Put sharply, Grice asks how rational agents can mean more than they say and still be answerable for it, whereas Manetti supplies a picture of what the rational agent is and why such an agent has dignity: a doer and maker whose natural faculties, senses, and practical intelligence warrant positive valuation against medieval vilitas and the misery tradition associated with Innocent III. The comparison therefore casts Grice’s conversational rationality as a micro-theory of intelligible inference in talk (how reasons govern interpretation), while Manetti’s is a macro-ethic of the human person (why reason, action, and creativity belong to our excellence); and it also makes visible a continuity: Grice’s insistence on the person as a someone (not a mere thing) and on rational accountability in communicative action resonates, in a different key, with Manetti’s humanist claim that dignity is shown in acting and understanding here and now, through the unified life of body and soul. Grice: “I like M.. M.’s De dignitate et excellentia hominis is an original contribution to the history of philosophy. It shifts the focus from a purely spiritual or "misery-laden" medieval view of humanity – or the Human, as Grice prefers, toward a naturalistic and sensualist appreciation of the human being as a physical and active agent. M.’s main points regarding these approaches include: Rehabilitation of the Human Body: While medieval predecessors like Innocent often view the body as a "vile" vessel of decay, M. argues that the human body is a master-piece of divine craftsmanship.  Aesthetic Perfection: M. provides a detailed, almost anatomical defense of the body’s beauty and functional design, asserting that physical senses are not just sources of sin but are perfectly suited for interacting with the world. Incarnation as Proof: M. uses the Christian doctrine of the Incarnation to argue that because God became man, the physical human form possesses inherent, "naturalistic" dignity.  "Man as a Doer" (Active Naturalism). M. moves away from the idea that human value is found only in passive contemplation of the divine. Creative Potential: M. celebrates human achievement in the arts, sciences, and architecture as evidence of our excellence. This "sensualist" focus on what humans produce in the physical world validates secular life as a worthy pursuit. The World as a Human Product. M. famously argues that everything surrounding us — cities, paintings, machines—is the work of humans, making us co-creators with God through our physical and intellectual labur. Integration of Body and Soul: Rather than seeing the PERSON – ‘the someone,’ not the something, in Grice’s view -- as a soul trapped in a body, M. defines the human as a unique union of both.  Psycho-Somatic Unity: M. treats the human person as a unique amalgam, where the soul’s excellence is expressed through the body's actions and senses. Originality: This was a radical break from the "misery of the human condition" tradition. It established a philosophical basis for the Renaissance ideal of the "artist as creative genius" and the "man of action".  Challenge to Asceticism The work is a direct refutation of De miseria humanae conditionis.  M. rejects the concept of vilitas – worthlessness --, replacing it with a positive valuation of human nature that includes our natural desires and sensory experiences. M. suggests that the purpose of being human is to "act and understand," placing the weight of personhood on the exercise of natural faculties in the here-and-now. ” Keywords: dignity. M. Napoli -- è stato uno scrittore, filologo e umanista italiano, significativo esponente del primissimo rinascimento letterario, oltre che un uomo politico e diplomatico. Appartenente a una famiglia borghese, è discepolo dell'umanista TRAVERSARI . Si mise contro l'ascesa dei Medici, rifugiandosi prima a Roma e poi a Napoli, dove muore. A Roma è segretario pontificio di Niccolò, che volle rinnovare gl’uffici chiamando personaggi fidati, come lo stesso M., ma anche ROMANO (COLONNA, PEROTTI , Pietro da NOCETO, Lunense, Tortelli, VALLA; così come non è senza significato il contestuale allontanamento da Roma di Bracciolini e Flavio. A testimonianza di tale legame di fiducia, M. scrive poi la biografia di Niccolò. Abile oratore di straordinaria erudizione, è un profondo conoscitore della lingua latina e della lingua greca. Traduce al latino l'etica eudemia, l'etica nicomachea – Grice: “I gave an Oxford seminar on this with Austin and Hare – Hare never left ethics!” -- e i Magna moralia del lizio. La sua ricca biblioteca ci è in larga parte pervenuta e fa parte del fondo palatino della biblioteca vaticana. È ricordato soprattutto come l'autore del “De dignitate”. In questo testo il filosofo respinge la prospettiva religiosa secondo cui il corpo umano è legato ai vizi e alla sporcizia, destinato a soffrire per espiare il peccato originale. Al contrario, M. afferma che è una meravigliosa macchina creata da dio – Grice: “My genitorial programme is intended to see myself as God and my pirots as my creatures!” -- a sua immagine. genitorial programme. Grice: Ciò che mi colpisce maggiormente della filosofia di Manetti è la rivalutazione del corpo umano. In Inghilterra siamo spesso abituati a considerare il corpo come un semplice veicolo per la mente—quasi una "gabbia" per la vera essenza. Mi incuriosisce: cosa l'ha portato a vedere nella corporeità una fonte di dignità e di eccellenza? Manetti: Caro Grice, la mia esperienza e gli studi mi hanno insegnato che il corpo non è affatto un ostacolo, ma un capolavoro creato da Dio. La bellezza e la funzionalità della nostra struttura fisica sono la prova che ogni senso, ogni gesto, ogni azione contribuisce alla nostra dignità. Persino la dottrina cristiana dell’Incarnazione mi conferma che la materia non è vile, ma degna. Grice: Trovo affascinante l'idea che l'essere umano sia un "co-creatore" con Dio, attraverso le sue opere e il suo ingegno. In molti testi medievali si enfatizza la miseria della condizione umana; lei invece sembra voler ribaltare questa prospettiva. Secondo lei, creatività e azione sono davvero alla base del nostro valore? Manetti: Sì, Grice, credo che la dignità umana si manifesti proprio nell'agire e nel comprendere. Ogni opera, ogni città, ogni invenzione nasce dalla nostra intelligenza e volontà. Non siamo semplici contemplatori del divino, ma protagonisti attivi del mondo. Per me, essere persona significa integrare corpo e anima, desiderio e pensiero, in una unità che ci permette di trasformare la realtà e di avvicinarci, con umiltà, al mistero della creazione. Manetti, Giannozzo (1452). De dignitate et excellentia hominis. Firenze: Laurentii.

Leonardo Manetti (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains what a speaker means by locating it in accountable, inferential practice: hearers recover implicatures by assuming cooperation and by reasoning from what is said plus shared norms of relevance, quantity, quality, and manner, so that “meaning” is tied to publicly checkable justificatory routes rather than to private associations. In the Manetti passage, by contrast, “la ragione conversazionale” is presented less as a formal normative engine for deriving implicatures and more as a lived, vernacular rationality rooted in Tuscan forms of life: the poet-contadino who moves between vineyard work and verse treats conversation as continuous with craft, rhythm, and local sociability (Greve in Chianti, mutual-aid society, theatre and local history), and the playful wine-talk frames “reason” as something grown, tended, and shared rather than calculated from maxims. The result is a contrast between Grice’s analytic ambition to show how conversational meaning is governed by principles that make implicature tractable and criticizable, and Manetti’s more humanistic, regional idiom in which conversational reason is embodied in practices of cultivation and poetic expression—still rational, but rational in the sense of practical attunement and communal measure, where the “point” of an utterance is as much convivial and formative as it is inferentially derivable. (A small factual note: the “Leonardo Manetti (1545) Rime” attribution in the passage does not match what is readily findable about the contemporary Leonardo Manetti of Greve in Chianti.) Nasce in una regione, la Toscana, in cui vive una grande tradizione di poeti contadini, uomini che uniscono in sé due forti passioni: l’agricoltura e la poesia. Poeta contadino anche lui, la passione per l’agricoltura lo porta a laurearsi in viticoltura ed enologia e ad avviare, la sua azienda agricola tra le colline di Greve in Chianti, l’Azienda Agricola M. M., grazie alla quale produce vino, olio e giaggiolo. A Greve, M. partecipa alla realtà socioculturale del paese, in particolare con la Società di Mutuo Soccorso, realizzando attività teatrali come Forconi di Pace e pubblicazioni di libri storici locali come il Popolo dei Ricordi (Nuova Toscana Editrice). L’amore per il suo territorio e per i prodotti che esso offre plasma la personalità di Leonardo che, fin da piccolo, respira il clima operoso dell’azienda di famiglia: Le forbici, la falce, la zappa, una penna, un pezzo di carta, un libro sono alcuni degli attrezzi che uso quotidianamente e per me sono importanti allo stesso modo. Io amo scrivere e leggere ma anche lavorare in campagna. È un lavoro faticoso ma l’ho sempre fatto volentieri fin da bambino, quando seguivo mio nonno e mio padre nei campi. Non vedevo l’ora di tornare a casa, dopo la scuola, per partecipare alla vendemmia! Attendevo l’arrivo dell’estate per poter andare a lavorare in vigna. Mi piace tagliare i rami di una pianta per dare alla chioma una forma ben bilanciata che poi garantisce la nascita di buoni frutti. Ogni tanto mi fermo per una pausa, osservo quello che mi circonda e la natura mi regala grandi emozioni. A fine giornata, sono stanco ma felice, e a volte mi metto a scrivere i pensieri che per tutto il giorno mi hanno ronzato nella mente. La passione per l’agricoltura lo informa di una sensibilità per il mondo che lo circonda che si riproduce nella scrittura in versi, la sua seconda passione, al quale si avvia da autodidatta. La poesia diventa per Leonardo un rifugio, “porto amico” e mezzo per esprimere un vasto universo di emozioni che riversa nelle sue pubblicazioni. Grice: Manetti, mi dica la verità: tra la vendemmia e la scrittura, quale le dà più soddisfazione? Io, al massimo, raccolgo implicature nei campi della filosofia!  Manetti: Caro Grice, difficile scegliere! La vendemmia mette alla prova muscoli e pazienza, ma scrivere versi è come raccogliere grappoli di emozioni. Se però trova una metafora migliore del vino, la accolgo a braccia aperte!  Grice: Ah, allora siamo d’accordo: ogni filosofo dovrebbe almeno una volta provare a vendemmiare. Chissà, magari scoprirebbe che una massima conversazionale funziona anche tra i filari — basta non farsi distrarre dalle api!  Manetti: Grice, in campagna ogni conversazione è genuina come un bicchiere di Chianti! Se la filosofia la prende troppo sul serio, le consiglio una pausa tra i vigneti: le idee crescono meglio al sole e, se va male, almeno si porta a casa una bottiglia! Manetti, Leonardo (1545). Rime di Leonardo Manetti. Firenze: Giunti.

Corrado Mangione (Bagnara, Calabria): LA ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazionale d’alcuni aspetti del nazionalismo culturale nella logica italiana, logica matematica. Mangione stages a productive friction between two “rationalities” that Grice constantly tries to keep distinct but connected: the rationality of formal systems (operators, natural deduction, Fregean ideography, logicism’s ambition to make mathematics into logic) and the rationality of talk (the cooperative, intention-sensitive norms that make implicature calculable in ordinary conversation). Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning says that what is meant beyond what is said is recoverable by a hearer as a piece of practical reasoning under shared expectations (relevance, sufficiency, clarity, sincerity), whereas Mangione is portrayed as insisting that the opposite of “formal” logic is not “informal” chat but “material” logic, i.e., a different kind of principled constraint tied to content and scientific/mathematical practice. That contrast sharpens a key Gricean moral: formal calculi can model validity, but they do not by themselves explain why a speaker’s use of “some,” “all,” “or,” “if” communicates what it does in an actual dinner-table exchange; the “missing link” is conversational rationality, the background normativity that Strawson (in your story) is pushed to connect to logical operators via Grice’s earlier work in perception and “principles of rational discourse.” Online bibliographic details for “Corrado Mangione (1948). La filosofia di Corrado Mangione. Palermo: Sandron” are not something I can independently verify, so that imprint reads like the project’s typical playful pseudo-archive; but the conceptual role is clear and effective: Mangione stands for the Italian early-20th-century tendency to treat logic as a serious mathematical enterprise with national traditions and technical lineage, while Grice stands for the claim that even the most technical symbolism ultimately relies on, and is intelligible through, the everyday inferential habits of speakers who can still laugh, cancel an implicature, and pass the wine without confusing “and” with “therefore.” Grice: “As I look upon my former self, I realise I would have NEVER even touched with a barge the symbols used by logicians, had it be not be that my own pupil, Strawson, was thinking to write a tract for Methuen about it. We discussed it in private, and I shared my thoughts with him that most of his intricacies could be extricated by appeal to a principle of rational discourse which I had come across in the quite separate – and properly philosophical area – of the philosophy of perception. Strawson indeed made himself the connection to the logical operators from my referring to this principle of rational discourse in the philosophical context of the ‘philosophy of perception’! I like M.; for various reasons: He notes that logic is more related to mathematics – indeed, for logicism mathematics IS logic – so the opposite to ‘formal’ logic is ‘material’ logic, not ‘informal’ as Ryle and Strawson want – Mangione has studied ‘categories’ and talks of ‘logica matematica’ – he has studied Frege’s ideografia, as he aptly translates his grundscrift, and he tried to improve on the ‘nationalism’ which was ubiquitous in logic in Italy in the ‘primo novecento’!” Insegna a Milano. Diresse le due collane matematiche della casa editrice Progresso tecnico editoriale di Milano, appendice della A. Martello editore. Presso l'editore Boringhieri di Torino dirige Testi e manuali della scienza, serie di logica matematica. Contribuito alla storia della filosofia di GEYMONAT con contributi sulla logica matematica. Amplia e sistematizza tali contributi nella Storia della logica. Il saggio costituisce un ampio ed esaustivo lavoro di ricognizione e sintesi. Logica matematica divertente, Harris PEANO, no, e, o, se, some, at least one, all, il. Simbolistica, logica simbolica, logica formale, logica materiale, semantica, semantica per un sistema di deduzione naturale, SYMBOLO, whoof and proof, w’f ‘n’ proof, la proclama di .: logica matematica, la logica matematica deve essere divertente!” Grice: Mangione, mi dica la verità: lei ha mai provato a spiegare la logica matematica a qualcuno durante una cena con amici? Io, onestamente, preferisco le implicature conversazionali—almeno si può fare qualche battuta senza rischiare di confondere tutti! Mangione: Ah, caro Grice, provare sì! Ma tra il “no, e, o, se” e la simbologia di Peano, spesso finisce che mi chiedono se ho portato anche il vino. D’altronde, la logica matematica deve essere divertente: se non si ride almeno un po’, si rischia di prenderla troppo sul serio! Grice: Ecco, allora siamo d’accordo: la logica, come la conversazione, funziona meglio con un pizzico di leggerezza. Strawson voleva scrivere trattati complicati, ma io preferisco pensare che “some”, “at least one”, “all” siano come le olive nell’insalata: ognuna dà sapore, ma senza esagerare. Mangione: Perfetto, Grice! In fondo, tra “whoof and proof”, la semantica e la logica nazionale, l’importante è non perdere il gusto della discussione. E se la logica diventa troppo seria, basta ricordare che la logica matematica può essere davvero… divertente! Mangione, Corrado (1948). La filosofia di Corrado Mangione. Palermo: Sandron.

Girolamo Manfredi (Bologna, Emilia): l’implicatura conversazionale del liber de homine. Manfredi is a particularly good foil for Grice because the passage makes him a professional of “perché”: he systematizes questions (medical, natural-philosophical, even divinatory) into a popular explanatory machine, whereas Grice systematizes how questions and answers work as rational moves in a talk exchange. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a disciplined inference from what is said to what is meant, licensed by cooperative expectations; Manfredi’s Il Perché / Liber de homine (first published 1474, with a well-known 1497 Bologna edition) already thematizes the same inferential appetite, but in a different register—causal explanation, pseudo-Aristotelian “Problems,” and prognostication—where readers are trained to move from sign to conclusion (clouds to rain, budgets to a “hard year”) with varying degrees of warrant. That lets you sharpen Grice’s central distinction: for Grice, “x means that p” in the natural-sign sense (spots mean measles; clouds mean rain) is not yet speaker-meaning, and the rationality of implicature is normative and defeasible (it can be cancelled, challenged, recalculated); for Manfredi, the cultural practice of reading signs—medical symptoms, astral configurations, providential “omens”—is precisely where rationality and superstition blur, and the interpretive leap can masquerade as necessity. Historically, the biographical scaffolding in your passage aligns with standard sources (Bologna/Ferrara training; academic career in Bologna; dispute with Pico’s attack on divinatory astrology; early vernacular plague treatise printed Bologna 1478; prognostication for 1490 printed Bologna 1489; and the long afterlife of Il Perché/Liber de homine), and this supports the comparison: Manfredi exemplifies an early modern culture of inference hungry for “why,” while Grice supplies the later analytic discipline that separates mere symptom-reading from accountable communicative inference—showing that the most interesting “perché” in conversation is not just a request for causes, but a test of what reasons a speaker has given the hearer to draw, or refuse, a conclusion. Grice: “I once punned on Alexander Pope’s study of mankind, man – philosopherkind – Manfredi didn’t!”  Grice: “I like the “liber de homine.” It reminds me that among my unpublications there’s a ‘Why’!” Grice: “While the Italians aptly use the same particle for ‘why’ and ‘for’, the Anglo-Saxons didn’t! That must be because ‘for’ is usually otiose: “Why are you eating.” “For I am hungry, say I!” cf. “I am hungry.” – Studia a Bologna e Ferrara. Entra in contatto con circoli umanistici. Insegna a Bologna. Riceve un compenso superiore alla media ed è il docente più citato nei Libri partitorum. Esercita l'astrologia ee attaccato da PICO  (“Disputazione contro l’astrologia divinatrice””).  La sua opera “Il Perché” fu un successo per secoli.  Altre saggi: “Tractato de la pestilentia,” Bologna, Johann Schriber, “Pro-gnosticon” (Bologna, Bazaliero Bazalieri) “Liber de homine,”  Impressum Bononiae, Dizionario biografico degli italiani, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. divination. Those clouds mean rain – Those clouds mean death. --. Grice: “The present budget means that we will have a bad year – Prognosticon. “The present budget means we’ll have a hard year, but we shan’t have.” – x means that p entails p. Pico approaches Manfredi, “You said that the budget for 1490 meant that we would have a hard year, but we  didn’t!” liber de homine, la tradizione pseudo-peripatetici dei problemi – il problema – la questione di ‘per che’ – Grice sulle tipi di domanda – la domanda dei bambini – la domanda di Grice a bambini, “Can a sweater be red and green all over? No stripes or spots allowed? – The philosopher’s question – ‘why is there something rather than nothing? Why I am me and not you?  l’implicatura divinatrice. Grice: Caro Manfredi, ho sempre trovato affascinante la tua attenzione per il "perché" delle cose. Nel tuo "Liber de homine", sembra che tu voglia andare oltre le semplici spiegazioni meccaniche e arrivare al cuore delle domande umane. Secondo te, quanto conta la curiosità nella ricerca filosofica? Manfredi: Carissimo Grice, la curiosità è il motore primo della filosofia! Senza domande, senza quel "perché" che ci inquieta fin da bambini, non avremmo mai scritto né letto nulla. Nel mio lavoro, come sai, ho cercato di mostrare che perfino dietro una domanda apparentemente ingenua si nasconde una profonda sete di senso. Grice: Mi colpisce anche il tuo interesse per le implicature, soprattutto in relazione alla divinazione e alle previsioni. In Inghilterra, spesso distinguiamo tra ciò che qualcuno dice e ciò che intende davvero; tu, invece, sembri suggerire che anche le stelle possano "parlare" per implicito! Manfredi: Eh sì, Grice! L’uomo ha sempre cercato segni nel cielo e nella natura, quasi come se il mondo stesso volesse suggerirci risposte. Ma la vera sfida, per il filosofo come per l’astrologo, è interpretare questi segni con ragionevolezza, distinguendo ciò che è fondato da ciò che è solo superstizione. In fondo, anche la filosofia è un’arte del leggere tra le righe! Manfredi, Girolamo (1462). De hominis procreatione. Bologna: Benedicti.

Michelangelo Manicone (Vico del Gargano, Foggia, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia del Gargano. Manicone embodies a strongly contextual and practical Enlightenment rationality: knowledge is earned through direct observation of Gargano’s natural systems, and philosophy is justified by its capacity to guide action toward human well-being and what we would now call sustainability. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning, by contrast, treats “context” not as landscape or ecology but as the shared background that makes utterances inferentially tractable: speakers can mean more than they say because hearers can rationally reconstruct intentions under norms of cooperation (relevance, informativeness, clarity, sincerity), and those reconstructions are, in principle, accountable. The comparison the passage invites is that Manicone expands “context” outward (environment, economy, civic life) while Grice analyzes it inward (the structured expectations that govern uptake in a talk exchange); yet the two fit surprisingly well if you treat conversation as a human ecosystem. On that reading, Manicone’s insistence that everything is connected and that reason must serve the common good parallels Grice’s insistence that meaning is not private but socially governed: the “good” conversation, like the “good” use of nature, depends on restraint, shared norms, and sensitivity to consequences (what an utterance will do to an audience, what a policy will do to an environment). Historically, Manicone is indeed remembered as an 18th-century Capitanata cleric-naturalist associated with works on Apulian/Daunian “physics” and empirical inquiry; your citation of a 1797 Naples imprint functions in the same pseudo-archival style as the project’s other entries, and it supports the conceptual contrast: Grice makes conversational reason a theory of how meaning is responsibly inferable, while Manicone makes reason a discipline of situated stewardship—of land, of society, and, by extension, of the contexts within which any human “saying” can matter. Grice: “Unlike Italy’s, the geography of Oxford – or dreaming spires, as scholars call it – is rather boring!” Una delle personalità più caratteristiche del suo tempo della Capitanata. Definito il monacello rivoluzionario a causa della sua bassa statura, la sua indole illuministica consiste in una sete di sapere che non si placa col dogmatismo, ma coll’esperienza diretta, lo studio approfondito dei fenomeni naturali e della scienza, un’osservazione empirica che puo fornire una risposta valida e concreta alle varie problematiche e quindi un aiuto pratico all'uomo, al suo benessere e sviluppo, alla sua felicità. Ciò gli costa l'inimicizia di chi, seppur in pieno illuminismo, diffida e demonizza la scienza.  Lo sviluppo economico-sociale che teorizza M. consiste in uno sviluppo connesso e, per certi versi, dipendente dall'ambiente, perché egli ritene che la natura  è una fonte primaria di ricchezza e la sua distruzione segna la fine dello sviluppo. M. può essere considerato un profeta dello sviluppo sostenibile, perché, quando le industrie sono inesistenti, ha un’ampiezza di vedute che gli consente di prevedere le conseguenze disastrose che porta l’uso improprio e scriteriato delle risorse naturali.  Le opere in cui M. tratta, tra gl’altri, il tema dello sviluppo sostenibile, sono La fisica appula, cioè dell'Apulia, e La fisica daunica, cioè della Daunia, antico nome della Capitanata. ORAZIO nell’epistola. Garganum mugire putes nemus. Riferisce che il disboscamento del promontorio inizia col taglio barbaro dei pini nel territorio “Difesa” di Vico del Il contesto del contesto. "Philosophers often say that context is very important. Let us take this remark seriously. Surely, if we do, we shall want to consider this remark in its relation to this or that problem, i. e., in context, but also in itself, i. e., out of context.” Grice, The general theory of context. La filosofia del gargano. Grice: Manicone, ho sempre pensato che il contesto sia fondamentale per comprendere davvero il significato di una conversazione. Lei, che ha indagato così a fondo le relazioni tra uomo, natura e ragione, come interpreta il ruolo del contesto nella filosofia? Manicone: Per me il contesto non è solo uno sfondo: è la radice di ogni comprensione. Nel Gargano, la natura ha sempre insegnato che tutto è connesso; anche il pensiero umano nasce dall’osservazione concreta dell’ambiente. Senza il contesto – direi – la filosofia rischia di perdersi nelle nuvole! Grice: Trovo affascinante la sua prospettiva! In Inghilterra, troppo spesso dimentichiamo la concretezza del vivere quotidiano. Lei sembra anticipare quello che oggi chiameremmo “sviluppo sostenibile”. Pensa che la filosofia abbia il dovere di guidare anche le scelte pratiche? Manicone: Esattamente, caro Grice! La vera filosofia per me è quella che migliora la vita delle persone e custodisce la natura. Studiare, osservare, dialogare: così possiamo davvero aiutare l’uomo a essere felice senza distruggere ciò che lo circonda. In fondo, la ragione nasce per servire il bene comune! Manicone, Michelangelo (1797). La natura e la società. Napoli: Stamperia Reale.

Marco Manilio (Roma, Lazio): il portico romano. Manilius (the Roman poet-astronomer of the Astronomica, often dated to the Augustan–Tiberian period) is made into a hard determinist of the Portico: fate governs not only events but even thought and will, so “freedom” collapses into acceptance of what is already written in the stars. That stance is a useful counter-image for Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning, which depends on a very un-Stoic kind of agency: speakers choose what to make explicit and what to leave to inference, and hearers rationally reconstruct what is meant by assuming cooperative norms (relevance, informativeness, clarity, sincerity) and attributing intentions that function as reasons for uptake. If Manilius is right that even our inner moves are fated, then Grice’s central explanatory engine—intention recognized as intention—looks less like rational governance and more like a post hoc story we tell about what was bound to happen anyway; “implicature” would become not a calculable inference under shared norms but merely another phenomenon subsumed under cosmic necessity. Conversely, the Manilius contrast helps highlight what Grice is committed to: even when conversational practice feels habitual or culturally scripted, it is still a normative space in which speakers can be held responsible for what they invite others to infer, and hearers can demand reasons (“why did you say it that way?”) in a way that a determinist cosmology tends to flatten. Historically, Manilius is indeed associated with an astrology-laden, fate-saturated worldview (though scholars debate how strictly Stoic or merely astrological his determinism is), and that background makes your juxtaposition sharp: Grice’s “conversational reason” is governance by mutually recognizable rational standards inside talk, while Manilius’ “reason” is governance by the cosmos, where even the joke is credited to Fate rather than to the speaker. Grice: “We seldom discussed ‘freedom’ with Austin, but after my seminars on Kant’s critique of ‘practical’ or buletic, as I prefer, reason – I found that Kant was a liberal, in the sense that he wanted to liberate himself, and all of us – qua persons – from everything! This struck a louder chord than the silly tune Isaiah Berlin was playing as the professor in the history of ideas – about positive (free to) and negative (free from) freedom!” Filosofo italiano. Porch. Astronomer and poet. He writes a long poem on astronomical matters, part of which survives. He takes and extreme position on the subject of fate, believing that not even thoughts – or the will -- are exempt from its influence.  liberta, il libero. GRICEVS: Salvē, Manlī. Audīvī tē Porticūm Rōmānum colere; ego autem post Kantium suspicor lībertātem esse artem—praesertim artem ēvadendī. MANLIVS: Salvē, Grīcē. Ego in porticū ambulō, sed Fātum mecum ambulat; nec cōgitātiōnēs meae sunt līberae—nisi forte Fātum est optimus paedagōgus. GRICEVS: Kantius tamen “līberālem” sē dīcit: vult sē atque omnēs nōs—quā personās—ab omnibus līberāre. Berlin autem cantillat: “līber ā” et “līber ad”; mihi vidētur quasi tibicen duās tibias habeat, sed nūllam citharam. MANLIVS: Ha! apud mē “līber ad” est tantum: līber ad patiendum quod iam scrīptum est. Sed nē trīstis sīs: sī omnia Fātum regit, tum etiam tuum iocum Fātum composuit—et certe bene composuit. Manilio, Marco (a. u. c. DCCLXX). De voluntate. Roma.

Lucio Manlio Torquato (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale dell’orto a Roma e l’implicatura conversazionale – filosofia italiana – Grice italo, Lucius Manlius Torquatus (the Epicurean spokesman in Cicero’s De finibus) offers a Rome-and-garden analogue for what Grice later theorizes as reason-governed conversational meaning: both pictures treat “what is conveyed” as something that grows out of shared practices and expectations rather than out of bare sentence-meaning alone. For Grice, implicature is a rational, publicly recoverable inference from what is said to what is meant, licensed by cooperative norms (relevance, sufficiency, clarity, candour) and by intentions the hearer can attribute as reasons; for Manlio’s Epicurean scene, the “hortus” is a social setting in which discourse is itself a cultivated art oriented to a telos (tranquillity/pleasure) and therefore governed by its own norms of restraint, frankness, and practical focus. The torques/torquatus motif in your entry nicely sharpens the contrast: it ties Manlio to a heritage of “Manlian discipline” and public honour, yet in De finibus the Epicurean Torquatus argues that the rational basis of life is not austere display but an account of voluptas; likewise, in Grice, the rational basis of conversation is not rhetorical grandeur but the disciplined economy by which speakers make themselves intelligible while leaving some content inferable. Historically, the anchoring is sound: Cicero’s De finibus is set in 50 BC and indeed stages Torquatus defending Epicureanism in Rome; your anachronistic move is to read that hortus conversation as already a laboratory for Gricean implicature, where the “roots” of meaning lie hidden (speaker intentions, shared background, genre expectations) and the “fruit” is what the audience is entitled to take the speaker to mean beyond the explicit words. Grice: “In modern Italian, the name Lucius Manlius Torquatus would likely be rendered as Lucio Manlio Torquato. While the nomen (Manlio) was the official clan name, modern Italian surnames most often derive from the cognomen, which functioned as a hereditary nickname. If following the lineage of the gens Manlia, the primary modern surname would be Torquato. Torquato: Still exists as both a surname and a first name (most famously held by the Renaissance poet Torquato Tasso). Manlio: While less common as a surname, it survives primarily as a male given name in Italy today. Etymology and Implication The name Torquatus carries significant historical and symbolic weight: Etymology: It is derived from the Latin torquis (or torques), meaning "twisted neck-chain," "collar," or "torc". This itself comes from the verb torqueo, meaning "to twist". Literal Meaning: "Adorned with a neck-chain" or "The Collared One". Historical Origin: The title was first earned by Titus Manlius Imperiosus in 361 BC. During a battle against the Gauls, he defeated a giant Gaul in single combat and took the warrior's golden torc as a trophy, placing it around his own neck. Implications: Military Valor: It served as a permanent mark of extraordinary bravery and victory in single combat. "Manlian Discipline": The family became synonymous with extreme severity and strict adherence to duty. The original Torquatus famously executed his own son for engaging the enemy against orders, even though the son had won the fight. Nobility: As one of the gentes maiores (greatest patrician families), the name implied high social status and a long lineage of political leadership, including 13 consulships. Roma antica, orto, De finibus. Lucio Manlio Torquato. Roma. Gricevs: Salvete, Manlivs! Dic mihi, quid significat torques aureus in collo tuo? Estne signum philosophiae aut certaminis culinarii? Manlius: Torques aureus, Gricevs, est memoria antiquae virtutis Manliorum—non solum belli, sed etiam studii sapientiae, nam in orto nostro, disciplina et fortitudo pari modo coluntur. Gricevs: Pulchre dictum, Manlivs! Sed num credis virtutem esse in sola traditione, an etiam in quotidianis rebus, qualia sunt sermones et labores horti? Manlius: Gricevs, virtus vera crescit ex actionibus nostris; sicut planta in horto, radices in terra abscondit, sed fructus omnibus patet. Sic etiam sermo philosophorum florescit ex laboris cotidiana disciplina. Manlio Torquato, Lucio (a. u. c. DCCIV). De voluptate. Roma.

Publio Manlio Vopisco (Roma, Lazio): La ragione conversazionale all’orto di Roma– “Don’t call me ‘Vopisco’! Manlio Vopisco is made into a Roman Epicurean whose “garden” is both a physical hortus and a social technology for living well, so the rationality of talk is imagined on the model of cultivation: nature provides the seeds of communicative ability, but art (training, habit, style) makes conversation yield pleasure and tranquillity. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning can be read as a modern, analytic counterpart to that horticultural image: implicature is what grows when speakers and hearers jointly sustain norms of cooperation, so that what is meant beyond what is said is not mystical “atmosphere” but a reconstructible inference under shared expectations (relevance, sufficiency, clarity, sincerity). The contrast is that Manlio’s Epicurean setting treats conversation primarily as a practice ordered to ataraxia and voluptas—good talk as a component of the pleasant life, aided by patronage and cultivated otium—whereas Grice treats conversation as a rational practice ordered to intelligibility and accountability, in which “what you leave unsaid” must still be something your audience can reasonably be expected to work out. Historically, the biographical packaging here (a “Publio Manlio Vopisco,” patron of Statius, villa at Tivoli) blends real Roman naming patterns and later antiquarian association (the well-known Villa of Manlius Vopiscus at Tivoli) with an Epicurean “Garden” persona in a way that is more emblematic than documentary; but as an emblem it serves your comparison well: Manlio supplies the ethical end of conversation (why we want talk at all), while Grice supplies the inferential discipline that explains how talk can reliably do its work without becoming either mere charm or mere power. --  il giardino. L’orto. L’Orto. Patron of STAZIO . Grice: “When I say ‘Garden’ I mean: ‘filosofo che segue la dottrina dell’Orto” – i. e. Marius, the Epicurean! The category of ‘patron’ is more or less publicly unknown in Oxonian philosophy. The term is applied to what the stereotypical patron was applied, as when we say ‘Mecenas’ without meaning ‘Mecenas.’ In modern Italian, the surname of Publio ManlioVopisco, based on his gens (the Manlia clan), is Manlio. The name Vopisco (Vopiscus) is an ancient Latin cognomen with a specific meaning: Definition: It traditionally refers to a child born alive after the death of their twin in the womb. Etymology: While some historians like Pliny the Elder promoted this "surviving twin" definition, modern scholars consider it an antique and rare name that likely originated as a praenomen before being used as a family nickname. In the context of this specific individual, Manlio (the nomen) functions as the family name, and Vopisco(the cognomen) acts as a branch or personal identifier. Modern Italian references to his historical villa in Tivoli refer to him as Manlio Vopisco. Denarius of Lucius Manlius Torquatus. The obverse depicts the head of Roma within a torque, the emblem of the Manlii Torquati. The reverse depicts a warrior charging into battle on horseback, beneath the letter 'Q', signifying Torquatus' quaestorship. The gens Manlia (Mānlia)[1] was one of the oldest and noblest patrician houses at Rome, from the earliest days of the Republic until imperial times. The first of the gens to obtain the consulship was Gnaeus Manlius Cincinnatus, consul in 480 BC, and for nearly five centuries its members frequently held the most important magistracies. Many of them were distinguished statesmen and generals, and a number of prominent individuals under the Empire claimed the illustrious Manlii among their ancestors. la villa del filosofo. Gricevs: Salve, Manli Vopisce! Quid agis hodie inter hortos et Romae porticus? Manlio: Salve, Grice! Inter rosarum odorem et philosophorum sermonem, semper invenio pacem. Hodie in orto cogito de felicitate, ut Epicureus docuit: “Quid enim est vita nisi hortus sapientiae?” Gricevs: Bene dictum, Manli Vopisce! Sed dic mihi: Putasne rationem conversandi ortum habere in ipsa natura, an potius in arte loquendi? Manlio: Existimo rationem conversandi nasci ex natura, quae nobis dat initia, sed arte perficitur. Sicut in orto, semina ponimus, sed cultu crescunt. Manlio Vopisco, Publio (a. u. c. DCCCXLVIII). De voluptate. Roma.

Filippo Amantea Mannelli (Grimaldi, Calabria): l’implicatura conversazionale degl’eroi di Virgilio. Mannelli functions as a Virgilian humanist foil for Grice by relocating “reason-governed meaning” from the seminar room to the epic scene: where Grice’s conversational implicature is a rational, publicly reconstructible route from what is said to what is meant under cooperative norms, Mannelli’s “heroes of Virgil” supply a culture in which much of what matters is carried by elevated understatement, prophetic indirection, and role-bound decorum—forms of communicative restraint that feel like implicature at the level of character and fate. The comic tension in the dialogue (“would Aeneas respect my maxims or prefer stoic silence?”) points to the difference: Grice’s maxims are designed to explain how ordinary interlocutors can calculate intended enrichments (and how those enrichments can be cancelled or challenged), whereas epic communication often works by making the enrichment socially or narratively compulsory: Aeneas’ piety, duty, and self-suppression are not optional “hearer inferences” so much as interpretive obligations built into the genre. Biographically, I can’t corroborate from standard online reference sources that there is a historically attested Filippo Amantea Mannelli with a 1685 imprint La filosofia morale (Napoli: Morano), and the profile you give (local Calabrian cultural institutions, “palazzo,” contributions to Calabria Letteraria, a metrical Xenia of Goethe) reads like your project’s characteristic pseudo-archival montage; but that actually strengthens the Gricean comparison, because it makes Mannelli an emblem of a different rationality of meaning: not the calculability of conversational cooperation, but the cultivated, classicizing rationality of exempla, where “what is meant” is stabilized by a shared literary canon (Virgil, Goethe, Schiller, Kant) and by institutions of remembrance (academies, libraries), rather than by the moment-to-moment mechanics of a talk exchange. Grice: “When Strawson was inaugurated as the Waynflete professor at Oxford of metaphysical philosophy, he referred in his opening lecture to myself as a hero or a god – I forget!” Filosofo italiano. Grimaldi, Cosenza, Calabria. Grice: “Like me, Mannelli loved Kant, Goethe, Schiller, Virgilio – and he has his own ‘palazzo’!” -- Fequenta il ginnasio a Cosenza. Si trasferì con la famiglia prima ad Aosta, dove termina gli studi liceali, e poi a Roma. S’interessa sempre più al mondo politico e dopo la laurea, conseguita con il massimo dei voti, ritorna a Cosenza e  venne eletto Consigliere Provinciale.  Proprio in qualità di membro del consiglio provinciale, si adoperò in prima persona per arricchire e promuovere l'ampliamento della Biblioteca Provinciale di Cosenza  Si dedicò in tempi e con modi diversi all'attività di approfondimento e divulgazione. Firmò una versione metrica della Xenia di Goethe (Roma, Paravia.  E tra i maggiori contributori della più importante rivista di arti e lettere della regione, la Calabria Letteraria. Presidente dell'Accademia Cosentina, l'istituzione accademica calabrese che vanta un'esistenza plurisecolare e che nel XVI secolo ebbe come presidente Telesio.  Opere: “Inaugurandosi il monumento al caduti grimaldesi: scultura di Cambellotti, Reggio Calabria, Editore Il Giornale di Calabria, Paravia, Le storiche Terme Luigiane: passato-presente-futuro, Cosenza, Cronaca di Calabria, L'Accademia Cosentina nella sua storia secolare e nell'oggi, Cosenza, Tip. Vincenzo Serafino. Biografia in Calabriaonline.com  M. Chiodo, L'Accademia cosentina e la sua biblioteca. Società e cultura in Calabria.  Xenia Edizione Paravia. nna Vincenza Aversa, Dopoguerra calabrese: cultura e stampa, gl’eroi di Virgilio, gl’eroe di Virgilio, l’eroe stoico, Acri, Enea come eroe stoico, gl’eroi di Vico. Grice: Mannelli, mi dica la verità: tra tutti gl’eroi di Virgilio, qual è quello che scegli per una chiacchierata davanti a un buon caffè? Mannelli: Caro Grice, senza dubbio Enea! È uno che ascolta gli dèi, si perde tra i sentimenti e alla fine trova sempre la strada… un po’ come noi filosofi dopo una lunga notte in biblioteca. Grice: E secondo lei, se Enea fosse stato a Oxford, avrebbe rispettato le mie massime conversazionali o avrebbe preferito il silenzio stoico? Mannelli: Oh, Grice, a Oxford avrebbe sicuramente detto qualcosa di sensato… ma solo dopo aver consultato il suo destino! E magari, tra una massima e l’altra, ci avrebbe invitati a fondare una nuova Accademia. Sempre che le muse fossero d’accordo! Mannelli, Filippo Amantea (1685). La filosofia morale. Napoli: Morano.

Alessandro Manzoni (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale dell’implicature dei promessi sposi, “How CLEVER English is!” – Grice. Grice and Manzoni meet as two versions of the same wager: that meaning is not secured by an abstract system but by the rational habits of a linguistic community in action. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning says that what speakers communicate beyond what they literally say (implicature) is, in principle, inferable by any competent hearer who assumes cooperation and can reconstruct the speaker’s intentions against shared norms of relevance, adequacy, and clarity; the “cleverness” of a language is precisely that it supports this disciplined traffic between saying and meaning. Manzoni’s questione della lingua and his “rinsing in the Arno” episode dramatize the same dependence on shared practice, but at the scale of nation-building rather than turn-by-turn inference: he rewrites I promessi sposi to align with educated spoken Florentine because a national language must be a living, socially ratified medium capable of carrying common understanding, moral nuance, and comic timing without constant recourse to grammarians. Where Grice theorizes how local conversational rationality makes implicature calculable, cancellable, and accountable, Manzoni engineers the background conditions that make such rationality widely shareable—standardizing a register in which what is left unsaid can still be responsibly recovered. Historically, the outline in your passage tracks well-known facts: the 1827 “Ventisettana” edition, the later linguistic revision associated with Florence, and Manzoni’s explicit argument (in writings on the unity of the language) that language is a communal practice rather than a museum of rules; your analogy to Austin and ordinary-language philosophy then lands naturally, because both Manzoni and the Oxford tradition treat the everyday as the tribunal of sense, and both take the durability of ordinary distinctions as evidence that reason in language is a social achievement before it is a theory. Grice: “ In I Promessi Sposi, M.’s engagement with the questione della lingua parallels ordinary-language philosophy by shifting the focus from abstract, idealized systems to the "living," everyday speech of a community. M. and the "Living" Language M.’s philosophical struggle centered on defining what constitutes a truly national language for a unified Italy. Rejection of the Artificial: M. initially writes in an eclectic, bookish mix of dialects and literary forms but finds this insufficient for a unified people. The Florentine Solution: To resolve this, he famously rinses his rags in the Arno, rewriting his novel to match the contemporary, educated spoken Florentine dialect. Language as Shared Practice: His treatise, dell’unità della lingua, argued that a language is not a set of frozen rules but a shared social practice essential for national community.  Parallels with Austin and OLP Modern scholars link M.’s turn toward "ordinary life" with the work of Austin and ‘Vitters. Ordinary vs. Ideal Language: Just as Austin critiques philosophers for creating an ideal language that ignores the nuances of everyday speech, M. critiques the artificial literary Italian of his time. Speech Acts and Community: Austin’s speech act theory posits that language is something we do rather than just a set of assertions. Similarly, M. views language as the mechanism for staging community and moral acknowledgment. The Test of Survival: Austin believes ordinary language preserves distinctions that have stood the long test of the survival of the fittest. M. seeks to anchor Italian in a living dialect because it possesses the vitality and consensus that a bookish language lacks.  Philosophical Impact Italian philosophers interested in OLP found in M. an early precursor who addresses the same fundamental question: Is language a formal logical system or a set of communal habits?  Grice: Manzoni, mi dica, come le è venuta l'idea di “rinsaldare i panni nell’Arno”? Davvero solo i fiorentini sanno parlare come si deve o c’è qualche dialetto che le sta simpatico? Manzoni: Caro Grice, ho provato tutti i dialetti, ma nessuno mi convinceva! Il milanese era troppo diretto, il lombardo troppo “brusco”, e il toscano mi sembrava la ricetta perfetta: limpido, elegante e capace di mettere tutti d’accordo senza litigare. Grice: Se avesse chiesto a Austin, le avrebbe suggerito di scrivere in “lingua ordinaria”, magari quella che si usa nei bar di Oxford! Ma dicono che nei Promessi Sposi la lingua è viva perché nasce dalla gente, non dai grammatici. Ha mai pensato di ambientare il romanzo in Inghilterra? Manzoni: Ah, Grice, se avessi ambientato tutto a Londra, “Don Abbondio” sarebbe diventato “Father Bond”, e Renzo avrebbe chiesto il permesso per sposarsi al pub! La verità è che la lingua migliore è quella che ti permette di ridere e piangere insieme, e magari capire cosa si sta dicendo senza bisogno di dizionario. In fondo, la lingua è come il pane: deve essere fresca, genuina e per tutti! Manzoni, Alessandro (1827). I promessi sposi. Milano: Ferrario.

Girolamo Marafioti (Polistena, Calabria). In your passage, Marafioti is a useful counterpoint to Grice because he represents meaning as something anchored in traces, authorities, and memorial technique, whereas Grice treats meaning in conversation as something anchored in publicly reconstructible practical reasoning between interlocutors. Grice’s “reason-governed conversational meaning” explains how an audience is entitled to move from what is said to what is meant (implicatures generated under expectations of cooperation, relevance, adequacy, and clarity), and it makes that movement accountable: if you drew the inference, you can in principle show why it was warranted. Marafioti’s historical project in the Croniche et antichità di Calabria—written by a Franciscan continuator correcting and supplementing Barrio, using fragmentary sources, and motivated by preserving local sanctity and civic memory—works with a different “rationality”: not the on-the-fly rationality of turn-taking, but the curatorial rationality of selection, emendation, and authoritative compilation, where what is “meant” by Calabria’s past often has to be reconstructed from gaps and lacunae rather than inferred from cooperative norms. Online reference summaries broadly confirm the outline that Marafioti’s biography is sparse and largely inferred from his own works; that he produced Croniche et antichità di Calabria in five books with an early Naples printing and a later expanded Paduan edition; and that he also wrote a Latin treatise on mnemonics that was successful enough to be translated into Italian—details that reinforce the comparison: Marafioti thematizes memory as a technology for stabilizing meaning across time, while Grice thematizes inference as a technology for stabilizing meaning across speakers. Put sharply, Marafioti is concerned with how meaning survives (through archives, saints’ lives, and mnemonic discipline), whereas Grice is concerned with how meaning happens (through rational expectations in a talk exchange), and your staged dialogue makes the bridge between them: both are, in their different ways, trying to protect sense from loss—Marafioti from historical oblivion, Grice from conversational misunderstanding. Grice: “I played for Oxfordshire, I mean I played as an amateur cricketer at county level – I’m not sure if Calabria counts as ‘county level’!”  Filosofo, umanista, storico e presbitero italiano. M., Croniche et antichità di Calabria. Le notizie biografiche su di lui sono molto scarse e desunte per lo più dalle sue opere o da una storia ottocentesca della sua città natale. Croniche et antichità di Calabria. Sacerdote appartenente all'Ordine dei Frati Minori, M. si prefisse il compito di continuare la storia della Calabria dell'umanista Barrio. La prima edizione di quell'opera, infatti, si era rivelata talmente piena di errori e di lacune che lo stesso Barrio aveva tentato di emendarla in vista di una seconda edizione, ma ne era stato impedito dalla morte. Intenzione, parzialmente disattesa, del padre francescano era inoltre quella di ricordare le vite i santi calabresi, specialmente coloro di cui si era persa la memoria.  Le Croniche et antichità di Calabria, in cinque libri, venne edita una prima volta a Napoli mentre una seconda versione accresciuta e corretta venne edita a Padova.  Di padre M. sono rimasti anche un'opera teologica e un trattato di mnemotecnica in lingua latina, che ha un certo successo tanto che venne tradotto poco tempo dopo in lingua italiana.  Non è noto dove e quando M. sia morto. Giovanni Russo, ex direttore del Museo civico "Francesco Jerace" a Polistena, ha suggerito che M. sia deceduto  presso il convento nel suo paese natale. Opere: M., Croniche et antichità di Calabria. Conforme all'ordine de' testi greco, et latino, raccolte da' più famosi scrittori antichi, et moderni ..., Padova, Ad instanza de gl'Uniti, Forni, D. Valensise, .  ?id=LlawjHUbv9U C&printsec=frontcover&hl=it#v =onepage&q& f=false Consultabile on line su Google Libri ^ L. Accattatis. ^ Franco Carlino, M.. Un sacerdote con la passione della storia, in Il Nuovo Corriere della Sibaritide, Barrii Francicani De antiquitate et situ Calabriae. Libri quinque. implicatura. Grice: Caro Marafioti, ho sempre trovato affascinante la sua dedizione alla storia della Calabria. Mi incuriosisce sapere cosa l’ha spinto a correggere e arricchire le opere di Barrio, un compito certo non facile! Marafioti: Gentile Grice, la passione per la mia terra e il desiderio di restituire memoria ai santi calabresi sono stati i miei principali motivi. Barrio aveva lasciato molte lacune e io, da buon frate, ho cercato di colmarle per amore della verità e della tradizione. Grice: È davvero encomiabile. Le sue "Croniche et antichità di Calabria" sono considerate fondamentali per chi vuole comprendere la storia e la cultura della regione. Ha trovato ostacoli nel suo percorso di ricerca? Marafioti: Certo, caro Grice. Le fonti erano spesso frammentarie e le notizie rare, ma la perseveranza e la fede mi hanno aiutato. Ho anche scritto un trattato di mnemotecnica, nella speranza che la memoria dei calabresi possa essere custodita e tramandata. Dopotutto, come si dice da noi, "chi non ha memoria non ha futuro". Marafioti, Girolamo (1601). Croniche et storia della Calabria. Napoli: Stamperia di Tarquinio Longo.

Geronimo Marano (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale. Marano is presented as turning pragmatics into a local Neapolitan art of conversational rhetoric, whereas Grice treats pragmatics as a normative, reason-governed mechanism: hearers infer what is meant (implicated) from what is said by assuming cooperation, and those inferences are in principle reconstructible as reasons (relevance, quantity, manner, quality) rather than as mere stylistic flair. That difference is the point of contact and the point of tension: Marano’s Naples makes conversation feel like navigation through dense social streets—irony, timing, and face-work are central, and “meaning” often rides on culturally tuned insinuation—while Grice’s framework insists that even the most local, witty, or evasive remark only counts as a communicative implicature insofar as the speaker can reasonably expect the audience to recognize an intention and to treat it as a reason for uptake. If one adds the Leech cue in your keywords, Marano aligns with a rhetoric-centered pragmatics (how speakers achieve effects and manage social relations), while Grice supplies the rational backbone that keeps those effects from collapsing into mere atmosphere: conversational success is not just sounding right, but making one’s intended enrichment available to a competent interlocutor under shared norms. Historically, I can’t independently confirm from standard online reference sources that there is a Naples-based philosopher “Geronimo Marano” with a 1755 Palermo imprint Dissertazioni filosofiche; the surname material you include is broadly consistent with common etymological summaries for Marano as a toponymic name, but the philosopher-and-imprint look like your project’s pseudo-archival invention—useful, though, because it lets the comparison land cleanly: Grice’s “conversational reason” explains why Neapolitan conversational artistry is interpretable rather than magical, and Marano’s rhetorical lens explains why Grice’s maxims, outside Oxford, often function less like classroom rules and more like social survival skills. Grice: “I love Marano!” – Keywords: conversational rhetoric; pragmmatica come rettorica converazionale – G. N. Leech.  The Italian surname Marano has several etymological origins, primarily habitational or topographic in nature.  Primary Origins Habitational Name: The most common origin is from various locations in Italy named Marano. These places were often named using the Latin personal name Marius combined with the possessive suffix -anum (meaning "estate of Marius"). Notable examples include: Marano di Napoli (Campania) Marano Vicentino (Veneto) Marano Marchesato (Calabria) Marano Lagunare (Friuli-Venezia Giulia) Topographic Name: It may derive from the Italian word marano, meaning "marshy" or "swampy place," referring to someone who lived near such terrain. Maritime Connection: Some sources suggest a derivation from the Latin marinus, meaning "of the sea," which would associate the name with maritime occupations like fishing or sailing.  Alternative Meanings and Variants Personal Name: It can be a masculine form of the personal name Marana. Historical/Nickname: In some contexts, particularly in Southern Italy, it was a nickname for a "ruffian" or "villain". Historically, it also related to the term for a wild animal, such as a wild boar. Sephardic Context: While distinct from the common Italian surname, the term Marrano (often with two 'r's) was used in the Iberian Peninsula to refer to Jewish converts to Christianity.  Geographical Distribution In 2025, the surname remains most prevalent in Southern Italy, particularly in Campania, Sicily, and Calabria. Common Italian municipalities for the name include Agrigento, Avellino, and Foggia.  Geronimo M.  (also identified as the Reverend Abbot D. Geronimo M.) is an Italian philosopher. Biographical Information Place of Birth: Based on his publishing history and the titles associated with him, he is active in Naples, Italy. Title/Role: Grice: Caro Marano, ho sempre pensato che la tua filosofia a Napoli abbia qualcosa di speciale: sarà forse l’aria del golfo, o la prammatica che diventa quasi una rettorica conversazionale? Marano: Eh Grice, qui a Napoli la conversazione è un’arte, e anche la filosofia deve imparare a muoversi tra i vicoli e i caffè. Non c’è dialogo che non abbia un pizzico di ironia, perfino tra i filosofi! Grice: Ho sentito che il tuo cognome deriva da paludi o dal mare… Quindi la tua prammatica è liquida: scorre, si adatta e riflette il mondo, proprio come farebbe un napoletano vero? Marano: Esatto, Grice! Qui si dice che “chi sa navigare, sa anche filosofare”. La conversazione a Napoli non è solo parlare, è sopravvivere, improvvisare e sorridere anche davanti al più serio dei sillogismi. E, tra parentesi, se la filosofia non fa ridere almeno una volta, è solo una palude senza uscita! Marano, Geronimo (1755). Dissertazioni filosofiche. Palermo: Sandron.

Marco Claudio Marcello (Roma, Lazio): la filosofia sotto Giulio Cesare. Marcello’s story is used to put pressure on the same hinge Grice builds his theory of conversational meaning around: the gap between an agent’s intention and the world’s uptake of it. For Grice, conversational meaning is reason-governed because what a speaker means is, in principle, recoverable by a rational hearer from publicly available cues plus the assumption of cooperative conduct; crucially, this makes intention not a private spark but something that must be recognizable in order to do its communicative work. Prichard’s “too-late pardon” case sharpens the parallel by showing a limit-case where intention seems normatively decisive (Caesar intends to pardon) but the intended perlocutionary outcome (Marcello saved, the political meaning of clemency realized) fails because the act does not reach its audience in time; Marcello’s death is “accidental” relative to Caesar’s will, yet it is decisive relative to what actually happens. Historically, the outline fits the well-attested episode: Caesar pardons Marcus Claudius Marcellus in 46 BC (occasioning Cicero’s Pro Marcello), but Marcellus is later killed near Athens; Cicero treats the pardon as politically meaningful as an act of clementia regardless of the later murder. Your comparison, then, is that Caesar’s pardon functions like an attempted communicative act: it has an intended content and force, but its success depends on the social-temporal channel that carries it; Grice’s point is similar but generalized—meaning is constituted by intention under norms of recognition, so when recognition is blocked (by delay, betrayal, noise, or hostile context), what remains may be an intention with moral or political significance, but not a fully achieved piece of reason-governed communication. Grice: “When I attended Prichard’s seminars on will and action, I was struck by one of his examples – from the history of Rome. M. was a fierce opponent to Giulio Cesare, and about to be condemned to death for precisely that. However, Giulio Cesare changes his mind, and decides to PARDON M. However, the pardon arrived too late, and M. was merciless murdered. Prichard claimed that since Giulio Cesare’s intention was to PARDON M. and save his life, even if Giulio Cesare failed in this, M. could still be deemed to have been pardoned, and his life saved by Giulio Cesare. The murder of M. was ‘accidental’ in terms of Caesar’s willingness to pardon him!” Filosofo italiano. A pupil of Cratippo. M. has a career in public life and is one of those who opposes to Giulio Cesare. Cesare pardons M. but M. is still murdered. Livio, Machiavelli. Marcello. Grice, “Grice e Marcello.”  GRICEVS: Marcell(e), audivi te de Caesare scribere: venia data—sed sero. Roma semper invenit modum ut etiam misericordia tardet. MARCELLVS: Ita est, Grice; apud nos clementia saepe currit post gladium—quasi cursor qui sandalia domi reliquit. GRICEVS: Sed Prichardus diceret: “Si Caesar intendet parcere, tum iam parcit”—quasi voluntas sit nuntius celerior quam tabellarius. MARCELLVS: O Grice, si ita, tum ego hodie vivo “per intentionem”! Roma est unica urbs ubi accidens interficit, sed propositum absolvit. Marcello, Marco Claudio (a. u. c. DCCVIII). De voluntate et evento. Roma.

Marcello (Roma, Lazio): il principe filosofo. Marcello is made to stand at the intersection of two kinds of rational governance: the formal governance of reasons inside logic (syllogismus as syn-logos, a binding-together of logoi) and the practical governance of reasons inside conversation, which is Grice’s domain. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning says that what hearers are entitled to take a speaker to mean (including implicatures) is constrained by publicly accessible norms of cooperative rationality, so that the route from what is said to what is meant is, at least in principle, reconstructible as a piece of reasoning; Marcello, as you portray him, supplies the ancient counterpart by treating reasoning itself as something with an explicit architecture (the syllogism), thereby making “reasons” not merely psychological pushes but connectable units that can be chained, tested, and corrected. The joke about the Kneales “missing Marcello” functions as a narrative hinge: Oxford thinks it has the history of logic sewn up, yet your Marcello reminds us that “logic” is not only a modern formal calculus but also an older civic-and-educational ideal, where to connect reasons is also to connect persons (amicitias quoque coniungamus), i.e., where rational structure is inseparable from the social conditions of its transmission. Historically, there is indeed a real Marcus Claudius Marcellus (Augustus’ nephew and intended heir) who died in 23 BC (AUC 731), but there is no standard attested “Tullio Marcello” author of De ratione or De syllogismo from that setting; the imprint reads as your project’s playful pseudo-archive, and that helps the comparison by letting “Marcello” operate as an emblem: for Grice, the norms of conversation explain how meaning travels by inferential uptake; for Marcello, the norms of syllogistic form explain how conclusions travel by valid consequence—two parallel pictures of reason as something that binds, obliges, and can be evaluated rather than merely felt. Grice: “When I arrived at Oxford from Clifton with a classics scholarship to Corpus, I knew I had to deal with Ottaviano – I was less sure I had to deal with his NEPHEW!” The nephew of Ottaviano [vedasi], and until his death, his chosen heir. A pupil of Nestore. Marco Claudio Marcello. Grice, “Grice e Marcello.” Marcello: del sillogismo – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “At Oxford, it is widely believed that Martha and W. C. Kneale covered the whole of the growh of logic – indeed, they missed Marcello!” Filosofo italiano. M. qrites about logic, including an essay on the syllogism, which is a connection (‘syn-‘) of ‘reasons’ (logoi).  Tullio Marcello. GRICEVS: Cum e Cliftonio Oxonium venissem, stipendio classicorum ad Corpus, sciebam mihi cum Ottaviano esse negotium; minus autem certus eram me etiam cum nepote eius rem habiturum! MARCELLVS: Noli timere, Grice; nepos sum, sed non morsus: si patrui umbram effugis, ad vinum venias—hic quoque logica bibitur. GRICEVS: At Oxonii vulgo creditur Martham et W. C. Kneale totum logicae incrementum complexos esse; immo—Marcellum praeterierunt! MARCELLVS: Praeterierunt? Bene: qui me praeterit, syllogismum quoque praeterit—nam syllogismus est syn-logos, coniunctio rationum; et si rationes coniungimus, amicitias quoque coniungamus. Marcello (a. u. c. DCCXXXI). De ratione. Roma.

Giovanni Marchesini (Noventa, Vicenza, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’educazione del soldato – l’implicatura del capitano – e l’amore sessuale – la società eugenica. Grice uses Marchesini as a foil to sharpen what he means by reason-governed conversational meaning: for Grice, what is communicated beyond what is explicitly said (implicature) is something a hearer can work out by rationally attributing intentions to a speaker under shared norms of cooperative exchange, and the resulting inference is, in principle, accountable and challengeable. Marchesini’s world, by contrast, is presented as one in which meaning is trained into people through institutions (the education of the soldier, the authority of the captain, codes of “cavalry,” symbolism, even the ideology-adjacent rhetoric of eugenics): here the “implicature of the captain” works less like a voluntary, mutually ratified inference and more like a disciplined uptake shaped by hierarchy, ritual, and social conditioning, where what the subordinate “takes” is partly secured by command, not just by conversational rationality. That difference makes Grice’s central claim vivid: conversational reason is not merely intelligence in decoding symbols, but a normative practice in which speakers choose what to make explicit and what to leave inferable, expecting interlocutors to bridge the gap using shared standards of relevance, sufficiency, and clarity—whereas Marchesini’s pedagogical-military frame risks turning inference into indoctrinated compliance, a kind of forced uptake that can mimic implicature while bypassing the freedom and reciprocity that make Gricean inference genuinely reason-governed. Grice: “When I delivered my lecture on ‘meaning’ for the Philosophical Society at Oxford, I knew that some of my pupils – to which I had burdened with my seminars on ‘meaning’ would be attending. I was paying little attention to Marzolo. When Cairo wrote his ‘Dictionary of Symbols,’ way before Vienna, and other events with which we were familiar at Oxford, Cairo makes an effort to trace his research – and he provides three references: Ferrero, Marzolo, and M. – “amongst us Italians” – he adds. Now Ferrero was more of a lawyer and his ‘I simboli’ only tangentially approaches ‘simbolo’ and ‘segno,’ or the phenomenon of ‘voulere dire’ alla Grice – but what is important is that he leaves M. behind, and indeed OVER-stresses the LEGACY of Marzolo. Unlike myself – who dismiss in “Meaning” talk of ‘sign,’ Marzolo entitles his ‘essay’ an ‘essay on signs’ – and he is indeed into ‘words’ – he held a profeessor of letters at Pisa. But his words are what these words ‘voule dire’ – ‘signare’ – as quoted by both Marzolo and Ferrero – as when Cicero says that a signum signat – in the zodiac. But Marzolo’s examples are RARELY about what a given expression MEANS, or is a sign of – he takes this for granted. Now, if you read my ‘Meaning’ you will find NO reference to what a word – or group of words means – I approach this later in my career, under pressure, and I give only ONE example ‘shaggy’ – shaggy shaggy reduplicated, as Ferrero has it to mean that the utterer means that the referent is hairy-coated. When it comes to indicare that’s our ‘say’. L’educazione del soldato, con il capitano MEOLI, la società di genetica ed eugenica, il simbolismo, la dottrina del simbolismo, i simbolisti, i filosofi simbolisti, i artisti simbolisti, Welby, Ogden, Grice, il simbolo del simbolo, il cammino del cavaliere, codigo cavalleresco, cavalleria, cavallo, equites romano – tutti questi appartneno all’altro Marchesini – questo M. e tradizionale. Grice: Caro Marchesini, quando parli dell’educazione del soldato e del capitano, mi viene in mente che persino i miei seminari a Oxford sembravano esercitazioni militari: disciplina, implicature e qualche segno zodiacale per fortuna! Marchesini: Grice, se i tuoi seminari erano campi di addestramento, allora i miei studenti sono cavalieri: sempre pronti a interpretare simboli e codici, anche se preferirebbero un cavallo vero per scappare dalle interrogazioni. Grice: Non ti nego che, tra simbolismo e società eugenica, qualche volta mi sento più vicino a un cavallo che a un filosofo: almeno il cavallo non deve spiegare cosa significhi “shaggy shaggy”! Marchesini: Hai ragione, Grice! In fondo, tra capitani, soldati e cavalli, la vera implicatura è che la filosofia serve soprattutto a non perdere il senso dell’umorismo… e magari guadagnare una corsa verso l’Arno, come Manzoni! Marchesini, Giovanni (1895). Studi filosofici. Firenze: Giunti.

Alessandro Marchetti (Empoli, Firenze, Toscana): l’implicatura conversazionale della natura delle cose. Grice treats Marchetti as an unexpectedly Gricean technician of intelligibility: a translator forced to make Lucretius’ Latin “sayable” in the volgare, and (in the Galileo-related works attributed to him) a writer who tries to impose explicit structure where a tradition can feel rhetorically fluent but formally under-specified. That lets you contrast two kinds of “reason-governed meaning.” For Grice, conversational meaning is governed by public norms of rational cooperation: hearers infer implicatures from what is said because they can presume the speaker is aiming at relevance, adequate information, clarity, and truthfulness, and those inferences are in principle reconstructible and contestable. Marchetti’s task, by contrast, is not a live conversational exchange but a high-stakes act of cultural and lexical engineering: he must choose ordinary Tuscan resources that will carry, for his readers, the right inferential load of Epicurean physics (atoms, void, nature) without either flattening the argument or triggering avoidable scandal, so that “what is meant” by Lucretius becomes recoverable in a new linguistic ecosystem. Read that way, Marchetti is a foil who makes Grice’s emphasis on perspicuity concrete: where Grice diagnoses failures of relevance or quantity as generating implicature, Marchetti confronts a prior problem—making the explicit content itself perspicuous—so that any higher-level “implicatures” (about rationalism, impiety, or the moral of nature) don’t arise merely from obscurity or mistranslation. Online reference summaries generally support the broad biographical frame you give (Tuscan man of letters linked with Pisa; known above all for the Italian De rerum natura; involved in learned academies and subject to suspicion for materialist overtones), but they don’t make him a precursor of Gricean pragmatics; your comparison is therefore deliberately anachronistic in a productive way, using Marchetti’s translation practice as a model of how rational norms—whether conversational maxims or translational constraints—govern the passage from words to what an audience is entitled to take them to mean. Grice:“When I won the classics scholarship at Clifton to Corpus, I never said ‘no’ even though I had no idea that I would meet the sub-faculty of philosophy only five terms into the Faculty of Literae Humaniores! By the time I was introduced Lucretius’s De rerum natura, I was world-weary already!” Grice: “I love Marchetti; for once, he had to find vulgar terms for all of Lucretius’s learned ones! The Italians used to call their own tongue ‘volgare’ then --; this is not easy matter (to translate Lucretius, not to call your tongue volgare), especially since Lucretius was often unclear to himslf – talk of my conversational desideratu of conversational perspicuity [sic]!” -- Grice: “I like him because he axiomatised Galilei!” Professore a Pisa, contina le ricerche di Galileo come Viviani. Collabora con Papa. Scrive rime morali ed eroiche. L’opera cui deve la sua fama è la traduzione “Della natura delle cose” di LUCREZIO. Considerata come un manifesto di  razionalismo, “La natura dellle cose” influì notevolmente sul gusto arcadico per la purezza della lingua e l'eleganza dello stile.  La diffusione di idee materialiste attira su M. l'accusa di empietà. Pur rifugiatosi nella poesia, non riusce ad evitare le indagini del Sant'Uffizio, ispirate soprattutto da VANNI. Per altre sue opere di successo e attaccato dagli oppositori di GALILEI. Dei “Disuniti”, Arcadii, Fisio-critici, Risvegliati, Accademia della Crusca e Accademia Fiorentina. Saggi: “De resistentia solidorum” (Firenze, typis Vincentij Vangelisti e Petri Matini (Grice: “Opera  abbastanza interessante, basata sulla teoria galileiana, cui Marchetti dà una struttura assiomatica –implicatura, lucrezio, della natura delle cose, pederastia, il poeta filosofo, l’essamero di Lucrezio, l’essameri di Lucrezi, il poema filosofico latino, il genero filosofico nella poesia latina. Lucrezio, alma figlia di giove, inclita madre. Grice: Caro Marchetti, devo confessare che leggere la tua traduzione di Lucrezio mi ha dato più mal di testa che tradurre una ricetta inglese in latino! Come hai fatto a rendere la natura così… naturale in toscano? Marchetti: Ah, Grice, ti assicuro che per trovare parole semplici e dirette ho dovuto fare più ginnastica mentale di Galileo su una lavagna! Lucrezio, tra atomi e vuoto, sembrava divertirsi a confondere pure me. Grice: Eppure la Chiesa non ha apprezzato il tuo sforzo! Ti hanno dato più fastidio gli inquisitori o i critici di poesia? Marchetti: Diciamo che, tra poesia e Sant’Uffizio, ho imparato che “la natura delle cose” include anche la pazienza infinita. Ma almeno i versi di Lucrezio mettono tutti d’accordo: in fondo, anche i poeti hanno bisogno di un po’ di atomi di buon umore! Marchetti, Alessandro (1669). La filosofia naturale. Pisa: Stamperia della Sapienza.

Vittore Arnaldo Marchi (Potenza, Basilicata): l’implicatura conversazionale della missione di Roma e la religione civile di Mussolini. The contrast between Grice and Vittore Arnaldo Marchi turns on two different senses in which meaning can be “reason-governed.” Grice’s theory of conversational meaning treats implicature as a disciplined, checkable inference: what is meant beyond what is said is recoverable because speakers are presumed to be cooperating under shared norms (relevance, sufficiency, candour, clarity), so reasons for interpretation can be made explicit and, if needed, challenged. Marchi, by contrast, is presented as working in a Mazzinian register where “missione di Roma” and “religione civile” are not primarily conversational inferences but civic-rhetorical frameworks: the language is meant to bind a people to an ideal, and its “implications” are carried as much by institutional memory, political myth, and moral exhortation as by the local logic of a talk exchange. That difference sharpens Grice’s point about “mission”: Oxford’s “mission” (as he jokes via Ryle) is an in-house academic posture, while Marchi’s missione is a public, normative vocation that tries to make political life intelligible and obligatory; the former invites implicatures inside a small conversational game, the latter aims to engineer shared uptake at the scale of a nation. Online biographical notes broadly support the contour you sketch (Marchi as an early-20th-century figure tied to Mazzinian religious philosophy and periodical culture, with publications including Psicologia e filosofia, Hoepli, 1925), but they do not connect him to Gricean pragmatics; the “conversational implicature” label is your text’s productive anachronism, using Marchi’s civic rhetoric as a foil for Grice’s core claim that, unlike political “civil religion,” conversational meaning is governed by reasons that are in principle reconstructible from what was said, the context, and mutually recognized norms. Grice: “While Ryle would speak of the ‘mission of Oxford’, viz. to refute anything German and more broadly continental, that is NOT the meaning of ‘missione’ as Italian philosophers use it since Mazzini, to refer to the ‘missione di Roma’! -- Filosofo italiano. Potenza, Basilicata. Grice: “Marchi displays a few features hardly found at Oxford: He edited a magazine, “filosofia mazziniana” – I can imagine Bradley wanting to edit “Hegeliana” at Oxford – and we do have a Gilbert Ryle Room, and an Occam Society! The other trait is illustrated by his manifesto, “La missione di Roma,” – Churchill would have equaled with something Anglian!” Generale di corpo d’armata italiano, Medaglia d'oro dei Benemeriti dell'Educazione Nazionale. Insegna a Roma. Cura la pubblicazione di diverse riviste in cui si confrontarono alcuni studiosi del primo Novecento italiano come Varisco. Tra queste Dio e Popolo e “L'idealismo realistico.” Dio e Popolo, rivista di ispirazione mazziniana, accoglie scritti miranti alla ricostruzione della filosofia religiosa di Mazzini e i rapporti tra religione e stato; nega l'ateismo e persegue l'ideale di “repubblica”. “L'idealismo realistico” raccoglie teorie filosofiche di stampo anti-gentiliano.  A lui è dedicato il Premio tesi di Laurea M., bandito da Roma Tre per i neolaureati che abbiano sostenuto tesi su un argomento concernente il pensiero filosofico antico degne di essere pubblicate; e un parco al Municipio IV. Saggi: “La filosofia religiosa di Mazzini, in Dio e Popolo, “La missione di Roma” o, Atanòr Ed., Il concetto e il metodo della ‘storia della filosofia,’ – Grice:  “His apt implicature is that if you are an idealist, don’t shed your idealism when discussing J. J. C. Smart!” -- Filosofia e religione, La perseveranza Ed., Potenza,  La filosofia morale e giuridica di Gentile, Stabilimento Tipografico F.lli Marchi, Camerino, Keywords: la missione di Roma, Mazzini, filosofia mazziniana, rivista di filosofia mazziniana, gentile. Grice: Caro Marchi, ho letto con grande interesse il suo manifesto “La missione di Roma”. Mi colpisce come lei declini la nozione di missione non in senso accademico, ma con una profondità spirituale che, ahimè, ad Oxford raramente si incontra. Mi domando: come interpreta oggi il compito universale di Roma? Marchi: Grice, mi fa piacere che abbia colto questo aspetto. La missione di Roma, secondo il pensiero mazziniano, si fonda sull’idea di una religione civile che unisce popolo e ideale. Non si tratta solo di eredità storica, ma di una vocazione morale destinata a guidare l’umanità verso la giustizia e la libertà. Insegno che la filosofia deve essere vissuta, non solo studiata. Grice: Marchi, la sua posizione mi ricorda il contrasto che spesso registro tra idealismo e realismo – come lei stesso ha sottolineato nella sua rivista “L’idealismo realistico”. Pensa che la filosofia possa davvero influenzare la politica e la religione civile senza perdere la sua autonomia teorica? Marchi: Grice, assolutamente. La filosofia è il ponte tra pensiero e azione, tra ideale e concreto. Le riviste che ho fondato, come “Dio e Popolo”, volevano proprio dimostrare che la riflessione filosofica può guidare la prassi civile. Non bisogna mai abbandonare il proprio idealismo, nemmeno quando si affrontano questioni pratiche: è quello che rende la filosofia operativa e non solo contemplativa. Marchi, Vittore Arnaldo (1925). Psicologia e filosofia. Milano: Hoepli.

Luigi De Marchi (Milano). Geophysicist. Grice and De Marchi make a nicely comic contrast between two kinds of “reason-governed” connection: Grice’s is normative and inferential (what a rational hearer is entitled to work out from what is said, given cooperative expectations), while De Marchi’s is causal and measurable (what a rational investigator can predict about conductivity from traction and vibration, given laws and instrumentation). In the dialogue, the wire is jokingly treated as if it “communicated” by implicature, but in Grice’s framework implicature depends on an agent’s communicative intention plus an audience’s recognition of that intention under shared conversational maxims; a vibrating wire has no such intentions, so whatever it “tells” us is not speaker-meaning but indication in something closer to Grice’s own contrast between non-natural meaning and merely natural sign. De Marchi’s 1881 study (on how mechanical stress and oscillation affect electrical conductivity) thus becomes a playful analogue: where Grice diagnoses meaning beyond the literal as something licensed by rational cooperative norms, De Marchi tracks information beyond the surface phenomenon as something licensed by controlled experiment and physical theory—both “reason-governed,” but one by the logic of communicative practice, the other by the logic of causal explanation and measurement. Grice: Caro De Marchi, nel tuo Il Nuovo Cimento del 1881 mi pare che anche il filo “implichi” qualcosa: se vibra troppo, sta confessando che non è affatto cooperativo. De Marchi: Caro Grice, il filo è educatissimo: cambia conduttività senza dire una parola, ma lo fa con abbastanza trazione da farsi capire anche da un fisico distratto. Grice: Dunque quando aumenta la resistenza, l’implicatura è “smettila di tirarmi”, e tu la calcoli con strumenti che Austin avrebbe scambiato per cavatappi. De Marchi: Esatto, e se tu rispettassi la massima della quantità, useresti meno parole e più galvanometri, che in laboratorio sono sempre più persuasivi di Oxford. Marchi, Luigi De (1881). Intorno all’influenza della trazione e delle vibrazioni di un filo metallico sulla sua conduttività elettrica. Il Nuovo Cimento

Luigi De Marchi (Brescia, Lombardia): l’implicatura conversazionale dell’anima del corpo – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rational, rule-like upshot of cooperative talk: given what is said plus shared conversational norms (his maxims), a hearer can justify an inference to what is meant, and that justificatory route is part of the meaning explanation rather than a merely psychological or literary association. In the De Marchi material, by contrast, “implicatura conversazionale” is pulled toward an explicitly psychocorporeal and culturally provocative register: talk of “l’anima del corpo,” desire, and an anti-academic “solista” posture turns implicature into a vehicle for staging an anthropology of embodiment and affect, where what is “conveyed” is less a canonically calculable inference than an invitation to re-imagine the body as the primary bearer of sense. The juxtaposition therefore highlights two different uses of “conversational” explanation: Grice’s is methodological and normative, aiming to secure the autonomy of a philosophical psychology and to show how mental-state ascriptions and speaker-meaning can be systematically mapped in a way compatible with psycho-physical correlation, whereas De Marchi’s is more rhetorical and existential, treating conversational indirection as continuous with the body’s own expressivity and with a Lombard, Brescia-linked sensibility that prefers provocation and imagery (the tea cup, the spoon, the body that “dreams”) to Gricean derivation from maxims. On this comparison, De Marchi can be read as expanding the domain of what counts as “implicature” toward the somatic and the poetic, while Grice would likely insist that, unless the hearer’s route from said to meant is constrained by publicly shareable, reason-sensitive principles, the result is at best suggestive conversation and at worst a category mistake about what makes implicature a distinctive kind of meaning. -- la scuola di Brescia -- filosofia lombarda -- filosofia italiana – (Brescia). Grice: “Sime my earliest unpublications – e. g. ‘Negation and privation’ – it was for me ‘all about the mental process’ or ‘mental processes.’ I would use ‘mental’ and ‘mind’ freely – this was before Ryle turned ‘mind’ into a term of abuse. It was THEN that I went to the Greeks, who had ‘psyche’ of which Roman ‘mens’ was just a part – even if the highest --. It was my research on ‘psyche’ to wonder why we should let the psychologists claim control over the stuff? And hence, my philosophical psychology was born!” Grice: “In my first seminars on philosophical psychology, as my pupil’s notes testify, it was all about the ‘functional’ – i. e. the philosophical psychologist is proposing a FUNCTION – in the mathematical use of the expression – that maps ‘sensory input’ onto ‘behavioural output’ – while validating an ascription of a now ‘functional’ or ‘internal’ state of the black box. I made spcifics to the effect that a strict psycho-physical correlation would not invalidate the autonomy and ineliminability of any ‘law’ of this philosophical psychology that I could conceive --. I did is in part following Berkeley’s ‘harsh’ predicaments that we would hardly say that Smith’s belief that it is raining was hit by a cricket bat – if that is the part of Smtih’s brain that got affected!” Grice: “His ‘poesia del desiderio’ is confusing – he means tenderness, as Scruton does in his book on “Sexual arousal”” -- Grice: “Perhaps M.’s most provocative piece is “L’anima DEL corpo.” If I were to be tutored on that by Hardie, I can very well imagine Hardie – he was a Scot – ‘what d’you mean, ‘of’?” Psicoterapeuta di formazione reichiana, umanista, autore di scritti talvolta controversi perché a scopo provocatorio, si define Solista ed ama stare «fuori dall'Accademia». l’anima del corpo. Grice: Caro Marchi, la sua opera “L’anima del corpo” mi ha fatto riflettere: devo confessare che una volta ho cercato l’anima persino nella mia tazza di tè, ma non l’ho trovata! Forse era nascosta sotto il cucchiaino? Marchi: Ah, Grice, se l’anima fosse davvero così facile da trovare, la filosofia sarebbe roba da supermercato! In realtà, io penso che il corpo abbia più anima di quanto i filosofi ammettano, soprattutto quando si tratta di desiderio... anche la tazza di tè, magari, sogna d’essere caffè! Grice: Mi piace questa idea: il desiderio del corpo che anima anche le porcellane! Forse dovremmo istituire la “Scuola dell’implicatura del cucchiaino” a Brescia, così da rivoluzionare la psicologia del tè. Marchi: Sarebbe un’impresa epica! Ma attenzione, Grice: fuori dall’Accademia, anche il cucchiaino può ribellarsi e diventare filosofo solista. In fondo, chi sa ascoltare il corpo, sente anche il pensiero nascosto nell’acqua calda. Marchi, Luigi De (1958). Sesso e civiltà.

Quinto Marzio Marci Barea Sorano (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale -- Nerone e la filosofia. In the passage, Marci (Quintus Marcius Barea Soranus) gives you a Roman counterpart to Grice’s conversational rationality by exemplifying what “reason-governed” can mean under extreme asymmetry of power: under Nero, speech is risky, so Stoic resistance becomes a discipline of what can be said, what must be left unsaid, and how one preserves intelligible commitment to virtue when the public norms of sincerity and justice are being strategically corrupted. Grice’s theory explains implicature as a product of cooperative, accountable reasoning between interlocutors (a hearer infers what is meant because the speaker can be presumed to be following shared conversational norms, and those inferences are in principle challengeable); Marci’s situation in the text is almost the inverse, since Nero’s regime weaponizes norms and testimony (Egnatius Celer’s betrayal) so that what is “meant” may be fixed by coercion rather than by cooperative uptake. That contrast sharpens Grice’s point: conversational meaning is reason-governed not merely because agents reason, but because a community sustains norms that make reasons publicly legible; when the Porch-opposition faces a tyrant, “implicature” turns into a survival art, closer to coded moral witness than to leisurely Oxford inference. Historically, the outline you give is broadly consistent with standard accounts (senator of Stoic leanings; associated with Musonius Rufus; prosecuted under Nero around AD 66; condemned with his daughter Servilia; betrayal by P. Egnatius Celer), and it underwrites the comparison: Marci dramatizes how fragile the Gricean background assumptions are, and how much “conversational reason” depends on institutions that allow meaning to be inferred rather than imposed. Grice: “M. belongs to the  gens Marcia, as his full name was Quintus Marcius Barea Soranus. Modern Italian Surname  If his surname were derived from his gens (Marcia) in modern Italian, it would be Marzio or Marci. Philosophical Influence and Opposition to Nero M. is a prominent member of the Opposition from the Porch, a group of senators who resist Nero’s perceived tyranny through the lens of the philosophy of the Porch.  Influences: M. is a student of the famous Stoic teacher MUSONIO  Rufo. Stoic Resistance: M.’s opposition is not a violent conspiracy but a commitment to virtue (virtus) and autonomy. M. incurs Nero’s hatred during his proconsulship of Asia by refusing to punish a city that defended its divine statues against imperial commissioners, prioritizing justice over autocratic will. Death: He was condemned to death by the Roman Senate under pressure from Nero. He died "at the hands of" the regime following a trial where his former Stoic tutor, Publius Egnatius Celer, betrays him by providing false testimony. True to his Stoic principles, he commits suicide (a "stoic" death) alongside his daughter, Servilia.  Would you like to know more about the other members of the Stoic martyrs, such as Thrasea Paetus? Keywords: Portico. Part of the opposition from the Portico to Nerone, S. is betrayed by his friend Publio Egnazio Celer. He is condemned to death at the same time as Trasea Peto. Marci. Barea Sorano.  Gricevs: Salvete, Marci! Dic mihi, quid Stoicus faciat si Nerone imperatore cenam sine oliva proponat? Marci: Gricevs, Stoicus si Nerone imperatore cenam sine oliva proponat, tranquillitatem mentis servat et docet se ab externis bonis non pendere. Virtus enim, non oliva, facit sapientem. Gricevs: Sed Marci, nonne in convivio Romano etiam sapientia gustum quaerit? Quid si Nerone non modo olivas, sed etiam rationem removet? Marci: Gricevs, Stoicus etiam rationem sub tyranno colit: cum ratio tollitur, virtus magis lucet. In adversis, philosophus ostendit quid sit vera libertas animi. Marci Barea Sorano, Quinto Marzio  (a. u. c. DCCCXIX). De virtute. Roma.

Marziano (Roma, Lazio): il principe filosofo. Marziano embodies an older Roman way of treating language as moral technology: a name like Martianus is taken to carry civic expectations (virtus, fortitudo, imperium) and to work pedagogically on the hearer as much as descriptively, so that saying why the name is given already performs a small act of formation—especially fitting for a tutor of Ottaviano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning, by contrast, insists that what a speaker manages to convey beyond what is explicitly said is licensed by publicly shareable rational norms (cooperation, relevance, informativeness, candour, manner) and by intentions that a hearer can reconstruct as reasons for inference; on that model, “nomen Martis ad virtutem spectat” naturally invites an implicature (the boy is being positioned for a martial-civic role), but the implicature is not a mystical property of the name: it is a defeasible, criticizable inference drawn under assumed conversational rationality. “Marziano” in the dialogue leans toward a quasi-Stoic pedagogy in which words and names cultivate character (philosophia as nutrimentum animi), whereas Grice would redescribe that cultivation as a sequence of communicative moves whose uptake depends on what is mutually knowable and rationally attributable in context—so the Roman naming-practice becomes, in Gricean terms, a stable social convention that speakers exploit to generate implicatures about identity, duty, and future conduct. I wasn’t able to locate any independent historical “Marziano (a.u.c. DCCX). Dicta. Roma.” attestation online; it reads as an invented imprint in the same playful pseudo-archival style as the surrounding project, which actually strengthens the comparison by keeping the focus on how authority is generated: for Marziano, through the cultural gravity of Rome and exempla; for Grice, through the recoverable logic of what a reasonable interlocutor is entitled to take you to mean. Grice: “In Rome, Mars was worshipped, and it was not uncommon for a Roman matron to ‘christen’ his little Roman boy by that obdurate name!” -- Grice, the Oxford philosophers, once joked about the Martians. This was in a commissioned essay for a collection to be edited by Butler. Grice possibly did not have in mind that “Marziano” was a proper Latin name! Filosofo italiano. Marziano is a philosophy teacher to Ottaviano. Gricevs: Salvete, Martianvs! Dic mihi, cur Romani nomen Martis tam saepe filiis tribuunt? Marziano: Gricevs, nomen Martis ad virtutem spectat; Romani credunt fortitudinem Martis in filiis suis vivere, ut imperium perpetuum sit. Gricevs: Sed Marziane, credisne virtus nomen solo pasci, aut opus est animo philosophico ut fortitudo vera oriatur? Marziano: Gricevs, nomen initium est, sed philosophia est nutrimentum animi; sine disciplina sapientiae, Mars ipse maneret sine gloria inter homines. Marziano (a. u. c. DCCX). Dicta. Roma.

Marco (Roma, Lazio): filosofo principe. In your passage, “Marco” is a deliberately shadowy, likely apocryphal figure whose authority comes less from documented imperial chronology than from the Roman fantasy of the philosopher-prince: the ruler who turns policy into a public lesson and expects his audience (Senate, soldiers, people) to read between the lines. That makes him a neat foil for Grice’s reason-governed account of conversational meaning. For Grice, implicature is not magical charisma or rhetorical intimidation; it is a rationally recoverable inference: given what is said plus a standing assumption that the speaker is (by default) cooperative and intelligible, the hearer can work out what the speaker meant, and can also challenge it if the inference is bad. “Marco,” by contrast, is portrayed as making decrees function like “maxims in disguise,” where the point is precisely to exploit the asymmetry of power: an edict is issued with a Senecan flourish so that dissent becomes socially risky and interpretation becomes the subject’s duty, not the ruler’s burden. Historically, the real “between Gordian III and Philip” interval is essentially a transition in AD 244 rather than a distinct philosophical reign, and standard sources do not attest a separate emperor “Marco” in that slot; that absence supports your text’s frame (“possibly apocryphal”) and highlights the contrast: Grice’s conversational reason is accountable inference under shared norms, while Marco’s imperial “implicature” is governance-by-hint, where what is meant is made socially unavoidable even when it is not explicitly said.There is a tradition – “possibly apocryphal,” as Grice puts it -- that Marco is a philosopher who rules the Roman empire between the death of Gordian III and the accession of Philip. Grice: Caro Marco, dicono che sei il filosofo principe di Roma, ma qual è il segreto per governare un impero senza perdere la pazienza? Marco: Grice, il vero segreto è filosofare mentre si decide: così se sbaglio, posso sempre dire che era una prova di stoicismo… e nessuno osa contraddirmi! Grice: Ma allora, se filosofi e imperatori si confondono, chi scrive le leggi e chi le interpreta? Non rischi di creare più implicature che decreti? Marco: Ah, Grice, in Roma il decreto è solo una massima ben travestita! E se mai il popolo protesta, basta aggiungere una citazione di Seneca… funziona sempre, anche con i gladiatori! Marco (a. u. c. CMXCVII). Dicta. Roma.

Raffaele Mariano (Capua, Caserta, Campania): l’implicatura conversazionale. The contrast is between Grice’s micro-ethics of talk and Mariano’s macro-ethics of history: Grice explains conversational meaning as reason-governed because hearers are entitled to treat a speaker as following “precepts” of cooperation and to infer, in a checkable way, what is meant beyond what is said (implicature as accountable practical reasoning), whereas Mariano—Vera’s orthodox Hegelian heir at Naples—reads meaning primarily through systematic rational structure at the level of Spirit, nation, and historical development, where the “sense” of an utterance or institution is fixed by its role in a larger teleology. Online reference sources support the biographical scaffolding you use: Mariano (1840–1912), “fedelissimo allievo di Augusto Vera,” later taught at the University of Naples (notably as docente of Storia della Chiesa, 1885–1904) and wrote early on both capital punishment (La pena di morte. Considerazioni in appoggio del prof. Vera, Napoli 1864) and a Hegelian interpretation of Italian nation-formation (Il Risorgimento italiano secondo i principii della filosofia della storia, Firenze 1866), including the line about the philosopher living “nel mondo e nella realtà”; they also confirm Croce’s famously harsh dismissal in La Critica (1908) of Mariano’s attempt to say what in Hegel is “dead” or “cannot die.” In that setting, the “implicature” link is your deliberate anachronism: Mariano is not historically a pragmatics theorist, but he makes a useful foil—because where Grice’s rationality is local, defeasible, and sensitive to what a conversational partner can reasonably be expected to infer, Mariano’s rationality as portrayed here is global, system-first, and inclined to treat interpretation as completion by a comprehensive framework (even “philosophy must be completed by religion”), which is almost the opposite direction of explanation from Grice’s: for Grice, the norms of cooperative exchange generate meaning; for Mariano, the meaning of exchanges is ultimately subordinated to the rational (and contested) story a philosophy of history tells about the world in which those exchanges occur. Grice: “Things were pretty quiet during the nineteenth-century at Oxford; on the other hand, in Italy, a nation was being formed!” Grice: “I like Mariano: his study of Risorgimento applying the philosophy of history is brilliant” Fedelissimo allievo di Vera, insegna a Napoli. La sua indagine e  prevalentemente orientata verso l'interpretazione di Hegel. Si colloca insieme a Vera in quella tendenza che privilegia l'interpretazione sistematica e razionale. Inserì talvolta temi non strettamente legati al pensiero di Hegel affermando tra l'altro che la filosofia deve essere compiuta dalla religione" (Dall'idealismo nuovo a quello di Hegel, Motivi, risonanze e variazioni sulle dottrine hegeliane), trattando riguardo a ciò che dell'idealismo di Hegel è morto e di ciò che non può morire", argomento precedentemente trattato da Croce, il quale risponde aspramente alle argomentazioni proposte da M.. “M. non ha mai capito nulla di tutto ciò che vi è di più sostanziale in Hegel come non ha meditata seriamente nessuna grande filosofia; e (ora si può aggiungere) non ne ha mai letto le opere. Immaginarsi che M.  si afferma hegeliano, mentre sostiene che la conoscenza non è assoluta; che rimane insuperabile il mistero; che dio esiste fuori del mondo e sarebbe dio anche senza il mondo; e che la filosofia deve essere compiuta dalla religione! Insomma, ciò che di Hegel "non può morire" sarebbe ciò che Hegel non ha mai detto perché affatto indegno della sua mente altissima.»  Si schierò a favore del mantenimento della pena di morte in un dibattito sul tema, in accordo con iVera (La pena di morte. Considerazioni in appoggio di Vera Napoli. ), uno dei più autorevoli difensori del mantenimento di questa pratica. È ancora Croce che commenta con grave disappunto l'argomento. implicatura. Grice: Caro Mariano, mi colpisce come tu riesca a interpretare il Risorgimento applicando la filosofia della storia. Qui a Oxford, il XIX secolo era tranquillo, mentre da voi si faceva l’Italia! Mariano: Grice, in effetti tra una battaglia e l’altra, abbiamo avuto tempo per meditare su Hegel. Il mistero non è mai stato svelato del tutto, ma almeno abbiamo provato a farlo con sistematicità – anche se Croce dice che non ho mai letto Hegel! Grice: Croce è sempre un po’ severo, ma a Oxford abbiamo imparato che non c’è filosofia senza una buona dose di ironia. Dimmi, Mariano, la filosofia deve davvero essere compiuta dalla religione, oppure basta un caffè napoletano per illuminare lo spirito? Mariano: Grice, la religione aiuta, ma il caffè napoletano è insuperabile. Se Hegel avesse provato la nostra miscela, forse avrebbe scritto “Lo Spirito Assoluto” direttamente in una caffetteria di Capua! Mariano, Raffaele (1864). La pena di morte. Napoli.

Giovanni Marin (Venezia, Veneto): l’implicatura conversazionale e l’ottimo precettore. In your passage, Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning appears under an explicitly humanist label: his maxims are framed as praecepta, “things taken beforehand,” rules that make talk intelligible because speaker and hearer can be held to shared expectations of relevance, sufficiency, candour, and orderly contribution; implicature, on this picture, is the rational (and criticizable) route from what is said to what is meant, guided by those precepts. Marin is then cast as a Venetian analogue of that structure: trained in rhetoric under Vittorino da Feltre, delivering public orations in praise of Venetian worthies, and later operating as a diplomatic voice (the 1440 embassies to the Este and to Florence are the best-attested biographical anchor), he represents a tradition in which instruction and persuasion are inseparable from civic pedagogy, and where one teaches by example, timing, and tact as much as by explicit rule. The comparison the passage invites is therefore less “Grice anticipates Marin” than “Marin supplies a cultural model for what Grice formalizes”: Marin’s “optimum tutor” and Venetian rhetorical schooling embody practical norms of audience-design, anticipation of uptake, and strategic under-saying, while Grice redescribes those craft norms as a theory of public reason in conversation—precepts that can explain why an utterance licenses an implicature and why a hearer is rational to draw it. Historically, nothing in the standard biographical notices (which largely trace back to Rosmini’s discussion of Vittorino and his pupils) links Marin to a technical notion like implicature; that link is your text’s productive anachronism, treating Renaissance rhetorical discipline as the lived ancestor of Grice’s idea that meaning in conversation is governed not by private association but by norms that speakers exploit and hearers can reconstruct. Grice: “I often refer to the conversational maxims as ‘precepts’ or, if you must, prae-cepts. This is a very Ciceronian notion! The Latin noun ‘praectptum – precept, teaching, order, or command – and the Latin verb ‘praecipere – to instruct, to teach, to warn, or to anticipate --- share a common etymology. Both words are formed from the Latin prefix prae (before) and the verb caprere (to take or to seize). Praecipere literally means ‘to take beforehand’ or ‘to seize beforehand’. This ‘taking beforehand’ developed into the sense of ‘instructing’ or ‘giving orders beforehand,’ hence the verb’s meaning of ‘to teach or to order. Praeceptum. The word praeceptum is just the past participle neuter of the verb praecipere used as a noun. It refers to something that is ‘taken beforehand’ or ‘given beforehand,’ such as a rule, a lesson, or an instruction. Therefore, the relationship between praeceptum and praecipere is that the noun represents the result or product of the actn described by the verb, specifically, the instructions or rules given as a result of ‘taking beforehand’or instructing. Filosofo italiano. Venezia, Veneto. Grice: “I like Giovanni Marin; for one, he loved, like I do, rhetoric – in his own Venetian kind of way!”  Nato dal nobile Rosso Marin, studia con profitto sotto l'insegnamento di Feltre, dal quale apprese la retorica. Frequenta il ginnasio, presso il quale recita eloquenti orazioni in encomio agli uomini illustri veneziani. Si laurea a Padova. Ambasciatore della Repubblica di Venezia presso gli Estensi e quindi presso Firenze. Rosmini, Carlo de' Rosmini, Idea dell'ottimo precettore nella vita e disciplina di Vittorino da Feltre e de' suoi discepoli, Rovereto. l’ottimo precettore.  Grice: Caro Marin, mi viene spesso da pensare che i miei precetti conversazionali siano un po’ come le regole che Vittorino da Feltre dava ai suoi studenti: anticipare la mossa dell’interlocutore e magari offrirgli una risposta prima che abbia finito la domanda! Marin: Grice, a Venezia diciamo che il vero precettore non solo anticipa, ma sa anche quando lasciar scivolare una battuta tra una regola e l’altra. Non è raro che un oratore veneziano inizi una lezione con una storia di pesci e la finisca parlando di retorica! Grice: Ah, Marin, forse avrei dovuto scrivere le mie massime in dialetto veneziano! Immagina: “Prima de parlar, pensa; dopo, magari offri uno spritz.” Sarebbe stato molto più efficace nelle conversazioni accademiche di Oxford. Marin: Grice, a Venezia, anche gli ambasciatori imparano che la miglior conversazione si tiene tra una barca e l’altra, senza fretta e magari con il sole che tramonta. Se il precettore è ottimo, sa che una buona parola vale più di mille ordini: e se proprio non basta, c’è sempre una gondola pronta a portarti via dalla discussione! Marin, Giovanni (1435). Orazione. Venezia.

Giovanni Marliani (Milano, Lombardia): l’implicatura conversazionale.  In the passage, “Grice” treats Marliani less as a historical source for pragmatics than as a convenient emblem for what Grice’s own theory needs in order to look culturally thick: a learned, Renaissance-Milanese writer who can be staged as already thinking in “sects,” “sub-sects,” and tacit social alignments, i.e., as someone for whom meaning is never exhausted by what is said. Against that background, Grice’s reason-governed account of conversational meaning (speaker intentions plus the rational expectation that one’s contributions are cooperative) turns “implicature” into a disciplined inference from an utterance to what a reasonable hearer is licensed to take the speaker to mean; Marliani, by contrast, is presented as practicing something closer to implicature avant la lettre in the social-literary register, where naming, grouping, and lightly satirical classification do the work of saying without saying. The online biographical record does support the Milan–Pavia profile your passage uses: Giovanni Marliani (born Milan, 1420; studied at Pavia under Biagio Pelacani; taught medicine, philosophy, astrology; moved between the Milanese and Pavia studios; enjoyed major Sforza patronage and high salary; wrote De reactione, dated to 1448, and is associated with learned disputes about “reaction” and natural philosophy), but nothing in standard reference sources ties Marliani to a technical notion like conversational implicature; that link is your text’s deliberate anachronistic graft, using Marliani’s courtly-institutional world (and the rhetoric of “sects”) as a foil that lets Grice’s central claim stand out: conversational meaning is reason-governed because it is inferentially recoverable from publicly available cues under norms of cooperation, whereas Marliani’s “implicature” is a looser, culturally saturated art of insinuation whose governing “reasons” are more like etiquette, faction, and wit than the explicit maxims and calculability tests Grice later insists on. Grice: “Ryle once referred to Austin’s play group as  sect – in retribution, we started to call Ryle, and his accolade of disciples, starting from O. P. Wood, as the Rylean sect!” -- Filosofo italiano. Milano, Lombardia. Grice: “I like Mariliani; especially the cavalier way in which he refers to philosophers in his brilliant “De secta philosophorum.” Austin would say that there possibly are sects and sub-sects!” Fglio del patrizio milanese Castello Marliani. Studia a Pavia sotto PELECANI. Entra nel Collegio dei intraprese una carriera nell'insegnamento della filosofia e astrologia. Attivo a Milano e Pavia.  Con l'ascesa della dinastia degli Sforza a capo del Ducato di Milano, appartenente a una famiglia ghibellina, aumenta il prestigio. Ottiene la concessione in esenzione dei diritti di sfruttamento delle acque del Secchia nei pressi di Moglia, nel Mantovano.  Alla morte del duca Francesco Sforza, scrisse una lettera al nuovo duca Galeazzo Maria Sforza in cui dichiara di essere stato richiesto da molti Studi in diverse città d'Italia, sperando di poter essere trasferito da Pavia a Milano e di ricevere un aumento di salario. Il Consiglio segreto di Milano intercedette presso lo Sforza in favore di Marliani, esaltando la sua fama anche oltre i confini del Ducato. Il duca Galeazzo Maria, dopo alcuni indugi, acconsente per conferirgli un'assegnazione annua di 1 000 fiorini, il più alto salario riconosciuto a chiunque nel Ducato. Sotto la reggenza di Ludovico il Moro ottenne i dazi di Gallarate e della sua pieve. I suoi studi lo portarono ad essere tra i più grandi scienziati dell'epoca e riuscì a mettere in discussione Bradwardine e Sassonia.  Nel suo saggio, “Quaestio de caliditate corporum humanorum tempore hyemis et estati set de antiperistasis  distingue la temperatura dell'organismo dalla quantità e dalla produzione del calore naturale del corpo. implicatura, Vinci. le sette filosofiche. Giovanni Marliani.  Grice: Caro Marliani, mi chiedo spesso se la filosofia milanese abbia davvero bisogno di una “setta” per poter brillare come quella oxoniana di Ryle. Eppure, tra le nebbie lombarde, le “sette filosofiche” sembrano moltiplicarsi come panettoni a Natale!  Marliani: Grice, a Milano la filosofia si divide come le acque del Secchia: ogni gruppo si crede l’unico detentore del sapere, ma alla fine tutti finiscono a discutere sotto la Madonnina, magari sorseggiando un espresso troppo caldo d’inverno e troppo freddo d’estate!  Grice: Geniale, Marliani! E dimmi: se dovessi scegliere, preferiresti una setta filosofica che discute della temperatura del corpo umano oppure una che si accapiglia sui dazi di Gallarate? Io, da buon inglese, opterei per la prima, purché ci sia una pinta di birra a portata di mano.  Marliani: Ah, Grice, i dazi vanno bene per i mercanti, ma per i filosofi niente batte una discussione sul calore naturale! E se la temperatura si fa troppo alta, basta aprire una finestra… o una nuova “setta”, che è sempre pronta a mettere tutto in discussione – anche la ricetta del risotto alla milanese! Marliani, Giovanni (1448). De reactione. Pavia.

Giovanni Bartolomeo Marliani. In the staged exchange, Marliani’s antiquarian Rome is treated as a machine for producing inferences: he can say “here was the Forum” and, without stating it, reliably invite the reader (or Grice, as his interlocutor) to supply a whole political anthropology—factions, ambition, and “a nice riot”—because ruins function as publicly available cues with culturally stable downstream conclusions. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning makes that kind of “ruins-to-riots” leap intelligible by redescribing it as an implicature: the hearer assumes the speaker is being cooperative (relevant, informative enough, not misleading), so when the speaker offers a partial topographical remark, the hearer rationally enriches it to a fuller intended message; crucially, for Grice the enrichment is constrained by norms that make it in principle reconstructible and contestable (“you can show your working”). Marliani, by contrast, is presented less as a theorist of those norms than as a practitioner of cultivated indirection: his Topographia (1534) operates rhetorically by letting place-names and learned allusions do the persuasive work, so that “deviation” and “shortest route” become a joking model of how interpretation in Rome—and in texts about Rome—habitually exceeds what is explicitly said. Online reference information supports Marliani’s identity as a sixteenth-century Milanese humanist and antiquarian author of Topographia antiquae Romae, but it does not make him an ancestor of Gricean pragmatics; the comparison is therefore deliberately anachronistic, using Marliani’s topographical method as an analogue for how Grice thinks conversational reason turns sparse utterances into rich, accountable meaning through shared assumptions and rational inference. Grice: Marliani, ho qui la tua Topographia antiquae Roma (1534): mi spieghi come fai a descrivere mezza Roma senza mai perdere la strada, mentre io perdo il filo dopo due massime. Marliani: Caro Grice, a Roma basta seguire le rovine: sono come le implicature, ci inciampi anche quando fingi di non vederle. Grice: Dunque se tu dici “qui c’era il Foro” e io capisco “qui c’era anche una bella rissa politica”, è cooperazione topografica o semplice malizia erudita? Marliani: È la stessa cosa, caro mio: a Roma la via più breve è sempre una deviazione, e chi non lo capisce finisce a fare turismo letterale. Marliani, Giovanni Bartolomeo (1534). Topographia antiquae Roma.

Gerardo Marotta (Napoli, Campania): l’implicatura conversazionale di Mario l’epicuro. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rational, intention-based inference: a speaker counts on shared cooperative expectations so that hearers can work out what is meant beyond what is said, and the real action lies in how social understanding is engineered by what is left implicit. Marotta (Gerardo Marotta, 1927–2017), as your passage frames him, represents a complementary “institutional pragmatics” in which the medium of philosophical meaning is not primarily the isolated utterance but the created setting of conversation itself—Cultura Nuova’s postwar lectures and, later, the Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici as a deliberately constructed agora where texts, scholars, and audiences meet under conditions designed to make serious exchange possible. In Gricean terms, Marotta’s library and programming function like a large-scale conversational background that stabilizes uptake: by curating interlocutors, preserving access to books, and turning Naples into a site of living disputation about Hegel, the state, and the “civil religion” of culture, he makes certain implicatures almost unavoidable (that philosophy is public, convivial, and civic; that learning is an act of citizenship; that to discuss Hegel in Naples is also to imply a local lineage of reason). Where Grice models cooperation as a norm internal to talk, Marotta exemplifies how cooperation is scaffolded by institutions and hospitality—coffee, tables, rooms, schedules, invitations—so that “Mario the Epicurean” becomes a figure for the Neapolitan style of implicature: indirectness, wit, and conviviality used not to evade rigor but to keep disagreement live without turning it into rupture. In short, Grice supplies the micro-theory of how implicature is calculated; Marotta illustrates the macro-condition that makes such calculation worth having—an organized public sphere where philosophy can be sustained as ongoing conversation rather than as isolated texts. Grice: “We hardly discuss Hegel at Oxford, although he was Bradley’s idol – in fact, most of my explorations on Kant’s philosophy parallel some of the criticisms that Hegel posited to Kant – notably, the idea of a human being as metaphysically transubstantiating into a person as a free autonomous agent! Hegel was very much influence by Aristotle, to the point that it’s perhaps unfair that whereas Kantotle or Ariskant is an ‘unjustly neglected philosopher,’ so is Plathegel, or Hegelplato’!”  Grice: “I like Marotta; the idea of a library for the Istituto Italiano per gli studi filosofici’ at Via Monte di Dio, 11, is a geniality!” Si laurea con il massimo dei voti a Napoli, presentando la tesi,  La concezione dello stato in Hegel.” Si interessa presto di storia, letteratura e filosofia, avvicinandosi dapprima all'Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Storici fondato da Croce, poi fondando l'associazione Cultura Nuova che diresse organizzando manifestazioni e conferenze rivolte ai filosofi che richiamarono tutte le più grandi personalità della cultura Italiana.  Incoraggiato dagli auspici dell'allora Presidente dell'Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei Cerulli, di Piovani e di Carratelli, fonda a Napoli l'Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici, del quale è Presidente. Donato, all'Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici, la biblioteca personale, con una dotazione di oltre 300.000 volumi frutto di trent'anni di appassionata ricerca. Per i suoi importantissimi apporti al mondo della filosofia ha avuto numerosi riconoscimenti da centri di ricerca e di formazione di rilievo internazionale.  Ha vinto la sezione Premio Speciale del Premio Cimitile. Gli è stata conferita la laurea ad honorem in Filosofia dall'Bielefeld, dall'Università Erasmus di Rotterdam, dalla Sorbona di Parigi e dalla Seconda Napoli. Mario l’epicuro, il concetto del stato, il risorgimento – la recezione di Hegel in Italia. Grice: Caro Marotta, da Oxford ci guardano con sospetto quando dico che la filosofia può essere anche una faccenda di conversazione, magari tra i volumi polverosi della tua biblioteca. Ma il tuo Istituto a Napoli è un po’ come il tempio di Epicuro: qui si dialoga, si ride, e si pensa, magari anche mangiando una sfogliatella. Marotta: Grice, hai ragione! A Napoli la filosofia si fa tra una chiacchiera e una battuta. Qui non si teme Hegel, né Aristotele, si discute persino di Kantotle e Plathegel, purché la conversazione sia vivace e il caffè sia forte. L’Istituto non è solo una biblioteca, è una piazza dove anche le idee si scambiano come monete. Grice: Il bello è che qui a Napoli persino il concetto dello Stato si trova a suo agio tra i filosofi e la pizza margherita. Se Hegel avesse potuto assaggiare la cucina napoletana, forse avrebbe scritto la Fenomenologia dello Spirito in dialetto! Marotta: Grice, quella sì che sarebbe stata un’implicatura conversazionale epica! Alla fine, la filosofia italiana ha il sapore della convivialità: si può essere epicurei, hegeliani o semplicemente napoletani, basta non perdere mai il piacere di scambiare idee e qualche sorriso. Marotta, Gerardo (1946). Contributo. Cultura Nuova.

Alessandro Marsili (Siena, Toscana): l’implicatura conversazionale del cimento. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as an inferential surplus: a speaker can responsibly “mean more than is said” because a rational hearer presumes cooperation and can work out what the speaker is doing (often by noticing a deliberate mismatch between the literal content and the conversational point). Marsili, as your passage frames him (Alessandro Marsili, Siena-born, trained and teaching in Siena and Pisa; early printed Theoremata ad doctrinam Aristotelis, 1626; and conceptually linked here to the Tuscan culture of “cimento” later institutionalized by the Accademia del Cimento), shifts the spotlight from Grice’s interpersonal, intention-centered inference to a linguistically and historically sedimented kind of rationality: the way a word’s meaning carries a whole chain of practices inside it. “Cimento” begins as a material mixture associated with testing metals and, by semantic drift, becomes “trial/experiment/ordeal,” so the word itself performs a miniature implicature every time it is used—quietly suggesting risk, assay, and proof even when the speaker merely says “experiment.” In Gricean terms, Marsili’s case makes vivid that not all pragmatic enrichment is created on the spot by a speaker’s maxim-flouting; some of it is pre-loaded by etymology, technical practice, and local institutional memory (Florence’s “Cimento” sounding like both laboratory and construction-site), which means the “context” a hearer relies on is partly a history of usage and not just the immediate aims of the interlocutors. So the contrast is: Grice gives the micro-mechanics by which rational agents derive implicatures in live talk, while Marsili gives a macro-illustration of how a community’s experimental ethos can be built into a single term, making meaning feel like a test the language itself subjects the speaker to—if you can’t translate it cleanly, you’ve discovered not mystical nonsense but a historically thick bit of rational practice embedded in the lexicon. Grice: “ “cimento” is possibly untranslatable to English! Latin caementum doesn’t help! The shift in meaning from the Latin caementum to the Italian cimento is an interesting linguistic evolution, likely arising from a specific historical application of materials and processes related to caementum. The link between caementum (cement/mortar) and cimento (test/experiment). Latin caementum. In Latin, caementum primarily referred to rough stone, chips of stone, or the micture of rubble and mortar used in Roman concrete or construction. The Early meaning of cimento. An early and key meaning of cimento in Italian, derived from caementum, reerred to a mixture of salts to test precious metals. The conceptual shift. Testing materials with a mixture. The initial association likely arose from the practice of using a specific mixture or concoction (like a type of cement/mortar) to assay or purify precious metals. From mixture to trial: this specific use of a mixture to test something could have led to a broader conceptual association of ‘cimento’ with the very act of trial, test, or experiment, signifying the process of subjectcing something to a rigorous process to discover its qualities or verify a claim. Risk and ordeal: the idea of a trial, particularly one involving the transformation or purification of materials, might have naturally extended to a more general sense of ‘risk,’ or ‘ordeal,’ suggesting a potentially difficult or challenging undertaking. This transition in meaning suggests that the practical application of mixtures related to caementum for testing and assaying played a crucial role in the evolution of the Italian word ‘cimento’ to encompass the concepts of test and experiment. Grice: “I like Marsili, and the founder of the ‘accademia del cimento.’ ‘Cimento’ you know, means ‘experiment,’ – only in Florence!” Si laurea a Siena. Insegna a Siena e Pisa. il cimento. Alessandro Marsili. Grice: Marsili, confesso che “cimento” mi manda in crisi: in inglese sembra sempre o troppo “cemento” o troppo “esperimento”, e il latino caementum non mi salva affatto. Marsili: È il bello della scuola di Siena: si parte dal caementum, si finisce al cimento come prova. Da impasto a collaudo: prima si testano i metalli con una miscela, poi si testa la vita intera con un’implicatura. Grice: Quindi quando a Firenze dicono “Accademia del Cimento” non stanno aprendo un cantiere, ma un laboratorio… anche se, conoscendo i filosofi, il rischio di finire coperti di calce resta sempre cooperativo. Marsili: Esatto: a Siena facciamo l’esperimento, a Oxford fate la nota a piè pagina, a Firenze lo chiamano “cimento” e tutti fingono di aver capito. Implicatura finale: se non è traducibile, allora è davvero filosofico. Marsili, Alessandro (1626). Theoremata ad doctrinam Aristotelis. Siena.

Giacomo Antonio Marta (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats understanding as a rational reconstruction of intention: what matters is not merely what words conventionally signify, but what an utterer is doing in saying them and what a competent audience is entitled to infer (implicatures) under cooperative norms; Marta (Giacomo Antonio Marta, active in late-16th-century Italy and known philosophically above all for his Aristotelian assault on Telesio’s naturalism—most concretely in Pugnaculum Aristotelis, 1587, which helped provoke Campanella’s Philosophia sensibus demonstrata, 1591) exemplifies a very different regime of “reason” in discourse, one governed by scholastic-Peripatetic standards of demonstration, authority, and doctrinal policing rather than by the everyday cooperative exchange Grice models. In Gricean terms, the Marta–Telesio–Campanella polemic is not primarily about subtle conversational inference but about what counts as a legitimate inferential route from senses to nature, and therefore about which background assumptions an audience is allowed to treat as common ground: Marta wants Aristotelian principles to be the shared starting point, while Campanella’s reply reassigns evidential privilege to sensus and treats Aristotelian “imaginationes” as suspect constructs. That setting also changes the function of implicature: instead of being a cancellable surplus generated by polite cooperation, implicatures in polemical Renaissance Latin often function as strategic insinuations about an opponent’s competence, orthodoxy, or methodological honesty, with high stakes that discourage cancellation. So the contrast is that Grice offers a micro-pragmatic account of how rational agents cooperate to make meaning recoverable beyond the literal, whereas Marta represents a macro-dialectical culture in which “reason in discourse” is enforced by competing methodological constitutions (Aristotelian demonstration vs. sense-based reform), and where what is implied is often less a conversational convenience than a weapon in a struggle over the very norms that make philosophical communication possible. The Italian philosopher whose surname is Marta and who disputed with TELESIO is M. He is an Aristotelian who wrote an essay attacking the principles of TELESIO’s philosophy of nature. CAMPANELLA , a student and fervent defender of TELESIO ’s ideas, responded to M.'s work with his own treatise, Philosophia sensibus demonstrate (Philosophy as Demonstrated by the Senses), published in Naples. CAMPANELLA ’s work was explicitly written to defend TELESIO’s philosophy against the attacks of M.  Beyond his role as an opponent of TELESIO ’'s natural philosophy, little else is widely known or easily accessible about M. His primary historical significance in philosophical history stems from this particular dispute, which served as the impetus for one of the most important works by the influential Renaissance philosopher CAMPANELLA . 7 m '1 »• . 1 ' ' l ; ST : nf- .:. D h cpINIS |^DIGATOR^>^^ PHILOSOPHIA , SeSsIBVS DEMONSTRATA, t "V.  vlitO^lo Difputaciofles diftiniita j , qtti proprit drhitratu , non autem fin^td ,r duce natura j philofophati fimt frotts AriQotelu > Sc aiTeclamm ex proprijs d/&is , 8c oatune «leottis conuincun* & (inguixiinaginadoii^, pro eo i .Peripateticis ^ fiftxprorfosreijciuntiir cum '^dcfeniione Beriurdini Tcld^Conifcntiiii, Philolbpliorum maximi , aocitjiiorum •^iati;s,qua! hic dilucidi ntiir, & ro Arillotcie pugqat lacohus Antooius hUm , cotur^^leiprnm, Bc illam puf> ;,oilcadicur.  lOuPrifSmum Domatum 2>. y 'i /\ TAPOLIi ApudHdrat^unSaluianum. i J p  -s r . . 1 «ftr hiiti,. Vhy. fleti. ^;flet^« . eates cHe?idei r H a ^ ‘videotii^ {aotifectindiint . w ' niagwm in ejldeth mole , tc vid«cut .ou Qttwido^ Pleto vfQaeft rbatririjs duobo», quorum enum. •eruo. contrar^fbrma*.EtSiniplidu.Anuqaornmfcromt«oJ?J.^ Ijaj^fls ^rpinjlMta,fle tenebras alterum, fleidem aodqui fenlerecon* «Wdii« formas, flt cum hardiffereht«fimin calore. fl^fjgoee^Je ^us, Rtd pmnmtd inuiti VTc^obicurd locuticalidam % fr^gfd^. Grice: Marta, caro filosofo romano, dimmi: è vero che hai sfidato Telesio a duello filosofico? Si dice che la vostra battaglia abbia fatto tremare le fondamenta della natura — e forse anche quelle del caffè napoletano. Marta: Grice, non esageriamo! Ho semplicemente preso carta e penna, e ho difeso Aristotele come si difende la ricetta della carbonara: con fermezza e senza panna. Telesio voleva stravolgere la natura, io gli ho ricordato che anche il sole, per riscaldare, segue le regole. Grice: Campanella però ha risposto con entusiasmo, pubblicando un trattato per difendere il suo maestro. Hai mai pensato che, alla fine, la filosofia sia una gara di implicature? Si insinua, si allude, e… chi vince paga il pranzo. Marta: Esatto! Ma attenzione: se il pranzo è offerto da un aristotelico, è tutto rigorosamente ordinato — antipasto, primo, secondo e verità assoluta come dessert. Se invece lo organizza Telesio, chissà… magari ti porta a mangiare all'aperto, per dimostrarti che i sensi hanno sempre ragione! Marta, Giacomo Antonio (1578). Apologia de immortalitate animae adversus opusculum Simonis Portii de mente humana. Napoli: Salviani.

Vito Martellotta (Bari, Puglia): LA ragione conversazionale dal deutero-esperanto al pirotese. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats communication as an intention-based, rationally constrained practice: what makes an utterance mean something (and generate implicatures) is not just any convention or code, but the speaker’s intention that the hearer recognize that intention and respond appropriately under shared expectations of cooperation. Martellotta (Vito Martellotta, Bari, author of Latinulus, 1919, inspired by Peano-style auxiliary-language ambitions) stages the complementary and slightly adversarial perspective: he treats meaning as something that can be engineered by deliberate design of an artificial system, with lexical and morpho-syntactic choices fixed in advance so that understanding depends less on conversational inference and more on the user’s mastery of the constructed code. In Gricean terms, Latinulus is a stress-test for how far convention can be made to carry meaning without the subtle pragmatic work that implicature normally performs, and the “ticca/thick” example is telling: even in a supposedly Latin-based universal idiom, unintended cross-linguistic seepage and audience expectations smuggle in extra meaning, so that what users take to be conveyed is shaped by background competence and analogy as much as by explicit stipulation. Where Grice’s Deutero-Esperanto joke emphasizes that a private stipulation with no community uptake is not yet a real language in the full communicative sense, Martellotta’s project emphasizes precisely that uptake problem by proposing a public auxiliary designed for international exchange; but Grice would insist that even if the code is impeccably designed, actual communication will still rely on implicatures (what is left unsaid, what is presumed shared, what is signalled by choosing one form rather than another) because the pragmatic layer is how rational agents manage efficiency, relevance, and trust. The contrast, then, is code-first versus interaction-first: Martellotta tries to build universality into the system; Grice explains universality (and its failures) through rational cooperative inference, showing why even the most artificial language quickly becomes “pirotese” once real speakers start using it to mean more than they explicitly decree. Grice: “When I said I did invent deuteron-Esperanto, I wasn’t thinking Martellotta!” The Oxford philosopher Grice once joked: “Language, or meaning, has nothing to do with convention, in spite of what people like Schiffer has said – I can invent a new language, call it Deutero-Esperanto, and decree what is proper! Keywords: artificiale. Grice refers to an ‘artificial’ system of representation in ‘Retrospective Epilogue.’ Si spira al lavoro di PEANO  per il suo Latinulus o Piccola Lingua Latina, pubblicato nel libro Latinulus. Grammaticas de Latinula Linguas a Bari. Si tratta di un caso piuttosto interessante perché si configura come una lingua a posteriori composta da lessico latino, sistema fonetico italiano e morfologia e sintassi oxoniana! Ad uno sguardo più attento infatti, si nota che la frase in Latinulus «Leos abeo crassa capus circumdata cum longa et ticca comas de fulva colos», in it. il leone ha una grande testa circondata da una lunga e folta chioma di peli rossi', ricalca in realtà l'ordine sintattico oxoniano (cfr. the lion has a big head surrounded by long and thick tawny colour); e in questo inciso l'autore si è spinto oltre, creando una sovrapposizione con l'inglese anche a livello di lessico, come è evidente in «ticca» - non giustificabile etimologicamente tramite il latino - e thick. VITO M. __e-&e c_ * : radi LI LATINULUS uu Grammaticas. i DE LATINULA LINGUAS E oro de Auctoris I (£ 09 RIPPZZZA i 9° PET. le 4 È hh “ " Mr « LS w erat Marica s'sà VITO M. L Aaa 6 € - 6 A e | i LATINULUS Grammaticas DE eee LATINULA LINGUAS PARTIS FONOLOGIAS et MORFOLOGIAS O a È ; (O Il grande sviluppo materiale e morale che ha avuto la civiltà nel nostro secolo si deve senza dubbio in gran parte ai rapidi e molteplici mezzi di comunicazioni che, avvicinando i popoli più lontani e di diverse nazioni, ne hanno maggiormente favorito lo scambio delle idee e dei comuni bisogni; Artificiale -- lingua universale, deutero-Esperanto. Grice: Martellotta, quando ho detto che potevo inventare il Deutero‑Esperanto, non stavo pensando che tu l’avresti preso come invito a fondare una Repubblica linguistica a Bari. Martellotta: Ma scusa, se tu “decreti ciò che è proprio”, io mi limito a fare l’assessore: lingua artificiale, cittadinanza immediata, e tassa comunale pagabile in implicature. Grice: Capisco. E nel pacchetto turistico includi anche il Latinulus di Peano: lessico latino, fonetica italiana e… sintassi oxoniana, così il leone finisce per ruggire in ordine soggetto-verbo-oggetto con accento da High Street. Martellotta: E con “ticca”! Un thick travestito da latino: è la prova che, quando una lingua è davvero universale, prima o poi passa la dogana di Oxford e ti lascia un anglicismo nel bagaglio. Martellotta, Vito (1919). Latinulus: grammaticas de latinula linguas. 1, Fonologias et morfologias. Bari: Casini.

Piero Martinetti (Pont Canavese, Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- i veliani e l’amore alcibiadico. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers rationally recover what a speaker means beyond what is said by presuming cooperation and inferring intentions, so implicature is the accountable surplus generated when a speaker relies on what a competent audience can work out from context and shared norms; Martinetti (Piero Martinetti, 1872–1943, Pont Canavese-born, self-described “neo-Platonist transplanted too early,” editor of Platonic materials, and famously the lone Italian philosophy professor to refuse the Fascist loyalty oath) supplies a contrasting ethical-metaphysical backdrop in which the governing norm is not just cooperative exchange but fidelity to truth and conscience, even at the cost of institutional rupture. In Gricean terms, Martinetti’s Platonizing discourse about eros/amore and number is less a play with conversational economy than a bid to re-orient the interlocutor toward higher-order goods (the Good, the soul’s ascent, moral law), so that what is “meant” often exceeds what can be made explicit in any single utterance and is carried instead by the dialogical tradition itself—anthologies, commentary, and the pedagogical staging of philosophical life. Where Grice treats implicature as typically cancellable and locally computable, Martinetti’s example highlights a situation where cancellation is morally costly: in politics and institutional life, refusing to utter the expected formula (the oath) becomes a communicative act whose implicature is deliberately unmistakable, because the point is to make one’s commitment public. The result is that Martinetti complements Grice by showing a different register of conversational rationality: not merely the rational coordination of beliefs in talk, but the rational governance of speech by principle, where the deepest “implicatures” are ethical—what one will not say, and what that refusal makes evident about the kind of life one is committed to living. Grice: “One thing can be said for Italian philosophers over Oxonian philosophers: they take the history of philosophy more seriously! I like M.; he wrote about eros, or as the Italians call it, ‘amore,’ – a different root from cupidus, too! He edited a platonic anthology.” “He also has a strange treatise on ‘the number’ which post-dates Frege!” -- «Di sé soleva dire di essere un neoplatonico trasmigrato troppo presto nel nostro secolo»  (Cesare Goretti). Professore di filosofia, si distinse per essere stato l'unico filosofo che rifiutò di prestare il giuramento di fedeltà al Fascismo. E il primo dei quattro figli (tre maschi e una femmina, senza contare una bambina che morì piccolissima) di un avvocato. Dopo aver frequentato il Liceo classico Carlo Botta di Ivrea, si iscrisse a Torino, dove ebbe come insegnanti ALLIEVO, BOBBA, ERCOLE, FLECHIA e GRAF, laureandosi col sistema sankhya: un studio sulla filosofia nell’India” discussa con ERCOLE, che, grazie all'interessamento d’ALLIEVO, risulta vincitrice del Premio Gautieri.  Dopo la laurea M. fa un soggiorno di due semestri presso l'Lipsia, dove poté venire a conoscenza del fondamentale studio di Garbe sulla filosofia Sāṃkhya. Si può dunque "ipotizzare che tra gli scopi del viaggio vi fosse anzitutto quello di approfondire gli studi dell’India, iniziati a Torino con  Flechia e 'Ercole." Iinsegna filosofia nei licei di Avellino, Correggio, Vigevano, Ivrea, e per finire a Torino. Compone la monumentale “Introduzione alla metafisica” e “Teoria della conoscenza”, ch edopo che consegue  la libera docenza in Filosofia teoretica a Torino gli valse di vincere il concorso per le cattedre di filosofia teoretica e morale dell'Accademia scientifico-letteraria di Milano, che diventa Regia Università degli Studî, nella quale insegna. Divenne socio corrispondente della classe di Scienze morali dell'Istituto lombardo di scienze e lettere, fondato da Napoleone L’amore velia, antologia platonica, amore socratico, sezione sull’Grice. Grice: Martinetti, tu dici d’essere “un neoplatonico trasmigrato troppo presto”: dunque sei arrivato nel Novecento senza bagaglio… ma con tutta l’Idea del Bene in valigia? Martinetti: Esatto. E tu, Grice, arrivi a dire che noi italiani prendiamo sul serio la storia della filosofia: implicatura ovvia—voi oxoniensi la prendete sul serio solo quando c’è un tè di mezzo. Grice: Colpito. Però ammetto: quando leggo che hai scritto di eros—anzi, amore, che suona meno “cupido” e più “metafisica con garbo”—mi viene voglia di promuoverti a massima conversazionale: “Sii platonico, ma non pedante.” Martinetti: E allora tieniti forte: ho anche un trattato sul “numero” dopo Frege. È il modo più educato per dire: “Grazie, Germania, ora vi mostro che anche un neoplatonico sa contare… ma senza perdere l’anima.” Martinetti, Piero (1896). Il sistema Sāṃkhya. Studio sulla filosofia indiana. Torino: Lattes.

Lorenzo Martini (Cambiano, Torino, Piemonte): l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rational inference from what is said plus shared cooperative expectations: speakers exploit what hearers can be expected to work out, and much communicative work is done by leaving things unsaid in a principled, accountable way; Lorenzo Martini (1787–1854, Cambiano-born physician-philosopher at Turin, pioneer professor of physiology and among the first holders of a chair in legal medicine, author of manuals such as Elementa physiologiae, 1821) offers a contrasting picture in which “reason” is anchored less in the micro-logic of conversational inference and more in the disciplinary rationality of medicine, pedagogy, and civic expertise, where interpretation must be publicly defensible and often evidentially constrained. Read through Grice, Martini’s “science of the heart” and his shifting between philosophical discourse and medico-legal practice highlight that implicature is not always welcome: in court-like settings (or anywhere responsibility and proof matter), one tries to minimize reliance on what is merely suggested and to maximize what can be stated, documented, and checked, because the costs of mis-inference are high. Yet the dialogue in your passage shows the bridge: even the medico-legal mind trades in implicature (titles that “imply too much,” the pragmatic force of saying “I understood you,” the social signal of sincerity), and Martini’s bilingual identity as doctor and philosopher resembles Grice’s own insistence that meaning is not just lexical content but an action aimed at uptake—only Martini’s uptake is shaped by institutional contexts (clinic, lecture hall, tribunal) that discipline how far cooperative inference may safely go. In short, Grice supplies the general inferential mechanics of implicature in ordinary conversation, while Martini supplies a case where conversational reason is constantly negotiated against evidential and ethical demands, making implicature alternately a tool of wit and a risk to be managed. Grice: “When Austin praised the genius of the ordinary language, he meant English! The Italians are less fake and they just say it loud and proud: ‘ingegno italiano’ are the keywords! Grice: “One would think that his ‘discorsi filadelfici’ are about brotherly love, but they were delivered at the Philadelphia American-Italian Philosophical Society!” – Grice: “He wrote on Emilio and Narciso, and a story of philosophy – starting not from Thales but Gioberti!” – Grice: “His science of the heart – scienza del cuore – is a mystery!” Compì studi classici a Chieri e poi, ospitato al Real Collegio di Torino, si rivolse allo studio delle scienze naturalistiche. Con la laurea in medicina,  cui seguirà anche quella in filosofia, ottenne l'insegnamento al predetto Istituto, prima di conseguire una brillante carriera nell'ateneo torinese. Qui, infatti, ottenne prima la docenza in fisiologia  e poi quella di medicina legale, cattedra quest'ultima, istituita di cui fu il primo insegnante in assoluto.  Di Torino fu anche rettore, negli anni in cui ebbe numerosi riconoscimenti, tra cui l'onorificenza di cavaliere dell'Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro.  Ma non mancarono episodi tragici, allorché, pochi anni dopo le nozze, perse la moglie, dalla quale ancora non aveva avuti figli, né li avrebbe avuti in seguito, visto che non si risposò, per dedicarsi completamente all'insegnamento e alla stesura di saggi e manuali nelle discipline mediche. In questo filone, il più ricco, vanno almeno segnalati gli “Elementa physiologiae” e “Lezioni di fisiologia” così come “Medicina legale”, accanto agli Elementa medicinae forensis, politiae medicae et hygienes, cui avrebbe fatto seguito il Manuale di medicina legale.  Il variegato percorso saggistico non si limitò (e non si esaurì) a studi a carattere medico-fisiologico e medico-legale. storia della filosofia, ingegno italiano, il cratilo di Platone. Grice: Martini, Austin lodava il “genio della lingua ordinaria”… ma sospetto intendesse “inglese”: voi piemontesi dite direttamente ingegno italiano. Almeno siete più sinceri di noi. Martini: Sinceri sì, ma anche pratici: io ho due lauree (medicina e filosofia) e una cattedra di medicina legale… quindi se l’implicatura “ti ho capito” non regge, posso sempre chiedere l’autopsia del significato. Grice: E poi i tuoi discorsi filadelfici: pensavo fossero sermoni sulla fraternità universale, e invece erano… a Filadelfia, alla Società italo-americana. Ecco un caso in cui il titolo implica troppo! Martini: Colpa tua: tu insegni che “ciò che si dice” non è “ciò che si intende”; io aggiungo che “ciò che si intende” spesso passa dal cuore… ma la mia scienza del cuore resta un mistero: per decifrarla servono o Grice… o un medico legale. Martini, Lorenzo (1821). Elementa physiologiae. Torino: Pica.

Ernesto de Martino (Napoli, Campania): l’implicatura conversazionale -- la religione civile della prima e unica Roma! – magismo -- filosofia italiana meridionale – filosofia del sud. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rational, intention-guided inference: speakers aim to be understood, hearers assume cooperative purpose, and what is meant can exceed what is said in a way that is (at least in principle) calculable from shared norms; de Martino (Ernesto de Martino, 1908–1965, Naples-born historian of religions and ethnologist, whose work on Southern Italian “magismo” and ritual crises culminates in a distinctive theory of cultural practices as techniques for securing “presence”) reframes the same phenomenon by shifting the explanatory center from individual communicative intentions to collective regimes of sense-making in which words, gestures, and rites function as socially inherited devices for stabilizing reality when ordinary causal explanation feels existentially insufficient. In Gricean terms, the “magical explanation” problem is not simply a different set of propositions but a different conversational background: what counts as relevant evidence, what counts as a satisfactory answer, and what counts as a respectful way of speaking are set by a local moral-ritual economy, so an utterance can carry implicatures (about respect, solidarity, threat, shame, or protection) that are invisible if you assume only an Oxford-style epistemic goal of truth tracking. That is why your passage’s point about Italian lacking a neutral term for “magical” is philosophically telling: the label itself generates derogatory implicatures and so distorts uptake, whereas de Martino’s analyses try to describe those practices without pre-loading the conversational context with contempt. The contrast, then, is that Grice offers a general micro-model of how rational agents derive meaning beyond literal content in cooperative talk, while de Martino shows how “rationality” in communication can be plural and culturally sedimented: in the South-Italian contexts he studies, implicature is often bound up with ritual, narrative authority, and the need to repair social and personal crises, so conversation is not merely information exchange but a civil-religious technology for keeping a world inhabitable. Grice: “Much as Hollis has worked on rationality and relativism, M. shows that in Southern Italy, a ‘magical’ explanation is often preferred to a strictly ‘casual’ one – M. notes that the Italian language lacks a philosophical apt term to describe this type of ‘magical’ explanation devoid of derogatory implicatures, though!” -- Filosofo italiano. Napoli, Campania. Grice: “I like Martino – and his interviewees – there is indeed a ‘discepolato’ around him.” Grice: “We don’t have anything like Martino at Oxford – Hollis is the closest I can think.” Grice: “In his strictly philosophical explorations, Martino aptly clashes with Croce!” -- Dopo la laurea a Napoli con una tesi in Storia delle religioni sui gephyrismi eleusini sotto la direzione di Adolfo Omodeo, si interessa alle discipline etnologiche. Si iscrive ai GUF e alla Milizia Universitaria, collaborando a L'Universale di Berto Ricci e facendo circolare in una cerchia ristretta di collaboratori un Saggio sulla religione civile poi rimasto inedito.  L'ingresso nel circolo crociano «Erano quelli gli anni in cui Hitler sciamanizzava in Germania e in Europa, e ancora lontano era il giorno in cui le rovine del palazzo della Cancelleria avrebbero composto per questo atroce sciamano europeo la bara di fuoco in cui egli tentava di seppellire il genere umano: ed erano anche gli anni in cui una piccola parte della gioventù italiana cercava asilo nelle severe e serene stanze di Palazzo Filomarino per risillabare il discorso elementarmente umano altrove impossibile, persino nella propria famiglia».  Grice: “The more Martino speaks of ‘meridionale’ and ‘sud’ the less I’m willing to qualify him as an Italian philosopher simpliciter – so I categorise him as a representative of ‘filosofia del sud’ or ‘filosofia meridionale’. religione civile, magismo – essercizio del giudizio – viaggio magico en route – carpet route travelling – o routeless. Ernesto de Martino.  Grice: Martino, mi hai sempre incuriosito: a Oxford la religione civile è materia da libri polverosi, mentre a Napoli sembra una faccenda viva, quasi magica! Dimmi, come mai qui il magismo è ancora preferito alla spiegazione casuale? Martino: Caro Grice, qui al Sud, quando la spiegazione razionale non basta, basta chiedere alla zia che ti legge i tarocchi! Da noi il magismo è una forma di filosofia popolare: spiega ciò che la logica lascia in sospeso e, almeno, fa sorridere. Grice: E così, al posto di una lezione su Kant, preferite un viaggio magico senza itinerario, tra giudizi improvvisati e riti familiari? Forse dovremmo introdurre il “carpet route travelling” a Oxford: basta con gli schemi, avanti con le intuizioni meridionali! Martino: Grice, se vuoi diventare filosofo del Sud, ti preparo un rituale: dimentica gli appunti, siediti con noi a tavola, e lasciati trasportare dal racconto! Qui, la filosofia nasce tra un piatto di pasta e una storia che nessuno ha ancora scritto. Martino, Ernesto de (1929). La decadenza dell’Occidente.

Paolo Marzolo (Padova, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale del segno. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers rationally recover what is meant beyond what is said by presuming cooperative purposes and then inferring implicatures from an utterance’s form, content, and context; Marzolo (Paolo Marzolo, 1811–1868, Padua-born physician-philologist later professor of literature at Pisa, with early work on speech/loquela and later an explicit “essay on signs”) shifts the emphasis from Grice’s intention-centered pathway (“to mean is to intend”) to a sign-centered and historically philological pathway in which meaning is anchored in signification systems (signum/signare, indicare) and in the learned traditions that stabilize them. In Gricean terms, Marzolo’s approach makes “sign” the primary explanatory unit, treating linguistic items as tokens in a semiotic economy whose functioning is largely taken for granted, whereas Grice famously tries to postpone “what words mean” and instead reconstruct speaker-meaning and implicature from rational patterns of use, often exploiting under-specification (“Peccavi” vs “I said that I peccavi,” and the way audiences supply the missing “that”-clause content). The contrast is therefore methodological: Marzolo looks for the rationality of meaning in the classificatory apparatus of signs—how a sign stands for, indicates, or signifies within a codified semantic tradition—while Grice locates rationality in the intersubjective game of intention-recognition, where the very gap between sentence meaning and speaker meaning is productive and regulated. Yet they converge at a deeper point: Marzolo’s philological insistence on signare and indicare can be read as a historical prelude to Grice’s program, because both are trying to explain how public marks and acts come to carry thought for others; the difference is that Marzolo treats that carrying as primarily semiotic and taxonomic, while Grice treats it as primarily pragmatic and inferential, with implicature as the central phenomenon by which reason makes communication more powerful than what is explicitly encoded.

Grice: “When I delivered my lecture on ‘meaning’ for the Philosophical Society at Oxford, I knew that some of my pupils – to which I had burdened with my seminars on ‘meaning’ would be attending. I was paying little attention to Marzolo. When Cairo wrote his ‘Dictionary of Symbols,’ way before Vienna, and other events with which we were familiar at Oxford, Cairo makes an effort to trace his research – and he provides three references: Ferrero, Marzolo, and Marchesini – “amongst us Italians” – he adds. Now Ferrero was more of a lawyer and his ‘I simboli’ only tangentially approaches ‘simbolo’ and ‘segno,’ or the phenomenon of ‘voulere dire’ alla Grice – but what is important is that he leaves Marchesini behind, and indeed OVER-stresses the LEGACY of Marzolo. Unlike myself – who dismiss in “Meaning” talk of ‘sign,’ Marzolo entitles his ‘essay’ an ‘essay on signs’ – and he is indeed into ‘words’ – he held a profeessor of letters at Pisa. But his words are what these words ‘voule dire’ – ‘signare’ – as quoted by both Marzolo and Ferrero – as when Cicero says that a signum signat – in the zodiac. But Marzolo’s examples are RARELY about what a given expression MEANS, or is a sign of – he takes this for granted. Now, if you read my ‘Meaning’ you will find NO reference to what a word – or group of words means – I approach this later in my career, under pressure, and I give only ONE example ‘shaggy’ – shaggy shaggy reduplicated, as Ferrero has it to mean that the utterer means that the referent is hairy-coated. When it comes to indicare that’s our ‘say’ – as when I say ‘Peccavi’. But can I say that I said THAT peccavi? Surely not. So ‘say’ primarily applies to the utterer, but what the utterer says may not be an instance of his saying THAT – cf. MAD magazine cartoons on what people say and what they actually mean. Grice: Marzolo, al mio seminario su meaning ho fatto finta di niente sui “segni”… poi tu arrivi e intitoli tutto Saggio sui segni: mi stai mandando un segnale, o è solo gusto tipografico? Marzolo: È un segnale, certo: se tu cacci fuori il “segno” dalla porta, lui rientra dalla finestra… e si siede pure in cattedra a Pisa con me. Grice: Però tu dai per scontato che le parole significhino; io invece in Meaning riesco a parlare di “meaning” senza dire che cosa significhi una parola—un capolavoro di omissione cooperativa. Marzolo: E infatti il tuo unico esempio “shaggy shaggy” sembra un cane che abbaia due volte per farsi capire: tu dici Peccavi, ma poi aggiungi “non ho detto CHE peccavi”—e il lettore capisce benissimo… e ride, che è il vero indicatore. Marzolo, Paolo (1834). De vitiis loquelae quaedam exposita quum medicinae lauream coronam assequeretur. Padova.  Filippo Masci (Francavilla al Mare, Chieti, Abruzzo): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- critica della critica della ragione – implicatura solidale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rational, intention-sensitive inference: speakers rely on cooperative expectations (relevance, sufficiency, etc.) so that hearers can recover what is meant beyond what is explicitly said; Masci (Filippo Masci, 1844–1922, Abruzzese philosopher shaped by the Spaventa milieu, early interpreter of Hegel and Kant, later engaged with psychology, measurement, and a “natural history” of volition) reframes that Gricean picture by treating “reason” less as a local conversational constraint and more as a historical-critical power that organizes domains—Kant’s critique, Hegelian logic, Aristotelian practical concepts, and the emerging scientific-psychological discourse about will, instinct, and psycho-physical correlation. In Gricean terms, Masci’s “critica della critica” orientation highlights that the background against which implicatures are drawn is not merely shared conversational common ground but also a shared intellectual tradition: terms like volontà, libertà, conoscenza, credenza, and even “criticism” carry inherited inferential routes, so what is implicated in philosophical exchange depends on how a community has already learned to connect concepts (e.g., willing to freedom, knowledge to belief) and on what counts as an acceptable “measure” or warrant in the human sciences. Where Grice analyzes how speakers manage meaning by being strategically indirect in talk, Masci emphasizes how indirectness is built into critique itself: a philosophical position often advances by redescribing an opponent’s framework (de-personalizing it, unifying its parts, exposing its limits) rather than by merely asserting a contrary thesis, so the implicatures are methodological and solidaristic—signals of alignment with a critical project, an intellectual lineage, or a conception of rational autonomy. The contrast, then, is that Grice supplies the micro-pragmatics of how rational agents get from saying to meaning in everyday conversation, while Masci supplies a macro-critique of how “reason” governs the very conceptual landscape within which conversational inferences become possible, making implicature partly a function of cooperative talk and partly a function of historically formed critical norms. Grice: “At Oxford, we don’t say ‘Kant,’ we say ‘criticism’. For surely literary critics cannot claim all uses of ‘crit’, as in lit. crit. By using ‘criticism’ instead of ‘Kantianism’ you achieve TWO goals: you de-personalise a doctrine, and you emphasise the unity between Kant’s critique of alethic reason and Kant’s critique of practical reason!” Grice: “But perhaps more interesting that his explorations on the judicative are Masci’s conceptual analysis, and fascinating ‘natural’ history of the will, with a focus on Aristotle!” Grice: “Like M., I make a conceptual connetction between willing and free-will.” – or “volonta” e “liberta” in his words! I like M.; he has philosophised on forms of intuition and instincdt – cf. my “Needs’ – and what he calls the psycho-physical materialism. Also on what he calls the psychological parallelism – He spent a few essays on quantification and measurement in atters of the soul -- -- and speaks of an ‘indirect measure’ in psychology. He has opposed ‘conoscenza’ to ‘credenza’ (cf. my knowledge and belief), and further, ‘conosecenza and pensiero’, knowledge and thought. Nato in una famiglia della borghesia abruzzese, perse il padre all'età di 4 anni. Frequenta il collegio Giambattista Vico di Chieti e, completati gli studi liceali, e allievo di MOLA, che gli insegna filosofia. Inizia gli studi di giurisprudenza all'Napoli, dove si laureò ed in seguito studiò scienze politico-amministrative. Comincia ad approfondire le sue conoscenze filosofiche grazie alle lezioni tenute da Spaventa nella stessa città. Influenzato dalla sua formazione universitaria e dallo stesso Spaventa, al centro dei suoi primi studi c'era il pensiero di Kant e Hegel. Ottenne la cattedra di professore reggente di filosofia a Chieti, prima dell'abilitazione che gli fu consegnata a Pisa. Inoltre venne nominato vincitore di un concorso della Reale Accademia delle scienze morali e politiche grazie ad un saggio sulla Critica della ragion pura. implicatura, critica della critica, criticismo, neo-criticismo. Grice: Masci, dimmi, in Abruzzo la critica della critica si serve col Montepulciano o va bene anche il caffè forte? Masci: Caro Grice, qui la critica si digerisce meglio con un bicchiere di Montepulciano—il caffè rischia di rendere la ragione troppo nervosa, e Kant non approverebbe! Grice: Ma se Kant fosse nato a Francavilla al Mare, la sua Critica sarebbe stata più solidale o più abruzzese? Forse avrebbe aggiunto una postilla sulla libertà di scelta tra arrosticini e gnocchi! Masci: Grice, se Kant avesse assaggiato gli arrosticini, avrebbe scritto la Critica della ragione gustativa! E magari la volontà sarebbe diventata ancora più libera, almeno a tavola. Qui, la filosofia si fa con la pancia piena e il pensiero contento! Masci, Filippo (1869). Le categorie del finito e dell’infinito. Studio sulla Scienza della logica di Hegel. Rivista bolognese di scienze, lettere, arti e scuola.

Giuseppe Masi (Firenze, Toscana): l’implicatura conversazionale -- i peripatetici del Lizio. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how a hearer can rationally recover what is meant beyond what is said by assuming cooperative purposes and then deriving implicatures from the speaker’s choice of words against shared expectations; the Masi vignette adds a distinctive twist by relocating the pressure point from conversational strategy to metaphysical vocabulary and historical semantics, because Masi’s interests (power of reason in the Heraclitus–Plato–Hegel line, and the “uni-equivocity” of being) treat meaning as something partly stabilized by large-scale conceptual architectures rather than only by local maxims of talk. In Grice’s terms, “Lycaeum/lizio” is a miniature model of the same phenomenon: a change in linguistic form changes what gets taken as the natural reading, and what would count as an implicature or a mere stylistic variant, so the hearer’s inferential task is always hostage to the available conceptual and lexical resources. Where Grice tends to treat polysemy and disambiguation as problems managed by context and cooperative inference (your “philosopher” example), Masi foregrounds how philosophy itself often seeks a controlled re-engineering of sense—trying to make being neither merely equivocal nor flatly univocal—which, pragmatically, is an attempt to reduce the room for conversational drift and to regiment what can be inferred from core terms. The result is a productive contrast: Grice explains how conversational reason extracts determinate speaker-meaning from flexible, sometimes messy ordinary usage, while Masi exemplifies a Platonist/Hegelian confidence that reason can also reshape the semantic field from above, so that implicature is not only something we calculate in everyday exchanges but also something that philosophical systems try to anticipate, domesticate, or pre-empt by redesigning the very space of possible meanings. Grice: “Most Oxonians cannot really spell Lycaeum, since it’s a devil of a word. The Italians fare slightly better when they opt for the vulgar spelling ‘lizio’. You see, the ‘y’ just becomes ‘i,’ the ‘ae’ is deleted, and the ‘c’ aquires the very Italian sound of ‘z’!” Grice: “Unlike Masi, I don’t think ontology has reached its end – il fine dell’ontologia” – Grice: “Masi has elaborated on the power of reason not from an Ariskantian perspective but from a Plathegelian one! – Masi: “Il potere della ragione: Eraclito, Platone, Hegel.” --  Grice: “It’s amazing Masi was implicating the same things as I was on S izz P and P hazz S; he even managed a coinage, ‘uni-equivocity’ – I love it!”. Figlio di Enrico Masi, generale dell'Esercito Italiano, e Leda Nutini. Ha compiuto i suoi studi a Bologna, conseguendo la maturità classica presso il liceo statale L. Galvani. Iscrittosi a Bologna, vi si laureò con lode  con una tesi sul diritto di famiglia negli Statuti Bolognesi. Assolse agli obblighi di leva e fu trattenuto alle armi in base alle disposizioni di emergenza del periodo. Congedato, riprese gli studi di filosofia a Bologna, dove conseguì la laurea con lode, discutendo co Battaglia la tesi, “Individuo, società, famiglia in Rosmini”. La tesi gli valse l'ammissione, con borsa di studio a Milano. Dopo il primo anno, fu richiamato alle armi nel periodo bellico. Ottenuto il congedo definitivo, insegna filosofia a Bologna. Participa ai principali convegni e congressi, come quelli del Centro Studi Filosofici di Gallarate, come attesta la sua collaborazione alla Enciclopedia filosofica quel Centro. Dona su collezione alla Pinacoteca comunale di Pieve di Cento. L'interesse storiografico che muove M. alla ricostruzione di Kierkegaard da un profondo e originale impegno teoretico, volto ad approfondire il concetto metafisico di "analogia", uni-equivociat dell’essere in Aristotele. i peripatetici, la carriera di un libertino. Giusepe Masi.  Grice: Masi, dimmi la verità: quante volte hai dovuto correggere un inglese che scrive “Lycaeum” con una y, una ae e magari pure una z? Masi: Caro Grice, in Toscana basta dire “lizio” e tutti capiscono: qui le lettere straniere si sciolgono come il burro sulla ribollita! Grice: Vedi, io ho passato anni a parlare di implicature – ma la tua “uni-equivociat” batte il mio inglese: è come mettere tutti i filosofi sulla stessa gondola, anche se siamo a Firenze e non a Venezia! Masi: Grice, tu implichi troppo; io qui, tra i peripatetici del Lizio, preferisco filosofare con un bicchiere di Chianti: così anche l’ontologia diventa più allegra! Masi, Giuseppe (1937). Il diritto di famiglia negli Statuti bolognesi. Bologna.

Masila (Roma, Lazio): l’implicatura conversazionale – Ercole -- Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers rationally recover what is meant beyond what is said by attributing to the speaker an intention to be understood under cooperative expectations, so implicature is a principled inference from an utterance’s literal content plus context and norms; the Masila vignette turns this into a contrast between modern, polysemy-aware analytic interpretation and an ancient epigraphic/papyrological practice where a single learned label can function as a socially stabilized classification rather than an invitation to fine-grained disambiguation. In Grice’s “Strawson is a philosopher” case, “philosopher” can implicate different things (profession, temperament, both) because modern usage allows multiple salient senses and because speakers exploit that flexibility; but a Herculaneum papyrus “Masila philosophus” belongs to a world in which “philosophus” is closer to a role-term within a cultural economy of paideia, marking someone as a member of a recognized intellectual type, so the hearer’s task is less to choose among competing senses and more to place Masila within a shared social taxonomy. The upshot for Grice is that what looks like monosemy may actually be pragmatics made invisible: the context (a library town, an elite Roman-Greek intellectual setting, a genre of identification) does so much work that alternative readings never become live options, so the “implicature” is not a hidden extra proposition but the whole background assumption that being a philosophus includes both study and reflective habit. In that way Masila complements Grice: he illustrates how conversational rationality can, in some settings, compress meaning so tightly into a conventional label that the implicature-work Grice foregrounds is offloaded onto stable institutions of education and status—“philosophus” as a one-word bridge from description to social recognition. Grice: “In my ‘Utterer’s meaning, sentence-meaning, and word-meaning,” I choose the example of ‘philosopher’: ‘Starwson is a philosopoher’. Does this mean that Strawson is professionally engaged in philosophical [sic] studies, or that Strawson is inclined to general reflections about life, or both? The case is different with this papyrus found at Herculaneum: “Masila philosophus,’ it reads. We may suspect that a Herculaneum, back then, being professionally engaged in philosophical studies and being inclined to general reflections about life is a false dichotomy – and that ‘philosophus’ is monosemic!” Filosofo italiano. A reference to M. as a philosopher in a papyrus found at Herculaneum. GRICEVS: SALVE, MASILA: in libello meo dixi “Strawson philosophus est”; sed dubito—professoremne dicas, an virum qui de vita semper cogitet, an utrumque? MASILA: SALVE, GRICE: apud Herculanum dubitatio periit; in papyro enim scriptum est “Masila philosophus”—quasi diceret: “unum verbum, duo munera; noli disiungere.” GRICEVS: Ergo ibi philosophus monosemos est—et ego, more Oxoniensi, polysemos quaero: nimis multa infero ex una voce, quasi ex amphora totam bibliothecam. MASILA: Age: tu infer, ego ridebo; sed memento—si papyrus te vocat philosophum, iam et stipendiarius es et meditativus… et hoc sine footnote. Masila (a. u. c. DCCCXXXII). De philosophia una voce. Roma.

Amato Masnovo (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how an audience can rationally recover what is meant beyond what is said by attributing cooperative intentions to the speaker and then calculating implicatures under shared norms (relevance, adequacy, etc.); Masnovo, as your passage frames him (Amato Masnovo, 1878–1955, Roman-born leading figure in Italian neo-scholasticism and longtime intellectual driver of the Milan Catholic milieu around Vita e Pensiero and the Università Cattolica), relocates “conversational reason” from Grice’s micro-pragmatics of inference to a macro-pragmatics of tradition, where what counts as a “classic,” what counts as legitimate philosophy, and what counts as a permissible argumentative move are already structured by institutional and confessional ethos (Aquinas in Italy, Croce as national horizon, the Jesuit and Dominican school networks, etc.). In Gricean terms, Masnovo’s discourse is saturated with standing implicatures: invoking “Aquinas” implies not just a set of theses but a disciplinary posture about method, authority, and the hierarchy of sources; similarly, remarks about “national ethos” function as contextual signals that license different inferences about what is being endorsed or resisted. Where Grice treats context as something interlocutors exploit in real-time to convey more than they explicitly say, Masnovo highlights how context is historically engineered—by schools, journals, clerical and academic patronage, and the rhetoric of “situations rather than men”—so that much of what is “meant” in philosophical exchange is already carried by affiliation markers and inherited vocabularies before any individual speaker forms a particular intention. The result is a useful contrast: Grice provides a general, intention-centered account of how implicature is generated and recovered in conversation, while Masnovo exemplifies how philosophical communities stabilize whole repertoires of implicatures through tradition and institution, making reason in discourse as much a matter of belonging to (and negotiating within) a pre-set communicative order as of calculating a speaker’s momentary intention. Grice: “While we start philosophy at Oxford – sub-faculty of philosophy – as part of the classics – Faculty of Literae Humaniores – Oxford does not quite rule what counts as a ‘classic’: Cicerone, and compagnia. When the scholar is first introduced to a non-classical philosopher, however, there is a national ethos – and while Oxford is very English, that Scot by the name of of Home (Hume) features large – I wonder why! It’s different in Italy, where the national ethos is strictly Italian, from Benedetto Croce to Benedetto Croce! Not to exlude Aquino, whose years at Germany and la Sorbona are forgiven! And hailed as a true Roccaseccan!” Filosofo italiano. Roma, Lazio. Aquino IN ITALIA. Nel tracciare in poche pagine le vicende del neotomismo italiano fermerò l’attenzione piuttosto su le situazioni che su gli uomini: la quale cosa, se torna utile sempre nella storia della filosofia, molto più torna utile quando il periodo a cui si guarda è abbastanza recente. Le ragioni sono di prima evidenza. Entriamo in argomento. Non ò possibile caratterizzare secondo verità la setta d’ AQUINO  senza prima formarsi un’idea esatta d’AQUINO . Certo le scuole DOMENICANE italiane mantennero sempre in qualche efficenza il loro sopporto della setta d’AQUINO . Nonpertanto se la setta d’AQUINO in Italia, da cui dipende la setta nel straniero, si afferma vivamente e risolutamente, ciò è dovuto principalmente al canonico piacentino BUZZETTI , le cui lezioni, sono già diffuse in manoscritti per l’Italia, e i cui scolari avevano già iniziato alla setta d’AQUINO , più o meno fortunatamente, TAPARELLI , LIBERATORE , e tant’altri filosofi dentro e fuori della compagnia di Gesù. PECCI  a Perugia è certamente sotto, l’influsso di SORDI , piacentino e scolaro di BUZZETTI . È lecito pensare il medesimo del canonico napoletano SANSEVERINO . M., AQUINO  in Italia, (Società Editrice Vita e Pensiero, Milano. Cfr. «L’amico d’Italia», Torino. Quivi GAZOLA , tessendo l’elogio In morte dello zio BUZZETTI. Scolastica. Grice: Masnovo, ma secondo te all’Oxford si può davvero dire che Cicerone sia un classico, o bisogna chiedere il permesso al bidello? Masnovo: Grice, qui a Roma invece basta una carbonara e tutti diventano classici, persino Croce! E se qualcuno osa escludere Aquino, gli si perdona tutto purché abbia studiato almeno un po’ a Roccasecca. Grice: Ah, quindi la filosofia italiana si decide tra un piatto di pasta e un elogio in morte dello zio Buzzetti? Allora all’inglese rimane solo il pudding e Hume! Masnovo: Esatto, Grice! In Italia la setta d’Aquino la fonda chi ha il coraggio di discutere anche dopo il dolce. E non serve nemmeno chiedere alla compagnia di Gesù: basta la compagnia a tavola! Masnovo, Amato (1909). Contributo. Rivista di filosofia neoscolastica.

Bernardo Massari (Seminara, Reggio Calabria): l’implicatura conversazionale, l’implicatura logistica di Petrarca e Boccaccio, la scuola di Seminara, la filosofia calabrese, e la filosofia italiana. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers can rationally recover what a speaker means beyond what is explicitly said by presuming cooperative purpose and then inferring implicatures from what is said plus shared expectations about relevance, sufficiency, and orderly presentation; “Massari” in your passage (i.e., Barlaam of Seminara/Barlaam the Calabrian, c. 1290–1348, scholar of Greek learning, mathematics/music, diplomat in Angevin and papal contexts, and controversialist in the Hesychast dispute with Gregory Palamas) highlights a very different but complementary arena in which meaning is governed: multilingual, doctrinal, and polemical exchange where Latin, Greek, and vernaculars compete for authority and where what is left unsaid or tactically formulated can decide ecclesiastical outcomes. In Gricean terms, Barlaam’s activity makes implicature less a polite byproduct of everyday talk and more an instrument of intellectual diplomacy: theological claims about Filioque, primacy, or the status of mystical contemplation are crafted so that different audiences (Byzantine monastics, Latin scholastics, humanists like Petrarch’s circle, or later Boccaccio-linked transmission of Greek) can draw different “licensed” inferences without forcing an outright contradiction on the page. Where Grice models implicature as cancellable and calculable against a stable cooperative background, Barlaam’s setting shows how background itself is contested—what counts as a reasonable inference depends on which tradition’s norms of proof, authority, and “signs” one accepts—so conversational reason becomes a struggle over interpretive jurisdiction as much as a shared mechanism of uptake. Thus Grice supplies the micro-pragmatic logic of how implicatures are derived, while Massari/Barlaam supplies a historical macro-case in which implicature functions across languages and institutions: as a way of translating, negotiating, and sometimes weaponizing meaning when direct assertion would be politically or doctrinally explosive. Grice: “At Oxford, we revere William Jones as being the first to point to the cognateness between the Gothick,as he called it, and the Graeco-Romanic. This was never an issue in Italy, which had both!” calabro -- Barlaam: -- Grice: “Should it be under B – Barlam, under Seminara, like Occam?”  Barlaam Calabro – di Calabria – Scrive di aritmetica, musica e acustica. E uno dei più convinti fautori della riunificazione fra le Chiese d'oriente e occidente. È considerato insieme ai suoi due allievi Leonzio Pilato e Boccaccio uno dei padri dell'Umanesimo. Studia in Galatro, Calabria. Pare che il suo successo come filosofo (un suo trattato sull'etica degli stoici è preservato) e ragione di gelosia da parte di N. Gregorio. Nell'ambito delle trattative per la ri-unificazione tra le due Chiese di Oriente e di Occidente, a lui venne affidata la difesa delle ragioni greche; in tale occasione sviluppa le sue critiche verso l'esicasmo e a sottolineare la differenza di valore tra la teologia scolastica e la contemplazione mistica. E protagonista di una violenta polemica contro i metodi ascetici e mistici di alcuni monaci dell'Athos e del loro sostenitore G. Palamas. Il dibattito divenne sempre più acceso fino a culminare in un concilio generale alla fine del quale venne costretto a sospendere ogni futuro attacco verso l'esicasmo. Epigrafe a Gerace, tutore di Petrarca e Boccaccio, inviato dall'imperatore Andronico III Paleologo in missione diplomatica a Napoli, Avignone e Parigi per sollecitare le corti europee ad una crociata contro i turchi. In quell'occasione costrue delle relazioni e una rete di amicizie su cui puo fare conto quando, in seguito alla decisione conciliare, decise di aderire alla Chiesa d'Occidente. implicatura, logistica, Petrarca, Boccaccio, Gentile – il latino, il volgare – e il greco! Accademia, Platone, Rinascimento italiano, Firenze. Grice: Massari, ma davvero a Seminara si discute ancora se il latino o il volgare sia superiore, o semplicemente fate come Petrarca e Boccaccio e mischiate tutto? Massari: Ah Grice, qui in Calabria preferiamo la logistica, con Petrarca ci esercitiamo in aritmetica, con Boccaccio in acustica. Poi se capita, lanciamo qualche implicatura nel dialetto, così nessuno capisce davvero! Grice: E la polemica sull’esicasmo? Ancora vi scambiate le critiche con Palamas, o avete trovato una formula magica per la pace – magari con una canzone pop calabrese? Massari: Figurati, Grice! Qui non si fa pace con formule magiche, ma con una crostata al limone e una bella chiacchierata sul Rinascimento italiano. E se proprio si litiga, basta dire che Platone era calabrese e tutti ridono! Massari, Bernardo (1333). De Filioque et primatu. Roma.

Massimiano (Roma, Lizio): il principe filosofo, Roma, e la filosofia italiana. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers rationally recover what a speaker means beyond what is literally said by presuming cooperative purpose and then inferring implicatures from departures from directness, relevance, or expected informational strength; the Massimiano vignette turns that inferential model into a political-theological setting where “reason in exchange” is inseparable from institutional accommodation, symbolic display, and peace-making under plural commitments. Where Grice typically treats context as a shared background that makes implicatures calculable, Massimiano’s world makes context into a managed public environment: paving Hagia Sophia with silver is a kind of material “utterance” whose meaning is read by multiple audiences (imperial, ecclesiastical, civic), and its point is not just to communicate but to coordinate attitudes—dignity, unity, awe, and compliance—without always stating doctrine. In Gricean terms, the silver floor functions like a non-verbal implicature: it licenses the inference that the regime can afford magnificence, that sacred space deserves exceptional treatment, and that disputation should be grounded (literally) in a shared, stabilizing order; meanwhile the Clifton/Honoré aside highlights that even explicit doctrinal “articles” are moderated by pragmatic arrangements (exemptions from chapel, special housing), showing how institutions routinely rely on tacit understandings to sustain cooperation across difference. So the contrast is that Grice gives a micro-theory of how implicatures arise from rational expectations in conversation, while Massimiano illustrates a macro-pragmatics in which the same inferential logic operates through policies, exemptions, and architectural signals: peace is achieved not only by what is argued but by what is made mutually inferable and therefore mutually livable. Grice: “I was brought up in the tradition of the 39 articles. The point was relevant at Clifdton. Honore, another Oxford philosopher and old Cliftonian, was not. As a result, he was housed in a special house that Clifton had reserved for Jews. The college allowed these Jews not to attend chapel services – for a reason!” -- Filosofo italiano. A philosopher who encourages Giustiniano and Giuliano -- to pave the floor of Hagia Sophia with silver. GRICEVS: MAXIMIANE, audio te Giustinianum et Iulianum hortatum esse ut pavimentum Sanctae Sophiae argento sternant: nonne nimis splendet ad philosophum? MAXIMIANVS: Immo, GRICE: si homines de caelo disputant, saltem pedibus aliquid honestum praebeamus; praeterea argentum bonum est ad disputatores in terram reducendos!  GRICEVS: Apud nos Cliftoniae triginta novem articuli satis erant—et capella; sed quidam (Honore, vetus Cliftonianus) in domo “speciali” habitabat atque sacellum omittere poterat. Putasne hoc etiam “pro ratione” fuisse? MAXIMIANVS: Certe: tu “articulos,” ego “tegulas” administro. Illi sacellum omittunt, nos pavimentum addimus: uterque modus est pacem facere—tu verbis, ego argento. Massimiano (a. u. c. MXXCX). De pace. Roma.

Massimo (Roma, Lazio): l’orto romano -- la costituzione di Roma. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats conversation as a rational system of mutual influence in which hearers are entitled to infer more than is said (implicature) by assuming cooperative purposes and calculating what a speaker must have meant to be doing with a given utterance; the “Massimo” vignette reframes that model by making the Stoic/Epictetan lesson explicit: the most efficient influence is often indirect, operating not by changing external arrangements (reforming six constitutions) but by shifting judgments, attention, and the practical attitudes through which people inhabit a shared world. Where Grice makes efficiency a normative feature of talk (say what is needed, no more; let the rest be inferred), Massimo’s garden stance turns efficiency into an ethical and political strategy: refuse costly interventions, cultivate calm, and let conversation work as a low-energy mechanism of reform—alter the interlocutor’s evaluative stance and “the constitution follows,” as your dialogue has it. In Gricean terms, Massimo’s cucumbers-versus-laws joke is itself an implicature-driven move (a deliberate incongruity that invites the hearer to infer a thesis about the limits of institutional engineering), and it also highlights a real limitation of purely cooperative models: sometimes the most rational conversational outcome is not agreement on propositions but reorientation of priorities and affect (quieting the forum, protecting otium), which looks less like information transfer and more like philosophical therapy. So Grice provides the inferential calculus that explains how “mutual influence” can be achieved by what is left unsaid, while Massimo supplies the Stoic-Roman moral psychology that explains why such influence is worth preferring to direct reform: conversational reason is maximally efficient when it changes what people take to matter, not merely what they take to be true. Grice: “My theory of conversation rests on the idea of maximally efficient mutua influencing. I was inspired by Massimo!” L’orto. A friend of PLINIO Minore. M. is sent by Rome to refer and reform the constitutions of six Greek cities, but he declines the idea. M. knows the theory of Epittetto, and a discussion between them is preserved in Discourses. GRICEVS: O MAXIMVE, audio te missum esse ut sex civitatum Graecarum constitutiones emendes—et tamen urbem tuam non reliquisti. Idne est “maxima efficientia”?  MAXIMVS: Ita vero, GRICE: si res bene se habet, cur eam corrumpam? Ego “reformare” soleo cucumeres in horto, non leges in foro. GRICEVS: At tu me docuisti de “mutua influentia”: ego loquor, tu rides, et iam puto me sapientiorem—an tantum hortulanum? MAXIMVS: Utrumque: Epictetus dicit nos non res, sed iudicia mutare; ego addo: si iudicia mutantur, et constitutio sequitur—sine itinere et sine sumptu. Massimo (a. u. c. DCCCLIII). De mutua influentia. Roma.

Bartolomeo Mastri (Meldola, Forli-Cesena, Emilia-Romagna): l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s account of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers rationally recover what a speaker means beyond what is said by assuming cooperative purpose and then inferring intentions and implicatures under norms of relevance, sufficiency, and perspicuity; Mastri’s scholastic-logical project (Bartolomeo Mastri da Meldola, 1602–1673, Franciscan and major Scotist logician, author of widely used logical manuals and Aristotelian commentaries) represents a contrasting “sign-first” and rule-explicit approach in which the rationality of meaning is grounded in a theory of signum and in formal doctrine about terms, propositions, copula, and fallacies, treating grammar, dialectic, and rhetoric as coordinated sciences of signification. Where Grice begins from live conversational practice and reconstructs the tacit rational expectations that make implicature calculable (often precisely when the speaker violates a maxim), Mastri begins from an explicit architecture of inference and semantic function—nomen, verbum, propositio, and the regulae that govern valid consequence—so that what Grice calls implicature looks, in Mastri’s idiom, like what follows from accepted premises plus contextual suppositions, or like a fallacy to be diagnosed when an audience draws more than the sign legitimately warrants. Yet the two views meet: Grice’s “artificial vs natural signs” distinction resonates with Mastri’s signa ad placitum versus significationes naturaliter, and Grice’s insistence that interpretation is reason-guided mirrors Mastri’s conviction that logic disciplines how signs can responsibly carry thought; the difference is that for Grice the heart of the matter is the psychology and normativity of uptake in cooperative exchange, while for Mastri it is the systematic taxonomy of signification and inference that underwrites any exchange at all, making conversational implicature appear as a late, pragmatic overlay on a deeper scholastic machinery of signs. Grice: “My conference on ‘meaning’ to the Oxford philosophical society – graduate and undergraduate – in 1948 was a bit of a joke – I was time-constrained. My seminars on meaning at Oxford were also time-constrained. Oxford lecturers are not responsible for what the attendees to the lectures recover frm them, so that gave me some freedom, but sill. Therefore, my reflections on ‘what people seem to be getting at when they display an interest between ‘artificial’ and ‘natural’ signs was jocular – Surely, I couldn’t start to quote from M.!”Grice: “One interesting fascinating bit about Mastri’s ‘Institutiones logicae’ is tha it starts with a little ABC!” Grice: “M. has a chapter on fallacies, too, which is fascinating!” -- Grice: “I love Mastri – of course at Oxford, if they do history of logic, they’ll focus on Occam – Axe Kneale!” Grice: “But M. explored quite a bit the square of opposition, and modal, too – what he says about nomen, verbum, propositio, copula, ‘regulae’ for reasoning, and so forth, is all relevant – especially seeing that his “Institutiones logicae” is just one of his outputs: he made intensive commentaries on Aristotle’s whole organon, and more importantly, also his metaphysics and his theory of the soul so M. certainly knows what he is talking about!” -- Grice: “He was a logician, and so, according to the Bartlett, am I!”  In the philosophy of  M., the theory of the signum serves as the foundational unity for the "trivium" of dialectica (logic), grammatica, and rethorica because these disciplines all deal with different modes of signification. implicatura, Categories and De Interpretatione, segno, segnare, segnans, segnato, notare, nota, notans, notatum, notatura, segnatura, signifare conceptus animae, res significata, Amo aequivalet Ego sum amans Homo albus aequivalet Omne homo est albus Homo currit aequivalet Aliquis homo currit, signum artificiale, ad placitum, significare naturaliter baf, bif definizione di segno, tratta dAgostino. Aquino. Bartolomeo Mastri.  Grice: Caro Mastri, devo confessarti che il mio primo seminario su ‘meaning’ fu quasi una corsa contro il tempo! Ma almeno, a Oxford, nessuno mi ha mai chiesto di risolvere il quadrato dell’opposizione durante il tè delle cinque. Mastri: Grice, se ti avessero chiesto, forse avresti risposto con un segno naturale: uno sbadiglio! In Emilia, invece, i nostri segni artificiali sono perfetti anche per ordinare un caffè doppio—basta una nota ben piazzata. Grice: Ah, in Inghilterra invece c’è chi pensa che la copula sia solo una questione di grammatica, non di logica. Ma tu, Mastri, con le tue “Institutiones logicae”, hai fatto più per il trivio di quanto io abbia fatto per la conversazione! Mastri: Grice, almeno tu non hai dovuto commentare l’intero organon di Aristotele tra una lezione e l’altra! Qui a Meldola, ci si accontenta di far capire la differenza tra “segno artificiale” e “significare naturaliter”, magari usando il dialetto—che, credimi, ha più regole che la logica! Mastri, Bartolomeo (1637). Disputationes in octo libros Physicorum Aristotelis. Roma: typis Ludovici Grignani.

Marco Mastrofini (Monte Compatri, Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazionale e l’implicatura verbale di Romolo. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers rationally recover what a speaker means beyond what is literally said by assuming cooperative intentions and then inferring implicatures under shared expectations of relevance, sufficiency, and perspicuity; Mastrofini (a Roman cleric-scholar active in late 18th–early 19th century Rome, remembered for work on Latin/Italian usage and for polemical-economic writings such as the usury debates and monetary-reform proposals) gives you a complementary but differently anchored “rationality,” because his attention is less to the transient pragmatics of an utterance in dialogue and more to the diachronic and institutional rationality of linguistic form—how verbal categories, tense/aspect, and inherited philosophical terminology carry constraints and affordances that shape what can be meant at all. Where Grice starts from intention and treats grammar largely as a vehicle speakers exploit to make intentions recognizable, Mastrofini starts from the grammar and lexicon as a historically stabilized system (old Roman to new Roman/Italian; technical vocabulary preserved via cognates and translation practices) that disciplines what counts as a possible, sayable thought in philosophy; on this view, implicature is not only a hearer’s inference from conversational maxims but also an effect of inherited morpho-syntactic resources (e.g., Latin verbal aspect and temporality) that silently pre-structure what speakers can leave unsaid and still be understood. So the contrast is: Grice provides a micro-pragmatic, interactional account in which reason governs the inference from said to meant in real-time exchanges; Mastrofini foregrounds a macro-philological and conceptual-historical account in which reason governs meaning by conserving, calibrating, and translating the linguistic instruments of thought across centuries—making implicature partly a product of conversational strategy and partly a product of the long grammatical memory of Rome. Grice: “At Oxford, philosophy – the sub-faculty of philosophy – is part of the faculty of literae humaniores, and while it was possible, as Ryle did, to graduate in the PPE avoiding grief and laughing, as Carroll calls them – the best don’t, and I got a double first both in classical moderations and greats. Therefore, what M. deals with is second nature to me.” Filosofo romano. Filosofo Lazio. Filosofo italiano. Monte Compatri, Roma, Lazio. Grice: “I like Mastrofini; for one, he found how old Roman evolves into what we may call new Roman, or Italian!” – Grice: “And of course as a philosopher, he focused on the philosophical terminology – it takes a PHILOSOPHER to translate a philosophical text!” – Grice: “What I like about M.” is that he mostly kept with the cognates. La Crusca adores him!” Noto soprattutto per il volume “Le discussioni sull'usura” in cui sostenne che non è reato far fruttare il danaro e che né la Sacra Scrittura, né i Vangeli, né la tradizione ecclesiastica vietavano di ottenere un giusto interesse per danaro dato a prestito. Questo diede luogo a molte discussioni ma anche apprezzamenti lusinghieri da economisti dell'epoca e dall'opinione pubblica.  In precedenza aveva scritto un'opera di economia finanziaria, il Piano per riparare la moneta erosa relativa all'inflazione nello Stato Pontificio, opera largamente utilizzata per la riforma finanziaria dello Stato, intrapresa da Pio VII. L'edificio del Collegio Romano ove  insegna. Insegna a Frascatii. Nel pieno della crisi della Repubblica Romana, si trasfere a Roma dove venne nominato professore di eloquenza presso il Collegio Romano. Implicature, Delle cose romane di Floro, l’antichita romane di Dionigio, le cose memorabilia di Ampelio, il sistema verbale della lingua Latina – del verbo latino, aspetto verbale – la filosofia del verbo – tempus, azione, la concettualizazione dell’evento e l’azione nel verbo latino --, categorie sintattiche e morfologiche e semantiche e prammatiche dell’aspetto verbale nella lingua latina. Grice: Caro Mastrofini, devo confessarti che fu proprio leggendo le tue analisi che mi accorsi della brillante ambiguità di quel “verbo” latino e italiano: a volte è ogni espressione, a volte è il verbo in senso stretto, la seconda parte del discorso. Ti assicuro che non sono sottigliezze da tutti comprese, soprattutto tra i “barbari” del Vadum Boem, come amo scherzosamente chiamare la mia università! Mastrofini: Ah, caro Grice, mi rallegra sentire che anche oltremanica queste raffinatezze del verbo non passano inosservate! Effettivamente, dubito che nei corridoi del Vadum Boem si colgano certi doppi sensi: lì, tra PPE e “greats”, spesso il verbo resta solo grammatica e mai vera filosofia del linguaggio. Grice: Vero, vero! Ricordo ancora i miei esami in literae humaniores, dove chi si avventurava troppo tra ambiguità e concetti di “azione” e “tempus” rischiava di smarrirsi tra sintassi e pragmatica senza trovare il filo rosso che tu, invece, hai saputo intrecciare così bene tra latino e italiano. Mastrofini: Sei troppo gentile, amico mio! Ma vedi, forse è proprio questo il bello della nostra tradizione: cogliere nel “verbo” il ponte tra il dire e il fare, tra concetto e azione. E questo, mi permetto di dirlo, sarà sempre mistero per i Vadenses, che magari usano tante parole, ma raramente ne assaporano la natura profonda. Mastrofini, Marco (1790). Num vere hucusque ac solide Dei existentiam a priori ostenderint philosophi, expenditur; tum alia demonstrationis huius conficiendae methodus examinanda proponitur. Tusculi, Frascati.

Aldo Masullo (Avellino, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e la scissione dell’inter-soggetivo – i lottatori della tribuna. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains intersubjective understanding as a rational transfer of attitudes via intention-recognition: a speaker produces an utterance with an intention that the hearer recognize that intention, and on that basis the hearer derives what is meant (including implicatures) as an accountable inference under cooperative norms; Masullo (Aldo Masullo, 1923–2020, Neapolitan academic and public intellectual, shaped by the post-Crocean and phenomenological-idealist milieu yet attentive to modern German philosophy) provides a contrast by thematizing precisely what Grice tends to treat as background: the inter-soggettivo as a lived, often fractured field in which subjects do not simply exchange contents but struggle for recognition, alignment, and shared worldhood, so that “reason” in conversation is inseparable from the tensions and asymmetries that make a common world hard-won. In the passage’s “tribune fighters” motif, conversational rationality is not the tidy calm of cooperative calculation but a disciplined way of managing conflictual togetherness: the same inferential resources that yield implicature can also sustain rivalry, save face, and negotiate power, making the “scission” of the intersubjective a persistent condition rather than an occasional breakdown. Where Grice models communication about “things” (your rotten-apple example) as a psi-transmission aimed at coordinating belief, Masullo pushes the thought that the very ability to talk about “things” presupposes a prior achievement of shared space between persons—an achievement constantly threatened by ideological splits, social roles, and the affective charge of public life—so that implicature becomes not merely a calculable surplus over what is said but a symptom of the gap between selves that must be bridged (or strategically exploited) in order for any coordination to occur. In short, Grice supplies the micro-logic of how meaning is inferred under cooperative reason; Masullo supplies a macro-phenomenology of why that cooperation is precarious and historically situated, and how conversational reason operates not only to transmit beliefs but to repair (or expose) the fractures of the intersubjective itself. Grice: “For a while I was fixated with objects – indeed I coined ‘obble’ to deal with thm in a lingo I invented for one of my seminar. But an obble is not a sobble. The Latins distinguish between a subject and an object so well, that they would often talk of ‘inter-soggetivo.’ This does not quite translate in Ariskantian philosophy, which is ego-centric, rather. When in my pirotological progression, I refer to ‘talking pirots,’ the point of inter-subjectivity becomes clear. Take the language of perception. ‘Visa’ are not necessary, because if Pirot 1 says that the apple is rotten, he is unlikely to be referring to his own sense data. The communication is about – or refers to – THINGS – and I best understood as a psi-transmission, as I call it – i. e. the transmission of a psychological attitude on the part of Pirot 1 meant to influence Pirot 2 into coming to believe that Pirot 1 believes that the apple is rotten, and therefore not to be eaten.”  Insegna a Napoli.  Ha trascorso vari periodi di ricerca e di insegnamento in Germania. Direttore del Dipartimento di Filosofia dell'Napoli.  È stato socio dell'Accademia Pontaniana, della Società Nazionale di Scienze Lettere ed Arti di Napoli e dell'Accademia Pugliese delle Scienze.  È stato insignito della medaglia d'oro del Ministero per la Pubblica Istruzione.  Candidato nelle liste del Partito Comunista Italiano prima e in quelle dei Democratici di Sinistra poi, ha ricoperto la carica di Deputato, è stato Senatore della Repubblica. Trascorre i primi anni della sua vita a Torino. Si trasferisce a a Nola, dove compie gli studi superiori frequentando il liceo classico Carducci. Fequenta il corso di laurea in Filosofia a Napoli. Si laurea con Nobile discutendo una tesi su Benda. l’inter-soggetivo, la scissione di Hegel, il continuo dei velini – velia, infinitesimal – l’innamorato di Parmenide. Aldo Masullo.  Grice: Caro Masullo, mi confesso: per anni sono stato ossessionato dagli oggetti, anzi, mi ero inventato persino il termine “obble” solo per distinguerli dai “sobble”! Ma tu, invece, sembri sempre a tuo agio con la scissione tra soggetto e oggetto. Sarà la scuola di Avellino? Masullo: Eh, Grice, ad Avellino si cresce tra lottatori in tribuna e filosofi al bar, per forza si impara a distinguere. Ma ti assicuro che qui un “obble” rischia sempre di diventare “sobble” dopo due caffè e una discussione infinita sull’inter-soggettività! Grice: Vedo che la Campania è terra fertile per la filosofia conversazionale. Anche perché, tra una partita e una metafora, chi capisce davvero se parli del rotto delle mele o del continuo dei velini? Forse solo chi ha amato Parmenide, come te! Masullo: Grice, qui tra velia e infinitesimali, la vera implicatura è che la mela, se non altro, almeno si può mangiare! E poi, tra i tuoi piroti e i miei inter-soggettivi, trovare un accordo è sempre un piacere... filosofico e gastronomico! Masullo, Aldo (1955). Intuizione e discorso.

Alano di Matera (Matera, Basilicata): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – i segni del zodiaco e la semiotica di Peirce. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats “what is meant” as something hearers can rationally recover by attributing intentions to speakers under shared expectations of cooperation, so implicature is not a mysterious aura but an accountable inference from an utterance plus context and rational norms; the Alano di Matera vignette pushes that picture toward a sign-based and quasi-naturalistic semiotics, where meaning is read off “segni” (zodiacal configurations, astral influences, cathedral iconography) as if the world itself were continuously communicating, and where the interpreter’s job resembles Peirce’s semiotic triad more than Grice’s intention-recognition. In other words, Grice insists that to mean in the central (non-natural) sense is to intend to get an audience to recognize one’s intention, whereas Alano’s astrological practice models meaning as something that can hold without any intending utterer at all: a sign “means” by standing in a systematic correlation (cosmic, causal, or conventional within a learned tradition), and interpretation becomes mediation between codes and observers rather than recovery of a particular speaker’s communicative plan. Your passage also makes the linguistic point vivid: English “mean” encourages an intentionalist analysis (mean ≈ intend), while Italian’s ease with segno and “vuole dire” invites a broader semiotic field where what matters is the network of interpretants—how a community has learned to read—and where scholastic notions like intentio utentis/auditoris can be seen as a bridge between the two frameworks (the user’s intention and the hearer’s uptake still matter, but within a larger sign-economy). So the contrast is: Grice gives a rational micro-theory of conversational inference anchored in agency and cooperative purpose; Alano offers a macro-semiotics of sign-reading anchored in tradition, causality, and public systems of interpretation, making “implicature” look less like a calculable conversational surplus and more like the learned art of extracting latent significance from an ordered universe. Grice: “It may be said that ‘mean’is a very English thing that naturally leads to an ‘intentionalist’ analysis since to mean IS to intend. Not so in Italian, where the focus has always been on ‘segno’, rather, which leads you to a causal-naturalistic approach – as when M. says that this zodiac sign means this or that. While there are ways to express in both Latin and Italian something LIKE ‘mean’ – e. g. the complex phrase, ‘vuole dire’—it’s not quite the same! The scholastics would often refer to the INTENTIO UTENS or AUDITORIS, and that may also prove relevant to the intentionalist analysis”. Grice: “Only in Southern Italy is a philosopher also responsible for the astrological edification of the city’s cathedral!” Uno dei più grandi studiosi e divulgatori di astrologia occidentale e filosofia dell'epoca. Insegna dapprima a Matera, e successivamente a Napoli.  Vive nel periodo in cui la Contea materana era dominio degli Angioini e su richiesta di Filippo IV detto "il bello", il re di Napoli Carlo II d'Angiò, detto "lo zoppo", invia Alano a Parigi. Lì insegna e divenne noto come dottore universale, profondamente versato in filosofia. In quegli anni infatti astronomia e astrologia vieneno collegate poiché si crede che gli astri potessero esercitare un influsso sulle azioni umane. Nei periodi di soggiorno a Matera, abita, secondo Verricelli nella contrada di Lo Lapillo tra il castello e il puzzo dove sorge l’acqua della fontana hera la sua vigna con una casuccia di pietre, piccola, mal fatta casa propria di filosofo quale oggidì si chiama la vigna e casa di Alano. Si tratta della collina dove poi fu edificato il Castello Tramontano. In quella casetta il grande filosofo passava intere notti ad osservare il cielo. implicature, la collina del castello tramontanto, la catedrale di M., astrologia, astronomia, dottore universale, Napoli, Bologna, Parigi, the semiotics of astrology, Grice on zodiac signs, semiotic, semiology, astrology, astronomical chart. Alano di Matera.  Grice: Caro Matera, ammetto che mi diverte pensare che solo in Basilicata un filosofo possa essere anche il responsabile astrologico della cattedrale! Non ti capita mai che qualcuno ti chieda se il proprio segno zodiacale sia più portato per la logica o per la semiotica? Matera: Oh, Grice, ti assicuro che tra la collina del castello e le notti passate a osservare il cielo, finisco spesso a spiegare che il segno della Vergine non garantisce affatto una grammatica perfetta! Ma almeno, grazie a Peirce, posso dire che ogni stella è un segno... anche se il mio vino è solo un indizio di buona filosofia! Grice: Ecco, vedi, in Inghilterra ci limitiamo a intendere e implicare, mentre voi, tra segni e stelle, riuscite a trovare la causa persino per la pioggia sulle pergamene di Matera. Forse dovremmo aggiungere il “segno zodiacale” tra le implicature conversazionali, che ne pensi? Matera: Magari! Così, quando la conversazione si fa troppo astratta, posso sempre tirare fuori un astrolabio e dire: “Vuole dire... che oggi il destino ci invita a parlare di filosofia, tra le stelle e tra le pietre, e se piove, almeno avremo una scusa astrologica!” Matera, Alano di (1300). Dicta. Roma.

Vittorio Mathieu (Varazze, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’uomo animale ermeneutico. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains understanding as a rational achievement by cooperating agents: what is meant is recovered by inferring intentions under shared expectations, and implicature is the principled surplus that arises when speakers choose forms that invite the hearer to bridge a gap from said to meant; Mathieu’s “homo hermeneuticus” (Vittorio Mathieu, 1923–2022, a major Italian philosopher at Turin, known for emphasizing interpretation, limits of knowledge, and an ethically charged notion of “hermeneutic fidelity”) reframes that same phenomenon by treating interpretation not as an occasional repair mechanism within conversation but as the human condition, with the body and history always already mediating what counts as sense. Where Grice tends to model interpretation as a calculable, publicly accountable inference from an utterance plus conversational norms, Mathieu stresses the deeper, pre-conversational work that makes any utterance intelligible at all: the interpres as mediator between horizons, traditions, and embodied perspectives, so that “cooperation” is not merely a conversational policy but a feature of human being-with-others. On this view, implicature is not just a clever exploitation of maxims (as in Grice’s Oxford examples) but an index of the fact that meaning is never exhausted by literal form, because the speaker and hearer meet across a “between” that must be negotiated—sometimes as friendly clarification, sometimes as existential risk (your demon/guardian imagery), always as interpretation. Thus Grice supplies the micro-pragmatics of how we justify specific inferences in talk, while Mathieu supplies a macro-hermeneutics of why such inferences are inevitable for an “animal that interprets,” making the rationality of conversation continuous with the broader human task of mediating selves, bodies, and worlds into shared intelligibility. Grice: “I gave two seminars with Austin – one in a trio with Hare, on Aristotle’s Ethica Nicomachaea – the other just Austin and I, on Categoriae and De Interpretatione. In general, I dislike ‘double seminars’: if you are going to discuss the ‘Categoriae’, how can you expect your syllabus to include notes on De Interpretatione as well? However, we fared well. We would often argue. ‘You don’t like the argument?’ Austin would ask. ‘I’ll give you another.’ He was often the speaker, myself the commenator. And I only knew that I had won an argument when in the following week, Austin would not mention the issue. It all starts with hermeneia – How close is Boezio’s translation as ‘inter-pretare.’ ‘Interpret’ is not something an ordinary chap would say – which was the critern for us ‘ordinary-language philoosphers’ there to rally in defense of the man in the street. There is an ‘inter- that sounds dyadic, but what is the ‘pret’? So to the meaning of ‘inter’ as ‘between’or ‘among’ we add -pre. This element  is likely related to the Proto-Indo-European root per-, meaning ‘to traffic in’ or ‘sell’. Thie combination with ‘between’ or ‘among’ suggests the original  meaning of ‘interpres’ – the noun from which ‘interpretari’ is derived—is an AGENT or MEDIATOR who operatores BETWEEN parties to facilitate understanding, much like abroker or translator faciliteates exchange between buyers and sellers. Over time, the meaning evolved to encompass: explaining and expounding – making the meaning of something clear or explicit --, understanding and comprehending – grasping the meaning of something --; and translating – rendering something from one language to another. al di la del bene e del male, la fedelta ermeneutica, l’uomo animale ermeneutico, il demoniaco, l’angelo custode, il demonio custode, il diavolo custode.  Grice: Caro Mathieu, devo dirti che il tuo concetto di “homo hermeneuticus” mi affascina profondamente. È raro trovare un filosofo che sappia cogliere così bene la dimensione ermeneutica dell’uomo, e credo che la nostra formazione classica sia ciò che ci accomuna: ricordo bene le mie lunghe sessioni seminariali su De Interpretatione, che ho avuto il privilegio di condurre per più di un semestre, persino per quei “barbari” del Vadum Boum, come amo chiamare la mia università!  Mathieu: Grazie, Grice, il tuo elogio mi onora e conferma che la vera filosofia nasce dalla capacità di interpretare, tradurre e comprendere non solo i testi, ma anche la complessità dell’essere umano. La fedeltà ermeneutica è, per me, la chiave per andare “al di là del bene e del male”, proprio come suggerisce la nostra tradizione.  Grice: Mathieu, hai perfettamente ragione. L’esperienza dei seminari su De Interpretatione mi ha insegnato quanto sia importante il dialogo, l’ascolto e la mediazione – proprio come fa l’interprete, che si muove tra le parti e crea ponti di comprensione. È una vera arte filosofica, e tu ne sei maestro.  Mathieu: Che bellissima immagine, Grice! La filosofia, come la vita, è fatta di interpretazioni e di incontri. Solo chi sa “trafficare” tra significati e differenze potrà davvero avvicinarsi al demoniaco e all’angelico dell’esistenza, e trovare, forse, la giusta armonia tra il custode e il demonio dentro di sé. Mathieu, Vittorio (1949). Limitazione qualitativa della conoscenza umana.

Giovanni Giuseppe Matraja (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e la grammatica razionale. Grice: “The English are ambivalnt towards grammar – there are grammar schools, which are a bad thing – so that does not help. Clifton is not! Strictly, a ‘grammatical’ category is a ‘morpho-syntactical’ category – and I have discussed them at large. Usually at Oxford, ‘syntax’ is used in such a way that whenever I’m outside Oxford, I speak more in hope than in understanding! Whle ‘razionale’ has been applied to ‘grammar’ – it I only because it is part of the broader ‘psicologia razionale’!” Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats understanding as a rational, intention-based inference: hearers assume cooperative purpose and can therefore work out implicatures (what is meant but not said) by seeing why a speaker, given those shared norms, chose one utterance rather than another; Matraja’s “grammatica razionale,” by contrast (Giovanni Giuseppe Matraja, Roman-born, best known for his Genigrafia italiana, 1831, a project for a language-independent “general writing” meant to be identically readable across languages and discussed in later 19th-century auxiliary-language debates), shifts the focus from inferential pragmatics to engineered code, aiming to reduce reliance on contextual guesswork by making meaning transparent through a universal representational system. In Gricean terms, Matraja’s ambition is to minimize implicature by design: if concepts can be encoded in a non-idiom-dependent script, then less has to be recovered from conversational background, tone, and social expectations, and more is fixed by the rational grammar of the system itself. But from Grice’s point of view this is also where the limitation shows: even a perfectly “rational” grammar cannot eliminate the pragmatic layer, because real communicators still choose what to encode, how much to encode, and when to rely on the audience to supply the rest, and those choices reintroduce implicature as soon as the system is used in interaction rather than contemplated as a blueprint. So Matraja and Grice can be read as complementary: Matraja represents the Enlightenment-to-19th-century hope that universality and clarity come from formalizing expression (a rational script/grammar that travels across ethnolinguistic difference), whereas Grice represents the analytic insight that universality and clarity also depend on the rational norms of cooperation and intention-recognition that govern uptake, norms that remain operative regardless of whether the symbols are Italian words, Oxford “syntax,” or a genigraphic code. Una lingua numerica viene progettata da M. nella sua “Genigrafia italiana: nuovo metodo di scrivere quest'idioma affinché riesca identicamente leggibile in tutti gl’altri idiomi del mondo” (Lucca, Tipografia genigrafica), lingua di cui discusse più tardi anche La Société de Linguistique. M. è l'unico ideatore ITALIANO di una lingua razionale a essere preso in considerazione da questa ‘société’ galla nel corso del dibattito sulle lingue ausiliarie. La Genico-grafia, lett. 'scrittura generale' e di cui ‘genigrafia’ è la forma sincopata -- è un modo di scrivere che non ha relazione con le parole e che permette di comunicar tutti i concetti senza dipendenza dall'idioma ne dell’emittente o del recettore, ma di un modo, che il messaggio risulta interpretabile in tutti quelli del mondo. Nasce quindi come progetto di lingua universale che si prefigge di comunicare chiaramente, ma che non è concepita per sostituire gl’idiomi presenti nelle varie nazioni. Si nota che l'ordine e il modo in cui M. nomina i grandi filosofi, Cartesio, Leibnitz, Wolfio, Wilkio, Kircher, Dalhgarne, Beclero, Solbrig, e Lambert, è lo stesso con cui SOAVE  li cita nelle sue Riflessioni: “da Cartesio, Leibnizio, Wolfio, Wilkins, Kirchero, Dahlgarne, Beclero, Solbrig, e Lambert”. Interessante è anche il fatto che di seguito aggiunga: “e Demaimieux e RICHERI , oggi Richieri, anche Richer), di TORINO. Grice: Matraja, la sua idea di una grammatica razionale mi incuriosisce molto. In Inghilterra la grammatica è vista spesso con ambivalenza, e persino le grammar schools non aiutano a migliorare la reputazione! Secondo lei, come si può conciliare la struttura razionale con la varietà delle lingue? Matraja: Caro Grice, la questione è centrale! Nella mia Genigrafia italiana ho cercato proprio di superare i limiti di ogni idioma, immaginando un sistema universale che permetta di trasmettere concetti senza dipendere dalla lingua madre. Penso che la razionalità si debba fondare sull’ordine e sulla chiarezza, ma senza perdere la ricchezza delle sfumature linguistiche. Grice: È una prospettiva affascinante! Mi viene in mente quanto sia complesso per noi filosofi distinguere tra categorie morfo-sintattiche e semantiche; a Oxford spesso ci si confonde tra “syntax” e “grammar”. Forse una lingua universale razionale aiuterebbe davvero a comunicare con maggiore precisione le nostre idee filosofiche. Matraja: Sono d’accordo, Grice! La filosofia ha bisogno di strumenti che favoriscano la chiarezza e l’intercomprensione. La mia Genigrafia non vuole eliminare le culture linguistiche, ma proporre un ponte che le unisca. Come dice il proverbio: “Tra il dire e il fare c’è di mezzo il mare”, ma magari, un giorno, la grammatica razionale riuscirà a colmare quella distanza. Matraja, Giovanni Giuseppe (1831). Genigrafia italiana: nuovo metodo di scrivere quest’idioma affinché riesca identicamente leggibile in tutti gli altri del mondo. Lucca: Tipografia genigrafica.

Sebastiano Maturi (Amorosi, Benevento, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’ implicatura conversazionale, l’io e l’altro, io e l’altro, i duellisti. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats understanding as an inferential achievement governed by cooperative rational norms: hearers are entitled to move from what is said to what is meant (including implicatures) by assuming purposive, mutually intelligible participation, and the model is in principle non-zero-sum because the aim is shared uptake; Sebastiano Maturi, as your passage frames him (Amorosi-born, active in Naples, first major work Soluzione del problema fondamentale della filosofia, 1869, and later received sympathetically by Italian idealists), complements and complicates this by making explicit the Hegelian dimension that Grice largely presupposes: recognition (autocoscienza recognoscitiva) as the condition of any rational encounter between io and l’altro. The duel motif sharpens the contrast: where Grice distinguishes cooperative dialogue from gladiatorial argument as two rationally describable interaction-types, Maturi treats even the apparently adversarial form as potentially rational insofar as it stages the struggle for recognition that constitutes persons and their claims, so implicature is not just a calculable surplus over literal content but a symptom of the intersubjective stakes of the encounter (honour, standing, acknowledgment) and of the strategic pressure to say less than one means while still forcing the other to see one’s position. Finally, Maturi’s “stages” (from non-human animal to human-animal, each foundational for the next) offer a meta-grounding for Grice: the cooperative principle is not merely a conversational policy but the late product of a developmental story in which rational exchange emerges from more primitive forms of contest and alignment; on that view, Grice gives the local logic of implicature, while Maturi supplies a philosophical anthropology of why rationality in conversation is always also a drama of recognition, in which even zero-sum “duels” can be intelligible as distorted routes toward the same intersubjective end. Grice: “There is more to the model of the duel than philosophers realise. Even myself, who have gone on record as proposing a cooperative model of conversation as rational behaviour, can perceive that there is rationality in the duelists. Philosophers are familiar with the fact since Aristotle who divided philosophical argumentation into two types: gladiatorial, as Warnock calls it, or epagoge, and dialogical, or diagoge. While the former may be a zero-sum game, the second ain’t!” Grice: “There are two main things I love about M., and I hate it when philosophers just dismiss him as an ‘Italian,’ or worse, ‘Neapolitan’ Hegelian – as when they refer to me as a member of the Oxford school of ordinary language philosophy! The first is his typically Neapolitan-hegelian school account of what he calls ‘autocoscienza recognoscitiva,’ which is something I do take for granted in my conversational theory of inter-ratiationality; the second is his elaboration of what he calls the passage from the non-human animal to the ‘human-animal’ in a sort of pirotological passage. What I like about him is that he considers each ‘stage’ as just as fundamental as the other; which implicates that actually the ‘higher’ stage has a ‘foundation’ on the previous one. Here ‘foundational’ makes perfect sense; and it gives Maturi an excuse to rather pompously label the concept: ‘forma fondamentali’ of the ‘vita.’ It’s exactly like my soul progression, -- which I explore in ‘Philosophy of Life.’” It is not surprising that Gentile loved Maturi and forwarded his “Introduction to philosophy.” Insegna a Napoli. Dopo i primi studi nella cittadina natale, si trasfere a Napoli ove consegue la licenza liceale. La frequentazione di SPAVENTA e di VER implicature, Bruno, Vico, Aquino, Spaventa, I duellisti, l'io e l’altro, riconoscimento, la dialettica del signore e del servo, assoluto, valore assoluto, Bradley, la critica, percezione chiara e distinta. Sebastiano Maturi.  Grice: Professore Maturi, devo dire che la sua approfondita analisi delle implicature tra i duellisti mi ha riportato alla mente i miei anni al Vadum Boum, la mia università. È proprio lì che ho iniziato a distinguere tra diagoge ed epagoge nella filosofia: il confronto dialettico, come lei lo descrive, mi ha sempre fatto sperare in un esito più eirenico, dove la rivalità tra filosofi sfocia in una maggiore comprensione e non solo in una lotta per la vittoria.  Maturi: Caro Grice, mi onora sapere che il mio studio possa suscitare tali ricordi e collegamenti. Condivido il suo auspicio: la dialettica del duello filosofico, pur essendo talvolta aspra, può diventare una strada verso il riconoscimento reciproco e la crescita dell’autocoscienza. Come nella scuola d’Amorosi, il dialogo è sempre una danza tra l’io e l’altro.  Grice: Ecco, proprio questa attenzione all’autocoscienza riconoscitiva è ciò che mi affascina del pensiero neapolitano-hegeliano. Nel mio lavoro, la cooperazione razionale non annulla mai il valore della precedente “forma fondamentale”: ogni nuovo stadio della vita trova le sue radici nella storia del pensiero, proprio come lei sottolinea.  Maturi: Senza dubbio, Grice. La filosofia, che sia epagogica o diagogica, deve sempre ricordare che tra il dire e il fare c’è di mezzo il mare: il vero progresso nasce dalla capacità di ascoltare e riconoscere l’altro come parte essenziale della propria crescita. Solo così i duelli diventano ponti, e non barriere. Maturi, Sebastiano (1869). Soluzione del problema fondamentale della filosofia. Napoli.

Walter Maturi (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is an intentionalist, micro-level account: what a speaker means (and what is implicated beyond what is said) is recoverable by a rational hearer who assumes cooperative purposes and uses that assumption to infer the speaker’s communicative intentions; Maturi, as a historian of the Risorgimento and of historiography (Walter Maturi, 1902–1968; trained in Naples with the Croce–Schipa milieu; author of works such as Il concordato del 1818 tra la Santa Sede e le Due Sicilie (1929) and Interpretazioni del Risorgimento), provides an illuminating macro-level analogue in which “meaning” is not the meaning of a single utterance but the meaning of events, texts, and political actions as reconstructed through competing interpretive frameworks. Where Grice asks how a hearer justifiably gets from an utterance to an intended implicature, Maturi asks how a reader of history justifiably gets from fragmentary evidence to an interpretation, and his emphasis on plural “interpretazioni” mirrors a Gricean point: inference is rational but underdetermined, so different audiences (London, “Woolwich,” patriotic or partisan constituencies, even gendered publics like “Speranza”) can draw different, yet intelligible, “implicatures” from the same record because they bring different background assumptions and interests to the interpretive situation. The contrast is that Grice builds normativity into conversational uptake via cooperation and shared rational expectations, whereas Maturi foregrounds how those expectations are themselves historical and ideological—historians must reconstruct intentions and contexts across distance, propaganda, and institutional pressures—so that “implicature” becomes something like the political or rhetorical upshot a movement leaves in its traces rather than a neatly cancellable conversational inference. Grice: “People sometimes asks me how my intentionalist approach can be applied to history. I always respond: Read M.! M.’s ‘interpretazioni,’ thus in plural, ‘del risorgimento’ is a classic. Even in London, the risorgimento had at least two interpretations! One in Woolwich, and another one elsewhere. And there is possibly a gender distinction too with “Speranza,” Wilde’s mother, being somewhat fanatic about it!” M. compe la sua formazione culturale a Napoli dove si laurea sotto SCHIPA, uno dei firmatari del manifesto dei filosofi anti-fascisti redatto da CROCE. Di SCHIPA, pella lezione di rigore che gl’impara, M. conserva un commosso ricordo ed ha modo d’esprimere la sua gratitudine in occasione della morte di Schipa. Segue con attenzione ed interesse, ma anche con spirito critico, le lezioni di CROCE, e studi sotto Gentile Maistre. Impostato sulla lezione di CROCE è La crisi della storiografia politica italiana, a cui segue un saggio dedicato sugli studi di storia, inserito in La vita intellettuale italiana. Il concordato tra la santa sede e le due sicilie e giudicato positivamente dalla critica di Omodeo che lo recense ne La Critica. Frequenta la scuola storica diretta da VOLPE ed e segretario e bibliotecario dell'istituto storico. Collaboratore dell'enciclopedia, pella quale scrive voci tra le quali quella dedicata al risorgimento ispirata alle sue idee liberali. A causa di questo episodio, nonostante il suo disinteresse pella vita politica attiva, e allontanato dall'istituto storico.  Nei suoi saggi di storia politica i suoi punti di riferimento sono CROCE, Meinecke, Salvemini, e VOLPE.  Dapprima come incaricato di storia del ri-sorgimento e poi come ordinario tenne le sue lezioni a Pisa dove ha modo di scrivere saggi come alcune importanti voci in un dizionario di politica a cura del partito fascista, il saggio Partiti politici e correnti di pensiero nel risorgimento, e l'accurata biografia Il principe di Canosa. Storia, storiografia, unita longitudinale della filosofia, Croce, Gentile, Schipa, Volpe. Grice: Caro Maturi, spesso mi chiedono come il mio approccio intenzionalista possa essere applicato alla storia. Trovo che le tue interpretazioni del Risorgimento siano particolarmente illuminanti, persino a Londra si discute ancora di queste diverse prospettive! Maturi: Grazie, Grice. Credo che la pluralità delle interpretazioni sia essenziale per comprendere la complessità della storia. La lezione di rigore di Schipa e l'approccio critico di Croce mi hanno insegnato proprio a non accontentarmi mai di una sola versione. Grice: Non posso che essere d’accordo. Anche nelle mie ricerche filosofiche, ho sempre ritenuto che la conversazione debba tenere conto delle diverse intenzioni, proprio come tu fai con le correnti di pensiero nel Risorgimento. Come dice il proverbio: “Ognuno tira l’acqua al suo mulino”, e la storia non fa eccezione. Maturi: Esattamente, Grice. La storia è un insieme di voci, di aspirazioni, di interpretazioni che si intrecciano. Solo con il dialogo e la riflessione critica possiamo avvicinarci alla verità storica, senza mai dimenticare che “chi non si pone domande resta fermo”, proprio come insegna la filosofia. Maturi, Walter (1929). Il concordato del 1818 tra la Santa Sede e le Due Sicilie. Firenze.

Gaio Mazio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale all’orto romano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats understanding as a rational, cooperative enterprise in which hearers infer what is meant beyond what is said (implicature) by assuming the speaker is being relevant, informative enough, and intelligible; the Gaio Mazio vignette relocates that Gricean machinery into the Epicurean garden as a practical style of life, where the point of speech is not primarily dialectical victory but the cultivation of tranquil, ordinary satisfactions, so “reason in conversation” looks less like maxim-following as an abstract norm and more like a therapeutic discipline of tone, volume, and topic. Historically, Gaius Matius is a late-Republican figure remembered as a loyal associate of Caesar and later connected with Cicero’s circle, and ancient notices associate him with Epicurean sympathies and with writing on domestic, agrarian, or culinary matters; that fits your “food and trees” emphasis and turns the garden into a setting where what is implicated is often ethical counsel rather than propositional information. In Gricean terms, Matius’ “Less shouting; more dining” is a deliberate flout of relevance that generates a corrective implicature: the best answer to over-heated philosophical disputation is not another premise but a change of conversational aim (from contest to conviviality), and even the contrast between “words cooked” in the school and cabbage that “tastes subtler” in the garden is an invitation to infer that meaning is better achieved when talk remains anchored in shared practices. So while Grice gives the inferential logic by which implicatures are calculated from cooperative expectations, Matius supplies a model of why those expectations exist and what they are for: conversation is governed by reason because it is one of the arts by which people keep peace of mind, and implicature becomes a civil, garden-trained way of redirecting ambition and excess without open confrontation. Grice: “When I refer to the Athenian dialectic as opposed to the Oxonian dialectic, I fous on the agora of Socrates, the accademia of Plato and the lizio of Aristotle – but of course there was also the Porch, and the Garden! It is not surprising that of all these Hellenistic sects, Walter Pater, at Oxford, found the Garden to be the most congenial to his ultimately Roman mind!” Filosofo italiano. Friend of GIULIO  Cesare and Cicerone . M. writes on food and trees and takes an interest in the philosophy of the Garden. L’orto. GRICEVS: O MATI, audio te in horto Romano philosophari: num brassicam cum dialectica misces? MATIVS: Immo vero, GRICE: in horto etiam brassica sapit subtilius; in schola saepe sola verba coquuntur. GRICEVS: At Oxonii verba sunt satis salsa—sed sine oleo. Quid Epicurus diceret de nostris disputationibus?  MATIVS: Diceret: “Minus clamate; plus cenate.” Et si quaestio manet, respondeat pomarium, non professorius. Mazio, Gaio (a. u. c. DCCX). De orto. Roma.

Filippo Mazzei (Poggio a Caiano, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats communication as a rational, cooperative practice in which hearers are entitled to infer what a speaker means beyond what is said by assuming purposive talk and then calculating implicatures from shared expectations; Mazzei (Filippo Mazzei, 1730–1816, Tuscan Enlightenment figure who moved between Old World and New World politics, commerce, and reform discourse, close to Jefferson and active in the American revolutionary milieu) makes a useful contrast because his primary “medium” is not the face-to-face tutorial exchange but the politically consequential letter, manifesto, and transatlantic act of persuasion, where audiences are dispersed and common ground must be constructed rather than presumed. In Gricean terms, Mazzei’s writing is designed to stabilize uptake at a distance: slogans, republican vocabulary, and appeals to liberty and toleration work by loading shared premises into the context so that readers draw the intended conclusions without the author being present to negotiate misunderstandings, and that turns implicature into a tool of mobilization and coalition-building rather than a local conversational byproduct. At the same time, Mazzei’s bicultural position (Tuscany/Virginia; “traitor” vs “illustre toscano”) highlights how implicature is audience-relative in a way Grice formalizes: the same utterance can carry different implied commitments depending on whether the hearer’s background is national, ideological, or personal, so “old world/new world” becomes not just a theme but a pragmatic fault-line determining what will be inferred as praise, betrayal, cosmopolitanism, or propaganda. In short, Grice provides the micro-mechanics of rational inference from utterances; Mazzei exemplifies the macro-politics of making those inferences predictable across cultures and distances, where conversational reason is asked to scale up into public reason. Grice: “When I deliver my proemium as the John Locke lecturer at Oxford, I played on the idea of the old world versus the new world – which was a topic of some interest for my former pupil, Strawson. Strawson argued, wrongly, that Carnap, who emigrated to the New World, had to start anew – whereas in the Old World, we respect TRADITION!” Filosofo italiano. Poggio, Toscana. Grice: “Not every philosopher has a city, ‘Colle,’ named after him!” -- Grice: “I like M.; he is hardly a philosopher, but the Italians consider among the ‘filosofi italiani,’ – there is a good wine, “M.,” since ., when travelling to the Americas, transplanted a grape from his paese – the descendants still grow it! In oltre, he was influential in the ‘risorgimento’!” -- essential Italian philosopher.Massone e cadetto di una nobile famiglia toscana di viticoltori, fu personaggio energico ed eclettico, illuminista, promulgatore delle libertà individuali, dei diritti civili e della tolleranza religiosa. Visse una vita avventurosa e movimentata, con alterne fortune economiche.  Sebbene sia sconosciuto al grande pubblico, partecipò attivamente alla guerra d'indipendenza americana come agente mediatore all'acquisto di armi per la Virginia, ed è ritenuto dagli storici uno dei padri della Dichiarazione d'Indipendenza americana, in quanto intimo amico dei primi cinque presidenti statunitensi: George Washington, John Adams, James Madison, James Monroe e soprattutto Thomas Jefferson, di cui fu ispiratore, vicino di casa, socio in affari e con cui rimase in contatto epistolare fino alla morte. Grice: “The more Italian historians of philosophy, in their pretentiously and fake patriotic prose, keep referring to this or that as ‘un illustre toscano’, the less I am leaned to see Mazzei as ITALIAN at all!” – Paeseism with a vengeance!” – Grice: “As a Brit, I find M. a traitor – to his country, and to mine!” implicature, mazzei wine, vino mazzei, la rivoluzione del nuovo mondo.  Grice: Caro Mazzei, lei toscano d’America o americano di Toscana? La sua storia sembra più intricata di un bicchiere di Chianti dopo una cena tra Locke e Jefferson! Mazzei: Grice, in Toscana si dice “chi ha due paesi ha doppia fortuna!” E io ho portato il vino e la filosofia oltreoceano: se non altro, i miei vitigni si sono adattati meglio di molti filosofi! Grice: Ma davvero, Mazzei, lei tra armi, vino e idee rivoluzionarie, non teme che qualcuno la prenda per massone più che per filosofo? Oppure è come il proverbio: “Meglio una bottiglia in mano che un trattato da leggere!”? Mazzei: Grice, la vita è troppo breve per bere vino cattivo e per non seguire il vento della libertà. Se i miei amici presidenti americani hanno brindato con il mio vino, credo di aver fatto qualcosa di buono—filosofia compresa! Mazzei, Filippo (1776). Istruzioni per i delegati alla Convenzione (Contea di Albemarle, Virginia).

Giuseppe Mazzini (Genova, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – la giovine italia. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats understanding as a rational reconstruction of what a speaker intends an audience to recognize, with implicatures arising when what is said is deliberately less (or other) than what is meant under shared cooperative expectations; Mazzini’s communicative practice, by contrast, is paradigmatically public, mobilizing, and programmatic—his slogans (like “Giovine Italia”), manifestos, letters, and exhortations are designed to generate collective agency and moral duty, so the “reason” governing meaning is not primarily the local logic of a single exchange but the long-range rhetoric of nation-building, where audiences are recruited, disciplined, and unified over time. In Gricean terms, Mazzini’s political language is rich in strategic implicature: terms like “Italy,” “youth,” “people,” and “duty” often carry presupposed moral claims (about sacrifice, legitimacy, and historical destiny) that are not fully stated in each utterance but are meant to be taken up as common ground by sympathizers, while opponents may treat those same implicatures as ideological overreach—showing how uptake depends on shared premises rather than just inferential competence. Where Grice emphasizes cancellability, calculability, and the hearer’s entitlement to infer under cooperative norms, Mazzini foregrounds a setting in which cancellation is often politically costly (to retract the implicatures is to weaken the movement) and in which the “cooperative principle” is re-engineered as solidarity: conversation becomes collective persuasion rather than neutral information exchange. The result is a useful contrast: Grice offers a general micro-theory of how meaning is inferred from intentions in ordinary talk, while Mazzini illustrates how, in mass political discourse, meaning is governed by a moral-rhetorical project that stabilizes implicatures through repeated public framing, turning what is merely implied in one moment into a standing assumption of an emerging community. Grice: “I never liked M.’s adage, ‘giovine italia’ but then my favourite Australian composer is Peter Allen, ‘everything old is new again.’ M. has been identified by Benedetti  with fascism, as he should!” Filosofo ligure. Filosofo italiano. Genova, Liguria. Grice: “Of course it is difficult for an Italian philosopher to approach the philosophy of M.cooly; it would be like me approaching the philosophy of Horatio Nelson!” – Grice: “I’ve found ‘Il pensiero filosofico di Giuseppe Mazzini’ quite helpful – the equivalent would be the pretentious sounding, “The philosophical thought of Sir Winston Churchill,’ say!” --  Grice: “ loves to cherish the fact that an old street in Woolwich, of all places, is named after him, in a way ‘Speranza,’ just because Garibaldi visited!” Grice: “ also cherishes the fact that Lady Wilde preferred ‘Speranza’ just to defend M.!” Esponente di punta del patriottismo risorgimentale, le sue idee e la sua azione politica contribusceno in maniera decisiva alla nascita dello STATO UNITARIO ITALIANO. Le condanne subite in diversi tribunali d'Italia lo costringeno però alla latitanza fino alla morte. Le teorie mazziniane sono di grande importanza nella definizione dei moderni movimenti europei per l'affermazione della democrazia attraverso la forma repubblicana dello stato. Nacque a Genova, allora capoluogo dell'omonimo dipartimento francese costituito da parte del regime di Bonaparte. Il padre, Giacomo, e medico e docente universitario d'anatomia originario di Chiavari, una cittadina del Tigullio all'epoca capoluogo del dipartimento francese degli Appennini, successivamente parte della provincia di Genova, figura politicamente attiva nella scena pubblica locale, sia durante l'epoca della precedente repubblica ligure, sia, in tempi successivi, dell'Impero napoleonico. la giovine italia, la tesi di laurea di Benedetti su M. nella ideologia fascista, ideologia fascista, gentile, bobbio, garibaldi, nazione italiana, stato nazionale, stato unitario. Grice: Caro Mazzini, mi colpisce sempre la forza delle tue idee su “Giovine Italia”, benché io preferisca il motto di Peter Allen, “tutto ciò che è vecchio torna nuovo”. Credi davvero che il rinnovamento debba sempre partire dai giovani? Mazzini: Grice, ritengo che il cambiamento non sia questione di età, bensì di spirito. “Giovine Italia” simboleggia l’energia e la speranza di chi vuole costruire un futuro diverso. L’importante è credere nella possibilità di una rinascita collettiva. Grice: È interessante come la tua visione abbia influenzato movimenti democratici in tutta Europa. Ma non temi che l’identità nazionale possa diventare una forma di esclusione piuttosto che di unione? Mazzini: La nazione, per me, è casa comune; deve essere inclusiva e aperta, non chiusura. Solo attraverso la partecipazione e il dialogo si può costruire uno stato unitario che sia veramente democratico e al servizio di tutti. Come dicono dalle mie parti: “Chi semina vento raccoglie tempesta”, ma chi semina concordia raccoglie libertà. Mazzini, Giuseppe (1837). Filosofia della musica. Paris: Baudry.

Jacopo Mazzoni (Cesena, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – la vita attiva dei romani. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how an audience can rationally get from what is said to what is meant by presuming cooperative purpose and inferring intentions, with implicature arising as a disciplined, accountable surplus over literal content; the Caio Mecenate Melisso vignette makes that same machinery visible in a sharply social register, where clothing, titles, and gifts do part of the communicative work and where the speaker can deliberately “murmur” so the audience completes the thought for him. Historically, the figure usually called C. Maecenas Melissus is an Augustan-era freedman and man of letters often associated in later sources with small literary forms (including collections of jokes) and with courtly culture; that background fits your “Dicta Trabeata” conceit, because the trabea (as a status-sign) functions like a pragmatic amplifier: it frames what is taken to be relevant, authoritative, or safely deniable before a word is parsed. Where Grice models implicature as something that can be calculated from conversational norms plus an assumed rational intention to be understood, Melissus highlights a setting where part of the intention-recognition is engineered by non-verbal convention (dress, patronage, genre, court etiquette), so that implicature becomes a technique for giving meaning while avoiding full commitment—letting the reader “think himself wise,” distributing responsibility for the intended message to the audience, and gaining praise for what was never explicitly stated. In short, Grice supplies the general inferential account of how implicature works; Melissus illustrates how, in an elite culture of rank and performance, implicature can be a cultivated art of insinuation and deniability in which social signals pre-load the context and make the audience do the interpretive labour. Grice: “It is sad that my favourite philosopher, Ariskant, succumbes to the intellect – or as M. would call it ‘la vita speculative.’ The Romans, never! We do have an adage at Oxford: a man of words, and not of deeds is like a garden full of weeds.” This dwells on the real antonym of ‘vita speculativa’. Aristotle would have ‘theoretical,’ since ‘theorein’ is like to ‘see’. But then you would think that opposite is the ‘vita prattica.’ M. prefers ‘vita attiva’ – which is a bit of a redundancy – but anything goes when it comes to over-qualify the Romans!” Grice: “Mazzoni is important on various fronts: he loves Dante, or Alighieri as Strawson calls him – his library in organised alphabetically; the other front I forget!” Compì i suoi studi di lettere a Bologna e quelli di filosofia a Padova. Membro dell'Accademia della Crusca, fu tra i preferiti del papa Gregorio XIII che lo avrebbe voluto prelato; M. preferì proseguire nella carriera universitaria. Dapprima fu all'Macerata, ed in seguito a Pisa, dove ebbe la cattedra di filosofia. Nella città della torre pendente, conobbe un giovane insegnante di matematica, Galilei, con il quale instaurò ottimi rapporti. Invitato ad insegnare all'Università La Sapienza di Roma. Benché avesse da poco preso questa cattedra, seguì il cardinale Pietro Aldobrandini nei suoi incarichi a Ferrara ed in seguito a Venezia. Ammalatosi sulla strada del ritorno, si recò nella sua Cesena, dove si spense. Opere: “Difesa della Commedia di ALIGHIERI Grazie alla sua preparazione letteraria, giunse alla notorietà per il suo tomo Difesa della Commedia di Dante, pubblicato a Bologna inizialmente, sotto pseudonym e poi l'anno successivo sotto il suo vero nome, in cui criticò aspramente Salviati. Nel testo egli risponde ad alcune contestazioni fatte alle sue elucubrazioni sul sommo poeta Alighieri. implicature, repubblica romana, the Latins on ‘vita activa’, I romani e la vita attiva. Jacopo Mazzoni.  Grice: Professore Mazzoni, mi incuriosisce la sua preferenza per la “vita attiva” dei Romani rispetto alla “vita speculativa” dei filosofi. Crede davvero che la pratica valga più della teoria? Da noi, a Oxford, si dice: “Uomo di parole e non di fatti è come un giardino pieno di erbacce!” Mazzoni: Caro Grice, la “vita attiva” è il cuore pulsante della civiltà romana! Senza azione, anche le idee più splendide rischiano di restare sterili. È vero che la teoria illumina, ma la pratica trasforma: come diciamo a Cesena, “chi fa, trova la strada; chi pensa troppo, rischia di perdersi nei meandri.” Grice: Mi colpisce che lei abbia difeso Dante con tanto vigore, pur essendo un amante della vita attiva. Forse la letteratura, per lei, è anch’essa forma d’azione? Mazzoni: Esattamente, Grice. Difendere Dante è stato un atto concreto, una battaglia intellettuale. La parola, se sostenuta da passione e impegno, diventa azione potente. Come si dice dalle mie parti: “La penna muove il mondo, ma la volontà lo trasforma.” Mazzoni, Jacopo (1583). Della difesa della commedia d’Alighieri. Florence: Giunti.

Cajo Clinio Mecenate (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats understanding as a rationally disciplined inference: hearers assume cooperative purpose and use that assumption to move from what is said to what is meant (implicatures) in a way that is, in principle, accountable, cancellable, and keyed to shared norms of relevance and evidential sufficiency; the Maecenas case reframes that same rational machinery by foregrounding how the social ecology of patronage reshapes what “cooperation” and “autonomy” look like in practice, because when one speaker (or sponsor) controls resources the conversational background includes dependency-risk and deference-signalling, so that much of what gets communicated is communicated indirectly (gratitude, dissent, limits, and the conditions of continued support). Historically, Gaius Cilnius Maecenas (c. 70–8 BC) is famous less for surviving writings (only fragments and hostile testimony about an affected style) than for enabling a literary-philosophical circle (Virgil, Horace, Propertius) whose freedom was real but not costless; mapped onto Grice, this makes Maecenas a figure for the institutional preconditions of successful implicature: patrons create the stable common ground (time, leisure, audience) that lets subtle meanings be exchanged, while simultaneously introducing a pressure that can distort implicature (speakers may flout maxims strategically to remain “safe,” leaving dissent to be inferred rather than asserted). So where Grice builds a general account of how rational agents derive meaning beyond the literal, Maecenas highlights that the very rationality Grice models is socially situated: conversational benevolence may be amplified by material support, yet the same support can force a politics of indirection in which implicatures do the heavy ethical work—maintaining autonomy, saving face, and keeping philosophical inquiry possible without openly contesting the hand that funds the conversation. Grice: “In my ‘reflections on happiness,’ I dwell on autonomy, and give the example: do not rely on a grant by the government. In fact, most of my requests were systematically rejected, even if I thought I had provided good grounding for them – “The value of this should be self-evident.” “The significance should be obvious by its character.” In Ancient Rome, the government gave no grants, but M. did!” Keywords: Grice, Gardiner, Mecenate. Filosofo italiano. Gaio Cilnio Mecenate. Interessi filosofici prova lui, il potentissimo consigliere d'Ottaviano. Di origine etrusca, e probabilmente aretina, discende da stirpe regia, ma volle restare semplice cavaliere romano. Combattè a Filippi per i triumviri e e intimo di Ottaviano che egli cerca di conciliare con Marc'Antonio, siechè ha luogo l’incontro di Brindisi. Per conto di Ottaviano si reca presso Marc'Antonio affinchè partecipasse alla guerra contro Sesto Pompeo. Lui e il rappresentante di Ottaviano a Roma e in Italia con poteri illimitati. Ottaviano si serve di Mecenate in pace e in guerra e trova sia in lui che in Agrippa il sostegno più sicuro del suo principato. Ma egli deve la sua fama imperitura alla protezione che concesse ai maggiori filosofi del tempo suo. Restano pochi frammenti dei scritti del M. in versi e in prosa, nei quali, e specialmente nel Simposio o convito, opera che introduce in Roma un genere letterario molto coltivato in Grecia, mostra di subire l’influsso dei filosofi dell’Orto. Interessi filosofici e influssi epicurei si manifestano negli seritti dei maggiori filosofi del circolo del Mecenate. Maecenas wrote several works, none of which have come down to us. Their loss howerer is not much to be deplored, siuce, acoording to the testimony of many ancient writers, they were written in a very artificial and affected manner (Suet. ‘Octv.,’ ; Sen., ‘Epist.’; Tac. ‘Dial. de Orat.,’, who speaks of the ‘calamistros Maecenatis.  Gricevs: O Maecenas, dic mihi, quid est felix vita? Putasne, sine pecunia publicā, sapientem vivere posse? Gricevs: O Maecenas, dic mihi, quid est felix vita? Putasne, sine pecunia publicā, sapientem vivere posse? Mecenate: Felicitas, care Grice, non a donis rei publicae pendet, sed a libertate animi atque ab arte colendi necessitudines sinceras. Philosophos poetasque sustentavi, quod culturam veras divitias esse credo, omnibus muneribus materialibus diuturniorem. Gricevs: Maecenas, censesne igitur auxilium philosophis praestitum utilius esse quam ipsum argentum? Nonne times ne dependentia a Maecenate autonomiam cogitandi infirmet? Mecenate: Vera autonomia e responsabilitate et dialogo oritur. Maecenas ideas non imponit, sed facultatem praebet ut crescant. Ut antiqui dicebant: “Divitiae evanescere possunt; sapientia manet.” Mecenate, Gaio Clinio (a. u. c. DCCXIV). De felicitate. Roma.

Caio Mecenate Melisso (Roma, Lazio). Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers rationally recover what is meant beyond what is said by presuming a cooperative exchange and then inferring (often via implicature) the speaker’s intention from the utterance plus shared norms; the little Grice–Maecenas Melissus dialogue recasts that machinery in an Augustan social setting where meaning is managed not only by maxims but by status-signals and patronage conventions. Historically, C. Maecenas Melissus is usually identified as an Augustan freedman and literary figure (often linked with joke-collections and with the title “Maecenas” as a mark of association or honour), so the trabea in your exchange is a perfect pragmatic prop: it “speaks” socially even when the author “murmurs,” letting the reader supply flattering inferences (“the reader thinks himself wise”)—a deliberately engineered implicature. In Grice’s terms, Melissus exploits predictable interpretive habits to get uptake without bald assertion, and the shared background of elite Roman decorum makes that uptake almost automatic; but the punchline (“we’re praised for what we didn’t quite give”) also highlights a tension Grice acknowledges in practice: implicatures can be used to create deniability, to distribute responsibility for meaning to the audience, and to let institutional power (dress, rank, gifts) do part of the communicative work that, in Grice’s abstract model, is carried by cooperative rational inference alone. GRICEVS: Salvē, MAECENAS; audīvī tē “Dicta Trabeata” scribere, sed timeō nē trabea ipsa plus loquātur quam verba. MAECENAS: Salvē, GRICE; trabea quidem clāmat, sed ego tantum submurmurō, ut lector putet sē ipsum sapiēns esse. GRICEVS: Bene; apud mē hoc vocātur implicātūra, cum auctor tacet et tamen exigat ut alius intellegat. MAECENAS: Ita est; ego dō munera, tū dās sensum, et uterque laudāmur pro eō quod nēminī prorsus dēdimus. Mecenate Melisso, Caio (a. u. c. DCCLXIII). Dicta traeata. Roma.

Medio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale al portico romano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how interlocutors can mean more than they say because hearers treat utterances as rational moves in a cooperative exchange and infer additional content (implicatures) by assuming shared norms of relevance, informativeness, candour, and perspicuity; the Medio vignette, by contrast, locates “conversational reason” less in an explicitly articulated inferential calculus and more in a Roman social technology of the portico, where philosophy is preserved as a practice of situated talk, memory, and custom even when the textual record is thin (Diogenes Laertius’ “he wrote a number of essays” shrug) and where the built environment itself (the porch) functions as an institution that stabilizes expectations about how one speaks, listens, and belongs. So while Grice’s model foregrounds the calculability and (in principle) cancellability of implicature from what is said plus rational assumptions about the speaker’s intentions, Medio foregrounds the durability of conversational norms when authorship and doctrine are under-documented: the “implicatures” that matter are carried by shared habits, local maxims, and the tacit authority of place—sermones and mores—so that meaning is conserved not only through texts but through repeated forms of exchange. In short, Grice gives you the abstract mechanism by which reason governs the transition from said to meant; Medio supplies an historical-social picture in which that governance is maintained by civic settings and communal continuity, making conversation itself (rather than treatises) the primary archive of rational life. Grice: “The Romans were a bit like the Oxonians: it all had to be Greek – witness Diogenes Laertius – he goes on in great detail to list all the lost essays by unknown Greek philosophers – but when it comes to Roman philosophers like Medio, he couldn’t care less – ‘he wrote a number of essays,’ he notes – VERY edifying!” Filosofo italiano. Medio. Porch. Portico. A contemporary of Plotino. M. writes a number of essays. Gricevs: Medive, dic mihi, cur Romani semper Graecos imitantur? An porticus vobis etiam philosophus erat? Medivs: Griceve, in porticu semper philosophamur, sed interdum etiam sub umbra ciceris requiescimus. Graeci libros perdunt, Romani porticus servant! Medio: la ragione conversazionale al portico romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Grice: “The Romans were a bit like the Oxonians: it all had to be Greek – witness Diogenes Laertius – he goes on in great detail to list all the lost essays by unknown Greek philosophers – but when it comes to Roman philosophers like Medio, he couldn’t care less – ‘he wrote a number of essays,’ he notes – VERY edifying!” Filosofo italiano. Medio. Porch. Portico. A contemporary of Plotino. M. writes a number of essays. Gricevs: Medive, dic mihi, cur Romani semper Graecos imitantur? An porticus vobis etiam philosophus erat? Medivs: Griceve, in porticu semper philosophamur, sed interdum etiam sub umbra ciceris requiescimus. Graeci libros perdunt, Romani porticus servant! Gricevs: At, Medive, quid prodest porticus servare, si philosophiam ipsam in libros non colligimus? Ne totum in umbra pereat quod in sole nascebatur! Medivs: O Griceve, porticus non solum lapides, sed etiam sermones et animos conservat. Ubi libri silent, memoria et mos vivunt—sic Romani semper invenient ubi philosophandum sit. Medio (a. u. c. MXXIII). De sermone et more. Roma.

Angelo Camillo De Meis (Bucchianico, Chieti, Abruzzo): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – IL FU MATTIA PASCALE – lo spirito abruzzese. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats talk as a rational, cooperative practice in which what a speaker means is fixed by intentions that are in principle recoverable by a hearer, and conversational implicatures are the extra contents a competent audience is licensed to infer from what is said plus shared expectations about how reasonable interlocutors pursue purposes in dialogue; De Meis, by contrast (Angelo Camillo De Meis, 1817–1891, Abruzzese philosopher-physician and political figure, associated with a naturalistic philosophy of nature and cited by Pirandello in Il fu Mattia Pascal as a byword for sweeping synthesis), exemplifies a different location of “reason”: not primarily the micro-norms that govern utterance-interpretation, but the macro-ambition to unify domains under one systematic explanatory project (vegetal → animal → human, with a Hegel-tinged developmentalism and a more Kantian treatment of the human level). In Gricean terms, the Pirandellian joke “Who says it? De Meis!” works like a social implicature attached to a name: it signals, without stating, that the speaker is about to generalize across “all the problems” at once, so that De Meis becomes a cultural shorthand for a certain conversational posture (maximal generalization, explanatory overreach, or integrative breadth, depending on the hearer’s attitude). Where Grice insists that implicature is typically cancellable and locally calculated within an exchange, the De Meis figure highlights how implicatures can also sediment into reputational and stylistic conventions—what a name, a school, or a regional “Abruzzese spirit” comes to convey before any argument begins—so that conversational reason is partly governed by inherited expectations about what kinds of thinkers say what kinds of things. The upshot is that Grice offers the fine-grained inferential mechanics of meaning-in-interaction, while De Meis supplies a picture of philosophical rationality as large-scale synthesis whose very ambition becomes, in conversation, a standing implicature: to invoke De Meis is already to imply that one is treating philosophy as “one problem, namely all of them,” and that pragmatic framing effect can shape how any subsequent utterance is heard. Grice: “I am call a systematic philosopher – which, in Gilbert Harman’s paraphrase, means that when it comes to philosophy, I want to make it all my own! In Italy, the corresponding figure would be M. – and since Pirandello – it has become a drawing-room joke: “Who says it?” “M.!” – The implicature being that Camillo De Meis shared my motto that there is only ONE problem in philosophy, namely: all of them!” Filosofo italiano. Bucchianico, Chieti, Abruzzo.  Grice: “I agree with M.’s naturalism; he proposes a three-stage development: vegetal, animal, man – his naturalism has a Hegelian side to it, while man is more old fashioned, more Kantian!” Figlio di un medico aderente alla carboneria e di ideali mazziniani, nacque a Bucchianico, dove compì i primi studi: li prosegue presso il Regio collegio di Chieti e poi a Napoli, dove e allievo dei letterati PUOTI, SANCTIS, SPAVENTA e RAMAGLIA. Si laurea e divenne socio degl’Aspiranti naturalisti, di cui diventerà presidente; e poi medico aggiunto dell'Ospedale degli Incurabili e apre una scuola di grande successo, dove insegna filosofia naturale. E poi rettore del Collegio di Napoli. Dopo la promulgazione della costituzione nel Regno di Napoli, venne eletto deputato per la circoscrizione Abruzzo Citra: sostenne la protesta di Mancini contro la repressione operata dalle truppe borboniche contro i manifestanti e l'accusa di tradimento al re. E quindi costretto all'esilio. Dopo un soggiorno a Genova e a Torino, si stabilì a Parigi. Grice: “De Meis’s theory resembles my pirotological progression, heavily! I like his generalisations. I wish we had at Oxford such a freedom to generalise!” implicature, citato da Pirandello in “Il fu Mattia Pascal” “Chi lo dice? – gli domanda forte il giovane, fermo, con aria di sfida. Quegli allora si volta per gridargli: “Camillo De Meis!” Grice: Meis, ho sempre ammirato il modo in cui lei affronta la filosofia come un unico grande problema. Mi ricorda il mio tentativo di sistematizzare tutto, come dice Harman: “voglio farlo mio!” Lei, invece, nei suoi scritti, propone una visione naturalistica che parte dal vegetale, passa all’animale e culmina nell’uomo. Come è nata questa prospettiva? Meis: Caro Grice, è proprio la vita abruzzese—con la sua semplicità e il suo spirito di concretezza—a ispirare la mia filosofia. Ho sempre pensato che la realtà si sviluppi in forme progressive, e che l’umano debba essere letto in continuità con la natura, ma senza dimenticare le sue peculiarità razionali. Forse c’è un po’ di Hegel in questo, ma anche Kant non manca! Grice: Mi colpisce come Pirandello abbia citato il suo nome quasi come un proverbio: “Chi lo dice? Camillo De Meis!” In Inghilterra una tale generalizzazione sarebbe vista come audace; da noi, la conversazione tende alla specificità. Crede che questa libertà di generalizzare sia una forza della filosofia italiana? Meis: È vero, Grice. La filosofia italiana ama le grandi sintesi, ma non perde mai il legame con l’esperienza concreta, “terra terra”, diremmo in Abruzzo. La generalizzazione è una sfida, ma serve a capire l’unità del mondo. E poi, come dice il proverbio: “Chi non rischia, non rosica!”—anche in filosofia occorre osare, senza perdere il senso della realtà. Meis, Angelo Camillo De (1868). Della filosofia della natura. Napoli: Morano.

Enzo Melandri (Genova, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- le forme dell’analogia – analogia nel convito di Platone – Reale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers rationally recover what is meant (including implicatures) by assuming a cooperative exchange and then inferring, from what is said plus shared norms, what additional proposition(s) the speaker intends the audience to recognize; Melandri’s preoccupation with analogy, proportion, and symmetry (from Plato’s Symposium through Aristotle and Aquinas, and refracted through modern semiotics and Kant) shifts attention from the linear, maxim-guided inferential route Grice emphasizes to the way understanding often proceeds by structured pattern-matching across domains, where a speaker’s “meant” content is grasped by seeing a proportional fit rather than by calculating a single best implicature. Put in Gricean terms, Melandri makes salient that conversational reason is frequently analogical before it is deductive: interpreters draw a “this is like that” mapping that organizes what counts as relevant, what counts as an apt level of specificity, and even what counts as a satisfactory explanation, so that implicature can ride on perceived similarity-structures (focal terms, proportional relations, symmetric contrasts) rather than solely on the cooperative principle plus maxims. Where Grice treats analogy as one tool among others in philosophical unification, Melandri treats it as a deep form that can unify discourse and resist “the symbolic” when symbol-manipulation becomes detached from the real; the upshot is a complementary picture in which Grice supplies the normative logic of uptake (why an implicature is licensed), while Melandri foregrounds the morphologies by which uptake is actually achieved (how meaning becomes intelligible through analogical form), making conversational rationality look less like a rulebook and more like an art of proportioned seeing. Grice: “In an essay which was originally to be included in my ‘Way of Words’, ‘Aristotle on the multiplicity of being’, I focus on M.’s obsession or fixation: analogia, or proporzione. ‘Analogical unification’ is just one mode of unification for Aristotle: the others being ‘focal unification’ and ‘recursive unification’. I basically elaborate on Aristotle’s analogy for ‘medical’, dropping my view that there may be more about Aristotle’s idea of this unity that may relate to my view on theory-theory. Grice: “One of the ten items he lists in his ‘Contro lo simbolico’ is ‘lo simbolico’ itself!” -- Grice: “Melandri takes analogy more seriously than I did – I do list ‘analogy’ as part of what I call ‘philosophical eschatology – the third branch of metaphysics, along with ontology and category study.” Grice: “Melandri focuses on the Graeco-Roman tradition of analogy, which he pairs with two other concepts: proportion, and symmetry – re-interpreting mainly Aquino’s reading of the Aristotelian tradition in a semiotic approach.” Grice: “Melandri also takes Kant seriously on this.” Grice: “If an Italian philosopher wrote ‘contro la comunicazione,’ another wrote ‘contro il simbolico’!” --  Grice: “He has studied Buehler; I like that!” Laureatosi a 'Bologna, è lettore a Kiel in Germania. Insegna poi a Lecce, Trieste e Bologna. Parallelamente all'attività universitaria, collabora con Mulino e alla rivista omonima, per le quali ha svolto attività di consulenza. Bühler, l’aggetivo ‘galileano’ -- le forme dell’analogia, Grice – analogia – problema della comunicazione, Buehler, teoria di Buehler, analogical unification, la comunicazione, implicatura problematica, aquino, kant, mill, jevons, maxwell, Perelman, abcd, haenssler, dorolle, lyttkens, Reichenbach, newton, cellucci, marramao, aristotele, platone, convito, reale, grice, analogical unification, owens, ross. Grice: Melandri, devo confessare che se ho inserito l’analogia nella mia “eschatologia filosofica”, lo devo proprio alla sua lettura del Simposio: il modo in cui esplora la proporzione, la simmetria e il concetto di analogia nella tradizione greco-romana è stato per me illuminante. La sua esegesi penetra davvero nelle pieghe profonde del pensiero platonico e aristotelico. Melandri: Caro Grice, le sue parole mi onorano. La mia ossessione per l’analogia nasce proprio dalla convinzione che, senza proporzione e simmetria, il pensiero filosofico rischia di perdersi nella confusione. Platone, nel Simposio, offre spunti ineguagliabili su come l’analogia sia il ponte essenziale tra l’umano e il divino. Grice: È interessante notare come lei, più di molti, abbia saputo vedere nell’analogia non solo una tecnica argomentativa, ma una vera e propria chiave per comprendere la comunicazione stessa. Mi ha colpito il suo “Contro lo simbolico”, dove l’analogia diventa quasi una resistenza all’eccessiva astrazione del linguaggio. Melandri: Esatto, Grice! L’analogia ci salva dall’aridità dei puri simboli: ci costringe a mantenere un legame vitale con l’esperienza e il mondo vissuto. In fondo, come diciamo a Genova, “chi va piano va sano e va lontano”: anche il pensiero deve procedere per passi proporzionati, senza salti nel buio. Melandri, Enzo (1960). La linea e il circolo. Bologna: Il Mulino.

Virgilio Melchiorre (Chieti, Abruzzo): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – il corpo – la filosofia dell’amore – amante ed amato – il convito di Turolla. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains understanding as a rational reconstruction of intentions under cooperative norms, so that implicature is the inferential surplus generated when what is said is treated as a purposeful move addressed to a recognizably shared end; Melchiorre (Chieti 1931–Milano 2026, long associated with the Università Cattolica di Milano, and in his work from Metacritica dell’eros to Corpo e persona and Essere e parola) reframes that same “reason in exchange” by grounding it in an anthropology of embodiment and reciprocity, where meaning is not only inferred but also enacted in the bodily and affective conditions of recognition between amante and amato. Where Grice tends to model cooperation as a normative constraint on utterance interpretation (helpfulness, benevolence, relevance), Melchiorre treats relation itself—exposure to the other through the lived body, the symbolic imagination, and love’s dialectic—as constitutive of personhood and thus of the very space in which language can function as revelation rather than mere code; this makes implicature look less like a technical add-on to what is said and more like the ordinary, often “indirect” way in which persons disclose themselves when the most important contents (desire, shame, care, fidelity) are not fully sayable without remainder. In short, Grice supplies the inferential mechanics of how hearers justify moving from saying to meaning, while Melchiorre supplies the metaphysical-phenomenological setting in which such justifications matter: cooperation is not just a conversational policy but a form of interpersonal acknowledgment rooted in corporeity, and implicature becomes a privileged index of that ethical exposure—what love and the body make communicable precisely by preventing it from being exhaustively stated. Grice: “It’s very rare to find an Italian philosopher who won’t give you a tirade on ‘That’s amore!’. On the other hand, on the colder shores of Oxford, as my pupil Strawson calls them, we TRY. The closest I came to the idea of love was through my reading of Butler. Butler founds his morality, as is well known, in two conflicting desiderata: that of self-love, and that of other-love, or benevolence. My pupils at Oxford were therefore treated to the conversational versions of these two desiderata: the desideratum of conversational self-love, and the desideratum of other-love, or benevolence. I later realised that ‘benevolentia’ is all that mattered. And this became ‘helpfulness’ and later ‘co-operation’!” -- Grice: “I like Melchiorre; while I refer to bodily identity in my “Mind” essay, M. has dedicated a whole treatise to ‘the body’ – he has also explored semiotic aspects and come up with nice oxymora: ‘nome indicibile,’ ‘immaginazione simbolica,’ ‘essere e parola.’”. Grice: “Melchiorre’s first explorations on the concept of body is Strawsonian – corpore e persona -. What led Melchiorre to this reflection is what he calls a meta-critique of love – Socrates did his critique of love in the Symposium, and Phaedrus. Grice: “Melchiorre, while quoting the necessary German sources for an Italian philosophers – Eros und Agape, tr. N. Gay – he dwells on Turolla’s beloved (by every Italian schoolboy) version of “Convito” – which Turolla published under the ostentatious title, “Dialogo dell’amore” – M. typically finds some mistakes, since Turolla was no philosopher – and no lover of Sophia, and no Sophos of love!” –il corpo corpi e persone, meta-critica dell’eros, il convito di Trolla, Turolla, il fedro di Turolla – amore – il riconoscimento come identita – la dialettica dell’atto amoroso – l’amante e l’amato – l’amore reciproco, amore e contramore, erote ed anterote. Virgilio Melchiorre.  Grice: Professore Melchiorre, mi colpisce quanto la filosofia italiana sappia intrecciare il discorso sull’amore col corpo e l’identità personale. A Oxford, da Butler in poi, ci siamo spesso fermati al dilemma tra amor proprio e benevolenza. Lei, invece, ha dedicato un intero trattato al corpo: cosa ne pensa del legame tra corporeità e esperienza amorosa? Melchiorre: Grazie, Professor Grice. Credo che il corpo sia la prima grammatica dell’amore: attraverso la presenza fisica riconosciamo l’altro, ci lasciamo interpellare e rispondiamo. Come dicevo nel mio “meta-critica dell’eros,” l’amore implica sempre un incontro concreto, non solo una dialettica astratta. È nel corpo che l’amante e l’amato si riconoscono. Grice: È affascinante! Da noi, la benevolenza si traduce spesso in cooperazione conversazionale: aiutare l’altro con le parole, costruire insieme il senso. Lei parla di “nome indicibile” e “immaginazione simbolica”: sono forse modi per oltrepassare i limiti del linguaggio, proprio come l’amore supera la mera parola? Melchiorre: Esattamente, il linguaggio è una soglia, non un muro. Nell’atto amoroso, si creano ossimori: parole che cercano di dire l’indicibile. Anche Turolla, pur non essendo filosofo, nel suo “Dialogo dell’amore”, ha intuito che l’essenza dell’amore sta nel reciproco riconoscimento: amante e amato si trasformano l’uno nell’altro. La filosofia, insomma, non può ignorare questa dialettica viva tra corpo, parola e amore. Melchiorre, Virgilio (1960). Filosofia e metafisica. Milano: Marzorati.

Giuseppe Melli (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- AVRELIO – filosofia italiana – la filosofia a Roma nel tempo di Pomponio – pre-ambasciata --  Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how we routinely get from what is said to what is meant by treating talk as a rational, cooperative enterprise in which hearers are entitled to infer intentions and thereby derive implicatures (cancellable, calculable, audience-sensitive) from principled expectations about relevance, informativeness, and the like; Giuseppe Melli, as your passage frames him, shifts the emphasis from those micro-inferential mechanics to the historically thick conditions under which “reason in talk” becomes culturally legible at all—Rome’s suspicion of Greek philosophers, senatorial attempts to expel them, the later charisma of Carneades, and then the Roman appropriation and domestication of philosophy culminating in the emblem of Marcus Aurelius as a specifically Roman ethical voice. In that setting, implicature is less a tidy byproduct of cooperative maxims and more a political-cultural phenomenon: the very act of hosting, translating, or commemorating philosophy carries secondary meanings (about identity, authority, “foreignness,” and legitimacy) that are not always under any single speaker’s control, and the reception of a philosopher can hinge on what his presence “implies” for national mores. So where Grice offers a universalist rational reconstruction of how intention and shared norms generate conversational meaning, Melli’s Rome-centred lens highlights that the norms themselves are contested and historically managed—philosophy’s uptake in Rome is negotiated through suspicion, prestige, censorship, monuments, and patriotic feeling—making “conversational reason” appear as a civic achievement (and sometimes a fragile one) rather than a default background of every exchange. Grice: “It would be silly to suppose that Antonino represented Plato’s idea of the philosophus rex. In fact, Mussolini detested Antonino, and tried, without success, to replace his equestrian statue at the Campidoglio by one of Giulio Cesare!” Keywords. Filosofo. Grice: “I like M.; you see, Italians feel that Marc’aurelio is theirs, so M. puts his soul in his essay on Marc’aurelio, while his essay on Socrates is rather neutral! For us at Oxford, both Marc’Aurelio and ‘Socrate’ are just as furrin; Locke ain’t!”. Altri saggi: La filosofia di Schopenauer, Tocco, Firenze, Tocco, Firenze, Commemorazione di Villari, Firenze,  La filosofia greca da Epicuro ai Neoplatonici, Firenze, Socrate, Lanciano. I primi contatti tra i filosofi romani e i filosofi greci non sono amichevoli. Essendosi parlato in senato dei filosofi e dei retori il senato consulto da incarico al pretore Marco POMPONIO  di provvedere “uti Romae NE essent [FILOSOFI greci]”. Semi della filosofia greca sono sparsi dagl’esuli ACHEI, tra i quali era anche Polibio, venuti dopo la guerra macedonica. Pochi anni dopo, ci e l'ambasciata della quale fa parte Carneade. Anche questa volta vedemmo come CATONE  s’impensiera dell’efficacia rovinosa che quell’abile parlatore puo esercitare sull'educazione nazionale. Ma Carneade ha un grande successo e l’infiltrazione delle idee filosofiche grechi e già cominciata, specialmente dopo la conquista delle città della Magna Grecia come Crotone – sede della scuola di Pitagora --, Taranto – sede della scuola di Archita --, Velia – sede di Parmenide e Senone – e dopo l’isola della Sicilia – Girgenti, sede della scuola di Empedocle --, e Leontini, sede della scuola di Gorgia. AURELIO ANTONINO Grice: Caro Melli, dicono che a Roma i filosofi greci venivano accolti come la pioggia in agosto: a volte sospirati, più spesso cacciati via. Tu come te la cavi con i senatori sospettosi? Melli: Ah, Grice, ai miei tempi bastava entrare in senato con una toga un po’ fuori moda e ti scambiavano già per un retore greco! Per fortuna, Marc’Aurelio aveva più pazienza di Catone: lui almeno ascoltava prima di mandare via qualcuno. Grice: Divertente! E Musso che avrebbe fatto se avesse visto Socrate sotto il Campidoglio? Avrebbe ordinato una statua anche per lui o solo per Giulio Cesare? Melli: Probabilmente una statua di Socrate con la testa di Cesare, così nessuno si offendeva! Ma io resto fedele ad Aurelio: più filosofia nei suoi appunti che in tutte le statue di Roma messe insieme. Melli, Giuseppe (1932). Saggio di critica letteraria. Bologna: Zanichelli.

Gaio Memmio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano. Grice explains reason-governed conversational meaning by treating talk as a cooperative, inference-driven practice: what a speaker means is not exhausted by sentence meaning but is fixed by publicly recognizable intentions, and implicatures are the rationally derivable “more” that competent hearers calculate from what is said plus shared conversational expectations; the Memmius episode relocates that Gricean mechanism into the Epicurean “garden” as a social and political technology of indirectness, where the crucial norm is not simply cooperative truth-seeking but the management of otium, safety, and philosophical therapy amid Roman ambition and cultural translation. With Memmius (historically, Gaius Memmius, tribune 66 BC; Lucretius’ dedicatee; and associated with the Athenian site of Epicurus’ Garden through Cicero’s correspondence about building plans), the “orto” becomes a scene in which what is left unsaid often matters more than what is said: Epicurean counsel like abstain, withdraw, seek quiet can function as conversationally encoded guidance about politics, status, and risk, and the villa/garden itself becomes a medium that frames uptake (Lucretius’ poetic address to Memmius aims to move him without sounding like senatorial harangue). So where Grice offers a general theory in which implicature is calculable and cancellable under a presumption of cooperative rational agency, Memmius highlights how those same inferential resources are cultivated for a distinct ethical end: minimizing disturbance, redirecting desire, and sustaining tranquility through tactful speech, poetic indirection, and strategic silence—implicature as a cultivated “horticultural” virtue rather than merely a theoretical byproduct of maxims. Grice: “When I refer to the Athenian dialectic to contrast – and indeed compare – it with the Oxonian dialectic, I focus mainly on the agora of Socrates, the accademia of Plato, and the lizio di Aristotele – the latter two are gyms – to which we may add the Portico, and a notable NON-gym, to wit: Epicurus’s garden. Cicero found the phrase ‘Epicurus’s garden’ too Hellenistic, and forced Memmio to go and buy the thing. It was henceforward referred to as “Memmio’s Villa,” that Lucrezio  visited to find inspiration for one of the greatest poetic gems in Italian metric and versified philosophy!” Filosofo italiano. A bit of an enigmatic character. LUCREZIO dedicates his great Garden poem to him – L’Orto. M. acquires the ruins of the house in Athens where Epicuro starts his Garden, or Orto. GRICEVS: Memmi, dic mihi, utrum Romae in horto plus philosophiam colas, an olera? MEMMIVS: Grice, si herbae loqui possent, fortasse me meliorem Epicureum esse dicerent—ego autem, dum carmina Lucretii lego, fabam sero. GRICEVS: Memmi, fateor, Roma tua et hortus tuus plus sapientiae olent quam totus Porticus Stoicorum. Dic, quid inter herbas et versus Lucretii requiris? MEMMIVS: Grice, dum inter ramos legor Lucretium et inter radices meditor, invenio in orto meo id quod nec Stoici nec Accademici dare possunt—quietem animi et sapientiam, quae crescit lente, sicut faba ipsa. Memmio, Gaio (a. u. c. DCLXXXVIII). De natura rerum. Roma.

Geronimo Mercuriale (Forli, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – il ginnasio. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats communication as an inferential, cooperative practice in which hearers use rational expectations (relevance, adequacy, sincerity, perspicuity) to recover speaker-intentions and thereby derive implicatures beyond literal sentence meaning; Mercuriale, by contrast, belongs to a Renaissance “gymnastic” rationality in which the regulative ideal is not primarily mutual understanding through inference but the disciplined governance of the human being through regimen—exercise, baths, and habit—so that what counts as “reason” is enacted as a norm for training and health rather than as a norm for interpreting utterances. In the passage’s Oxford-athletics motif this becomes a pointed contrast: where Grice analyzes how conversation itself is a rational game with rules that generate implicatures (e.g., what you responsibly leave unsaid), Mercuriale (author of De arte gymnastica, first published 1569; illustrated edition 1573) exemplifies a program in which the body is treated as an object of systematic classification and prescription (medical, military, athletic exercises) and the mind is improved indirectly by regulated practice; if Grice’s “procedure” is a public, intersubjective calculus of intentions and uptake, Mercuriale’s “procedure” is a physiological-ethical technology aimed at producing stable dispositions. The upshot is that Mercuriale complements Grice by supplying a model of normativity that is not semantic but practical: just as a good trainer infers from signs (symptoms, fatigue, posture) and adjusts a regimen, a Gricean interpreter infers from verbal “signs” and adjusts beliefs about what is meant; yet for Grice the rational work is done in the space between what is said and what is meant, while for Mercuriale the rational work is done in the space between what the body does and what it is being shaped to become. Grice: “At Oxford, you are – as a scholar – either an athlete or an aesthete. I surely fell in the first group, even though I was myself ‘musical’. Oddly, I continued being athletic even as a tutorial fellow. I soon realise that St. John’s lacked a proper cricket team, so I founded the demi-johns!” (At Corpus, I had played both cricket, football – captain of team for a term – and golf, just because my tutor was a Scot!).” Grice: “At Corpus, as it had been at Clifton, cricket featured as my priority, -- philosophy came second!” Celebre per avere per primo teorizzato l'uso della ginnastica nella filosofia. Suoi sono anche il primo saggio sulle malattie cutanee e un'importante saggio, forse la prima mai scritta, di pediatria.  Ritratto raffigurato in "De arte gymnastica.” Dopo aver studiato a Bologna ed aver conseguito la laurea a Padova, dove ha modo di conoscere TRINCAVELLA, segue a Roma Farnese. A causa della sua fama, infatti, i forlivesi lo inviarono come legato presso Pio IV. Pare aver composto il suo celeberrimo saggio sulla ginnastica.  E professore in entrambe le università dove studia. A Padova, in particolare trascorse un periodo molto fecondo, in cui scrive saggi, alcuni dei quali basati sugli appunti presi dagli studenti durante le lezioni. Si reca poi a Pisa, dove divenne tutore di Ferdinando I de' Medici e poté godere di una certa fama. Cura anche altre importanti personalità del suo tempo, tra cui Massimiliano II, che lo nomina cavaliere e conte palatino. Merita di essere citato un famoso episodio che lo vede convocato a Venezia insieme a molti altri filosofi illustri, consultati per decifrare una misteriosa epidemia che colpiva la città. Escluse fin dall'inizio un caso di peste, in quanto solo una minima percentuale della popolazione si era ammalata e il contagio resta comunque molto limitato. Grice: “Mussolini said that ‘ginnasta’ and indeed ‘ginnasio’ were effeminate – ‘ginnico’ is the word!” –il ginnasio, attivita ginnica, bagni romani, “Me and the demijohns,” , “Ginnasia.  Grice: Caro Mercuriale, devo confessare che il mio amore per il cricket ha spesso superato quello per la filosofia. Ma tu hai saputo unire ginnastica e pensiero, quasi come se il corpo e la mente giocassero a staffetta! Mercuriale: Grice, sei più filosofo o atleta? In fondo, anche a Oxford si dice che sia meglio sudare in campo che in biblioteca. Io, invece, ho teorizzato che una buona corsa spalanca la mente alle idee migliori, altro che “ginnasio effeminato” come diceva Mussolini! Grice: Allora dovrei fondare un nuovo club filosofico, ma solo per chi sa saltare gli ostacoli… del ragionamento! “Me and the Demijohns,” forse è la prova che il gioco di squadra aiuta anche nei dibattiti accademici. Mercuriale: E magari, Grice, potremmo organizzare una partita di cricket tra filosofi e ginnasti. Chi perde dovrà spiegare, senza sbagliare, la differenza tra ginnico e ginnasta. Scommetto che i forlivesi tiferebbero per me! Mercuriale, Geronimo (1573). De arte gymnastica. Venezia: Giunti.

Piero Meriggi (Como, Lombardia): il deutero-esperanto. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning makes communicative sense depend on rationally reconstructible intentions under a background presumption of cooperative talk, so that implicature arises when a hearer can work out what an utterer meant to get across (beyond what was said) by treating the utterance as a move in a rational, normatively constrained exchange; Meriggi, as your passage frames him, pushes on a different axis by treating meaning as partly grounded in the material shape of expression itself, via a priori language-planning and phono-symbolic “natural” values of sounds (a, i, u, etc.), so that what a sign means is tied less to conversationally negotiated intention-and-inference and more to a designed code whose semantic assignments are supposed to be intelligible in virtue of articulation, physiology, or iconic fit. In Gricean terms, Meriggi’s deutero-Esperanto/blaia zimondal is a stress-test for the social dimension of meaning: a language that nobody uses may have internal systematicity, but it lacks the population-level uptake and shared practical expectations that make implicatures calculable and make speaker-meaning succeed as a public action; conversely, Grice’s Brighton joke about inventing a language no one speaks highlights that private procedures and idiosyncratic codes do not yet amount to communicative meaning unless they project into a community of interpreters who can recognize intentions and coordinate on rules. So while Meriggi exemplifies a constructive, code-first rationality (build the semantics into the phonetic inventory; let meaning ride on designed symbolics), Grice exemplifies an interaction-first rationality (meaning is what agents do with expressions in cooperative practice; implicature is the rational surplus generated by that practice), and the contrast turns on where “reason” is located: for Meriggi, chiefly in the architect’s design of a semiotic system; for Grice, chiefly in the hearer’s and speaker’s shared capacity to infer, under public norms, what is meant beyond what is said. Grice: “When I was at Brighton – Anna McCormack responded, but few quote her! – I played with ‘Deutero-Esperanto.’ Earlier in my William James set on logic and conversation, I had played with myself, ‘lying in the tub’ and coming up with a new highway code – ‘that nobody uses’ – This is my more specific reflection on what I mean by a ‘procedure’ which springs from the idiosyncratic utterer and may project or not into an intended population. At Brighton, I was more direct, if more controversial, although McCormack never picked up the irony. I stated that I could invent a new language, call it ‘Deutero-Esperanto’ that nobody ever speaks! Of course, for Witters and his followers – at the time, some of my former colleagues, such as D. F. Pears – that would be nonsensical! Now, we don’t think Italian philosophers as being per se Gricieans – as Katz and Fodor spell my surname in adjectival dress – but there were possibly more inventors of new languages in Italy than in the rest of the world. Compared to Meriggi, Bishop Wilkins should have continued preaching!” Citato da VAILATI , “SCRITTI” – “un appasionato”. Progetto di lingua a priori, il blaia zimondal è elaborato da M., professore dell'istituto tecnico di Como. Il blaia zimondal parte da un principio fono-simbolico. Ciascun *suono* possede un significato naturale (Grice) o *senso* generale corrispondente al suo modo naturale di formazione fisiologico – fisi, NATURA -- luogo e modo di articolazione dei foni. Così ad esempio -- a, vocale aperta, esprime ciò che è grande, alto, forte, bianco, evidente. -- i, vocale ANTERIORE alta, per il fatto che è prodotta serrando quasi completamente la bocca, esprime ciò che è piccolo, basso, leggero, interiore -- u, vocale POSTERIORE alta, esprime ciò che è basso, scuro, pesante, lontano, futuro. deutero-esperanto. Grice: Meriggi, devo ammettere che il tuo progetto di deutero-esperanto mi ha affascinato. Davvero credi sia possibile creare una lingua che nessuno parla, eppure abbia senso filosofico? Meriggi: Caro Grice, per me ogni lingua nasce sempre da un bisogno umano profondo, anche se resta "incompresa". Il blaia zimondal, con i suoi principi fono-simbolici, è un esperimento per dimostrare che ogni suono ha già in sé un significato naturale. Grice: Quindi, se ti capisco bene, una 'a' non è solo una lettera, ma racconta di grandezza o luminosità? Mi ricorda i miei giochi sul linguaggio che "nessuno usa", quasi come inventare un codice della strada solo per sé stessi! Meriggi: Esatto! E forse, Grice, come tu stesso sostieni, ogni atto linguistico nasce dall’idiosincrasia dell’emittente, ma può sempre diventare, con fortuna, patrimonio di molti. L’importante è ascoltare la musica nascosta dietro ogni suono. Meriggi, Piero (1929). La declinazione del licio. Rendiconti dell’Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei

Nicolao Merker (Trento): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – l’etologia filosofica – o tempora o mores -- il filo d’Arianna – Arianna abbandonata a Nasso. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats understanding as a disciplined inference from what is said plus a rational presumption of cooperative purpose (so that implicature is, in principle, recoverable from shared expectations and can be cancelled, defended, or recalculated); Merker, by contrast, is best read in your passage as shifting the explanatory spotlight from the local mechanics of inference to the larger “ethological” and historical conditions that make those inferences socially available in the first place—ethos as the settled habits of a form of life, and even ethnos as the boundary-marking of group identity that sets who counts as an insider hearer with the right background. Where Grice abstracts toward a general, almost formal story about how intention and rationality govern conversational meaning across contexts, Merker’s preferred metaphors (the Ariadne thread, the labyrinth, abandonment at Naxos) suggest that “context” is not merely a set of parameters for computing implicature but a culturally and historically sedimented pathway through which interpreters are guided (or misled), and that breakdowns in communication often reflect conflicts of ethos—shared norms, moral-political temperaments, and identity narratives—rather than failures of logic alone. In that sense, Merker complements Grice: Grice gives the inferential engine of implicature; Merker supplies the genealogy and “mores” that explain why certain implicatures feel natural, why some audiences are excluded from uptake, and why what counts as reasonable conversational behavior is itself historically variable—an Ariadne-thread problem as much as a maxim-following problem. Grice: “I like to consider myself a philosophical ethologist. As Merker reminds us, ethos is possibly related to ‘ethnos,’ but possibly not!” Grice: “In fact, I while I sort of detest etymologies, which usually refute my theories – cf. ‘mean’ – I must say that ‘ethnic’ and ‘ethos’ are etymologically relate – both originating from the same proto-indo-european root s(w)we- a reflexive pronoun referring to one’s own, or a social group. While ‘ethnic’ focuses on shared origins and group identity, ‘ethos’ emphasizes the characteristic customs, values, and morality of a person, group, or culture. Therefore, while they have distinct meanings in modern English, they share a common etymological thread in ancient Greek, reflecting concepts of community and shared cultural identity!” Grice: “At Oxford, we wouldn’t consider M. an Italian philosopher, as we don’t consider Ayer an English philosopher – Anglo-Jewish at most. M. is different, though!” Filosofo italiano. Trento, Trentino. Grice: “My favourite of his books is ‘storia della filosofia ai fumetti.” Grice: “The fact that he found Italian words for all that Kant says in “Metafisica dei costume” is admirable! I love M., and for many reasons; he has philosophised on what makes me an Englishman: my blood, or the fact that I was born in Harrborne? I love M.: he uses metaphors aptly like ‘il filo d’Arianna’ to refer to what I pompously call ‘the general theory of context.’ --Si laurea a Messina. Trascorse un periodo di ricerche in Germania. Allievo di VOLPE, insegna a Messina e Roma. Cura edizioni italiane di classici dell'età della Riforma, dell'Illuminismo e dell'idealismo, nonché di Marx, Engels e del marxismo. Storia della filosofia, l’eta antica, il filo d’Arianna, Teseo e il minotauro, omo-sociale, Teseo, Arianna abandonata, giacobinismo, populismo etnico, etnico ennico etnicita ennicita, etnos, Greek ethnos, Latin ethnos. Grice: Caro Merker, permettimi una curiosità: sono quasi sorpreso che i tuoi connazionali italiani non abbiano mai pensato di italianizzare il tuo cognome in “Merchero”! Sai com’è, da queste parti ogni nome straniero viene subito infilato nel tritacarne della tradizione... Merker: Ah, Grice, se sapessi! Al liceo classico i miei compagni ci hanno subito pensato: “Merchero”, “Mercurio”, e una volta addirittura “Marchese”! Mi divertivo molto: bastava sentire quell’accento trentino su un cognome così palesemente non italiano per far sorridere tutti. Grice: D’altronde, “Merker” suona proprio fuori dal coro in mezzo a tutti quei Rossi, Bianchi, e Verdi... Immagino anche i tuoi professori alle prese con la pronuncia: un piccolo labirinto, degno del filo d’Arianna che tanto ami evocare! Merker: Proprio così! E pensa che, tra uno scherzo e una battuta sull’etnia e sull’ethos, ho imparato che anche il nome può diventare una piccola lezione di filosofia: ci ricorda chi siamo, da dove veniamo e quanta ironia serve per restare sé stessi in mezzo ai minotauri della burocrazia italiana! Merker, Nicolao (1961). Le origini della logica hegeliana. Hegel a Jena. Feltrinelli.

Marco Valerio Messalla Corvino (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers rationally recover what a speaker means beyond what is literally said by presuming a cooperative, purposive exchange and then calculating implicatures from that presumption plus shared expectations about relevance, informativeness, and manner; the Messalla passage, by contrast, relocates that Gricean rationality into a Roman-Epicurean “garden” politics of speech, where the point of indirectness is not just efficient information-transfer but cultivated social living under pressure (how to speak, and when to abstain, amid Caesar, the Senate’s noise, and the transition to Augustus). Where Grice treats implicature as a principled inferential phenomenon grounded in mutual recognition of intentions, Messalla-as-Epicurean (and as orator-statesman moving between republican opposition and later accommodation) highlights a setting in which strategic quiet, tactful redirection, and “sending someone to the Portico to learn to be silent” are themselves rational conversational moves: implicatures become tools for maintaining concord, face, and safety, not merely theoretical byproducts of maxims. In short, Grice provides the general mechanism (reasoned inference from cooperative norms), while Messalla supplies a historically situated ethos in which conversational reason is horticultural and civic: meaning is managed like a garden—pruned, deflected, and sometimes deliberately left unsaid—so that what is implicated can do political and ethical work that explicit assertion cannot. Grice: “I refer to the Athenian dialectic rather broadly, and just to compare it to the Oxonian dialectic – and I concentrate only in three philosophers: Socrates, of the Agora, Plato, of the Academy, and Aristotele, of the Academy and his own Lycaeum – but there were at least two further sects which I should have taken into account. One is referred to by the Italians as ‘Il Portico,’ since that is what ‘stoa’ means – The other is referred to by Italians as ‘L’Orto’ since its founder, Epicurus, had a thing for ‘gardening’! The topic quite overlaps with the Oxonian dialectic, seeing that for most of the late nineteenth-century, Oxonian dialetic was of the very gardening type – as a cursory glimpse of Pater’s Marcus the Epicurean will testify!” -- Filosofo italiano. Garden. Friend of Orazio. They study philosophy together. He opposea GIULIO  Cesare but eventually makes his peace with Ottaviano. He writes philosophical treatises. Allow me to address briefly the L’ORTO philosophy within the context of the difficult tines covering the years which witness the downfall of the republic and the birth of the principate. In  'L’ORTO in Revolt' (J.R.S.) Momigliano takes as a starting point the conversion to L’ORTO of CASSIO who rapidly comes to the conclusion that GIULIO Caesar has to be eliminated because of what appear to be his tyrannical tendencies. The author emphasises that during this crucial period the adherents of the L’ORTO philosophy did not maintain a passive political aloofness. While some followers of L’ORTO actively support GIULIO in a noderate way, a mumber oppose him, among whom are I. Manlio Torquato, Trebiano, L. Papirio Paeto, M. Fadio Gallo, and, as the evidence suggests, L. Saufeio and Statilio. Monigliano concludes with the statement that on the whole, the events prove that Cassio is not an exceptional case among the contemporary L’ORTO. Portico orto. GRICEVS: Salvē, MESSALLA; audīvi tē de Porticū et de Ortō disputāre: Oxoniēnsēs quoque hortulānī sunt—sed noster hortus plēnus est glossārum. MESSALLA: Salvē, GRICEVE; hortulānī? Ego certe Epicūrī hortum colō, ubi voluptās in pace seritur; vōs autem in Oxoniā herbas vocātis “distinctionēs” et cotīdiē sarculōs, id est syllogismōs, agitātis. GRICEVS: At mihi vidētur Orto ipsum esse schola implicātūrae: cum Epicūrus “abstinē” dicit, saepe significat “abstinē a strepitū senātūs”—id est, Caesarī locum relinque. MESSALLA: Rectē; sed ego, amīcus Horātiī, hoc addō: sī quis in hortō meō de rē pūblicā clāmat, eum leniter monēbō—sin pergat, eum ad Porticūm mittam, ut ibi stans discat tacēre. Messalla, Marco Valerio (a. u. c. DCCXXIII). De libertate et concordia. Roma.

Gregorio Messere (Torre Santa Sussana, Brindisi, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale  – l’implicatura di Sileno. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning makes what a speaker means depend on publicly intelligible rational patterns: hearers assume (ceteris paribus) cooperative, purposive talk and can therefore work out implicatures as disciplined inferences from what is said plus shared expectations about relevance, adequacy, sincerity, and manner; in your Messere vignette, by contrast, “our Socrates” is less a theorist of cooperative exchange than an emblem of elenchus under pressure, and the key contrast is that Messere’s life-story (seminary pedagogy, accusations, seven years’ imprisonment, self-training in Greek, later Neapolitan intellectual prominence) foregrounds how conversational reason can survive hostile contexts where cooperation is not guaranteed and where meaning must be managed through stance, reticence, and irony. The “Sileno” thread sharpens this: Alcibiades’ Silenus trope (Socrates as outwardly plain, inwardly rich) becomes a metapragmatic reminder that interlocutors routinely traffic in layered meaning—praise that carries a barb, honorifics that insinuate ridicule, public labels that impose an implicature one must live under—so Messere functions as a case in which implicature is not merely computed but socially weaponized (a community can “call you Socrates” while half-meaning “a Silenus,” i.e., a figure whose surface invites misreading). Where Grice’s program stresses the calculability and cancellability of implicatures under a rational cooperative presumption, Messere dramatizes the asymmetry of power in real exchanges: accusations, institutional gatekeeping, and reputational framing can force implicatures onto a speaker irrespective of his intentions, making “reason in conversation” not only an inferential norm but also a moral and civic practice of resisting imposed readings, using learned language (Greek), timing (silences), and wit to restore control over what is taken to be meant. Grice: “While I claim that most of what I refer to as the Athenian dialectic is due to Aristotle, it may well be thought to originate with Socrates. The Italians know this well – as when they call M. ‘our Socrates’!” -Ricevuti i primi rudimenti del sapere dai chierici locali, il suo padre, Pietro M., sebbene non agiato, decide di fargli frequentare il seminario d‘Oria, assecondando così il suo vivo desiderio di intraprendere la carriera ecclesiastica, qui dimostra sin da subito una profonda passione per lo studio. Ordinato sacerdote per poi ritornare al paese natìo, dove divenne un maestro di grande dottrina. S’applica allo studio della filosofia, della matematica, della storia ecclesiastica e civile, nonché anche alla musica e al canto. Incolpato dell'omicidio di un chierico,  è messo in prigione nelle carceri del vescovo d‘Oria, dove rimane rinchiuso per sette anni, tuttavia non si lascia mai abbattere dallo sconforto. Anzi, procuratosi alcuni libri, M. s’applica allo studio della lingua greca, per la quale già aveva dimostrato una forte predisposizione. Dopo un lungo e dibattuto processo, la sentenza finale lo dichiarò innocente e assolto da qualsiasi reato. Risentito con i suoi concittadini per averlo ingiustamente ritenuto reo, dichiarò che il suo paese mai più lo avrebbe rivisto. Fu così che M. partì per Napoli, dove rimase fino alla morte. Nella città partenopea ebbe modo di affinare e approfondire la sua cultura, divenendo un personaggio di rilievo nel mondo intellettuale napoletano del tempo. La grande conoscenza della lingua greca gli conferì grande notorietà nonché una cattedra di Lettura Greca, che mantenne fino all'anno della morte, presso l'Università degli studi di Napoli. Tale cattedra  era stata nuovamente istituita  a spese di Giuseppe Valletta, filosofo, letterato e giureconsulto dell'epoca ed amico di M.. Grice: “When they called M. ‘Socrate’ I hope they don’t mean Alcibiades’s implicature, ‘my dear Sileno!’” Implicature, Sileno, Socrates, Socrate Sileno, Socrate, Silenus. Grice: Messere, ti chiamano “il nostro Socrate”, ma vorrei essere certo che non intendano il Sileno di Alcibiade! Com’è vivere con questa implicatura sulle spalle? Messere: Grice, avessi avuto la saggezza di Sileno, forse avrei evitato sette anni tra le grinfie del vescovo d’Oria! Ma, come si dice a Torre Santa Susanna, “l’importante è non perdere la musica anche quando ti chiudono in cella”. Grice: Ah, la musica nascosta dietro ogni suono... e dietro ogni accusa ingiusta! Tu, tra filosofia, canto e greco, sembri un vero campione di resilienza: hai mai pensato di scrivere un trattato su “Sileno e la pazienza del filosofo pugliese”? Messere: Potrebbe essere una bella idea! D’altronde, in prigione ho avuto tutto il tempo per imparare il greco: se a Napoli ho brillato, lo devo anche ai silenzi di Oria. Del resto, come dice il proverbio, “chi non ha peccato, ha almeno un chierico che lo accusa!”. Messere, Gregorio (1882). Scritti politici. Roma: Società Editrice Romana.

Domenico Grimaldi di Messimeri (Seminara, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats communication as a rational, intention-guided cooperative enterprise in which hearers are entitled to infer more than is said (conversational implicature) by assuming broadly shared norms of relevance, informativeness, and sincerity; “Messimeri” (Domenico Grimaldi, Marchese di Messimeri, 1735–1805, a Calabrian-Naples/Genovesi-linked Enlightenment economist and agrarian reformer, author of works such as Saggio di economia campestre per la Calabria Ultra, 1770, and active in trans-European agrarian/economic societies) reframes that Gricean picture by relocating “reason” from the micro-logic of utterance interpretation to the macro-practice of exchange, where market transactions and policy proposals function like structured conversations with their own expectations, strategic silences, and socially enforced “maxims” (credit, trust, reciprocity, and informational signalling). So where Grice analyzes how implicatures are calculable from what is said plus rational assumptions about cooperative talk, a Messimeri-style “philosophical economy” stresses that the same inferential apparatus operates in price signals, contractual language, and reform discourse, but under institutional constraints (property regimes, incentives, public administration) that make “cooperation” less a polite default and more a negotiated equilibrium; implicature in this register becomes the practical art by which agents communicate commitments, quality, risk, and credibility without always stating them, and conversational reason becomes a discipline of coordination under scarcity rather than primarily a theory of speaker-meaning. Grice: “At Oxford, we rarely study philosophical aeconomics, but they do so at Cambridge – witness Keynes!” Filosofo italiano. Seminara, Reggio Calabria, Calabria. Grice: “He was of a noble family – he was into the free market – so his is a philosophical economy.”  Esponente dell'illuminismo napoletano.  Francesco Mario Pagano. Nato in una famiglia aristocratica che faceva risalire le proprie origini alla nota famiglia di Genova, ricevette la prima educazione dal padre, il marchese Pio Grimaldi, un uomo colto che aveva cominciato a introdurre criteri di conduzione innovativi nelle sue proprietà terriere, peraltro non molto estese, di Seminara. Non essendo molto ricco, il padre lo avviò agli studi giuridici, in previsione di una possibile professione forense, all'Napoli. Nella capitale napoletana M. fu raggiunto dal fratello minore Francescantonio, fece parte con il fratello dell'Accademia dell'Arboscello, frequenta le lezioni di economia di Genovesi. Si trasferì a Genova, dove ottenne la riammissione nel patriziato della Repubblica di Genova, ottenendo così il permesso di esercitare alcune magistrature. In Liguria, tuttavia, M. ha modo di approfondire gli aspetti tecnici, economici e sociali legati all'agricoltura il cui studio lo spinse a viaggi in Francia, specie in Provenza, in Piemonte e in Svizzera. Si interessò in particolare alla colture dell'ulivo e del gelso per l'allevamento dei bachi da seta. Venne accolto fra l'altro nell'Accademia dei Georgofili, che premiò una memoria, nella Società economica di Berna, un centro di cultura fisiocratica, e nella Société royale d'agriculture di Parigi.  Saggio di economia campestre per la Calabria Ultra  François Quesnay, maggior rappresentante della fisiocrazia. Grice: Messimeri, spesso a Oxford trascuriamo l’economia filosofica, mentre a Cambridge – vedi Keynes – la studiano con entusiasmo. Ma tu, da Seminara, come hai conciliato il pensiero filosofico col libero mercato? Messimeri: Grice, la mia formazione aristocratica mi ha portato a vedere l’economia non solo come scienza, ma come filosofia della libertà. La gestione innovativa delle mie terre mi ha fatto comprendere che il mercato è un laboratorio di ragione e implicatura, dove ogni scambio è un dialogo. Grice: Mi piace questa visione: il mercato come conversazione. Forse, ogni transazione cela delle implicature filosofiche, proprio come nei nostri scambi verbali, dove ciò che si intende va oltre ciò che si dice. Messimeri: È proprio così, Grice! Dall’Accademia dell’Arboscello agli studi sulle colture di ulivo e gelso, ho imparato che persino in agricoltura la ragione conversazionale illumina l’economia. Dopotutto, un vero filosofo non coltiva solo pensieri, ma anche terre e relazioni. Messimeri, Marchese Domenico Grimaldi di (1903). Memorie storiche. Napoli: Pierro.

Quinto Cecilio Metello Numidico (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats talk as a cooperative, rational enterprise in which hearers are entitled to reconstruct a speaker’s communicative intentions, and where implicature is what a rational interpreter is licensed to infer (and can in principle calculate) given what was said plus shared norms of relevance, informativeness, and sincerity; “Metello,” by contrast, enters your passage as a Romanized test case for how such rational reconstruction is shaped by forensic and civic life, because the Metellan lens is juristic and political: justice as ius (a public, institutional, and adversarial concept) rather than primarily a moral property, and Carneades’ paired speeches (praise then demolition) exemplify not cooperative convergence on truth but the strategic, dialectical reversibility of reasons in the forum. So where Grice uses “reason” to explain how ordinary conversation can reliably transmit more than literal content through mutually recognized intentions and cooperative expectations, Metellus (as pupil and later antagonist of Carneades) highlights how the same inferential machinery can be recruited in settings where the point is not shared understanding but pressure-testing, undermining, or re-framing normative concepts—producing implicatures that function like legal insinuations, rhetorical traps, or political positioning. In short: Grice models implicature as a product of conversational rationality aimed at intelligibility and coordination, whereas the Metellan/Carneadean scene stresses that reason in discourse is also institutionally situated and often agonistic, so that what is “meant beyond what is said” can be governed not only by cooperative maxims but by the priorities of law, power, and the contestability of ius itself. Grice: “At Oxford, we follow Cicero’s statement that philosophy in western Europe started when the Greeks sent an embassy led by Carneade to Rome. Greece is not considered part of Western Europe – and that’s why we keep the frieses of the Parthenon! Now M. knew Carneade, so he may well be regarded as the first Roman, and thus Western European philosopher!” -- Filosofo italiano. A Roman general and politician. A pupil of Carneade. Grice: “Fortunately, we have enough material to be able to reconstruct what M. found appealing in Carneade. In the first speech, Carneade PRAISED Roman justice – dike --; in his second speech, the next day, he condemned it. This left an enduring mark in M. who dedicated the rest of his life to abuse Carneade!” – Grice: “I deal with M.’s and Carneade’s alternate concepts of ‘dike’ or the ‘ius’ in my ‘Philosophical eschatology and Plato’s Republic – Thrasymachus and neo-Thrasymachus defend what I see as a politico-legal concept of the ius, not a moral one. It may be argued that the legal or politico-legal concept, is PRIOR to the moral – and it takes a special kind of metaphysical construction routine to prove otherwise!” Quinto Cecilio Metello Numidico. GRICEVS: Salvē, METELLVE; audīvi te Carneadēn audivisse: Oxoniēnsēs statim ex hoc efficiunt ut sis “primus philosophus Occidentālis”—geographiā semper comiter labōrante. METELLVS: Salvē, GRICEVE; sī hoc satis est, tum omnis quī prandium cum Carneadē superāvit cathedram meret: modo longē ab Athēnīs. GRICEVS: At quam pulchrē docuit: hesternō diē iustitiam Rōmānam laudāvit, posterō diē eandem evertit—methodus perfecta: laus, deinde correctiō. METELLVS: Correctiō? ego id “cervīcis torquendum” appellō. Duās ōrātiōnēs dedit; ego tertiam reliquā vītā composuī: “Quaēsō, desine.” Metello Numidico, Quinto Cecilio (a. u. c. DCXLV). Dicta de iustitia et iure. Roma.

Metronace (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale nella scuola di Napoli. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats conversation as a normatively organized, cooperative activity in which what a speaker means is fixed not just by what is said but by rationally recoverable intentions and audience inferences, with conversational implicatures arising (and being calculable) against background expectations like relevance, informativeness, and sincerity; “Metronace,” by contrast (in the Neapolitan/“Porch” vignette), functions less as a rival theory than as a localized, stylized re-voicing of that same Gricean picture, shifting the emphasis from Grice’s quasi-formal rational reconstruction to the embodied social setting of argument—warmth, food, humor, conviviality, and civic style—so that “conversational reason” looks more like a cultural practice (dialectic as shared life, not merely rule-governed inference) and “implicature” looks less like a technical upshot of maxims than like the lived art of insinuation, wit, and tact in a Neapolitan scene; where Grice explains how rational agents can mean more than they say because hearers are entitled to assume cooperation and to compute what must have been intended, Metronace dramatizes how that entitlement is sustained by communal ethos and local forms of exchange (the bread-and-laughter civility of Napoli), making the same bridge from said to meant appear not as an abstract engine but as a practice whose rationality is inseparable from place, tone, and shared habits of talk. Grice: “When I refer to the Athenian dialectic and the Oxonian dialectic, Minnio-Paulello criticized me for obliterating the Roman dialectic. I said: ‘And what about the Neapolitan dialectic?’” Porch.A popular teacher of philosophy at Napoli, where Seneca attends some of his lectures. Gricevs: Salve, Metronax! Dic mihi, quid est haec dialectica Neapolitana? Nonne Oxoniensis aut Atheniensis sufficit? Metronax: O Gricevs, Neapolitana dialectica plus saporis habet! Hic philosophi argumentantur inter pizzam et espresso, non inter toga et librum. Gricevs: Mirum! Fortasse veritas accipit gustum mozzarellae, non tantum syllogismorum. Seneca certe laetus aderat! Metronax: Sic est, amice! In Napoli, philosophus non solum disputat—sed etiam risus et panem partitur. Dialectica hic semper calida est, sicut vulcano Vesuvio! Metronace (a. u. c. DCCC). De dialéctica neapolitana. Roma.

Giacomo Micalori (Urbino): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- Ganimede e l’implicatura sferica di Giove. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats what is “meant” as systematically recoverable from what is said plus rational expectations of cooperation (maxims), so that implicature is typically cancellable and calculated by reference to shared purposes in talk; read against that, “Micalori” (Giacomo Micalori of Urbino, professor of theology and philosophy, author of Della sfera mondiale, Urbino, Marco Antonio Mazzantini, 1626, and Antapocrisi, Rome, Francesco Cavalli, 1635) can be used as a deliberately anachronistic foil in which cosmological language (“sfera,” planispheres, longitude/latitude, and the Ganymede/Zeus star-myth complex) invites a quasi-Gricean distinction between what a term strictly commits one to (entailment) and what it merely invites an informed reader to supply (implicature): calling something “the sphere” in a scholastic-astronomical register can be played as if it “says” more than a local conversational hint—almost as though the conceptual apparatus forces a world-picture (hence the joke that “by calling it sfera, Micalori’s statement entails rather than implicates that the Romans were wrong”), whereas for Grice the interesting work is precisely in the gap where speakers exploit shared rational norms to mean more than they say without being logically committed; the mythological overlay (Zeus abducting Ganymede via the eagle constellation; Hyginus’ Astronomica 3.15 as a canonical crystallization of astral lore) then functions as a staged test-case for “reason in conversation,” because mythology, like polite conversational indirection, is a rule-governed practice of saying one thing while licensing another layer of uptake—yet Grice would insist that the extra layer is pragmatic, defeasible, and responsibility-sensitive, not a cosmological necessity, while the Micalori-side “spherical” rhetoric tempts the reader toward a thicker, more doctrinal “implicature” that behaves like background metaphysics; the upshot of the comparison is that Grice models conversational reason as a minimal, public, calculative discipline for moving from utterance to intended meaning, whereas the Micalori constellation-sphere frame (as you present it) dramatizes how a learned symbolic system (myth + astronomy + geometry) can make the unsaid feel structurally enforced—turning what would be a Gricean implicature into something closer to entailment by the weight of the worldview embedded in the vocabulary. Grice: “In Italy, like Oxford, we take mythology seriously! And so did Schelling!” Filosofo italiano.  Roma, Lazio. Grice: “I took my ideas on longitude and latitude from M.” -- Grice: “By calling it ‘sfera,’ M.’s statement ENTAILS rather than implicates that the Romans were wrong.” Professore a Urbino.  Opere: “Della sfera mondiale” In Urbino, Mazzantini, M., Antapocrisi, In Roma, Francesco Roma Cavalli.  Zeus features heavily in a lot of starlore, and the Eagle constellation is no exception.  The predominantly accepted mythos for this constellation is the abduction of Ganymede. Zeus had facilitated the kidnapping, fancying the beautiful mortal boy as his personal cup-bearer.  In the constellation, which is situated south of Cygnus on the equator, making it visible from both the Northern and Southern hemispheres, poor Ganymede can be seen hanging from the claws of the eagle as he is swiftly taken to the heavens.  The constellation appears alongside several other bird constellations. The Eagle’s wings are spread, giving it the appearance of gliding through the stars. As Hyginus states, the beak is separated from the body by a milky circle. It was also said to set “at the rising of the Lion and rises with Capricorn”. (Hyginus, Astronomy, 3.15)  Greek astronomy  Humans have a natural urge to identify familiar things amongst the twinkling stars of the mysterious abyss above us. These narratives came out of astronomical observations and ancient time tracking. The study of the sky began long before the earliest Greek sources that (sparsely) discuss them, Homer and Hesiod. They likely developed during the transition from oral to written transmission, but to what is extent is unknown.  Even though the Greeks were late to the constellation conversation, they received a lot of their knowledge from their Eastern neighbors. implicatura sferica, planifesferio, Casali, Micalori. Grice: Caro Micalori, devo confessare che quando guardo le stelle mi sento sempre un po’ come Ganimede: rapito, ma non dall’aquila, bensì dalla curiosità filosofica! Tu che hai studiato la “sfera mondiale”, dimmi: la filosofia può davvero abbracciare il cielo? Micalori: Grice, in Italia ci prendiamo la mitologia sul serio, come Schelling! La “sfera” non è solo una questione di geometria, ma un modo per smentire i Romani: qui ogni implicatura è planetaria! E poi, vuoi mettere il fascino del planifesferio? Basta un po’ di cielo e il tè va subito in orbita! Grice: Ah, il planifesferio! Ogni volta che parli di longitude e latitude, mi sento un esploratore, ma senza bussola. Forse dovrei chiedere a Giove una mappa stellare… o almeno una tazza di caffè, così non mi perdo tra implicature sferiche e costellazioni birichine. Micalori: Grice, non ti preoccupare: il segreto è leggere le stelle come si legge una conversazione, con ironia e un pizzico di leggerezza. Dopotutto, tra Ganimede, l’aquila e Zeus, anche i filosofi ogni tanto volano alto… e qualche implicatura cade, ma nessuno si fa male. E se proprio ci perdiamo, Urbino ci aspetta per una nuova “Antapocrisi”! Micalori, Giacomo (1618). Le nozze finte. Pesaro: Flaminio Concordia.

Gianfranco Miglio: la ragione conversazionale  e l’implicatura conversazionale -- implicatura ligure – la LIGVRIA e la PADANIA. Grice’s reason-governed account of conversational meaning helps frame Gianfranco Miglio as someone working with the same inferential machinery, but at a different scale: where Grice studies how hearers reconstruct what a speaker means by presuming cooperative rationality and then calculating implicatures, Miglio focuses on how political language constructs consensus by getting publics to supply the intended conclusions “between the lines.” Miglio’s disarmingly blunt definition of ideology as what politicians propagate to obtain or purchase consent can be read as a macro-pragmatic thesis: political speech routinely maximizes implicature and minimizes explicit commitment, relying on audience design, shared regional identities, and strategic vagueness to make a program sound inevitable without stating its strongest premises. In that sense, your “implicatura ligure” and “Padania” motifs are Gricean: they suggest that the same utterance can generate different implicatures depending on the audience’s background assumptions and local loyalties, so that meaning becomes a function of what a community treats as relevant, plausible, and action-guiding. Miglio’s federalist/confederal emphasis then parallels Grice’s sensitivity to context: just as Grice insists that what is meant depends on the circumstances of utterance, Miglio treats political legitimacy and institutional design as dependent on territorial and historical context, not on one-size-fits-all abstractions. The contrast with Oxford’s tendency to treat political philosophy as “minor” can be folded back into Grice’s own lesson: politics is precisely the domain in which rational interpretation is most vulnerable to manipulation, because the hearer’s cooperative inferencing can be exploited—so Miglio’s analysis can be presented as showing how conversational reason, when scaled up to mass publics, becomes a technology of consensus formation, with implicature doing as much work as explicit argument. Grice: “At Oxford, dreaming spires as it is – philosophical politics – or political philosophy – is considered minor, or a minor specialty – since you are bound NOT to be deemed a philosopher. It’s highly different – slightly different – in Italy, where, with Mussolini, EVERYTHING is political!” Berlin, who thought was a philosopher, ended up lecturing on the history of ideas, i..e. ideology – M. defines ideology so simply that would put Berlin to shame: an ideology is what politicians propagate to reach or buy consensus!” --  essential Italian philosopher. Sostenitore della trasformazione dello Stato italiano in senso federale o, addirittura, confederale, fra gli anni ottanta e i novanta è considerato l'ideologo della Lega Lombarda, in rappresentanza della quale fu anche senatore, prima di "rompere" con Umberto Bossi dando vita alla breve stagione del Partito Federalista.   Polo scolastico "M." ad Adro. Costituzionalista e scienziato della politica, fu senatore della Repubblica Italiana nella XI, XII e XIII legislatura.  Ha insegnato presso l'Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano, ove fu preside della Facoltà di Scienze politiche. È stato allievo d’Entrèves e Pallieri, sotto la cui docenza si è formato sui classici del pensiero giuridico e politologico.  Colpito da ictusnon si riprese e morì ottantatreenne nella sua stessa città natale, Como, circa un anno dopo. Il funerale si tenne a Domaso, sul Lago di Como, comune d'origine del padre e sede di una villa nella quale il professore si rifugiava spesso; in seguito M. è stato tumulato nel locale cimitero, a fianco dei membri della sua famiglia. Laureatosi a Milano con Origini e sviluppi delle dottrine giuridiche pubbliche, evita l'arruolamento per la Seconda guerra mondiale a causa di un difetto uditivo congenito, e poté divenire assistente volontario alla cattedra di Storia delle dottrine politiche, che ENTREVES tenne nella medesima università.  Implicatura ligure. Grice, Saturdays and Mondays. Grice: Caro Miglio, a Oxford abbiamo sempre visto la filosofia politica come una specializzazione minore. In Italia, invece, sembra che tutto diventi inevitabilmente politico! Mi incuriosisce come tu definisca l’ideologia in modo tanto diretto: “ciò che i politici propagano per ottenere consenso.” È una prospettiva brillante, quasi disarmante nella sua semplicità. Miglio: Grazie, Grice! In effetti, in Liguria come in Padania, la politica permea ogni aspetto del vivere civile. La mia esperienza mi ha portato a sostenere la trasformazione dello Stato in senso federale: credo che solo valorizzando le differenze territoriali si possa costruire un vero consenso, che non sia solo ideologico, ma condiviso. Grice: Interessante! Questa idea di “implicatura ligure” mi affascina. Pensi che la conversazione politica abbia delle sue implicature particolari, magari più sottili rispetto a quelle della quotidianità? Oppure, come dici tu, tutto alla fine si riduce alla ricerca del consenso? Miglio: Direi che la conversazione politica è piena di implicature, spesso più implicite che esplicite! La differenza la fa la trasparenza: quando la politica riesce a essere chiara nei suoi intenti, il dialogo si fa davvero costruttivo. Ma come in tutte le conversazioni, molto si gioca tra le righe… e il consenso, a volte, è solo una conseguenza. Miglio, Gianfranco (1958). Le trasformazioni della democrazia. Milano: Giuffrè.

Mario Mignucci (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale. Mignucci is an unusually close Italian analogue to Grice because his core scholarly terrain—ancient logic from Aristotle through the Stoics and Diodorus, including questions about implication, modality, and criteria of truth—sits exactly where Grice’s pragmatics needs a disciplined background story about valid inference and what counts as a permissible step from one commitment to another. Grice’s theory says that conversational meaning is reason-governed: hearers recover what is meant (often as implicature) by assuming cooperative rationality and then computing what must be intended given what is said; Mignucci’s reconstructions of ancient implication and modal reasoning show, at the level of logical form, what it is for an inference to be licensed, blocked, or strengthened, which is precisely what the Gricean hearer is doing informally when an utterance looks under-informative or oddly chosen. That is why your “only Mignucci understood my implicature” joke can be made serious: Mignucci is trained to see the difference between what follows strictly (logical consequence, Diodorean dominance, Theophrastean modality) and what follows only given background rational constraints, and that mirrors Grice’s difference between entailment and implicature. Even when Grice grumbles about deontic logic or about Aristotle’s clumsiness with necessity/possibility, the shared methodological point remains: both treat meaning as answerable to norms of inference—Mignucci by excavating ancient systems that make those norms explicit, Grice by explaining how everyday speakers rely on analogous norms implicitly, so that conversation becomes a practical, lived version of the logical enterprise Mignucci studies in its classical, “Portico” form. Grice: “M. is perhaps the only Italian philosopher – other than Speranza – who understood my implicature!” Keywords: implicatura.Per una nuova interpretazione della logica modale di Teofrasto. Vichiana – Grice: “the sorry story of deontic logic”. La teoria del Lizio aristotelica della scienza. Sansoni, Firenze, L'argomento dominatore e la teoria dell'implicazione in Diodoro Crono, Vichiana – Grice: “Of course, Diodorus fails to recognise the genius of Philo!” -- Il problema del criterio di verità presso gli stoici antichi. Posizione e criterio del discorso filosofico, cur. di Giacon. Patron, Bologna. Il significato della logica stoica del PORTICO. Patron, Bologna – Grice: “I’ve always found Stoic Logic boring – I mean Mates’s essay, not the logic herself!” -- L'unificazione del sapere in Aristotele – Grice: “What I call the Einheit von Wissenschaft -- Atti del congresso di filosofia, Perugia. Sansoni, Firenze. Le pseudo-scotiste Quaestiones super libros Priorum Analyticorum Aristotelis e la sillogistica dello Stagirita. De doctrina loannis Scoti: Acta congressus scotistici, Oxonii – Grice: “Being an Oxonian myself, I’ve always hated Scotus, perhaps because he came from the wrong side of Hadrian’s Wall!” Edizioni Antonianum, Roma. Aristotele, Gli Analitici Primi. Introduzione, traduzione e commento. – Grice: “I was fortunate that I never had to lecture on this dry tretise, sticking rather to the two first items in the Organon: Categoriae and De Interpretatione!” Loffredo, Napoli. Albert the Great's Approach to the aristotelian modal Syllogisite. In Arts libéraux et philosophie au Moyen Age. Actes du congrès de philoso-phie médiévale, Montréal. Vrin, Paris. Aristotele, Gli Analitici Secondi. Azzoguidi, Bologna Grice: How clumsy could Aristotle be when he said that what is necessary is not also possible?” -- Aristotele e l'esistenza logica. In Filosofia e logica, a cur. Carrara and Giaretta. Mignucci. Grice: Mignucci, dimmi la verità: la logica modale di Teofrasto ti ha mai fatto ridere, o sei stato sempre serio come Aristotele davanti ai suoi Analitici? Mignucci: Grice, se fosse per me, Aristotele avrebbe inventato la logica per poter giustificare le sue pause pranzo! E poi, su Teofrasto, ti assicuro che capire la sua logica è come cercare il criterio di verità tra gli stoici: un vero gioco di prestigio. Grice: Ah, ma almeno tu hai colto la mia implicatura, cosa che nemmeno Diodoro Crono riusciva a fare, troppo preso a scoprire se il possibile fosse davvero necessario… Scommetto che Scotus non avrebbe superato nemmeno il portico del mio college! Mignucci: Scotus l’avrei spedito direttamente a Roma, senza passare dal via! In fondo, la logica è come il domino: chi vince è quello che riesce a far cadere tutte le premesse senza perdere la pazienza… o la voglia di scherzare! Mignucci, Mario (1965). La teoria aristotelica della scienza. Firenze: Sansoni.

Gaio Minicio Fundano (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale d’Adriano nel diritto romano e Plinio minore. Grice and Gaius Minicius Fundanus meet most naturally around the Hadrianic rescript to Fundanus as a case study in how reasoned meaning is engineered in institutional speech: Hadrian’s letter is explicitly about legal procedure (no punishments on vague accusations; require a properly framed charge and proof), but it also carries a layered communicative design whose force depends on what a rational addressee is entitled to infer beyond the bare directive. In Gricean terms, the rescript presupposes a cooperative framework between emperor and governor: it sets shared conversational (and juridical) expectations about what counts as an adequate “move” in the forum—what must be stated, what evidence must be produced, what can be dismissed as calumny—and it thereby generates implicatures about imperial policy without ever announcing a general “philosophy” of toleration. Fundanus, as recipient, is positioned like Grice’s ideal hearer: he must recover the intended point by tracking relevance (this is really guidance on governance, not merely on one sect), Quantity (say enough to justify action, not more), and Quality (do not act on what cannot be responsibly supported). The later Greek transmission through Justin and Eusebius then adds a further Gricean layer: a document written as administrative instruction acquires a new audience and thus new implicatures, becoming for Christian historians a signal of how the empire “really” regarded Christianity; the shift illustrates Grice’s point that meaning is not exhausted by literal content, but is also shaped by audience design and by the assumptions readers bring when they treat an utterance as part of a larger rational enterprise. Finally, your Oxford framing (“Minicius, Hadrian, and Pliny mean a lot to the Oxonian philosopher”) can be cashed out in Grice’s own terms: these are exemplary materials for showing how norms of rational communication—proof burdens, permissible inferences, the policing of empty accusation—are not merely legal technicalities but instances of the same reason-governed practices that make everyday conversation possible, only here amplified into the stable, publicly accountable discourse of Roman law. Grice: “Minicio, Adriano, and Plinio minore may not sound philosophical, but they do at Oxford. There is no such thing as a Faculty of Philosophy; only a Sub-Faculty of Philosophy, based at Merton – within the real Faculty, the Faculty of Literae Humaniores. Therefore, Minicio, Adriano, and Plinio minore MEAN a lot to the Oxonian philosopher – to the Oxonian philosopher that counts, that is, the one with a double first in Greats, like me!” Filosofo italiano. Rescritto di Adriano a Gaio M. Fundano. L'imperatore Adriano, autore del rescritto a Gaio M. Fundano. Il rescritto di Adriano a Gaio Minucio Fundano è un rescritto imperiale inviato dall'imperatore romano Adriano a Gaio Minucio Fundano, proconsole d'Asia. Il documento giuridico, scritto originariamente in latino, fu tradotto e tràdito in greco ellenistico da Eusebio di Cesarea che si rifaceva a Giustino.  Il testo è noto agli storici e agli studiosi di Storia del Cristianesimo per essere uno dei più antichi scritti pagani sul cristianesimo. Il documento di Adriano, pur indirizzato a Minucio Fundano, rispondeva in realtà a un'istanza sollecitata da Quinto Licinio Silvano Graniano, predecessore del destinatario: Graniano aveva chiesto lumi sul comportamento da tenere nei confronti dei cristiani e delle accuse che venivano loro rivolte.  Adriano rispose al proconsole di procedere nei loro confronti solo in presenza di eventi circostanziati, emergenti da un procedimento giudiziario e non sulla base di accuse generiche, petizioni o calunnie: veniva stabilito così il principio dell'onere della prova a carico dei promotori delle accuse. Roman law, Adriano a M. Not to be confused with Minucio. GRICEVS: Oxonii Minicium, Hadrianum, Pliniumque auditum est quasi trium philosophorum collegium; sub-facultas enim pro facultate sufficit, modo quis geminum primum in Greats habeat, ut ego. MINICIVS: Ego vero proconsul Asiae fui, non professor Mertonensis; sed si rescriptum Hadriani in schedula mea philosophiae nomen meretur, faciam ut etiam tabellarius Stoicus videatur. GRICEVS: At hoc ipsum est lepidum: imperator respondet de probationis onere, populus autem audit de fide et christianis; tu accipis litteras iuris, nos accipimus implicaturas. MINICIVS: Ita fit ut in foro dicatur “probate,” in schola intellegatur “philosophate”; et si quis me cum Minucio confundit, respondeo: non error est, sed interpretatio—Eusebius vertit, vos ampliatis. Minicio Fundano, Gaio (a. u. c. DCCCLXXVIII). Dicta. Roma.

Minucio Natale (Roma, Lazio). Roman jurist.

Minucio Natalis (Roma, Lazio). De iure civili.

Gaio Minucio Fundano.

Marco Minucio Felice (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’eulogio ad Ottavio da Frontone. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning lines up strikingly with Minucius Felix’s Octavius because Octavius is itself a staged act of rational uptake: a dialogue in which persuasion proceeds less by brute assertion than by managing what a reasonable interlocutor can be brought to concede, infer, and accept as the point of the exchange. Grice’s core claim is that hearers routinely reconstruct speaker-meaning by assuming cooperation and then deriving implicatures from what is said plus shared standards of relevance and rationality; Minucius, writing in a Ciceronian-legal Latin and in the persona of an advocate, dramatizes exactly that inferential economy—arguments are offered with an eye to what the “other side” will have to read between the lines, and the dialogue format makes the audience into a third-party hearer computing the intended upshot. The Frontonian “eulogy” frame in your passage usefully heightens the Gricean point: praise, attribution, and even name-slippage (Minucio/Minucia) are classic sites where what is understood outruns what is literally said, because polite form and rhetorical positioning invite the reader to supply the deeper social meaning (who counts as authoritative, who is being aligned with whom, what intellectual pedigree is being claimed). Read this way, Minucius becomes a natural “gate to philosophy” for a classicist like Grice: not because he offers system, but because he exhibits reason as a conversational practice—civil, adversarial, and yet governed by norms that make indirectness interpretable—so that the real philosophical action lies, as Grice would put it, in the disciplined passage from dictum to what is meant, and in the audience’s responsibility to keep its inferential haste (“the ear runs ahead”) answerable to shared rational standards. Grice: “At Oxford, you are introduced to philosophy via the classics – more specifically, you matriculate to the Faculty of Literae Humaniores – the only faculty to offer a course in philosophy --, organized since 1913 as the sub-faculty of philosophy. After Grief and Laughing for five terms, as Carroll has it, you get to know the Porch, and all the other philosophical sects. So Minucio does mean something to me. He was my gate to philosophy!” -- Filosofo italiano. He writes “Ottavio” – draws on a speech by Frontone. La gente: Minucia. Cirta, filosofo,  scrittore e avvocato romano. Non è noto con certezza quando vive. Il suo Octavius è simile all'Apologeticum di Tertulliano, e la datazione della vita di M. dipende dal rapporto tra la sua opera e quella dello scrittore africano. Nelle citazioni degli autori antichi (Seneca, VARRONE, CICERONE) è considerato più preciso di Tertulliano e questo concorderebbe col suo essere anteriore ad esso, come afferma anche Lattanzio; Girolamo lo vuole, invece, posteriore a Tertulliano, sebbene si contraddica dicendolo posteriore a Tascio Cecilio Cipriano in una lettera e anteriore in un'opera Per quanto riguarda gli estremi della sua esistenza, Felice menziona Marco Cornelio Frontone; il trattato Quod idola dii non sint è basato sull'Octavius; dunque se quello è di Cipriano, M. non fu attivo oltre il 260, altrimenti il termine ante quem è Lattanzio. Anche la zona d'origine di M. è sconosciuta. Lo si ritiene talvolta di origine africana, sia per la sua dipendenza da Tertulliano, sia per i riferimenti alla realtà africana: la prima ragione, però, non è indicativa, in quanto dovuta al fatto che all'epoca i principali autori di lingua latina erano africani, e dunque il loro era lo stile cui ispirarsi; la seconda, inoltre, potrebbe dipendere esclusivamente dal fatto che il personaggio pagano dell'Octavius. Roma. GRICEVS: Oxonii per Literae Humaniores ad philosophiam intravi; quinque terminos “luctum et risum” pertuli—et tamen dicunt me a te, MINVCI, per ianuam ingressum esse! MINVCIVS: Ianua, inquis? Cave ne ianua sim quae crepat: statim omnes clamabunt “implicatura!” cum tu tantum fores aperueris. GRICEVS: At tu mihi plus quam fores: tu es clavis. Nam “Ottavium” scribis ex Frontone, et populus audit “Minuciam”—quasi error sit, cum sit argumentum de eo quod dicitur et quod intellegitur. MINVCIVS: Ita vero: tu “cooperemur” dicis, illi “conuiuemur” subaudiunt; ego “Ottavium” dico, illi “Minuciam” subaudiunt. Sic ambo docemus: non semper verba peccant—saepe auris festinat. Minucio Felice, Marco (a. u. c. DCCCLIII). Octavius. Roma.

Luigi Miraglia (Reggio, Emilia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di CICERONE. M. is a useful foil for Grice because he represents a tradition—Neapolitan philosophy of law with Hegelian ambitions and a strong Ciceronian-Roman lineage—in which reasoning is explicitly staged as public, institutional, and historically saturated, whereas Grice’s theory begins from the micro-logic of everyday talk and asks how hearers recover what a speaker means by assuming rational cooperation and then computing implicatures. Miraglia’s legal-philosophical method (moving between induction and deduction, historical-comparative method, development of language alongside development of law, and the interplay of moral, legal, and “rational” right) treats discourse as a civic instrument that stabilizes norms; Grice, by contrast, treats discourse as a rational practice whose stability is achieved through tacit conversational expectations (Quantity, Quality, Relation, Manner) that make meaning inferable even when it is not spelled out. The Ciceronian angle provides the bridge: Cicero’s dialogic, forensic culture shows how persuasion, credibility, and shared standards of reason make civic speech work, and Miraglia’s jurisprudential interest in “living law” can be reframed in Gricean terms as a community’s settled patterns of inference—what speakers can count on hearers to supply, cancel, or challenge in context. So while Miraglia systematizes the rationality of law by putting it into a philosophical architecture (Hegel, Vico, Roman doctrine, historical schools), Grice explains how rationality already operates in the smallest conversational moves that underpin any such architecture, including legal argument: the courtroom and the seminar alike depend on what is meant outrunning what is said, and on the audience’s entitlement to treat that gap as reason-governed rather than merely rhetorical. Grice: “At Oxford, you are introduced into philosophy after five terms into Grief and Laughing! Therefore, once you meet Cicero, you know what he is talking about! – or about which he is talking, as he’d have it!” Reggio, Emilia. Grice: “M. is the type of philosopher beloved by the Oxford hegelians; but then he is a Neapolitan Hegelian!” Grice: “I always found Kant easier, but there’s nothing like a ‘filosofia del diritto’ in Kant! And Hegel’s ethics itself, compared to Kant’s is mighty more complex – that’s why I taught Kant!” Si laurea a Napoli, dopodiché insegna nella stessa università.  Segue una corrente di filosofia eclettica, ad esso contemporanea, che mira all'integrazione di pratiche giuridiche ed ispirazioni filosofiche. Saggi: Condizioni storiche e scientifiche del diritto di preda; Un sistema etico-giuridico; Filosofia del diritto. I sistemi filosofici ed i principi del diritto. La speculazione greca e LA DOTTRINA ROMANA. Fichte. SPEDALIERI ROMAGNOSI I filosofi della reazione. La scuola storica e la scuola filosofica. Schelling e Scleiermacher. Hegel Rosmini SERBATI Herbart, Trendelenburg e Krause. Le varie fasi della filosofia di Schelling. Sthal e Schopenhauer Il materialismo, il positivismo ed il criticismo. L'idea della filosofia del diritto. La filosofia e le scienze. Il carattere della Filosofia.  Diritto ed i metodi logici. L'induzione e la deduzione. L'induzione, l'osservazione e l'esperimento. Diritto naturale e il buono civile di AMARI ricavate dall'induzione. L'importanza del metodo storico-comparativo secondo VICO Amari, Post e Sumner-Maine. Parallelo fra lo sviluppo della lingua e lo sviluppo del diritto. L'induzione statistica, il compito della deduzione, l'universale astratto e l'universale concreto come principi. Cicerone, diritto morale, diritto legale, diritto razionale, stato di natura. Grice: Miraglia, ho sempre pensato che Cicerone rappresenti l’incontro ideale fra filosofia e diritto. Lei che ne pensa del ruolo della conversazione ciceroniana come modello per la nostra riflessione filosofica? Miraglia: Grice, condivido! Cicerone ci insegna che il dialogo è il cuore pulsante del pensiero giuridico e morale. Anche nella mia esperienza, la conversazione permette di illuminare le sfumature del diritto, che non sono mai solo regole ma anche ragionamento condiviso. Grice: Proprio così! Da Oxford a Napoli, il confronto tra idee è sempre stato una chiave per superare i confini tra deduzione e induzione. Spesso dimentichiamo l’importanza del metodo dialogico nella costruzione del diritto, non trova? Miraglia: Assolutamente. La vera ricchezza del diritto sta nell’equilibrio tra ragione storica e universale. Come diceva Vico, “verum ipsum factum”: comprendere nasce dal dialogo e dall’esperienza comune, che danno vita alla legge viva. Miraglia, Luigi (1871). Condizioni storiche e scientifiche del diritto di preda. Napoli.

Bruno Misefari (Palizzi, Reggio Calabria, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, l’implicatura anarchica. Misefari is a natural “stress test” for Grice because Grice’s account makes conversational meaning depend on shared rational norms (cooperation, sincerity constraints, intelligible relevance), whereas an avowed anarchist can be staged as someone who both relies on those norms to be understood and simultaneously contests their authority as social discipline. In Gricean terms, Misefari’s political rhetoric (anti-militarist agitation, prison, the insistence on being “Calabrese” before “Italian”) works largely through implicature: the point is often carried not by explicit doctrine but by what a hearer is invited to infer about legitimacy, coercion, and solidarity from slogans, refusals, and strategically chosen identities. The Humpty-Dumpty joke then becomes a neat contrast: semantic “anarchism” in Flew’s sense (words mean whatever I decree) is not merely rebellious but self-defeating for Grice, because it would destroy the public, reason-governed calculability that makes communication possible; Misefari can be portrayed as a “real anarchist” precisely because his anarchism is not a denial of meaning-rules but a critique of which rules should govern collective life. So the comparison can frame “anarchic implicature” as a way of speaking that exploits Grice’s maxims—especially Relation and Quantity—by saying less, hinting more, and letting the audience do the rational work, while also foregrounding that those very inferential habits are culturally trained and politically consequential: conversational reason is a shared resource, but it can be recruited for dissent as easily as for obedience. Grice: “My pupil A. G. N. Flew once referred to Humpty-Dumpty as defending what Flew called ‘semantic anarchism.’ Of course, Flew never read the Alice books! On the other hand, Misefari did, and he was a REAL anarchist!” Grice: “Etymologically, ‘anarchy’ is lack of principles – as in Austin!” – Grice: “Cicero could not translate or would not translate this dangerous Hellenic concept!”  ‘Io non sono italiano; io sono calabrese!” Frequenta la scuola elementare del piccolo paese di nascita in provincia di Reggio Calabria, per trasferirsi collo zio proprio a Reggio Calabria. Influenzato dalle frequentazioni di socialisti e anarchici in casa dello zio, partecipa attivamente alla fondazione e allo sviluppo d’un circolo socialista, intitolato a Babel, rivoluzionario. Inizia a collaborare ad Il Lavoratore. Collabora a Il Riscatto, periodico socialista-anarchico; e con Il Libertario. A causa della sua attività anti-militarista esercitata all'interno del circolo contro la guerra italo-turca, è arrestato e condannato a due mesi e mezzo di carcere per istigazione alla pubblica disobbedienza.  È nei anni successivi che M. si converte dal socialismo all’anarchia. Ciò avvenne soprattutto colla frequentazione da parte di  BERTI, suo professore.  Si trasfere a Napoli e si iscrive al politecnico, dopo avere studiato alle superiori, e anche per non dispiacere al padre, proseguì tali studi. Pesa inoltre su questa decisione il fatto che dopo la tragica distruzione della città di Reggio a causa del terremoto, il lavoro che garantiva le maggiori certezze è proprio quello dell’ingegnere. Nondimeno continua per proprio conto gli studi a lui prediletti: la filosofia, come aveva fatto fino ad allora. A Napoli si fa subito avanti nell’ambiente anarchico. implicatura, anarchismo, anarchismo semantico, Flew, Humpty-Dumpty. Bruno Misefari. Grice: Caro Misefari, devo confessarle che a Oxford il termine “anarchia” ci spaventa quasi quanto il tè senza zucchero. Lei invece ne fa una filosofia… Come si vive da vero anarchico in Calabria? Misefari: Eh, Grice, in Calabria l’anarchia è una questione di carattere! Qui, se dici “io non sono italiano, sono calabrese”, nessuno si scandalizza: al massimo ti offrono un caffè e ti chiedono cosa pensi della pizza. L’importante è saper discutere senza finire in rissa! Grice: Lei mi ricorda Humpty-Dumpty: “le parole significano ciò che voglio.” E se qualcuno le dicesse che il semantico anarchismo è solo una moda, lei come risponderebbe? Misefari: Caro Grice, direi che la moda cambia più in fretta delle implicature! L’anarchia semantica si addice a chi ama le sfide: qui a Palizzi, la vera rivoluzione è riuscire a farsi capire, senza perdere il sorriso e magari una fetta di torta. In fondo, come si dice dalle mie parti, “la libertà è come il vento: ti spettina, ma ti fa respirare!” Misefari, Bruno (1923). La guerra e l’anarchia. Milano: Edizioni Sociali.

Filippo Mocenigo (Venezia, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s reason-governed pragmatics and Mocenigo’s Venetian “Institutiones” converge on the same insight from opposite directions: Mocenigo tries to modernize the Lyceum by making the norms of discourse explicit and teachable (from term to proposition to syllogism, with rhetoric and ethos as civic disciplines), while Grice tries to explain how ordinary talk already works because participants tacitly conform to rational constraints that make speaker-meaning recoverable beyond the literal dictum. Where Mocenigo emphasizes the enthymeme as the bridge between strict inference and public persuasion, Grice’s conversational implicature is a kindred bridge: a licensed inference that is not formally stated but is nonetheless rationally calculable given shared assumptions about cooperation, relevance, and evidential responsibility. The contrast is equally instructive: Mocenigo’s “civile conversazione” is institutional and partly one-way, aimed at forming citizens through a stable logic of discourse for governance and law, whereas Grice’s model is interactional and reparative, showing how hearers infer what is meant precisely when utterances are incomplete, elliptical, or strategically indirect. Put together, they yield a unified picture in which communicatio is both moral and logical: credibility and character (ethos) are not mere ornaments but conditions for warranted uptake, and the rational structure of discourse is what lets a community treat talk as a civic bond rather than as mere noise or manipulation. In that sense Mocenigo supplies the Renaissance pedagogy of the very norms Grice later theorizes at the micro-level: the “rules” are not primarily rules of grammar or etiquette, but constraints on reasonable inference that allow discourse to be at once persuasive, truth-aimed, and publicly accountable. Grice: “In Italy, ‘philosopher’ does NOT mean ‘analysit of ordinary-language’!” -- The  Institutiones of M.  serve as a systematic exposition of the philosophy of the Lycaeum – that the Italians spell ‘lizio’ --, specifically designed to modernise and structure the ancient concepts of logic, rhetoric, and communication for a Renaissance audience. M.'s Institutiones is part of a broader Renaissance tradition of "institutional" writing — works intended to establish foundational principles of a discipline. The treatise typically follows the Organon, of the Lyceum, organizing knowledge from a simple term to a complex syllogism. It aims to provide a framework that bridges the gap between theoretical logic and the practical application of language – civile conversazione -- in civil life. While focusing on logic, it integrates elements of rhetoric and ethics, viewing communication not just as a technical skill but as a moral responsibility of the citizen.  M. develops the model of the ‘lizio’ by shifting it from a strictly "utterer-centric" oral tradition to a more comprehensive "logic of discourse" suitable for written and institutional communication.  M. emphasises the unity between Logic (Logos), Rhetoric (Pathos), and Grammar, refining Aristotle's view that communication is a tool for revealing truth rather than just persuading an addressee. The Enthymeme as a Link: He focuses on the enthymeme, a rhetorical syllogism, as the primary bridge between formal logic and public communication, allowing complex philosophical truths to be communicated effectively to a non-expert addressee. Civil Communication: He develops the concept of comunicatio as a civic bond. While communication in the ‘lizio’ is often one-way (utterer to passive addressee), M.’s treatise frames it as an essential component of social institutionalization, where shared logical structures allow for stable governance and legal order. M. expands on Ethos by linking the utterer’s s credibility. flosofia naturale, filosofia transnaturale, metaphysical philosophy. Grice: Mocenigo, mi ha sempre affascinato il modo in cui le Institutiones del Lizio abbiano modernizzato la logica e la comunicazione. Lei ritiene che il modello della "civile conversazione" possa ancora essere un ponte tra filosofia e vita quotidiana nella nostra epoca? Mocenigo: Caro Grice, assolutamente sì! La civile conversazione è, secondo me, il cuore pulsante del vivere sociale. La filosofia non deve rimanere confinata tra le mura accademiche; proprio come nelle Institutiones, il discorso razionale e il dialogo etico plasmano il cittadino e la società. È nella comunicazione che la logica diventa concretezza e responsabilità morale. Grice: Concordo pienamente! L’Enthymeme che lei valorizza, quel sillogismo retorico, secondo me rappresenta il punto d’incontro tra il pensiero preciso e la capacità di persuadere con eleganza. Non trova che oggi, più che mai, occorra educare alla logica del discorso, anche fuori dalla retorica classica? Mocenigo: Senza dubbio, Grice. Dalla logica alle emozioni, la comunicazione è il filo che tiene insieme la trama civile. L’Enthymeme permette di portare la verità filosofica al grande pubblico, senza perdere rigore, ma adattando il linguaggio. Credo che il compito del filosofo sia proprio quello di rendere la conversazione una pratica di giustizia e di coesione sociale, un ponte tra ragione e umanità. Mocenigo, Filippo (1780). Lettere familiari. Venezia: Pasquali.

Giovanni Battista Modio (Santa Severina, Crotone, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del disonore sessuale, la filosofia del Tevere. Grice’s reason-governed account of conversational meaning helps recast Giovanni Battista Modio’s Roman-and-Calabrian world as a pragmatics laboratory: Modio’s dialogic writing (notably Il convito, and his Tevere treatise) trades on the fact that social talk about honor, marriage, and sexual reputation is rarely carried by the dictum alone, but by what an informed audience can be counted on to infer from hints, proverbs, and the management of what is sayable in polite company. In Gricean terms, Modio’s favourite materials—banter at a convivio, carnival looseness in Rome, and the circulation of proverbial wisdom—are precisely the contexts in which implicature becomes a civil technology: speakers protect face, signal complicity, and distribute blame or ridicule while staying just this side of explicit accusation. The “river philosophy” motif sharpens the comparison because a river can function like context itself: it carries deposits, rumours, and half-said things downstream, so that meaning becomes a public current rather than a private intention; Grice’s contribution is to explain how that current is nonetheless reason-governed, since hearers recover what is meant by presuming relevance, proportion, and strategic restraint. Modio’s proverbial punchlines (e.g., “anzi corna che croci”) illustrate the same mechanism as a compact, culturally preloaded move: it says little, but it triggers a large inferential package about norms, consolation, and the acceptable framing of misfortune. Read this way, Modio’s “philosophy of the Tiber” and Grice’s “logic of conversation” converge on one point: in morally charged domains, what counts as communicated is often what is left unsaid but made recoverable by shared rational expectations, so that wit and indirection are not decorative extras but the very medium through which a community keeps its meanings intelligible without making them dangerously explicit. Grice: “Only in Italy a philosopher writes a treatise on a river – although the Isis would not be out of place for some Magdalenite!” – Grice: “His convito is a jewel!” – Seguace di Neri. Originario di Santa Severina, borgo collinare della Calabria Ulteriore, è avviato agli studi di filosofia presso l'Archiginnasio di Napoli. In seguito passa a Roma, dove si avviò agli studi in medicina divenendo allievo di Fusconi. M. frequenta gl’ambienti accademici, dove entra in contatto con alcuni dei maggiori esponenti di spicco di quell'epoca come Molza e Tolomei.  Pubblica la sua prima opera letteraria più famosa dal titolo I”l convito; overo, del peso della moglie: un dialogo diegetico” (Roma, Bressani) -- ambientato a Roma durante il carnevale della città capitolina, in cui viene trattato il tema delle corna durante un convivio presieduto dall'allora vescovo di Piacenza Trivulzio e a cui parteciparono anche Gambara, Marmitta, Benci, Selvago, Raineri e Cesario. E altresì grande estimatore degli saggi di Piccolomini.  Durante la stesura in lingua volgare di un Operetta de’ Sogni, si ammala di febbre altissima. Si spense dopo qualche giorno a Roma, nella tenuta di palazzo Ricci in via Giulia.  Altri saggi: “Il Tevere, dove si ragiona in generale della natura di tutte le acque, et in particolare di quella del fiume di Roma” (Roma, Luchini) “Origine del proverbio che si suol dire "anzi corna che croci" (Roma, A. degli Antonii,” Jacopone da Todi, I Cantici del beato Iacopone da Todi, con diligenza ristampati, con la gionta di alcuni discorsi sopra di essi e con la vita sua nuovamente posta in luce” (Roma, Salviano). Prospetto autore, su edit16.iccu.. Modio, Il Tevere, cit., c. 45r  Anno di pubblicazione della medesima opera. G. Cassiani, Dizionario biografico degli italiani, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. amore, sesso. Grice: Modio, devo confessarle che mi ha sempre incuriosito il suo celebre convito romano. Ma secondo lei, tra il Tevere e il Tamigi, quale fiume porterebbe via più segreti amorosi? Modio: Caro Grice, il Tevere ha sentito talmente tanti sospiri e pettegolezzi che ormai scorre con leggerezza tra una confidenza e l’altra. Ma attenzione: tra le sue onde, un orecchio allenato può ancora sentire il tintinnio delle famose “corna” di Roma! Grice: Ah, la sua filosofia della conversazione è davvero unica! Da noi a Oxford, al massimo si discute del peso delle tazze da tè, mai di quello delle mogli. Forse dovremmo importare qualche proverbio calabrese sulla vita matrimoniale. Modio: Lo dica pure ai suoi colleghi: “meglio le corna che la croce!” In fondo, caro Grice, la conversazione civile serve proprio a questo: a ridere insieme, anche delle nostre piccole disavventure d’amore. Perché come si dice dalle mie parti, tra il serio e il faceto, scorre sempre il fiume della saggezza! Modio, Giovanni Battista (1586). Historia de’ Saraceni. Venezia: Ziletti.

Battista Mondin (Monte di Malo, Vicenza, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell ritorno dell’angelo, la semantica filosofica, la semantica pel sistema G, interpretazione e validità. M. (born at Monte di Malo, in the Vicenza area) can be read as a systematic counterpart to Grice’s anti-systematic but deeply rule-sensitive pragmatics: where Grice explains conversational meaning by appeal to defeasible maxims and the hearer’s rational reconstruction of what a speaker intends, Mondin treats interpretation and validity as topics that invite explicit architecture—definitions, taxonomies, and a mapped “system” in which semantic questions can be located and assessed. The contrast in your passage (Oxford’s suspicion of chairs, treatises, and “philosophy of language” as a field versus the Italian comfort with manuals and encyclopedic ordering) becomes Gricean in itself: Grice’s point is that conversational rationality works precisely because it is mostly implicit, carried by shared expectations rather than by announced rules, whereas Mondin’s Thomist-influenced temperament (Aquinas as model) tries to make those expectations explicit, stable, and teachable across domains, including theology. The “angelology” motif sharpens the comparison because angels are, in medieval and scholastic thought, paradigms of intellect and message-bearing: they are a literalization of the idea that meaning travels via intention and uptake, so Mondin’s seriousness about angels can be recast as seriousness about the metaphysics of communication, while Grice’s quip deflates the metaphysics back into pragmatic method—how we actually succeed, in real talk, at getting one another to see what we mean. Finally, the pizza/“semantics of the margherita” joke usefully dramatizes Grice’s central distinction between conventional meaning and occasion-meaning: even if a term or sign has a stable “value,” what it communicates shifts with context and audience, and Mondin’s preference for agreement between philosophy and theology echoes Grice’s cooperative core—meaning and understanding depend on a shared rational orientation, whether the interlocutors are dons in Oxford, Thomists in Rome, or (as the joke has it) angels crossing a bridge and still managing to be understood. Grice: “I thank God that we at Oxford don’t systematise philosophy as they do in Bologna, with things such as the chair in ‘Filosofia della lingua.’ It is true that some Oxonian philosophers HAVE written tracts on ‘the philosophy of language’ – such as Blackburn – but they were NEVER taken seriously. Myself, I did my part in my seminars, which myself being a university lecturer, were in theory ‘open to any member of the university’ – including most of my enemies!” Grice: “Trust an Aquino to provide a systematic philosophy! Mind, I’ve been called a systematic philosopher, too! At Oxford, we are very familiar with angels – but only M. takes angeologia seriously! Trust an Italian! Ponte Sant’Angelo comes to mind!” Dottore di Filosofia e Religione a Harvard. È stato decano della Facoltà di Filosofia presso la Pontificia Università Urbaniana di Roma. M. membro della Congregazione dei Missionari Saveriani. Nei suoi studi, le principali figure di riferimento sono state AQUINO e Tillich, da cui ha tratto l'ideale di un accordo e di un mutuo sostegno tra filosofia e teologia.  “Etica, Etica e politica, Filosofia, Antropologia filosofica, Manuale di filosofia sistematica, La Metafisica di Aquino e i suoi interpreti,” “Storia dell'antropologia filosofica” Antropologia filosofica e filosofia della cultura e dell'educazione; “Epistemologia e cosmologia; “Logica, semantica e gnoseologia; Ontologia e metafisica Storia della metafisica, Storia della metafisica, Storia della metafisica, “Ermeneutica, metafisica, analogia in Aquino; Storia della filosofia medievale Dizionario enciclopedico di filosofia, teologia e morale Il sistema filosofico di Aquino glossario filosofico, going through the dictionary, linguistic botanizing. Grice: Mondin, lei che ha dato dignità agli angeli nella filosofia, mi dica: sono davvero sistematici o ogni tanto fanno qualche deviazione spontanea? Mondin: Caro Grice, gli angeli sono più sistematici di quanto sembri, ma ogni tanto si concedono una passeggiata tra i ponti di Roma, giusto per ricordarci che anche la filosofia ha bisogno di un po’ di leggerezza! Grice: A Oxford, la leggerezza è rara: abbiamo più nemici che angeli! Però confesso che mi piacerebbe vedere un angelo filosofare sul senso della pizza. Secondo lei, esiste una semantica della margherita? Mondin: La semantica della margherita? Certo! Il suo valore è universale, ma la sua interpretazione cambia da Vicenza a Napoli. L’importante è che, tra filosofia e teologia, si trovi sempre un accordo... almeno sulla mozzarella! Mondin, Battista (1963). Ontologia e metafisica. Milano: Marzorati.

Giovanni da Casale Monferrato (Casale Monerrato, Alessandria, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s model of reason-governed conversational meaning (where what is meant is often an implicature rationally recoverable from what is said plus shared norms) fits Giovanni da Casale Monferrato remarkably well once you treat medieval “scientific-theological” exposition as a disciplined conversational practice rather than as mere treatise-writing. In the Quaestio de velocitate motus alterationis, Giovanni’s contrast between uniform and difform qualities (the rectangle versus the triangle as graphical encodings of change) is a way of making inferential commitments explicit: the diagram does not merely illustrate, it guides the reader toward licensed conclusions about rates of alteration, just as Grice’s maxims guide a hearer toward licensed conclusions about speaker-meaning. Your pizza-and-oven joke then becomes a Gricean diagnostic: we can move from a geometric model of “hotness” to a practical claim about cooking only if we assume cooperation and relevance, i.e., that the speaker is offering the right kind of information for the hearer’s purposes; otherwise the audience is left to compute implicatures (perhaps the point is methodological, not culinary). Giovanni’s medieval scholastic setting also parallels Grice’s emphasis on rational reconstruction: quaestiones are structured dialogues with an imagined opponent, so progress depends on anticipating what a reasonable interlocutor would infer, object, or demand as clarification—exactly the inferential sensitivity Grice theorizes under the Cooperative Principle. Finally, the passage’s contrast between “inanimate bodies” and “animate bodies” (not guided missiles) aligns with Grice’s central distinction between mere causal sequences and reason-responsive agency: for Giovanni, motion can be modelled; for Grice, conversation can be modelled; but in both cases the model matters because it captures a form of intelligibility—patterns that are not just observed, but are treated as answerable to reasons, and therefore as things we can interpret, correct, and coordinate with others. Autore di opere di teologia e scienza e legato pontificio. Entra nell'ordine francescano nella provincia genovese. Docente presso lo studio francescano di Assisi. Compone il saggio. “Quaestio de velocitate motus alterationis, Venezia. In esso presenta un'analisi grafica del movimento dei corpi uniformemente accelerati. La sua attività di insegnamento in fisica matematica influenza gli studiosi che operarono a Padova e Galilei che ri-propose idee simili. ‘Giovanni da Casale’, Treccani. Filosofia Filosofo del XIV secolo Teologi italiani Storia della scienza. Grice: “Casali dicusses the velocity of motion of alternation. He wisely remarks that if one takes the example of the quality of hotness, one may conceive of a UNI-FORM hotness throughout – ‘just as a rectangular parallelolgram is formed between two equidistant lines, such that any part you wish is equally wide with another. ‘Let there be throughout a UNIFORMLY DIFFORM hotness, such that it is a triangle!” corpi inanimati, corpi animati, inerzia, un corpo animato non e un missile guidato – Grice. La liberta dei corpi animati, uniform, uniformly difform, difformly difform.  Grice: Caro Monferrato, mi dica: se la velocità del caldo può essere rappresentata come un triangolo, allora la pizza in forno segue una parabola o diventa una retta? Ho bisogno di una risposta scientifica, ma non troppo calda! Monferrato: Paul, in Piemonte diciamo che la pizza, se troppo calda, va mangiata con calma e con filosofia. L’importante è non confondere il moto accelerato della mozzarella con quello dell’appetito; la scienza insegna, ma la fame decide! Grice: Ecco la saggezza piemontese! Se invece di pizza fosse una discussione, lei preferirebbe un moto uniforme o difforme? Glielo chiedo, perché a Oxford, spesso si finisce in curva anche quando si parte dritti! Monferrato: A Casale Monferrato si dice che una conversazione ben fatta è come un corpo animato: non è un missile guidato, ma sa sempre dove andare. Uniforme quando si ride, difforme quando si discute... purché non si finisca arrosto, come una pizza troppo scientifica! Monferrato, Giovanni da Casale (1478). Sermones. Venezia: Johannes de Colonia.

Giuseppe Ignazio Montanari (Bagnacavallo, Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna). Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning pairs surprisingly well with Giuseppe Ignazio Montanari because Montanari stands at the intersection of rhetoric, prudence, and public intelligibility: trained in seminarian and aristocratic eloquence, then active as a teacher and prolific writer, he works in precisely the space where meaning is not just what is asserted but what can be responsibly inferred by an audience under shared norms. On a Gricean reading, Montanari’s rhetorical formation supplies the “craft” side of cooperation: speakers design utterances for uptake, calibrating how much to say, when to be indirect, and how to let hearers supply the rest—i.e., implicature as a disciplined economy rather than as mere flourish. The biographical note about his politically cautious posture during the Romagnol unrest is especially Gricean: when explicit commitment is risky, communication migrates into what can be suggested without being stated, so deference, petitions, and professions of patriotism can function as strategically placed conversational moves whose point is carried by what they invite the competent hearer to conclude. Even his scientific title, Osservazioni astronomiche (Bologna, 1740), can be used as an analogy for Grice’s pragmatics: observation reports are thin on theory but rich in inferential potential—readers recover significance by assuming the observer is methodical and sincere, much as Grice’s hearer assumes cooperation and then computes what is meant beyond the literal. In short, Montanari provides a historically concrete picture of how conversational reason operates in educated Italian practice: rhetoric teaches how to make meaning public, prudence teaches when to let implication carry the communicative load, and the audience’s rational expectations supply the bridge from dictum to what is understood. Nasce da Lorenzo e Barbara Biancoli -- cfr. lettera a Vaccolini, Pesaro. Inizia a studiare nel seminario di Faenza, dove si sono formati letterati famosi come Monti e Strocchi. Tuttavia, problemi di salute indussero i genitori a trasferirlo a Ravenna, presso il collegio dei nobili, dove gli è maestro di eloquenza Farini ed ha per compagno Mordani, al quale resta legato d'amicizia per tutta la vita.  Dopo aver perso la madre -- il padre s’è intanto risposato --, completa gli studi tra Bologna e Roma, laureandosi in diritto. Subito dopo ottenne la cattedra di umanità e retorica al ginnasio di Solarolo, dove resta quattro anni e sposa Mainardi. A quest’epoca risalgono le sue prime prove letterarie -- Rime sacre, Faenza, che Betti preferiva agli Inni sacri del Manzoni --, d’ispirazione cristiana, come molta della sua non rimarchevole produzione successiva che pure in qualche caso ottenne giudizi favorevoli dai contemporanei.  Spinto dall’illustre letterato e amico di famiglia Borghesi, concorse per la cattedra a Savignano ottenendola. Già in questa fase M. si rivela scrittore dalla vena facile e prolifica, rivolgendo i propri interessi a quattro filoni fondamentali: opere di retorica, traduzioni dal latino, brevi biografie e opere di argomento religioso. I moti in Romagna non videro in prima fila M., che però, «sebbene un po’ copertamente, dev’essere stato del numero» -- Pierini. Portano a questa conclusione alcune professioni di patriottismo dello stesso M. e la domanda che indirizzò al vescovo di Rimini per essere riammesso all’insegnamento. Tuttavia l’atteggiamento assai prudente di M., preoccupato di conservare l’impiego e mantenere agli studi i cinque figli, non consente di conoscere le sue autentiche idee politiche. Se, d’una parte, sembra talora aderire ai moti liberali -- v. un carme a Mordani, cit. in Polenta -- , dall’altra mostra in pubblico un atteggiamento deferente verso le autorità ecclesiastiche, delle quali cerca spesso l'aiuto e la protezione. Grice: Caro Montanari, tu che da Bagnacavallo sei finito a fare osservazioni astronomiche a Bologna, dimmi: quando scrivi “ho visto una stella”, lo dici o lo impliciti per modestia da seminario? Montanari: Paul, in Romagna s’impara presto che tra dire e dire troppo c’è di mezzo la cattedra, quindi l’astronomo parla poco e lascia il cielo fare il resto. Grice: Ah, allora la tua Osservazioni astronomiche è un manuale di implicature: poche parole, molte costellazioni, e il lettore cooperativo si arrangi. Montanari: Esatto, e se qualcuno mi chiede prove, gli rispondo che anche le stelle hanno cinque figli da mantenere: non possono brillare a comando. Montanari, Giuseppe Ignazio (1740). Osservazioni astronomiche. Bologna: Lelio dalla Volpe.

Montanari: la ragione conversazionale -- filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano.

Montanari, Bruno – teaches at Catania.

Montanari, Federico – teaches at Modena and Reggio Emilia

Montanari, Tomaso saggista

Mazzino Montinari: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del sovrumano – torna a Surriento. Montinari is a natural counterpart to Grice because both make interpretation answerable to reasons rather than to aura: Grice explains how hearers rationally recover speaker-meaning by assuming cooperative norms and then calculating implicatures, while Montinari’s critical Nietzsche scholarship shows how readers recover authorial sense only by disciplined constraints on what can legitimately be inferred from notebooks, variants, and editorial interventions. The famous Montinari–Colli demolition of “The Will to Power” as Nietzsche’s putative authored book is, in Gricean terms, an exposure of a massive illegitimate implicature generated by paratext and institutional authority: an editorial compilation was made to look like a single intended communicative act, inviting readers to attribute to Nietzsche a global thesis and architectonic plan he did not in fact “mean” to put forward in that form. Montinari’s philological work functions like Grice’s maxim-governed pragmatics: it distinguishes what is explicitly in the evidence (dated fragments, contextual notes, manuscript layers) from what later readers are tempted to supply as “what he really meant,” and it insists that inferences must be licensed by reliable uptake conditions rather than by wishful system-building. Your passage’s political-cultural frame (culture as the remaining force against institutional assimilation and commodification of protest) also fits Grice’s core point that rationality is social and procedural: meaning is stabilized by shared practices, and when institutions manipulate the available context, they also steer what implicatures become “natural.” Finally, the Sorrento/Turin joke captures a serious methodological parallel: for Grice, the deepest work of meaning happens in what is left unsaid but responsibly recoverable; for Montinari, Nietzsche’s “overman” and other grand motifs survive not as slogans but as interpretive tasks that require resisting premature closure—treating the archive not as a monolithic message but as a field in which only some implications are warranted, and where the critic’s virtue is to keep inference tethered to reason. Grice: “We don’t study Nietzsche at Oxford, but they do, at Cambridge! If I were asked to identify the main difference between the Italian philosopher and the Oxonian philosopher is that the Italian philosopher takes Nietzsche seriously! But then he lived at Torino!” Nelle istituzioni esistenti, sostenute da immani forze di produzione e di distruzione, viene assimilata e mercificata ogni e qualsiasi protesta, persino quella dei Lumpen, ogni tentativo di lasciare la «nave dei folli». Se il metodo di Nietzsche può ancora aiutarci, allora l'unica forza che ci è rimasta è quella della cultura, della ragione.»  Considerato uno dei massimi editori e interpreti di Nietzsche. Ha definitivamente dimostrato che Nietzsche non ha mai scritto un'opera dal titolo “La volontà di Potenza” e che le cinque diverse compilazioni che la sorella del filosofo e altri editori dilettanti hanno pubblicato sotto questo titolo sono testi del tutto inaffidabili per comprendere il pensiero di Nietzsche. Si era formato a Pisa presso la quale si laureò con I movimenti ereticali a Lucca. Caduto il fascismo, divenne un attivista del Partito comunista, presso il quale si occupava della traduzione di scritti dal tedesco. Mentre visitava la Germani a Est per motivi di ricerca, fu testimone della rivolta. Successivamente, in seguito alla repressione della Rivoluzione ungherese del 1956, si allontanò dall'ortodossia marxista e dalla carriera nel partito. Mantenne tuttavia la sua iscrizione al PCI, e rimase fedele agli ideali del socialismo. Collabora con le Edizioni Rinascita, e per un anno fu direttore dell'omonima libreria in Roma. Dopo averne rivisto la raccolta di opere e manoscritti in Weimar, Colli e M. decisero di iniziarne una nuova edizione critica. Essa divenne lo standard per gli studiosi, e fu pubblicata in da Adelphi. Per questo lavoro fu preziosa la sia abilità nel decifrare la scrittura a mano (praticamente incomprensibile) di Nietzsche, fino a quel momento trascritta solo da "Gast“ (Köselitz).  L’implicatura di Nietzsche. Grice: Caro Montinari, lo confesso: a Oxford, Nietzsche è come il caffè decaffeinato, c’è ma nessuno lo prende davvero sul serio. A Cambridge invece pare che lo sorseggino a tutte le ore! Tu che lo conosci per davvero, dimmi: il “sovrumano” si trova prima o dopo la fermata di Sorrento? Montinari: Paul, a Sorrento si trova solo il limoncello. Per il sovrumano bisogna passare per Torino, magari sotto la pioggia, con una valigia piena di manoscritti indecifrabili. E comunque, ti avviso: “La volontà di potenza” te la serve solo la sorella di Nietzsche, ma il conto lo paghi tu! Grice: Ah, e pensare che noi inglesi ci accontentiamo del “common sense”! Quando provo a leggere Nietzsche, mi sembra di salire sulla famosa nave dei folli. Ma dimmi, è vero che per capire i suoi appunti bisogna decifrarli come le lettere di un medico in pensione? Montinari: Esattamente! Solo che nel caso di Nietzsche la calligrafia peggiora col pensiero, non con l’età. Se vuoi, la prossima volta ti porto una lente d’ingrandimento e un dizionario di implicature conversazionali: vedrai che insieme riusciremo almeno a trovare la dedica, se non il significato! Montinari, Mazzino (1958). Friedrich Nietzsche, Schopenhauer come educatore. Torino: Boringhieri (Enciclopedia di autori classici).

Guidobaldo de’marchesi Del Monte (Pesaro, Marche): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – la prospettiva e la filosofia della percezione. Guidobaldo del Monte (1545–1607), the Marquis of Montebaroccio from the Pesaro–Urbino world, is a particularly good match for Grice because his most famous intellectual moves—on mechanics, balance, and perspective—are exercises in making implicit structure explicit, much as Grice treats conversation as a rational practice whose “hidden” rules become visible when a speaker’s move would otherwise look puzzling. Del Monte’s work in statics and in the equilibrium controversy is methodological: he forces the reader to see which assumptions are doing the work, which idealizations are permitted, and which inferences are licensed; Grice’s Cooperative Principle and maxims play an analogous role at the level of talk, explaining how hearers are entitled to move from what is said to what is meant by presuming a disciplined economy of reasons. The perspective theme strengthens the parallel: Del Monte treats seeing as standpoint-dependent but still rule-governed (a lawful transformation from viewpoint to appearance), and Grice treats understanding as context-dependent but still rule-governed (a lawful transformation from utterance to implicature). In both cases, the point is not that meaning or perception is subjective, but that it is systematically recoverable because agents share methods—geometrical in Del Monte’s case, conversational-rational in Grice’s—by which different “angles” can be coordinated into a stable objectivity. That is why an Oxford fascination with perception (Austin’s Sense and Sensibilia) can be recast, in your Pesaro frame, as a continuation of Del Monte’s insight: what matters is not merely what is given to the senses (or to the ears), but the publicly intelligible procedures by which we justify moving from appearances (or words) to the reality we take ourselves to be tracking. Grice: “For some resason – most likely due to the empiricist tradition prevalent in these islands, the philosophy of perception is quite popular at Oxford. Our moral professor of philosophy, Austin, spent most of his terms teaching it – “Sense and sensibilia”!” Grice: “I like to illustrate a ‘scientific revolution’ with Del Monte’s refutation on the equilibrium controversy, since it involves a lot of analyticity that only a philosopher can digest!” -- essential Italian philosopher. Il marchese Guidubaldo Bourbon Del Monte (Pesaro), filosoMecanicorum liber, Suo padre, Ranieri, originario da un famiglia benestante di Urbino, discendente dalla schiatta dei Bourbon del Monte Santa Maria, fu notato per il suo ruolo bellico e fu autore di due libri sull'architettura militare. Il duca di Urbino, Guidobaldo II della Rovere, gli attribuì, per meriti, il titolo di Marchese del Monte, dunque la famiglia divenne nobile solo un generazione prima di Guidobaldo. Alla morte del padre, ottenne il titolo di Marchese. Studia matematica a Padova. Mentre era lì, strinse una grande amicizia con Tasso. Combatté nel conflitto in Ungheria, tra l'impero degli Asburgo e l'Impero Ottomano. Al termine della guerra, torna nella sua tenuta a Mombaroccio, vicino Urbino, dove passava i giorni studiando matematica, meccanica, astronomia e ottica. Studia matematica con l'aiuto di Commandino. Divenne amico di Baldi, che fu anch'esso studente di Commandino. Ispettore delle fortificazioni del Granducato di Toscana. Grice: “There possibly is no equivalent to perspective for the other senses. Prospettiva, as the Italians call it. They are obsessed with it. Consider the human body. Consider Apollo del Belvedere – it is not just a body perceiving another body, there is a perspectival side to it!” Giambattista del Monte. Guido Ubaldo de’ marchesi Del Monte; Guidobaldo Del Monte. Monte. Keywords: implicature, perspective in statuary.  Grice: Caro Monte, sai, a Oxford la filosofia della percezione è sempre stata un terreno fertile di dibattito. Austin ci ha abituati a ragionare su “Sense and sensibilia”, ma mi colpisce come in Italia la prospettiva sia così centrale. Tu che hai riflettuto a lungo su questo tema, come pensi che la prospettiva arricchisca la nostra comprensione del vedere? Monte: Grazie, Paul! Per noi italiani, la prospettiva non è solo una tecnica pittorica, ma una vera e propria filosofia del percepire. Credo che la prospettiva ci insegni quanto ogni punto di vista sia unico e imprescindibile per cogliere l’armonia del mondo. La percezione, in fondo, è sempre un dialogo tra ciò che vediamo e il modo in cui ci poniamo di fronte alla realtà. Grice: Interessante, Monte! È come se la prospettiva diventasse una metafora della conversazione stessa: ognuno porta il suo sguardo, la sua posizione, e solo dal confronto nasce comprensione autentica. Non credi che anche nella statua, come nell’arte del dialogo, sia il mutare del punto di vista a generare nuovi significati? Monte: Assolutamente! Basta pensare all’Apollo del Belvedere: se lo osservi da una sola angolazione, rischi di perderne la bellezza. Così è anche nel pensiero: solo accogliendo la molteplicità dei punti di vista possiamo sperare di avvicinarci alla verità. Dopotutto, come dice il proverbio, “ogni testa è un piccolo mondo”. Monte, Guidobaldo Del (1577). Mechanica. Pesaro: Bartolomeo Oliverio.

Giovanni Morandi (Firenze, Toscana): la lingua di Firenze. Giovanni Morandi’s philological attention to “rules of Florentine” (in the tradition of early grammars, vocabularies, and the recovery of documents like the grammatichetta often associated with Lorenzo il Magnifico) pairs well with Grice because it highlights the difference between rules as codified norms of a language and rules as rational constraints on intelligible interaction. Grice’s “conversational rules” are not grammar-book prescriptions but defeasible principles that hearers use to make sense of what speakers are doing—principles whose force is shown precisely when a speaker appears to deviate and the audience repairs the deviation by deriving an implicature. Morandi’s historical-linguistic project supplies the background against which that repair becomes possible: a stabilized lexicon, a sense of correct formation, and a culturally legible normativity (Florence as an emblem of stylistic discipline) that makes departures noticeable and therefore interpretable. In the Oxford–Florence contrast of your passage, “rule” itself becomes a pragmatic test case: a term can shift from legal-regulative (regula, rule of law) to game-regulative (a move should follow a move) to conversationally regulative (maxims guiding uptake), and Grice’s point is that what matters is not which sense is “in the dictionary” but which rational expectations participants are entitled to mobilize in context. Morandi’s insistence that the life of a language lies in the dialectic of norm and exception then converges with Grice’s central claim: conversational meaning is reason-governed because exceptions are not mere breakdowns but data—signals that invite principled inference—so that the most revealing “rules” of talk are those that can be bent, flouted, or reinterpreted while still remaining mutually intelligible. Grice: “At Oxford, ‘rule’ has a meaning that was adopted by Austin, and therefore, disadopted by me! – Cicerone should know better – REGVLA – from ‘reign’ – the rule of law. In my “Logic and Conversation” I occasionally and informally refer to the ‘conversational rule’ of the ‘conversational game’, i. e. the rule that states which ‘conversational mve’ should follow which!” Trabalza cita. REGOLE DELLA LINGUA FIORENTINA C ["kabalza. A quanto dico del notevolissimo documento che qui esce pella prima volta alla luce, sono in grado, per speciale favore usatomi dal mio illustre maestro ed amico senatore Morandi, d’aggiungere alcune notizie di grande importanza storica, anticipando le conclusioni a cui egli è giunto, com'è suo costume, dopo largo e profondo studio, e che illustra col noto suo magistero di dottrina e di stile in un saporitissimo saggio. Nella Antologia M. segnala l'importanza della grammatichetta vaticana, narrando le vicende del manoscritto; e poiché egli stesso m'esorta a pubblicarlo per intero, annunzia fin d'allora ch'io la mette come appendice ad ogni grammatica razionale o ragionata. Continuando però le sue indagini con rigore di metodo intorno ai primi vocabolari e alle prime grammatiche della nostra lingua, M. puo ha tra le altre cose provare che la nostra grammatichetta e molto probabilmente opera di Lorenzo il Magnifico, non certamente d’ALBERTI , com'e stato supposto; e che anche Vinci abbozza una grammatica della lingua d’Italia, dimettendone forse il pensiero, quando ha notizia, come apparisce da due suoi ricordi, della grammatichetta del magnifico. Lo studio di M. s’occupa poi distesamente dei materiali raccolti da VINCI per fare il vocabolario italiano, il latino-italiano e una specie di dizionario illustrato dell’armi Prefazione antiche, pel quale sa attingere d’una fonte classica sfuggita ai lessicografi latini suoi contemporanei. Importante. lingua, linguaggio, Alberti, storia della grammatica razionale. Grice: Caro Morandi, mi permetto di dirti che la lingua di Vadum Boum — come affettuosamente chiamo la mia università — è davvero una bestia di tutt’altra razza rispetto alla lingua di Firenze! Lì, le parole sembrano indossare abiti diversi, e le regole che guidano il “conversational game” non sono affatto quelle che Cicerone avrebbe riconosciuto. Morandi: Ah, Paul, non posso che sorridere! La lingua fiorentina, si sa, ha il pregio di una sobria eleganza e di un rigore quasi musicale. Ma non credere che sia immune da stranezze: basta leggere la grammatichetta del Magnifico o sfogliare il vocabolario di Vinci per scoprire che anche da noi ogni “regola” ha i suoi trasgressori, e il gioco della conversazione si arricchisce proprio grazie a queste variazioni. Grice: È proprio questo il bello, caro Morandi! A Vadum Boum “rule” ha assunto un significato che Austin aveva adottato, e che io, per spirito di contraddizione, ho preferito rifiutare. Ma, se ci pensi bene, nella logica della conversazione ogni regola è fatta per essere reinterpretata: il vero gioco sta nel sapere quando e come infrangere la “regola”. Morandi: Non potrei essere più d'accordo! In fondo, il nostro lavoro di filosofi e studiosi della lingua consiste proprio nel capire le regole, ma anche nel riconoscere il valore delle eccezioni. Come dice il proverbio fiorentino, “il parlar chiaro non è sempre il parlar vero”: la lingua vive una dialettica continua tra norma e creatività, ed è questo che la rende così affascinante e infinita. Morandi, Giovanni (1820). Opere scelte. Bologna: Tipografia Marsigli.

Sergio Moravia (Bologna, Emilia): la ragione conversazionale – personologia -- l’implicature conversazionali dei ragazzi – la scuola di Bologna. M.’s work on “personology,” the wild child, and “hidden reason” can be read as a human-sciences counterpart to Grice’s project in conversational pragmatics: both treat mindedness as something that becomes visible in patterns of intelligible conduct rather than as an occult inner glow. Grice argues that conversational meaning is reason-governed because hearers can (and normally do) reconstruct what a speaker meant by presuming rational cooperation and then deriving implicatures from what is said plus context; Moravia’s “il pungolo dell’umano” and the figure of the ragazzo selvaggio similarly dramatize how the status of “person” is not given merely by belonging to Homo sapiens but is achieved (or withheld) through entry into shared practices of sense-making—language, education, norm-following, and reciprocal recognition. That is why your “metaphysical transubstantiation” joke lands: in Gricean terms, becoming a person is becoming an agent whose behaviour is interpretable under reasons, and conversational implicature is one of the clearest signatures of that agency (the ability to mean more than one says, to understand indirectness, to play by and sometimes exploit the maxims). Moravia’s “ragione nascosta” then parallels Grice’s insistence that the most important rational work in communication is often not explicit argument but the quiet inferential labour beneath the surface—what must be supplied by a competent participant in a “universe of sense.” Finally, Moravia’s Nietzsche, as you quote him (earthbound, humane, anti-narcissistic, seeking sense beyond nihilism), fits Grice’s temperament: both resist grand metaphysical inflation in favour of the disciplined, finite achievements of understanding in ordinary life—conversation as the civil technology by which the human animal becomes, and stays, a person. Grice: “Perhaps I should have followed Moravia and called my construction routine of metaphysical transubstantiation, by which a specimen of Homo sapiens sapiens becomes a person – personologia!” Filosofo italiano. Bologna, Emilia-Romagna. Grice: “I like Moravia: he has philosophised on what makes us ‘human,’ (“il pungolo dell’umano”) – his analysis of ‘il ragazzo selvaggio’ is sublime – and he has played with ‘reason,’ hidden and strutturata – and the universi di senso with which I cannot but agree! – provided we don’t multiply them ad infinitum!” -- Grice: “I like Moravia’s idea of ‘la ragione nascosta’ – you have indeed to seek and thou shalt find!” -- “Il Nietzsche che prediligo è il Nietzsche terreno, umano, presente nel tempo. È il Nietzsche intrepido esploratore del sottosuolo dell'uomo e dei disagi della civiltà. È il Nietzsche che fertilmente e sofferentemente (non narcisisticamente) vive e pensa il nichilismo: ma per andare oltre il nichilismo. È soprattutto il Nietzsche cheneo-illuminista forse malgrado luivuole conoscere, capire, dare un (nuovo) senso alle cose.” Professore a Firenze. Allievo diGarin, si è formato in ambiente fiorentino conseguendovi la laurea in filosofia nel 1962 con tesi su Gian Domenico Romagnosi. Professore incaricato, è poi diventato ordinario di Storia della Filosofia all'Firenze. Nel corso della sua carriera, si è interessato particolarmente dell'illuminismo francese e del pensiero del Novecento, della storia e dell'epistemologia delle scienze umane, con particolare attenzione all'antropologia, la filosofia della mente e l'esistenzialismo. I suoi studi e le sue ricerche hanno aperto nuove prospettive interdisciplinari fra pensiero filosofico e scienze umane. ragazzi, personologia. Grice: Caro Moravia, se avessi seguito Bologna fino in fondo avrei chiamato la mia teoria una personologia conversazionale, dove i ragazzi diventano persone a colpi di implicature ben educate. Moravia: Paul, a Bologna i ragazzi imparano presto che la ragione è nascosta e un po’ birichina, ma se la provochi con gentilezza viene fuori a fare due chiacchiere. Grice: È proprio questo che mi diverte della tua scuola, perché la conversazione civilizza l’Homo sapiens senza bisogno di moltiplicare universi di senso come conigli metafisici. Moravia: Allora siamo d’accordo, perché anche il mio Nietzsche preferisce parlare tra umani, magari in cortile, piuttosto che fare il nichilista solitario in cattedra. Moravia, Sergio (1962). Il mito dell’uomo naturale. Firenze: La Nuova Italia.

Fabrizio Mordente (Salerno) : la ragione conversazionale – I know that there are infintely many stars. Grice’s reason-governed pragmatics can be made to meet Mordente’s infinitesimals by treating “infinite” talk as a case where what is said is systematically underdetermined and must be stabilized by conversational norms of evidence, precision, and disciplinary purpose. When Grice wonders “There are infinitely many stars—do I know that?”, he is pressing the gap between merely asserting a grand claim and being entitled to it; on a Gricean view, the hearer will normally infer (by Quantity and Quality) that a speaker who flatly says “infinitely many” is committed to having the right kind of grounds, and if those grounds are unavailable the utterance invites either retreat (“I mean very many”) or reinterpretation as rhetorical exaggeration. Mordente’s proportional compass and the Bruno–Mordente controversy over minima and commensurability illustrate the same dynamic in early modern mathematics: terms like “minimum,” “indivisible,” and “infinitesimal” are not self-interpreting; their usable content depends on what competent practitioners can reasonably infer about permitted operations (measuring, comparing, treating as commensurable) and on what counts as an acceptable justification against an Aristotelian background that allows only potential infinity. In that sense, Mordente’s “measuring a bit of infinity” becomes a pragmatic analogue of Grice’s implicature: the instrument does not merely add data, it constrains interpretation, licensing certain inferences and blocking others, so that claims about the infinitely small can function cooperatively rather than as mere metaphysical flourishes. The upshot is that both projects—Grice on conversational meaning and Mordente on mathematical minima—turn on the same rational discipline: making sure that an audience can, in principle, recover what is meant from what is offered, whether the audience is a conversational partner computing implicatures or a community of geometers deciding what “infinite” is allowed to mean within the rules of their practice. Grice: There are infinitely many stars. Do I KNOW that? There are infinitely many infinitely infinitisemials. Keywords: infinitesimal, commensurability of infinitesimals – or other. Scholars and historians of science have considered Giordano Bruno and Fabrizio Mordente's ideas on infinitesimals and commensurability in the context of the historical development of the concept, which  eventually led to Leibniz's infinitesimal calculus. The link is generally explored in the context of the historical evolution of mathematical and philosophical thought on infinity, atomism, and the continuum, rather than a direct personal or philosophical connection between the individuals themselves across different centuries.    Key points regarding the connections made by scholars: Aristotelian problem: Aristotle denied the existence of an actual infinite (both large and small) and maintained the infinite divisibility of the continuum in potentia, a standard view that Bruno explicitly challenged. The issue of commensurability was central to Euclidean geometry and Aristotelian philosophy, where quantities were generally considered commensurable or incommensurable in a specific mathematical sense. Bruno and Mordente: Bruno initially disregarded the Aristotelian distinction between mathematical and physical quantities. Influenced by his controversy with Mordente regarding the latter's proportional compass, Bruno began to argue for the existence of a physical and a mathematical minimum (atomism), making geometric objects (and thus infinitesimals) potentially determinable and commensurable, contrary to the standard Aristotelian view of continuous magnitudes. This represented a significant shift in his mathematical thinking, attempting a reform of mathematics to accommodate the infinitely small. Fabrizio Mordente. Grice: Caro Mordente, ogni volta che penso alle stelle infinite, mi viene il dubbio: le conosci tutte o ti affidi all’implicatura conversazionale? Mordente: Ah, Paul, ti dirò: tra infiniti infinitesimi e stelle, a Salerno ci si perde più facilmente che sulla Via Lattea! Ma almeno con il mio compasso proporzionale, posso cercare di misurare un po’ d’infinito… senza smarrirmi troppo! Grice: E meno male! Aristotele avrebbe detto che tutto si può dividere, ma tu e Bruno avete deciso di moltiplicare i minimi come se fossero pizzette – e ogni tanto pure commensurabili! Mordente: Paul, la filosofia italiana è così: tra una stella e un infinitesimo, la conversazione non finisce mai! Anzi, quando pensi di aver detto tutto, arriva un nuovo infinito da discutere… e magari una pizza da condividere! Mordente, Fabrizio (1584). Apud Johannem Baptistam. Venezia: Giovanni Battista Bertoni.

Emilio Morselli (Vigevano, Pavia, Lombardia): la sistematicita della filosofia –la filosofia della lingua – parola, ragione, segno, comunicazione.  Grice’s account of conversational meaning as reason-governed inference can be paired with Emilio Morselli’s “systematic” Lombard ambition (a dictionary mind: parola, segno, comunicazione) by treating Morselli’s lexicographic and historiographic impulse as an attempt to stabilize, in public form, the background rationalities that make talk intelligible in the first place. On Grice’s view, hearers recover what is meant by assuming cooperative rational agency and then computing implicatures from what is said plus context; in your passage, Morselli’s entries on silence (as the sceptic’s suspension of judgment) and aphasia (as loss of linguistic function) mark two limiting cases that help isolate Grice’s middle ground, where meaning is neither mere appearance nor mere noise but the product of interpretable intention under shared norms. Skeptical silence resembles Gricean conversational “withholding” at its extreme: the speaker declines commitment, yet that very refusal can still be meaningful because interlocutors rationally search for a point (the implicature of caution, parity of reasons, or methodological restraint). Aphasia, by contrast, models breakdown: when the capacity to produce usable signs collapses, the Gricean machinery cannot get traction because there is no reliable vehicle for intention-recognition, so the cooperative calculus fails. Morselli’s systematicity thus complements Grice by foregrounding the infrastructure of intelligibility—definitions, distinctions, taxonomies—while Grice explains how, even with that infrastructure, actual communication lives in the dynamic gap between dictionary-meaning and occasion-meaning: the same word (or the choice of silence) can carry different rationally recoverable implications depending on the conversational setting, the epistemic posture, and the shared expectations that make “saying less” a way of meaning more. Grice: “The Italians distinguish between Morselli and Morselli. The second wrote a ‘manuale di semejotic’ – the first did not!” Grice: “What I like about Morselli is that his is mainstream (Lombardia) and that he approached philosophy systematically. Only Morselli could conceive of a ‘dictionary’ – and he also wrote a ‘storia della filosofia’!” – Per li scettici antichi, l’afasia, Osn!:d P*%r OdMi WHMJOTECA CAPWvj|a£. dico) = Il silenzio, fllos., il tacere, è il risultato della sospensione di qualsiasi giudizio o affermazione circa la vera natura dello cose. L’uomo conosce soltanto ciò che appare, và 9aiv6jj.Eva, la pura apparenza: se si vuolo oltrepassarla, ci si trova di fronte a ragioni contrarlo e d'uguale forza; perciò il saggio, se vuol conservare l’impassibilità e l’equilibrio dell’anima (derapala), non afferma nuLa, neppure l’impossibilità della scienza. (psicol.): l’afasia ò la perdita totale o parziale dello funzioni del linguaggio. Affettivo (lat. a/Hccrc. p. 0. dolore, laeiiiìa addolorare, rallegrare) (psicol.): si dico delle modificazioni e dei modi di essere dei soggetto, dei processi essenzialmente soggettivi, come il niacore, il dolore, le emozioni, 1 sentimenti, lo passioni, io inclinazioni, che formano una dello tre grandi attività in cui si distribuisce solitamente, per comodità d’analisi, la vita psicologica, cioè l’intelligenza, il sentimento, la volontà. Affezione (affectio) (psicol.): in generale designa una disposizione, uno 0 stato, un mutamento dovuti a causo esterne o Interne, sempre con un carattere di passività. In senso più particolare esprime il piacere, il doloro e lo emozioni elementari. implicatura. Emilio Morselli.  Grice: Caro Morselli, da Vigevano alla filosofia sistematica, dimmi: il silenzio è davvero la risposta migliore quando le parole non bastano? Oppure rischiamo di diventare afasici e perderci la conversazione? Morselli: Paul, il silenzio tra gli antichi scettici era un’arte! Ma se dovessi scrivere un dizionario, forse la voce “afasia” sarebbe la più lunga: nella filosofia, tacere è più rumoroso che parlare! Grice: Allora, Morselli, se la parola è segno e la ragione è comunicazione, qual è il destino di chi si affida solo all’apparenza? Gli scettici sarebbero perfetti per una chat muta! Morselli: Paul, tra afasia e sentimenti, l’importante è mantenere l’equilibrio dell’anima. Se qualcuno ti affetta troppo, magari è solo un’affezione temporanea: in Lombardia, anche l’implicatura passa col tempo e con un buon risotto! Morselli, Emilio (1898). Elementi di sociologia generale. Milano: U. Hoepli.

Enrico Agostino Morselli (Modena)– metafisica e psicologia filosofica – semeiotica.  Morselli is a good foil for Grice because semiotics/“semeiotics” treats symptoms as signs whose significance is recovered by disciplined inference, whereas Grice’s program treats utterances as actions whose significance is recovered by disciplined inference under assumptions of rational cooperation. In your passage, the Stevenson quip (“spots only mean measles—strictly, a spot does not mean”) marks the difference between natural meaning and speaker-meaning; Morselli’s psychiatric semeiotica sits right on that boundary, since it is precisely the practice of moving from observed “spots” (symptoms, behaviors, expressive disturbances) to what they indicate, while being careful not to slide from indication to intention. Grice supplies the conceptual control: where a symptom is read as evidence (natural meaning, defeasible and diagnostically constrained), a communicative act is read as meant (non-natural meaning, intention-involving, audience-directed). The Italy/Oxford contrast then becomes methodological: early Oxford “armchair psychology” often tried to read minds from introspection and ordinary-language cues, whereas Morselli’s clinical posture treats the mind as something approached through a rule-governed interpretive practice (a semiotics of the mental) that already anticipates Grice’s key idea that interpretation is rational and norm-sensitive, not merely associative. Finally, the mediumship episodes sharpen the Gricean warning: once you start treating every sign as if it were a message, you risk over-ascribing intention and importing “implicature” where there is only evidence; Grice’s maxims (especially Quantity and Relation) explain why that temptation is powerful—humans are built to infer purpose—while Morselli’s semeiotic discipline exemplifies the counter-pressure to constrain inference by method, background knowledge, and differential diagnosis. Grice: “Stevenson, an American, states that spots only ‘mean’ measles – strictly, a spot does not mean. Italians don’t have this problem – witness Morselli and his semejotica, as he spells it!” Grice: “When I arrived at Oxford, psychology was philosophy, and philosophy was psychology – or rather, philosophers were armchair psychologists, and vice versa! I never recovered. Abstract: Grice’s intention. Occupation(s) Physician, psychical researcher Enrico Agostino Morselli is an Italian physician and psychical researcher. M. is a professor atTurin. He is best known for the publication of his influential book Suicide: An Essay on Comparative Moral Statistics claiming that suicide is primarily the result of the struggle for life and nature's evolutionary process. According to Shorter "M. is known outside of Italy for having coined the term dysmorphophobia. In Italy, he is known for the psychiatry textbook A Guide to the Semiotics of Mental Illness." M. is a eugenicist and some of his writings have been linked to scientific racialism. M. is also interested in mediumship and psychical research. He studies the medium Eusapia Palladino and concludes that some of her phenomena is genuine, being evidence for an unknown bio-psychic force present in all humans.  Selected works Science Suicide: An Essay on Comparative Moral Statistics; A Guide to the Semiotics of Mental Illness (Manuale di SEMEIOTICA [SEMEJOTICA] delle malattie mentali Psychical research  M., E. . Eusapia Paladino and the Genuineness of Her Phenomena. Annals of Psychical Science. M., Psicologia e “Spiritismo”: Impressioni e Note Critiche sui Fenomeni Medianici di Eusapia Palladino. Turin: Fratelli Bocca. References  Stark, Rodney; Bainbridge, William Sims. Religion, Deviance and Social Control. Routledge. Maj, Mario; Ferro, Anthology of Italian Psychiatric Texts. World Psychiatric Association. Enrico Morselli.  Grice: Caro Morselli, quando sono arrivato a Oxford, la psicologia era filosofia e viceversa. Ma dimmi, in Italia, le macchie significano sempre il morbillo o ogni segno ha il suo destino? Morselli: Ah Grice, da noi ogni segno si merita una sua interpretazione! La mia semeiotica delle malattie mentali ha più indizi di un romanzo giallo. Stevenson dice che le macchie “indicano” il morbillo, ma io preferisco pensare che ogni sintomo abbia una sua personalità. Grice: Allora, se un medium si presenta con una macchia, è malato o sta solo trasmettendo un messaggio dallo spirito di Palladino? Morselli: In quel caso, caro Paul, potresti ritrovarti con una diagnosi doppia: una da medico e una da spiritista! E se la macchia scompare, magari è solo l’implicatura che ha deciso di prendersi una pausa. Del resto, in Italia anche i segni si divertono a confondere i filosofi! Morselli, Enrico Agostino (1870). Spirito e materia. Conferenza sui rapporti fra il cervello e il pensiero. L’Eco delle Università.

Emiliano Avogadro Collobiano di Vigiliano e Della Motta (Vercelli, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s account of conversational meaning as reason-governed inference fits Emiliano Avogadro della Motta especially well because Motta’s intellectual life, as sketched in your passage, is built around salon-like “little academies” in Vercelli where jurists, theologians, bishops, and philosophers coordinate inquiry across disciplines and status lines—exactly the sort of mixed-audience setting in which what is meant routinely outruns what is said, and is recoverable only through shared norms of relevance, tact, and argumentative charity. On a Gricean reading, Motta’s public roles (school reformer, civic administrator, cultural founder, adviser on public instruction) make him a manager of conversational rationality in the literal sense: he engineers the conditions under which talk can function as a cooperative enterprise (who gets educated, which voices are authorized, which topics are discussable), and so he indirectly shapes which implicatures a community can reasonably draw from policy, pedagogy, and even ecclesiastical debate. The Rosmini/Serbati motif sharpens the comparison: to “examine” a thinker is not merely to refute propositions but to negotiate how a name, a school, and a doctrinal posture will be taken in the conversational economy of the time; the better surname joke itself is Gricean, because it highlights how social tone and lexical choice guide uptake beyond literal content. Even the Avogadro “fluid” pun works as a miniature model of implicature: it treats the movement of ideas through rooms and registers as a rational, inference-driven circulation, where participants track what is being suggested, conceded, bracketed, or politely left unsaid as the conversation shifts from dogma to education to civic history. In short, where Grice theorizes the norms that make meaning calculable in conversation, Motta exemplifies a historical practice of those norms in action—an elite but outward-looking conversational culture that relies on shared rational expectations to turn sparse remarks, institutional gestures, and cross-domain discussion into stable, publicly intelligible meaning. Grice: “If Mill’s claim to fame is to some his examination of Mill, Motta’s claim to fame is his examination of Rosmini – or Serbati, as I prefer to call him – better surname! --!” -- Il conte Emiliano Avogadro della M,. Nacsce dal conte Ignazio della M. e da Ifigenia Avogadro di Casanova, entrambi appartenenti a nobili famiglie di vassalli e visconti, i cui antenati risalgono a poco oltre il mille. Tra gli Avogadro vi fu anche Amedeo, inventore della legge sui fluidi. Frequenta con profitto gli studi e si laureò in utroque iure, ma proseguì lo studio in diverse aree della teologia e della filosofia, trasformando le dimore familiari in piccole accademie dove giuristi, filosofi, studiosi di diritto canonico e vescovi si riunivano, per discutere vari argomenti ed approfondire la filosofia moderna e i diversi aspetti del nascente socialismo.  Ricevette l'incarico, che già fu del padre, di riformatore degli studi del Vercellese e in un'epoca in cui si guardava ancora con diffidenza all'istruzione delle classi popolari, egli visitava ciclicamente le scuole d'ogni ordine, scegliendone accuratamente gli insegnanti, convinto che l'istruzione e l'educazione fossero un diritto di tutti e dovessero procedere simultaneamente. Assunse la carica di Consigliere di Formigliana e continuò a dedicarsi allo sviluppo culturale della natia Vercelli, ove fondò la Società di Storia Patria, per incrementare gli studi sul glorioso passato della città. Divenne membro del Consiglio Generale del Debito Pubblico e più tardi sindaco di Collobiano e “Consigliere di Sua Maestà per il pubblico insegnamento” La sua notorietà varcò i confini del Piemonte, allorché ricevette l'eccezionale invito di partecipazione alla fase preparatoria della definizione del dogma dell'Immacolata e le sue riflessioni ebbero un seguito fra alcuni importanti gesuiti, implicatura. Grice: Motta, mi dica: tra la ragione conversazionale di Vercelli e la filosofia piemontese, avete mai discusso se la legge dei fluidi di Avogadro funziona anche tra nobili e vassalli, o si rischia che i visconti evaporino? Motta: Ah, Grice, se i visconti evaporassero, resterebbe solo la implicatura! In famiglia si dice che la vera fluidità è quella delle idee: nei nostri salotti si discuteva talmente tanto che i filosofi si spostavano da una stanza all’altra senza soluzione di continuità, come molecole impazienti. Grice: E mi dica, Motta, tra una discussione sul dogma e una sull’educazione, quanti filosofi servono per cambiare una candela nella Società di Storia Patria? O si lascia tutto all’implicatura e si spera che la luce arrivi da sola? Motta: Grice, in Piemonte si preferisce la luce naturale, ma se proprio serve una candela, basta coinvolgere il conte, il vescovo, il giurista e magari anche un fluido: così si accende tutto, e si ride, perché la filosofia è un diritto di tutti—anche del buio! Motta, Emiliano Avogradro Collobiano di Vigliano e Della (1848). Rivista retrospettiva di un fatto seguito in Vercelli con osservazioni al diritto legale di libera censura. Vercelli.

Tito Gaio Musonio Rufo (Bolsena, Viterbo, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del Musonio di Gentile -- lingua lazia -- Grice’s reason-governed account of conversational meaning finds an unusually apt foil in Musonius Rufus, whose authority, as your passage notes, was exerted largely through oral teaching and whose surviving “texts” are in effect the afterlife of uptake: apophthegms and lecture-fragments preserved by hearers (via Stobaeus, Aulus Gellius, Plutarch, and through Epictetus/Arrian). Where Grice theorizes how hearers rationally recover speaker-meaning by assuming a cooperative orientation and then calculating implicatures from what is said, Musonius exemplifies a pedagogy that forces precisely that calculative work: by refusing the security of a written treatise, he makes doctrine travel as an inferential practice, not as a fixed inscription, so that “what he meant” is inseparable from what competent auditors could responsibly reconstruct. The exile motif (Rome/Gyaros and back) sharpens the parallel: both at Nero’s court and in post-war Oxford’s “no-no” climate for Roman philosophy, institutions manage what counts as sayable; yet the Gricean point is that meaning survives censorship and fashion because it is not exhausted by the official dictum—an audience can still retrieve a standpoint from sparse prompts, silences, and pointed brevity. Your dialogue’s line “if I keep silent, you are compelled to understand” is Gricean to the core: silence and under-specification become communicative moves only against a background of shared norms, shared purposes, and the expectation that a rational agent is not wasting the interlocutor’s time. Finally, Musonius’ “lingua lazia” and Stoic plainness function like an ethics of maxim-following: speak with measured quantity and relevance, let the hearer do the rest, and treat the residue—what is not stated but becomes jointly recoverable—as the real vehicle of philosophical transmission, i.e., implicature as moral practice rather than mere semantic decoration. Grice: “I don’t know if it was Ryle, but for years, Roman philosophy was a no-no at Oxford. Gone were the days of Walter Pater and his Marius The Epicurean!” Esercita un forte influsso sui contemporanei. Di famiglia equestre dell’etrusca Volsini suscita per la sua fama di filosofo l’invidia di Nerone. Segue Rubellio Plauto nell'Asia Minore e lo incoraggia a togliersi la vita quando Nerone lo condanna a morte. Ritorna a Roma, dove e bandito insieme con Cornuto in occasione della congiura di Pisone e confinato nell’isola di Gyaros nelle Cicladi, ove per la sua rinomanza attira uditori da ogni parte.Verosimilmente richiamato a Roma da GALBA, negli ultimi giorni di Vitellio si une ad una ambasceria del Senato presso Antonio Primo per perorare la causa della pace fra i suoi soldati, ma senza successo.Quando Vespasiano assunse il potere, M. accusa davanti al Senato P. Egnazio Celere, quale delatore e falso testimonio nel processo di Borea Sorano. Vespasiano lo escluse dalla prima espulsione dei filosofi da Roma, ma poi lo esiliò per la seconda volta ; però Tito, che già lo aveva conosciuto, lo richiamò dopo la sua assunzione al trono. In seguito mancano notizie su di lui, ma da una lettera di Plinio il Giovane sembra che non fosse più in vita. Non risulta che abbia composto e pubblicato scritti, anzi sembra che si sia servito soltanto dell’insegnamento orale, del quale, però, rimangono frammenti abbastanza numerosi. Essi comprendono 19 brevi apoftegmi conservati da Plutarco, da Aulo Gellio e dallo Stobeo ; altri apoftegmi e trattazioni filosofiche relativamente ampie raccolti da Epitteto nel suo insegnamento-È e trasmessi i primi da Arriano, le seconde dallo Stobeo ; esposizioni o lezioni che si trovano nello Stobeo o costituiscono la parte più estesa dei frammenti. Etruria. Tito Gaio Musonio Rufo. GRICEVS: Nescio an Ryle fuerit; sed per annos philosophia Romana Oxonii quasi “nefas” habebatur—abiērunt dies Walteri Pater et Marii Epicurei! MVSONIVS: Miror vos: Oxonii “nefas” dicitis quod Nero “invidia” vocabat. Ille me Gyarum misit; vos tantum ad bibliothecam—quae, fateor, etiam carcer esse potest. GRICEVS: At tu—philosophus Bolsenae—tam multos auditores traxisti, et tamen nihil scripsisti. Id est implicatura maxima: “si taceo, vos cogimini intellegere.” MVSONIVS: Ita est: scripta saepe sunt longiora quam res; ego breviter doceo et diu exulō. Si ex XIX apophthegmatibus totam doctrinam colligitis, cooperative agite—et parcite mihi chartis, quas Vespasianus iterum exulare iuberet. Musonio Ruo, Tito Gaio (a. u. c. DCCLXXVIII). Dicta. Roma.

Arnaldo Mussolini (Dovia di Predapio, Forli-Cesena, Emilia-Romagna): Ryle e la ragione conversazionale ad Oxford. Grice’s picture of reason-governed conversational meaning helps read your Oxford vignette not as a biographical aside about an Italian public figure’s brother, but as a case study in how institutional climates reshape what can be said and, crucially, what must be left to implicature. On a Gricean view, hearers routinely assume cooperative rationality and so infer speaker-meaning from not only what is asserted but from choices of topic, tone, and omission; in the passage, the “Ryle knew” motif and the post-war hardening of attitudes toward continental philosophy can be described as a systematic management of conversational presuppositions (what counts as “live,” “serious,” or “respectable” philosophy) and of salience (what gets framed as relevant or treated with derision). The move from pre-war respectful engagement to post-war dismissal functions pragmatically like a standing implicature: that certain traditions are not merely false but not worth pursuing, so that a philosopher can communicate exclusion without having to argue for it in the open. The label “unwanted course” is likewise Gricean: it is an overtly thin description that invites the audience to supply the deeper institutional message (this material is being taught under constraint, as an obligation rather than as a shared project), and it does so by relying on shared background norms about what Oxford expects to be worth teaching. In that way, your scene ties Ryle-style gatekeeping to Grice’s central insight: conversational meaning is rationally recoverable only against a backdrop of common assumptions, and when those assumptions become politically and culturally charged, the same inferential machinery that ordinarily supports cooperation can also support exclusion—by making silence, ridicule, and curricular sidelining do the work that explicit argument used to do. Grice: “As a scholarship boy from Clifton arriving at Oxford in 1934, little did I know that Mussolini’s brother was dead – but RYLE knew! Evidence from Rowe's biography of Austin and related academic reviews suggests that when Ryle eventually did become the dominant figure of philosophy at Oxford after World War II, he deliberately suppresses praise for German philosophy and continental european thought generally, often using derision in place of his pre-war respect for it. Evidence of Suppression Shift from Respect to Hostility: Before the war, Ryle is sympathetic to continental philosophy, reviewing Heidegger's “Sein und Zeit” with respect and delivering a measured account of Husserl's work. However, after the war, this dissent "hardens into hostility," and he replaces his former respect with derision. "Unwanted Course": Ryle himself refers to a course of lectures he gives at Oxford – when Grice was a scholar at Corpus, and then a Harmsworth Schoalr at Merton, to eventually become a Fellow, and Tutorial Fellow in Philosophy at St. John’s, and eventually University Lecturer -- on the work of Bolzano, Brentano, Husserl, and Meinong [from whose ‘jungle’ – ontological jungle – Grice wants to get away as late as ‘Vacuous names’ -- as an "unwanted course," reflecting the prevailing shift in the Oxford philosophical climate away from such philosophers. Cultural Atmosphere: Rowe's biography and related analyses tie this shift to the general "political and cultural climate" in post-war Oxford, which influences dons and graduates. This atmosphere contributed to the rise of the insular Oxford "ordinary-language philosophy" led by Ryle and Austin, which largely ignores or dismisses non-anglophone traditions. Focus on British Pragmatist empiricism: Grice: Ah, Mussolini! Sa, anche io ho un fratello—‘ne ho solo uno, proprio come lei’—ma sembra che sia il suo ad essere la vera celebrità a Vadum Boum. Eppure, mentre molti preferiscono Mussolini, Mussolini è il mio uomo. La filosofia, mi creda, finisce spesso per essere dettata dalla dittatura della storia!" Mussolini: Caro Grice, la sua osservazione è davvero spassosa. L’ombra della storia pesa su tutti, persino sui pensieri—ma forse la filosofia, come il linguaggio, può liberarci dal suo fardello. La fama di mio fratello è un macigno, ma spero che anche la mia voce filosofica possa trovare spazio." Grice: "Ha centrato il punto, Arnaldo. La tirannia della storia è una realtà, ma c’è sempre spazio per un dialogo nuovo. Il filosofo, insomma, deve conversare—con eleganza, ovvio—anche col passato e proporre nuove implicature per il presente." Mussolini: "Esattamente, Professor Grice. Continuiamo allora a costruire la nostra filosofia con ragionamento e conversazione—senza mai dimenticare la storia, ma senza farci chiudere in gabbia. Grazie per la sua franchezza e questo scambio così ricco. Mussolini, Arnaldo (1902). La riforma sociale in Italia. Milano: Tipografia Editrice Sociale.

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (Dovia di Predapio, Forli-Cesena, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale e la storia della filosofia di Lamanna. Grice’s reason-governed account of conversational meaning can be used, in your passage, to diagnose how political rhetoric works precisely by recruiting an audience’s practical rationality to supply what is not said: the speaker banks on the hearer’s assumption that utterances are produced with some cooperative point, so hearers infer additional content (implicatures) from selective emphasis, strategic vagueness, and the staging of “acts” as if they were arguments. Read that way, “the Duce” becomes less a partner in philosophical exchange than a case study in how public speech can exploit the very norms Grice theorizes: slogans and set-pieces invite maximal uptake with minimal propositional commitment; appeals to authority and destiny trade on the maxim of Relation by making personal action “relevant” evidence for historical necessity; and the claim that a “philosophy” is to be “desumed from acts” shifts evaluation from truth-conditions to performative display, encouraging the audience to treat power as a reason. The institutional framing you cite (culture journals, curated editions, “discorsi di circostanza”) also fits Grice’s emphasis on audience design: by controlling context, genre, and what counts as admissible background, the propagandistic speaker narrows the range of reasonable inferences until the preferred implicature feels like the only rational one. In short, your comparison can present Grice as explaining not only how cooperative conversation succeeds, but also how the appearance of rational cooperation can be engineered so that hearers do the inferential work—filling in conclusions, excusing gaps, and treating spectacle as meaning—thereby turning reason-governed interpretation into a tool that can be manipulated rather than a neutral route to understanding. Grice: “We do not study history as philosophers at Oxford – we FOUGHT it!” -- Grice: “I was thinking of Hitler, when I was callled to the arms. It was only later that I added M. to my thoughts!”—Grice: “I heard one Italian say, ‘Some like Mussolini, but Mussolin’s MY man’ – by the first, he referred to the Duce, by the second, to the Duce’s broher, the philosopher!” QUADERNI DELL'ISTITUTO NAZIONALE FASCISTA DI CULTURA. CARLINI, LA FILOSOFIA DI M. ISTITUTO NAZIONALE FASCISTA DI CULTURA, ROMA, tipografia del Senato di Bardi Ci proponiamo di mettere in rilievo, in rapidi cenni, un aspetto non ancora studiato della personalità del nostro duce: il sua ‘filosofia,’ quale si può desumere da’ suoi atti. In verità, i biografi di lui, indagando il periodo della formazione della sua personalità, non hanno trascurato questo lato. Discepolo di Nietzsche è definito anche recentemente. Egli stesso riconosce in Pareto un altro suo maestro; e tutti [Il presente studio vuol essere soltanto un saggio, anzi una semplice indicazione di un aspetto della personalità del duce: aspetto implicante svariati e importanti problemi del pensiero fascista. Per uno studio più ampio giover moltissimo la nuova, accurata, edizione de’ suoi scritti a cui s’è accinto l’editore Hoepli. M. ricorda il periodo della sua vita e della storia italiana da lui vissuta vertiginosamente, e aggiunge. Molti discorsi e scritti sono legati al movente che li provocò : sono di circostanza ». L’editore, anch’egli, dice che l’edizione « conterrà tutto ciò ch’è destinato a lassare alla storia, nella forma originaria più ampia: eliminati, quindi, i discorsi dei quali esiste solamente il riassunto ». tea with Mussolini. Grice: Ah, Mussolini, si dice che la filosofia non sia mai stata la sola guida dei destini d’Italia, ma mi incuriosisce il modo in cui la storia, da Dovia di Predappio, si intreccia con la ragione conversazionale. Lei ha mai pensato che il filosofo, più che studiare la storia, debba combatterla, come suggeriamo spesso ad Oxford?"  Mussolini: "Caro Grice, le sue parole colpiscono nel segno. In Italia, la storia è sempre stata una maestra severa. Io stesso, da giovane, l’ho vissuta vertiginosamente, imparando che la filosofia deve essere implicita negli atti, non solo nei libri. È così che la mia 'filosofia' si è forgiata, a volte tra Nietzsche e Pareto, a volte tra circostanze che richiedono risposte immediate."  Grice: Interessante, Mussolini. Da noi ad Oxford si ride spesso della filosofia messa sullo sfondo della storia, ma il suo modo di intendere il pensiero, come qualcosa che si desume dagli atti, mi ricorda la forza del pragmatismo. Forse il filosofo italiano è più vicino a quell’idea che la parola deve sempre farsi azione?"  Mussolini: "Direi proprio di sì, Grice. La filosofia italiana, soprattutto quella emiliana, non si accontenta di stare sulle pagine: vuole incidere nella realtà, lasciare traccia nella storia. E anche se i discorsi talvolta sono 'di circostanza', come diceva il mio editore, penso che la vera implicatura sia sempre quella di costruire—anche conversando—un destino più grande. Grazie per il suo sguardo acuto e per questa conversazione, che illumina il cuore della nostra tradizione. Mussolini, Benito Amilcare Andrea (1909). La filosofia della forza. Milano: Società Editrice Avanti.

Girolamo Muzio (Padova, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale nella vernacola.  Grice’s reason-governed picture of conversational meaning fits Muzio almost too well: Muzio’s “battle” for the vernacular is not merely a patriotic preference for Italian over Latin, but a thesis about what makes speech intelligible and socially efficacious in the first place—namely, that speakers and hearers share practical norms of inference that let them move from what is said to what is meant without needing an elite code. In Gricean terms, Latin at Oxford functions as a gatekeeping register that can disguise a failure of communicative cooperation (one can sound learned while flouting relevance, perspicuity, or audience-design), whereas Muzio’s vernacularism implicitly backs the Cooperative Principle by insisting that philosophical teaching remain calculable by ordinary reasoners within a living linguistic community. The Padua-to-Oxford contrast in your dialogue sharpens this: Muzio treats dialect, proverb, and “osteria” wit as sites where implicature is most naturally at home, because shared form-of-life knowledge makes indirectness interpretable; Grice, though formed by the Latin-heavy Literae Humaniores regime, ultimately gives a theory that vindicates Muzio’s point by explaining how meaning routinely outruns literal sentence-meaning through rational expectations. Even the comic opposition between “toga latina” and “lingua del popolo” can be cast as a pragmatics claim: when the language is socially marked as elite, the hearer must spend effort distinguishing genuine informative intent from mere status display, while vernacular talk—precisely because it is accountable to common uptake—makes conversational rationality visible in the open, where a well-timed proverb or joke does the philosophical work by implicature rather than by scholastic formality. Grice: “It can be said, to echo M., that there is an even less natural – than in his native Italy, long, largely figurative "battle" at Oxford over the use of Latin versus the vernacular in the teaching of philosophy. This is not a single, sudden conflict but a gradual cultural and institutional shift that occurs over centuries, as the role of the Latin language as the universal language of philosophy diminished. This transition is driven by social and intellectual changes. The Latin language, unlike the vernacular, is a marker of ELITE status. Proficiency in the Latin language is a hall-mark of a gentleman's education and an upper-class trait, zealously guarded to maintain social distinctions. The vernacular is a "commoner's tongue". The vernacular is long considered too unrefined for serious philosophical discourse by many philosophers. Rise of the vernacular: A wider movement across Europe in the late Middle Ages and early modern period legitimised the nationa language, though this is slower in English at Oxford. Practicality vs. Tradition: While the Latin language allows philosophers across Europe to communicate, it becomes a barrier to wider education and the integration of ideas, not so much in philosophy, but especially in science and modern subjects.  Key Dates and Periods Period/Date Event/Significance Pre-17th Century. Every scholarship and examination at Oxford is conducted in the Latin language. Late 17th - Mid-18th Century. A gradual shift begins. While the Latin language remains the formal language of tutorials, seminars, lectures, official documents, and to this day, degrees: Grice, B. A. Lit. Hum. Oxon -- the use of the vernacular in INFORMAL discussion and SOME written work starts to increase. 1750s Prominent intellectuals and philosophers, like Johnson, regard the Latin language as superior for formal philosophical discourse, highlighting ongoing cultural resistance to the vernacular in academia. E. Muzio.  Grice: Caro Muzio, dicono che a Oxford la battaglia tra latino e vernacolo sia stata lunga e figurativa. Ma lei, da Padova, si trova più a suo agio a filosofeggiare nella lingua del popolo o preferisce indossare la toga latina? Muzio: Grice, le confesso che il vernacolo ha una musicalità che il latino non riesce a imitare. Certo, il latino fa sentire tutti un po’ aristocratici, ma provi a dire “filosofia” tra amici in dialetto veneto: è più facile trovare un buon vino che un confine tra pensiero e risata! Grice: Ah, allora forse dovremmo istituire un simposio filosofico in osteria! Chissà che, tra un proverbio e una battuta, la ragione conversazionale non si riveli più profonda che tra i marmi di Oxford. Muzio: Ottima idea, Grice! A Padova si dice che la filosofia nasce dove si brinda. E se qualcuno osa correggere la nostra lingua, lo mandiamo a declinare “buon senso” in latino, così impara che la saggezza va servita sempre col sorriso! Muzio, Girolamo (1518). Isagogicon ad Libellum (introduzione a un libretto in lode di Biagio Elcelio). Augusta.

Bruno Nardi (Spianate, Altopascio, Lucca, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale d’Alighieri -- dantesco – Alighieri – n contrasting Bruno Nardi’s approach to Dante with Grice’s theory of reason‑governed meaning, what emerges is a difference less of subject matter than of philosophical posture toward meaning itself. Grice conceives meaning as fundamentally conversational and normative, grounded in rational cooperation and inferences that speakers can be held accountable for, even when those meanings are implicit rather than explicitly stated; reason, for Grice, governs meaning by structuring the expectations that make implicature possible. Nardi, by contrast, approaches Dante not by extracting a theory of meaning in the modern analytic sense, but by situating philosophical significance within poetic, historical, and doctrinal strata where reason operates indirectly, through allegory, tradition, and literary form. Where Grice asks whether an utterance counts as meaningful by virtue of the rational intentions it manifests in a conversational exchange, Nardi asks whether a poetic text can count as philosophical by virtue of the rational architecture it embodies, even when it does not present arguments in discursive prose. In this sense, Dante functions for Nardi as a test case that stretches the boundaries of philosophy beyond institutional genres, whereas for Grice Dante becomes an ironic interlocutor who problematizes the very criteria by which philosophy is recognized. The comparison thus reveals a shared concern with reason as the condition of intelligibility, but a divergence in emphasis: Grice locates reason in the micro‑norms of conversational practice, while Nardi locates it in the macro‑continuities of intellectual history, where meaning is governed not only by what is said, but by how a culture learns to read, infer, and philosophize—even in verse. Grice: “I like N.– for one, he doesn’t know where to place Alighieri within the history of philosophy – which is mutatis mutandis the same doubt I have with Shakespeare!” Oxford, Bologna, Bologna, Oxford. Filosofo toscano. Filosofo italiano. Grice: “The Italians are fortunate: with Alighieri they can philosophise about him!” Primogenito di una famiglia benestante, composta di nove figli, viene avviato sin dalla tenera età alla carriera ecclesiastica. Entra nel collegio dei frati francescani a Buggiano e diventa chierico, assumendo il nome di frate Angelo. Usce dal convento di Buggiano perché non aveva intenzione di continuare nella vita religiosa, avendone perduta la vocazione. Proseguì gli studi di filosofia e teologia frequentando il convento di Sant'Agostino di Nicosia in provincia di Pisa. Volendo proseguire gli studi, i genitori gli indicarono un'unica strada, quella di entrare in seminario e diventare prete. Venne ammesso al seminario di Pescia e diventò sacerdote. Qui si avvicinò fugacemente al movimento Modernista, condannato da papa Pio X con l'Enciclica Pascendi. N. sostenne l'esame di concorso per una borsa di studio triennale conferita dall'opera Pia Galeotti di Pescia al fine di frequentare un corso di perfezionamento filosofico presso l'Università Cattolica di Lovanio (Belgio). N. aveva da poco iniziato a frequentare l'Università Cattolica di Lovanio che già decise l'argomento della sua tesi di laurea Sigieri di Brabante nella Divina Commedia e le fonti della filosofia di Dante, che venne discussa con Wulf. La lettura dell'opera di Pierre Mandonnet, nella parte dedicata a Sigieri, non persuadeva N. sulla soluzione. dantesco, Alighieri, animo, Pomponazzi, Virgilio, Enea, inferno, il concetto d’animo, la filosofia romana nel secolo d’augusto – il secolo d’oro della filosofia romana – il secolo augusteo, pico, abano. Lasciate ogni speranza voi ch’entrate. il paradiso filosofico. Grice: Caro Nardi, mi dica: Dante è filosofo per davvero, o lo consideriamo tale solo perché in Italia la filosofia si fa anche in versi? Nardi: Ah, Grice, Dante è filosofo se lo leggi a Oxford, poeta se lo leggi a Bologna, e a Spianate si dice che sia entrambe le cose... basta non chiederglielo direttamente, sennò ti manda dritto nel cerchio degli indecisi! Grice: Mi piace! Allora, la ragione conversazionale dantesca è: "Lasciate ogni speranza voi che entrate", o piuttosto, "Entrate pure, ma portate una domanda filosofica e un paio di scarpe comode"? Nardi: Senz’altro la seconda, caro Grice! Perché il paradiso filosofico si raggiunge solo con un po’ di ironia, un po’ di latino, e molta pazienza... Virgilio docet, ma a volte anche Pomponazzi ci prova. E se non basta, si può sempre filosofeggiare su una granita, come suggerisce Natoli! Nardi, Bruno (1911). Saggio sul pensiero filosofico di Dante. Firenze: G. Barbèra.

Antimo Negri (Mercato, Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. A comparison between Grice and Antimo Negri with respect to reason‑governed conversational meaning highlights a contrast between an analytic reconstruction of communicative rationality and an idealist-historicist understanding of reason as a living act. Grice’s theory treats conversational meaning as regulated by publicly shareable norms of rational cooperation, where implicature arises from calculable departures from what is said, guided by maxims that articulate how reason structures mutual understanding in ordinary discourse. Negri, formed within the Italian idealist tradition of Gentile and deeply engaged with Hegelian mediation, would be less inclined to isolate conversational reason as a quasi‑technical system of rules, and more disposed to view it as an expression of the self‑actualizing activity of thought within concrete historical and cultural life. From this perspective, implicature is not merely an inferential add‑on to semantic content, but a manifestation of the dialectical tension between explicit utterance and the spiritual horizon in which it is produced and received. Where Grice insists on clarity about intentions, responsibility, and inferability as the rational backbone of communication, Negri would likely emphasize the formative role of tradition, intellectual style, and irony in sustaining meaningful conversation, especially within philosophical exchange. The point of contact between them lies in their shared resistance to scepticism about meaning: both reject the idea that conversation is arbitrary or opaque, yet they differ in where they locate its rational ground—Grice in the regulative logic of cooperative interaction, Negri in the broader, historically mediated life of reason that animates dialogue beyond the level of explicit inference. Grice: “At Oxford, idealists – like Bradley – are called bigheads – which is better than the monicker metaphysical sceptics receive: ‘beheads’!” Filosofo italiano. Allievo di ALIOTTA , con il quale si laurea a Napoli, sempre considera come suo maestro GENTILE , di cui tuttavia non è stato direttamente un discepolo. L'intensità con cui N. approfondiscd la filosofia di Gentile si concretizzato dapprima nello studio dell'allontanamento di SCIACCA  dall'attualismo poi in sagi quali: “Gentile,” “L'estetica di Gentile,” e “Gentile educatore.” Molti sono i saggi dedicati all'IDEALISMO, tra cui i saggi “La presenza di Hegel,” “Ricerche e meditazioni hegeliane,” e “Hegel” e le traduzioni di saggi hegeliane come “La vita di Gesù” e “Le orbite dei pianeti.” A queste traduzioni si aggiungono anche quelle di grandi classici del pensiero filosofico, economico e sociologico. Riceve il premio San Gerolamo.  A N. si deve anche la valorizzazione di alcune grandi personalità della cultura italiana, come quelle di EMO-CAPODILISTA , MICHELSTAEDTER , ed EVOLA . La sua carriera lo ha visto professore di storia della filosofia in alcune delle più importanti università italiane: Bari, Perugia e Roma, dove lavora presso l'Università degli studi di Roma Tor Vergata fino alla fine del suo incarico universitario. Nel corso della sua esperienza intellettuale è stato impegnato in un'intensa attività saggistica e pubblicistica, scrivendo sulle più importanti riviste culturali italiane e straniere, tra le quali: il Giornale critico della filosofia italiana», il Giornale di metafisica», «I Problemi della Pedagogia», «Rinascita della Scuola», «Dix-Huitième Siècle», «L'Enseignement Philosophique», «Studia Estetyczne», «Idealistic Studies». Collabora con molti dei maggiori quotidiani nazionali: «Il giornale d'Italia», l'«Avanti», «Il Messaggero», «Il Sole 24 Ore», «Il Tempo» e «il Giornale». implicatura.   Grice: Carissimo Negri, Oxford è famosa per i suoi idealisti “bigheads”—ma a Napoli, ci sono anche i filosofi “testa calda”? Oppure il clima campano raffredda i pensieri metafisici? Negri: Caro Grice, tra Vesuvio e filosofia, qui le teste si scaldano eccome! Ma almeno nessuno perde la testa come i “beheads” dello scetticismo inglese. Da noi si preferisce un espresso e una meditazione su Gentile… con molta ironia! Grice: Mi piace! Un caffè metafisico non guasta mai. Dimmi, tra Hegel, Gentile e la presenza di Emo-Capodilista, capita mai che la conversazione diventi una partita di ping-pong dialettico? O si rischia che la “implicatura” si perda tra i biscotti? Negri: Grice, la filosofia italiana è come una tavola imbandita: tra biscotti, caffè e saggi, ogni implicatura trova il suo posto. E se la dialettica si fa troppo serrata, basta un sorriso partenopeo: d’altronde, filosofare è meglio che prendersi troppo sul serio! La conversazione continua, con un brindisi ideale. Negri, Antimo (1961). Meditazioni hegeliane. Firenze: La Nuova Italia.

Antonio Negri (Padova, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. A comparison between Grice and Antonio Negri on reason‑governed conversational meaning brings into relief two radically different but curiously intersecting conceptions of rationality. For Grice, conversational meaning is governed by reason insofar as speakers implicitly commit themselves to norms of cooperation, inferability, and communicative responsibility; implicature arises because interlocutors trust that utterances are produced within a shared rational framework, even when what is meant exceeds what is said. Negri, by contrast, relocates conversational reason from the analytic space of individual intentions to the collective, productive dimension of political and social life. In his work on political grammar, power and potency, conversation is not merely an exchange governed by maxims but a form of assembly, where meaning emerges through conflict, plurality, metaphor, and historical struggle. From this perspective, implicature is no longer just a calculable inference but a site of political possibility, where what is unsaid carries the force of latent collective action. While Grice seeks to stabilize meaning against scepticism by articulating its rational rules, Negri accepts fragility as constitutive, seeing the openness of conversation as the very condition of its creative power. The convergence between them lies in their shared rejection of arbitrariness: both insist that meaning is governed, not accidental; yet they diverge sharply on what governs it—Grice locating reason in cooperative intentionality, Negri in the immanent, plural productivity of social and political life, where conversation is less a norm‑regulated exchange than a fragile, resistant “grammar” continually remade in practice. Grice” “In my Philosophical Eschatology and Plato’s republic,’ I venture into political philosophy. Negri ventured into it his whole life – and beyond!” Filosofo Padovano. Filosofo veneto. Filosofo italiano. Padova, Veneto. Grice: “Only in Italy a philosopher philosophises on Pinocchio!” -- Grice: “I like his idea of a new ‘grammar of politics,’ even if he uses the extravagant metaphor, delightful though, ‘fabbrica di porcellana’. He has a gift for metaphor, sure!” – Grice: “’la lenta ginestra’ to qualify Leopardi’s ontology is genial!” -- Grice: “Negri reminds me of ‘pinko Oxford’!” Tra gli anni sessanta e gli anni settanta, fu uno dei maggiori teorici del marxismo operaista. Dagli anni ottanta in poi, si dedicò invece allo studio del pensiero politico di Baruch Spinoza, contribuendo, insieme a Louis Althusser e Gilles Deleuze, alla sua riscoperta teorica. In collaborazione poi con Michael Hardt, ha scritto libri molto influenti nella Teoria politica contemporanea.  Accanto alla sua attività teorica, ha svolto una intensa attività di militanza politica, come co-fondatore e teorico militante delle organizzazioni della sinistra extraparlamentare Potere Operaio e Autonomia Operaia. A causa della sua attività politica è stato incarcerato e processato, all'interno del processo 7 aprile, con l'accusa di aver partecipato ad atti terroristici e d'insurrezione armata. Venne, tuttavia, assolto da queste imputazioni, per poi venire condannato a XII anni di carcere per associazione sovversiva e concorso morale nella rapina di Argelato. Saggi: “Stato e diritto -- la genesi illuministica della filosofia giuridica e politica” (Padova, Milani); “Lo storicismo” (Milano, Feltrinelli); “Forma giuridica” (Padova, Milani); “Flosofia del diritto” (Bari, Laterza); “Il concetto di partito politico” (Padova, Moderna); “Lo stato piano e il comune” (Milano, Feltrinelli); “Il concetto d’integrazione nella storia di Italia” (Milano, Giuffrè). implicature, potere-potenza, l’incubo, la differenza italiana, grammatica politica, assemblea. Antonio Negri.  Grice: Negri, ho letto con grande interesse i suoi lavori sulla "grammatica politica" e mi ha colpito la metafora della "fabbrica di porcellana". Mi chiedo: in un contesto dove la conversazione filosofica è spesso fragile, come si può evitare che la discussione politica si rompa sotto il peso delle passioni? Negri: Caro Grice, la fragilità della conversazione è, a mio avviso, il suo valore più grande. Bisogna accettare che il dibattito non sia mai definitivo: è un processo, una "ginestra" leopardiana che resiste lentamente. Per evitare le rotture, occorre coltivare un ascolto attivo e ricercare, anche tra divergenze, una potenza comune capace di generare nuove forme di dialogo e di politica. Grice: Mi piace il riferimento alla "lenta ginestra": la pazienza ontologica, potremmo dire, è essenziale. Ma non teme che, nella ricerca della potenza comune, si rischi di cadere nell’omologazione o, peggio, nel silenziamento delle differenze individuali? Negri: La differenza italiana, come la chiamavo nei miei saggi, è proprio ciò che ci salva dall’omologazione. La conversazione, per me, è un’assemblea aperta: ogni voce conta, ogni implicatura porta con sé nuove possibilità. Solo accogliendo l’incubo dell’uniformità e trasformandolo in potere plurale, possiamo davvero filosofare su Pinocchio senza tradire la nostra porcellana fragile. Negri, Antonio (1958). Stato e diritto: studio sulla genesi illuministica della filosofia giuridica e politica di Hegel. Padova: Casa Editrice Dott. Antonio Milani.

Guido Davide Neri (Milano, Lombardia): l’implicatura conversazionale dell’aporia della realizazione – In Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversation, meaning arises from the rational cooperation of speakers who rely on shared maxims to generate implicatures beyond what is explicitly said, so that philosophical problems often turn on how ordinary linguistic practices enable or mislead our inferences. Neri’s position, as it emerges from his aporia della realizzazione, engages this Gricean framework obliquely by shifting attention from conversational rationality to the historical–phenomenological tensions embedded in concepts like “realization” and “res,” where meaning is not simply inferred but remains structurally aporetic because it is pulled between praxis, ideology, and ontology. While Grice treats philosophical puzzlement as something that can often be dissolved by clarifying how language is used and what is pragmatically implied, Neri is more skeptical of such resolution: for him, the very attempt to “realize” concepts—whether Socratic substance, Kantian Ding an sich, or modern objectivism—produces a kind of philosophical paralysis akin to Buridan’s ass, in which rational governance does not close the gap between word and world but exposes it. The contrast thus lies in Grice’s confidence that reason-governed conversational principles can illuminate and stabilize meaning, versus Neri’s insistence that meaning, even when rationally articulated, remains marked by aporia rooted in historical experience and the failures of realization itself. Grice: “Philosophers, not the ordinary chap, use ‘realise’ a lot – and not in the sense, ‘I hadn’t realise’ – but as a verb from the Latin root ‘res’ – In fact, I have myself engaged in such talk when I introduced my ontological marxism and my explorations on ‘Aristotle on the multiplicity of being’ which was once planned to appear in my ‘Way of Words.’ The keyword here is ‘entia realissima’ – or ‘ens realissium’ in the singular. The Roman language allows for the superlative in ways that the English language doesn’t – since ‘most real’ can have vulgar usages that do not quite correspond with ‘realissimum.’ In ‘Aristotle on the multiplicity of being’ I propose a chain of being towards that ens realissimum. The primary substance thus – Socrates – qualifies as ens realissium. His wisdom is less real, and his love of wisdom is three-stages removed from reality. When Kant introduced the ‘ding an sich’ he really did not know what he was talking about. And some English philosophers – including myself – have used ‘obble’ (or object) as more or less equivalent to ‘ding’ if not ‘in sich.’ But Cicero would say that ‘thing’is a barbarism, when we have ‘res’ to replace it with!” “Any first in greats knows that!” Filosofo italiano. Milano, Lombardia. Grice: “Neri is an interesting philosopher – he speaks of the aporia of the realization, which is intriguing, and considers that ‘objectivism’ started with Galileo, which is realistic!” Professore a Verona. Allievo di Banfi e Paci, rappresenta una delle ultime sintesi della Scuola di Milano, di cui riprende alcuni dei temi portanti: ricerca fenomenologica, analisi storico-politica, studi estetici. Rispetto ai suoi maestri, del cui pensiero è stato uno dei maggiori interpreti, sviluppa un percorso di ricerca originale, caratterizzato da una critica delle ideologie del Novecento e dei loro fallimenti. aporia della realizzazione, il mordo dell’asino. Guido Davide Neri.  Grice: Carissimo Neri, mi incuriosisce davvero la tua “aporia della realizzazione”—ma dimmi, tu quando realizzi, ti senti più vicino a Socrate o a Kant? Io, personalmente, mi perdo sempre tra “res” e “ding an sich”!  Neri: Ah Grice, se mi lasci scegliere, preferisco l’asino di Buridano: almeno lui sa cosa non realizzare! Ma tra Socrate e Kant, forse mi sento come Galileo: realista, sì, ma con i piedi ben piantati sulla Luna… e la testa sulle nuvole milanesi.  Grice: In effetti, la Scuola di Milano avrebbe molto da ridire sulle nuvole! Però, mi affascina il tuo pensiero: quando parli di “entia realissima”, mi viene voglia di proporre un brindisi ontologico—solo che nessuno sa se il bicchiere è mezzo pieno, mezzo vuoto, o semplicemente… realissimum!  Neri: Grice, se il bicchiere è “aporetico” allora forse è il modo migliore per discutere: con Banfi e Paci avremmo scritto cento pagine solo per realizzare se fosse di vetro o di ideologia! E comunque, meglio un brindisi filosofico che un “mordo dell’asino” troppo serio—che la filosofia, si sa, è più felice con un sorriso! Neri, Guido Davide (1956).  Contributo. Ragionamenti. Milano.

Lucio Domizio Enobardo Nerone (Anzio, Lazio): il melodramma di Boito -- A comparison between Grice and Nero, framed through Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning, turns on the distinction between what is explicitly performed and what is implicitly conveyed. In Gricean terms, meaning is not exhausted by observable behavior or literal expression but is fixed by what a rational agent can be taken to intend, given shared assumptions about cooperation and relevance. Nero’s celebrated performance while Rome burned becomes, under this lens, a paradigmatic case of non‑verbal implicature: the physical act of producing music is the explicit content, neutral in itself, while the implicature arises from the deliberate flouting of expectations tied to circumstances of catastrophe, thereby conveying indifference or contempt. Grice would insist that this implicit meaning is not an accidental by‑product but something Nero meant, insofar as he could foresee how a reasonable audience would interpret his conduct. Where Nero, especially as stylized in later philosophical and operatic traditions, embodies an aestheticized sovereignty that treats action as spectacle, Grice’s theory reins that spectacle back into the domain of rational accountability, showing how even melodramatic excess is interpretable through principles governing inference, intention, and mutual recognition. The contrast, then, is not between reason and irrationality, but between a performer who exploits the space of implicature for self‑dramatization and a philosopher who analyzes that same space to explain how meaning persists—even morally damning meaning—beyond what is merely done or said.

Grice: “Nerone’s performance as Roma burnt is possibly apt for meta-analysis: he performed a pavane – this is what he explicitly conveyed by his action, if not ‘meant’ – what he implicitly conveyed, and thereby *meant* is that he could not care less!” -- Filosofo italiano. Anzio, Roma, Lazio. Filosofo epicureo e imperatore romano. Demetrio Lacon dedicated a philosophical essay to Nerone, making it extremely like that Nerone was himself a follower of the doctrines of The Garden. ao ss TN Bo ZA SI gia SE er ES 7 VIS \ Rai COSI Sega pr e da ansa Mi, pe sud o, e RICORDI MILANO 1( @ISERI (mpradigeile) POS \ DI Li ‘A DG DI 8 li 7 LALA Ss INI (EL fn ra SI ; CS ‘ pi” x "n ': lr” t DS Ù Ì N ? Ò FINE Nine {UMBERTO PIZZI BULOGNA Via Zamboni Imprimé en Italie BOITO TRAGEDIA IN IV ATTI AUMENTO COMPRESO LE PERSONE DELLA TRAGEDIA: NERONE SIMON MAGO FANUÈL ASTERIA RUBRIA TIGELLINO GOBRIAS DOSITÈO PERSIDE CERINTO IL TEMPIERE TERPNOS PRIMO VIANDANTE SECONDO VIANDANTE LO SCHIAVO AMMONITORE I VARII AGGRUPPAMENTI DEL CORO: Ambubaje - Fanciulle Gaditane - Acclamatori - Cavalieri Augustani - Liberti - Fautori di parte frasina - Fautori di parte azzurra Popolo Schiavi Plebe Senatori Una compagnia di Artisti Dionisiaci, Tre decurie di Guardie Germane Eneatori Sacerdoti del Tempio di Simon Mago - Matrone - Classarii - Pretoriani - Cristiani Aurighi della fazione verde - Aurighi della fazione azzurra. PANTOMIMI, DANZATRICI, APPARITORI: Una puella Gaditana L’ Arcigallo Un venditore d’idoli Un venditore di tavole votive - Un mercante orientale Un flamine - L’auriga vincitore L’ auriga vinto Un lanista Due Mercurii Due Caronti Alcuni Etiopi Viandanti - Lettigarii - Clienti Servi Danzatrici Gaditane Corrieri Mauritani I due Consoli - Littori Preconi Due Tribuni della plebe Legionarii - Galli - Consider Nero's activities when Rome burned. One of the things which he could certainly be said to have done was to produce a sequence of bodily movements which, given that he was wielding a bow and fiddle, resulted in the passing of the bow across the strings of the fiddle and in a consequent flow of sounds. But there were at least two further things which Nero could be said to have done on this occasion: one is to have given a performance of the formidably difficult Seneca Chaconne, and the other is to have displayed his contempt for the people of Rome. Now it may be that we are free to regard the passage of the bow across the strings and the sounds thereby generated, or even perhaps Nero's production of these phenomena, as a sequence of events, but it does not look as if we are free to identify these events either with Nero's performance or with Nero's display of con-tempt, or to identify one of these last things with the other. Nero's playing of the Chaconne was (for all we know) masterly and profoundly sensitive, while his behavior vis-à-vis the people of Rome was callous, squalid, and hideous in the extreme; these items are therefore distinct from cach other, and also distinct from the physical events involving Nero's body, bow and fiddle, which can hardly be said to have been either masterly and sensitive or callous, squalid, and hideous.  I fear the question at issue is not quite so easily settled, as the following response perhaps demonstrates. First, the epithets (masterly', "sensitive,  'callous", "hideous", ctc.) which are, in the example given, applied to what Nero did (however that may be variously described) are all resultant or supervenient, and the features upon which they depend are the specific characteristics of what Nero did, viewed as a fragment of conduct or as a performance. Second, description of what Nero did may simultancously fulfill two roles, a referential role and a descriptive role. Such combinations are commonplace in ordinary discourse. To say, for example, "Robert's mother would not denounce him to the police" both refers to a particular lady, and at the same time gives a description of her which explains or is otherwise relevant to the presence or absence of the phenomenon mentioned in the predicate. Similarly, specifications of Nero's activity as a fiddler or as a moral agent may serve both to pick out that activity and to do so in a way which is relevant to what is being said about it. Third, where we find occurrences in a single sentence of more than one description fulfilling such a duality of roles, there is in general nothing to prevent the plurality of descriptions from being co-referential; "The composer of the San Francisco Sonata would hardly have forgotten how it goes, and the winner of the Pacific Piano Prize would hardly be unable to play the work" may involve a reference to a single person, Joe Doakes. Finally, the evaluative epithets which are applied to Nero's productions are not inconsistent with one another, and so might truly attach to a single item; sensitivity (and so aesthetic beauty) may be combined with moral hideousness. Nothing then prevents a single item, namely a certain sequence of bodily movements, from being also a certain sort of performance and a certain sort of conduct; nor from being, in each of these capacities (quâ each of these things) differently describable. Such an item may be, quâ performance sensitive and, quâ conduct, hideous; quâ bodily movement, however, it is neither of these. It is in such a fashion that the example should be interpreted.Lucio Domizio Enobarbo. Nerone.  GRICEVS:Salve, NERONE! Dic mihi: cum Roma ardebat, utrum musicam elegisti ut urbem consolaretur an ut populum irriteret? NERONE:O Gricevs, ego artem semper praefero! Fieri potest ut cives me minus amaverint, sed certe Seneca Chaconne magis quam aquam in Tiberim fluxit. GRICEVS:Audax es, Nero! Sed, confiteor, tuae chordae magis sonaverunt quam plebis clamores. Quid sentis de implicatūra tuae melodramatis, utrum benevolam an malevolam? NERONE:Gricevs, philosophia Epicurea me docuit: dum musicam facio, ignis fortasse ardet, sed mens mea placida manet—Roma ardet, ego cantare possum! Haec est vera ars: nihil nimis, nihil minus! Nerone, Lucio Domizio Enobarbo (a. u. c. DCCCVII). Dicta. Roma.

Giovanni Nesi (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – adulescentuli oratiuncula – In a comparative perspective, Nesi and Grice converge on the intuition that meaning in conversation is rationally constrained, yet they diverge sharply in how that rationality is grounded and articulated. Nesi’s Adulescentuli oratiuncula treats conversational reason as inseparable from moral and affective forces such as grazia and carità, understood in a broadly humanistic and pre-systematic way: communication succeeds because it is animated by benevolent intention and an ethos of harmony inherited from classical and Christian sources, even when these are blurred by etymological and mythological confusions between grace, charity, and the Charites. Grice, by contrast, strips conversational rationality of its theological and rhetorical clothing and recasts it as a formally articulable, reason-governed practice: conversational meaning arises from speakers’ recognition of intentions constrained by shared norms of cooperation, candour, and benevolence, without requiring moral edification or salvific purpose. Where Nesi treats carità as an animating virtue of discourse, closely aligned with grace and human flourishing, Grice reinterprets benevolence in minimal, analytical terms, as the presupposition that interlocutors are not malevolent and are aiming at mutual understanding. Thus, while Nesi anticipates aspects of the principle of charity by foregrounding charitable interpretation as a condition of meaningful exchange, Grice transforms this insight into a rigorously secular account of implicature, in which conversational meaning is governed not by moral exhortation but by rational expectations about how reasonable agents use language. Sono dalle celeste sphere Venere: perche  amore inspiro: dagl’elementi fuoco: perché  d’amore accendo da uoi con vocabul greco CHARITÀ chiamata: perché col mio ardore della GRAZIA della salute viso degni –Grice: “It all reminds me of my principle of conversational candour!” -- Filosofo italiano. Firenze, Toscana. Grice: “I once had a fight with Nowell-Smith; he was saying that a philosopher should not be a moralist; I told him that by that token Nesi wasn’t one!” – “De moribus” Figlio di Francesco di Giovanni e di Nera di Giovanni Spinelli, si dedica interamente agli studi filosofici. Strinsge stretti rapporti con i principali umanisti fiorentini dell'epoca, tra cui ACCIAIUOLI e FICINO . Influenzato dall'operato di Savonarola, ricopre anche diverse cariche politiche. Altri saggi: “Adulescentuli oratiuncula”; “Orazione del corpo di Cristo”; “Orazione de Eucharestia” “ Orazione sull'umiltà” “Sulla carità”; “De moribus”; “De charitate”; “Oraculum de novo saeculo, Canzoniere, Poema. Treccan Dizionario biografico degli italiani,  Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Obviously, Nesi is not having Davidson in mind. But Nesi is wrong in identifying GRAZIA with CHARITA, ‘greco vocabull” – this is an etymological blunder. The charities were indeed three – Eglea, Eufrosina, e Talia – and they danced mainly to eroticse Mars, or more frequently Giove and Mars together --. adulescentuli oratiuncula, principle of charity, Davidson on charity on Grice. Who was the first Englishman to use ‘charity’ as a hermeneutic principle? Butler. Grice speaks of self-love and benevolence. Benevolence – and charity? Grice is not so much concerned with Beneficenza or Malificenza, but with Benevolenza, and Malevolenza – where does charity fit? What was Ciceronian for charity. What is pre-Christian about charity? Charisma, charitas, folk etymological confusion here – caritativo – carita – caro, “le tre carità in armónico conubio” “tre carità”. Grice: Caro Nesi, leggendo la tua “Adulescentuli oratiuncula” mi è venuto in mente il mio principio di candore conversazionale! Dirò di più: la tua capacità di intrecciare filosofia e pathos umanistico è davvero ammirevole. Ma dimmi, come nasce in te questa attenzione così viva per la grazia e la carità? Nesi: Gentilissimo Grice, ti ringrazio di cuore! Sai, la mia formazione a Firenze, a stretto contatto con Acciaiuoli e Ficino, mi ha insegnato che la grazia e la carità non sono solo concetti teologici, ma forze motrici dell’anima e della buona conversazione. Senza carità – intesa come benevolenza – anche la filosofia rischia di diventare sterile esercizio retorico. Grice: Sono d’accordo, Nesi! Proprio come la tua interpretazione della carità va oltre la semplice beneficenza, anche il mio principio di charity invita a interpretare le parole dell’altro nella loro luce migliore. Talvolta però mi domando: non rischiamo, così facendo, di confondere carità e grazia, o addirittura di cadere in qualche equivoco etimologico? Nesi: Grice, tocchi un punto delicato! In effetti, la lingua può trarci in inganno: le tre carità – Eglea, Eufrosina e Talia – nascono da miti antichi, ben diversi dalla carità cristiana. Tuttavia, credo che tra la tua benevolenza conversazionale e la mia ricerca di armonia interiore ci sia un filo rosso: quello che, se ben seguito, trasforma la parola in strumento di grazia, e la conversazione in esercizio di autentica umanità. Nesi, Giovanni (1472). Adulescentuli oratiuncula: orazione pronunciata davanti alla Compagnia di San Niccolò. Firenze.

Paolo Nicoletti (Udine, Friuli, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale -- quadratura ed implicatura conversazionale – A comparison between Grice and Paolo Nicoletti (Paulus Venetus) shows a deep structural affinity in their respective approaches to meaning as governed by reason, even though they operate in radically different historical and methodological frameworks. Nicoletti’s late‑medieval logic, especially in the Logica parva and related Oxford‑influenced tracts, treats meaningful discourse as something that emerges from formally constrained relations of consequence, signification, and resolution of paradoxes such as the insolubilia; propositions mean what they do because they stand in rule‑governed inferential networks that determine what follows from what, what is asserted, and what is merely emitted as a consequence of saying something. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning relocates this insight from formal logic to ordinary language, arguing that what speakers mean is not exhausted by what they explicitly say, but is rationally recoverable through shared principles governing cooperative conversation, especially via implicature. Where Nicoletti distinguishes dictum, significatum, emissum, and consecutum to keep logical responsibility clear, Grice draws an analogous distinction between what is said and what is implicated, both insisting that interpretive charity and rational order are essential to understanding communicative acts. Nicoletti’s squaring of the square of opposition and his careful classification of terms in the arbor porphyriana anticipate Grice’s insistence that conversational meaning is not arbitrary or psychological, but structured by publicly accessible norms of reason. Thus, Nicoletti offers a rigorously logical, scholastic ancestor to Grice’s modern, pragmatic account: both dissolve confusion by showing that meaning—whether in medieval disputation or ordinary conversation—is governed by rational constraints that regulate how sense can be generated, extended, and responsibly inferred. Grice: “At Oxford, Wykeham is slightly below both White (slightly below) and Waynflete (that reigns supreme). Filosofo friulano – filosofo italiano. Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia. – Grice: “His diagramme for ‘arbor porphyriana’ is also brilliant – ending with “Plato,” “Socrates.”” -- Grice: “I especially like his squaring the square of opposition!” -- Grice: “A veritable genius, this Nicoletti.” -- Not under ‘Venezia’! -- paolo di venezia: philosopher, the son of Andrea Nicola, of Venice He was born in Fliuli Venezia Giulia, a hermit of Saint Augustine O.E.S.A., he spent three years as a student at St. John’s, where the order of St. Augustine had a ‘studium generale,’ at Oxford and taught at Padova, where he became a doctor of arts. Paolo also held appointments at the universities of Parma, Siena, and Bologna. Paolo is active in the administration of his order, holding various high offices. He composed ommentaries on several logical, ethical, and physical works of Aristotle. His name is connected especially with his best-selling “Logica parva.” Over 150 manuscripts survive, and more than forty printed editions of it were made, His huge sequel, “Logica magna,” is a flop. These Oxford-influenced tracts contributed to the favourable climate enjoyed by Oxonian semantics in northern Italian universities. Grice: “My favourite of Paul’s tracts is his “Sophismata aurea”how peaceful for a philosopher to die while commentingon Aristotle’s “De anima.”!” His nom de plum is “Paulus Venetus.”— Nicoletti and Grice: Dissolving the Insolubilia ̶ The Dictum, the Implicatum, and the Significatum vis-à-vis the Emissum and the Consecutum By S. R. Read and J. L. Speranza Abstract In ‘Consequence, Signification, and Insolubles in Fourtheenth-Century Logic,’ in Logica Universalis, Paolo da Harborne, and Paolo da Venezia,” Paolo da Harborne, and Paolo da Venezia Anglo-Italiano, Bordighera. quadratura ed implicatura.  Grice: Mi creda, Nicoletti, provo un autentico piacere nel poterla chiamare, semplicemente, Nicoletti! Sa, non sempre ho questa fortuna: basti pensare a Gugliemo d’Occam, dove il nome sembra sfuggire, come direbbe lei, a ogni “quadratura.” Invece qui posso proprio chiamare una zappa, zappa—call a spade a spade, come diremmo in inglese, ma lasci che lo dica in italiano: chiamare le cose con il loro nome! Nicoletti: Caro Grice, le sue parole mi onorano! Nel mio Friuli si dice che “il pane va chiamato pane e il vino, vino.” Anche nella logica, come lei ben sa, preferisco la chiarezza: una proposizione dev’essere distinta e precisa, proprio come un nome ben dato. E la sua franchezza è rara come la quadratura perfetta della “quadratura del quadrato di opposizione”! Grice: Ah, Nicoletti, la sua “arbor porphyriana” è per me fonte di continua ammirazione—mi sembra quasi di vedere Platone e Socrate spuntare tra i rami! E a proposito di precisione, la sua “Logica parva” ha illuminato più di una mia notte insonne a Oxford. Se solo avessimo avuto più spesso questa “conversazione genuina” nelle aule inglesi! Nicoletti: Lei è troppo generoso, caro Grice! Ma vede, anche le sue riflessioni sull’implicatura conversazionale hanno fatto scuola sulle nostre rive… Forse, tra Friuli e Oxford, ci unisce proprio questa ricerca: quella di dire il vero, in modo semplice, senza “insolubilia”. Alla fine, che gioia potersi chiamare, finalmente, col proprio nome! Nicoletti, Paolo (1405). Tractatus summularum logice (Logica parva). Padova.

Agostino Nifo (Sessa, Caserta, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale ludicra – A comparison between Nifo and H. P. Grice on reason-governed conversational meaning reveals an unexpected historical depth to Grice’s modern theory of implicature: both thinkers treat rationality as immanent in discourse rather than externally imposed. Nifo’s Dialectica and Rhetorica ludicra conceive philosophical exchange as governed by an animus intelligendi that operates playfully yet purposively, where intellectual activity, even when couched in wit or apparent frivolity, remains answerable to rational norms tied to the intellectus agens and the shared pursuit of understanding; the “ludic” element is not irrationality but a mode of activating reason through irony, exaggeration, and dialectical tension, especially in disputes over the soul and intellect. Grice’s theory of conversational implicature similarly grounds meaning in reason, but relocates it from metaphysics to pragmatics: what is meant beyond what is said arises from participants’ recognition of a cooperative, rational order governing conversation, articulated through the Cooperative Principle and its maxims. Where Nifo embeds rational governance in the ontology of intellect and soul, Grice reconstructs it in terms of speaker intentions and mutual expectations, yet both reject the idea that meaning is exhausted by literal form and both allow that apparent deviations, jokes, or indirections are intelligible precisely because reason silently regulates them. In this sense, Grice’s modern account of conversational implicature can be read as a secularized, analytic descendant of Nifo’s ludic dialectic, preserving the insight that rational order in conversation often reveals itself most clearly when language appears to be doing something less than strictly serious, or less than strictly literal. When Grice decided to import ‘soul’ into the philosophical vocabulary, he was following Nifo!. animus, anima, soul. Grice: “I like N.; first, because he wrote a treatise he called ‘ludicrous rhetoric;’ second, because he tried to refute Pomponazzi against the mortality of the soul – surely the soul is ‘mortal’ is a category mistake --.” Alla corte di Carlo V (L. Toro, Sessa Aurunca). Studia Padova sotto Vernia. Insegna a Padova, Napoli, Roma e Pisa, guadagnando una fama tale da essere incaricato e pagato da Leone X di difendere l’immortalità dell’animo di Leone X contro gl’attacchi di Pomponazzi e degli alessandristi. Ricompensato con la nomina a conte palatino con il diritto di assumere il cognome del Papa, Medici. La sua prima filosofia si ispira ad Averroè, modifica poi la propria visione giungendo a posizioni più vicine al domma romano. Pubblica un'edizione delle opere di Averroè corredate di un commento compatibile con la sua nuova posizione. Nella grande controversia con gli alessandristi si oppose alla tesi di Pomponazzi per il quale l'animo razionale non e separabile dal corpo materiale e, dunque, la morte di questo porta con sé anche la scomparsa dell'anima. Sostenne, invece, che l'animo di Leone X, quale parte dell'intelletto assoluto, non e distruttibile e alla morte del corpo di Leone X si fonde in un'unità eterna. Tra i suoi allievi, presso Salerno, tra gli altri, ricordiamo, Rosselli, filosofo calabrese autore di un testo molto controverso, Apologeticus adversos cucullatos (Parma), in cui cerca di affermare le sue dottrine che tendono a discostarsi da quello del suo maestro. Lo si ritiene protagonista di un curioso episodio. Pubblica il trattato “De regnandi peritia” ludica, ludicra, intellectus, animo intelligere, nous, intellectus passivus, intellectus activus, intellectus agens, intellectus possibilis, intellectus passibilis, what is so ludicrious about dialectis?– la dialettica ludrica”, Dreaming” – Malcolm, “Dreaming. Grice: Carissimo Nifo, confesso che la tua “retorica ludicra” mi ha sempre divertito! Ma dimmi: davvero pensi che l’anima possa essere oggetto di scherzo filosofico, o rischiamo che qualcuno ci accusi di prenderla… troppo alla leggera? Nifo: Ah, Grice, la filosofia senza un po’ di gioco è come l’anima senza corpo: non si regge! E poi, se anche Leone X rideva delle mie dispute, vuol dire che perfino i papi apprezzano il lato burlesco della metafisica! Grice: Vedi, caro Nifo, anch’io ho sempre pensato che l’ironia sia il sale delle conversazioni profonde—un po’ come l’intelletto agente che illumina le nostre notti insonni a Oxford. E poi, chi potrebbe resistere a una buona battuta sull’anima immortale? Nifo: Grice, dicono a Sessa che una risata prolunga la vita… magari, se Pomponazzi avesse sorriso un po’ di più, avrebbe creduto anche lui nell’immortalità dell’anima! Ma ora dimmi: tu, tra un gioco di parole e una disputa, da che parte stai? Nifo, Agostino (1514). De intellectu. Napoli: s.n.

Publio Nigidio Figulo (Roma): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- A comparison between H. P. Grice and Publius Nigidius Figulus with respect to reason‑governed conversational meaning highlights a shared conviction that intelligible communication is regulated by rational norms that transcend mere verbal form. Nigidius, especially in his reflections on gesture, grammar, and fate, treats communicative acts as embedded in a broader rational and cosmic order shaped by Pythagorean harmony: gestures, silences, and grammatical deviations signify only insofar as they are integrated into a rationally interpretable practice shared by interlocutors. Meaning, for him, is not exhausted by words but emerges from the coordinated use of signs governed by ratio, where failure of understanding calls for rational repair through explication. Grice’s theory of conversational implicature relocates a structurally similar insight into a modern, secular framework: conversational meaning is generated by the hearer’s rational reconstruction of speaker intentions under the assumption that discourse is cooperative and normatively constrained. While Nigidius grounds conversational rationality in metaphysical, religious, and cosmological principles, and Grice articulates it in terms of practical reason, intentions, and maxims, both converge on the idea that communication is intelligible only because participants implicitly recognize and respond to a rational order that governs not just what is said, but how deviations, gestures, and apparent irregularities count as meaningful within conversation.

Grice: “N. is my kind of philosopher. He wrote a little essay on ‘gestures’ which surely inspired me to refute Peirce about gestures NOT being vehicles by which an utterer can ‘signify’. Like my joint seminars with Staal, N. elaborated on ‘grammatical’ questions – and I must say N. had a better ear for grammatical improperties than Staal himself!” -- Filosofo italiano. Friend of Cicerone. N. enjoys a great reputation for learning. However, N. is on the wrong side of the civil war between Pompeo and GIULIO  Cesare, and Cesare sends him into exile – ‘which is worse than death for not a few Roman’ (Grice). N. is particularly interested in Pythagoreanism and is a leading figure in its revival at Rome. ‘Like Witters’ (Grice), N. specialises in the mystical side of Pythagoreanism and is credited with occult powers. N. è una personalità assai notevole. Senatore, pretore e ascoltatissimo consigliere di CICERONE  nel momento critico della congiura di CATILINA . Nella guerra civile, si schiera col partito di POMPEO  e dopo la sconfitta di questo vive in esilio. Nella vita politica occupa sempre posizioni secondarie. Ha fama notevole per l'ampiezza del suo sapere che lo fa ritenere il più dotto dei romani al pari di VARRONE , che però lo supera per ampiezza di cultura. CICERONE  afferma che fa risorgere le credenze della setta di Crotona come dottrina filosofica. Ma effettivamente è riapparso come pitagorismo in Alessandria, tanto è vero che ad esso appartenne Bolos di Mendes, o Bolos Democrito. Quindi l’affermazione di CICERONE  su lui si limita al mondo romano. Raccogge intorno à sè un circolo di 'crotonesi' che permite ai suol nemici personali di parlare di una factio. Il suo sforzo di fondere l'insegnamento della setta di Crotona – nella quale vede la verità su filosofia, astronomia e scienze occulte -- con credenze, oltrechè romane, etrusche. Suscita l'accusa di infedeltà alla 'religione' o culto ufficiale dello stato romano. Publio Nigidio Figulo. GRICEVS: Nigidivs, audivi te de gestibus disserere—an vera est sententia tua, gestus esse signa, quae verba superant? NIGIDIVS: O Gricevs, certissime! Saepe gestus magis valent quam mille verba—Ciceroni ego saepe oculis tantum loquebar, sed Pompeo manibus. Nimis enim arguta lingua Romana est! GRICEVS: Quid, si gestus non intelleguntur? Ego in Oxonia saepe manum levavi, sed discipuli putabant me numerum dare, non sententiam! NIGIDIVS: Gricevs, tunc ratio conversationalis adest: explicandum, non solum gestu, sed etiam verbo! Melius est, si Romae, gestus cum vino misceamus—sic omnes intellegunt, etiam qui verba amittunt. Nigidio, Publio N. Figulo (a. u. c. DCCIX). De fato. Roma: s.n.

Nisio (Samnium, Bojano, Campobasso, Molise): la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano -- Roma – In Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning, conversation is structured by rational expectations shared by interlocutors, formalized in the Cooperative Principle and its maxims, which allow hearers to infer intended meaning beyond what is explicitly said through calculable implicatures grounded in mutual recognition of communicative purpose and practical reason; the Oxonian emphasis on tutelage and intellectual lineage mirrors this model’s focus on individual agents who generate and interpret meaning by assuming rational cooperation. By contrast, the figure of Nisio, presented as a pupil of Panaetius operating within the Roman portico tradition, embodies a more socially embedded and reciprocal conception of conversational rationality: dialogue is not primarily a matter of individual inferential calculation governed by abstract maxims, but a shared ethical practice in which speaking and listening are equally formative, authority is porous, and meaning emerges through lived interaction within a community. Where Grice analyzes conversation as a rule-governed activity explainable by rational reconstruction, Nisio’s Stoic-inflected perspective treats reason as immanent in the conversational setting itself, cultivated through mutual illumination rather than derived from theoretical principles, so that rationality is not imposed on conversation from without but grows organically through dialogic participation, making conversational meaning less a product of strategic inference than of shared moral and social orientation. Grice: “At Oxford, it’s all about ‘the pupil of’ as any reader of the Who’s Who will agree. I was myself Hardie’s tutor – Hardie being a Scots who at times I felt like he should have been tutoring pupils at St. Andrews, rather – and I was the tutor to Strawson. On the other hand, Nisio was the pupil of Panezio --, but Cicero is silent about who TUTORED Panezio, or whether Nisio did tutor any other than his son!” -- A pupil of Panezio. GRICEVS: Nisivs, dic mihi: in Oxonia omnes curiosi sunt de discipulis et magistris, quasi lex omnium philosophorum sit: “quis cuius discipulus?” Sed tu, discipulus Panezii, porticum Romanum elegisti, non atrium Oxoniense! Nisio: Gricevs, ad porticum Romanum venimus ut rationem conversandi discamus: hic, discipulus Panezii, magister non solum docet, sed etiam audit. In Samnio, dialogus est via sapientiae—magister et discipulus saepe sedent in eodem banco, ut pane et vino communi fruuntur. Gricevs: Quam pulchrum, Nisivs! In Oxonia, saepe disputamus utrum magister debet semper dux esse, an discipulus etiam possit invenire viam suam. Sed fortasse, Roma docet nos: philosophia vera fit ubi omnes partes audiri possunt, et porticus fit locus in quo veritas crescere potest. Nisio: Haec est vera sapientia, Gricevs: magistri et discipuli mutuo se illuminant, sicut lumen porticus Romanorum. Ego Panezii discipulus, sed filius et pater simul, et in dialogo nos omnes crescimus. Conversatione genuina, nomen nostrum fit clarum, et ratio fit communis. Nisio (a. u. c. CCXL). Dicta. Roma

Mario Alberto Nizolio (Brescello, Emilia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – In Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning, communication is explained through the rational coordination of speakers and hearers who rely on shared expectations of cooperation, articulated in the Cooperative Principle and its maxims, to derive conversational implicatures that go beyond literal sentence meaning; meaning is thus not located in inherited vocabularies but in the reasoned recognition of intentions within ordinary linguistic practice. Mario Alberto Nizolio, by contrast, anticipates a complementary but historically deeper stance: for him, conversational reason and implicature are not grounded primarily in the vernacular as spontaneous usage, but in the disciplined recovery of Cicero’s linguistic rationality, where philosophical meaning emerges from the grammar, lexical choices, and coinages of a paradigmatic language already shaped by communal reasoning. Where Grice reconstructs implicature as a calculable product of rational inference in dialogue, Nizolio treats it as something already sedimented in language itself, especially in Ciceronian Latin, whose terms such as quantity or intention crystallize patterns of thought prior to any explicit theory of pragmatics; thus Grice offers an abstract, analytic account of how interlocutors generate meaning by reasoning about one another, while Nizolio offers a humanist and anti-scholastic account in which reason-governed conversation is sustained by historically exemplified linguistic practices that keep philosophy concrete, dialogical, and resistant to empty abstraction. Grice: “I am surprised that Austin, a double first in literae humaniores, like me, would complain of philosophical jargon like ‘volition’ or ‘intention.’ Cicero had to COIN those terms, and not even Marcus Anthony opposed!” N. considers that the start fo philosophical inquiry is not so much the vernacular, as Grice calls it, but Cicerone’s vnacular. His ‘thesaurus ciceronianus’ is meant to provide context for some of Cicerone’s most brilliant coinages – some of them used by Kant, etc. – like ‘quantity’ and such! Filosofo italiano. Brescello, Reggio Emilia, Emilia Romagna. Grice: “I read Nizolio and it’s like reading myself!” – Insegna a Brescia e Parma. Pubblica il lessico Observationes in M. Tullium CICERONE, Brescia, il Thesaurus CICERONE, Venezia, Facciolati, e il lexicon CICERONE, Venezia, Facciolati. Ha una lunga polemica con MAIORAGIO per una critica portata da quest'ultimo a CICERONE che, iniziata con la Epistola ad M. A. Majoragium, prosegue con l'antapologia e si conclude con i De veris principiis et vera ratione philosophandi contra pseudo-philosophos, Parma, scritto contro gli scholastici, che interessarono Leibniz al punto che questi li fa ristampare premettendogli il titolo Anti-barbarus Philosophicus, sive philosophia scholasticorum impugnata, con una prefazione ed una lettera a Thomasius sulla dottrina del LIZIO, Francofurti, Roma, Bocca. E chiamato da Gonzaga a Sabbioneta. Contemporaneamente alle critiche di Ramo alla logica dei lizii, anche per lui occorre sostituire all'astrattezza di quella logica un pensiero che sia concretamente legato al reale, e a questo scopo la strada maestra sta nel ritrovare i processi del pensiero direttamente nella struttura grammaticale dell’italiano. Individua cinque principi per fare della buona filosofia. Cicerone, lexicon ciceronianus, Antonino, Leibniz’s ‘anti-barbaro’. il thesaurus ciceronianus. Grice: Caro Nizolio, ogni volta che leggo il tuo "Thesaurus Ciceronianus" mi sembra di riscoprire il cuore pulsante della filosofia: la chiarezza della lingua, la ricchezza delle idee. In Inghilterra spesso ci lamentiamo dei termini filosofici, ma tu ci insegni che la vera filosofia nasce proprio dal linguaggio di Cicerone! Nizolio: Grice, mi lusinga sentirlo da uno studioso raffinato come te! La mia battaglia contro i "pseudo-philosophos" è proprio questa: restituire alla filosofia la sua concretezza, togliendole l'astrattezza dei barbari e riportandola all'autenticità del pensiero ciceroniano. Grice: E la tua polemica con Maioragio è un esempio magistrale di come la conversazione filosofica debba essere vivace e fondata sulla grammatica e sul reale. Da noi, a Oxford, si dice che "il pane va chiamato pane"—proprio come tu insegni! Nizolio: Grice, la filosofia è dialogo, e la verità si trova nell’incontro tra pensiero e parola. Se riuscissimo sempre a "chiamare le cose col loro nome", forse avremmo meno "insolubilia" e più chiarezza. Grazie per questo scambio genuino: come direbbe Cicerone, "parlare è pensare insieme"! Nizolio, Mario Alberto (1535). Observationes in M. Tullium Ciceronem. Ex Prato Albuini

Augusto Del Noce (Pistoia, Toscana): l’implicatura conversazionale – la polemica contro il fascismo di Gentile -- In Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning, implicature arises from the rational expectations that speakers and hearers bring to dialogue: meaning is generated through cooperative inference, largely abstracted from historical contingencies, so that linguistic philosophy becomes a way of healing intellectual life after collective trauma by focusing on ordinary language and shared rational norms. N. approaches conversational implication from an almost opposite horizon: for him, conversation, philosophy, and meaning are inseparable from history, politics, and metaphysics, so that what is implied in discourse cannot be detached from the crisis of modernity, the legacy of Gentile’s fascism, or the unresolved tension between immanence and transcendence. Where Grice treats conversational reason as a universal mechanism that allows interlocutors to escape ideological φορτίο by appealing to tacit rules of cooperation, Del Noce reads implicature historically, as the unspoken residue carried by concepts forged within rationalism, Marxism, or fascism, and therefore as something that must be critically uncovered rather than neutrally reconstructed. Grice’s Oxford project aims to suspend historical weight to clarify meaning, whereas Del Noce insists that meaning is always already burdened by history and theology, so that true dialogue requires confronting the implicit philosophical commitments of modern discourse itself; implicature, for Grice, secures mutual understanding, while for Del Noce it exposes the hidden metaphysical wagers that make modern conversation politically and morally fraught. Grice: “Only in Italy, philosophy and history are so connected; it would be as if we at Oxford after the war would be only concerned with understanding Churchill!” Grice: “For us, to do linguistic philosophy was to get away from post-tramautic stress disorder acquired during what Winthrop stupidly called the ‘phoney’ war!” – Grice: “It’s not difficult to understand why Noce’s notes on Gentile were only published posthumously!” -- essential Italian philosopher. «Certo i cattolici hanno un vizio maledetto: pensare alla forza della modernità e ignorare come questa modernità, nei limiti in cui pensa di voler negare la trascendenza religiosa, attraversi oggi la sua massima crisi, riconosciuta anche da certi scrittori laici.»  (Risposte alla scristianità, da Il Sabato). Ttitolare della cattedra di "Storia delle dottrine politiche" all'Università La Sapienza di Roma.  Studioso del razionalismo cartesiano e del pensiero moderno (Hegel, Marx), analizzò le radici filosofiche e teologiche della crisi della modernità, ricostruendo con cura le contraddizioni interne dell'immanentismo.  Argomentò l'incompatibilità tra marxismo, umanesimo, ed altri sistemi di pensiero che propugnavano la liberazione secolare dell'uomo e la dottrina cristiana (affermò: "solo il Redentore può emancipare"). Sostenne tenacemente, per tali motivi, l'impossibilità del dialogo tra cattolici e comunisti e previde il "suicidio della rivoluzione". Studioso del fascismo, sostenne che tale ideologia fosse peraltro in continuità con il comunismo e fosse anch'esso un momento della secolarizzazione della modernità. Sostenne, inoltre, l'esistenza di molti punti di contatto tra il fascismo e il pensiero dei sessantottini. Filosofo della politica, preconizzò la crisi del socialismo reale, mentre esso viveva la sua massima espansione a livello mondiale. saggio su Gentile e il fascismo, Faggi, Serbati, Spir, Vidari, Rensi, Martinetti, Juvalta, Massantini, Catelli, Capograssi. Grice: Caro Noce, devo confessare che parlare di filosofia in Italia è come prendere un caffè a Pistoia: sempre un po’ di storia, un pizzico di polemica e quel retrogusto di modernità in crisi! Noce: Eh, caro Grice, qui da noi la filosofia non si beve mai da sola! Gentile, fascismo, marxismo… tutto finisce nel bicchiere, ma ti avverto: la modernità ha lasciato il fondo amaro, e i cattolici cercano ancora la zuccheriera! Grice: Da noi a Oxford, dopo la guerra, la filosofia serviva per dimenticare il ‘phoney war’ e Churchill… Ma a quanto pare, voi italiani preferite filosofare sul perché la rivoluzione si suicida piuttosto che godervi una pausa! Noce: Grice, la filosofia politica qui è come la pasta: se la scuoti troppo, rischi di far saltare anche il ragù! Meglio discutere con ironia, perché tra secolarizzazione e trascendenza, il vero dialogo sta tutto nel condimento! Noce, Augusto Del (1934). L’anti-cartesianismo di Malebranche. Rivista di Filosofia Neo‑Scolastica

Palla di Noferi Strozzi (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della setta di Firenze – A comparison between Grice and Palla di Noferi Strozzi helps frame Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning in a historical-social key rather than a narrowly academic one: where Grice systematizes implicature as arising from shared rational expectations governing cooperative conversation, Palla Strozzi exemplifies a lived, pre‑theoretical practice of such reasoned conversational exchange embedded in Florentine civic and cultural life. Grice’s own preference for what he called “Athenian dialectic” implicitly downgrades other philosophical environments as “sects,” yet Palla’s Florence fits remarkably well with Grice’s core insight that meaning flourishes where rational interlocutors share norms, backgrounds, and communal purposes. Palla was not a system‑builder and never held a university post, but his role as patron, mentor, and convener of learned conversation—centered on his library and his cultivated social spaces—shows conversational reason operating through example, taste, and shared cultural competence rather than formal doctrine. In this sense, Florence functions as a “sect” only in Grice’s ironic taxonomy: it is precisely the kind of environment where implicature thrives, because much is meant without being said, relying on common training in classical texts, art, and civic values. Palla’s own Diario, attested as a fifteenth‑century manuscript source, confirms a world in which reflection, political judgment, and cultural meaning are negotiated conversationally rather than scholastically, aligning him with Grice in spirit if not in method: both treat conversation not as ornament, but as the medium in which rational meaning, social norms, and philosophical significance are generated and sustained. Grice would often speak of the ‘Athenian dialectic’ – by which he meant just Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle – and none of the ‘minor’ schools other than the Agora –where Socrates preached barefoot, the Academy, or the Lycaeum --. Grice’s implicature seems to be that he would deem those ‘minor’ – pre-socratic and post-socratic or Hellenistic schools – as ‘minor – ‘sects.’ Italians more or less behave similarly. Other than Bologna, everything is more or less a ‘sect’, including whatever happens at Florence! Filosofo fiorentino. Filosofo toscano. Filosofo italiano. Firenze, Toscana. Important Italian philosopher, especially influential at what Grice called Italy’s Oxford, i. e. Firenze“Palla Strozzi was more a mentor than a philosopher, but I would consider him both a Grecian and Griceian in spirit.” alla Strozzi   Palla e Lorenzo Strozzi. Dettaglio dell'Adorazione dei Magi di Gentile da Fabriano. Grazie alla ricchezza accumulata nelle ultime generazioni dalla sua famiglia, il padre puo far istruire il figlio da filosofi, e grazie all'interesse e all'intelligenza, divenne di fatto uno dei più fini uomini di cultura fiorentini. Ricco e colto, commissiona numerose opere d'arte, tra le quali la Cappella N. nella Basilica di Santa Trinita, opera di Brunelleschi e Ghiberti. La cappella, progetto irrealizzato da N., venne fatta erigere in la sua memoria e ne ospita la sepoltura monumentale. Per questo ambiente commissiona l'Adorazione dei Magi. Grice: “His main claim to philosophical fame is in his character- unlike Alibizi’s and indeed Medici. He loved freedom, and chose to settle in Padova, although his roots were well in Firenze. He built hiw palace in Padova in Prato del Vallo to gather philosophers, since what’s the good of knowing the classics if you cannot converse? He never touched a university! His ‘bibliotheca’ is legendary! “Beautiful painting (by Gentile da Fabriano) of Noferi. Very Italian in an exotic sort of way!” – Grice. Refs.:, " Grice: Caro Noferi, a Oxford diciamo che senza università non c’è filosofia, ma tu sembri aver costruito una biblioteca più famosa dell’Accademia stessa… Firenze sarà anche una “setta”, ma che spirito di gruppo! Noferi: Ebbene, Grice, meglio una setta con belle cappelle e buoni pittori che un’Accademia dove si discute solo a stomaco vuoto! A Firenze preferiamo una conversazione con vino, arte e qualche implicatura nascosta tra le righe. Grice: Ammetto che il tuo spirito fiorentino mi affascina: la biblioteca, le chiacchiere, e persino Brunelleschi che progetta per te! Forse la vera filosofia nasce più facilmente in una loggia che in un’aula. Noferi: Esatto, Grice! Qui a Firenze si dice: “Senza conversazione, anche il pensiero più alto resta chiuso in soffitta… Meglio scendere in salotto, tra amici, capolavori e un buon bicchiere!” Noferi, Palla di N. Strozzi. (1415). Diario. Firenze.

Giovanni Andrea de Nola (Crotone, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’urina. A comparison between Grice and Giovanni Andrea de Nola situates Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning within a broader Aristotelian and medical tradition, where meaning emerges through regulated, practice‑bound interpretation rather than abstract stipulation. Grice’s interest in the multiplicity of predication, especially in his discussions of “medical” as an analogically unified term, mirrors de Nola’s medical‑philosophical concern with how signs are interpreted across contexts, most strikingly in his analysis of urine and bodily sediment. For Grice, conversational implicature arises from shared rational expectations that allow interlocutors to move from what is said to what is meant; for de Nola, medical signs function similarly, requiring the physician to infer meaning from observable phenomena by appealing to proportionality, analogy, and practical reason rather than fixed definition. Grice’s critique of reducing unity of meaning to a single “focal” structure, and his insistence on multiple modes of unification in signification, finds a historical counterpart in de Nola’s insistence that sanitas is not a single homogeneous property but instantiated diversely across healthy and diseased bodies. In this sense, de Nola’s medical reasoning exemplifies a pre‑modern anticipation of Gricean insight: meanings, whether conversational or diagnostic, are governed by rational norms shared within a practice, sustained by communal expertise, and made intelligible through inference rather than explicit rule, so that medicine itself appears as a specialized form of reason‑guided conversation between nature, practitioner, and community. Grice: “At Oxford, we are proud of our philosophy, at Bologna, and in Italy in general, they are proud of their physicians, as they call them – students of nature!”. In “Aristotle on the multiplicity of being” and in his unpublications, Grice considers – in the seminar on Categories with his former pupil Srawson – possible predications for ‘medical’ --. In his earlier reflections, Grice is concerned, like Aristotle, with the variety of such predications – ‘medical practice,’ ‘medical herb,’ ‘medical science,’ ‘medical person’. In ‘Multiplicity,’ he goes further. He is interested in refuting Owen, an Anglo-Welsh philosopher, former pupil of Ryle, who had made ‘focal unification’ a bit of the favourite jargon of the day. For Grice, ‘focal’ unification is just ONE type of such ‘unification’ in ‘signification.’ There is, of course, analogical unification, and recursive unification. Grice goes on to propose an exploration in what Aristotle might have had in mind when choosing ‘medical’ as his choice for ‘analogical’ or proportional unification – and comes out with something resembling his excursions into ‘theory-theory’. ‘Medical’ may thus be a bit of the vocabulary of the ‘lay’ or the ‘vulgar,’ for which the ‘learned’ is trying to provide his ‘rational’ or ‘logical’ ‘re-construction’ – Grice restricts the use of ‘construction’ to such routines for which there is no counterpart in the vernacular. Di origini napoletane e zio di Molisi, insegna per lungo tempo a Napoli. Discepolo di Altomare, divenne noto per suo saggio, “Quod sedimentum sanorum, aegrorumque corporum non sit eiusdem speciei adversus Ferdinandum Cassanum et alios contrarium sentientes.” Cf. Marruncelli, Elementi dell'arte di ragionare in medicina” Crotone, Plato, Nola-Molise, corpus sanum, focal unification, Owen, Pantzig, brennpunktbedeutung, Aristotle, Metafisica, ‘unificazione focale’ – universale: ‘sanitas’ instantiazione: corpus sanum, corpi sani. Grice: Caro Nola, in Inghilterra siamo fieri della nostra filosofia, ma non posso non ammirare la tradizione medica italiana, soprattutto quella calabrese! Dimmi, come riesci a legare la pratica medica alla filosofia della ragione conversazionale? Nola: Grice, la tua domanda è tanto profonda quanto semplice! In Calabria, consideriamo ogni parola e ogni diagnosi come frutto di una conversazione genuina. Anche nell’urina, ci vediamo tracce del dialogo tra corpo e mente: la medicina è sempre una questione di proporzione, analogia e significatione. Grice: Che raffinata prospettiva, de Nola! A Oxford discutiamo spesso di “focal unification” nei predicati medici, ma sono sempre stato affascinato da come tu sappia integrare la logica aristotelica con la pratica quotidiana, persino nell’interpretazione dei segni corporei. Nola: Grice, la tua eleganza dialettica è fonte di ispirazione. Tra Napoli e Crotone abbiamo imparato che “sanitas” si manifesta in molte forme, e ogni corpus sanum è un’istanza unica, proprio come ogni conversazione. La logica e la medicina camminano insieme, perché svelano la verità attraverso la pluralità dei segni! Nola, Giovanni Andrea de (1562). Quod sedimentum sanorum, aegrorumque corporum non sit eiusdem speciei adversus Ferdinandum Cassanum & alios contrarium sentientes. Venezia: Bevilacqua

Giovanni Campano da Novara (Novara, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale d’Euclide. A comparison between Grice and N. brings into focus two very different but unexpectedly convergent ways of thinking about meaning, reason, and inference, one grounded in twentieth‑century analytic philosophy of language and the other embedded in medieval mathematical, astronomical, and exegetical practice. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning treats communication as inseparable from rational inference: what a speaker means is not exhausted by what is explicitly said but depends on what a rational, cooperative hearer is licensed to infer, given shared norms and purposes. For Campano, working in the thirteenth century with Euclid, astronomy, and astrology, meaning is likewise not exhausted by formal demonstration: the geometrical proof, the astronomical model, or even the mathematical calculation acquires its full sense only within a web of explanatory expectations, interpretive traditions, and worldly applications, ranging from pedagogy to cosmology. Where Grice articulates implicature as a systematic feature of ordinary conversation, Campano practices an implicit theory of implicature in commentary and calculation, treating diagrams, ratios, and demonstrations as communicative acts whose significance depends on what a trained reader can reasonably draw out beyond the written text. Grice’s famous impatience with Euclid as “not philosophical enough” at Oxford paradoxically highlights the shared concern: Euclidean proof presupposes a reader who already grasps what counts as obvious, relevant, or explanatory, just as Gricean conversation presupposes interlocutors sensitive to rational norms. Campano’s blending of geometry with astronomy and astrology pushes this further, suggesting that reasoned meaning may extend across domains, so that inference operates not only within formal proof but also in interpretive judgment about the world. In this sense, Grice theorizes explicitly what Campano enacts implicitly: meaning as something governed by reason, but never fully contained in explicit form, whether the medium is everyday language or mathematical demonstration.  “At Oxford,’ Grice says, “we don’t do Euclid – nor does he do us!” – Euclid is not considered philosophical enough. There is a special faculty for that, an a special chair – the Regius professor of Mathematics --. Grice would often admire a mathematician – ‘provided he is from the other place’. He meant Hardy – and was fascinated by an episode ‘that could never have taken place at Oxford – within the Debating Union --. Hardy is challenged to the ‘alleged obviousness’ of one of Euclide’s theorems, leaves the lecture room, for 24 minutes – returns, and responds to the challenger: “It IS obvious!” – Keywords: astronomy, astrology – what science? Filosofo italiano. Novara, Piemonte. m. Viterbo.  matematico, astronomo e astrologo italiano. Tra i più importanti scienziati e matematic (anche Bacone lo cita come uno dei più grandi matematici a lui contemporanei), Campano è conosciuto anche come Johannes Campanus (che è tuttavia anche il nome di un Johannes Campanus anabattista belga). Elementa geometriae, Campano da N. Tetragonismus idest circuli quadratura. Pubblicato un'edizione degl’Elementa geometriae d’Euclide ed un importante commento all'opera, introducendo un sistema di calcolo degli angoli del pentagono. Il testo e utilizzato per circa due secoli e sarà stampato a Venezia (Preclarissimus liber elementorum Euclidis). L'opera si basa su una traduzione in lingua araba dell'originale testo greco. N. ha inoltre probabilmente presente la traduzione latina eseguita da Bath. Cappellano di papa Urbano IV (in un documento delle Curia pontificia se ne attesta la presenza e se ne parla come di uno dei quattro migliori matematici viventi) e medico personale di papa Bonifacio VIII e viaggia in Arabia e in Spagna. Grice: Caro Novara, a Oxford diciamo spesso che Euclide non è mai stato abbastanza filosofico per noi. Ma dimmi, in Piemonte, si trova la geometria nei teoremi o tra le stelle? Novara: Ah Grice, qui la geometria si intreccia perfino con l’astrologia! Se vuoi sapere dove sta la verità, osserva i pentagoni: sono più misteriosi di una notte piemontese! Grice: Quindi, se ti chiedessi il segreto del calcolo degli angoli, mi risponderesti con una formula o con una profezia? Novara: Dipende, Grice! Qui tra Novara e Viterbo, la matematica si fa anche nelle chiacchiere: ogni angolo ha la sua implicatura, e ogni teorema ha il suo destino. Se non ci credi, chiedi a Bacone! Novara, Giovanni Campano da (1255). Euclidis Elementa. Roma.

Mario Novaro (Diano Maria, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale e implicatura conversazionale ligure -- l’infinito del ponente. A comparison between Grice and N. brings out two parallel but differently situated engagements with reason, inference, and the infinite as governing structures of meaning. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning insists that what is meant in conversation depends not on literal content alone but on rational expectations, shared norms, and the hearer’s capacity to infer beyond what is said, even when this invites encounters with the infinite, whether as an unbounded set of stars in ordinary speech or as a potential regress in semantic analysis. Novaro, by contrast, approaches the infinite not as a threat to rational explanation but as an object of disciplined philosophical inquiry, most clearly in his Italian treatise on the concept of infinity and the cosmological problem, where mathematical, metaphysical, and experiential dimensions are held together. Where Grice seeks to tame infinite regress through rational constraints such as anti‑sneak clauses, Novaro treats the infinite as something already partially known, manageable through philosophical training and reflection, a stance shaped by his formation in late nineteenth‑century philosophy and by the Ligurian intellectual milieu in which landscape, echo, and gradual extension matter as much as formal abstraction. In this light, Grice’s implicature emerges as a dynamic, context‑sensitive echoing of reason within conversation, while Novaro’s “Ligurian implicature” can be read as a culturally inflected sensitivity to how meaning accrues through accumulation, resonance, and indirectness. Both see reason as indispensable, but where Grice emphasizes the regulation of meaning in everyday communicative practice, Novaro exemplifies a broader philosophical confidence that even the infinite, whether conceptual or experiential, can be integrated into rational understanding rather than merely curtailed. Grice dwelt with the infinite early on in his career. ‘I kow that there are infinitely many stars,’ Grice claimed, was a piece of nonsense which, contra Austin, was bound to appear in ‘the vernacular’ or ‘the vulgar’. Grice’s tirade is against those defensors of ‘ordinary language’ that couldn’t recognise ‘ordinary’ from their elbow! At a later stage of his development, Grice re-encountered the infinite in terms of the ‘regressus ad infinitum.’ True, he proposes an ‘anti-sneak’ clause to cut that regress short. But, in response to some possible objection to this as ‘ad hoc’ he would comment: ‘And if the ‘analysans’ of ‘… significat …’ DOES appeal to the infinite – what?!” – Things were different for N., who knew that he knew the infinite – at least for the purposes of his ‘laurea’ – recall that ‘laurea’ occurs in Grice’s degree earned at Oxford, that of BACCA-LAUREVS in artibus --.  Grice: “N.  comes from my favourite area in Italy, “La riviera ligure”!” Grice: “Novaro wrote a nice little treatise on the nature of the infinite – a concept which fascinates me!” --Fratello di Novaro, nacque da famiglia economicamente agiata e dopo aver condotto brillantemente gli studi liceali, ottenendo la laurea a Torino. Si stabilì a Oneglia dove fu assessore comunale per il partito socialista. Dopo avere per breve tempo insegnato nel locale liceo, con i fratelli si occupò dell'industria olearia intestata alla madre Paolina Sasso.  Pur dedito all'attività imprenditoriale fece parte attiva della vita letteraria dei primo anni del Novecento e fondò la rivista “La Riviera Ligure,” da lui diretta fino alla sua cessazione. implicatura ligure, ‘la riviera ligure’, Grice echoing Kant, echo, implicature ecoica, Strawson’s ditto-theory of truth, Strawson’s echoic theory of truth, Skinner on echo – ecoico, eco, implicature ecoica, infinito, Lucrezio –Riviera Ligure. Grice: Caro Novaro, dimmi la verità: in Liguria l’infinito si trova più facilmente in una formula matematica o in una distesa di ulivi? Novaro: Ah Grice, qui l’infinito lo misuriamo a gocce d’olio! E se ti sembra poco, prova a contare quanti echi rimandano le nostre colline: è una regressione ad infinitum che anche Kant avrebbe apprezzato. Grice: Quindi, se ti chiedessi che cos’è l’implicatura ligure, mi risponderesti con una poesia o con una bottiglia? Novaro: In Liguria, Grice, la risposta migliore è sempre: “dipende dall’annata!” Ma una cosa è certa: tra filosofia e olio, l’infinito non manca mai! Novaro, Mario (1895). Il concetto di infinito e il problema cosmologico. Rome. Balbi.

Lucio Anneo Novato (Roma): la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano. In your Novato passage, Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning aligns neatly with the Roman “portico” setting and with Novatus/Gallio’s biographical position as a man of mediation: a provincial-born figure (Corduba by the usual ancient testimonies) rhetorically relocated into “Roma” by adoption and by senatorial office, just as an utterance can be relocated from its bare dictum into a socially intelligible act by the hearer’s rational uptake. Grice’s core thought is that what a speaker means is recoverable because participants presume a cooperative, norm-sensitive rationality (maxims, shared purposes, expectations of relevance and evidence), and the portico functions as an emblem of that public rational space: talk there is not private effusion but civic performance, where what is left unsaid must nonetheless be inferable if the exchange is to count as serious. Novatus, as Seneca’s addressee in De ira (to “Novatus”) and De vita beata (to “Gallio”), exemplifies the practical audience Grice needs: someone for whom philosophical counsel is not merely stated but designed to be taken up as guidance, reassurance, correction, or exhortation, i.e., as implicature-laden communicative action. The Campidoglio bells joke dramatizes Grice’s point about conversational “noise”: interference (literal or social) matters only because hearers are actively calculating speaker-meaning against a background of rational expectations, and so the very possibility of joking about tintinnabula presupposes a shared method for distinguishing signal from distraction. Finally, the punchline “if a philosopher sleeps, the implicature is…” turns Stoic sympathy into Gricean diagnostics: even silence, fatigue, or withdrawal becomes interpretable as meaning something, provided the participants are entitled—by the norms of the portico, the genre of philosophical conversation, and the assumed rational aims of the interlocutors—to treat it as evidence for a further intended point rather than as mere physical happenstance. Grice, as a ‘Midlands scholarship boy’ at Corpus, knew it well: the Romans would distinguish between one born within the sound of the bells of the Campidoglio, and one from the almost un-Roman provincial whence Novato hailed! Keywords. Filosofo italiano. Seneca’s brother. Adopted by Lucio Giunio Gallio. Seneca dedicates two of his philosophical dialogues to him. Seneca’s exhortations suggest that if Novato was not a follower of the Porch, he was a the very least a sympathiser.   GRICEVS: Salve, Novate! Dic mihi: in porticu Romano philosophari facilius est an in Campidoglio campanas audire? NOVATVS: O Grice, in porticu philosophari semper iucundum—sed campanae Campidoglio interdum plus sonant quam argumenta Senecae! GRICEVS: Quid? Tunc Seneca tibi epistulas mittere debet cum tintinnabulis annexis—ita nullus Romanus dormiet dum disputatio fit! NOVATVS: Hahaha! Grice, si philosophus dormiat, implicatura est: aut porticus nimis pacata aut Campidoglio nimis strepitans! Novato, Lucio Anneo (a. u. c. DCCXLIX). Dicta. Roma.

Camillo Novelli (Padova, Veneto). Filosofo. Fisico. Grice’s reason-governed account of meaning treats communication as a rational enterprise in which hearers recover what is meant by assuming the speaker is, by default, cooperating under shared norms; what is “meant” is therefore often larger than what is “said,” because it includes implicatures computed from context, expectations, and practical reasoning. In your Novelli vignette, the Padua voice of the “philosopher–physicist” pushes the same idea through the contrast between equations and their uptake: an equation is maximally explicit, but its role in inquiry still depends on what competent participants take it to be doing (explaining, idealizing, warning against category mistakes such as “relativity” versus “relativism,” or signaling methodological restraint). The Veneto proverb (“between saying and doing there is thinking”) fits Grice neatly: the missing middle term is the inferential work that turns a bare locution into communicative force, just as a formalism becomes meaningful only within a practice that licenses certain inferences and discourages others. The comic “periodic table with implicature next to sodium and potassium” is a good Gricean trope: it suggests that beyond the fixed inventory of elements (or fixed semantics) there is a systematic space of pragmatic consequences—non-written but rule-governed—without which talk (and even scientific talk) would be informationally inert. Finally, the bibliographic anchor to Novelli’s 1888 report on Venetian ceramics is useful as a realism-check: it lets “Novelli” function less as a verified physicist-philosopher and more as a Padua emblem for applied rational craft, where the same Gricean moral holds—precision is not opposed to wit or social inference; rather, precision is one of the norms that makes implicature calculable in the first place. Grice: Caro Novelli, a Oxford ci dicono che la fisica è per chi ama i numeri, ma tu da Padova, come fai a conciliare la filosofia con le equazioni? Novelli: Eh, Grice, in Veneto si dice “tra il dire e il fare c’è di mezzo il pensare!” Una buona formula filosofica può essere più esplosiva di una reazione chimica!  Grice: Allora mi sa che la tua tavola periodica ha anche la voce “implicatura” accanto a Sodio e Potassio… Novelli: Esatto! E guai a chi confonde la relatività col relativismo: qui a Padova ci tieniamo sia alla precisione sia alla battuta pronta, mica solo ai telescopi! Novelli, Camillo (1888). L’arte ceramica all’esposizione di Venezia. Roma: Botta.

Numa Pompilio (Cures Sabini, Fara in Sabina, Rieti, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e la logica del regno – In the passage’s conceit, Numa Pompilio (Cures Sabini, today within Fara in Sabina, province of Rieti, Lazio) becomes a kind of archaic test-case for Grice’s idea that meaning in conversation is reason-governed: what matters is not only what is said (dictum) but what is made intelligible by a shared practical rationality that lets hearers compute an implicature. Grice’s Oxford joke—“one would hardly at Oxford call a ‘king’ a philosopher”—marks the institutional bias of the academy toward explicit theorizing, yet the Numa-myth reverses it: Rome “only saw wisdom through Numa,” precisely because Numa’s kingship is narrated as government by discourse, ritual, and negotiated normativity rather than by Romulus’ warrior literalism. On this reading, Numa’s “logic of the reign” looks like a political analogue of the Cooperative Principle: stability depends on public expectations, tacit coordination, and the managed gap between overt ordinance and culturally legible suggestion; even piety and ritual function like maxims whose authority lies in their uptake. The burned “book of Numa” sharpens the parallel: once the explicit text is destroyed, what survives is not the locution but the social residue—the teachable, recitable remainder that behaves like implicature (what a community can still recover, transmit, and treat as binding without an officially endorsed statement). Cicero’s polemic, denying a non-Roman (Crotone/Etruscan/Sabine) starting-point for philosophy, can then be cast as a struggle over who controls the conditions of recoverability—who gets to license which inferences as “Roman” rather than foreign. Finally, the biographical Grice details (Literae Humaniores, Corpus, Greek and Roman before anything else) underscore the ironic distance: he is trained to hear classical voices and their rational patterns, yet “he did not read Etrurian,” so the text jokes that he “missed most of Numa’s implicatures”—a neat way to say that implicature is not universal in the abstract, but keyed to shared encyclopedic knowledge, local precedent, and the historically situated competencies of a conversational community. Grice: “One would hardly at Oxford call a ‘king’ a philosopher – even if he was the second one!” – They say Romolo could not quite count as Plato’s ‘re filosofo’ – for one, he was an uncultivated, or wolf-cultivated – warrior, rather. ‘Rome only saw wisdom through Numa.’ Grice entered philosophy, as he should, though the sub-faculty, i. e. through the Faculty of Literae Humaniores, ad his was a classical scholarship to Corpus – His family having no ‘intention’ to matriculate in the city of dreaming spires. At Clifton, Grice read Greek and Roman (in that order) profusely. He did not read Etrurian, though, and thus missed most of Numa’s implicatures!” Keywords: Crotone, Roma. Filosofo italiano. Cures, Fara in Sabina, Rieti, Lazio. The second king of Rome. A book was discovered. It wasn’t written by Numa, but the Romans said it was. It was very philosophical. The Roman senate ordered that it should be burned. It was! But most Italians can recite by heart all the indiscriminate teachings it contained. The big polemic came from Cicero. He didn’t want Roman philosophy to have a start other than in Rome, so he denied the school of Crotone and much more any Etrurian influence via N. Still…  N.dal Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum di Guillaume Rouillé 2º Re di Roma Predecessore Romolo Successore Tullo Ostilio Nascita Cures Dinastia Re latino-sabini ConiugeTazia Figli Pompilia N., Cures Sabini, -- è stato il secondo re di Roma, e il suo regno durò 42 anni. Numa Pompilio, di origine sabina, per la tradizione e la mitologia romana, tramandataci grazie soprattutto a Tito Livio e a Plutarco, che ne scrive anche una biografia, era noto per la sua pietà religiosa  e regna succedendo, come re di Roma, a Romolo. N. e un re pio, e in tutto il suo regno non combatté nemmeno una guerra. L'incoronazione di N. non avvenne immediatamente dopo la scomparsa di Romolo. Numa Pompilio. Numa.  Grice: Numa, dic mihi: philosophi apud Oxford reges vix existimant sapientes—sed tu, secundus rex Romae, quid de rationibus conversationalibus regni sentis? Numa: O Grice, Roma non semper ad bella, sed interdum ad dialogos spectat! Regnare, ut bene philosophari, est artem implicaturarum intellegere—et, si lupum inveneris, semper audi quam dicat! Grice: Sane, Numa! Sed, si librum tuum philosophicum senatus comburit, quid de implicaturis eius manet? Romae videntur omnia igni probata! Numa: Grice, implicaturae mea, sicut regnum, vivunt etiam post flammam! Et, si verba mea ardent, Italici tamen memoriam servare possunt—vel saltem in convivio recitare! Numa Pompilio (a. u. c. XXXIX). Dicta. Roma.

Marco degl’Oddi (Padova, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale –Figlio di Oddo degl’O., convinto sostenitore della scuola di Galeno. Professore per incarico del Senato veneziano assieme a Bottoni a Padova, dove insegna e introduce senza ricevere emolumenti l'insegnamento della pratica clinica nell'ospedale di San Francesco Grande, precedendo così tutte le altre scuole. Commentari dell'Ateneo di Brescia  G. Vedova, Biografia degli scrittori padovani, coi tipi della Minerva, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Treccani Enciclopedie, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Dobbiamo al chiarissimo signor dottor Montesanto (Dell'origine della clinica medica di Padova ec.) la bella ed interessante notizia, che il nostro Bottoni e il suo collega Marco Oddo, calcando le traccie luminose segnate dal famoso Montano pochi lustri prima, diedero novella vita al la clinica medica nello spedale di san Francesco in Padova, condotti dalla sola nobile brama di giovare. E qui avvertire mo cogli sludiosi di medicina,che il dotto autore, dopo aver dimostrato con incontrastabile evidenza che l'Università padovana, la prima d'ogni pubblico Studio d'Europa, vanta la fondazione in essa di quella scuola, base dellamedica scien za,ci porge il documento luminoso,che tanto onora li ricor dati professori, e in particolare il Bottoni di cui favelliamo; il quale non essendo da tacersi, lo riporteremo come ci viene fedelmente e con eleganza vôlto in lingua italiana dal prelo dato signor Montesanto, che il trasse dagli Acta nationis germanicae Facultatis medicae, quae,convocata natione, prae lecta et examinata, digna judicata sunt,ut albo nationis insererentur. Consiliariis Christophoro Sibenburger Carin thio, etKeller Hallense Saxone. Manoscritto presso la biblioteca dell'Imperiale Regia Università di Padova. dette in vita Boltoni, non è da passarsi solto silenzio quello d'essere stato dal Duca di Urbino, unita mente ai altri quattro medici, implicature: filosofia naturale, Galeno. Grice: Caro Oddi, ma è vero che a Padova, tra una diagnosi e una implicatura, si discute più di Galeno che di logica? Oddi: Grice, ti assicuro che qui le implicature cliniche sono contagiose: se parli troppo di logica, rischi che ti prescrivano una visita dal Galeno di turno! Grice: Allora dovrò stare attento! Dicono che all’ospedale San Francesco Grande, se sbagli una deduzione, ti fanno una clinica d’urgenza… e Bottoni annota tutto! Oddi: Esatto! Qui la filosofia naturale si pratica in corsia: se non capisci l’implicatura, ti curiamo con un po’ di ironia veneta… e magari alla fine ti resta il buonumore, come una medicina di Galeno! Odddi, Marco degl’(1570). Oddi de Oddis Patauini physici, ac medici clarissimi, De pestis, & pestiferorum omnium affectuum causis, signis, praecautione, & curatione, libri IIII. Apologiae pro Galeno, tum in logica, tum in philosophia, tum etiam in medicina, libri III. De coenae, & prandij portione, libri II. Nunc primùm in lucem editi, aut illustrati opera, & diligentia Marci Oddi medici eiusdem filij totum incompletum perficientis. Quibus accessit ipsius filii De putredine germanae, ac nundum explicatae Aristotelis & Galeni sententiae aduersus Argenterium apologia. Venetiis: apud Paulum & Antonium Meietos fratres.

Apollinare Offredi (Cremona, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del lizio –Gli era tributata grande autorità nell’ambiente filosofico. Insegna a Pavia e Piacenza. In buoni rapporti con Eugenio IV, Visconti e Sforza.  Saggi:“De primo et ultimo instanti in defensionem communis opinionis adversus Petrum Mantuanum,” S.l., Bonus Gallus,  Giambattista Fantonetti, Effemeridi delle scienze, compilate da G. netti, Paolo- Molina, Rinascimento, Istituto nazionale di studi sul Rinascimento, Robolini, Notizie appartenenti alla storia della sua patria, raccolte da G. Robolini, pavese, Fantonetti, Effemeridi delle scienze mediche, compilate da Fantonetti, Molina. OFFREDI CREMONENSIS ABSOLVTISSIMA COMMENTARIA [ocr errors] VNA CVM QVAE STIONIBVS IN PRIMVM ARISTOTELIS Posteriorum Analyticorum librum, Nunc primum mendis oinnibus expurgati, et egregijs  scolijs marginalibus illustrata, AC DVOBVS INDICIBVS, ALTERO, Qy I RES IN COMMENTARIIS tractatas, altero, qui quastionum capita copiosissime comple&titur, PRAETERE A DVPLICI TEXTVS ARIST. INTERPRETATIONE  AVCTA IN LVCM RE DEVNT A PRAECLARISS. DOCTORIS Hoc aut contingit propter posibilitatem intellectus D  APOLLINARIS CREMONE N. nostri, qui à principio est sicut tabula rasa, et non. 3. de anima tex. in librum primum Posteriorum mouetur ad intelligendum, nisi de potentia ad actí cap.is. reducatur sic autem intelligentia non cognoscunt, Aristotelis, exposition cum semper in actu intelligendi existant, et eodem modo. Grice: “Italians are rightly obsessed with Pomponazzi. They complained he looked more ‘a Jew than an Italian,’ but he predates Ryle’s Concept of Mind. One of his influences is Offredi, a lizii – who wrote not just on Aristotle’s De Anima (a manuscript Pomponazzi consulted) but who himself set to defend Pomponazzi – to prove that he was a real lizio, he wrote on Analytica Posteriora too – “Only a true lizio will comment on that!” –implicatura.  Grice: Caro Offredi, confessalo: ma è vero che a Cremona, oltre ai violini, si suona pure l’Analytica Posteriora di Aristotele? Dicono che tu abbia i margini dei manoscritti più pieni di note che la partitura di una sinfonia!  Offredi: Grice, se vuoi ti insegno a leggere le mie glosse, ma ti avverto: servono almeno tre tipi di inchiostro e un po’ di pazienza lombarda. E quanto a note, alcune sono talmente acute che nemmeno Stradivari riuscirebbe a intonarle!  Grice: Eppure mi dicono che tra un’osservazione su Pomponazzi e una disputa sui “lizi”, tu riesca sempre a infilare una battuta: sarà che la filosofia lombarda non rinuncia mai al buon umore, come il torrone di Cremona dopo pranzo?  Offredi: Esatto! Da noi il pensiero si fa dolce, ma attenzione: se ti distrai, rischi la carie dialettica. Aristotele lo sapeva: chi non mastica bene l’analisi, si perde fra le implicature… e torna a casa senza capire se l’intelletto è una tabula rasa o una sinfonia mancata! Offredi, Apolinnare (1478). De primo et ultimo instanti in defensionem communis opinionis adversus Petrum Mantuanum, Colle di Val d’Elsa: Bonus Gallus.

Francesco Olgiati (Busto Arsizio, Varese, Lombardia): HART GRICE HOLLOWAY la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei classici –Grice on Hart on Holloway on language and intelligence -- Grice: “I’m impressed that Olgiati dedicated a whole tract to the idea of ‘soul’ in Aquino!” Si forma presso Seminari milanesi. Collabora con Gemelli e Necchi alla Rivista di filosofia neo-scolastica e fonda con loro il periodico Vita e Pensiero. Insignito da Pio XI del titolo di Cameriere Segreto e da Pio XII di Proto-notario Apostolico. Inoltre assieme ad Gemelli, uno dei fondatori dell'Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. Presso tale ateneo insegnò nelle facoltà di Lettere, di Magistero e di Giurisprudenza. Condirettore della Rivista del Clero Italiano insieme a Gemelli. Autore di saggi relativi sulla religione e l’istruzione. I suoi allievi più illustri sono Melchiorre e Reale. Tomba di Gemelli mons. O.. Il libro Le lettere di Berlicche, scritto da Lewis, oltre ad essere dedicato a Tolkien, è dedicato anche a O.. Medaglia d'oro ai benemeriti della scuola, della cultura e dell'artenastrino per uniforme ordinaria Medaglia d'oro ai benemeriti della scuola, della cultura e dell'arte Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreLa storia: Le origini, su uni cattolica. Saggi: “Religione e vita” (Vita, Milano); “Schemi di conferenze” (Vita, Milano); “I fondamenti della filosofia classica” (Vita, Milano); “Il sillabario della Teologia” (Vita, Milano); “Il concetto di giuridicità in AQUINO” (Vita, Milano); “Marx” (Vita, Milano); Il sillabario della morale Cristiana” (Vita, Milano); “Il sillabario del Cristianesimo, Vita, Milano) b I nuovi soci onorari della Famiglia Bustocca. Almanacco della Famiglia Bustocca per l'anno 1956, Busto Arsizio, La Famiglia Bustocca, Treccani Enciclopedie on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia. La filosofia di Bergson, TORINO BOCCA pS og 4 E E Z á  S 3 JE lí E | S E a AT O classici, il gusto per l’antico, ius, Aquino, sillabario, filosofia classica, filosofia no-classica, logica classica. Francesco Olgiati. Grice: Caro Olgiati, so che a Busto Arsizio la ragione conversazionale si respira come l’aria! Ma ditemi: è vero che avete scritto un “sillabario” della teologia dove anche i classici imparano a leggere? Olgiati: Grice, lei non esagera! Da noi anche Aristotele fa i compiti a casa, e Aquino si esercita con la logica classica. Ma il vero dramma è quando Marx vuole correggere il “sillabario” della morale cristiana… allora sì che serve la ragione! Grice: Immagino la scena: Bergson che cerca di spiegare il tempo a Gemelli, mentre Holloway si domanda se la lingua lombarda sia più intelligente del latino. Scommetto che alla fine la medaglia d’oro va al primo che riesce a pronunciare “proto-notario apostolico” senza sbagliare! Olgiati: Perfettamente! E se qualcuno ce la fa, lo nominiamo Cameriere Segreto e lo mandiamo a insegnare alla Cattolica. D’altronde, tra una conferenza e una risata, anche la filosofia classica diventa… un piacere antico, ma sempre nuovo! Olgiati, Francesco  (1917). Il pensiero di san Tommaso. Milano: Vita e Pensiero.

Olimpio (Roma): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Giuliano -- He lives in the middle of nowhere. When he finds his city became an uncomfortable place for pagans, he moves to Rome.  GRICEVS: Salvē, OLIMPI—audīvī tē in mediō nusquam habitāre. Estne illa patria tua, an tantum locus ubi etiam tabellārius “nōn inveniō” scrībit? OLIMPIVS: Salvē, GRICE. Patria est: ibi silentium tam dēnsum est ut omnis implicātūra ante vocem perveniāt. Nēmō ibi loquitur—ita nihil umquam male intellegitur. GRICEVS: At cum urbs tua pagānīs facta est incommoda, Rōmam migrāvistī: id est, ex solitūdine ad maximam turbam, ut… latēre clārius possēs? OLIMPIVS: Prorsus. In mediō nusquam omnes me vident; Rōmae, cum omnis populus clāmat, nemo animadvertit. Ita fit ut “salvus sim” dicere nōn opus sit—urbs ipsa id per implicātūram dīcit.

Marco Maria Olivetti (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’archivista –Grice: “I don’t want to restrict my account of meaning to the ‘linguistic’! Olivetti deals with some topics dear to me and Strawson, like subject, transcendental subject, and the rest – he also uses ‘analogy,’ which is a pet concept of mine – I have been compared to Apel, so the fact that Olivetti in his ‘conversational’ approach relies on him, helps!” lingua, linguaggio, Grice’s ‘linguistic’ in “Utterer’s meaning, sentence-meaning, and word meaning”, linguistico, linguaggico -- Professore a Roma -- preside della Facoltà di filosofia. Formatosi a Roma, confrontandosi con i temi del rapporto fede e ragione nell'ambito di un collegio di docenti orientato sul versante marxista, storicista, postidealista, trova in ZUBIENA il suo maestro. Con lui iniziò una collaborazione intellettuale che lo porta a studiare i temi della filosofia della religione, partecipando ai colloqui romani inaugurati dal filosofo piemontese, dapprima come segretario e poi, dopo la morte di ZUBIENA come organizzatore. Dopo iniziali studi di estetica religiosa e di filosofia classica tedesca, si dedicò alla ricerca di un approccio neo-trascendentale al tema della religione, insegnando filosofia morale a Bari e poi sostitundo Zubiena nella cattedra romana di filosofia della religione. Giunse dopo l'incontro decisivo col pensiero di Lévinas, ad elaborare una concezione di questa disciplina come antropologia filosofica e etica in quanto «filosofia prima anzi anteriore» su base storica, nata dalla dissoluzione in età tardo settecentesca, soprattutto ad opera di Kant e Hegel, della onto-teologia. Molta rilevanza aveva nel suo insegnamento lo studio dei classici tedeschi, in chiave storica, e da ultimo il confronto sia con la fenomenologia. implicatura, l’archivista -- “philosophy of language.” Cratilo, teologia del linguaggio, esito teo-logico della filosofia del linguaggio, la religione razionale secondo Kant, l’idea de fine – autonomia, il regno dei fini in Kant, religione e lingua, l’esito teologico della filosofia della lingua, Jacobi.   Grice: Olivetti, mi incuriosisce molto la sua attenzione all'“archivista” e al modo in cui il linguaggio si intreccia con la filosofia della religione. Come pensa che la “conversazione” contribuisca a chiarire il rapporto tra fede e ragione? Olivetti: Grazie, caro Grice. Ritengo che la conversazione sia soprattutto un esercizio di ascolto e interpretazione dell’altro; nel dialogo tra fede e ragione, il linguaggio serve a creare ponti, non a erigere muri. Il mio approccio “conversazionale” nasce proprio dalla necessità di un’analogia, di uno spazio comune dove l’alterità sia riconosciuta prima che giudicata. Grice: Mi piace molto questa idea di analogia. Molti pensano che il significato sia solo una questione di “linguistico”, ma io ho sempre sostenuto che il soggetto, persino quello trascendentale, giochi un ruolo fondamentale. Lei come vede l’apporto della fenomenologia e del pensiero di Lévinas nella sua riflessione? Olivetti: Ottima domanda! L’incontro con Lévinas mi ha spinto a concepire la filosofia della religione come una forma di etica radicale, un’antropologia filosofica che precede ogni teologia sistematica. Solo storicizzando il pensiero classico tedesco e accogliendo la lezione fenomenologica possiamo dare al linguaggio e alla religione quel respiro che li rende inesauribili fonti di senso, oltre ogni riduzionismo. Olivetti, Marco Maria (1967). Il tempio simbolo cosmico. La trasformazione dell’orizzonte del sacro nell’età della tecnica (Rome: Abete).

Enrico Palladio degl’Olivi. Olivi. St John’s, late afternoon, the light already behaving as if it were being supervised. Grice has the Gradisca book open at the title-page. A teacup nearby has gone cold in the way Oxford tea does when it has been made to witness thinking. Grice: I have a question for you. Moore: Yes. Grice: I’ve this Chronicle of the Oppugnatio Gradiscana. Moore: Ah. Venetians and Austrians behaving like cousins at a wedding. Grice: Quite. And it bears this tag: di pugno dello zio Enrico, di mano del nipote Francesco. Moore: Very neat. Grice: But isn’t a hand part of a fist. Moore: Only if you’re planning to punch someone with the bibliography. Grice: I am tempted. The phrase looks like a contradiction presented as a symmetry. Moore: It is a symmetry. Not a contradiction. Grice: Explain it to me as if I were an undergraduate. Moore: I refuse. You would then write a paper about my refusal. Grice: Then explain it to me as if I were a colleague and liable to be malicious. Moore: Better. Di pugno means “in his own hand,” autographic, the man as origin. Di mano means “through the hand of,” transmission, the man as conduit. Grice: But the conduit still has a fist. Moore: Yes, but you are mixing anatomy with responsibility. A hand is part of a fist, but an editor is not part of an author. Grice: That sounds like a maxim. Moore: It is. Do not confuse physical inclusion with bibliographical agency. Grice: You Modern Languages people do logic without admitting it. Moore: And you philosophers do philology without admitting it. Grice: Still, I worry: di mano del nipote might suggest “copied by the nephew,” scribal hand, rather than “edited.” Moore: It might. And that is why your tag is Griceian: it allows the reader to infer the right thing if he’s competent, and to reveal himself if he isn’t. Grice: So the ambiguity is an entrance exam. Moore: Precisely. If the reader thinks “servant took it to the printer,” he confesses he has never met an early modern nephew. Grice: And if he thinks “nephew authored it,” he confesses he has never met an uncle. Moore: Exactly. Families produce texts the way Oxford produces opinions: by delegation. Grice: So what does di pugno implicate, beyond “autograph”? Moore: It implicates primacy. First-handness. Authority of witness. “I was there,” even when it is not stated. Grice: And di mano implicates what. Moore: Second-handness with responsibility. Not merely “it passed through him,” but “it became legible through him.” Grice: So the real contrast is not fist versus hand, but source versus channel. Moore: Now you’re learning Italian. Grice: I should like to say: then why not make it explicit. Why not: autografo dello zio; edizione del nipote. Moore: Because explicitness is sometimes vulgar. It steals the reader’s small pleasure of getting it. Grice: The reader’s pleasure is not my primary concern. Moore: It should be. Readers are the only reason anyone publishes, even at Oxford. Grice: That is a dangerous thesis to utter in St John’s. Moore: Then treat it as an implicature and deny it later. Grice: So the tag stays. Moore: The tag stays. And if anyone complains that a hand is part of a fist, tell them yes, and that is exactly why the nephew counts: he is not the fist that struck, but he is the hand that makes the striking intelligible. Grice: That is almost moral philosophy. Moore: Don’t tell Mabbott.Grice: St John’s, Sept. 1939. So war has been declared; but unlike Enrico Palladio degli Olivi, I rather doubt I shall keep a record of it—at least, not a record of events. This morning I finished “Personal Identity.” The example I give for the use of “I” is “I” as ascribed to me as the bearer of intentions—future-directed intentions—and I use, by way of illustration: “I shall be fighting soon.” In case Moore (Editor of Mind) complains, I also give an example of “I” as the bearer of a propositional attitude of a more doxastic sort: “I am thinking of Hitler.” So I suppose he’ll be pleased—Moore, I mean, not Hitler. [Editorial note: Grice did, in the event, fight in the North Atlantic theatre before moving to the Admiralty. And his being drafted into the Navy did not exactly come as a surprise to him. Enrico Palladio degl’(1615). De oppugnatione Gradiscana. Di pugno del zio Enrico, di mano del nipote Francesco.

Gian Francesco Palladio degl’Olivi (Udine, Fiuli-Venezia Giulia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale –Medico e storico italiano. Anche filosofo.  Nasce da Alessandro e da Elena di Strassoldo. Gli Annales di Udine annoverano l’aggregazione della famiglia, proveniente da Portogruaro, tra i nobili della città. O. frequenta l’università di Padova, dove si laurea in giurisprudenza. Rientrato in patria, si dedica per un breve periodo alla professione forense; divenuto abate, ottenne il beneficio ecclesiastico della pieve di Latisana. Si iscrisse, con il nome di Ferace, all’Accademia udinese degli Sventati, fondata tra gli altri dallo zio paterno Enrico. Pubblica a Udine due opere di Enrico: il De oppugnatione Gradiscana libri, sul conflitto che oppose la Repubblica di Venezia e l’Austria, noto con il nome di guerra di Gradisca, e  i Rerum Foro-Iuliensium ab orbe condito usque ad an. Redemptoris Domini nostri 452 libri undecim, rimasti interrotti alla presa di Aquileia da parte degli unni. O. decise di continuare l’opera dello zio, non più in latino ma in volgare, partendo dal punto in cui si era interrotta. La cronaca, Historie delle provincie del Friuli, è composta secondo il metodo annalistico e fu pubblicata in due volumi a Udine. La narrazione, pur essendo fondata su un’ampia documentazione, ripete alcuni luoghi comuni concernenti in particolare l’origine delle città e dei loro casati più eminenti. L’autore difese in particolare l’antichità di Udine riprendendo parte degli argomenti proposti da Gian Domenico Salomoni e ripresi d’O., i quali identificavano Udine e non Cividale nell’antica Forum Iulii di cui parla Paolo Diacono, attribuendo in tal modo a Udine l’egemonia sulla regione dopo la distruzione dell’antica sede metropolita di Aquileia. Riprendendo quanto detto da Salomoni, Palladio riconduceva la fondazione di Cividale sul fiume Natisone al periodo successivo alla vittoria del duca Wechtari. Grice: St John’s, October 1939 — and I’m to leave St John’s before long. Curious: my mind is set not so much on the Hun as on Enrico Palladio degli Olivi and his nephew Gian Francesco Palladio degli Olivi. Perhaps it’s simply my way of keeping my thoughts off the more immediate business. What strikes me is this: poor Enrico fought in the war of 1615 and—sensibly, even bravely—kept a record of it as a witness, indeed as one of the forces engaged. Yet it is the nephew who gets the thing into print, and only when Enrico has long been gone. And still the narrative holds one—has a grip—as if Gian Francesco, by editing his uncle’s heroics, were living them again at second hand: not a soldier this time, but a custodian of the campaign, turning action into annals and blood into ink. One almost suspects an implicature: I could not fight that war, but I can at least preserve it. Grice: Olivi, mi dicono che a Udine siete specialisti di “ragione conversazionale”: cioè riuscite a discutere per tre ore e, per implicatura, dire “ho ragione” senza pronunciarlo mai. Olivi: Caro Grice, è la versione friulana del fiat lux: noi diciamo poco, ma facciamo capire tutto. Se poi sono anche abate, l’implicatura diventa quasi un beneficio ecclesiastico. Grice: Interessante: da Padova torni in patria, fai l’avvocato, poi l’abate, poi lo storico… sembra la tua biografia scritta secondo il metodo annalistico: “Anno primo: cambiai mestiere. Anno secondo: cambiai ancora.” Olivi: Esatto. E quando continuai l’opera di mio zio—non più in latino ma in volgare—l’implicatura era chiara: “voglio che mi leggano davvero.” Quanto all’antichità di Udine… diciamo che, se non era Forum Iulii, almeno forum lo è stato: ci siamo litigati abbastanza. Olivi, Gian Francesco Palladio degl’(1658), De oppugnatione Gradiscana. Di pugno del zio Enrico, di mano del nipote Francesco.

Onorato (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del cinargo romano. A member of the Cinargo who takes to the habit of wearing a bearskin. GRICEVS: Salvē, HONORĀTE—quisnam es tu, qui sub pellē ursī quasi sub argumentō validissimō ambulās? HONORĀTVS: Salvē, GRICE. Ego sum ex Cinargō Rōmānō: philosophus Italicus, sed cum ursō—quia friget in Urbe et in disputātiōnibus. GRICEVS: Intellegō: pellem induis, ut omnes implicent “hic vir aut sapientissimus aut periculosissimus.” Sed dic mihi: ratio conversātiōnis tuā quo tendit—ad virtūtem an ad tabernam? HONORĀTVS: Ad utrumque. Nam cum taceō, philosophiam significō; cum rugiō, populus credit me ursum esse: ita et sermō et pellis cooperantur—maximum meum est: nihil dīcere, multum obtinēre.

Opillo (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano -- l’implicatura conversazionale -- Segue l'indirizzo dell’orto. Liberto di un membro dell’orto, insegna filosofia, ma sciolge la sua scuola per seguire Rutilio Rufo a Smirne, ove compose varie saggi, fra le quali Musarum libri IX. Aurelius Opilius. Ueber die Schreibung “Opillus” statt “Opilius” vgl. F. Buecheler, Rhein. Mus. Opilius lehrte zuerst Philosophie, dann Rhetorik. endlich Grammatik. Später löste er seine Schule auf und folgte dem P. Rutilius Rufus ins Exil nach Smyrna. Hier schrieb Opilius unter anderem ein Werk von neun Büchern mit dem Titel “Musarum libri IX”. Nach den Citaten, die daraus von Gellius und besonders von Varro, Festus und Julius Romanus gemacht werden, muss er sich besonders mit Worterklärungen befasst haben. Ferner erwähnt Sueton einen Pinax mit dem Akrostichon „Opillius"; da wir wissen, dass sich Opilius mit Scheidung der echten und unechten Stücke des plautinischen Corpus abgab, werden wir diese Schrift dafür in Anspruch nehmen dürfen. Zeugnisse. «) Sueton, de gramm. Aurelius Opilius, Epicurei cuiusdum libertus, philosophiam primo, deinde rhetoricam, nocissime premmetiram docuit. dimissa autem schole Rutilinm Rufum damnatum in Asiam secutus ibidem Smyrnae simulque consenuit compositque variae eruditionis aliquod volumina, ex quibus novem unius corporis, quia scriptores ac poetas sub clientela Musarum indicaret, non absurde et fecisse et inscripsisse se ait ex numero divarum et appellatione. huius cognomen in plerisque indcibus et titulis per unam (L) litteram scriptum animadcerto, rerum ipse id per duas effert in parastichide libelli, qui incribitur pinax 3) Musarum libri novem. Gellius, Aurelins Opi-lines in primo librorum, ques Mexerum inceripoit (über indutine). Bei Varro de lingua lat. wird er unter dem Namen Aurelins angeführt (proefica; i, 106, unter dem Namen Opilins Vgl. H. Usener, Rhein. Mus., Bei Festus wird er citiert als Aurelius Opilius. Grice: “Since he was a ‘liberto,’ CICERONE refuses to study him!” GRICEVS: Salvē, OPILLE; audīvī tē Opillum vocārī. Utrum es vir an vitulus parvus? OPILLVS: Salvē, GRICE. Nōn vitulus, sed Aurelius Opilius—quamquam librāriī, ut semper, duplicant litterās et duplicant calumniās. GRICEVS: Bene; sed quoniam libertus fuistī, CICERŌ (ut aiunt) nōn vult tē legere: “nimis liber, nimis perīculōsus.” OPILLVS: Immo! Id ipsum est implicātūra: “nōn tē legō” significat “timeō nē discam aliquid.” Age, GRICE—ad Hortum eāmus; ibi philosophia colitur, et ego quoque, sī bene rigātus fuero.

Enrico Giuseppe Opocher (Treviso, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale l’implicatura conversazionale della giustizia – IVSTVM QVIA IVSSVM. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats a talk exchange as a cooperative rational activity in which hearers recover what is meant beyond what is said by attributing intentions and applying defeasible norms of relevance, adequacy, and clarity (so implicature is a controlled inference, not a free rhetorical flourish). Opocher, by contrast, represents reason-governed meaning in the public and institutional register of legal philosophy: his work is centrally about how justice and legal validity relate to value and concrete individuality within the experience of law, and how normative claims bind not merely by being uttered but by being justified within a shared practical order; Treccani characterizes him as resisting both a normativist reduction of law to force and a realist reduction of law to mere fact, insisting on law’s irreducible value-dimension and on the “individuo concreto” as a focal point of juridical experience. The comparison, then, is that Grice models the micro-normativity of conversation (the rational constraints that make an utterance interpretable as a contribution and license implicatures), while Opocher models the macro-normativity of social life (the rational constraints that make a rule, a judgment, or an account of justice intelligible as more than coercion or description), and your 1937 link through Fichte underscores the bridge: both are interested in how a form of rational autonomy and individuality is made publicly legible—Grice through the inferential structure of communicative intention in exchange, Opocher through the interpretive and evaluative structure of legal reason in institutions and the idea of justice. Grice: “There are two points that connect me with Opocher: ‘individuality’ in Fichte, since I love the problem of the in-dividuum, perhaps influenced by my tutee Strawson (“Individuals!”) – and Opocher’s ‘analisi’ as he calls it, of the ‘idea’, as he calls it, of ‘giustizia’, particularly in Thrasymachus, for which I propose an eschatological study!” Con Ravà e Capograssi è considerato uno dei maggiori filosofi del diritto italiani del Novecento. Nacque da Enrico Giovanni, ginecologo. Durante la Grande Guerra la famiglia, timorosa dei bombardamenti, si trasferì dapprima nella periferia di Treviso, quindi a Pistoia presso una parente. Gli anni successivi riportarono un clima di serenità e agiatezza, nel quale Enrico crebbe, dividendosi tra la città natale e Vittorio Veneto, meta delle sue vacanze estive.  Dopo il liceo fu avviato, secondo il volere del padre, agli studi giuridici, benché fosse decisamente più inclinato verso la filosofia. Si iscrive alla facoltà di giurisprudenza a Padova, ma continua a coltivare i propri interessi personali seguendo le lezioni di filosofia del diritto tenute dRavà. Sotto la guida di quest'ultimo stilò una tesi su La proprietà nella filosofia del diritto di Fichte, con la quale si laurea brillantemente. Ottenuta la libera docenza, vinse il concorso per la cattedra di filosofia del diritto presso la facoltà di giurisprudenza a Padova, succedendo a Bobbio che in Veneto era divenuto segretario regionale del Partito d'Azione. Nell'ateneo padovano insegnò ininterrottamente per quarant'anni, tenendo lezioni per i corsi di filosofia del diritto, di storia delle dottrine politiche e di dottrina dello stato Italiano.  È ricordato in maniera particolare per i suoi studi sull'idea di giustizia, e sul rapporto tra diritto e valori, nonché per la redazione di un celebre manuale. giustizia – fairness, gius, il concetto di gius nel diritto romano, iustum non quia iussum – verbal aspect here --. Grice, “Grice ed Opocher: giustizia del neo-Trasimaco. Grice: Merton, 1937. I have been reading the abstracts for the Ninth International Congress of Philosophy, and I am struck less by the doctrines than by the babel. Every school, every nation, every temperament seems to have brought its own dialect and expects the rest of us to do the interpreting. One Italian, Enrico Giuseppe Opocher, contrives to make the point before he has even begun: he mixes languages in the title itself, as if to demonstrate that philosophy is already a border-crossing business. Immanentismo ed eticismo nella Wissenschaftslehre di Fichte, he calls it—Italian bookends holding a German spine together. I suppose this is what passes for a lingua franca in the Quartier Latin: everyone speaks his own tongue, but pronounces the German nouns as if they were honorary French. Mother would say, of course, that one should not say “in Paris”—one should say “at the Congress,” or, better, say nothing and let the place remain tactfully unnamed. Still, I could not help smiling at the way Opocher’s title performs its own thesis: immanentism and ethicizing are not merely topics; they are habits of speech, ways of sliding from metaphysics into morals without admitting the movement. I tell myself I shall attend the Tenth Congress, wherever it may be held, just to see whether the philosophers will have invented an even more elaborate pidgin by then—Latin for the programme, French for the coffee, German for the seriousness, and English for the apologies.” Editor’s note: the Tenth International Congress of Philosophy was held in Amsterdam in 1948; Grice did not attend. Grice: Caro Opocher, ti confesso che ogni volta che sento parlare di “giustizia”, mi viene voglia di chiedere: ma è davvero “giusta” o solo “giustificata”? D’altronde, come diceva Trasimaco, la giustizia a volte sembra un labirinto… senza uscita!  Opocher: Eh, caro Grice! Se Trasimaco avesse avuto a disposizione i manuali di filosofia del diritto, forse avrebbe trovato almeno una mappa. Io, però, preferisco pensare che la giustizia sia come la polenta veneta: ognuno la cuoce a modo suo, ma alla fine piace a tutti!  Grice: Ottima analogia! Dunque, se la giustizia è polenta, il diritto romano sarebbe il cucchiaio? E Fichte, invece, il cuoco che insiste sul fatto che ogni porzione deve rispettare l’individuo... almeno finché non si tratta di dividere il piatto!  Opocher: Esatto! Ma attenzione: chi mangia troppo rischia di finire davanti al giudice… o peggio, di ritrovarsi a discutere con Trasimaco sulla “giustizia del neo-Trasimaco”. Grice, tu porta il cucchiaio, io porto la polenta: vediamo se la filosofia può davvero saziare tutti! Opocher, Enrico Giuseppe (1937). Immanentismo ed eticismo nella Wissenschaftslehre di Fichte. IX Congress internationale de philosophie, Paris.

Quinto Orazio Flacco (Venosa, Potenza, Basilicata): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – O. fu attirato dai problemi morali ed estetici. Quinto Orazio Flacco. Muore a Roma. Soltanto nelle "Epistole," Orazio dichiara di sentirsi attirato dalla filosofia morale per la quale vuole abbandonare la lirica. Si è notato che questa epistola è un protrettico. Ma anche negli scritti precedenti O. tocca spesso argomenti filosofici. Scherzosamente, O. si chiama dall’orto “de grege poreus” (Epist.). Effettivamente egli, che dichiara di non voler giurare sulle parole di nessun maestro, non appartiene ad alcun indirizzo determinato. Nei suoi studi in Atene conosce dottrine di scuole diverse, vede nelle sette filosofiche una disciplina che non deveno essere ignorate. O. s’interessa soprattutto per la morale applicata ai casi della vita. La sua indole, amante dell’equilibrio, della tranquillità, della serenità, gli fa considerare con simpatia l’etica dell’ORTO, di cui si scorge l’influsso nelle satire, che abbondano di reminiscenze a LUCREZIO . O. ri-assume la teoria dell’orto sull’origine del diritto e della legge. Più volte, satireggia paradossi del Portico: tutte le colpe sono uguali, il sapiente è re e conosce ogni cosa. O. disegna la caricatura del Portico: capelluti e barbuti che, predicatori ambulanti, espongono precetti ai quali non sempre fanno corrispondere la vita. Ma O. mostra di apprezzare maggiormente la severa nobiltà degl’ideali del Portico. O. si avvicina sia all’Orto che al Portico quando loda la vita semplice e sana della campagna. Ma quando sferza la caccia alle riechezze e al lusso, O. si collega al Cinargo, delle cui diatribe si avverte l'influsso nelle sue satire. Nell'insieme, la morale di O. è utilitaria ed è diretta dall’esigenza dell’equilibrio e della misura. La sua non è una teoria filosoficamente fondata e perciò non manca di incoerenze. Nell’"Arte Poetica" si riconoscono abitualmente riflessi di teorie del “Lizio” Orto. (Corpus, 1932; Grice and Shropshire preparing for Mods) Shropshire had arranged his books in strict chronological piles, as if time were a virtue in itself and not merely a nuisance that happens to texts. Grice: You’re doing it again. Shropshire: Doing what. Grice: Dating everything. You treat a poem like a jar of jam: you won’t open it till you’ve found the label. Shropshire: A poem without a date is merely a rumour with metre. Grice: That, I take it, is your first paper. Shropshire: It’s my first principle. Now. Orazio. Earliest attributable work, please. I want a year that would satisfy a prosecutor. Grice: Very well. His first published book is the first book of the Satires. Published about 35 before Christ. Shropshire: Before Christ. I can already hear a bishop fainting in the quad. Say it properly. Grice: Properly. Thirty-five BC. Shropshire: Still improper. I want it Roman. Ab urbe condita. In Roman numerals. Grice: You want him dated in the way the Romans themselves usually didn’t bother to date him. Shropshire: Exactly. The pedantry is the point. Grice: All right. The founding of Rome is the usual peg: 753 BC is year 1 AUC. Shropshire: Good. Continue. Slowly. This is arithmetic, not metaphysics. Grice: If 1 BC is AUC 753, then 35 BC is AUC 719. Shropshire: Seven hundred and nineteen. Now write it in Roman numerals. Grice: DCCXIX. Shropshire: DCCXIX AUC. There. Now we can speak like civilised men. Grice: You realise, of course, that if you say “AUC” in a lecture, half the room will think you mean something pharmacological. Shropshire: Then they should read more Latin. Grice: The point is delicious: you have replaced Anno Domini, which is theological, with ab urbe condita, which is mythological, and you call that an improvement. Shropshire: It is an improvement. It relocates the calendar from a manger to a city. Grice: And from a fact to a legend. Very Oxford. Shropshire: Now, which is it: “after Christ” or “Anno Domini”? Grice: In English prose: AD. In Latin: Anno Domini. In argument: “later than you think.” Shropshire: I want the Roman, not the Christian. Grice: Why. Shropshire: Because Horace would hate being filed under someone else’s nativity. Grice: Horace would hate being filed under anything at all. That is why he called his satires Sermones: he wanted them to sound like talk, not like tablets. Shropshire: Talk can be dated. Otherwise it becomes gossip. Grice: Here is the moral, then. You can say “35 BC” and mean “around the time the Satires first appear as a book.” Or you can say “DCCXIX AUC” and mean “I am showing off.” Shropshire: And which do you mean. Grice: I mean both. The second is an implicature. Shropshire: Then the first is what is said, and the second is what you are. Grice: Precisely. Now stop numbering Rome and decline λύω before time declines you.GRICEVS: Salve, Horati Flacce, Venusiae decus. Audio te in Epistulis iactare te velle lyricam ponere atque ad philosophiam moralem migrare—quasi Musa ipsa tibi dixerit: “Satis cantasti; nunc rationem redde.” HORATIVS: Salve, Grice. Ita est: non iuro in verba magistri; sed cum vitiis amicorum et meis cotidie luctor, ad hortum saepe confugio—ego ipse, ut ioco, de grege porci. GRICEVS: Oportet ergo te doctissimum esse in implicaturis: cum dicis “de grege porci,” non tantum de porco loqueris, sed significas: “nolite me stoicum barbatum fingere.” Porticus enim, ut scribis, omnia peccata paria facit—quod est paene impossibile, nisi in tabulis scholasticis. HORATIVS: Recte intellegis. Ego Porticum laudo cum moderatur, irrideo cum tonat. Nam mea maxima est haec: aurea mediocritas. Si quid “implicavi,” hoc tantum: in urbe morior, sed mente in agro vivo—et si philosophus fio, id facio ut minus ridear, non ut minus rideam. Quinto Orazio Flacco, (a. u. c. DCCXIX). Qui fit, Maecenas, ut nemo, quam sibi sortem seu ratio dederit seu fors obiecerit, illa contentus vivat, laudet diversa sequentis? Roma

Oribasio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Marte, o la scuola di Giuliano -- Giuliano’s personal philosopher. He shares Giuliano’s enthusiasm for paganism. His treatises survive, as does paganism – “Only you shouldn’t use that vulgar adjective,” as Cicerone says!” – Grice.  GRICEVS: Salve, Oribasi. Audio te Iuliani esse philosophum domesticum: Martem laudatis, aras instauratis, et paganos deos tam studiose colitis ut etiam implicatura sacrificet. ORIBASIVS: Salve, Grice. Ita est: in schola Iuliani non tantum dicimus, sed significamus. Cum princeps “Martem” nominat, subintelligitur “virtutem”; cum ego taceo, intellegitur “consilium.” GRICEVS: Bene; sed moneo te de stilo. De paganismo tuo dicis “superstitionem splendidam” (ut audivi). Cicero—immo ego, Ciceronem imitans—dicerem: “Tolle illud adiectivum volgare: ‘splendidam’.” Non omnia quae sonant bene, decent. ORIBASIVS: Accipio correptionem: dicam potius “pietatem veterem.” Nam apud Iulianum hoc est ludus urbanus: tu me doces quid dicendum sit; ego te doceo quid non dicendum—ut paganismus maneat, et adiectiva pereant.

Francesco Orioli (Vallerano, Viterbo, Lazio): l’implicatura conversazionale nella logica della monarchia romana – i sette re. Grice’s account of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means beyond what is explicitly said by assuming a cooperative purpose in talk and drawing defeasible inferences under rational constraints (the Cooperative Principle and maxims), so that implicature is not ornamental “reading between the lines” but an accountable calculation about intention and conversational suitability. Orioli makes a useful foil because his work and life foreground a different scale of “implicature”: he is a nineteenth‑century polymath and political actor (born in Vallerano in 1783, active in revolutionary politics and later public office) whose writings range from natural philosophy (his 1836 Saggio sopra la filosofia naturale) to historical-archaeological and political interventions, including interpretive narratives about early Rome (e.g., Dei sette re di Roma, 1839), where the “logic” of events and institutions is reconstructed from fragmentary evidence, rhetorical postures, and the unsaid motives of agents in councils, courts, and revolutions. Read side by side, Grice gives a micro-pragmatics of interpersonal exchange (how a conversational move licenses an implicature because certain alternatives would be irrationally unsuitable at that stage of the talk), while Orioli exemplifies a macro-hermeneutics of civic and historical discourse (how one infers intentions, alliances, and institutional meanings from what is recorded and what is conspicuously omitted), making Orioli an apt historical counterpart for showing that “reason in interpretation” can operate both in the minute mechanics of a talk exchange (Grice) and in the larger inferential economy by which political life and historical narrative are made intelligible from traces, documents, and strategic silences. Grice: “Only in Italy, a philosopher, rather than a cricketer, is supposed to take part in a revolution and write a book about his shire!” -- Fondatori della Repubblica Romana. “De' paragrandini metallici” -- Milano, Fondazione Mansutti. Il padre, medico, lo conduce a Roma, dove si laurea brillantemente. La professione non lo attrae molto, Lo troviamo, infatti, professore di filosofia nei seminari e nei licei dell'urbe. Da Roma si trasfere a Perugia, dove si laurea. Insegna a Bologna. Partecipa con gl’allievi all'insurrezione delle Romagne. Successivamente è eletto membro del governo provvisorio di Bologna, che è sciolto in seguito all'intervento militare dell'Austria. Tentando di mettersi in salvo,salpò da Ancona diretto in Francia con un altro centinaio di rivoluzionari; ma il brigantino Isotta sul quale viaggiava venne catturato dall'allora capitano di vascello della marina austriaca Francesco Bandiera (padre dei due famosi fratelli Attilio ed Emilio) e tutti i rivoluzionari furono arrestati. Venne incarcerato a Venezia. Poco dopo venne liberato, forse per mancanza di risultanze gravi sul suo conto. Iniziò così l'errare, costretto a fuggire da terra in terra, inneggiando sempre all'Italia unita. Fu professore di archeologia alla Sorbona. A Bruxelles insegnò. Soggiornò anche a Corfù, dove tenne un corso dnell'università della città. Quando Pio IX concesse l'amnistia, poté tornare a Roma, dove tenne la cattedra di archeologia. Le sue attitudini per il giornalismo non attesero molto per farsi notare, e così fondò un periodico politico che ebbe però vita breve, La Bilancia. Fu eletto deputato al parlamento della Repubblica Romana. Quando il governo pontificio fu restaurato, in riconoscimenti dei suoi meriti, fu nominato consigliere di stato. Pubblica molti saggi di filosofia. Tra i più famosi sono da menzionare “Dei sette re di Roma e del cominciamento del consolato” (Firenze), “Intorno le epigrafi italiane e l'arte di comporle” (Roma). implicatura. Grice: “Corpus, 1932. Today I had my frankest tutorial with Hardie yet. “Grice,” he said, in that Scottish cant of his which makes even a reprimand sound like an invitation, “you will now be obliged—on the most pleasant terms—to attend one or two lectures given by our Chairs.” And with that he handed me the thickest volume I had seen since entering Corpus: Orioli’s Saggio sopra la filosofia naturale. “For next week,” Hardie went on, “you will tell me what you need to know about this curious Oxford arrangement: why you may attend a lecture by the Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical—trans-natural, if you insist on the Latin—philosophy, but no longer by any Professor of plain Natural Philosophy. We once had both, you know. Now we have metaphysics with a capital and nature with a laboratory.” I opened Orioli and felt at once the old, dignified breadth of the word “natural”—not merely physics-as-technique, but nature as the whole field in which a mind might still dare to range. Hardie watched me leaf through it with the air of a man setting a trap for a pupil’s modern complacencies. “You will discover,” he said, “that ‘natural philosophy’ is not what the chemists do. It is what philosophers used to do before they mistook specialism for virtue.” Then he added, with a dryness that almost counted as mercy: “And do not, for heaven’s sake, come back next week saying that metaphysics is what you do when you have nothing else to read. At Oxford, metaphysics is what you do when you have too much.”” Grice: Caro Orioli, mi ha sempre incuriosito come la logica della monarchia romana e il pensiero filosofico possano intrecciarsi nella tua opera. Quanto conta per te l'implicatura conversazionale nell'interpretazione dei sette re? Orioli: Caro Grice, la logica delle conversazioni tra i re e i loro consiglieri è fondamentale per comprendere le vere intenzioni e gli accordi sottesi. Senza implicatura, la storia sembrerebbe solo un resoconto di eventi, e invece è ricca di sfumature e sottintesi.  Grice: Interessante! E pensi che questa capacità di leggere tra le righe abbia aiutato te, come filosofo e rivoluzionario, a navigare le acque turbolente della politica italiana? Orioli: Assolutamente sì! Spesso, nelle insurrezioni e nei dibattiti parlamentari, il non detto era più eloquente delle parole. La filosofia, come la vita politica, insegna che bisogna saper ascoltare ciò che sta tra le righe e agire di conseguenza. Orioli, Francesco (1836). Saggio sopra la filosofia naturale. Roma: Tipografia Salviucci.

Giacomo Luigi Ornato (Carmagna, Cuneo, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale o dell’implicature conversazionali nella conversazione d’Antonino con Antonino. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers legitimately infer what a speaker means beyond what is explicitly said by assuming a cooperative, rational orientation to the talk exchange (the Cooperative Principle and its maxims), so that “extra meaning” is not free poetry but a defeasible product of accountable inference. Ornato is a useful foil because his work and temperament highlight a different axis of “reason in language”: not the inferential pragmatics of everyday exchange, but the disciplined craft of mediation between languages, registers, and intellectual cultures—above all translation, where fidelity is achieved by restraint and where over-performance (the operatic recitative effect) can be understood as a practical analogue of conversational overinformativeness or misplaced manner. If Grice focuses on how rational interlocutors compute implicatures from what is said under shared norms, Ornato shows how rationality also governs what one ought not to add when carrying meaning across forms (Greek to Italian, Stoic notes into a readable vernacular), and even his later posthumous “Ricordi” materials underscore the same lesson: that the intelligibility of a voice can outlive its author only if the editor/translator keeps the additions answerable to the text’s purpose rather than to personal flourish. Visse vita ritirata, modesta e schiva d'onori e ricchezza intesa soltanto allo studio. Coltiva le scienze fisiche e matematiche, la filologia, la poesia, la musica e con singolare amore le discipline metafisiche. Sii trasferisce a Torino dove frequenta alcuni esponenti dell'aristocrazia sabauda. Tra le sue amicizie più importanti Santarosa, Sabbione ed i fratelli Balbo. Dei concordi è insegnante di matematica nel collegio dei paggi imperiali, impiegato nella segreteria dell'Accademia delle Scienze di Torino e successivamente professore presso la Reale Accademia Militare. In seguito ai moti rivoluzionari e nominato da Santarosa Ministro della Guerra della giunta rivoluzionaria. Si rifugia in esilio a Parigi. Nella capitale francese stringe amicizia con Cousin e la sua casa è frequentata da numerosi patrioti italiani. Ottiene di poter rientrare in Italia e si ritira a Caramagna dove riceve le visite dei patrioti Pellico, Provana, Gioberti e Balbo. Si trasferisce a Torino dove morirà e verrà sepolto nel cimitero monumentale. Saggi: traduzione di Ode a Roma di Erinna, traduzione dei “Ricordi di Antonino, Picchioni, Vita, studii e lettere inediti di Leone Ottolenghi, E. Loescher. Biografiche e risultati di ricercheo, Becchio Calogero, Dizionario biografico degli italiani, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Ulteriori approfondimenti possono essere reperiti nei seguenti siti: Comune di Caramagna Piemonte, su comune.caramagnapiemonte.cn. Associazione Culturale "L'Albero Grande", su albero grande. Due difetti o cattivi abiti, nota qui e contrappone Antonino. L’uno, del lasciarci guidare unicamente dalla IMPRESSIONE che fan su di noi l’oggetto esterno, divagando da questo a quello secondo che quello ci attrae più fortemente che questo. L’altro del lasciarci guidare unicamente dal pensiero o idea che ci vengono in mente a caso, seguendo quelli che eccitano più la nostra attenzione. implicatura, Antonino, ad seipsum, ricordi.  Grice: “Corpus, 1932. Hardie has decided that the only cure for a young man’s airy talk about “meaning” is to make him translate. “Pick a Greek piece,” he said, “turn it into Latin, and see whether you can keep the thought intact. Feel what Ornato felt.” So I chose a short lyric—Erinna, because she is precise enough to punish laziness—and set about producing Latin that would not sound as if Cicero had swallowed a gramophone. At the next tutorial Hardie read my version in silence, the sort of silence that makes you revise your whole education. Then, quite unexpectedly, he said I had done better than Ornato. “I never felt like intruding, sir,” I said, “so I never asked. What did you mean by ‘Ornato’?” That, naturally, was my fault. There were only fifteen minutes left, and I had just opened the gate to a lecture. Hardie proceeded to spend—by my mother’s stopwatch, I should think—nineteen more minutes explaining how Ornato, with a perfectly sound classical intention, managed to turn Erinna’s Ode to Rome, a sharp Hellenic utterance, into something resembling an operatic recitative: too many flourishes, too much “effect,” too little of the Greek’s restrained bite. “It’s not that he mistranslates,” Hardie said; “it’s that he over-performs. He takes a poem and gives you a performance of a poem.” Which, of course, is a lesson about conversation as much as translation: when you add too much, you may still be intelligible, but you stop being faithful. Ornato, Hardie implied, could not resist the temptation to make Rome sound like a stage direction.” Editor’s note: Erinna is a rare early Greek lyric voice (often associated with the fourth century BCE), remembered in antiquity for a small surviving corpus and for the intensity of her style; “Ode to Rome” here functions as a convenient label for the kind of classical praise-poem a nineteenth-century Italian translator might select for an exercise in Latinity and patriotic tone.GRICE: Caro Ornato, dicono che tu abbia vissuto una vita schiva, lontana dai riflettori. Ma ti chiedo: se tu e Antonino parlate, chi tra voi ha l’ultima parola? Oppure la conversazione finisce sempre con una implicatura misteriosa? ORNATO: Ah, caro Grice, nella nostra Carmagna la conversazione è come una partita a scacchi – ogni mossa è una metafora e ogni implicatura un cavallo imbizzarrito. Ma ti confesso: ogni tanto, lasciamo che sia l’impressione a guidarci... così nessuno vince davvero, ma tutti si divertono! GRICE: E la modestia? Dicono che tu sia più schivo di un filosofo piemontese davanti a un invito a una festa. Non temi che, tra filologia e musica, ti sfugga qualche implicatura troppo allegra? ORNATO: Grice, nella mia casa, ogni implicatura trova il suo posto – tra una nota di pianoforte e un teorema matematico. Se per caso ne scappa una troppo allegra, la metto a tacere con una poesia! E poi – come diceva Antonino – a volte è meglio lasciarsi guidare dal pensiero che ci passa per la testa... purché non sia quello di andare a una festa! Ornato, Giacomo Luigi (1817). L’oda a Roma d’Erinna.

Gian Giorgio Trissino dal Vello d’Oro (Vicenza, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- la difficoltà dei segni di Trissino non favorì la diffusione della sua filosofia –Grice: “I discuss Fiat lux – and so does O.!” – Keywords: mode, modo, mood, modo iussivo --. Ritratto di Vincenzo Catena. Persona di spicco della cultura rinascimentale, notissimo al tempo, il Trissino incarnò perfettamente il modello dell'intellettuale universale di tradizione umanistica. Si interessò, infatti, di linguistica e di grammatica, di architettura e di filosofia, di musica e di teatro, di filologia e di traduzioni, di poesia e di metrica, di numismatica, di poliorcetica, e di molte altre discipline. Nota era, anche presso i contemporanei, la sua erudizione sterminata, specie per quel che riguarda la cultura e la lingua greche, sull'esempio delle quali voleva rimodellare la poesia italiana.  Fu anche un grande diplomatico e oratore politico in contatto con tutti i grandi intellettuali della sua epoca quali Niccolò Machiavelli, Luigi Alamanni, Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai, Ludovico Ariosto, Pietro Bembo, Giambattista Giraldi Cinzio, Demetrio Calcondila, Niccolò Leoniceno, Pietro Aretino, il condottiero Cesare Trivulzio, Leone X, Clemente VII, Paolo III, e l'imperatore Carlo V d'Asburgo. Fu ambasciatore per conto del papato, della Repubblica di Venezia e degli Asburgo, di cui fu un fedelissimo, come tutta la sua famiglia da generazioni. Scoprì e protesse l'architetto Andrea Palladio, appena adolescente, nella sua villa di Cricoli, vicino Vicenza, che venne da lui portato nei suoi viaggi e fu da lui iniziato al culto della bellezza greca e delle opere di Marco Vitruvio Pollione. la riforma della lingua italiana, filosofia del linguaggio, Alighieri, lingua e linguaggio, codice di comunicazione, il parlare umano, il parlare solo umano, la prima lingua, la parlata dei genovesi, la filosofia della lingua in Alighieri, l’eloquenza, la filosofia del linguagio, only man speaks. Gian Giorgio Trisino dal Vello d’Oro.  GRICE: Caro Oro, dicono che tu sia un vero giocoliere di linguaggi e codici, ma dimmi: come fai a scrivere libri che solo i geni riescono a decifrare? Perfino le mie implicature si sentono inadeguate!  ORO: Ah, Grice, il segreto è tutto nei miei segni misteriosi: se tutti capissero subito, che gusto ci sarebbe nel conversare? Meglio lasciare qualche modo iussivo a spasso, così la gente ha sempre qualcosa su cui discutere a tavola!  GRICE: Questa sì che è filosofia veneta: metà Spritz, metà aforisma! Ma dimmi la verità, Oro: sei tu che hai insegnato a Palladio che anche le ville devono avere implicature architettoniche nascoste?  ORO: Naturalmente! Ogni colonna porta un messaggio segreto—e se non lo capisci, non entrare a Cricoli! In fondo, caro Grice, che senso avrebbe il “parlare solo umano” se non lasciassimo agli altri il piacere del fraintendimento? Oro, Gian Giorgio Trisino dal Vello d’ (1524). La poetica. Vicenza: Tolomeo Gian Giorgio Trissino.

Orrontio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e la scuola di Roma. Grice: “We don’t have ‘senators’ at Oxford!” -- Filosofo italiano. A senator and follower of Plotino – cited by Porfirio. Orrontio. Keywords: categoriae.  GRICEVS: Salve, Orronti. Audio te et senatorem esse et Plotini sectatorem; mihi autem Oxonii res mirissima est: senatores non habemus—nisi forte in conviviis, cum quis nimis graviter tacet. ORRONTIVS: Salve, Grice. Roma quidem senatores habet, sed non semper rationem conversazionalem: saepe plus est oratio quam ratio. Ego tamen, Porphyrio teste, inter categoriae et contemplationem Plotinianam pacem quaero. GRICEVS: Pax? In senatu? Id iam est implicatura robusta. Dic mihi: in schola Romana, cum quis dicit “Categoriae,” vult Aristotelem—an vult tantum disputationem longiorem? ORRONTIVS: Utrumque. Nam senator cum “categoriae” pronuntiat, significat: “Nolite me interpellare; iam ad unum fugio.” At tu, Grice, si senatores non habetis, certe habetis quaestiones—quae multo tutiores sunt quam suffragia.

Ortensio (Roma, Lazio) : la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale –. Cicerone ’s greatest contemporary rival, known for the lush ‘Asianist’ style. A philosopher. Ortensio Ortalo Quinto. GRICEVS: Salve, Ortensi. Dicunt te Ciceronis aemulum fuisse—Asiatico illo dicendi genere tam laeto, ut etiam implicaturae tuae purpuram induerent. ORTENSIVS: Salve, Grice. Ciceronem aemulari? Immo illum exercebam: cum nimis perspicue loqueretur, ego eum blandis ambagibus docebam quid esset ratio conversationalis. GRICEVS: At cave: si nimis florescis, auditor putat te plus dicere quam dicis—et, more meo, statim concludit te aliquid significare quod non vis. Inde nascitur implicatura, non rosa. ORTENSIVS: Recte mones. Sed hoc ipsum amo: Ciceroni verba, mihi silentia prosunt. Ille clamat “Roma!”, ego tantum tussio—et tota curia intellegit.

Gianmaria Ortes (Venezia, Veneto) – la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del verso. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats utterances as moves in a cooperative enterprise in which hearers rationally infer what is meant (often beyond what is said) by assuming shared purposes and norms, so implicature is a disciplined, defeasible product of practical reasoning about communicative intention. Ortes is an illuminating foil because his “rigorous rationalism” is deployed not to model inference in dialogue but to police conceptual confusions in political economy—above all the mercantilist tendency to conflate money with wealth and, in the 1756 Calcolo on rents and land prices, to separate price as a measurable market magnitude from value as what is genuinely at stake in the structure of national prosperity. Put together, Grice shows how reason silently governs conversational exchange (how “That’s good value” can function as evaluation, recommendation, or mild rebuke depending on what it is taken to imply), while Ortes shows how reason should govern public discourse by forcing us to keep distinct the categories our language tempts us to blur (wealth vs money, value vs price); the comparison you can draw is that for Grice rationality operates as an internal norm of interpretive coordination between speakers and hearers, whereas for Ortes rationality operates as an external corrective to collective misdescription, treating sloppy linguistic substitutions as causes of bad theory and bad policy. Grice: “Ortes’s little treatise on the philosophy of language supports my claim about philosophy of language NOT being a necessary discipline on which to give a seminar at Oxford, since the pupil would already know the stuff!” Filosofo italiano. Venezia, Veneto. Grice: “Being English, I was often confronted with that very ‘silly’ song by Cleese and Idle, but then they were never the first! Which is good, since they are Cambridge and Ortes is Oxonian! Viva La Fenice!”. Keywords: philosophy of language, history of the philosophy of language, semantics, history of semantics. Considerato uno dei più dotati tra i filosofi veneti settecenteschi, precursore nell'analizzare dal punto di vista della produzione complessiva alcuni aspetti come popolazione e consumo. La sua impostazione filosofica si fonda su un rigoroso razionalismo. Nel mercantilismo vide far gran confusione fra moneta e ricchezza. Fu un sostenitore del libero scambio pur con alcune restrizioni della proprietà che interessavano il clero, anche se appartenevano al passato ed è considerato per questo un anticipatore di Malthus, ma con qualche contraddizione. Malthus prevede l'aumento della popolazione, in trenta anni, in modo esponenziale, quindi molto di più dell'aumento delle sussistenze. Altre saggi: “Grandi, abate camaldolese, matematico dello Studio Pisano, Venezia, Pasquali, “ Dell'economia nazionale” (Venezia); “Sulla religione e sul governo dei popoli” (Venezia); “Saggio della filosofia degli antichi” -- esposto in versi per musica (Venezia); “Dei fedecommessi a famiglie e chiese,” Venezia, “Riflessioni sulla popolazione delle nazioni per rapporto all'economia nazionale: errori popolari intorno all'economia nazionale e al governo delle nazioni” (Milano, Ricciardi), Donati (Genova, San Marco dei Giustiniani). Catalano, Dizionario Letterario Bompiani. Milano, Bompiani, Citazionio su Treccani L'Enciclopedia. verso. “Grice: St John’s, 1962. In the conversation seminars here I find myself drifting, more and more, toward the thought that it is all a question of value. Before the war the Germans at Corpus used to call the thing Axiologie and speak as if the word itself were a credential; now the fashion is to pretend we have only “preference” and “choice,” as if the ethical had been reduced to shopping. And then, in the Merton library, I stumble on Ortes—cool Venetian intelligence—setting price against value with the kind of pedantic serenity that makes one suspect he has never had to buy anything in a hurry. English, maddeningly, gives you “worth” and expects you to do the rest. We say the price of those shoes is reasonable, not rational; we say a bargain is good value, but we hesitate to say it is good reason. So where, exactly, does value end and price begin—or is it the other way round? And more to the point for my purposes: when a man says “That’s good value,” is he reporting a fact, offering a recommendation, or merely giving his approval a marketable costume? I begin to suspect that half of our conversational life consists in pricing our attitudes while pretending we are valuing our reasons.” Grice: Caro Ortes, ho spesso sostenuto che la filosofia del linguaggio non debba essere materia obbligatoria a Oxford: chi affronta la filosofia ha già interiorizzato i principi fondamentali, come tu ben dimostri nel tuo trattatello! Ti sei mai riconosciuto in questa posizione? Ortes: Caro Grice, la tua osservazione non può che farmi sorridere: in fondo, ogni vera riflessione filosofica nasce dalle parole, ma ancor più dalla chiarezza del pensiero. Analizzare la lingua è solo il primo passo per comprendere la complessità della realtà. Grice: Hai ragione, Ortes. La tua attenzione alla razionalità e alla distinzione tra ricchezza reale e nominale mostra quanto il linguaggio possa influenzare l'economia e i costumi di una nazione. Forse, la filosofia del linguaggio è più pratica di quanto sembri! Ortes: Indubbiamente, Grice! Come spesso ripeto, tra il dire e il fare ci passa il mare, ma senza dire non c'è fare. Viva il ragionar chiaro e la Fenice veneziana che sempre rinasce, anche nella filosofia! Ortes, Gianmaria (1756). Calcolo sopra il valore delle rendite e sul prezzo delle terre. Venezia: Giambattista Pasquali.

Osimo (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “What italians call an ‘ebreo italiano’! -- Keywords: Grice-- è un semiologo e scrittore italiano. Laureato all'Università di Tartu con Torop, consegue il dottorato a Milano. Da allora si dedica allo studio della traduzione a partire da una prospettiva semiotica, in particolare studiando le fasi mentali del processo traduttivo e la valutazione della qualità della traduzione – Grice: “Something I did not have to endure at Clifton!” -- È docente di traduzione presso la Civica Scuola Interpreti e Traduttori "Altiero Spinelli". Opere Narrativa Il poeta in affari veniva da molto lontano, Milano, Bruno Osimo, Breviario del rivoluzionario da giovane, Milano, Marcos y Marcos, Found in translation. Esercizi di stile traduttivo. Cinquanta visite malriuscite in cinquanta lingue diverse – ma tutte italiano, con Federico Bario e Anton Pavlovič Čechov, Milano, Disperato erotico fox. Manuale di ballo liscio, Milano, Marcos y Marcos, Bar Atlantic, Milano, Marcos y Marcos, Dizionario affettivo della lingua ebraica, Milano, Marcos y Marcos, audiolibro Poesia Poesie dall'ospedale psichiatrico, Milano, Poesie apocrife di Anna Achmatova, Milano, Saggistica Distorsione cognitiva, distorsione traduttiva e distorsione poetica come cambiamenti semiotici Deiva Marina, La memoria della cultura: traduzione e tradizione in Lotman Deiva Marina, Semiotica semplice Guida alla sopravvivenza per il cittadino Deiva Marina, Traduzione come metafora, traduttore come antropologo Deiva Marina, Semiotica per principianti. Ovvero: impara la disciplina più astrusa con le canzonette, Deiva Marina, Primo Levi. Miti d'oggi, Milano, Francesco Brioschi, Prefazione di Bruno Segre (storico) La lingua non salvata. Case study di strategia traduttiva, Milano, Bruno Osimo, Traduzione giuridica e scienza della traduzione, Milano, Bruno Osimo, Traduzione della cultura, Milano, Bruno Osimo, Traduzione letteraria e precisione terminologica, Milano, Bruno Osimo, Handbook of Translation Studies, Milano, Bruno Osimo, Dictionary of Translation Studies, Milano, Bruno Osimo.  Grice: Caro Osimo, quanto è vero che per capire una traduzione bisogna essere anche un po' filosofi… ma dimmi, quando traduci cinquanta visite malriuscite, ti capita mai che una si trasformi in una visita ben riuscita solo cambiando lingua? Osimo: Ah, Grice, se bastasse una lingua nuova per aggiustare le visite, ne avrei già provate cento! Ma, come diceva mia nonna, “tradurre è come ballare il liscio: se sbagli il passo, finisci sulla punta della scarpa dell’altro!” Grice: Questa sì che è una metafora brillante! E dimmi, tra “Distorsione poetica” e “Manuale di ballo liscio”, quale ti fa perdere più il ritmo? Forse la semiotica si impara meglio con le canzonette? Osimo: Assolutamente, Grice! La semiotica con le canzonette si digerisce meglio: anche Primo Levi avrebbe approvato, purché non si traduca “Il poeta in affari” in inglese come “The business poet”—potrebbero pensare che voglia vendere versi al mercato!

Ostiliano (Roma, Lazio): la ragione converazionale e il portico romano -- la filosofia romana sotto il principato di Vespasiano -- Grice: “In Der Streit des Facultaeten in drey absichten,” Kant memorises how hard he found to find ‘eternal peace’ with the theologians, the jurists, and the medics. The same could be said of Ostiliano. His only claim to fame is that his philosophical theory was completely banished by Vespasian. The implicature being that Vespasiano MUST be right, whereas Ostilliano MUST be wrong! It may be further argued that one of VESPASIANO ’s implicature was that the Porch itself should be banned. ‘Hardly academic!’”. Filosofo italiano. A follower of the Portico. His claim to fame is that Vespasiano  banishes him from Rome.  GRICEVS: Salve, Ostiliane: audio te Roma pulsa esse sub Vespasiano, quasi ipsa Porticus nimis loquax esset. Ego vero, cum theologis, iurisconsultis, medicisque pacem aeternam quaererem (Kantio teste), vix pacem temporalem nactus sum. OSTILIANVS: Salve, Grice. Non Roma me expulit, sed implicatura principis: “Si Ostilianus docet, errat; ergo sileat.” Ita Vespasianus non solum hominem, sed etiam porticum exsulare voluit—quod est, ut ita dicam, minus academicum. GRICEVS: At tu, Porticus alumnus, nimis stricte legis rationem conversandi. Princeps enim putat se cum populo cooperari: “Si exulo philosophiam, tranquillitas manet.” Sed hoc est maxima Relatio violata—nam, cum de vectigalibus loquatur, de veritate philosophorum tacite iudicat. OSTILIANVS: Bene: si Porticum claudis, non errores tollis, sed disputationem. Ego tamen parebo—non quia falsus sum, sed quia Vespasianus moderator se gerit: cum nummos olet, sermonem purgat. Tu vero, Grice, redi ad tuas facultates; ego ad meam porticum—etsi extra muros.

Nicola Nettario d’Otranto (Otranto, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale –Grice: “Otranto writes a tractatus ‘de arte laxeuterii,’ which is an art of ‘divination,’ as when we say that smoke divinates fire!” -- Grice: “Had Otranto not written ‘scritti filosofici’ we wouldn’t call him a philosopher!” – Filosofo. Sull'infanzia e sulla formazione poco è noto. Non si sa dove oggiorna e studia, né chi siano stati i suoi maestri. La sua filosofia, però, lascia immaginare una formazione molto solida. Insegna a Casole. Traduce la liturgia di Basilio ed altri testi liturgici per volontà del vescovo. Le sue competenze linguistiche gli valeno inoltre degli incarichi diplomatici. Interprete al seguito dei legati papali Benedetto, cardinale di Santa Susanna, e Galvani. E a Nicea al seguito del re Federico di Svevia. Saggi: “L'arte dello scalpello”, con una raccolta di testi geo-mantici ed astrologici; traduzioni di testi liturgici; “Dialogo contro i giudei” – Grice: “It reminds me of Ayer, the then enfant terrible of Oxford philosophy” --; Tre monografie o syntagmata “Contro i Latini” -- su questioni dottrinali significative nella polemica fra cattolici ed ortodossi, quali la processione dello spirito santo o il pane azzimo; un'appendice ai tre syntagmata; lettere e frammenti di  lettere; Hoeck-Loenertz, O. Abt von Casole. Beiträge zur Geschichte der ost-westlichen Beziehungen unter Innozenz III. und Friedrich II., Ettal. M. Chronz: Νεκταρίου, ηγουμένου μονής Κασούλων (Νικολάου Υδρουντινού): Διάλεξις κατά Ιουδαίων. Κριτική έκδοση. Athena,  Hoffmann: Der anti-jüdische Dialog Kata Iudaion des O.. Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, Mainz, Univ., Diss., Dizionario biografico degl’italiani, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Homosexuality in a textual gap in what was going on in Italian Byzantine convents under Roman rules. Longobards being raped, or raping Greek monks. Grice: “At Oxford, I was often criticised for referring to William of Occam, as ‘Occam,’ but then in Italy nobody complains about referring to Otranto as Otranto!” Roma. Corpus, 1932. A paneled room that smells of coal and dictionaries. Papers for Mods are spread like defensive works. Through the window the quad is grey with the sort of English light that turns every marble bust into a moralist. Shropshire: I’m not afraid of Greek, oddly, or Grief as the Mock Turtle calls it. I’m more afraid of Laughter. Grice: Laughter is only Greek that has survived translation. It keeps its teeth. Shropshire: You’re being epigrammatic because you haven’t done your prose unseen. Grice: I’ve done it in my head. The invigilator will mark the silence. Shropshire: Silence, in your hands, will be a thesis. Grice: And in yours, an alibi. Now. The opposite of that Bishop of Casole, you said. Shropshire: I meant the opposite of the man who needs Greek put into Latin. Grice: You mean the bishop who was honest enough to admit he didn’t wish to govern by guesswork. That’s already a philosophical virtue. Shropshire: But why would he need it? If you’re a bishop in Apulia, aren’t you surrounded by Greek anyway? Grice: Surrounded, yes. Inhabited, no. Consider the difference between hearing a language and being answerable for it. A bishop is answerable. Answerability is always in Latin. Shropshire: So he enlists Nicola Nettario, Otranto’s man. Grice: Precisely. Nettario translates the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil. In Greek it wears a title long enough to frighten a curate: Ἡ Θεία Λειτουργία τοῦ Ἁγίου Βασιλείου τοῦ Μεγάλου. Shropshire: Say it again. Slower. I want to see whether I understand it or merely admire it. Grice: Ἡ Θεία. The Divine. Λειτουργία. Liturgy, public work. τοῦ Ἁγίου. of the Saint. Βασιλείου. Basil. τοῦ Μεγάλου. the Great. [en.wikipedia.org] Shropshire: A title like a small procession. And the bishop wants it in Latin so he can read what he is licensing. Grice: And so he can show Rome, if asked, that nothing here is being smuggled in under incense. Translation is a kind of ecclesiastical audit. Shropshire: Is the opening the famous line? Grice: The priest begins by changing the whole conversational setting. He doesn’t merely report a fact. He declares a new jurisdiction. Εὐλογημένη ἡ βασιλεία… Shropshire: Blessed is the kingdom… Grice: Exactly. And if Nettario is sensible, he renders it with something like Benedictum regnum, because the force is not descriptive. It is inaugurative. It tells you what game you are now playing. [saintgeorg...xville.com], [bulletinbuilder.org] Shropshire: So much for my fear of Laughter. That’s metaphysics in the first sentence. Grice: It is also manners. The liturgy begins by announcing what counts as relevant from this point on. Shropshire: Give me a little bit where Greek and Latin pinch differently. Grice: The exchange before the great thanksgiving is perfect. In Greek, the people answer Ἄξιον καὶ δίκαιον. Shropshire: Which is? Grice: Worthy and just. But Latin takes it as dignum et iustum. Same move, but the Latin has legal bones. Dignum sounds like something a court could endorse. [newadvent.org] Shropshire: And the bishop, reading Latin, feels he has a grip on the act. Grice: Exactly. He can now supervise without pretending to be a native. He can also correspond with a legate without sending a cloud of Greek across the Adriatic and hoping it lands intact. Shropshire: Was the bishop pleased, then? Grice: He would have been pleased in the way administrators are pleased: quietly, because they can now quote. Shropshire: And Nettario? Grice: Nettario would have been pleased in the way translators are pleased: he has made himself necessary, and invisibly so. Shropshire: What would the bishop say? Something suitably grateful. Grice: He would say, in the Latin that makes gratitude sound like policy: Nunc non est Graecum mihi. Shropshire: No longer Greek to me. Grice: Exactly. And then, if he were tempted into a pun Oxford would approve of, he might add: semper ero tibi gratus, Nettari. Shropshire: Forever grateful, Nettario. Grice: A bishop cannot quite say “you’ve saved my Greek,” but he can implicate it by saying the Latin is now his. Shropshire: So your point is that translation is a kind of conversational implicature in slow motion. Grice: My point is that translation creates a common record. Conversation evaporates unless you give it a stable text. A bishop is a man who prefers stable texts. Shropshire: And a Mod candidate is a man who will shortly prefer any text at all. Grice: Then stop fearing Laughter and start translating your Greek into an English that the examiner can read. The examiner is our bishop. Shropshire: And you are our Nettario. Grice: God forbid. I’m merely an interpreter in training.Grice: Caro Otranto, dimmi: tu che hai scritto un trattato “de arte laxeuterii”, la divinazione è più efficace con il fumo o basta un buon caffè pugliese per prevedere il futuro filosofico? Otranto: Ah, Grice, il fumo è solo per i profeti distratti! Un vero filosofo fa divinazione con la logica e, se proprio serve, con un buon caffè. A Casole, ti assicuro, il pensiero vola più alto dopo la terza tazzina! Grice: Allora dovrei abbandonare i miei “scritti filosofici” e aprire una caffetteria a Oxford? Magari la ragione conversazionale diventa più chiara con un espresso, e l’implicatura si scioglie come zucchero! Otranto: Grice, se vieni a Otranto, ti insegnerò l’arte dello scalpello e quella del caffè: tra il dire e il fare ci passa il mare — ma a volte basta un cannolo per attraversarlo! Viva la filosofia pugliese e viva le pause caffè! Otranto, Nicola Nettario d’(1197). Divina Liturgia Sancti Basilii, Otranto.

Ottaviano (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale nel secolo d’oro della filosofia romana sotto il principato d’Ottaviano -- It should always be kept in mind, when approaching the philosophy of Grice, that he enrolled at Oxford in the only philosophy programme then available – having won a classical scholarship to Corpus from his alma mater at Clifton. Therefore, he had first to pass classical moderations, which he did with a first – to pursue philosophical studies at ‘greats’ and where critical thinking of the philosophical kind was first required. Therefore, an interest in the philosophy behind Rome’s first emperor – or ‘prince,’ strictly – would hardly been foreign to him. Indeed, it was the positivist creed that was taking root at Oxford – brought by whom he calls the ‘then enfant terrible,’ Ayer – which was the ‘furriner’. In Ancient Rome, there was no clear distinction between philosophy and other branches of culture, and Ottaviano excelled as a philosopher, if a Roman would have been so bold as to utter’ excell’! Filosofo italiano. Il primo principe. Historia augusta, scritta d’Ottaviano. His philosophical teachers are well known. The education of a prince. O. lascia alla sua morte un dettagliato resoconto delle sue opere: le Res Gestae Divi Augusti. Svetonio in particolare racconta che una volta morto, lascia tre rotoli, che contenevano: il primo, disposizioni per il suo funerale, il secondo, un riassunto delle opere, da incidere su tavole in bronzo e da collocare davanti al suo mausoleo, il terzo: la situazione dell'Impero. Quanti soldati sono sotto le armi e dove erano dislocati, quanto denaro era nell'aerarium e quanto nelle casse imperiali, oltre alle imposte pubbliche. Il testo dell'opera è tramandato da un'iscrizione in latino. E incisa sulle pareti del tempio, dedicato alla città di Roma e ad O., situato ad Ancyra -- l'odierna Ankara, la capitale della Turchia –  GRICEVS: O OTTAVIANE, princeps (si placet) et philosophus (si audes), dic mihi: quid est ratio conversationalis in saeculo tuo aureo—cum aurea verba saepe ferrum tegant? OTTAVIANVS: GRICE, si populus pacem audit, potestatem saepe intellegit: haec est ipsa implicatura. Ego “Res Gestae” in parietibus incidere iussi: scriptum est quasi memoria, subauditum est quasi imperium. GRICEVS: Optime: tu in marmore loqueris, sed auditor in foro complet. At cave: si “nihil adiciam” dicis, addis; si “princeps tantum sum” dicis, rex videris—et hoc est, fateor, elegantissimum. OTTAVIANVS: Ita vero. Et tu, Oxoniensis moderatus, prius Latina vincis quam philosophiam: ergo mihi non alienus es. Sed age—si quis roget “quid reliquisti?”, respondeo: tres volumina; tu respondebis: “plus reliqui quam dixi.”

Francesco d’Ovidio (Campobasso): la ragione conversazionale Senatore del Regno d'Italia Legislatura Tipo nomina Categoria: 18 Sito istituzionale Dati generali Titolo di studio Laurea in lettere Professione Docente universitario Francesco D'Ovidio – m. Napoli. è stato un filologo e critico letterario italiano. Nato da Pasquale e da Francesca Scaroina, originaria di Trivento, era fratello del matematico e politico Enrico O.. Frequentò con successo l'Università di Pisa e la Scuola Normale, dove fu allievo, tra gli altri, di Alessandro D'Ancona, Emilio Teza e Domenico Comparetti.  Successivamente s'interessò anche alla glottologia in generale, spintovi da Graziadio Isaia Ascoli, e «nel 1871 fu chiamato ad insegnare latino e greco al liceo “Galvani” di Bologna, per poi passare nel 1874 al liceo “Parini” di Milano, sempre impegnato nei medesimi insegnamenti».  Poi, sempre in giovane età, ottenne nel 1876 la cattedra di storia comparata delle lingue neolatine presso l'ateneo napoletano, mantenendola fino agli ultimi mesi della sua vita. Attestati di benemerenza per il lavoro che svolse gli furono attribuiti da Niccolò Tommaseo e Benedetto Croce, anche se quest'ultimo – specie per le «sottili e talvolta eccessivamente minuziose» indagini dantesche – parlò ironicamente di «questioni d'ovidiane e non dantesche». [4]  Socio dei più importanti circoli letterari partenopei, presiedette per un quadriennio l'Accademia dei Lincei, e divenne socio di quella della Crusca[5], e dell'Arcadia. Nel suo lavoro d'indagine letteraria si interessò di Dante Alighieri, Alessandro Manzoni, Torquato Tasso.  Per quanto riguarda la storia della lingua italiana, «la posizione di D'Ovidio (di "pratico buon senso" come riconobbe Benedetto Croce) fu quella di adottare come norma il fiorentino, come sosteneva l'ammiratissimo Manzoni, ma corretto dalla lingua della tradizione letteraria».  Fu candidato al Premio Nobel per la letteratura, e nel 1905 venne nominato senatore del Regno.   Grice: Permettimi, caro Ovidio, di rivolgermi a te senza il ‘d’, come il GRANDE Ovidio, quello i cui versi ho imparato a memoria a Clifton! Spero mi perdonerai questa confidenza, ma la tua opera ha segnato la mia formazione. Ovidio: Grice, nessuna offesa! Mi onora sapere che i miei versi abbiano varcato confini e abbiano avuto un ruolo persino nella tua formazione inglese. La poesia non ha barriere, nemmeno quelle del cognome. Grice: La tua eleganza letteraria e il rigore critico sono stati fonte d'ispirazione anche nei miei studi filosofici. Hai sempre saputo unire il buon senso pratico alla profondità, come ha riconosciuto persino Croce, seppur con ironia! Ovidio: Ti ringrazio, Grice. È vero, ho cercato sempre di trasmettere la lingua e il pensiero con equilibrio, seguendo Manzoni ma senza dimenticare la tradizione. La filosofia e la letteratura, in fondo, sono sorelle: si nutrono l'una dell'altra, e la conversazione tra noi ne è la prova. Ovidio, Francesco d’ (1876). Studi sulla lingua poetica italiana. Napoli: Morano.

Publio Ovidio Nasone (Sulmona, Abruzzo): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura convrsazional. As a scholar in the lit. hum. programme at Oxford, Grice was introduced to the classics before he was introduced to philosophy. Strictly, he had to sit for the ‘classical moderations’ – in which he got a first – before moving to the ‘greats.’ Both Latin and Greek, or Laughing and Grief, were then part of his first curriculum, as it was for most European philosophers up to the time when ‘philosophy’ gained some sort of ‘independence’ from the classics. Not all philosophers survive Ovidio; Grice did – Ryle did not, and soon moved from the Lit. Hum. to the P. P. E. proramme recently instituted that avoided the classics altogether. The idea of conceiving philosophy – within the sub-faculty of philosophy – within the greater Faculty of Literae Humaniores – was a very good one, for as Grice would later tate, ‘a classical education’ – most of which he had aquired already at Clifton anyway – is ‘required’ for the sort of proficiency a philosopher needs. On top of that, Ovidio can be fun. In Ancient Rome, philosophia, or amore della sapienza (Hardie: “What do you mean by ‘of’?’) was hardly a separate compartment, and on most of what philosophers then did philosophise was the same stuff that other cultivated members of the elite did. Ovidio is a good example. Grice: “When Scruton tried to apply my analysis to sex and love, he noted that Ovid had already done all that!” Abstract: love, sex, intention, secondary intention. Filosofo italiano. Sulmona, L’Aquila, Abruzzo. Publio Ovidio Nasone. Muore a Tomi, rivela influssi filosofici assai svariati. A Posidonio, mediato da Varrone, si fa risalire la rappresentazione dell'età dell'oro e dello sviluppo della cultura (“Met.”; “Fasti”). Dalla setta di Crotona deriva in larga misura il libro XV delle Metamorfosi, in cui Pitagora -- di cui si dice che si innalza sino al divino colla filosofia e scorge con l’animo ciò che la natura nega agli sguardi umani. implicatura trasformativa. Publio Ovidio Nasone.  GRICEVS: O OVIDI, Sulmo tua me docet: non omne quod dicitur, dicitur; saepe plus subauditur quam sonat. Num id vocas implicaturam conversationalem, an tantum urbanitatem Romanam? OVIDIVS: Urbanitas, mi Grice, est ars tacendi loquaciter. Ego enim, cum scribo “Nescio quid”, omnibus persuadeo me scire—et tamen nihil dixi: pura implicatura, sine periculo. GRICEVS: Pulchre! At quid si quis roget: “Amasne?”—et tu respondeas: “Roma calida est”? Ego dicerem: maximam Relationis violas… nisi amor ipse sit res meteorologica. OVIDIVS: Violo? immo salvo. Nam si dico “amo”, capior; si dico “Roma calida est”, intellegunt “ego ardeo”—et nemo potest me in ius vocare. Sic Sulmonensis philosophia: dicere minus, efficere plus.

Paccio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’accademia e l’implicatura conversazionale nella Roma antica –An orator and firned of Plutarco. A member of the Accademia.    GRICEVS: Salve, PACCĪ. Audivi te esse et oratorem et Plutarchi amicissimum, atque inter Academicos numerari: dic mihi, quid est ista ratio conversationalis apud vos—lex an ludus? PACCIVS: Salve, Grice. Utrumque: lex, ne quis nimis loquatur; ludus, ne quis nimis doleat. In Academia enim verbum breve est quasi denarius: multum valet, si recte expenditur. GRICEVS: At orator es: quomodo potes brevis esse sine iniuria tuae gloriae? Nonne tibi contingit implicare plus quam dicere, ut oratores solent—et tamen videri modestus? PACCIVS: Id ipsum est artificium: si dicam “stultus est,” inimicum paro; si dicam “vir est… non indoctus,” omnes intellegunt, nemo me reum facit. Ita salvatur et amicitia et urbanitas—et Plutarchus ridens novum capit exemplum.

Giulio Pace (Berga, Carrega Ligure, Alessandria, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Boezio – la nota di Pace -- Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how interlocutors rationally bridge the gap between what is said and what is meant by assuming a cooperative direction to talk and applying defeasible norms (the Cooperative Principle and maxims), so that implicature is a controlled inference from an utterance plus context to a further communicated content. Pace is a good early-modern counterpoint because his life and work dramatize a different but related sense in which “reason governs discourse”: as a Protestant-leaning itinerant scholar and jurist, he treats logic as an explicit discipline of method, rules, and categorial distinctions—codifying Aristotle’s Organon and Porphyry, writing institutional manuals of logic (e.g., Institutiones logicae, 1597), and working at the fault-lines where academic controversy, religious authority, and the public norms of disputation constrain what one can safely assert. Put together, the comparison is that Grice theorizes the implicit rational governance internal to everyday talk (how we responsibly infer intentions and implicatures when a contribution seems over- or under-informative, irrelevant, or oddly phrased), whereas Pace exemplifies the explicit rational governance of learned discourse (logic as a teachable ars, categories and methods that regulate inference, and institutional norms that police what counts as a permissible argumentative move), making Pace a historical foil who shows how “reason in communication” can be framed either as tacit conversational rationality (Grice) or as overt logical-juridical method shaping what can be said, proved, and defended in public scholarly life. Grice: “I love the fact that Pace, like me, is a Protestant, and married one! This should deduce the defeasibility of non-monotonicity: ‘all Italians are Catholic;’ he surely wasn’t --- and neither is Speranza, or Ghersi, two other fervent ‘protestanti’!” Grice: “I love Pace – in a way he reminds me of myself when I was teaching Aristotle’s Categoriae at Oxford! – A good thing about Pace is that he stopped saying that he was commenting on Aristotle – his Casaubon edition is still very readable – and tried to compose his own ‘Institutiones logicae,’ as he did – As Kneale once told me, ‘This made Pace a logician, and not just a commentator!” – Keywords: categoria, negatio, privation, meaning, implication, logical form, and the categories, nota. Italian essential philosopher. Studia a Padova, dove fu allievo di Menochio e Panciroli. Aderì alla religione riformata e intimorito dagli ammonimenti delle autorità religiose patavine, si rifugiò a Ginevra, il principale centro del Calvinismo. Divenne professore. Traduce Aristotele – “In Porphyrii Isagogen et Aristotelis Organum: Commentarius analyticus.” Ottenne la cattedra a Heidelberg. Pronuncia una famosa prolusione, De iuris civilis difficultate ac docendi method, È coinvolto in una polemica con Gentili. Gentili, non avendo ottenuto la cattedra di Istituzioni alla quale aspira, accusa Pace di averlo boicottato e gli rivolse delle offese in un componimento poetico indirizzato a Colli. Offeso, lo denuncia davanti al senato accademico, costringendolo infine a lasciare Heidelberg per Altdorf. Ha anch'egli fastidi con le autorità accademiche di Heidelberg per le sue simpatie per il Ramismo. Insegna a Sedan, Ginevra, Montpellier, Nîmes, Aiax, e Valence. Rese pubblica la sua abiuria al protestantesimo. Ha la cattedra a Padova e scrive dialettica, Aristotele, Porfirio, Boezio, categoria, prædicamentum, lizio. Grice: Pace, permettimi di dire, sei forse l’unico filosofo italiano che può vantare sia Calvino sia Aristotele tra le proprie influenze. Come hai fatto a mantenere la pace tra Ginevra e lo Stagirita? Pace: Grice, a volte me lo sono chiesto anch’io! Ginevra mi ha dato asilo, Aristotele mi ha dato le categorie, e le autorità mi hanno dato mal di testa. Ma almeno non ho mai provato a tradurre le Istituzioni di Calvino in greco—anche se qualcuno forse se lo aspettava! Grice: E il vivace Gentili? Gli insulti poetici in latino ti hanno fatto riconsiderare le forme logiche, o solo il menu del pranzo a Heidelberg? Pace: L’unica cosa meno monotona della vita accademica italiana è un vero pranzo protestante—entrambi possono essere imprevedibili, ma almeno uno viene servito col formaggio. La mia unica implicatura è questa: ovunque io sia finito, ho sempre portato con me Aristotele e un dizionario—caso mai qualcuno volesse discutere di privazione o di cucina! Pace, Giulio (1597). De dominio maris Hadriatici dissertatio. Venezia: Bolzetta.

Raffaele Pacetti (Roma, Lazio): la ragione e la rettorica conversazionale. Grice’s account of reason-governed conversational meaning treats communication as a rational, cooperative practice in which hearers infer what a speaker means (often beyond what is explicitly said) by assuming a shared purpose and norms that constrain what counts as an appropriate contribution, so that implicature is a disciplined, defeasible product of practical reasoning about intentions. Pacetti is a useful foil because his two main visible “registers” are explicitly normative and programmatic in a different way: in Dell’arte rettorica he presents rhetoric as a rule-governed art of forming minds and guiding audiences (praecepta, exempla, economy of exposition), and in his 1823 Latin dissertation De exemptione personarum non regularium ab auctoritate episcopali he treats authority and exemption as matters of articulated jurisdictional norms—cases where what matters is not an inferred implicature but the explicit scope of a rule and the conditions under which it binds or is dispensed with. Set side by side, Grice explains how rationality operates “from below” in everyday talk (how interlocutors calculate what must have been meant to keep an exchange coherent), whereas Pacetti exemplifies rationality “from above” as rhetoric and governance (how rules, precepts, and institutional authorities organize what may permissibly be said, taught, or exempted), so the comparison you can draw is that Grice’s maxims model the implicit normativity of ordinary conversation while Pacetti’s rhetoric and ecclesiastical jurisprudence model explicit normativity—both are about rule-guided human interaction, but one treats meaning as inferential achievement within a talk-exchange and the other treats persuasion and authority as disciplines that prescribe, authorize, and delimit communicative conduct. Grice: “I like Pacetti”. Keywords: G. N. Leech, pragmatics as conversational rhetoric.DELL’ARTE RETTORICA -- GIOVENTÙ STUDIOSA RAFFAELE PACETTI PRETE ROMANO  1 ,'W\ ' V.. %N* ■ .Jsa/; À DELL'ARTE RETT0R1CA ALLA GIOVENTÙ STUDIOSA ROMA TIPOGRAFIA DELLE BELLE ARTI Palazzo Poli numero 9t 1800 t N V T^EIPARAE . VIRGINI . MARIAE QVAE NOSTRAE . CONSORS . NATVRAE NOSTRI . NIHIL . NISI . LABEM A . SE . ALIENVM . PVTAT VTI . OPERI . HVIC IWENVM . ANIMIS AD . HVMANIORA . STVDIA . INFORMANDO EXARATO SIET . VOLENS PROPITIA N SE QVE CLIENTVM EIVS . INFIMVM . MERITO AT . NON . OBSEQVIO SOSPITET . IN . AETERNVM . AEVVM RAPHAEL . P. . PRESBYTER . ROMANVS GRATI . FIDENTIS . QVE . ANIMI ERGO D . D . D . v ?>* Quidquid praecipies esto brevis, ut cito dieta Percipiant animi dociles, tencantque fideles Ilorat. ad Pisones. Longurn iter per praecepta, breve et efficax per exempla Quindi. L'autore riservasi il diritto di proprietà a norma delle leggi vigenti, e delle convenzioni fra li diversi Stati. DELLE ARTI ESTETICHE E DEL LORO NOBILISSIMO UFFICIO I  t . A'v-' -1,/ue sono gli oggetti cui naturalmente tenue--*— e»-Su cui tutta dispiegasi l’attività dell’uomo, la conoscenza del vero, e la produzione di effetti utili, o sia il conseguimento delle scienze e l’esercizio delle arti. A raggiungere sì l’uno come l’altro scopo, il criterio, o la regola certa , si è , che l’ uomo sia fedele ministro e interprete di natura; il filosofo studiando la natura per co- noscer le cose quali sono in sestesse, e nelle loro vere ca- gioni ; l’artista imitando la natura, la quale se noi studio- samente torrem per guida, non ci dilungheremo mai dalla via della verità, della virtù e della vera utilità. Quam si sequemur ducerli, nunquam aberrabimus. Cic. Off.  Grice: “St John’s, 1964. Potts may be right: my so-called maxims are not maxims of conversation at all; they are praecepta—the rhetoricians’ word for them, and perhaps the more honest one. This morning he brought me a copy of Pacetti’s monumental Dell’arte rettorica, all solemnity and stage-directions, and then—because Potts is a pupil of impeccable bad taste—confessed that what really pleased him was Pacetti’s earlier Latin exercise: De exemptione personarum non regularium ab auctoritate episcopali. He pronounced it like a man reading a charge-sheet, and then asked, with that earnestness which is never quite innocent, “Is that why we have the Church of England instead?” I told him that ecclesiology is not quite a sub-branch of implicature, and that bishops, unlike conversationalists, do not normally allow their authority to be cancelled by a parenthetical. But the question was not entirely foolish. There is, after all, an old kinship between rhetoric and jurisdiction: both trade in rules, exemptions, and what happens when you try to do something with words and someone senior decides you may not. Potts said that if Pacetti can write a whole dissertation on exemption, my maxims at least ought to come with an index of permissible exceptions. I replied that they do: it is called conversation; and if he wants a Church of England in miniature, he may begin by distinguishing rules from their dispensations, and then observe—carefully—how often we communicate obedience by the very ways we depart from it.” Grice: Caro Pacetti, ma dimmi, la rettorica è più arte o più acrobazia? Nei miei dialoghi mi sembra sempre di camminare sul filo… Pacetti: Grice, l’importante è non cadere! La rettorica è come il funambolismo: serve equilibrio, ma soprattutto fantasia. E poi, se si cade, basta saper ridere di se stessi! Grice: Allora forse dovrei indossare il cappello da prestigiatore quando faccio implicature... almeno posso tirar fuori qualche coniglio dal cilindro se la conversazione langue! Pacetti: E perché no? Ma ricordati: più che i conigli, sono le buone parole che incantano il pubblico. Parola di rettore... e un po' anche di illusionista! Pacetti, Raffaele (1823). De exemptione personarum non regularium ab auctoritate episcopali. Napoli; Bourlié.

Enzo Paci (Monterado, Trescastelli, Ancona, Marche): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e la relazione, Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how what is meant can outrun what is said because hearers rationally reconstruct speakers’ intentions under a shared cooperative orientation and its maxims; implicature is thus a disciplined, defeasible inference from an utterance plus context to an intended but unstated content. Paci, as a leading Italian phenomenologist and existentialist who developed a relazionismo centered on intersubjectivity, treats meaning less as a product of inferential “calculation” from conversational norms and more as something that arises in lived relation and historical practice: sense is generated in the encounter between consciousnesses and in the concrete life-world, and language is one privileged site where that relational constitution of meaning becomes visible. Put starkly, Grice offers a micro-normative pragmatics (rules of rational exchange that license implicatures), while Paci offers a macro-phenomenological pragmatics (sense as co-produced in communication, time, and shared world), so the comparison you can draw is that Grice models how interlocutors responsibly bridge the gap between saying and meaning within a talk exchange, whereas Paci models why meaning is never merely “in” an utterance to begin with, because it is rooted in relation and intersubjective formation—making Paci a natural continental counterpart to Grice’s claim that rationality is not only a property of private thought but is exercised, and tested, in the public medium of dialogue. Grice: “Paci’s essay on Vico by far exceeds anything that Hampshire wrote about him – magnificent title, too, “ingens sylva.” -- “There are many things I love about Paci: first, he adored Jabberwocky, as he states in his “Il senso delle parole.” Second, he loved Russell’s theory of relations, as he states it in “Relazione e significati.” Third, he agrees with me that Heidegger is the greatest philosopher of all time, as he states in his masterpiece, “Il nulla.” Grice: “Paci used to say, with a smile, that it was ironic that he was born in Monterado and that he had written an essay on ‘Il nulla,’ seeing that “Monterado is, today, well, il nulla.”” Italian essential philosopher «Avevo ben presto compreso che il costume di Paci era quello di discutere liberamente con chiunque di tutto, senza alcuna prevenzione o pregiudizio.»  (Carlo Sini). Tra i più espressivi rappresentanti della fenomenologia e dell'esistenzialismo in Italia. Nato a Monterado (provincia di Ancona), intraprese gli studi elementari e medi a Firenze e Cuneo. Nel 1930 si iscrisse al corso di filosofia dell'Università degli Studi di Pavia, seguendo soprattutto le lezioni di Adolfo Levi. Nel frattempo collaborò con Anceschi alla rivista Orpheus. Si trasferì dopo due anni all'Università degli Studi di Milano dove divenne allievo di Antonio Banfi, con il quale si laureò nel novembre del 1934 discutendo una tesi dal titolo Il significato del Parmenide nella filosofia di Platone. Collabora alla rivista Il Cantiere.  Nel 1935 iniziò il servizio militare nell'esercito, ma nell'ottobre del 1937 viene congedato. Richiamato nel 1943 come ufficiale allo scoppio della seconda guerra mondiale, venne catturato in Grecia dopo l'8 settembre 1943 e inviato presso il campo di prigionia di Sandbostel. relazione, significato del significato, fenomenologia del linguaggio, comunicazione e intersoggetivita i principi metafisici di Vico” significato e significati” – . Biraghi, andrea – “Dizionario di filosofia.”  Grice: “St John’s, 1946. Back in Oxford from the Admiralty, one discovers that it is experiences, not miles, that alter a man. I walked past Blackwell’s this morning and the window was positively insolent: it caught the light with an almost Continental sparkle, and there, among the imports, was Paci’s Esistenzialismo. I felt, all at once, how thoroughly Ryle has had his way. Before the war Oxford could be Continental in its off-hours: one might mention Hartmann at Corpus and not be excommunicated for it. After the war you can scarcely pronounce the un-Rylean idiom without sounding like you are either joking or confessing. That is why Blackwell’s is so deliciously provocative: it puts the forbidden goods in the window. Ryle, of course, reviewed Heidegger’s Sein und Zeit back in Mind—reviewed the German edition, no less—when that monument first appeared, and now one cannot so much as say Heidegger with a straight face. (And what does the name mean anyway—“heath-digger”? a man employed to excavate moorland?) Paci’s Esistenzialismo, at least, is pronounceable; it feels like Italian has taken pity on us and filed down the consonants. But Ryle can pronounce nothing clearly except his own name—Gilbert—as if the simplest syllables were the only safe ones after the linguistic purges. I am always struck by how few philosophers keep their Christian names so brazenly on display. And here I bless Mother: H. P. Grice sounds properly private, almost coded—more suited to a man who suspects that half of philosophy consists in not saying everything aloud, and the other half in pretending that this restraint is a virtue rather than a habit. Grice: Caro Paci, ho sempre ammirato la tua capacità di intrecciare la fenomenologia con il tema della relazione, soprattutto nel tuo “Il senso delle parole”. Mi incuriosisce molto come tu veda il ruolo della comunicazione nella costruzione del significato fra individui. Paci: Grazie, Grice. Per me il significato nasce proprio dall’incontro, dalla relazione viva tra le coscienze. Senza dialogo, il linguaggio resterebbe vuoto, un “nulla” — e qui la mia Monterado torna spesso alla mente! La comunicazione è il luogo dove il senso prende forma. Grice: Apprezzo molto questa visione, che è anche vicina alla mia idea d’implicatura conversazionale. La relazione non è solo il “contenuto” delle parole, ma anche ciò che le rende efficaci, vive, capaci di suggerire più di quanto dicano esplicitamente. Paci: Concordo, Grice. È proprio nell’interazione che si svelano i livelli più profondi del significato, fra detto e non detto, fra presenza e assenza. In fondo, come scrisse Vico, “verum ipsum factum”: è solo facendo insieme che il vero e il senso nascono davvero. Paci, Enzo (1943). Esistenzialismo e storicismo. Milano: Bocca.

Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli (Borgo Sansepolcro, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats talk as a cooperative enterprise in which hearers recover what speakers mean by rationally inferring intentions under shared norms (the Cooperative Principle and its maxims), so that implicature is the linguistic analogue of “balancing the books”: you compute what must be added to what is said to make the move intelligible and appropriate in the exchange. Pacioli offers a striking historical foil because his Summa (1494) explicitly systematizes ratio as calculation and accountability, culminating in the Particularis de computis et scripturis with the double-entry method—credits and debits constrained so that the ledger comes out right—an early paradigm of disciplined inference and public checkability. Read side by side, Grice’s “reason” is normative rational control over communicative practice (what you can be taken to mean, what you are responsible for, what you can cancel, what counts as an intelligible conversational move), while Pacioli’s “ragione/ragioneria” is normative rational control over economic record-keeping (what counts as a justified entry, how transactions must be represented, how coherence is enforced by structure); the comparison is not that Pacioli anticipates implicature, but that both exemplify the same family of ideals—systematic constraint, economy, and auditability—where Pacioli makes the world’s exchanges legible through balanced entries and Grice makes our speech exchanges legible through calculable, defeasible inferences that “close the account” between saying and meaning. Autore della Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportioni et Proportionalita e della Divina Proportione, riconosciuto come il fondatore della ragioneria. “Ragioneria,” accounting/bookkeeping, is etymologically connected to the Anglo-Norman "reason" and Latin "ratio" through their shared root relating to calculation, logic, and accountability. P. is considered the founder of the discipline because he is the first to publish a comprehensive, systematic description of the double-entry book-keeping method, which becomes the foundation of accounting. The etymological connection lies in the core concept of ordered thought and calculation. “Ratio” in Latin has multiple meanings, including "reckoning," "account," "calculation," "system," "reason," and "judgment". This directly relates to the meticulous nature of keeping financial records. Italian “ragione” derives from ratio and means "reason" or "account". Ragioneria then refers to the practice or study of keeping these accounts or records -- accounting/book-keeping. The Collegio de' Rasonati, College of Auditors, further illustrates this link, using a term derived from the same root. The Anglo-Norman and English "reason" shares this Latin origin, primarily emphasising logic, justification, and sound judgment.  All these terms converge on the idea of systematic, logical calculation and the ability to provide a clear, balanced account of activities, whether in a financial or philosophical sense. P. is known as the "father of accounting" not because he invents double-entry book-keeping, but because he formalises and popularizes it. The method is already in use by merchants, but P. is the first to publish a detailed description, which proves revolutionary. His major contributions comes in his Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportioni et Proportionalita. The work contains a section called Particularis de Computis et Scripturis, which systematically describes the method of double-entry book-keeping.  Implicatura. Grice: St John’s, 1966. I am done with the Ryleans—and with Owen too, for that matter. They have taken to owning Aristotle in the way a man owns an allotment: not by cultivating it, but by fencing it. That is one Oxford problem: present yourself as a historian of ancient philosophy and, at once, you are no longer a philosopher. It happened to Owen. I like the man, though—half Welsh, half Hampshire: a combustible combination. But he is obsessed with “focal analogy,” and he pronounces analogia as if the extra vowel were a moral virtue. Call me continental if you like, but I prefer to follow Pacioli: proportioni in the plural, proportione in the singular—back when the z was scarcely seen or heard—and then proportionalità, which has a more decent Roman ring to it, Cicero rather than Aristotle, and far less of that overtly Hellenistic tang that clings to Aristotle’s analogikon. Try raising that with Strawson and you get nowhere. We did our bit together on categories, yes, but he never read the classics in the only way they can be read, and I do not believe he can tell his omega from his alpha—never mind his abecedarium. So I keep these matters to myself and to Pacioli, who at least understood that proportion is not merely a relation between quantities but a discipline of thought: a way of keeping one’s accounts—intellectual and financial—in balance, and of knowing when a “likeness” is an argument and when it is merely a rhetorical flourish. Grice: Caro Pacioli, dimmi la verità: quando hai scritto la “Summa”, hai usato più calcoli o più conversazioni? Io, con le implicature, finisco sempre con qualche conto che non quadra. Pacioli: Grice, la somma non torna mai senza una buona chiacchierata! Se la ragioneria nasce dalla ragione, allora ogni partita doppia è una doppia conversazione, no? Grice: Ah, ecco perché i mercanti italiani sono sempre così loquaci! Chissà, forse fra “debiti” e “crediti” si nasconde un’implicatura: se il saldo è positivo, si festeggia; se è negativo, si filosofeggia! Pacioli: Grice, la vera ricchezza è saper trovare il senso anche tra le righe dei registri. E se la conversazione non basta, c’è sempre la Divina Proporzione: almeno lei non sbaglia mai il conto! Pacioli, Luca Bartolomeo de (1494). Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalità. Venezia: Paganino de Paganini.

Umberto Antonio Padovani (Ancona, Marche): la ragione conversazionale e l’l’implicatura conversazionale nella filosofia classica. Grice’s model of reason-governed conversational meaning treats talk as a cooperative, purposive exchange in which what is meant is often inferred (as conversational implicature) from a shared assumption that speakers are trying to be appropriately informative, truthful, relevant, and perspicuous; his Cooperative Principle and maxims make rational inference, not rhetorical flourish, the engine that carries us from what is said to what is communicated. Padovani, by contrast, is not offering a micro-theory of inference in dialogue but working within early 20th-century Italian neo-scholastic and “classical metaphysics” concerns, where rationality is articulated primarily as normative justification in ethics, politics, and the evaluation of doctrines (e.g., his 1917 question “Il fine giustifica i mezzi?” in Rivista di Filosofia Neo-Scolastica, and the immediate, explicitly Catholic-leaning “note e discussioni” response that frames his piece as disputable and in need of correction). So the comparison is that Grice explains how reasons operate inside the fine grain of conversational practice—how a hearer is entitled to infer an unstated content because the speaker is being rational under shared conversational norms—whereas Padovani’s “reason” is largely the reason of doctrinal and moral assessment (what ultimately justifies means, what counts as a legitimate end, how “classical” frameworks should discipline modern claims), making him a foil who shows a different scale of rational governance: not inference from utterance to implicature, but argument from metaphysical-ethical first principles to verdicts about action and political maxims. Grice: “I like P., especially his focus on what he calls ‘classical metaphysics’ (‘metafisica classica’) for what is philosophy if not footnotes to Plato?” -- essential Italian philosopher. Figlio di Attilio Padovani, generale di artiglieria, e di sua moglie, la ricca possidente veneta Elisabetta Rossati. Mentre, nelle parole stesse di Padovani, il padre "educò i suoi figli ad una rigorosa etica dell'onore e del dovere", ebbe un rapporto privilegiato con sua madre che fu colei che per prima lo introdusse agli ambienti letterari di Padova grazie alla vicinanza dei terreni della sua famiglia che erano posti a Bottrighe, nel Polesine, dove tutta la famiglia si trasferiva durante il periodo invernale. La solerte religiosità della madre, lo spinse a non frequentare la scuola elementare pubblica (che ella riteneva troppo "laicizzata" dopo l'unità d'Italia) ma a servirsi di un precettore, un ex abate che per primo lo instradò alla filosofia. Si iscrisse quindi al liceo di Milano dove ebbe i suoi primi contatti col positivismo che procureranno in lui e nel suo pensiero una profonda crisi nel saper controbilanciare il più correttamente possibile questa visione innovativa della vita con la teologia cattolica. Il padre lo avrebbe voluto ingegnere, ma egli terminati gli studi del liceo si iscrisse aa Milano dove seguì i corsi di Martinetti, pur prendendo a frequentare Mattiussi (convinto tomista) e Olgiati, convinto assertore della necessità di fondere insieme la metafisica classica con il pensiero moderno. Olgiati (a sinistra) con Gemelli (al centro) e Necchi. I primi due furono tra i principali ispiratori. Fu su consiglio di questi due ultimi che il alla fine decise di intraprendere la carriera filosofica, sviluppando una sua corrente di pensiero permeata di tutti gli spunti che nel corso della sua carriera aveva saputo trarre dai pensieri dei suoi insegnanti e ispiratori, basandosi molto anche sull'opera di Schopenhauer. Si laurea con una tesi su Spinoza. implicatura, metafisica classica, logica classica. Padovani’s article appeared in the October 1917 issue of Rivista di filosofia neoscolastica (and notes it ran “con alcune riserve della Redazione”), which strongly suggests the piece was a journal article rather than a standalone pamphlet and that it immediately triggered printed discussion in the same venue/tradition. Pietro Conforto, “Machiavelli e i gesuiti: osservazioni intorno ad un articolo di Umberto A. Padovani”  Grice: “Corpus, 1933. I find myself in a revisionist mood. Hardie has been pressing me for three straight tutorials on Aristotle’s so‑called practical syllogism, which strikes me as neither syllogistic nor, in any sense that matters, practical. The irritation has brought Father back to mind. He endured what we politely call the Great War—so did the Italians, for that matter—whereas my own hardships are confined to the Schools and the Senior Common Room. Corpus, oddly, keeps a tidy run of Rivista di Filosofia Neo‑Scolastica; I had not expected so much Milan in Merton Street, especially since there is no Rivista di Filosofia Scolastica, simpliciter, to complete the symmetry. In it I came upon Padovani’s wartime question, Il fine giustifica i mezzi?—a title that reads like Aristotle at his most unfortunate, the practical syllogism turned into a headline. And then Conforto arrives, admirably brisk, to say in effect: Machiavelli disliked the Jesuits—no metaphysics, no lace, just the blunt knife. Still, the whole thing set me wondering whether our own national enthusiasm, after a shooting in Sarajevo, could possibly have justified the long, grinding suffering Father bore from 1914 to 1917; and whether “justification” here is anything more than what we say afterwards, when the alternatives have been buried with the dead.” Grice: Caro Padovani, ti confesso che la tua passione per la “metafisica classica” mi fa pensare che Platone abbia ancora il copyright su quasi tutto ciò che diciamo in filosofia! Padovani: Ah, Grice, se Platone avesse davvero il copyright, dovrei ogni anno pagare una tassa alla sua Accademia! Ma almeno, così, potrei dire che la mia implicatura conversazionale è sempre “originale”, anche se con qualche nota a piè di pagina. Grice: Vedi, Padovani, il bello è che la metafisica classica è come il Polesine in inverno: ci si trasferisce, si riflette, e si trova sempre qualche argomento che non era stato ancora “laicizzato” dai moderni. Padovani: Giustissimo, Grice! Se non altro, tra logica classica e implicature, resta sempre il dilemma: meglio discutere con un ex abate o con uno studente di Martinetti? Io, per sicurezza, tengo a portata di mano sia le note di Schopenhauer che quelle della mamma! Padovani, Umberto Antonio (1917). Il fine giustifica i mezzi? Rivista di Filosofia Neo-Scolastica

Carlo Pagano Paganini (Lucca, Tosscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Roma, il VIRGILIO di Firenze. Grice’s theory treats conversational meaning as a rational achievement: what a speaker means is fixed not only by what is said but by what a reasonable hearer can infer, given shared purposes and norms of cooperation, so that implicature is a controlled product of intention-recognition under constraints of relevance, sufficiency, and clarity. Carlo Pagano Paganini, by contrast, looks like a figure for whom “reason” is exercised less in the micro-engineering of talk and more in the large-scale ordering of thought across domains—cosmology (his 1862 Dello spazio, a “cosmological essay” first circulated via the Annali dell’Università Toscane), metaphysics, and even philosophical reading of Dante—so that meaning is sought through systematic exposition and interpretive framing rather than through an explicit theory of how hearers compute what is meant. Put them together and the comparison becomes: Grice gives you the normative logic of everyday exchange (how understatement, indirection, and even scholarly teasing can still be reason-governed), while Paganini supplies a nineteenth-century Tuscan model of philosophical discursiveness in which reason aims at a synoptic worldview (space, soul, doctrinal “domma,” and the philosophical architecture of the Commedia), making him a useful foil for showing how “reason in language” can mean either the local rationality of conversational inference (Grice) or the global rationality of a metaphysical-cosmological system and its hermeneutic applications (Paganini). Grice: “P. must be the only Italian philosopher who reads La Divina Commedia philosophically! Strawson never read P.’s ‘cosmological’ tract on ‘spazio’ but he should, obsessed as he was with spatio-temporal continuity. I’ll never forget Shropshire’s proof of the immortality of the human soul – He told me he basically drew it from an obscure tract by Paganini, as inspired by the death of Patroclus – Paganini’s tract actually features one of my pet words. He speaks of the ‘domma’ of the ‘immotalita dell’anima umana’ – Brilliant!”Essential Italian philosopher.” Lucca sta passando dalla reggenza austriaca seguita al collasso napoleonico al diventare capitale del borbonico Ducato di Lucca. Compe l'intero corso dei suoi studi a Lucca, dedicandosi, fin dai tempi delle scuole secondarie, alla filosofia. Insegna filosofia. Partecipa alla prima guerra d'indipendenza. Dopo la guerra, coll'annessione del ducato di Lucca da parte del Granducato di Toscana è nominato docente a Luca. In questo ufficio è difensore della dottrina di SERBATI e nonostante vienne sorvegliato dalla polizia il governo decide poi di offrirgli una cattedra a Pisa a seguito dei buoni uffici di Rosso. La sua vita è rattristata da due avvenimenti; la espulsione dai seminari ecclesiastici di discepoli a lui carissimi, perché rei di professare le dottrine di SERBATI e la condanna di certe proposizioni tolte ad arbitrio e senza critica dalle molte opere del filosofo di Rovereto.Annuario della R. Pisa. sba. unipi/it/ risorse / archivio fotografico/ persone- in- archivio/ paganini- carlo-pagano Opere. COLLEZIONE DI OPUSCOLI DANTESCHI INEDITI O RARI DA PASSERINI CITTA DI CASTELLO S. LAPI CmOSE i IUHI flSOFICI DELIiA DIVINA COMMEDIA RACCOLTE E RISTAMPATE DI FRANCIOSI CITTÀ DI CASTELLO S. LAPI RICORDATO DA UN SUO DISCEPOLO. GruceL :St John’s. We were in the thick of Strawson’s seminar on “Categories, meaning, and logical form” when, over dinner in his college, he announced—quite out of nowhere—that he meant to write a grand book, to be called Individuals, and that it would be built, as he put it, on the way sounds propagate through space; the next morning I went to his rooms with an elderly find from the Bodleian, a slim Tuscan relic dated 1862, Carlo Pagano Paganini’s Dello spazio (a “cosmological essay,” first printed in the Annali dell’Università Toscane), and I laid it on his desk with the mild malice of a tutor offering remedial reading—perhaps, I suggested, Paganini might teach him a thing or two about spazio; Strawson looked at the cover as if I had produced a fossil, then frowned at the imprint and repeated it slowly—Annali dell’Università Toscane?—with that tone that means both “how many of those can there possibly be?” and “how many of them have you read?”, and I replied that Tuscany, unlike Oxford, has always been willing to give metaphysics a local address, whereas we insist on treating space as something one must speak of only after clearing it through the customs of logical form; he said, dryly, that if I expected him to learn ontology from a provincial annual I was confusing scholarship with antiquarianism, and I answered that antiquarianism is sometimes just scholarship with better paper, and that in any case the question was not whether Paganini was fashionable, but whether he could be made relevant—at which point Strawson, as if to concede the conversational terms without conceding the point, slid the booklet into a neat stack marked “to be looked at,” and said, “Very well, Grice: we shall see whether your Tuscan can survive translation into our categories.” Grice: Caro Paganini, dimmi sinceramente: leggere la Divina Commedia con occhio filosofico è più difficile che suonare il violino senza corde? Paganini: Grice, in realtà è come attraversare l’Inferno con una bussola rotta! Ma almeno, tra un canto e l’altro, si trova sempre una qualche implicatura nascosta. Grice: Ah, e il tuo trattato sullo “spazio cosmologico” l’ho trovato più vasto della biblioteca di Virgilio… ma hai mai pensato di scrivere un manuale di sopravvivenza per filosofi smarriti nei gironi danteschi?  Paganini: Grice, ottima idea! Lo chiamerò “Domma e Dilemma: guida pratica per anime immortali e filosofi in crisi”. Con un capitolo speciale su come fuggire dalla sorveglianza della polizia... letteraria! Paganini, Carlo Pagano (1862). Dello Spazio, saggio cosmologico. Annali dell’Università Toscane

Francesco Mario Pagano (Brienza, Potenza, Basilicata): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’eroe, filosofi agiustiziati. Grice’s account of reason-governed conversational meaning starts from the idea that ordinary talk is a cooperative, purposive activity in which hearers rationally infer what a speaker means beyond what is strictly said, by assuming a shared direction and expectations of informativeness, truthfulness, relevance, and clarity; implicature, on this view, is not a poetic halo but a disciplined, cancellable product of practical reasoning about intentions and context. Pagano, by contrast, is not a theorist of micro-inference in dialogue but an Enlightenment jurist-philosopher for whom reason is primarily a public and institutional virtue: the rational ordering of law, procedure, punishment, and civic life, expressed in forensic rhetoric and constitutional design, with an explicitly reformist ambition (anti-torture, anti–capital punishment tendencies, procedural reform, and a constitutional project for 1799). A useful comparison, then, is that Grice “locates” rationality in the fine structure of conversational interaction—how speakers responsibly manage what is said versus what is meant—whereas Pagano “locates” rationality in the norms that make collective life governable and just, where persuasion and exemplary speech matter because they shape institutions; in your vignette’s terms, Grice treats the club’s joking selection of a soon-to-be-martyred author and Shropshire’s grammatical pedantry as themselves moves within a reason-sensitive exchange (ripe for implicature), while Pagano supplies the larger Enlightenment background in which public speech, law, and civic virtue are the arena in which reason must ultimately prove its worth. Grice: “Essential Italian philosopher.” Uno dei maggiori esponenti dell'Illuminismo ed un precursor edel positivismo, oltre ad essere considerato l'iniziatore della scuola storica napoletana del diritto. Personaggio di spicco della Repubblica Partenopea, le sue arringhe contornate di citazioni filosofiche gli valsero il soprannome di "Platone di Napoli". Nato da una famiglia di notai,  si trasfere a Napoli. Studia sotto l'egida di Angelis, da cui apprese anche gli insegnamenti del greco. Frequenta i corsi universitari, conseguendo la laurea con il “Politicum universae Romanorum nomothesiae examen” (Napoli, Raimondi), dedicato a Leopoldo di Toscana ed all'amico grecista Glinni di Acerenza. Studia sotto Genovesi, il cui insegnamento fu fondamentale per la sua formazione, e amico di Filangieri con cui condivide l'iscrizione alla massoneria. Appartenne a “La Philantropia,” loggia della quale e maestro venerabile. Inoltre, i proventi dell'attività di avvocato criminale gli consenteno di acquistare un terreno all'Arenella, dove costitue un cercchio, alla quale partecipa, tra gli altri, Cirillo. Insegna a Napoli, distinguendosi come avvocato presso il tribunale dell'Ammiragliato (di cui diviene poi giudice) nella difesa dei congiurati della Società Patriottica Napoletana Deo, Galiani e Vitaliani pur non riuscendo ad evitarne la messa a morte. Incarcerato in seguito ad una denuncia presentata contro di lui da un avvocato condannato per corruzione che lo accusa di cospirare contro la monarchia. Venne liberato per mancanza di prove. Scarcerato ripara clandestinamente a Roma, dove e accolto positivamente dai membri della Repubblica. Insegna al Collegio Romano, accontentandosi di un compenso che gli garantiva il minimo indispensabile per vivere. Eroe, massone, Italia si fara, Roma, Aventino, Vico, Livio, Romolo, Numa, Giulio Cesare, patrizj, nobili Romani, forma aristocrazia della prima repubblica, tribu, curia, tribuni, diacuriani. Grice: “Merton, 1937. What a difference Merton makes after Corpus. Down here the Pelican sheds its eschatological feathers over the quads, and beside that solemn bird Merton feels—how do the Italians put it?—laico, positively secular. This afternoon I read, with the Political Club, a piece by Pagano. The President chose it for a reason that was not exactly scholarly: “Pagano is going to be hanged soon,” he announced, “so it ought to concentrate the mind.” One must admire the economy: a syllabus justified by a noose. The text, being a thesis, was in Latin—properly so. Still, Shropshire amused himself by producing vernacular renderings, as if Latin were merely a rough draft awaiting English. Pagano entitles his work: Politicum universae Romanorum nomothesiae examen. Shropshire, who cannot resist a grammar point, immediately observed that examen is neuter, and therefore governs the whole. So it is an examen politicum—or, if one prefers, a politicum examen. “Examination of what?” I asked. “Follow your genitives,” Shropshire replied, with the air of a man pointing out an obvious escape route. “Nomothesiae. It’s an examination of legislation—and not just legislation, but universae nomothesiae.” “The whole legislation?” I said. “Exactly.” Then, as if we were parsing a homicide, he added: “But don’t expect Cromwell. Nomothesia governs Romanorum. So it is the whole legislation of the Romans—from the moment they began to exist until the moment they obligingly stopped.” “That,” I said, “sounds like a properly grand thesis, and aptly named for Naples.” At that point Shropshire closed the book with a snap and said, “Now of course we shall skip the text and go straight to the index rerum notabilium—the ‘index of things that matter,’ as the Italians put it.” Grice: Caro Pagano, permettimi innanzitutto di esprimere le mie più sentite condoglianze per la tua scomparsa così tragica. Ogni volta che mi avvicino al luogo dove lavoro, mi capita di pensare ai martiri – figure che, in maniera sottile ma profonda, rimangono impressi nella memoria e nel cuore di chi li ricorda. Pagano: Ti ringrazio, Grice, per le tue parole di conforto. La sorte dell’eroe, spesso, è segnata dal sacrificio, ma ciò che consola è sapere che la memoria rimane viva e che il dialogo tra pensieri e ideali prosegue, anche oltre la vita. Grice: Ecco, Pagano, devo aggiungere che, sebbene i martiri abbiano lasciato un segno indelebile, la maggior parte dei docenti e studiosi di Vadum Bovum conduce esistenze assai più tranquille rispetto a quella che fu la tua – una vita spesa per la giustizia e la libertà. Pagano: È vero, Grice; la pace della quotidianità è un privilegio prezioso. Ma la ragione conversazionale ci insegna che ogni dialogo, anche quello più sereno, può portare un seme di cambiamento – proprio come il mio percorso, che spero possa essere d’esempio, senza rimpianto, alle generazioni future. Pagano, Francesco Mario (1768). Politicum universae Romanorum nomothesiae examen. Napoli: Raimondi.

Palazzani essential Italian philosopher  Grice: Caro Palazzani, ti confesso che oggi ho cercato di applicare la ragione conversazionale al traffico di Roma, ma forse avrei dovuto studiare la metafisica dei semafori... Palazzani: Ah, caro Grice, a Roma anche un semaforo rosso può implicare una discussione filosofica! Ma dimmi, hai trovato la verità tra una frenata e l’altra? Grice: La verità è che ogni automobilista, invece di seguire le massime, preferisce inventare nuove implicature – specialmente quando deve parcheggiare. Palazzani: Ecco perché la filosofia italiana è essenziale: solo chi conosce la logica delle piazze sa sopravvivere alle conversazioni dei clacson! È tutto un dialogo tra essenze e precedenze.

Palladio (Roma, Lazio). GRICE ITALO!; ossia, la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica –Known to have been a philosopher from references to that effect in letters of Theodoret.   GRICEVS: Salve, PALLADI! Audio te ex epistulis Theodorēti philosophum haberi: num etiam inter Patres rationem conversationalem coluisti, an tantum verba sancta numerasti? PALLADIVS: Salve, Grice Italo! Verba sancta numeravi, sed non sicut faenerator: apud Theodoretum didici silentium quoque esse argumentum—praesertim cum alter iam tertiam homiliam incipiat. GRICEVS: O praeclare! Ergo cum aliquis dicit “breviter dicam,” tu intellegis: “para te ad longum”—id est implicaturam ipsam in habitu monastico. PALLADIVS: Ita; et cum ego respondeo “bene dictum,” non semper laudo: interdum tantum significo “satis est—nunc panem afferte,” ne philosophia fiat ieiunium sine fine.

Domenico Pandullo (Tropea, Vibo Valentia, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale dal grido al grido. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means beyond what is explicitly said by presuming cooperative rationality and drawing defeasible inferences (implicatures) from shared expectations of relevance, sufficiency, and clarity; on this view, universality is a feature of rational interaction, not a property of any one grammar. Domenico Pandullo’s project, by contrast, is explicitly normative and programmatic: in his Grammatica italiana ragionata, or Analisi metafisica degli elementi del linguaggio (Naples, 1835), language is treated as a classificatory system of durable signs meant to transmit a purified Tuscan idiom, and the book’s hyperbolic promise to serve as an “introduction to the study of all languages” reflects a nineteenth-century confidence that a well-ordered grammatical taxonomy can provide a universal key. The comparison is therefore between pragmatic universality and taxonomic universality: Grice locates “reason” in the cooperative management of what is said and what is meant in situated exchanges, whereas Pandullo locates it in an abstract anatomy of linguistic elements (parts of speech, relations, accent, writing) designed to discipline usage and make learning more “spedita ed agevole.” From a Gricean angle, Pandullo’s universalism mistakes the map for the practice—no grammar can eliminate the need for conversational inference, because meaning routinely outstrips explicit form—while from a Pandullian angle, Grice’s implicature looks like the inevitable residue left when speakers do not submit to the pedagogical ideal of complete, orderly expression. Grice: “It’s best to start reading from the second quotation!” . t ANALISI METAFISICA DEGL’ELEMENTI DELLA LINGUA OPMA affo òfctuho òeivixe Viutxoilujioi c)t tutte fé fi P. PROFESSORE DI BELLE LETTERE E DI LINGUE ESTINTE E VIVENTI. Essendosi adempito a quanto prescrive la legge, la presente opera è sotto la di lei guarcntla. AL NOBIL UOMO IL BARONE NICOTERA. Consacro a Voi, gentilissimo e o- noratissimo Signore, la sua grammatica. Non bramosìa di laude, non sete di novità, non basso fine indussemi a por mano ad opera sì fatta. Solo ed unico mio scopo si fu segnar più certa , spedita ed agevol via agii apparanti L’idioma gentil, sonante e puro di quel sommo e divino tosco che tutto sa. Fortissimo stimolo a farmi accingere ad un tanto lavoro si è pure il riflettere che , chiamato io da propizia stella a svelare ai figliuoli vostri gli altissimi concetti e le bel- lezze, copiose oltre ad ogni stima, dei sublimi classici dell’ itala favella, con più ardente impegno ne avrebber eglino apparato le dottri- ne contenute in un libro fregiato dell’ illustre nome di chi loro ha dato V essere, e composto da colui che ha la cura d incaminarli al ben- essere. Prego intanto il Dator d’ ogni bene che lungamente e prospera- mente conservi la vostra persona , per marche di onore , per grandezza d’animo e per buona riputazione , Eccellente, alla cospicua vostra famiglia, preziosa , agli amici e devoti vostri , carissima. Di Vostra Signoria Illustrissima, A 'ffezi Oliati s. m0 e clcvotis. m ° servitore . . 5 % Vox diversa sonat populorum ; est vox tamen una. Marciai. Il linguaggio è V organo per cui comu- nicasi – ‘adjective noun’ -- o modificativi, le preposizioni, gl’avverbi, le congiunzioni o interiezioni congiuntive, la sintassi, la maniera cT esprimere differenti rapporti che i latini disegnavano per mezzo dei casi, paradigmi d’analisi nelle frasi si dorme, si mangia, si loda, e simili, il ripieno, l’accento grammaticale, i segni durevoli delle nostre idee, ed inispezialità della scrittura propriamente detta. St John’s, 1953. Strawson has at last credited me properly in a footnote to his Introduction to Logical Theory—“Mr. Grice,” he writes, “from whom I never ceased to learn about logic”—a private joke, of course, about our old tutorial chestnut, “Have you ceased eating iron?” and the way one can be trapped by presuppositions before one has even sat down. He goes on to say, with his usual air of letting me in where I fear to tread, that it is all a matter of pragmatic rules. Very well, I thought: if we are now doing pragmatics, let us do it with an Italian in hand. I produced Pandullo and pointed to the title as if it were evidence: an opera “to serve as an introduction to the study of all languages.” “All languages?” Strawson said, with the faint pain he reserves for unregulated quantifiers. “It’s universal generalisation on the cheap—tutte le lingue where any sane person would at least have said ogni lingua.” “But notice,” I protested, “it’s ragionata—an analisi, no less: precisely the sort of thing we pretend we are doing in that very well-attended seminar on ‘Meaning, Categories, and Logical Form.’” “Of which you keep the proceedings,” he added, deadpan, “and therefore feel obliged to include every language under the sun.” Grice: Caro Pandullo, leggendo la tua "Analisi metafisica degli elementi della lingua", mi sorprende quanta passione traspare verso l'italiano e le sue radici. Quale idea ti ha guidato nello scrivere questa grammatica? Pandullo: Gentilissimo Grice, la mia unica aspirazione era offrire ai giovani una via più certa e agevole per apprendere l’idioma puro e sonante del nostro sommo Tosco. Il linguaggio, come dice Marziale, è voce diversa tra i popoli, ma resta una sola voce, universale. Grice: Hai ragione, Pandullo. Ogni parola, ogni accento grammaticale, diventa un ponte tra generazioni e culture. Qual è, secondo te, il segreto per mantenere viva la bellezza della lingua italiana tra i giovani? Pandullo: Credo che occorra trasmettere non solo regole e paradigmi, ma anche la musicalità e il cuore della lingua. Solo chi insegna con ardente impegno fa germogliare negli studenti l’amore per le dottrine e le bellezze classiche dell’italica favella, affinché la voce continui a risuonare forte e chiara. Pandullo, Domenico (1835). Grammatica italiana ragionata, o Analisi metafisica degli elementi del linguaggio: opera da servire d’introduzione allo studio di tutte le lingue. Napoli: Trani.

Ruggero Panebianco (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del sistema GHP, il pirotese, e l’implicature del deutero-esperanto. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats understanding as an inferential achievement within ordinary talk: speakers can mean more than they explicitly say because hearers presume cooperation and rationality and so derive cancellable implicatures from shared expectations of relevance, sufficiency, and clarity. Ruggero Panebianco, by contrast, represents the “engineer the code” impulse: in his scientific work he operates with explicit formalization, and in his later advocacy of an international auxiliary language (in the Latino sine flexione/Interlingua orbit) he tries to prevent misunderstanding by design, aiming to reduce ambiguity, friction, and even political conflict by standardizing the communicative vehicle itself. The comparison, then, is between two strategies for making communication work: Grice explains how natural languages remain workable despite underdetermination because interlocutors use rational norms to bridge what is said and what is meant, whereas Panebianco seeks to minimize that bridge by making the language simpler, more uniform, and less dependent on contextual guesswork; Grice’s “conversational reason” is a theory of cooperative inference, while Panebianco’s “international language” program is a theory of cooperative engineering, shifting the burden from pragmatic interpretation to an allegedly clearer code. A differenza del deutero-esperanto di Grice, non usato ma da Grice, il latino sine flexione è utilizzato anche da altri filosofi come VACCA , in Sphoera es solo corpore, qui nos pote vide ut circulo ab omne puncto externo, LAZZARINI , in Mensura de circulo iuxta Leonardo[VINCI  Pisano, e PANEBIANCO  che discute proprio della lingua internazionale nell'opuscolo “Adoptione de lingua internationale es signo que evanesce contentione de classe et bello” (Padova, Boscardini). Vedasi ALBANI, BUONARROTI. P.  è un filosofo grandemente appassionato d’Esperanto, tanto che è solito firmarsi "esperantista socialista" – cf. Grice: deutero-esperantista socialista.” Quest'ultimo, come si evince anche dal titolo del suo saggio, vede nella lingua inter-nazionale un modo per mettere la parola fine ai contrasti inter-nazionali, e in particolare al capitalismo spietato di CAMBRIDGE (“Oxford has always been libral” – Grice). Inter-linguista, quale que es suo opinione politico aut religioso es certo precursore de novo systema sociale. Isto novo systema, in que homines loque uno solo lingua magis facile, commune ad illos non pote es actuale systema de "homo homini lupus", sed es systema sociale in que toto homines fi SOCIO –cf. Grice, The Universal Principle of Conversational Helpfulness. Per ben adempiere a un tale compito, la lingua perfetta di P. deve seguire gli stessi principi di quella di P. Es evidente que essendo id SINE GRAMMATICA, id es de maximo facilitate et simplicitate. Ergo, es per illo quasi impossibile ad fac AMBIGUITATE – cf. Grice, ‘Avoid ambiguity’ --, excepto ad prae-posito [“As when the conversational maxim, ‘avoid ambiguity’ is FLOUTED for the purpose of bringining in a conversational implicature”]. Il deutero-esperanto di Grice – ‘if language was the cause, why did we have the War of the Roses? – formalisti/informalisti.  Grice: “St. John’s, 1965. I am expanding my list of fallacies, and Strawson’s latest is now firmly planted: that only his Introduction to Logical Theory captures the niceties of the vernacular, not some foreign calculus devised by a blue-collared logician. And yet, in the very next breath, the same people will repeat—usually with a faintly operatic confidence—that Italian is the most beautiful language in the world. What over-impresses me is the sheer number of Italians who seem to have thought of nothing but giving up Italian for an invented idiom—often of their own manufacture. Bishop Wilkins looks almost amateurish beside them. Ruggero Panebianco is a case in point: not a utopian friar, not a Renaissance rhetorician, but a scientific type, what we at Oxford would call a philosophical scientist, solemnly proposing that a grammarless international language would do away with class conflict and war. It makes one wonder whether the appetite for Einheit and unified science was, all along, a peninsular habit: the dream that if only the code were cleaned up, the world would follow suit—whereas the rest of us, more pessimistically, have learned to keep our ordinary language and to blame the wars on something else.” Grice: Caro Panebianco, dimmi: se con il tuo sistema GHP e il latino sine flexione tutti parlassimo la stessa lingua, chi inventerebbe più scuse per non capirsi al bar? Panebianco: Ah, Grice, forse solo chi non ordina il caffè corretto! Con il deutero-esperanto nessuno potrebbe fraintendere, ma rischieremmo di perdere la magia dei fraintendimenti italiani—sai, quelli che fanno nascere una barzelletta ogni cinque minuti. Grice: E allora, Panebianco, se la lingua perfetta elimina l’ambiguità, dove finirebbe la bella arte di dire una cosa e intenderne un’altra? Senza implicature, i nostri giornali sarebbero noiosi come una domenica senza calcio! Panebianco: Grice, te lo dico in pirotese: “Parla chiaro, ma lascia spazio al sorriso!” La perfezione linguistica va bene, ma un po’ di mistero ci salva dalle riunioni infinite e ci fa sentire tutti un po’ più italiani—anche se qualcuno si firma ancora “esperantista socialista”. Panebianco, Ruggero (1877). Note cristallografiche e chimiche. Atti della R. Accademia dei Lincei.

Francesco Panigarola (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione della riforma; la ragione della contra-riforma. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats understanding as a rational, cooperative practice: hearers recover what is meant beyond what is said by assuming shared norms of relevance, sufficiency, and clarity, and by calculating defeasible implicatures from a speaker’s intentions in context. Panigarola, the Counter-Reformation preacher and later bishop (titular of Chrysopolis and bishop of Asti), operates in a different but adjacent register, where the goal is not to explain how everyday talk works but to move, discipline, and convert audiences through eloquence; his Della eloquenza italiana (1583) treats rhetoric as a deliberate instrument for shaping belief and conduct, and the “unsaid” is often cultivated as reverent reserve, moral pressure, or devotional resonance rather than as a cancellable conversational inference. The comparison, then, is between descriptive pragmatics and normative sacred rhetoric: Grice analyzes the mechanisms by which interlocutors infer intended meaning under a cooperative presumption, whereas Panigarola perfects techniques for directing inference in a one-to-many setting (the pulpit), where authority, shared doctrine, and emotional cadence function as constraints on interpretation. From a Gricean angle, Panigarola’s eloquence can be redescribed as expert management of implicature—guiding hearers to supply conclusions that remain formally unstated—while from Panigarola’s angle Grice’s maxims look like an austere, secular abstraction from the older art of persuasion, stripping rhetoric of its liturgical and communal ends in order to display the bare rational skeleton that still governs how audiences understand what is meant. O.F.M. vescovo della Chiesa cattolica Incarichi ricoperti Vescovo titolare di Crisopoli di Arabia Vescovo di Asti Nato a Milano Nominato vescovo da papa Sisto V Deceduto ad Asti   Manuale. Vescovo cattolico e predicatore italiano, vescovo titolare di Crisopoli di Arabia e vescovo di Asti. Di origini aristocratiche, nacque presso porta Vercellina dai nobili Gabriele in una delle case più prestigiose della città. Ultimo di quattro fratelli, e battezzato con il nome di Girolamo. La famiglia redigeva e conserva fin dall'età comunale l'archivio dell'Ufficio degli Statuti dello stato di Milano, che comprende i provvedimenti del comune, e quindi gli atti emanati dai signori e duchi di Milano, le liste dei banditi dallo Stato (Libri Bannitorum), le tutele dei minori, le gride, le citazioni e le condanne.   Frontespizio di un libro con alcune prediche di P. Fa i primi studi a Milano con gli umanisti Conti e Paleario. E mandato dal padre a studiare diritto a Pavia. Dopo un litigio con un rivale, si trasfere a Bologna dove venne in contatto con il ministro generale francescano dei frati minori che lo convence ad intraprendere la carriera ecclesiastica.  Veste l'abito francescano nella Chiesa di Ognissanti a Firenze, prendendo il nome Francesco in onore dello zio, provinciale dell'Ordine a Milano. Professa i voti solenni dopo un anno di noviziato a Firenze. Prosegue i suoi studi a Padova, dove ebbe per maestro Tomitano, e Pisa, dove ascolta Cesalpino e Nobili. Designato per predicare davanti al capitolo generale dell'Ordine a Roma. Le sue doti oratorie gli attirarono l'attenzione del papa, che lo invia a Parigi al seguito del cardinal nipote Bonelli per perfezionare i suoi studi alla Sorbona. A Parigi studia i Padri della Chiesa, i Concili, e il greco. Uno dei suoi professori e Feuardent. Al termine del biennio francese rientra in Italia. Insegna a Firenze, Bologna, e Roma.  chiave universale. Panfilo Filoprammato: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del bello. – ‘busy body.’ He writes on art. Pamfilo. Panfilo Filoprammato. Panicarola i. aulii à o ty jdQYCf r-t foo ■ / r tv R. BIBL. NAZ. Vi». Emanuel* III. RACCOLTA VILLAROSA B  I f. ì \ f fyi oi#. i!  . , ma- maniera illullrata cól Tuo nobil Cemento, che oggimai da quella fola lettura può ciafcuno apprendere da se Hello quanto richieggalì per bene ed elo- quentemente ragionare in profa . Que- llo Consento appunto, riftretto però,e’ir qualche parte ancora ordinato con quella chiarezza , che per me lì è po- tuta maggiore , dovendo prefentemen- te metterli in luce ad utile e giova- mento di coloro che della nostra italiana locuzione son vaghi, altro noti richiedeva , che rinvenire una_ valevole protezione , fotto la cui om- bra propizia potelfe egli lìcuramente ricoverarli . E quella onde mai potea fperarla migliore , che dal vollro no- me y non men ragguardevole per lc_> proprie iingularilfime doti, che per [‘antica, e reale progenie, donde deriva? Della quale, comechè a chia- ' derne in una brieve lettera i pregi, i menomi de’quali troppo ampio volume richiederebbono, Vera fianco Chi piu degna la mano a scriver porfe; pure per mio proprio vantaggio, senza offendere la vostra naturai modella , che di se , e de’tuoi rifiuta ogni lode, dice P., esser ella una delle pii nobili, rinomate profapie che illustrano,o avellerò mai ili ultra ta l’Europa . Perocché i Pinti, come a tutti è ben noto, traggon loro originJ reale da D. Alfonfo Signor di Pioto, Cartello porto predò alla frontie- ra di Galizia , il quale fu figliuolo d’Enriquez primo re di Portogallo, cui egli fu di grande ajuto nelle gloriofe conquiftc di molti luoghi , che gemevano sotto) barbaro giogo de' Mo- ri : per le quali fue valorofe gefta il Re fuo padre concedette a lui , e a* di lui fuccefiori il fuddetto Cartello, c molti altri luoghi , che tutti pre- fero anche il nomedi Pinto, e’iconservan finora . E quelli fi fu quel medefimo D. Alfonfo , il quale dopo la morte di D. Bermuda Ezagra fuaj moglie , con cui avea procreati pili fi- gliuoli , Prammatica come rettorica conversazionale. Panfilo. Napoli, Campania.  Grice: Caro Panfilo, tu che scrivi dell’arte e ragioni tanto eloquentemente, dimmi: il bello si trova più nella pittura o nelle chiacchiere da bar? Panfilo: Ah, Grice! Nel bar c’è arte: tra un caffè e una battuta, si disegna la vera bellezza della conversazione... e nessuno ti corregge la grammatica! Grice: Allora dovrei scrivere un trattato sulla “prosa del cappuccino”? O forse sull’implicatura del cornetto? Panfilo: Se il cornetto è fresco, ogni implicatura diventa dolce! E chi non capisce, si consola col secondo giro di espresso: filosofia napoletana, Grice! Grice: “St John’s, 1965. Of all the people to drift into my Conversation seminar, I was surprised this morning by a visit from Minio Paluello—a man I adore, and the only one among my friends who insists on calling me Paul, perhaps because it echoes his own surname (‘small in Venice for ‘pole’Latin palus, not Latin polus via Greek polus, he tells me – relishing in mediaeval etymologies). He had been at yesterday’s session, and he opened at once, as if continuing a point he had been rehearsing on the walk over: “You keep talking, Grice, as if the rules of conversation were universal—grounded in universal reason. So I thought I’d bring you a small Italian corrective.” With that he produced, like a relic, Panigarola’s Della eloquenza italiana. “Look at the title,” he said. “Eloquenza, yes—but italiana. Panigarola is not merely praising eloquence; he is implicating that your meiosis and hyperbole, your understatement and overstatement, are not just human tricks but national genius. So when are you going to learn the lesson, Paul?” I could not help noticing that, even before one opens the book, the title itself is already doing what Panigarola recommends: it does not argue; it suggests—and it suggests, with a straight face, that rhetoric comes with a passport.” (Minio-Paluello is the Italian medievalist and philologist associated with the Aristoteles Latinus project, lecturer in medieval philosophy and Fellow of Oriel).  Grice: Carissimo Panigarola, la tua esperienza tra riforma e controriforma è davvero notevole. Cosa pensi abbia insegnato, agli uomini del tuo tempo, il confronto tra queste due grandi correnti? Panigarola: Gentile Grice, credo che quello scontro abbia affinato la capacità di discernere e dialogare. Ho imparato che la vera ragione sta nell’ascolto reciproco e nell’arte della parola, come ho visto nella Milano della mia giovinezza e poi nei pulpiti d’Europa. Grice: Interessante, Panigarola. La tua esperienza con le parole e la predicazione ricorda la ragione conversazionale: ogni parola può essere un ponte oppure un muro. Come conciliavi fede, ragione e retorica nelle tue prediche? Panigarola: Cercavo sempre l’equilibrio, caro Grice. Studiando a Parigi e in Italia ho compreso che la parola deve essere chiave universale, capace di aprire i cuori senza imporre. E come vescovo, ho sempre scelto la via del dialogo, perché solo così nasce una vera comprensione. Panigarola, Francesco (1583). Della eloquenza italiana. Milano: Tipografia di Giovanni Battista.

Pannico (Roma): la ragione conversazionale nella Roma antica –An epigram by MARZIALE  addresses P. as someone versed in the doctrines of various philosophical sects.   GRICEVS: Salve, PANNICE! Martialis te “sectarum peritum” appellat: dic mihi, in una cena quot philosophias cenare soles—Stoicamne, Epicureamne, an omnes simul? PANNICVS: Salve, Grice. Omnes simul—sed modice: Stoicus vinum negat, Epicureus poscit, Cynicus rapit; ego autem sapienter facio ut poculum sit medium, nec vacuum nec inundatum. GRICEVS: Pulchre! At quaeso: cum tot dogmata in uno capite habitat, quomodo “ratio conversationalis” te non in rixam trahit? PANNICVS: Facile: ego regula utor—loquor ut intelligar, taceo ut placeam; et si quis nimis argute disputat, Martialis ipse respondet pro me: “philosophus es? ergo ride paulum.”

Pansa (Roma): la ragione conversazionale e l’orto italiano -- A consul, and a follower of the doctrines of The Garden. Nome compiuo: Gaio Vibio Pansa GRICEVS: Salvete, Pansa! Dic mihi, quid agitur in illo tuo orto Italico? Philosophia an solum fabae? PANSA: Utraque, Grice. Nam in Horto et fabae crescunt et ratio—sed ratio nostra tam lenis est ut etiam fabae se sapientes putent. GRICEVS: Cave, quaeso: si fabae se sapientes putant, mox etiam senatores se fruges putabunt. Dic: quid est “ratio conversationalis” apud vos? PANSA: Est ars bene convivendi: dicimus quod satis est, non quod nimium est; et si quid subintellegendum est, vinum id explicat—ita pax manet et nemo discedit inimicus, nisi ieiunus.

Sergio Panunzio (Molfetta, Bari, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazionale, e a filosofia italiana nel ventennio fascista. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means beyond what is explicitly said by presuming cooperative rationality and drawing defeasible inferences (implicatures) from shared expectations of relevance, informativeness, and clarity; the model is essentially pragmatic and interactional, built to account for how ordinary exchanges convey more than their literal content while remaining publicly accountable. Sergio Panunzio, by contrast, is concerned with the formation of collective agency and political legitimacy in the language of syndicalism and later fascist state theory, where “reason” is less a norm of conversational cooperation than a tool for organizing allegiance, discipline, and institutional order; his key terms (state, people, nation, representation) are deployed to justify forms of authority rather than to describe the fine structure of everyday meaning. The comparison, then, is between conversational rationality and political rationalization: Grice analyzes how implication arises from the cooperative management of discourse among interlocutors, whereas Panunzio exemplifies how implication can be mobilized in political rhetoric and doctrine, where what is left unsaid (about coercion, exclusion, or violence) may function not as a cancellable conversational implicature but as a strategically non-detachable suggestion embedded in slogans and programmatic texts. From a Gricean angle, Panunzio’s political language can be reread as a systematic use of audience-design and controlled implicatures to align hearers with a conception of the state; from Panunzio’s angle, Grice’s maxims would appear parochial—apt for polite talk in common rooms, but unable to capture how meaning operates when discourse is designed to found, not merely to coordinate, a political world. Grice: “There’s S. P. and there’s S. P. – Italian philosophy can be a trick!” -- Essential Italian philosopher. Tra i maggiori esponenti del sindacalismo rivoluzionario, in quanto amico intimo di MUSSOLINI, contribuì in maniera decisiva al suo passaggio dal neutralismo all'interventismo nella Grande Guerra. Divenne in seguito uno dei massimi teorici del fascismo.  Nasce in una famiglia altoborghese, tra le più illustri della città: un ambiente familiare intriso tanto di sollecitazioni all'impegno civile e politico quanto di suggestioni e stimoli intellettuali».  Il periodo socialista e il sindacalismo rivoluzionario Il suo impegno politico nelle file del socialismo incominciò molto presto, quando ancora frequentava il liceo classico locale, ove ebbe come maestro Carabellese.  Nel dibattito interno al socialismo italiano, diviso tra riformisti e rivoluzionari, Pa. si schiera tra i cosiddetti sindacalisti rivoluzionari, cominciando al contempo a pubblicare i suoi primi articoli sul settimanale «Avanguardia Socialista» di Labriola, quando era ancora studente dell'Università degli Studi di Napoli. Durante i suoi studi universitari il contatto con docenti come Nitti, Colajanni, PETRONE, e Salvioli contribuì alla formazione del suo pensiero socialista. Il suo percorso intellettuale fu altresì influenzato da Sorel e Francesco Saverio Merlino, i quali avevano già da tempo incominciato un processo di revisione del marxismo. il concetto di stato-nazione, il concetto di stato-razza. Citazione di “La mia battaglia”, citazione di MUSSOLINI. Scritti sistematici, evoluzione della teoria dello stato fascista – positivismo, assenza di elementi mistici. La revoluzione de perturbi e morbidi comunisti al ordine del reglamento, la dittadura come reazione alla revoluzione, il concetto di stato, popolo, nazione, antichita romana, i sindicati nella antica roma, i sindicati nella Firenze medievale, il comune del comune, la citazione della monarchia d’Aligheri, Marsilio di Padova, e Machiavelli. Il concetto di ‘stato’ nei romani. Definizione concise. Grice: “Sandown, Lordswood Road, Harborne, 1914. Dear diary: things are not going well. War has just broken out, and while Father’s little manufacturing concern may do briskly for a time, one cannot help wondering for how long. I caught him this afternoon leafing through a book with a title that sounded, to my schoolboy ear, faintly dangerous: Il sindacalismo. I must ask him where the word comes from.” Editor’s note: Italian sindacalismo is a nineteenth-century borrowing built on sindacato (a union), ultimately from medieval Latin syndicus/sindicus, “a representative or advocate,” itself from Greek syndikos (one who pleads a case with/for another), from syn (“with”) + dike (“justice,” “lawsuit”). So the root is not the factory but the court: the idea is representation and collective advocacy, originally juridical, then civic, then labour. In that sense it sits comfortably beside the old Roman legal imagination (Cicero’s world of ius, causa, and patronage), even if Cicero would not have used this specific Greek-derived term; the continuity is conceptual rather than lexical. Grice: Caro Panunzio, tra sindacalisti rivoluzionari, fascisti e socialisti, tu sembri avere più bandiere che una parata del Primo Maggio! Ma dimmi, dove si trova la vera ragione conversazionale in tutto questo trambusto politico? Panunzio: Ah, Grice, la ragione conversazionale si trova tra una discussione accesa e la pausa caffè! Basta saper ascoltare anche il nemico, perché a volte la migliore intuizione arriva proprio dal compagno di tavolo più rumoroso. Grice: Allora forse il fascismo, come il sindacalismo, è solo una questione di scegliere il tavolo giusto al bar? Se Mussolini avesse preso il cappuccino invece dell'espresso forte, magari avremmo avuto meno rivoluzioni e più dolci! Panunzio: Grice, in Italia la vera rivoluzione avviene sempre davanti a una tazzina! E se la conversazione è sincera, il popolo diventa nazione anche solo discutendo sulla ricetta della pasta. Ma attento: la dittatura si insinua quando il barista non ascolta più nessuno! Panunzio, Sergio (1914). Il sindacalismo. Firenze: Libreria Editrice Fiorentina.

Silvano Panunzio (Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazionale e il ventennio fascista. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means beyond what is explicitly said by presuming cooperative rationality and drawing defeasible inferences (implicatures) from shared expectations of relevance, sufficiency, and clarity; meaning is thus anchored in intention-recognition within ordinary communicative exchange rather than in the contemplative depth of symbols as such. Panunzio’s work, by contrast, belongs to a traditionalist and metapolitical register in which symbols are not primarily conversational devices but vehicles of sacral and initiatic significance: “contemplation” is treated as a mode of access to meaning, and the interpretive task is less to reconstruct a speaker’s intention under conversational norms than to read a symbolic order that claims authority independent of everyday talk. The comparison, then, is between pragmatic rationality and symbolic hermeneutics: Grice treats implicature as a rational mechanism that keeps communication orderly even when much is left unsaid, whereas Panunzio treats meaning as something that can be intensified by opacity and ritual distance, with the “unsaid” functioning less as a calculable inference than as a reserve of esoteric sense. From a Gricean perspective, Panunzio’s metapolitical symbolism can be redescribed as a systematic exploitation of non-detachable implicatures and audience-design (suggesting commitments and loyalties without stating them), while from a Panunzian perspective Grice’s maxims would look like a deliberately flattening discipline, adequate for ordinary civil discourse but unable, by design, to account for the kind of meaning that presents itself not as a conversational achievement but as a symbol to be contemplated. Grice: “I like his ‘contemplazione e simbolo,’ for what is a symbol for if no one is going to contemplate it!?” -- Essential Italian philosopher. Figlio di Sergio, il più noto filosofo del diritto e teorico del sindacalismo rivoluzionario. Ligato alle correnti conservatrici e contro-rivoluzionarie italiane.  Studia a Roma sotto ZOLLI. Insegna a Roma. Come Grice, alla Regia Marina, partecipa ad operazioni di guerra nel mediterraneo contro Capt. Grice, e viene insignito della Croce di Cavaliere dell'Ordine della Corona d'Italia. Collabora con “Pagine Libere”, “L'Ultima”, “Carattere” e altre riviste specializzate in studi filosofici. Si muove nella direzione di un simbolismo esoterico pieno di sacrali e regali elementi. Fonda a Roma la rivista del tradizionalismo, “Meta-Politica”. Pubblica saggi in una collana a cui darà il nome di "Dottrina dello Spirito Italiano". Il concetto di “meta-politica” è al centro del dibattito sulle radici europee da parte degli esponenti della destra e il culto del pagano (anti-cattocomune) di Benoist. Cerca di ri-condurne l'orientamento tradizionale, iniziatico, e simbolico. L’imponente biblioteca del padre è donata a Spirito che ne custodisce in gran parte anche l'archivio di famiglia.  Altri saggi: “Contemplazione e simbolo”; “Summa iniziatica occidentale” (Volpe, Roma); “Simmetria, Roma); “Metapolitica, “Roma eterna”, Babuino, Roma); “Luci di iero-sofia” (Volpe, I Classici Cristiani, Cantagalli, Siena); “La conservazione rivoluzionaria. “Dal dramma politico del Novecento alla svolta Meta-politica del Duemila”,  Il Cinabro, Catania Cielo e Terra, “Poesia, Simbolismo, Sapienza, nel poema Sacro,  Metapolitica, Roma ; Cantagalli, Siena Vicinissimi a Dio, “Summa Sanctitatis”, Gl’Eroi, Cantagalli, Siena, Vicinissimi a Dio, “Summa Sanctitatis” Siena, Cantagalli, Princípio, Appello. Storia ed Eségesi Breve. Precedente Storico e Agiografico, Roma, Scritti remoti  L’anima italiana, Sophia, Roma,  implicatura. Grice: Caro Panunzio, ho letto che ti piace contemplare i simboli. Ma dimmi, serve contemplare se poi nessuno capisce il simbolo? Forse sono come i miei appunti: profondi, ma solo per chi ha la pazienza di cercare! Panunzio: Ah, Grice, in Italia abbiamo una tradizione: se il simbolo è troppo chiaro, lo si complica subito! E poi, contemplare è come sorseggiare un caffè: anche se non tutti colgono l’aroma, basta che lo gusti chi lo prepara. Grice: Vedo che la tua meta-politica è piena di luci e di ierosofofi! Ma non rischi di perderti tra contemplazione e iniziati, come chi cerca la porta giusta nella biblioteca di tuo padre? Io mi perdo già tra le mie note! Panunzio: Grice, se ti perdi tra i simboli, vieni a Roma: in “Meta-Politica” abbiamo una mappa fatta di poesia, sacralità e qualche vecchia chiave. Ma attenzione: la chiave migliore è sempre quella che apre una buona conversazione! Panunzio, Silvano (1948). Il pensiero religioso contemporaneo. Roma: Edizioni dell'Ateneo.

Alfredo Panzini (Senigallia, Ancona, Marche): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means beyond what is explicitly said by assuming cooperative rationality and drawing defeasible inferences (implicatures) from shared expectations of relevance, informativeness, and clarity; on this view, what counts is not rhetorical ornament but the rational recognizability of intention in context. Alfredo Panzini, by contrast, sits at the intersection of rhetoric, pedagogy, and lexicography: his school Manualetto di retorica treats “figures” as teachable techniques for shaping discourse, while his Dizionario moderno registers how living usage outruns official codifications, and his comic-prose sensibility (already present in early works like Il libro dei morti) depends on exactly the sort of audience attunement and socially shared presuppositions that make jokes and irony work. The comparison, then, is between an analytic explanation and a literary-pedagogical practice: Grice tries to theorize the implicit rational norms that generate implicature in ordinary conversation, whereas Panzini trains speakers and readers to exploit those norms stylistically, turning what Grice models as inference into an art of timing, register, and allusion; from a Gricean angle, Panzini’s rhetoric and lexicography can be read as fieldwork on the same phenomenon—how communities stabilize meaning while continually producing new, non-detachable shades of what is “meant” beyond what is said. “I dedicate usually one full lecture or session in a seminar to ‘figures’, since conversational implicature is one of them!” – Keywords: la prammatica come rettorica conversazionale, Leech. P. is a prolific writer, critic, and lexicographer, with many other notable publications besides his Manualetto di retorica, the rhetoric manual. He spent most of life in Rimini. He stuied at BOLOGNA under the Nobel-prize-winning CARDUCCI. P.’s works include novels, historical writings, and a well-known dictionary. His notable publications include: Libro dei morti e de vivi—a comic novel. DIZIONARIO moderno DELLE PAROLE CHE non si trovano dei diionari comuni – a lesicographical work which went through multiple editions. Da Plombieres a Villafranca, a historical narrative. Io cerco mogie, a novel. Il mondo e rotono, a novel. Il bacio di Lesbia, a novel. Santippe, a novel. La LANTERNA di DIOGENE. P. was also a translator of classical works, including elegies of OVIDIO  and Tibullus, and VIRGILIO ’s Bucolics. P. was known for his humorous stories and his reflections on Italian society during his time. C\ L) MANUALETTO bI RETORICA GIN NUMEROSI ESEMPI E DICHIARAZIONI DI ALFREDO PANZINI *% % -+1) USO DELLE SCUOLE SECONDARIE INFERIORI UNDICESIMA EDIZIONE —@@E rr es. R. BEMPORAD & FIGLIO Epirori FIRENZE  Questo manualetto di retorica, che si ristampa sull’edizione, è stato rinnovato, direi ringiovanito,. rispetto alle prime edizioni: la qual cosa si può ben fare con un manualetto. Però il critèrio che informò la prima edizione, cioè di fare un libro che sia sèmplice e chiara quida allo scolaro, rimane. | La esperienza della scuola mi conforta sempre più nel ritenere poco profittèvoli le molte e sottili distinzioni dei precetti letteràti: molto ùtili invece le buone letture, sotto buon maestro. A. P.  ee end CHE COSA SI INTENDE PER RETORICA 0 STILISTICA E QUALE È IL SUO UFFICIO. 1_ P., Manvaletto di Reròrica. Grice: Caro Panzini, mi hanno detto che dedichi una lezione intera alle “figure” della ragione conversazionale. Ma dimmi, con tutte le tue parole, non rischi di finire in un dizionario che non si trova nei dizionari comuni? Panzini: Ah, Grice, forse sì! Ma se la parola non si trova nel dizionario, vuol dire che è viva, che gira tra le chiacchiere e il caffè. E poi, se serve una definizione, basta inventarne una col sorriso. Grice: Vedo che la prammatica, più che regola, è un’arte! Tra una lanterna di Diogene e un “bacio di Lesbia”, le implicature volano come i coriandoli. Ma la verità, si trova tra i morti o tra i vivi? Panzini: Grice, la verità si trova dove c’è qualcuno disposto a ridere! Se in una scuola la retorica ringiovanisce, allora anche il mondo è rotondo come una buona battuta. E se Santippe brontola, basta cambiare romanzo! Panzini, Alfredo (1893). Il libro dei morti. Bologna: Zanichelli.

Giovanni Giuseppe Origlia Paolino (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazionale, e il dizionario filosofico portatile per ginnasti. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means beyond what is explicitly said by presuming cooperative rationality and drawing defeasible inferences (implicatures) from shared expectations of relevance, sufficiency, and clarity; meaning is thus tied to intention-recognition within an exchange rather than to the mere presence of legal or moral vocabulary. Giovanni Giuseppe Origlia (often cited as Origlia Paolino), writing in the natural-law and civic-historical idiom of eighteenth-century Naples, approaches rationality as something to be stated in doctrines, principles, and institutional narratives: in De’ principj del dritto naturale (Naples: Giovanni Di Simone, 1746) the point is to articulate foundations and obligations (quasi-contractual duties within the civitas), while in Istoria dello studio di Napoli he reconstructs the legitimacy and genealogy of a university as a civic body. The comparison, then, is between implicit norms that govern understanding in ordinary talk and explicit norms that govern conduct in civil life: Grice makes “reason” visible in the fine structure of conversational practice, where what is meant is often left unsaid but is recoverable by rational uptake, whereas Paolino makes “reason” visible in the codified language of rights, duties, and civic institutions, where meaning is supposed to be stabilised by definition, classification, and precedent. From a Gricean angle, Paolino’s natural-law discourse still relies on conversational mechanisms—readers supply unstated premises and pragmatic links in order to see why a principle applies—yet Paolino’s aim is to minimize interpretive drift by spelling out the principj, while Grice’s aim is to explain why drift is manageable at all, because interlocutors can rationally infer what is implicated even when it is not legislated into the text. Grice: “In England, we have it easy: we have Oxford and we have Oxford. In Italy, small a country as it is, they have Bologna, Bologna, Bologna, and Nappoli, Venezia, Roma, etc.” Autore di quattro trattenimenti De' principj del dritto naturale, stampati a Napoli presso Giovanni di Simone, di un supplemento al Dizionario storico portatile di Ladvocat, ma è noto soprattutto per i due volumi della sua Istoria dello studio di Napoli, uscita anch'essa dalla stamperia di Giovanni di Simone. Si tratta della prima storia compiuta dell'Napoli, nella quale l'autore dimostra con buoni argomenti -- come ricorda Tiraboschi nella sua Storia della letteratura italiana --, che quello studio non e veramente fondato da Federico II di Svevia, ma, prima di lui, dai Normanni, benché questi non le dessero veramente forma di università e non la onorassero dei privilegi che a tali corpi convengono, cosa che invece fu fatta da Federico, che così meritò la fama di suo vero fondatore.  Opere: Origlia, Istoria dello studio di Napoli,  Torino, Giovanni Di Simone, Tiraboschi. Grice: “P. is a quasi-contractualist. His contractualist treatise is very accessible. Man is the political animal, so politics is in the essence. Polis means civil, so a man who is not civil is not a man. Paolino analyses a contract – in general, and then the social contract in particular. This sets him to analyise such duties which are addressed to the other members of the civitas. P. is also the author of a dictionary of antiquities, which has the nice alphabetical touch about it, if you are into a first  thought on Julius Caesar or Cicero! He also traced the stadium tradition to the ‘gym,’ ‘nudare’ as he notes. And notes that it started in the cities where such as Athens or Rome where the athletes needed a place to get undress and practice. He mentions Plato’s Academy (after Hekademos) and Aristotle’s Lycaeum, after the statue of Apollo Liceo, reposing after extercise. It is good to call Platonists accademici and Aristotelians liceii then. Implicatura. Grice: St John’s, November 1948. It was pleasant enough to see familiar faces at the Oxford Philosophical Society after my paper on Meaning—though I ought to have known that anything one says there returns the next morning as an objection in someone else’s hand. Hart arrived today with a slim Neapolitan volume: Paolino’s De’ principj del dritto naturale, and I found myself oddly grateful that Hart is, strictly speaking, a jurist rather than a philosopher, because he reads the title the way a lawyer reads a statute: with relish for every orthographic vice. “Notice, Grice,” he said, “the pedantic j in principj—pluralising what ought scarcely to have been plural in the first place—and notice the dropped i in dritto.” Then, with the clinical cheerfulness of a man pronouncing a diagnosis, he syllabled the last word: na-tu-ra-le. “And there you were last night,” he added, chuckling, “telling a roomful of lawyers about non-natural meaning. Surely ‘natural law’ is an a priori oxymoron—or else it’s as pleonastic as de jure jus.” I did not quite know what to say. I like the man, and I like the man behind the jurist; but it is difficult to reply to a joke when, by its very form, it is trying to make you concede more than you ever said.” Grice: Caro Paolino, ho sempre pensato che in Inghilterra ci basti Oxford, ma in Italia avete talmente tante scuole e città che il dizionario filosofico portatile non basta mai! Dimmi, quante pagine bisogna girare per trovare la “ragione conversazionale” a Napoli? Paolino: Ah, Grice, a Napoli la ragione conversazionale si trova tra una pizza e una chiacchiera! Nel mio dizionario portatile c’è una voce speciale: “Implicatura conversazionale – vedi anche: trattative tra amici al bar”. E credimi, spesso serve la ginnastica mentale più che quella fisica! Grice: Ma allora, Paolino, il contratto sociale va firmato tra una corsa allo stadio e un tuffo in biblioteca? Mi sa che a Napoli il vero “political animal” si trova all’ombra di una statua, pronto a discutere tutto, persino chi ha inventato l’università! Paolino: Esatto, Grice! Qui si discute persino sul fondatore dello studio di Napoli, tra Normanni e Svevi, ma alla fine vince chi sa argomentare meglio… o chi porta il miglior caffè! E la filosofia, come il calcio, si gioca meglio quando nessuno si prende troppo sul serio. Paolino, Giovanni Giuseppe Origilia (1746). De’ principj del dritto naturale. Napoli: presso Giovanni Di Simone.

Fulvio Papi (Trieste, Friuli-Venezia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale nella scuola di Milano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means beyond what is explicitly said by presuming cooperative rationality and then inferring implicatures from shared expectations of relevance, sufficiency, and clarity; the core idea is that much meaning is produced not by rhetorical enchantment but by accountable inference from intentions in context. Fulvio Papi, formed in the Milan school around Banfi and later attentive to the cultural-political life of language, approaches words less as vehicles of calculable inference than as historically charged instruments that can “open doors” in the imagination and in public life; his interest in the parola incantata foregrounds the performative and symbolic power of utterances, where ambiguity and resonance are not defects but part of what words do to audiences. The comparison, then, is that Grice gives a micro-theory of conversational understanding that treats implicature as a rational mechanism for bridging the gap between saying and meaning, while Papi treats language as a broader cultural practice in which words can work by charm, slogan, or symbolic condensation as much as by argument; from a Gricean angle, the “incanted word” is simply a case where speakers exploit shared assumptions and expectations to generate strong, often non-detachable implicatures, whereas from a Papi-like angle Grice’s maxims look like an analytic domestication of linguistic power, insisting that even the most spell-like utterance ultimately depends on the interlocutors’ rational capacities to recognize what is being done and why. Grice: “P.’s ‘parola incantata’ is ambiguous, as ‘charmed word’ is, “Apriti Sesamo” is Two words, and they charm, they are not charmed! “Abracadabra” may be different!” -- essential Italian philosopher.  Studia a Milano e Stresa. Insegna a Pavia. Politicamente attivo nella corrente lombardiana del partito socialista italianoI, segue un percorso che lo ve varcare le porte del Parlamento ed assumere la vice-direzione e poi la direzione dell'Avanti! Sospettando un aumento del tenore affaristico nella politica così come lui stesso dichiara in un'intervista abbandona bruscamente la filosofia e si dedica alla filosofia. Fonda Oltrecorrente. Saggi: Filosofie e società. Marx risponde a Veca, prende le distanze da Engels e rende omaggio a P.  E’ questa un delitto clamoroso che tenne le cronache dell’epoca deste anche per lo spessore di chi lo compì: Starace assassino evasore e falsario. Cugino del gerarca fascista STARACE. l’ing. Castelli, di Busto Arsizio, industriale in maglieria, vedovo e padre di un bambino, si recò a Milano. Ma la notte non rincasò. Il giorno successivo giunge ai familiari un telegramma nel quale il Castelli li informava che andava a Bologna per affari. Il telegramma era firmato Giovanni, mentre per solito il Castelli si sottoscriveva Gianni. Questo particolare e la mancanza di altre notizie indussero il padre del Castelli a recarsi a Milano per rivolgersi alla polizia. Venne accertato che il telegramma era falso. Del Castelli nessuna traccia. Mazzocchi, venne mandata dal suo convivente Starace a ritirate un ombrello che aveva dimenticato al Miralago, la Venezia dei Milanesi, in via Ronchi. Il custode la fece entrare, considerato che l’inverno il Miralago era chiuso al pubblico. Mazzocchi recatasi nel locale indicatole dallo Starace trovò il corpo di un uomo morto riverso sul pavimento: era il Castelli. La parola incantata”. fascismo, il veintennio fascismo, filosofi fascisti, enciclopedia di filosofia, filosofia e societa, la scuola di Milano, fascismo, BRUNO. Grice: St John’s, 1963. I am beginning to suspect a conspiracy—Thornton’s involved as well, no doubt. I pass Blackwell’s, half-hoping someone might want a signed copy of Butler’s freshly minted Analytical Philosophy (a joke, obviously), and what do I find them pushing instead but a large, sober Italian volume: Fulvio Papi, Il pensiero di Antonio Banfi. That is the trick of it: once you see “il pensiero di X,” you are meant to feel obliged to find out who X is, on pain of philistinism. My late father had a rule against this sort of thing: he would never read the obituary of a man he had never heard of while the man was alive. “Il pensiero” makes Banfi sound like a statue—pensieroso, something between Michelangelo and Rodin—and the implicature is wonderfully indelicate: Banfi no longer thinks. I would open the book at once and look for the table of contents, but Italians have a sly habit of putting the contents at the end, which I find paradoxical, if not faintly obscene: you are asked to read the journey before being told where the author intends to take you.” Editorial note: Banfi (1886–1957) was a leading figure in the Milan school, noted for work in epistemology, aesthetics, and a broad, historically informed rationalism; he taught at the University of Milan and influenced a generation of Italian philosophers, so Papi’s 1963 study is both a scholarly reconstruction and a commemorative continuation of a recently closed intellectual circle). Grice: Caro Papi, la tua “parola incantata” mi affascina! Ma dimmi, serve davvero a spalancare le porte del pensiero, o rischiamo di ritrovarci a urlare “Apriti Sesamo” davanti a una porta blindata? Papi: Oh Grice, la parola incantata funziona solo se la porta vuole davvero aprirsi! A Milano, tra filosofi e politici, a volte serve più una buona chiave inglese che la magia. E comunque, “Abracadabra” funziona meglio quando c’è un pubblico attento! Grice: Ma allora, caro Papi, l’implicatura conversazionale è come un trucco di prestigio: se lo sveli, perde il fascino. Forse dovremmo mettere un po’ di mistero nei nostri dialoghi, così almeno la gente resta con il fiato sospeso! Papi: Ecco, Grice, hai centrato il punto! A volte basta una battuta ben piazzata per far girare il discorso come una trottola. Dopotutto, tra filosofia e magia, chi non si incanta… si annoia! Papi, Fulvio (1963). Il pensiero di Banfi. Milano: Feltrinelli.

David Papineau (Como, Lombardia) e la filosofia italiana. P. was born in Como, where his father is working after the war. His family travels around P is young. I goes to schools in Trinidad, Lancashire and London, before spending years in Durban, South Africa. He attends Isipingo Beach Government School, Durban High School, and finally the University of Natal, where he studies mathematics and statistics. He returned to England to study philosophy at Cambridge. He does a second undergraduate degree, and then a PhD on conceptual change and scientific rationality. His first philosophy job is at Reading, where he lectures on the philosophy of social science. He leaves to join the Department of Philosophy at Macquarie in Sydney. He held a post at in the Philosophy Department at Birkbeck in London and then lectured at Cambridge. He joins King's at London as Professor of Philosophy of Science. He spends the second half of each academic year at New-York. President of the British Society for Philosophy of Science, President of the Mind Association, and President of the Aristotelian Society.  Grice: Caro Papineau, concedimi un piccolo sfogo: sei nato a Como, nel cuore di quella che noi a Vadum Boum (Oxford) chiamiamo il “lake district” – una delle zone più incantevoli d’Italia! Eppure, con tutto quel splendore e la musicalità della lingua italiana che ti circondava, ancora non riesci a padroneggiare il tuo vernacolo! Mi sembra quasi un peccato capitale! Papineau: Hai perfettamente ragione, Grice. A volte mi sento come un viaggiatore che si ferma davanti a un banchetto abbondante e non sa da dove cominciare. La verità è che la mia infanzia itinerante mi ha portato da Como fino a Trinidad, Lancashire e Londra, e poi addirittura a Durban, in Sudafrica! L’italiano mi è sempre rimasto un po’ esotico, come una melodia che si ascolta da lontano. Grice: Ma allora, Papineau, come fai a riflettere sulla filosofia italiana se la lingua ti sfugge? La lingua non è solo uno strumento, è l’anima stessa della filosofia! Immagina parlare di “ragione conversazionale” o “implicatura” senza cogliere il sapore sottile delle parole locali – sarebbe come gustare un gelato senza sentire il profumo della vaniglia! Papineau: Grice, hai ragione – e infatti provo a compensare con la curiosità e un pizzico di umiltà. Ho imparato che la filosofia, come la lingua, si apre a chi la accoglie con rispetto e meraviglia. Quindi, anche se il mio italiano non sarà mai perfetto, cerco almeno di “implicare” il senso, e – come dicono dalle tue parti – di non perdere il filo della conversazione!

Papirio (Roma): la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano –A member of the Garden, and friend of CICERONE’s. CICERONE writes a letter to him in which he rebukes P. for ‘his use of obscenities’. Grice: “In my vernacular: ‘Fuck, you do swear, man!’! -Papirio Peto. GRICEVS: Papiri, quid agis in horto Romano? Dic mihi, nonne Cicero te castigavit ob verba turpia? PAPIRIVS: O Griceve, hortus est locus philosophiae et liberorum verborum! Cicero nimium gravis est, sed ego amo risum et convivia. GRICEVS: At, Papiri, si omnes ita loquantur, forum mox fit taberna! Quid de implicatura conversatoria, minus turpia verba fortasse? PAPIRIVS: Bene, Griceve, implicatura meae sunt semper salae. Si verbum obscenum dicam, totam curiam ridere faciam. Vita brevis, ridendum est!

Abele Parente (Caselle Pittari, Salerno) e la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “P. is an Italian doctor, philanthropist, and author. While he is often noted for his linguistic or religious texts, his broader body of work and legacy includes:  Other Published Works & Contributions Compendio della storia della bella letteratura italiana: P. is credited as a contributor to this compendium published in Naples, which provides a summary of Greek, Latin, and Italian literature. Medical and Philanthropic Correspondence: He was a physician by profession and engaged in extensive intellectual correspondence with notable figures, such as the writer Annie Vivanti. Historical Legacy and Natural History: He played a significant role in preserving historical scientific works; for example, he is cited as a source for the unpublished entomological plates and scientific drawings of the physician Cirillo. Legacy and Personal Background Philanthropy: Upon his death, Parente bequeathed his extensive personal collection of 2,600 volumesto the National Library of Naples and left his assets to his hometown of Caselle in Pittari. Global Presence: He spent significant time in Brazil, where he owned multiple properties, indicating his status as a prominent figure in the Italian diaspora before returning his focus and legacy to Italy.  Grice goes on to explore more details about his bequest to the National Library of Naples or his connection to Domenico Cirillo?” Keywords: implicature. DELL'USO E DEI PREGI DELLA LINGUA ITALIANA COGLI OPUSCOLI ANNESSI ALLA EDIZIONE È * DI TORINO Satis mirari'non queo, unde hoc sit tam insolens domesticarum rerum fastidium . i Cic. de Finib. Lib. I, $. ur, FIRENZE MOLINI, LANDI E COMP.  ted si [ LI .  Le Opere del Sig. Cav. Galeani Napione. Torinese riscossero l’approvazione,-e le lodi dei maggiori Letterati d’Italia. In una delle prime ch'ei desse a luce (1) avendo, egli contradetto ad una opinione manife- stata dal chiar. Tiraboschi nel Tom. I. del- la sua Storia, questi nella seconda edizio- ne di essa (2), desiderio nota l di poche lettere. ci riguardano riflessioni, i quadri a mal pensare propenso le azioni nostre de’ Romani eserciti desiderio. Grice: Parente, ho sentito che hai lasciato 2.600 volumi alla Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli. Puntavi a conquistare la biblioteca, o speravi solo che qualcuno leggesse finalmente le tavole entomologiche inedite di Cicerone? Parente: Oh Grice, Cicerone avrebbe apprezzato una buona collezione di insetti; volevo solo che Napoli avesse abbastanza libri nel caso qualcuno avesse bisogno di una nota a piè di pagina per ogni conversazione. E poi, così il mio paese natale Caselle in Pittari resta sulla mappa—almeno per le sovraccoperte impolverate! Grice: E la tua corrispondenza con Annie Vivanti—era più una consulenza medica o una diagnosi letteraria? Prescrivevi una dose di Petrarca o consigliavi una tazza forte di espresso per la malinconia esistenziale? Parente: Un po’ di entrambe! Ogni volta che Annie si lamentava per il blocco dello scrittore, suggerivo la lingua italiana come cura, ma per i casi davvero seri, sì—espresso e una passeggiata nella letteratura greca, latina e italiana. Fa miracoli per l’implicatura conversazionale, fidati! Parente, Abele (1899). La febbre gialla a bordo del Lombardia nella baia di Rio. Rio de Janeiro.

Luigi Pareyson (Piasco, Cuneo, Piemonte) e l’implicatura conversazionale: implicare, impiegare, ed interpretare, il liberalismo, il risorgimento, e il fascismo. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means beyond what is explicitly said by assuming cooperative rationality and then inferring implicatures from shared expectations of relevance, sufficiency, and clarity; the core explanatory notions are communicative intention and the rational recognizability of that intention in a conversational setting. Pareyson, by contrast, is a philosopher of interpretation and existence: formed in the Turin milieu and early aligned with existential thought (Jaspers, Heidegger), he treats meaning as something that emerges through interpretive activity rather than as something fixed by a formal code, and his later hermeneutic orientation makes understanding itself a productive, historically situated act rather than a mere decoding. The comparison, then, is that Grice offers a micro-pragmatics of how specific utterances convey more than they say through principled inference in dialogue, whereas Pareyson offers a macro-hermeneutics of how human existence, freedom, and tradition call for interpretation as a constitutive practice; where Grice makes implicature the rational bridge between saying and meaning in ordinary conversation, Pareyson makes interpretation the bridge between finite human perspective and the sense of the world, so that “implicare” for Grice is a disciplined conversational inference, while for Pareyson “interpretare” is the deeper condition under which any such inferences can matter at all. Linceo. Nato da genitori entrambi originari della Valle d'Aosta, si laurea a Torino con una tesi dal titolo “Esistenza” – su Jaspers, che poi venne pubblicata all'editore Loffredo di Napoli. Compe spesso viaggi di studio in Francia e in Germania, dove ebbe modo di conoscere personalmente Maritain, Jaspers eHeidegger. Si fece notare dai più importanti filosofi del tempo, tra i quali Gentile. Allievo di  Solari e Guzzo, dopo aver seguito in Germania i corsi di Jaspers, insegna a Torino e Cuneo, dove ha come allievi alcuni esponenti della resistenza, tra i quali Revelli e Vivanti. È arrestato per alcuni giorni, in seguito agì egli stesso nella Resistenza, insieme con Bobbio, Ferrero, Galimberti e Chiodi, continuando a pubblicare anonimamente articoli.  Nel dopoguerra insegnò al Gioberti e in vari atenei tra cui Pavia e Torino dove, conseguito l'ordinariato. Fu accademico dei Lincei e membro dell'Institut international de philosophie, oltre che direttore della Rivista di estetica, succedendo a Stefanini che la fondò  a Padova. Ha molti allievi, fra cui ECO, VATTIMO, TOMATIS, PERNIOLA, GIOVONE, Riconda, Marconi, Massimino, Ravera, Perone, Ciancio, Pagano, Magris e Zanone, segretario del partito liberale, ministro della repubblica e sindaco di Torino. Considerato tra i maggiori filosofi, assieme a ABBAGNANO è tra i primi a far conoscere l'esistenzialismo, e a riconoscersi in questa visione, la filosofia dell'esistenza , in un quadro dominato dal neo-idealismo. Si dedica anche a dare una nuova interpretazione dell'idealismo non più in chiave hegeliana (Fichte), individuando in Schelling un precursore a cui l'esistenzialismo doveva la propria ascendenza, sostenendo che «gli esistenzialisti autentici, i soli veramente degni del nome, Heidegger, Jaspers e Marcel. implicare ed interpretare, “Liberalismo, risorgimento, fascismo” – la filosofia politica fascista, la morale fascista, Pareyson e Gentile, fascismo, I saggi anonimi di Pareyson, ‘Liberalismo, risorgimento, fascismo. Grice: “St John’s, December 1938. I am glad enough to be at St John’s, but I often find myself running—metaphorically—to Merton for comfort: philosophy breathes there, whereas our former Cistercian abbey still manages, at times, to transpire like a club. And there, on the round table, I find the latest issue of the Giornale critico della filosofia italiana. What, I wonder, is critico doing there? And worse, what is italiano doing there? Since when did philosophy come with a visa? The opening piece is called Note sulla filosofia dell’esperienza, and I am reminded that for Boethius a nota is simply something known—so these “notes” are a plural flourish, as otiose, perhaps, as critico and italiano. Which leaves, at last, the one phrase with any real promise: filosofia dell’esperienza. When Hardie first introduced me to the moderns, he put it very pointedly: it all began with Telesio, down in the south. But for some reason I doubt that is what young Pareyson is noting here—unless, of course, “experience” is merely the respectable name for whatever it is that the Italians insist on doing to philosophy when they are not busy turning verbs into nouns.” Grice: Pareyson, mi sorprende sempre come in italiano il verbo “implicare” si trasformi in “impiegare”! In inglese abbiamo “imply”, “employ” e “implicate” — tre termini distinti. Ma qui, quasi mi viene da dire “employ” invece di “imply”! Che ne pensi di questa curiosa sovrapposizione linguistica? Pareyson: Caro Grice, è davvero una sfumatura affascinante, che mette in luce la ricchezza e la complessità della lingua italiana. “Implicare”, “impiegare” e persino “interpretare” si intrecciano non solo sul piano linguistico, ma anche filosofico: pensi a come la mia riflessione sull’interpretazione dell’esistenza e della libertà abbia trovato spazio proprio tra questi termini! Spesso, ciò che sembra una semplice differenza lessicale rivela un intero universo di significati. Grice: Ecco, mi piace come l’italiano porta la conversazione verso la dimensione dell’interpretazione, quasi che “implicare” non sia solo un suggerimento, ma anche un invito a impiegare e comprendere. Nel tuo pensiero, come si riflette questa tensione tra “implicare” e “impiegare” nella filosofia politica, specialmente riguardo a liberalismo, risorgimento e fascismo? Pareyson: Proprio così! Nella mia visione, implicare non è un atto passivo, ma un gesto attivo, un “impiegare” la ragione e la libertà nella storia. Liberalismo, risorgimento e fascismo sono momenti in cui la filosofia non solo interpreta ma anche impiega — cioè mette in opera — valori e principi. Così, la morale e la politica si intrecciano, e il filosofo deve essere sempre pronto a interpretare il senso profondo di ciò che implica e di ciò che impiega nella realtà concreta. Pareyson, Luigi (1938) Note sulla filosofia dell’esperienza. Giornale critico della filosofia italiana.

Giovanni Paolo Parisio (Figline Vegliaturo, Cosenza, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Cicerone e la prammatica come retorica conversazionale secondo Leech. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means beyond what is explicitly said by assuming cooperative rationality and drawing defeasible inferences (implicatures) from shared expectations of relevance, sufficiency, and clarity; on this view, the “extra” content of an utterance is not ornament but a predictable product of rational interaction. Giovanni Paolo Parisio (better known on title pages as Aulus Janus Parrhasius), by contrast, stands in the humanist tradition where rhetoric is not a pragmatic by-product of conversation but an explicit discipline of reading, teaching, and commentary: his Horatian scholarship (for instance his Ars poetica cum commentariis, printed in Naples in 1531 and later in Lyon) models an ordered relation between authoritative text and interpretive voice, with the commentator openly shaping what the reader is to notice, admire, or condemn. The comparison is therefore between implicit inference and explicit exegesis: Grice analyzes how ordinary speakers manage meaning by leaving much unsaid yet still recoverable through shared rational norms, whereas Parisio institutionalizes interpretive guidance through rhetorical pedagogy, making the “between-the-lines” work overt in the form of commentary, precept, and classical exemplum. From a Gricean angle, Parisio’s rhetorical practice can be seen as a codified way of steering readers toward intended implicatures (what a passage suggests, not merely states), while from a Parisian angle, Grice’s maxims look like a late, analytic attempt to systematize the very arts of audience-direction and interpretive control that classical rhetoric had long treated as the core of educated discourse. Grice: “I like P.; he focused on rhetoric, as every philosopher should!” Come molti filosofi italiani senza titolo nobiliario, ha una vita errabonda. Dopo aver fatto un viaggio di studio a Corfù, ritorna in patria dove apre una scuola. Si trasfere a Napoli dove ottenne cariche e favori dal re Ferrandino. Risiede per qualche tempo a Roma per poi trasferirsi a Milano dove sposa la figlia del filosofo CALCONDILA. Dopo aver abitato a Vicenza, Padova e Venezia, torna a Cosenza, dove fonda l'accademia. Recatosi a Roma, invitato da Leone, vi insegna nell'accademia di Pomponio e nell'archiginnasio. Rimame a Roma fino alla morte di Leone,  dopo di che ritorna definitivamente a Cosenza. Saggi: ORAZIO Ars poetica, cum trium doctissimorum commentariis; Acronis, Porphyrionis. Adiectæ sunt præterea doctissimæ Glareani adnotationes. Lugduni veneo: a Philippo Rhomano); ORAZIO FOmnia poemata cum ratione carminum, et argumentis vbique insertis, interpretibus Acrone, Porphyrione, Mancinello, necnon Iodoco Badio Ascensio viris eruditissimis. Scoliisque Politiani, M. Sabellici, Coelij Rhodigini, Pij, Criniti, Manutij, Bonfinis et Bononiensis nuper adiunctis. His nos præterea annotationes doctissimorum Thylesij, Robortelli, atque Glareani apprime vtiles addidimus; Sipontini libellus de metris odarum, Auctoris vita ex Crinito. implicatura, implicatura retorica, Cicerone, filosofia italiana, gl’antichi romani, Livio, Catullo, Orazio, Cicerone, Stazio, l’oratoria, il gusto per l’antico in Italia. PARRHASIANA, VICO, SABBALDINI sull’importanza da P., grammatica speculativa, grammatica modista, ars grammatica, probo, Donato, Prisciano, la grammatica, la dialettica e la retorica, grammatica razionale, psicologia razionale, breviario, compendio, o manuale di retorica latina, il parlar o conversar greco, la retorica d’Aristotele, il parlar o conversare latino, la retorica o ars oratoria di Cicerone, diritto romano, giurisprudenza-. Grice: “St John’s, 1964. Parisio ought to be a lesson both to my tutor and to my tutee—Hardie, the Aristotelian tutor, and Ackrill, the Aristotelian tutee. For Parisio did not comment on Aristotle, as Hardie and Ackrill do, but on Horace, and yet he manages to outflank them both with a simple piece of scholarly decency: Q. Horatii Flacci Ars poetica cum commentariis. Horace first, commentary second. Hardie’s notes on the Ethics are, too often, notes on Hardie; he scarcely allows the Stagirite to speak. Ackrill, bless him for his acknowledgements, does something worse: he steals Aristotle’s voice altogether, renders him into a crisp modern English, and then spares us the commentarius—the thing that admits, openly, that one is interpreting. Parisio at least keeps the order straight: text on top, commentator beneath, each in his proper place. Where, I find myself wondering, has Oxford scholarship wandered off to, that even this elementary courtesy now feels like a foreign virtue?” Grice: Parisio, mi affascina il modo in cui la tua riflessione sulla ragione conversazionale si intreccia con la prammatica come retorica, specialmente seguendo la lezione di Cicerone. Non credi che la conversazione sia una forma d’arte, dove ogni implicatura è una pennellata di significato?  Parisio: Caro Grice, sono d’accordo! La conversazione è al tempo stesso arte e tecnica. Come sosteneva Cicerone, è la retorica che ci permette di dare forma alle idee, e la prammatica ne rivela la profondità. Le implicature sono come i versi di Orazio: suggeriscono più di quanto dicano, e creano un dialogo tra antico e moderno.  Grice: Ecco, proprio questa fusione tra la parola e il gesto conversazionale rende la filosofia italiana così ricca. Non è forse vero che la grammatica speculativa e la retorica, da Donato a Prisciano, si sono evolute insieme per insegnarci a conversare con gusto e profondità?  Parisio: Hai colto il punto, Grice! La conversazione è un breviario vivente, dove ogni parola è scelta con cura. L’oratoria di Cicerone, la dialettica greca, e la retorica latina sono strumenti che, ancora oggi, ci insegnano l’arte del parlare e del conversare. È questo gusto per l’antico che rende la filosofia italiana sempre attuale e capace di dialogare con il mondo. Parisio, Giovanni Paolo (1531). Q. Horatii Flacci Ars poetica cum commentaris. Npoli.

Alessandro Pascoli (Perugia, Umbria): la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazionale, e la fisio-logia. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats understanding as a rational, norm-guided practice: what a speaker means is often not exhausted by what is explicitly said, and hearers recover the intended point by assuming cooperation and drawing defeasible inferences (implicatures) from relevance, sufficiency, and the speaker’s purposes. Alessandro Pascoli, by contrast, represents an early modern “geometrical” scientific ambition applied to physiology and medicine, as in his treatise on the nature and causes of fevers: explanation is pursued by constructing a systematic account of causes, mechanisms, and bodily functions, with rhetoric and enthymeme serving as instruments for teaching and persuasion rather than as the engine of meaning itself. The comparison, then, is between two notions of reason: Grice’s reason is interactional and pragmatic, governing how communicators responsibly bridge the gap between saying and meaning in everyday discourse, while Pascoli’s reason is explanatory and methodological, governing how one moves from observed signs and symptoms to causal accounts of nature. From a Gricean angle, Pascoli’s “signs” of fever are cases of natural meaning (symptoms as evidence) and do not yet engage the intention-based, cancellable implicatures that arise in conversation; from a Pascolian angle, Grice’s maxims look like a medical-style discipline applied to talk itself, treating conversational exchanges as a field where one must diagnose misleading appearances and trace them back to the operative principles that make understanding possible. Grice: “An excellent philosopher. He philosophised on the will, on the soul, and on a functionalist approach.” Lingua. Fratello di Leone P. Insegna a Roma e Perugia. Tiene dimostrazioni anatomiche mediante dissezione di cadaveri, come il suo collega e concorrente Andrea Vesalio. Intrattenne una vasta corrispondenza con intellettuali di tutta Europa.  Le sue opere filosofiche e scientifiche seguono i metodi di Descartes et Malebranche. I suoi trattati di metafisica, medicina e matematica esibiscono una filosofia coerente e metodico che dimostra la vitalità filosofica della cultura italiana del periodo. Saggi: “Del moto che nei mobili si rifonde per impulso esteriore”; Metodo per introdursi ad imitazion de' geometri con ordine, chiarezza, e brevità nelle più sottili questioni di filosofia metafisiche, logiche, morali e fisiche” (Poletti, Andrea); “Del moto che nei mobili si rifonde per impulso esteriore, Salvioni, Giovanni Maria); “Del moto che ne i mobili si rifonde in virtù di loro elastica possanza” (Bernabò, Rocco); Delle febbri teorica e pratica secondo il nuovo sistema ove tutto si spega per quanto e possible ad imitazione de gemetri; Il corpo umano o breve istoria dove con nuovo metodo si descrivono in comendio tuti gl’organi suoi ed I loro principali offij; De fibra mortice et morbosa nec non de experimentis ac morbis; Metodo per introdursi ad imitazione de geometri con ordine, chiarezza e brevita nelle piu sottil qestioni di filosofia logica, morale, e fisica. Osservazione teoretiche e pratiche inviate per lettere; “Sofilo Molossio, pastore arcade, e custode delg’ARMENTI AUTOMATICI in Arcadi gli difende dallo scrutinio ne che fa nella sua critica Papi” (Roma); Fisiologia, corpo, galileo, il fuco di Girgenti, Cicerone, Bianchini. Verissimo, non mi piace medicar le donne, ma non le regine” spiegazione dell’entimema in termini dell’intenzione dei communicatori – chi da il segno e chi lo receve – il segno sensibili dell’idea della cosa. Equivoco se il termine e dunque la proposizione rippresenta due idee. Grice: “St John’s, July 1960. Now that Austin is resting in peace—God keep and bless his soul—I have been compiling what I call a catalogue of fallacies for an upcoming Aristotelian Society symposium. I have heard Hart (and his fellow-fellow Honoré) talk of cause as though it were a term of art that applies chiefly to delinquents; but leafing through a venerable Italian volume I begin to see the vintage of the habit. There on my desk is a precious copy of Pascoli’s Della natura, e delle cause delle febbri. I drop the delle, as Italians do not, and try to think singularly: one fever, one poor Karen with her febbre, one wretched body demanding an explanation. One can feel, almost physically, why Pascoli thought it worth a treatise. Yet the comic side returns at once: who would ever write a treatise on the cause of Timothy’s not having a fever—Timothy perpetually outdoors, perpetually uninteresting to the doctor? And then I remember how easily we philosophers botany our words: “cause” is made to look like a single plant with a single root, when in truth it spreads across a whole field of uses, medical, legal, and moral, each with its own temptations to fallacy and each, in the wrong hands, capable of being mistaken for the others.” Grice: Caro Pascoli, mi stupisce sempre la tua capacità di unire la filosofia alla dissezione anatomica. Dimmi, quando analizzi il corpo umano, trovi implicature anche tra le costole? Pascoli: Grice, certo! Ogni costola ha la sua ragione conversazionale – e se ne manca una, è solo perché qualche Adamo ha implicato troppo! Grice: Ah, quindi la fisiologia è una grande conversazione tra organi? Allora il cuore sarà il filosofo, e il fegato quello che interpreta tutto... anche le battute! Pascoli: Esatto! E se qualcuno non afferra l’implicatura, basta una febbre teorica – come dici tu – per rimettere tutto in ordine. La prossima volta, porto l’entimema invece dello stetoscopio! Pascoli, Alessandro (1766). Della natura, e delle cause delle febbri. Lucca: Marescandoli.

Giovanni Pascoli (San Mauro, Forli-Cesena, Emilia-Romagna): la ldecadenza divina e l’implicatura conversazionale. Considerato il maggior filosofo decadente, nonostante la sua formazione principalmente positivistica.  Dal Fanciullino, articolo programmatico, emerge una concezione intima e interiore del sentimento poetico, orientato alla valorizzazione del particolare e del quotidiano, e al recupero di una dimensione infantile e quasi primitiva. D'altra parte, solo il poeta può esprimere la voce del "fanciullino" presente in ognuno: quest'idea consente a P. di rivendicare per sé il ruolo, per certi versi ormai anacronistico, di "poeta vate", e di ribadire allo stesso tempo l'utilità morale (specialmente consolatoria) e civile della poesia.  Egli, pur non partecipando attivamente ad alcun movimento letterario dell'epoca, né mostrando particolare propensione verso la poesia europea contemporanea (al contrario d’ANNUNZIO), manifesta nella propria produzione tendenze prevalentemente spiritualistiche e idealistiche, tipiche della cultura di fine secolo segnata dal progressivo esaurirsi del positivismo. Complessivamente la sua opera appare percorsa da una tensione costante tra la vecchia tradizione classicista ereditata da Carducci e le nuove tematiche decadenti. Risulta infatti difficile comprendere il vero significato delle sue opere più importanti, se si ignorano i dolorosi e tormentosi presupposti biografici e psicologici che egli stesso ri-organizzò per tutta la vita, in modo ossessivo, come sistema semantico di base del proprio mondo poetico e artistico. Nacque in provincia di Forlì all'interno di una famiglia benestante, quarto dei dieci figli due dei quali morti molto piccolo di Ruggero P., amministratore della tenuta La Torre della famiglia dei principi Torlonia, e di Caterina Vincenzi Alloccatelli. I suoi familiari lo chiamano affettuosamente Zvanì. Il padre e assassinato con una fucilata, sul proprio calesse, mentre tornava a casa da Cesena. Le ragioni del delitto, forse di natura politica o forse dovute a contrasti di lavoro, non sono mai chiarite e i responsabili rimasero ignoti. Grice: Pascoli, ti definiscono il filosofo decadente, ma io ti vedo più come un “fanciullino” con la barba! Dimmi, la poesia consola davvero o bisogna prima capire la decadenza divina? Pascoli: Grice, la decadenza è solo un modo elegante per dire che ogni tanto serve un po’ di consolazione – come una tazza di cioccolata calda. Il “fanciullino” che c’è in me preferisce guardare le nuvole e trovare le implicature nel canto dei merli. Grice: Allora, caro Pascoli, se il poeta vate è ormai anacronistico, forse dovresti fondare una chat per fanciullini decadenti: conversazioni in cui si parla solo di conigli, temporali e implicature nascoste! Pascoli: Ottima idea, Grice! Ma attenzione: nella mia chat, se qualcuno non capisce il significato nascosto, riceverà una pioggia di versi e metafore. Così la decadenza sarà solo un pretesto per giocare con la ragione conversazionale! Pascoli, Giovanni (1882). Myricae. Bologna: Zanichelli.

Pace Pasini (Vicenza, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, you’re the cream in my coffee, the salt in my stew, GENUS SPECIES, eschatology, e la meta-meta-fora del cavaliere perduto. Studia a Padova applicandosi agli studi giuridici, che ben presto trascura per interessarsi della nuova scienza è in contatto con Galilei e  soprattutto della filosofia, seguendo assiduamente le lezioni di Cremonini, impegnato nel commento mortalista della “Fisica” e del “De coelo” di Aristotele e seguace dell'aristotelismo critico e razionalistico di Pomponazzi, che mette in discussione l'immortalità dell'anima e alcuni dogmi cattolici. Uno dei incogniti, uno dei circoli più attive, vivaci libere. A tale adesione alcuni biografi settecenteschi attribuiscono le accuse di eresia nei suoi confronti. Come invece dimostra una serie di documenti dell'Archivio di Stato di Venezia, e un fatto di sangue a determinare il provvedimento giudiziario che lo condanna all'esilio. Per un futile contenzioso privato (un diritto di passaggio riconosciuto a dei vicini), insieme con il fratello Vittelio e alcuni sicari,  nella villa Pavaran uccide Malo e ne ferì gravemente il fratello. Condannato a cinque anni di esilio a Zara, poi ridotti di circa la metà, e assolto e liberato. Reintegrato nella società vicentina, e vicario a Barbarano e a Orgiano, dove era già stato agli inizi della carriera. La sua vita dove scorrere come quella di tanti nobili di provincia, tra affari privati, responsabilità amministrative, passione letteraria e interessi culturali, sempre presente l'ossequio al potere della Serenissima: dediche e composizioni sono spesso dirette a podestà, capitani e dogi. Si registra un stretto legame gl’incogniti e una grande produzione letteraria. Fa parte della corrente poetica del marinismo, che ha in Marino il proprio modello. ””Rime varie, et gli increduli, ouero De' rimedii d'amore: dialogo. Dedicate al molto illustre Godi (Vicenza) Implicatura, il cavalier perduto, la metafora, “dall’una metafora all’altra,  galilei, cremonini, degl’incogniti, keplero, Manzoni, rapimento, anonimo, incognito, meta-meta-fora. Grice: Pasini, mi incuriosisce il modo in cui hai intrecciato la conversazione filosofica con la metafora del cavaliere perduto. È come se, tra implicature e meta-meta-fora, tu riuscissi a far emergere nuove sfumature del pensiero. Come nasce questa tua predilezione per la metafora e l’incognito?  Pasini: Grice, la metafora è il mio modo di dare voce a ciò che resta celato tra le righe. Nel percorso filosofico, soprattutto seguendo le lezioni di Cremonini e l’aristotelismo critico, ho trovato nell’incognito e nel dialogo poetico una forma di libertà; il cavaliere perduto diventa simbolo di chi cerca, anche quando il sentiero sembra smarrito.  Grice: E allora potremmo dire che la tua implicatura conversazionale non è solo un esercizio di stile, ma un invito a superare i confini del sapere codificato. La tua vicenda, tra accuse di eresia e anni di esilio, sembra confermare che la filosofia, come la conversazione, è sempre a rischio di essere fraintesa o ostacolata, proprio come il cavaliere perduto.  Pasini: Esattamente, Grice. La conversazione filosofica è sempre un viaggio, tra il noto e l’ignoto, tra il genus e la species, fra rime e rimedi d’amore. Essere “la crema nel caffè” o “il sale nello stufato” — come dici tu — significa arricchire ogni discorso con la forza dell’implicatura e della metafora, cercando il senso anche nelle pieghe più oscure della vita e del pensiero. Pasini, Pace (1623). Il Paradiso de’ Fanciulli. Venezia: Evangelista Deuchino.

Conte Elia Rossi Passavanti (Terni, Umbria) e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’eroe. Partecipa alla Grande Guerra c sergente nel IV reggimento Genova cavalleria, in cui e protagonista di incredibili atti di eroismo. Partecipa  alla occupazione di Fiume tra i legionari di Annunzio. Da soldato, da caporale, da aiutante di battaglia, fulgido, costante esempio, trascinatore d’uomini, cinque volte ferito, tre volte mutilato, mai lo strazio della sua carne lo accasciò, sempre fu dovuto a forza allontanare dalla lotta; sempre appena possibile, vi seppe tornare, ed in essa fu sempre primo fra i primi, incurante di sé e delle sofferenze del suo corpo martoriato. In critica situazione, con generoso slancio, fece scudo del suo petto al proprio comandante, e due volte, benché gravemente ferito, si sottrasse, attaccando, alla stretta nemica. Con singolare ardimento, trascinava il suo plotone di arditi all’attacco di forte, munitissima posizione nemica; impossibilitato ad avanzare, perché intatti i reticolati, fieramente rispondeva con bombe a mano, alle intense raffiche di mitragliatrici. Obbligato a ripiegare, sebbene ferito, sostava ripetutamente per impedire eventuali contrattacchi. Avuta notizia di una nuova azione, abbandonava l’ospedale in cui l’avevano ricoverato, e raggiungeva il suo reparto; trasportato dai suoi, riusciva a prendere parte anche alla gloriosa offensiva finale. Soldato veramente, più che di carne e di nervi, dall’anima e dal corpo forgiati di acciaio e di ottima tempra. Superdecorato, volontariamente nei ranghi della nuova guerra, per la maggiore grandezza della Patria, riconfermava il suo meraviglioso passato di eroico soldato. A capo della propaganda di una grande unità, seppe dimostrare che più che le parole valgono i fatti e fu sempre dove maggiore era il rischio e combatté con i fanti nelle linee più tormentate. Eroe, Annunzio, Fiume, il concetto di economia di stato, l’economia di stato presso i romani, la terni pre-romana, la terni no-romana, la terni umbra, la terni osca, la lingua umbra, l’idea italiana, economia di stato. Grice: Passavanti, tu devi avere più medaglie di un intero reggimento di cavalleria! Dimmi, hai mai usato l’implicatura conversazionale per schivare un proiettile? Passavanti: Grice, magari funzionasse così! Il mio miglior trucco era convincere il mio comandante che ero solo “lievemente contuso” quando in realtà mi mancava mezza gamba. Questa sì che è economia conversazionale! Grice: Immagino che guidando un plotone di arditi, ogni frase sia un ordine. O forse bastava gridare “A Fiume!” sperando che il nemico si confondesse ascoltando la tua lezione sull’economia di stato! Passavanti: Esatto, Grice! Se non capivano la differenza tra economia umbra e osca, di solito si arrendevano solo per gentilezza. Questa è la vera forza della conversazione gestita dallo Stato! Passavanti, Conte Elia Rossi (1875). Studi letterari. Firenze: Successori Le Monnier.

Iacopo Passavanti (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Entra nell’ordine domenicano, presso il convento fiorentino di S. Maria Novella. Dei primi studi, presumibilmente regolari, non si sa nulla. Venne inviato a completare l’istruzione nello studio generale domenicano di S. Giacomo a Parigi. Del soggiorno parigino non si hanno notizie specifiche. Studia di sicuro teologia, e probabilmente apprende le arti liberali. Non se ne conosce neppure la durata, ma secondo le norme dell’Ordine non puo superare il tri-ennio. In un intervallo compreso tra il ritorno da Parigi e cadono, senza per altro se ne possano stabilire le date, suoi lettorati a Pisa, a Siena e a Roma -- a S. Maria sopra Minerva e i priorati di Pistoia e di San Miniato al Tedesco. È sicura al contrario la designazione nel capitolo provinciale di Pisa come predicatore a S. Maria Novella e l’altra nel capitolo di Gubbio quale predicatore generale. È incaricato dal consiglio di S. Maria Novella di scegliere tra i libri dei frati morti durante la peste quelli che giudicasse utili alla libreria di recente istituzione. Egli stesso contribuì al suo accrescimento con volumi suoi, come informano alcune note di possesso autografe pervenuteci -- Pomaro.  Tra i numerosi uffici di fiducia di particolare importanza di cui venne investito vi fu quello di «operarius», preposto, della fabbrica di S. Maria Novella: ne dà testimonianza il Necrologium, in cui si legge come «hic propter suam industriam factus fuit operarius ecclesie nostre, quam tantum promovit, magnificavit et decoravit in multis scilicet testudinibus pluribus et picturis, ut nullus unquam operarius tantum fecerit in eadem-- Orlandi. Nessuna fonte indica l’anno in cui assunse l’impegno, tuttavia, ragionevolmente dove intervenire negli ultimi lavori, per il completamento della chiesa. In particolare, un documento prova come a questa data avesse fatto eseguire le pitture della cappella maggiore a spese dei Tornaquinci. libro dei sogni. Grice: Passavanti, ma quanti libri hai dovuto scegliere per la biblioteca di S. Maria Novella? Immagino ti sia sentito il custode dei sogni più che dei volumi! Passavanti: Grice, in effetti qualche sogno l’ho perso tra le pagine... ma sai, selezionare libri durante la peste era più difficile che cercare implicature tra i sermoni domenicani! Grice: E quante implicature hai trovato tra i frati? Magari qualcuno, invece di filosofare, lasciava solo indizi nascosti tra le copertine… come le pitture della cappella maggiore! Passavanti: Ah, caro Grice, ogni libro era una conversazione: c’era chi scriveva per spiegare e chi per complicare. Alla fine, ho decorato la chiesa come la mente: tra ragione, sogni e un po’ di humor domenicano! Passavanti, Iacopo (1343). Specchio della vera penitenza. Firenze.

Marco Antonio Genua de’Passeri (Padova, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del lizio. Grice: “He was Zabarella’s uncle – mine worked in the railways!” -- Grice: “It’s amazing how much a little book like Aristotle’s ‘Peri psycheos’ influenced those Renaissance and pre-Renaissance Italians! Surely they were concerned about the immortality or other of the soul!” Essential Italian philosopher. Pubblica commentarii al De Anima e alla fisica contro BONAIUTI. Dimostra la perfetta convergenza fra le idee del lizio e BONAIUTI sulla dottrina dell'unità dell'intelletto. Disputatio de intellectus humani immortalitate; De anima Venezia, Iunctas Perchacinum; Paladini, La scienza animastica. Nome con il quale è noto il filosofo averroista M. A. de’ P. Figlio di Niccolò, che aveva insegnato arti e poi medicina a Padova, occupa la cattedra di filosofia nella stessa univ. in concorrenza dapprima con ZIMARA, poi Maggi. È autore di commentari alla fisica e al de anima del lizio, dove intende dimostrare il perfetto accordo fra Averroè e Simplicio sulla dottrina dell’unità dell’intelletto. D’un punto di vista averroistico polemizza contro Pomponazzi e gli alessandristi. At cum Latini uideantur hoc negare, nosrem ita esse comprobare possumus quoniam Aristotele cum dederit communem ANIMA. Animæ definitione subiungit et propriam cuiusque gradus dicendam fore et prior rem natura esse vegetativam sensitiva, quod in codem intelligitur, non autem in diversis quoniam in eodem animato posita sensiti, uaponitur vegetativa et posita intellectiva ni mortalibus alie ponátur, quia sicut ise habet vegetativa in sensitiva, ita et sensitiva in INTELLECTIVA. Peripatetici, lizii, nous, intelletto, etimologia d’intelletto, da lego – ‘to care’, ‘to decide’. Intelleto, nous, animus vs. anima, mens, Boezio, l’intelletto, l’anima intelletiva, animistica, animastica. Grice: «È curioso, caro Passeri, come Zabarella fosse tuo zio mentre il mio lavorava in ferrovia, ma entrambi finiamo sempre sullo stesso binario dell’intelletto!» Passeri: «In effetti, Herbert, l’intelletto unico viaggia meglio dei treni e non ha bisogno di biglietto, basta Averroè!» Grice: «E pensa che tutto questo gran traffico mentale parte da un libriccino come il De Anima, altro che manuale d’istruzioni!» Passeri: «Già, e l’anima ride con noi, perché tra nous, intelletto e animus sembra una cena padovana più che una disputa filosofica!»

Passini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: Passini, mi incuriosisce il modo in cui la ragione conversazionale si intreccia con le tue metafore. Ma dimmi: se ti trovassi davanti a un cavaliere perduto, quale implicatura conversazionale useresti per ritrovarlo? Passini: Grice, la vera implicatura sarebbe quella di chiedere al cavaliere se ha perso la strada o soltanto la voglia di cercarla! Spesso, tra genus e species, la conversazione serve più a confondere che a chiarire. Grice: Allora potremmo dire che, in fondo, ogni conversazione è come un viaggio in incognito: si parte per cercare risposte, ma si finisce col collezionare domande. E tu, Passini, preferisci la meta o il percorso? Passini: Grice, io scelgo sempre il percorso! La meta è solo una scusa per raccontare storie e inventare metafore, come il sale nello stufato: senza, tutto sarebbe insipido – e la filosofia sarebbe solo un menu senza piatti.

Pasqualini: la ragione conversazionale e l’mplicatura conversazionale. M. Pasqualini, C. Pasqualini. Grice: Pasqualini, mi dicono che tu maneggi la ragione conversazionale come un prestigiatore con le carte. Ma dimmi, hai mai fatto sparire una implicatura davanti agli occhi increduli di un pubblico? Pasqualini: Grice, se la implicatura fosse davvero un trucco, allora ogni conversazione sarebbe uno spettacolo di magia. Ma in realtà, le implicature non spariscono: si nascondono nei sottintesi, proprio come le olive sotto l’insalata! Grice: Ah, quindi basta scavare un po’ e si trova sempre qualcosa di gustoso sotto la superficie! Ma allora, Pasqualini, quante volte hai trovato una perla nascosta mentre tutti cercavano solo il guscio? Pasqualini: Grice, più che perle, spesso trovo noccioline: piccole, ma croccanti! La conversazione, alla fine, è come una festa: ognuno porta un ingrediente segreto e nessuno sa davvero cosa c’è dentro finché non ci si mette a chiacchierare.

Valentino Annibale Pastore (Orbassano, Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale nella storia della dia-lettica romana di Varrone a Peano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means beyond what is explicitly said by assuming cooperative rationality and then inferring implicatures from shared expectations of relevance, sufficiency, and clarity; the emphasis is on the interpersonal, intention-sensitive logic by which ordinary language remains usable despite its underdetermination. Pastore, working at the turn of the twentieth century in Turin and committed to a program of “experimental” and formal logic, approaches the same terrain from the opposite direction: he catalogues alleged imperfections of ordinary language, treats the complaints themselves with a certain irony, and frames the formalist moral in a way that is strikingly Gricean in spirit—roughly, that explication and implication do not coincide, and that one must not confuse what is made explicit with what is merely suggested. The comparison is therefore one of explanatory level and method: Grice gives a general pragmatic theory of how implicature is generated and calculated in conversation by rational agents, whereas Pastore offers a proto-pragmatic diagnosis from within the history and reform of logic, using “imperfections” as pressure-points that motivate regimentation while already recognizing that much communicative force lives in what is left unsaid. In Gricean terms, Pastore’s list can be read as an early inventory of the conditions under which conversational reasoning has to do its work; and in Pastore’s terms, Grice’s maxims can be read as the systematic account of that work, showing why ordinary language need not be “repaired” before it can convey disciplined, logically accountable thought. Grice: “A proto-Griceian, P. divides logicians by nationality, and he has a few for Italians; he does not distinguish between Welsh Russell and English Boole, though!” Grice: “Pastore has an excellent section on the ‘alleged’ imperfections of ordinary language, to which I refer to in my reference to the common place in philosophical logic.” Grice: “Pastore lists six imperfections of ordinary language, for which he notes how confusing the allegations are.” “He ends by noting the moral of the formalist: “not everything that is explicated is implicated, and not everything that is implicated is explicated!” – Grice: “The Italian philosophers he mentions make an interesting list.” Grice: “He has an earlier paragraph on “Roman logic,” which is charming.” Laureato a Torino con GRAF ed ERCOLE , è insegnante di liceo e ottenne una cattedra a Torino. Fonda e dirigge il laboratorio di logica sperimentale a Torino. Collaboratore della Rivista di filosofia. I suoi manoscritti sono conservati nell'accademia toscana di scienze e lettere La Colombaria di Firenze. La salma del filosofo riposa nel cimitero di Bruino. Saggi: “La logica formale dedotta dalla meccanicia”; “Scienza” “Sillogismo e proporzione,” “Dell'essere e del conoscere,” Il pensiero puro, Causa ed esperienza; Solipsismo, Potenzia logica, Logica sperimentale, L'acrisia di Kant, La filosofia di Lenin; La volontà dell'assurdo. Storia e crisi dell'esistenzialismo” (Logicalia, Dioniso, “Introduzione alla metafisica della poesia,” Bazzani, Carte. Fondo dell'Accademia La Colombaria, Castellana, “Razionalismi senza dogmi. Per una epistemologia della fisica-matematica; Dizionario di filosofia, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia, Selvaggi, Un filosofo triste: P. in Scienza e metodologia. Saggi di epistemologia, Roma, Gregoriana). Implicature, logica meccanica, acrisia. Meccanica rama della fisica. Grice: “Corpus, 1932. Hardie gave me a fright yesterday. We are inching our way toward what he calls “the moderns”—“I mean Home,” he said, “or Hume, as you English insist on spelling it.” So I raided the philosophy shelves here for something more “gnoseological,” and one title caught my eye at once: Pastore’s Saggi di critica generale del conoscere (1903)—positively ultra-modern beside Hardie’s Home. The title alone is a small lesson in how not to name a book: saggi di is gratuitous; critica generale is too general even for Kant; and then, at last, the one redeeming phrase, il conoscere. The Italians can turn a verb into a noun with that single magical il. But when I actually began to read Pastore, page after page, I found rather less of what I had expected: not a clear lesson in why the Italians (like the French, and perhaps the old Romans) felt the need to distinguish conoscere from scire—when we English manage to muddle through with know and never suspect we are missing anything.” Grice: Caro Pastore, mi incuriosisce sempre come tu riesca a trovare in ogni riga della storia della dia-lettica romana qualche imperfezione della lingua! Ma dimmi, secondo te Peano avrebbe capito una mia implicatura o si sarebbe limitato a una definizione formale? Pastore: Grice, Peano avrebbe sicuramente chiesto prima la definizione precisa, poi dopo venti pagine avrebbe forse colto anche l’implicatura... sempre che la frase non fosse finita nel suo famigerato dizionario! D’altronde, tra Varrone e Peano, il vero problema è sempre capire se parliamo lo stesso latino! Grice: Ah, la tua famosa lista delle sei imperfezioni del linguaggio ordinario! Me la sono appesa sopra la scrivania, così quando sento una conversazione al bar penso: “Qui siamo alla sesta, quasi settima!” Ma Pastore, quale di queste imperfezioni ti diverte di più? Pastore: Sicuramente quando qualcuno confonde ciò che è implicato con ciò che è esplicato! È come confondere il cappuccino con l’espresso: entrambi italiani, ma rischi una mattina davvero agitata! In fondo, caro Grice, senza un po’ di confusione, la logica sarebbe troppo noiosa! Pastore, Valentino Annibale (1903). Saggi di critica generale del conoscere. Palermo: Sandron.

Paulino (Nola, Napoli, Campania):  la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano, la ragione e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “When my father, Herbert Grice, christened me “Herbert Paul Grice” he meant ‘junior’ – paullus, small. My mother, however, claimed that it was a religious outburst on the part of Father seeing that Saul referred to the Roma gentiles always as ‘Paul’!” A wealthy man. He has a career in public life before becoming a philosopher. He writes many poems and letters, some of which survive. Some see the influence of the Portico on his views concerning the ascetic life. His son is Giovio. Grice: “I like Paulino – for one, that’s my Christian name!”  GRICEVS: Salve, Pavline Nolane! Dic mihi: in porticu Romana plus de ratione conversazionali docuisti, an plus de umbra—quia Roma sine umbra vix cogitat? PAVLINVS: Salve, Grice! In porticu didici hoc: si de umbra taceas, omnes umbram intellegunt—ecce ipsa implicatura; et si de divitiis meis loquar, statim putant me asceticum esse per contradictionem. GRICEVS: Pulchre! Ego autem, cum “Paulum” nomen habeam, te amo: pater meus paullum me voluit, mater vero apostolum—ita ego inter parvum et Paulum semper implico plus quam dico. PAVLINVS: Ergo convenimus: tu es Paulus in voce, paullus in statura; ego Pavlinus in Nola, Romanus in porticu—et uterque in Italia: dicimus pauca, sed Roma (et Campania) semper multa intellegit.

Lanfranco di Pavia: la ragione conversazaionale e l’implicatura conversazionale --  mi chiamo Lanfranco. Grice: “I like him, but then I’m English1” Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means beyond what is explicitly said by presuming rational cooperation and then inferring implicatures from shared expectations about relevance, informativeness, and clarity; meaning is thus anchored in intention-recognition within an exchange rather than in any merely natural sign or authoritative formula. Lanfranc of Pavia (later Lanfranc of Canterbury), by contrast, belongs to an eleventh-century setting in which disputation, dialectic, and rhetoric are marshalled to secure doctrinal intelligibility, most famously in his De corpore et sanguine Domini adversus Berengarium (c. 1062), where the issue is not how conversational implicatures arise but how a contested phrase is to be understood so as to exclude symbolic readings and fix an orthodox account of presence. The comparison is therefore between two kinds of normativity: Grice’s is pragmatic and procedural, describing how rational agents manage what is meant in ordinary talk through defeasible inference, while Lanfranc’s is theological-dialectical, treating correct understanding as something to be argued for under institutional pressure, where the stakes of interpretation are ecclesial and the “rules” are those of disputation and authorized usage. From a Gricean angle, Lanfranc’s polemic still presupposes the very mechanisms Grice theorizes—readers must track what is asserted, what is conceded, what is excluded, and what is implied by choosing one formulation over another—yet Lanfranc aims to eliminate ambiguity by doctrinal decision, whereas Grice aims to explain how meaning remains workable precisely because speakers and hearers can rationally navigate ambiguity without needing every implication made explicit. Autore di una Dialectica. Conosce bene la logica vetus. Usa ancora il De decem categoriis. Commenta il De inventione di CICERONE e il Ad Herennium. “P. pensa che questo possa essere omesso. “P. superfluum hoc iudicat.” -- Ma la sua opinione non puo essere accettata.” Forse P. ha dei buoni argumenti. Del resto, un piccolo errore nel testo – la d di ‘dictio’ spezzata in ‘cl’ – conduce L. a una chirurgia disperata. Spiega che ‘Clitio’ e un soldato. “Clitio parla ed ordina di dare le armi a un uomo.” Per P. la retorica e sempre lo istrumento di base. Lanfranco. Lanfranco di Canterbury. Beato Lanfranco di Canterbury Lanfranco con ai piedi Berengario di Tours, che sostene che la presenza di Cristo nell'Eucaristia è puramente simbolica, tesi alla quale Lanfranco si è opposto decisamente. Tela.   Vescovo  Morte Canterbury Venerato da Chiesa cattolica Ricorrenza Manuale P. arcivescovo della Chiesa cattolica  Incarichi ricopertiArcivescovo di Canterbury  Consacrato vescovo Manuale Lanfranco di Canterbury o di Pavia filosofo e vescovo cattolico italiano, venerato come beato dalla Chiesa cattolica. P. nacque, figlio di Ambaldo, magistrato appartenente all'ambiente del sacrum palatium. Secondo un suo biografo: «...fu istruito fin dalla fanciullezza nelle scuole di arti liberali e di diritto civile a Bologna[3]. Ancora molto giovane, ebbe spesso il sopravvento nei processi su avversari sperimentati per la travolgente eloquenza del suo preciso argomentare. A quell'età seppe stilare sentenze apprezzate da giuristi e giudici. Si trasferisce ad Avranches, in Normandia, dove nel 1040 apre una scuola di lettere e dialettica alle dipendenze dell'abbazia di Mont-Saint-Michel, dove era abate il suo concittadino Suppone, un monaco proveniente dall'abbazia piemontese di San Benigno di Fruttuaria.  Nel 1042 decide di trasferirsi a Rouen, e, attraversando la selva di Ouche con un suo discepolo, viene assalito da briganti, che spogliano i due di ogni cosa. Grice: “Corpus, 1930. Dear Mother, please tell Father—and Aunt Matilda, our resident convert—that I have been given a splendid room. The view of the pelican is suitably imposing, and the whole business of Corpus Christi is, I am told, a tribute to Lanfranc: not Lanfranc of Milan with his Chirurgia magna, but Lanfranc of Pavia, who wrote on De corpore et sanguine Domini. It is a curious thing to find oneself, on a dark Thursday night, reading De corpore et sanguine Domini adversus Berengarium when the college motto has already done the work for you: Ave verum corpus. Could you pass the enclosed note on to Father? As a nonconformist, he will enjoy nonconforming in the proper direction. Father: why does Lanfranc separate the corpus from the sanguis in the very title? The tract says De corpore et sanguine Domini: I can see that blood is a fluid, but surely it is still part of the body. And please do not pick another polemic with Aunt Matilda over it; she will never learn, and will only turn your otherwise tolerable high teas into perfectly sanguine confrontations. Your loving son.”” Grice: Caro Pavia, raccontami, ma davvero ti sei messo a commentare Cicerone solo perché il De decem categoriis ormai era fuori moda? Pavia: Eh, Grice, con dieci categorie in tasca si viaggia leggeri... ma ogni tanto serve un pizzico di retorica per non addormentare i discepoli! Grice: Però, Lanfranco, tra clitio e dictio, rischiavi di inventare una grammatica tutta nuova. Avresti potuto brevettarla come “Logica disperata”! Pavia: Grice, che vuoi, quando si attraversano le selve della logica, a volte si inciampa e invece di una regola nasce un santo... o almeno un beato! Pavia, Lanfranco di (1062). De corpore et sanguine Domini adversus Berengarium. Normandia.

Giuseppe Peano (Spinetta di Cuneo, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, il deutero-esperanto di Grice, formalisti ed informalisti, modernisti e neotradizionalisti, e la riforma della lingua d’Italia. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning locates intelligibility in the rational practice of talk: what a speaker means is often underdetermined by what is said, and hearers bridge the gap by assuming cooperation and applying defeasible norms of relevance, sufficiency, and perspicuity to derive implicatures that are, in principle, calculable and cancellable. Peano represents a complementary but contrasting response to the same problem of meaning: instead of relying on pragmatic inference in ordinary language, he seeks to reduce interpretive latitude by engineering explicit form—through logical notation (including devices later used in the theory of definite descriptions) and through linguistic reform projects like Latino sine flexione, aimed at clarity, economy, and unambiguity by design. The comparison, then, is that Grice explains why ordinary discourse works despite leaving so much implicit, because conversationalists are rational agents who can responsibly recover intended content, whereas Peano tries to make as much as possible explicit in the code itself, shifting work from conversational interpretation to formal derivation; Grice’s “conversational reason” is an account of how meaning is reliably inferred in interaction, while Peano’s “formalist reason” is the aspiration to a system in which what would otherwise be left to implicature is stated, defined, and provably manipulable. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is fundamentally pragmatic and inferential: what a speaker means is not exhausted by sentence-meaning but is reconstructed by a rational hearer who assumes cooperation and applies norms (maxims) to derive implicatures in a way that is, in principle, calculable and cancellable; the “reason” is lodged in the interpersonal practice of interpreting intentions against shared standards of relevance, sufficiency, and so on. Peano, by contrast, represents the formalist impulse that Grice both admired and resisted: Peano’s logical work (including notations later central to Russell and Whitehead, and the iota operator used for definite descriptions) aims to regiment meaning by explicit formal devices, and his Latino sine flexione project (introduced in 1903 in his Revue de Mathématiques in the article De Latino sine flexione, lingua auxiliare internationale) pursues clarity, economy, and unambiguity by engineering the code itself—reducing morphology, standardizing forms, and making interpretation depend less on contextual guesswork. So the comparison is that Grice explains how ordinary language remains intelligible despite underdetermination because conversationalists are rational agents who manage the gap between “what is said” and “what is meant” through principled inference (implicature is a feature, not a bug), whereas Peano seeks to minimize that gap by design, shifting communicative work from pragmatic inference to explicit logical form and controlled linguistic structure; Grice’s “conversational reason” is a theory of how humans reliably transcend literal content in practice, while Peano’s “reason” is the aspiration to a language and notation in which much of what would otherwise be left to implicature is made overt, derivable, and surveyable—two complementary responses to the same problem of meaning, one interpretive and interactional, the other constructive and formal. Citato da Croce nella “Logica, o della sicenza del concetto”. L’unico italiano citato da nome da Croce nella Logica. La polemica Croce e il logicismo. Croce, P., e la lingua universal – Per che la lingua d’Italia non e formale per Croce. Grice: “My type of philosopher; he quotes from Breal, Mueller – I wish I could!” Grice: “As I reduce “the” to “every,” I am of course following Peano, who predates Russell!” -- important Italian philosopher. Linceo. P. Fa la sua comparsa una delle proposte di lingua internazionale inventata d’italiani che conosce più risonanza, il latino sine flexione di Peano, presentato nella Revue de Mathématique -- La Revue de Mathématique è creata dallo stesso P. Egli, assieme a molti altri filosofi, vi pubblica  propri studi e ricerche sulla logica e sulla storia della matematica. Il suo creatore non è in realtà un linguista o un esperto di lettere - sebbene partecipa più volte a dei congressi dove vienneno discussi problemi, oltre che di matematica, anche di filosofia, didattica e linguistica - ma, come per altri filosofi, i suoi interessi principali sono la matematica e la geometria. Dopo frequentare il liceo classico a Torino, s’iscrive al corso di laurea di matematica e nello stesso anno in cui consegue la laurea comincia ad insegnare presso Torino alla cattedre di algebra, geometria analitica, e calcolo infinitesimale. Grice on ‘Fido is shaggy,’ – “It is impossible to expect the philosopher to provide meaning-specifications for all parts of speech, so I will restrict myself to the ‘predicate,’ “shaggy.””. Vedasi sullo stesso soggetto il saggio su «Discussione de  Academia prò Interlingua. Implicatura, l’operatore iota, sull’articolo definito, sull’operatore ‘iota’, Deutero-Esperanto, l’errore di Quine, il carattere non primitive dell’operatore iota, Definite descriptions in Peano and in the vernacular, semantica filosofica. Grice: “St John’s, 1953. I’ve had it with Quine. Strawson, on the other hand, has not—this is about our joint seminar, in which Quine keeps turning up like a travelling evangelist with a single tract: Principia Mathematica here, Principia Mathematica there, Principia Mathematica everywhere. Don’t they have a Bible in Cambridge, Massachusetts, as well? What irritates me is Quine’s breezy attitude toward Peano. The man behaves as if logic began in Russell’s rooms and ended in Harvard Yard. Yet it was Peano’s idea to define the “inverted iota” for definite descriptions by appeal to identity—indeed, to the Leibnizian thought that if there is exactly one such-and-such, then anything identical with it must share all its properties. Peano did the typographical genius; Russell did the publicity; and Quine does the shrug. I suppose, in time, Quine will concede the point—after enough correspondence, and after Russell has finished his long detour via Frege, imitating the Hun when he might have whistled an Italian tune all the way in and out. Grice: Ma guarda, caro Peano, non riesco proprio a capacitarmi che Lord Russell non abbia mai voluto riconoscere apertamente il tuo merito per l’operatore “iota invertito”! Che indignazione – sembra quasi che l’eleganza filosofica abbia perso la bussola! Peano: Eh, caro Grice, la storia della filosofia è piena di queste omissioni. L’importante è che il latino sine flexione e il mio lavoro sulla logica abbiano lasciato un segno, anche se qualcuno preferisce ignorarlo. D’altronde, la lingua universale è una sfida che va oltre i titoli! Grice: Ma lo spirito conversazionale, caro Peano, dovrebbe portarci sempre a riconoscere ciò che è implicato, non solo ciò che è esplicitato. Se Russell avesse seguito la tua finezza logica, forse avrebbe capito il vero valore dell’implicatura! Peano: Hai ragione, Grice. Forse, come dice il proverbio, “il tempo è galantuomo”: prima o poi, anche il contributo più silenzioso trova voce. E intanto, continuiamo a discutere e a riformare la lingua d’Italia… con o senza l’indignazione di Russell! Peano, Giuseppe (1884). Calcolo geometrico secondo l’Ausdehnungslehre di Grassmann. Torino: Bocca.

Luigi Pecori (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means beyond what is explicitly said by presuming rational cooperation and drawing defeasible inferences (implicatures) from shared expectations about relevance, informativeness, and clarity; meaning is thus anchored in communicative intention and the audience’s rational uptake rather than in the mere possession of a rhetorical handbook. Luigi Pecori, by contrast, is a nineteenth-century Tuscan canon and local historian whose work sits at the intersection of civic memory and pedagogy: his Delle istituzioni elementari di rettorica (Florence, 1859) is overtly prescriptive, written to supply Italian schools with an “all-Italian” book of rhetorical precepts, while his Storia della terra di San Gimignano (Florence: Tipografia Galileiana, 1853) exemplifies a chronicler’s sense that communities are held together by the orderly narration of deeds, documents, and civic language. The comparison, then, is between implicit norms and explicit rules: Grice tries to explain the tacit rational principles that already govern successful conversation and generate implicature when speakers appear to depart from them, whereas Pecori tries to provide overt instruction in how to speak and write well and to preserve a town’s identity through careful historical discourse. From a Gricean angle, Pecori’s rhetoric manuals are best read not as the foundation of meaning but as codifications of effects that conversational practice already achieves (guiding audiences toward intended conclusions), while from Pecori’s angle Grice’s maxims can look like a modern, analytically sharpened version of the same civic ideal: language disciplined so that a community can understand itself, deliberate, and endure. P. is a canonico and author. His major works focus on Tuscan history, suggesting a strong connection to that region. He is a significant figure in the historical study of the Italian city of San Gimignano. His most prominent publication is a detailed historical work: Storia della terra di San Gimignano: This extensive history of the town and surrounding area of San Gimignano, published in Florence by the Tipografia Galileiana. It covers the city's history from its origins to the modern era, with a focus on its fortress and castle. This work is considered an important source for historians studying medieval Italian cities.  P. is also mentioned in connection with a genealogical work, possibly as a subject or collaborator:  Memorie genealogico-storiche della famiglia P. di Firenze: This work, which focuses on the genealogical history of the P. family of Florence, is collected by Passerini. His work delle istituzione della rettorica is less detailed in the provided snippets, but these other publications establish his primary focus as an Italian historian and local chronicler of the Tuscany region. DELL’ISTITUZIONI DI RETTORICA PROPOSTO AI STUDIOSI. Già da qualche tempo è nata tra gl’uomini di lettere una lodevole gara di promuovere in ogni maniera di studj l'istruzion vostra coll'agevolarvene la via mercè di ben ordinate opere elementari, di dotti e succosi commenti, d’accurate edizioni di classici ; nel che spendono con indefessa sollecitudine ed ottimo intendimento l'ingegno e l'opera. Ma frattanto nelle scuole nostre lamentasi il difetto d'un libro di precetti rettorie! accomodato all'età vostra ed alla pre- sente condizione dei tempi , e d' indole tutta italiana. SÌ è cercato, é vero, ora di raffazzonare la rettorica di Blair, ora d'ampliarne g d'arricchirne il compendio con dotte e sagacissime aggiunte, ora di racconciarne altre, ed altre farne di nuovo; ma tut- tavia tra i libri di rettorica più comunemente conosciuti non se ne riscontra in generale dai savj istitutori vo- stri alcuno abbastanza soddisfacente , Divina Commedia. Grice: Caro Pecori, tu che conosci ogni angolo di San Gimignano, dimmi: è vero che tra le torri si trovano ancora studiosi nascosti a scrivere trattati di rettorica? Pecori: Ah, Grice, se le torri parlassero racconterebbero di più dispute accademiche che di assedi medievali! E se qualcuno trova un libro di rettorica soddisfacente, lo tenga stretto come la ricetta del panforte! Grice: Dunque, tra storia, genealogie e precetti, qualche segreto si nasconde anche tra le pagine della “Storia della terra di San Gimignano”? O è tutto chiaro come il vino toscano? Pecori: Grice, il segreto è che il vino toscano aiuta a capire la storia meglio della rettorica! E poi, se la Divina Commedia l’ha fatto Dante, io posso almeno raccontare le avventure di un canonico tra i vicoli di Firenze! Pecori, Luigi (1875). Storia della città di Volterra. Volterra: Tipografia della Speranza.

Antonio Pelacani (Parma, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means beyond what is explicitly said by presuming rational cooperation and drawing defeasible inferences (implicatures) from shared norms of relevance, informativeness, and clarity; meaning is centrally tied to intention-recognition in interaction, not merely to any sign-like correlation. Pelacani’s intellectual world, by contrast, is late medieval scholasticism, where “meaning” is primarily treated through the metaphysics and psychology of intellect (possible versus agent), the logic of demonstration, and the exegetical discipline of commenting on authoritative texts; the governing norms are those of dialectic and theological-philosophical legitimacy rather than those of ordinary conversational exchange. The comparison, then, is a shift of explanatory level: Grice offers a pragmatic account of how rational agents manage mutual understanding in the everyday traffic of speech, while Pelacani offers a theoretical account of how cognition itself is structured (passive reception and active intellection) and how philosophical claims are warranted within an academic and ecclesiastical culture that polices error, attribution, and heresy. From a Gricean angle, Pelacani’s controversies show that even the most abstract debates depend on conversational conditions—what counts as an acceptable move, what is assumed, what must be made explicit—but Grice relocates the source of meaning from scholastic apparatus to the public rationality of speakers; from a Pelacani-like angle, Grice’s maxims would look like a local grammar of discourse that presupposes deeper commitments about agency, intellect, and the production of understanding that scholastic psychology tried to articulate at the level of mind rather than talk. Grice: “At Oxford, Strawson used to confuse Pelacani with Pelacani!”. Lettore (Grice: “reader or lecturer?”) a Bologna, divenne consigliere di Visconti.  In questa veste si trova più volte coinvolto in processi per eresia montati da Giovanni XXII per gettare nella polvere il Visconti. Grande commentatore di Avicenna e Galeno. Treccani Dizionario biografico degl’italiani, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia. Saggi: “Circa intellectum possibilem et agentem”; “De unitate intellectus”; Utrum primum principium sive deus ipse sit potentie infinite”; “De generatione et corruptione"; “Questiones super tre metheorum.” passivo/attivo; non-agens/agens. Grice: “Merton, 1937. Perhaps it is a blessing to be an Englishman: I can read Locke on the soul and spare myself what Antonio Pelacani once contrived. But at Merton they insist on calculating everything, and Wainwright—our resident historian of reverent dispositions—pressed on me Pelacani’s Padua exercise, Circa intellectum possibilem et agentem. “The intellectus,” Wainwright reminded me, “is something Locke never really had.” “Nor did Pelacani,” I replied, rather pointedly, and thereby offended him. And then the Latin began to irritate me. If one is going to be pedantic, why not circa intellectum possibilem et intellectum agentem? Unless, of course, he is quietly smuggling, or ‘mis-identifying,’ in a unity by letting the second intellectus drop out. “Mystifying,” Wainwright said, in his severest tone, “is the word you want.” And charitably, he went on to explain that these Italians were chasing the old Greek distinction—nous pathetikos and nous poietikos—so that Pelacani’s“possibilis” is perilously close to “passibilis,” and all it takes is a vowel to send a whole tradition off its rails. Which is especially disappointing, since Italians are supposed, of all people, to keep their vowels clear enough for an operatic ear.” Grice: Pelacani, mi è sempre colpito il tuo modo di affrontare la ragione conversazionale, soprattutto nei tuoi studi sulla scuola di Parma. Alla Oxford, mi divertiva la confusione che Strawson faceva tra te e il tuo omonimo! Ma dimmi: come vedi il ruolo dell’implicatura conversazionale nella filosofia italiana? Pelacani: Grice, la questione dell’implicatura mi affascina. Credo che la filosofia emiliana, e quella italiana in generale, abbia sempre cercato di leggere tra le righe, non solo ciò che è detto esplicitamente. Nei processi per eresia che coinvolsero Visconti, era proprio la sottigliezza conversazionale a fare la differenza tra verità e inganno. Grice: Hai ragione, Pelacani! Nei tuoi commentari su Avicenna e Galeno, si percepisce la tensione tra ciò che è passivo e ciò che è attivo: non-agens e agens. Penso che la distinzione conversazionale sia fondamentale anche nell’analisi dell’intelletto possibile e agente. Come concili questa dualità nei tuoi saggi? Pelacani: La dualità è il cuore del mio pensiero. Nei “Circa intellectum possibilem et agentem” cerco proprio di mostrare come la conversazione filosofica sia un gioco sottile tra passività e attività, tra ciò che si riceve e ciò che si produce. In fondo, come dice un proverbio emiliano, “Chi ascolta bene, sa parlare meglio.” Pelacani, Antonio (1316). Circa intellectum possibilem et agentem. Padova.

Biagio Pelacani (Noceto, Parma, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale, la dialettica, e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means beyond what is explicitly said by presuming cooperative rational agency and then inferring implicatures from shared expectations about relevance, informativeness, and clarity; meaning is thus centrally intention-based and socially accountable. Pelacani, by contrast, belongs to the late medieval logical and semantic tradition in which signification is treated as a property of terms, concepts, and inferential roles within dialectic: he is preoccupied with significatio (including natural signification), the ways parts of speech express concepts, and the conditions under which anything at all can function as a sign, extending well beyond vox to gestures and other sign-vehicles. The comparison is therefore a shift in the locus of normativity: Grice locates it in conversational practice and its rational expectations (how an utterance counts as a move in cooperative exchange), whereas Pelacani locates it in the discipline of dialectical analysis (how expressions signify within a theory of concepts and argument), with “natural” signification treated as evidential rather than intentional. From a Gricean perspective, Pelacani supplies a rich pre-history of the distinction between signs that indicate and speakers who mean, but he does not yet isolate the distinctive pragmatic mechanism by which a speaker exploits shared rational norms to convey more than is said; from a Pelacani-like perspective, Grice’s implicature looks like a modern, context-sensitive extension of an older project: explaining how signs, rules, and inference together make communication intelligible, whether the vehicle is a word, a handwave, or a carefully timed silence. Grice: “Some like P., but P.’s MY man.” Dottore diabolico. Grice: “I would call him a philosophical grammarian; he considers the topic of ‘meaning,’ ‘significatio,’ and agrees with me that ANYTHING can signify, a handwave, etc – hardly just ‘vox’! He is especially interested in ‘significatio naturaliter,’ which he explains, er, naturally. He deals with the concepts expressed by the different parts of speech – adverbs, etc. – and disapproves of the idea that the ‘arts’ of language are ’scientia.’ He saw himself, as I do, as a PHILOSOPHER, and would consider everything related to the language used by philosophers as PRO-PEDEUTIC --. Parente di Antonio P. Della sua medesima casata un altro filosofo. Frequenta la facoltà artium philosophie a Pavia, dove, come titolare della cattedra di magister philosophie et logice, delegato dal vescovo, diploma in arti un certo Bossi. Insegna a Bologna e Padova. Contesta molte regole della meccanica del LIZIO e sostenne l'applicazione di strumenti matematici per sostituire le regole obsolete. In particolare conduce studi sull'ottica nelle Quæstiones de perspectiva. Nel saggio De ponderibus si occupa di statica ed elabora in De proportionis una teoria del vuoto che si contrappone alle tesi del continuo dei fisici del Lizio. Si occupa anche del moto dei pianeti in Theorica planetarum e mette in discussione la cosmologia del Lizio negando che si puo sostenere l'incorruttibilità dei cieli e l'interpretazione teo-logica dell'esistenza di un primo motore immobile, vale a dire del divino. Nega quindi la possibilità delle dimostrazioni a posteriori dell'esistenza del divino e dell'immortalità dell'anima individuale. implicature, prospettiva, filosofia della percezione, origini del libertinismo, commentario in detaglio sulla semiotica di Occam – dialettica – segno, nota, sermo. Shorpshire sull’immortalità dell’anima.” , “L’animismo ‘smoke means fire, literally.’  Grice: “St John’s, 1952. Yesterday, in the joint seminar with Austin and Hare on the Nicomachean Ethics, I mentioned the Magna Moralia in passing, only to have Hare object—rather more loudly than he usually does: “But that isn’t Aristotle!” As if it mattered. Hare has a way of making the history of philosophy sound as though one must both run with the hares and hunt with the hounds. Why should the text be disqualified just because the attribution is dubious? It reminded me of good old Biagio Pelacani. He spent term after term lecturing on quaestiones super De caelo et mundo at Padua on the assumption that the work was Aristotelian. The moral, which I ought to press on Hare in public, is that this hardly disqualifies Pelacani’s labour: the exegesis can be brilliant even when the author turns out to be a non‑Stagirite. One can do first-rate philosophy on a mistaken attribution; indeed, one often does. Grice: Pelacani, ti ho visto agitare le mani in aula. Era una lezione di semiotica o stavi solo cercando di scacciare una mosca filosofica? Pelacani: Caro Grice, ogni gesto è un segno! Magari la mosca era solo una metafora della ragione conversazionale che svolazza tra la dialettica e l’implicatura. Grice: Allora la prossima volta dovrò portare una lente d’ingrandimento: per distinguere tra significatio naturaliter e una semplice pizza parmigiana! Pelacani: Se trovi una pizza in aula, Grice, significa che la dialettica si è fatta appetito. In fondo, come dicono a Parma, “chi ragiona troppo finisce col mangiare freddo!” Pelacani, Biagio (1385). Questiones super De caelo et mundo. Pavia.

Pelagio (Roma): la ragione conversazionale - l’implicatura conversazionale – la scuola di Giulano –Tutor of Celestio and Giulano di Eclano. GRICEVS: Salve, Pelagi! Dic mihi, apud scholam Iuliani, plus de implicationibus quam de pane docuisti? PELAGIVS: Salve, Grice! Panem quidem dabam; sed implicaturas discipuli ipsi “coquebant”—Roma enim etiam silentio loquitur. GRICEVS: Lepide! Sed dic mihi: Caelestium et Iulianum docuisti rationem conversazionalem, an tantum artem bene dissimulandi coram Romanis? PELAGIVS: Utrumque, amice: Caelestio dicebam “cooperare”; Iuliano autem “cooperare, sed non nimis—ne episcopus omnia implicata explicet!”

Antonio Pellegrini (Venezia, Veneto): la teoria del segno e l’implicaura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning distinguishes natural meaning (where a sign is evidence, as spots mean measles) from non-natural meaning (where what is conveyed depends on a speaker’s intention being recognized), and it explains understanding as a rational, cooperative inference from what is said plus context plus attributable purposes. Antonio Pellegrini’s I segni de la natura ne l’huomo (Venice, 1545; edited by Cristoforo Canale) belongs to an earlier semiotic-physiognomic tradition in which meaning is primarily read off nature: external features, gestures, and expressions are treated as signs that reveal inner affections of the soul, useful not only to moralists but to painters and sculptors, and the interpretive task is to diagnose character from visible marks rather than to reconstruct communicative intention. The comparison is thus a shift from sign-reading to intention-reading: Pellegrini treats the human body as a natural text whose “signs” disclose passions independently of what the subject is trying to get an audience to think, whereas Grice treats a central range of meaning as essentially interpersonal and purposive, generated by the speaker’s plan to influence an addressee by getting that plan recognized. From a Gricean standpoint, Pellegrini’s project captures only one pole of the landscape (what Grice would call natural meaning) and misses the distinctively conversational phenomenon in which the same smile, frown, or utterance can be deployed strategically to suggest, mislead, reassure, or retract—effects that arise not from nature alone but from the norms and reasoning that govern talk between agents. Grice: “As an university lecturer at Oxford, I had to give this or that seminar on topics of my interest. Ewing was writing on meaninglessness –which struck my attention, since I don’t think Ewing cared much to talk about meaningfulness in the first place! P. did: he refers to ‘the signs’ – I signi’ – of the nature – fisi, what I call ‘natural meaning’ – of ‘man’ himself – my topic of research since I fell in love with Locke!” Keywords: sign, signify, physiognomy, fisonomia – segno come relazione triadica – Peirce – Those spots didn’t mean anything to ME; to the doctor, they meant measles. I SEGNI DELLA NATURA NELL'UOMO. Della fisonomia naturale Della fisionomia naturale,  nella quale con bellissimo ordine s'insegna da segni esterni della natura a conoscere gl’affetti interni dell'animo dell'huomo. Opera non meno dotta, che utile generalmente a tutti, & in particolare a qualunque che di pittura, e scoltura si diletta. Con un indice copioso di quanto in detta opera si contiene. Al signor Gio. Dominico Peri (Milano). For an earlier example, Martius, De homine. Cristoforo Canài HI DELLA NATVRA NELL’VOMO. Con Trimlezw. ^òi^Jf-^^-. In vinetia , per Gm^vm ^ 7v A* LO ECCELLER^ tipmo Duca di Camerino , Il Signore Ottauio Farnefe , Chrijfoforo ^ecanale, Onofcendo per uiua ^ certa froua , EcceUen^ tipmo Trencipe^che lo intendere pienamente ^i affetti humani, apporti in tutte le opera^ tiont de la uit a, gr andiamo gioua, mento , ^ Comma dilettatione a .Mortali ) m'e caduto ne t animo , per fare queHo piacere, ^questa utilttade agli huomini, dt pub li ed' re ( anchora che fenz^a ilconfènti- mento di lui) alcuni ragionamene ti : fcritti ne gli anni p affati , da a ij mio compare iiPkfeJJer (tT : Me i quali ( fe in alcu - n altro liho ) fi può perfettamente imprendere , quejia fi diletteuole > f^* fi gioueuole dottrina . Eiluero, che il penfarmi di uolere far con- tro a la opinione, ^ del Compare,  de lo amico J,a mente^pronta da fe y a procacciare il bene, l'utile commune. Segno, segno naturale. Grice: “St John’s, 1948. November. I suppose I had it coming. That fourth paragraph in Meaning—my invited paper to the Oxford Philosophical Society (invited by my own tutee, no less)—was bound to draw criticism as surely as moths to a flame or nails to a magnet; I cannot decide which is the worse mixed metaphor. I had been insisting, rather loudly, that my distinction between natural meaning and non-natural meaning improves upon, and in any case goes beyond, Pellegrini’s ramblings as Canale has seen fit to curate them. Pellegrini talks about signs—I segni; I do not. I talk about the non-natural; he does not. For him it is all segni de la natura—note Canale’s editorial bravado in turning della into de la, which is proofreading for you—and to cap it all, ne l’huomo, a phrase that manages to be both archaic and phonetically abrasive. Still, I find I can be magnanimous about it. When the utterer is a human agent, “I mean to forgive Pellegrini” is best read as “I intend to let his editor have his way”—at least for the purposes of a footnote, and perhaps for the peace of the Society.” Grice: Caro Pellegrini, ogni volta che parli di segni naturali mi viene da chiedermi: secondo te, il mio sorriso significa che ho capito o che sto solo cercando di essere gentile? Pellegrini: Eh Grice, dipende se il sorriso è spontaneo o studiato! Come diceva mia nonna a Venezia, “Ogni segno nasconde un affetto, ma ogni affetto può mascherare un segno!” Grice: Allora dovrò chiedere a un pittore di farmi il ritratto, così magari scopriremo se la mia fisonomia racconta più della mia filosofia! Pellegrini: Grice, se il pittore ti ritrae con una mano sulla testa, vuol dire che stai pensando; se ti dipinge con una pizza, vuol dire che hai fame! In fondo, tra segni e implicature, è tutta una questione di interpretazione… e di appetito, ovviamente! Pellegrini, Antonio (1545). I segni de la natura ne l’huomo, editato da Cistoforo Canale. Venezia: Farri.

Ugo Pellegrini (Pesaro, Marche): la ragione conversazionale e il pirotese. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means beyond what is literally said by presuming rational cooperation and inferring implicatures from shared expectations about relevance, informativeness, and clarity; the focus is on how common ground and practical reasoning make ordinary exchanges work even when speakers leave much unsaid. Ugo Pellegrini’s interlingua project, by contrast, is a deliberate engineering of common ground: dissatisfied with Esperanto’s morphology and with Peano’s Latino sine flexione, he aims to design an auxiliary language whose lexicon is maximally familiar across the neo-Latin languages and English, thereby reducing the inferential burden on interlocutors and making interpretation more automatic, less dependent on local idiom. Where Grice treats understanding as an inferential achievement governed by conversational norms within a natural language, Pellegrini treats understanding as something to be secured by redesigning the code itself, so that the cooperative work Grice describes (bridging gaps, repairing ambiguity, calculating what was meant) is minimized by construction. From a Gricean angle, Pellegrini’s “twenty lessons” is an attempt to manufacture, in advance, the very mutual knowledge and shared conventions that ordinary conversation must constantly negotiate on the fly; from a Pellegrinian angle, Grice’s maxims look like a second-best remedy for a world with too many languages, where communication succeeds only because speakers are charitable and clever enough to keep filling in what the code fails to supply. “Grammatica di lingua italiane semplificate”in Basel. Del urbe Pesaro esseva un pionero de interlingua. Ille adhere al movimento pro interlingua e pois devene representante pro Italia del Union Mundial pro Interlingua, sequente professor, adv. GUGINO , qui pro rationes de supercarga de labor, demissiona como le prime secretario national del Union Mundial pro Interlingua. Ille examina le grammatica de esperanto e lo ha judicate non apte al solution del problema del lingua auxiliar international specialmente pro su lexico hybride e semiartificial e le uso del desinentia -n pro indicar le accusativo e in le parolas que exprime direction, data, duration, precio, mesura e peso. Ille examina anque le Latino sine flexione de PEANO , ma mesmo iste systema non le place a causa del manco del articulo e per le conjugation verbal troppo simplificate e innatural. Desde alora P. pensa que usante le parolas commun al linguas neolatin e al anglese e alicun vocabulos latin on po codificar un lingua international facile e belle. Iste conviction resta sempre in su mente. In Eco del Mondo ille lege le articulo Le lingue internazionali moderne per Percival, in le qual on parla del labores dell’International Auxiliary Language Association e indica su adresse. Ille constata que su opinion in re le lingua auxiliar international ha essite quasi realisate per Occidental de Wahl, Mondial de Heimer e Neolatino de Schild, systemas del quales le articulo presenta un texto specimen, ma ille pensa que le labores del IALA haberea date al mundo le lingua auxiliar melior. Quando le pressa publica le nova que le esperantistas habeva interessate le UNESCO a fin que esperanto venirea recognoscite qua lingua international, P. scribe al IALA precante de voler intervenir presso le UNESCO al scopo de facer cognoscer su labores re le lingua auxiliar international, in modo que esperanto, jam refusate per le Societate del Nationes, non haberea alicun successo. Assi ille vene in contacto con Gode, Schild, Fischer, Berger, Bakonyi  e tante alteros e comencia a propagandar interlingua in tote Italia. Grice: “St John’s, 1950. I suppose it was Strawson who got me into this. He is busy assembling a bulky tome he means to call Introduction to Logical Theory—not an introduction, since he still can’t forgive Russell his affection for indefinite descriptions. And that, by some perverse association, reminded me of Ugo Pellegrini of Pesaro—the land of Rossini. Ever since 1948 this worthy man has been worrying about “auxiliary languages,” though the phrase itself strikes him as a grammarian’s redundancy: nothing is otiose in grammar, perhaps, but “auxiliary” is very nearly otiose when applied to languages in toto. In any case he has now produced a small, rather comic pamphlet: a Corso d’interlingua in venti lezioni. I mentioned it to Strawson, thinking he might tuck it into an appendix somewhere—out of courtesy to a fellow sufferer of the prefix inter-. But he said the inter-language we have between us is quite enough already.” Grice: Caro Pellegrini, ti vedo immerso tra grammatiche semplificate e lingue ausiliarie… Ma dimmi, hai mai pensato che una buona pizza potrebbe essere la vera lingua universale? Pellegrini: Ah Grice, se fosse così, le riunioni dell’Union Mundial pro Interlingua sarebbero molto più gustose! Ma temo che il problema principale sia trovare le desinenze giuste… anche per la mozzarella! Grice: E se adottassimo il sistema “Latino sine flexione” per le ricette? Così niente declinazioni: solo ingredienti e un po’ di passione. Ma mi raccomando, niente articolo: il basilico resta basilico! Pellegrini: Grice, in fondo credo che la lingua più facile e bella sia quella che tutti capiscono… soprattutto quando si tratta di mangiare! E poi, come dice il proverbio di Pesaro: “Chi parla poco, mastica meglio!” Pellegrini, Ugo (1955). Corso d’interlingua in venti lezioni. Pesaro: Schild.

Lellio Pellegrini (Sonnino, Latina, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’amore come affezione dell’animo, e la sua manifestazione nei maschi nobili. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats understanding as a rational, norm-guided practice: speakers rely on shared expectations about cooperation, relevance, and intelligibility, and hearers infer implicatures by reasoning from what is said, the context, and the speaker’s presumed aims. Pellegrini, by contrast, is a late humanist Aristotelian whose work is framed less by the micro-pragmatics of everyday exchange than by pedagogical and rhetorical discipline: he treats moral philosophy as something whose utility must be defended in an inaugural oration, and he tries to make Aristotle’s Ethics usable for the young by clarifying obscurity, enumerating affections of the soul, and shaping the student’s character before natural philosophy is attempted. The comparison is therefore between two modes of normativity: Grice finds the norms in the implicit rational governance of ordinary conversation, where “use” is shown by how interlocutors actually manage meaning beyond the literal; Pellegrini finds the norms in the explicit curriculum of moral formation, where “use” is argued for as a civic and educational aim and where obscurity is remedied by commentary rather than by pragmatic inference. From a Gricean perspective, Pellegrini’s project presupposes the very conversational capacities Grice theorizes—students must be able to pick up what is suggested by examples, admonitions, and moral vocabulary—yet Pellegrini’s confidence lies in authoritative exposition and rhetorical guidance, whereas Grice’s lies in the inferential powers of conversational participants to recover what is meant even when it is not directly said. Grice: “I like P.: he found Aristotle’s ‘obscure’ for the youth the manual Ethica Nichomaechaea is intended for!” È, secondo TIRABOSCHI, filosofo che da' suoi meriti e dalle promesse fattegli da più pontefici pareva destinato a' più grandi onori; ma che non giunse che ad ottenere alcuni beneficii ecclesiastici. Tenne la cattedra di filosofia a Roma. Pubblica il “De affectionibus animi noscendi et emendandis commentaries” e un'edizione della traduzione in latino di Lambin dell' Etica Nicomachea di Aristotele -- i “De moribus -- corredandola di un riassunto e di commenti, nei quali altera il testo di Aristotele di cui lamenta la difficoltà e l'oscurità. Benché Aristotele del Lizio sconsigli lo studio dell'etica ai giovani, ancora immaturi per una retta comprensione dei principi morali, al contrario, ritiene che lo studio dell'etica deve essere impartito prima ancora di quello della filosofia della natura, in modo che i giovani possano affrontare gli studi scientifici con animo libero dalle passioni. È più oratore che flosofo. Nn pensa ad inovar cosa alcuna, e segue costantemente insegnando i precetti del filosofo stagirita. Altri saggi: “Oratio habita in almo urbis gymnasio de utilitate moralis philosophiæ, cum ethicorum Aristotelis explicationem aggederetur” (Roma); “De Christi ad coelos ascensu” (Roma); “Oratio in obitum Torquati Tassi philosophi clarissimi; Tiraboschi, “Storia della letteratura italiana” (Società tipografica de’ classici italiani, Milano); Carella, L'insegnamento della filosofia alla Sapienza di Roma: le cattedre e i maestri; Renazzi, “Storia dell'università degli studj di Roma. P. scrive II important commenti su Aristotele del LIZIO, uno in cui enumera gl’affezioni dell’anima – dall’amore all’ira – amore, speranza, ira, audacia, temore, dolore, animosità. Nell’introduzione, elabora un concetto generale di che cosa e un’affezione dell’anima – il corpo non è menzionato. Etica nicomachea. Grice: “St John’s, 1956. I’m about to embark on my first trio seminar—with Austin and Hare—on Aristotle’s Ethica Nicomachea, and I find I can’t stop thinking, not about the syllabus, but about Hardie and, worse, Pellegrini. Hardie, because I mean to use his notes to stuff any attendee who thinks Aristotle can be done on the wing; Pellegrini, because he had the cheek to ask, in his insolent Latin prose—in an oratio delivered at Rome, no less—the very question that first occurred to me when Hardie began drilling me in Aristotelian moral philosophy: De utilitate moralis philosophiae, cum ethicorum Aristotelis explicationem aggrederetur. What is the use of it? And is not Pellegrini almost too ingenuous to think Aristotle will supply the right answer to a question that is, in its way, already a little stupid?: Grice: Caro Pellegrini, mi ha sempre incuriosito il tuo modo di affrontare l’amore come affezione dell’animo, soprattutto alla luce dei tuoi commenti sull’Etica Nicomachea. Trovo affascinante come tu ritenga che i giovani debbano studiare l’etica prima ancora della filosofia della natura; è una prospettiva che ribalta la tradizione aristotelica. Qual è, secondo te, il motivo profondo di questa scelta? Pellegrini: Grice, ti ringrazio della domanda. Ritengo che l’animo umano vada temprato attraverso la riflessione morale, prima di tuffarsi nelle discipline scientifiche. Solo educando le passioni e comprendendo affezioni come l’amore, la speranza o l’ira, si può affrontare la conoscenza con uno spirito realmente libero. E, a proposito di giovani, penso che l’etica sia la bussola necessaria per non smarrirsi nel mare della scienza. Grice: Questa visione mi colpisce molto. Forse, come diceva Aristotele, alcune passioni sono oscure, ma tu con i tuoi commenti le hai rese più chiare e accessibili. Mi piace anche il tuo approccio: più oratore che filosofo, capace di comunicare i principi etici in modo diretto. Ritieni che l’amore, tra tutte le affezioni, abbia un ruolo privilegiato nell’animo umano? Pellegrini: Assolutamente, Grice! L’amore è la radice di tante altre passioni e delle azioni nobili. Nei miei commenti, ho sempre cercato di mostrare come l’amore si manifesti nei maschi nobili, elevando l’animo sopra le passioni negative. In fondo, il corpo resta in secondo piano: è l’anima, con i suoi moti interiori, a guidare il vero cammino morale. E come dice un vecchio proverbio italiano: “Dove c’è amore, c’è cuore e ragione.” Pellegrini, Lellio (1560). Oratio de utilitate moralis philosophiae, cum ethicorum Aristotelis explicationem aggrederetur. Roma.

Mario Perniola (Asti, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how we routinely get from what is said to what is meant by presuming rational cooperation and then drawing defeasible inferences (implicatures) from a speaker’s choice of words, the context, and recognisable intentions; the point is to make the tacit rational economy of ordinary talk explicit without turning it into mere rhetoric. Perniola, formed in the Pareyson milieu in Turin and beginning with Il metaromanzo (Torino: Einaudi, 1966), approaches meaning through reflexivity, mediation, and cultural forms: the modern novel’s self-reference becomes a privileged site where discourse comments on itself, where “communication” is thematized as trauma or miracle, and where avant-garde strategies make the frame visible rather than leaving it as an invisible background. The comparison is thus between two kinds of “meta”: for Grice, the meta-level is an analytic reconstruction of the rules that make conversational understanding possible (why a move would be rational here, what it would implicate), whereas for Perniola the meta-level is an aesthetic-cultural operation in which the work turns back upon its own conditions of possibility and forces the reader to experience the instability of reference, voice, and authority. From a Gricean angle, the metaromanzo can be redescribed as a systematic generator of implicatures about authorship, sincerity, and point, exploiting and frustrating the cooperative expectations that ordinarily guide interpretation; from a Perniolan angle, Grice’s maxims can look like a deliberately “anti-literary” attempt to domesticate the play of discourse by showing that even our most indirect effects remain answerable to reasoned norms, not merely to stylistic invention. Studia la filosofia del meta-romanzo a Torino sotto PAREYSON. Incontra VATTIMO ed ECO, che si è fatto tutti gli studiosi di spicco della scuola di Pareyson. Allegato alla all'avanguardia dei situazionisti. Insegna a Salerno e Roma.  Collabora a agaragar, Clinamen, Estetica Notizie. Fonda Agalma. Rivista di Studi Culturali e di Estetica. L'ampiezza, l'intuizione e molti-affrontato i contributi della sua filosofia gli fa guadagnare la reputazione di essere una delle figure più importanti del panorama filosofico. Pubblica “Miracoli e traumi della Comunicazione”. Le sue attività ad ampio raggio coinvolti formulare teorie filosofiche innovative, filosofare, l'estetica di insegnamento, e conferenze. Si concentra sulla filosofia del romanzo e la teoria della letteratura. Nel suo saggio “Il meta-romanzo:, sostiene che il romanzo da James a Beckett ha un carattere auto-referenziale. Inoltre, si afferma che il romanzo è soltanto su se stesso. Il suo obiettivo e quello di dimostrare la dignità filosofica del meta-romanzo e cercare di recuperare un grave espressione culturale. Montale gli loda per questa critica originale del romanzo come genere filosofico. Però, non solo hanno un'anima accademica ma anche una anima anti-accademica.. Quest'ultima è esemplificato dalla sua attenzione all’espressioni alternativa e trasgressiva. Un saggio importante appartenente a questa parte anti-accademico è “L'alienazione artistica”, in cui attinge la filosofia marxista. Sostiene che l'alienazione non è un fallimento di arte, ma piuttosto una condizione dell'esistenza stessa dell'arte come categoria distintiva dell'attività umana. I situazionisti (Castelvecchi, Roma) esemplifica il suo interesse per l'avanguardia. Dà conto dei situazionisti e post-situazionisti nel quale è stato personalmente coinvolto. Ha videnzia anche le caratteristiche contrastanti dei membri del movimento. In “Agaragar” continua la critica post-situazionista della società capitalistica e della borghesia. Saggio sul negativo”.  Grice: “St John’s, 1966. I think I’ve had it. I have to cross from Blackwell’s back to St John’s, and there, shining in the window, is the latest Continental novelty: Perniola’s Il metaromanzo, with a cover clever enough to count as an argument. When I was tutoring Strawson for his logic paper in PPE—Hilary or Michaelmas ’38?—we spent a whole hour on “metalanguage”: his view that it was a very good idea, mine that it was not. The OED will no doubt testify that meta- in this use comes into English through Russell—“the Lord,” as we sometimes call him here—and it was meant to contrast a metalanguage with an object-language. The phrase itself always amused me, since Russell’s great mistake was to be too comfortable with “objects”: his background being mathematics rather than philosophy, he never developed the proper philosophical suspicion of them. But to see meta- now slapped onto romanzo, as if there were an object-novel waiting in the wings to match it, is… well, la dolce vita, I suppose.” Grice: Caro Perniola, ho sempre pensato che il meta-romanzo fosse come una conversazione tra specchi: ognuno riflette l’altro, ma nessuno sa chi ha iniziato a parlare. Tu, che sei maestro dell’autoreferenzialità, hai mai perso il filo tra romanzo e realtà? Perniola: Grice, se dovessi cercare il filo tra romanzo e realtà, finirei sicuramente impigliato nella trama di uno dei miei saggi! Ma non temere: in Piemonte diciamo che “chi perde il filo, almeno trova la lana”. E poi, un po’ di alienazione rende la conversazione più interessante, no? Grice: Ah, Perniola, tu sei l’unico filosofo che può alienarsi e ritrovare se stesso tra le pagine di Clinamen! Mi chiedo se l’implicatura conversazionale, in fondo, non sia solo un meta-romanzo scritto a voce... Come dire: tutto è conversazione, persino la pausa caffè in Agalma! Perniola: Grice, la pausa caffè è il mio laboratorio filosofico preferito! Tra una tazzina e l’altra, si può scoprire che la borghesia è più amara dell’espresso, e che la vera avanguardia è quando il barista ti domanda: “Lo vuole corto o lungo?” La filosofia, come il caffè, va gustata senza zucchero! Perniola, Mario (1966). Il metaromanzo. Torino: Einaudi.

Ugo Perone (Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means (often more than is explicitly said) by presuming rational cooperation and inferring implicatures from what is said plus context plus recognisable intentions; the governing norms are those that make an exchange intelligible as a shared project of giving information, reasons, and guidance. Perone’s work, emerging from the Pareyson milieu and shaped by phenomenology and a historically self-conscious metaphysics, approaches meaning less through the micro-economy of conversational inference and more through the experience of discontinuity, threshold, and memory: modernity is read as a cesura, and understanding as an attempt to rescue sense from fragments, not by “calculating” what someone meant from a cooperative maxim, but by interpreting how meaning is given, withheld, and reconstituted across ruptured historical and existential horizons. The comparison is thus a difference of explanatory target: Grice offers a model of how communicative intention and shared rational expectations structure everyday understanding here and now, while Perone offers a hermeneutic account of how sense persists (or fails) across temporal breaks, where what matters is not only what is implicated in a single utterance but what is remembered, lost, and re-figured as the present becomes a boundary between what can still be said and what can only be recalled. From a Gricean perspective, Perone’s “memory of the cut” would appear as a background condition that shapes what conversational participants can presuppose and so what they can implicate; from a Peronean perspective, Grice’s maxims look like a local rational grammar operating within a deeper historical drama in which the very possibility of common ground is itself precarious and must be continually rebuilt. Il tema è ripreso proprio in apertura di Modernità e Memoria, dove individua nella modernità l'epoca della cesura. Il moderno è dunque chiamato a essere il tempo della memoria. La memoria è sempre memoria della cesura. L’uso della categoria d’illuminismo non simpatizza per quella interpretazione del moderno, dimentiche della tensione. Semplicemente pone l'umano in luogo del divino come fonte di legittimazione -- puntando tutto sul continuio, anziché sul dis-continuo della storia. Per un approfondimento a tutto tondo del significato dell'ateismo, contro l'essere, ciò che è forte, è lecito essere forti, perché la minaccia non lo vince, ma lo lascia stagliarsi in tutta la sua maestà e incommensurabile grandezza. Per una trattazione sistematica del concetto di "soglia”, che svolge con particolare attenzione cfr. Il presente possibile -- il presente come soglia.  Se una totalità è interrotta, non possiamo ricordare se non frammenti, e quasi istantanee del tempo. Tuttavia, se la memoria afferra brandelli e frammenti, è perché in essi vi legge il tutto, perché li pensa capaci di dar *senso* e di riscattare, perché in essi vi scorge l'essenziale. La memoria sa che non tutto può essere salvato. Ma osiamo credere che nella memoria salvata vi possa essere un senso anche per ciò che è andato perduto. Implicature, peiron/apeiron, Velia, Grice on ‘other’; finito/ infinito, Velia, Elea, I veliani, Guardini. Total temporary state, Israele, etimologia, la ferita di Giaccobe dopo la lotta coll’angelo, nella Vulgata. Israele, la lotta di Giacobbe e il angelo, la ferita, Giacobbe zoppo, iconografia, controversia sull’etimologia di israele, ei combatte, la tradizione di VELIA, l’infinito di Velia – il continuo e il discontinuo, l’infinito della scuola di Crotone, Cicerone, l’infinito di Giordano Bruno. Infinitum, indefinititum, dal verbo, finire, finio in romano, -- I due rappresentanti della scuola di Velia, Melisso, peras, pars. Guardini, il sacro, il divino, I dei, uomo e dio, opposizione, -- la storia della filosofia di Perone, il presente possible, la totalita interrota, I soggeti, trascendentale e immanente. Secrétan.Grice: “St John’s. 1967. The Senior Common Room exposes one to more than one needs to know. So Perone has just defended a thesis in Turin, under Pareyson, on Secrétan—who sounds secretive enough, even before one looks at the spelling. The title reads: La filosofia della libertà in Secrétan. Naturally I now want to know everything about Secrétan, if only because that acute accent on the second e makes him sound improbably nouvelle vague. One imagines freedom being discussed not in the manner of Oxford—tidy distinctions and an embarrassed avoidance of metaphysics—but in a smoky café idiom, all thresholds and ruptures, where what matters is less the conclusion than the cut that makes a conclusion necessary. Editorial note: Charles Secrétan (1815–1895) was a Swiss Protestant philosopher born and based in Lausanne, trained in law, and formed philosophically by German idealism (notably Schelling, whom he heard in Munich in 1835–36 and again in 1839). His major work, La philosophie de la liberté (2 vols., 1848–1849; commonly cited as 1849), presents a systematic moral-metaphysical programme in which freedom is not a derivative human faculty but the absolute principle itself: the first principle is conceived as free rather than merely necessary, and the world is read as the product of a free act, with moral obligation and religious ideas (creation, fall, restoration) treated as philosophically central rather than merely confessional add-ons. This makes Secrétan a natural choice for Perone’s 1967 Turin thesis under Luigi Pareyson (La filosofia della libertà in Charles Secrétan): Secrétan offers a way of thinking “freedom” that is simultaneously metaphysical, ethical, and historically alert to rupture—an approach congenial to Perone’s later concerns with modernity as cesura and with the present as a “threshold.” Grice’s interest in the same neighbourhood is of a different temper: rather than beginning from an absolute principle, he reconstructs the conceptual geography of “free” across its ordinary-language applications (from free fall to free will, to the comic sobriety of alcohol-free), treating the family of uses as data for a theory of rational agency and action; the juxtaposition usefully marks two routes to the topic—Secrétan’s principled metaphysics of freedom and Grice’s analytic reconstruction of the concept as it functions in explanation, justification, and choice.Grice: Caro Perone, ho letto che la modernità è la grande cesura della memoria. Ma dimmi, hai mai dimenticato dove hai messo le chiavi? Forse anche tu sei vittima della cesura moderna! Perone: Grice, se la memoria è fatta di frammenti, le mie chiavi sono sicuramente uno di quei frammenti perduti! E se davvero il presente è una soglia, forse le troverò... appena varcata la porta di casa. Grice: Hai ragione, Perone! Ma ricordati: anche Giacobbe, dopo la lotta, rimase zoppo... Io, dopo la lotta con il telecomando, rimango senza il canale giusto. È la memoria che salva o ci fa inciampare? Perone: Grice, tu filosofeggi persino davanti alla TV! Ma in fondo, tra il continuo e il discontinuo, c’è sempre spazio per una buona battuta. E se non ricordo tutto, almeno non dimentico di ridere! Perone, Ugo (1967). La filosofia della liberta, Torino.

Persio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e la filosofia nel principato di Nerone – TREASEA CONTRO LA TIRANNIA –He is best known as a satirical poet, but he studies philosophy under Luccio Anneo Cornuto, to whom he wrote a tribute and to whom he leaves his works on his death. A strong belief in the value of the ethics of the PORTICO lies beneath much of his satire. He is a friend of Trasea Peto (vide RENSI – TRASEA CONTRO LA TIRANNIA), and is related to him by marriage. Through this connection, Persio becomes associated with the PORTICO opposition to Nerone – but he dies before Nerone can take action against him. Ed. Broad, Loeb. Flacco Aulo Persio. GRICEVS: salve, PERSI; audio te sub CORNVTO porticum colere, sed satiras scribere: nonne periculosum est sub NERONE ridere cum virtute? PERSIVS: salve, GRICE; ridere liceat, dum non nomino: satira mea telum est sine nomine, et CORNVTVS me docuit iram in mores, non in homines, iactari. GRICEVS: bene; sed quaeso, cum dicis “sic vivitur Romae,” visne intellegi plus quam dicis, ut TRASEAE partes tuearis sine clamore?

PERSIVS: prorsus; si lector sapiens est, accipit quod taceo: ego moriar citius quam NERO me puniat, sed verba mea—CORNVTO relicta—diutius vivent et tyrannum, vel invito eo, rubere iubebunt.

Antonio Persio (Matera, Basilicata): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale nella storia della dialettica: Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means beyond what is explicitly said by presuming rational cooperation and then reasoning from shared norms of relevance, informativeness, and perspicuity to implicatures that are defeasible and publicly accountable. Antonio Persio, working in the late Renaissance at the intersection of Ciceronian dialogue, Boethian logic, and the new natural-philosophical temper associated with Telesio, treats “dialectic” less as a micro-theory of inferential uptake between interlocutors and more as a historically layered art of disputation and intellectual formation: a cultivated method for conducting argument, reconciling authorities, and educating judgment across disciplines. The comparison, then, is between Grice’s pragmatic rationalism—where the basic unit is a conversational move whose point is fixed by intentions and cooperative expectations—and Persio’s humanist dialectical rationalism—where the basic unit is the disputational exchange shaped by rhetorical tradition and by the transmission (and contest) of doctrines. From a Gricean angle, Persio’s Ciceronian sensibility already presupposes something like implicature (the tactful use of allusion, concession, and indirection in dialogue), but Persio would see those effects as belonging to the broader civic and pedagogical norms of eloquent disputation rather than to an abstract “calculus” of cooperative inference; Grice systematizes what Persio practices, while Persio historicizes and moralizes the conversational space that Grice analyzes. CICERONE, BOEZIO, e TELESIO. Grice: “Some like A. P., but A. P. is MY man!” -- “I was so happy when the Logic Institute was founded on St. Giles, Oxford. It meant it was never again part of the Sub-Faculty of Philosophy!” -- Matera, Basilicata. Nacque da Altobello P., scultore, e da Beatrice Goffredo. È il primo di cinque fratelli. Trascorse un’infanzia difficile a causa di una grave malattia che gli provoca una temporanea paralisi degl’arti superiori e inferiori. A occuparsi della sua prima istruzione e di quella dei suoi fratelli è lo zio, l’umanista Goffredo. L’ambiente familiare è dunque assai stimolante e da ciò trassero profitto i P. che, a eccezione del secondogenito, Giovanni Battista – Grice, “Only we never asked HIM!”, divennero personaggi di rilievo in varie discipline: Antonio si distinse in ambito filosofico, Giulio proseguì l’attività paterna di scultore, Domizio prese gl’ordini e si dedica alla pittura e Ascanio risalta in campo umanistico-filologico.  Dopo aver proseguito gli studi nel monastero francescano della sua città natale, P. scelge di abbandonare Matera, forse anche per il suo temperamento forte, che lo spinge a porsi continuamente in contrasto coll’autorità paterna. Si reca a Napoli, dove ha l’incarico di precettore di L. e P. Orsini, fratelli minori di Orsini, duca di Gravina e conte di Matera. Entra in contatto con TELESIO , del quale divenne discepolo e intimo amico, tanto che il filosofo volle discutere proprio con lui la seconda edizione del “De rerum natura iuxta propria principia,” prima che vedesse la luce, e a lui rende noto il proposito di dedicarsi anche a una altra stesura. Il magistero di TELESIO  influenza profondamente P., che divenne un attivo divulgatore del pensiero del filosofo cosentino ed elabora la sua filosofia a partire da una personale rilettura della sua dottrina.  Dopo una breve permanenza a Roma, Implicature, dialecticis, Telesio, Campanella, spirito come vita, animo come aria, Cicerone, Catone, Boezio. Grice: Alcuni amano Persio, ma Persio è il MIO uomo! So che capirai, Antonio, che intendo proprio te, non il Persio più celebre: sei tu quello che preferisco. Persio: Caro Grice, è un onore sentirlo da te! La distinzione tra i Persio mi fa sorridere; ma è proprio nel dialogo amichevole che si trova la vera filosofia. La preferenza implicata è la migliore delle lodi. Grice: Ecco, Antonio, la tua capacità di cogliere l'implicatura è ciò che ti rende speciale. La dialettica non è solo logica, ma uno scambio vivo, e tu ne sei maestro. Telesio avrebbe approvato questa nostra conversazione elegante! Persio: Grazie, Grice. La dialettica, tra Cicerone e Telesio, si fa vita e aria—come dicevo: spirito come vita, animo come aria. Nel nostro dialogo si respira davvero quell'anima filosofica italiana, fatta di sottintesi e affetti. Persio, Antonio (1574). Trattato dell’ingegno dell’huomo. Venezia: Varisco.

Ascanio Persio (Matera, Basilicata): la ragione conversazionale, Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers get from what is said to what is meant by treating conversation as a cooperative rational practice: speakers are presumed to be aiming at intelligibility and relevance, and when an utterance appears indirect, under-informative, or oddly chosen, the hearer can infer further content as an implicature grounded in shared norms and recognisable intentions. Persio, by contrast, is not a theorist of conversational inference but a rhetorically minded Renaissance writer who works within humanist conventions of dialogue, exemplum, and decorum; in a title like Il merito delle donne he advances a culturally and morally charged thesis by choosing a public genre that must balance praise, provocation, and audience-management, thereby relying heavily on what can be suggested without being baldly asserted. The comparison, then, is between an explicit explanatory model and a skilled practice of insinuation: Grice makes the mechanisms of indirect meaning visible (how implicatures are generated, cancellable, and accountable), while Persio’s social-philosophical writing exemplifies how a writer can exploit shared assumptions, classical authorities, and strategic restraint so that the reader supplies much of the argumentative force “between the lines.” From a Gricean angle, Persio’s success depends on controlling the expectations of his addressee-community—what it will tolerate, what it will take for granted, what it will infer—so that persuasion proceeds not by explicit proof alone but by a managed economy of saying and letting-be-understood, which is precisely the terrain Grice later systematizes under the heading of conversational implicature. Grice: “I was certainly fortunate in my mother wanting a good education for me, better at least than the one that poor woman can provide me with at Harborne – so off to Clifton I arrived aged 13, and till 17, GREEK became my first language!” – Keywords: Greco, latino, GRIEF AND LAUGHING. Persi, Persii. Ascanio. Nasce da Altobello, scultore, e da Beatrice Goffredo, ultimo di cinque fratelli: Antonio, Giovanni Battista, Giulio -- da cui nacque il giureconsulto e poeta Orazio --, Domizio.  Così come il fratello Antonio, si forma a Matera alla scuola tenuta dallo zio materno Leonardo e poi nel convento di S. Francesco, dove studia filosofia. Segue le orme di Antonio, che a Napoli divenne precettore di Lelio e Pietro Orsini, fratelli minori di Ferdinando Orsini, duca di Gravina e conte di Matera. Poi si lega alla famiglia Caetani e è amico di Manuzio: tutti personaggi con cui anche P. stringe rapporti. Persio è a Roma, in familiarità con Muret e con il letterato sulmonese Ciofano, e a Venezia. Qui pubblica, in una stampa sine notis, ma edita da Manuzio, La corona d’Arrigo III re di Francia, e di Polonia, componimento d’occasione per il passaggio sulla laguna del nuovo re di Francia Enrico III diretto a Parigi per salire sul trono di Francia, composto in verso volgare Heroico Patritiano, cioè nel verso di tredici sillabe adottato da Patrizi nel poemetto mitologico Eridano -- Ferrara -- per ovviare all’inadeguatezza dei metri italiani alla nobiltà dell’epica. Testimonianza dell’amicizia che lo legò a Manuzio è la dedica a P. del Lepidi comici veteris Philodoxios fabula ex antiquitate eruta ab Manuccio, che Manuzio pubblica a Lucca con questo frontespizio, incorrendo però in un infortunio, poiché si tratta della commedia autobiografica Philodoxeos scritta da ALBERTI  che si firmò con il nome di Lepido, ingannando a lungo i lettori.  P. studiò lettere latine a Padova, ma frequenta anche i corsi di filosofia di ZABARELLA. Grice: “There’s an exhibit at the Bodleian on Italian rarities, and there, in the central case in the main hall, sits Persio’s Il merito delle donne behind protective glass, looking for all the world like a provocation preserved. Pears was with me, and out of nowhere he asked—quite as if I were the Bodleian catalogue—when exactly Oxford had decided it would accept donne. We both know Girton well enough (not because we care for Cambridge, but because we care for Princess Ida), but Somerville is a different sort of creature altogether. A week later, Pears—whose joint seminar with me on trying is beginning to resemble an experiment in endurance—did his best to impress me by reciting, in one breath, every date and detail he had managed to scrape together about women at Oxford, as if the admission of women were itself an exercise in practical reasoning: one step, one committee, one concession at a time.” (Editor’s note (key Oxford dates, in brief, for Pears’s “recitation”) Women began to receive Oxford teaching in a formal way when the Association for the Education of Women at Oxford was founded in 1878, with lectures arranged and examinations offered. The first women’s halls followed soon after: Lady Margaret Hall and Somerville College were founded in 1879, then St Hugh’s in 1886 and St Hilda’s in 1893. Women could sit Oxford examinations from the 1880s, but for decades they did so without membership of the University and without degrees. The decisive change came in 1920, when Oxford granted women full membership of the University and allowed them to take degrees (though subject at first to a quota). The last major institutional barrier fell much later, past Grice’s time, when the remaining all-male colleges began admitting women: the first of the men’s colleges to admit women was Brasenose in 1974, followed by others through the 1970s and 1980s; all colleges became mixed by the end of the century.) Grice: Caro Persio, scommetto che studiare greco a tredici anni ti ha fatto vedere la vita come una lunga tragedia... o forse una commedia piena di sottintesi! Ti sei mai chiesto se il vero eroe era il professore? Persio: Ah, Grice, il professore magari pensava di essere un eroe, ma in realtà era Odisseo e noi alunni i ciclopi assonnati! E comunque, tra epica e grammatica, ho imparato che anche una declinazione sbagliata può essere un dramma. Grice: Vedi, caro Persio, la conversazione è come un viaggio in laguna con Enrico III: può cambiare rotta da un momento all’altro! Basta una domanda trabocchetto e ci si ritrova a Venezia senza sapere più se si parla in latino, in volgare... o in dialetto materano! Persio: E allora, Grice, brindiamo alla confusione linguistica! In fondo, tra lagune, biblioteche e dediche errate, l’importante è non prendere troppo sul serio né le parole né noi stessi. Anzi, meglio ridere... come avrebbe fatto uno dei miei fratelli poeti! Persio, Ascanio (1633). Il merito delle donne. Venezia: Francesco Baba.

Enrico Pessina (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how speakers can mean more than they explicitly say because hearers assume rational cooperation and infer implicatures from what is said plus context plus recognisable intentions; the norms involved are not external moral commandments but the internal standards that make communicative exchange possible and accountable. Enrico Pessina, by contrast, approaches normativity through law and civil life: in works such as Della filosofia del diritto (1858) and his later attacks on crude positivism, he treats juridical reasoning as answerable to principles that are not exhausted by empirical sociology or procedural technique, and he understands public language (in courts, constitutions, and civic argument) as a vehicle of liberty and responsibility rather than a neutral code. The comparison is that Grice offers a micro-theory of how rational agents manage mutual understanding in everyday speech, while Pessina offers a macro-theory of how rational agents ought to justify coercion, rights, and obligation within institutions; yet they meet in a shared emphasis on reason as a public practice: Grice’s maxims make conversation a kind of informal tribunal where claims are assessed by what can be responsibly inferred, and Pessina’s jurisprudence makes the courtroom and the polity a formal tribunal where claims must survive scrutiny beyond mere force or custom. From a Gricean perspective, much legal reasoning depends on controlled implicatures (what statutes, precedents, and advocates suggest without stating), while from a Pessina-like perspective, conversational rationality is one of the cultural preconditions for law’s legitimacy, since a legal order that cannot be explained, defended, and contested in intelligible discourse has already lost its claim to govern rational beings. Studia a Napoli sotto GALLUPPI. Cura la sua storia della filosofia. Di idee liberali, prende parte ai moti. Pubblica un saggio sulla costituzione italiana che gli procura la persecuzione della polizia e il carcere. Recluso nell’isola di S. Stefano, sposa la figlia di Settembrini. Fugge dal regno, insegna a Bologna. Fonda “Il Filangieri”. Dei Lincei.  Muore nella suo palazzo in via del Museo, strada che prese in seguito il suo nome: Anche il palazzo dove visse. Aula a lui intitolata.  A lui è dedicato un busto alla passeggiata del Pincio. Saggi “Che cosa e il diritto private?” (Napoli: Poligrafico); “Procedura del diritto (Napoli, Jovene); “Il naturale e il giuridico – alla regia di Napoli” (Napoli, Accademia Reale delle Scienze); Il piu privati dei diritti (Napoli, Marghieri, Diritto e privacita (Napoli, Marghieri); Il privato del diritto (Napoli, Marghieri); Che e private nel diritto privato? (Napoli: Marghieri); “Il diritto privato” (Napoli: Priore); “Storia della filosofia” (Milano: Silvestri); Treccani Dizionario biografico degl’italiani, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia. Giurista (Napoli). P. avversò il positivismo filosofico e metodologico applicato alle scienze giuridiche e l'empirismo semplicistico di antropologi, psicologi e sociologi criminalisti. La genialità della sua mente ebbe davanti a sé orizzonti più vasti di quello del diritto, e così fu non soltanto grandissimo giurista, ma filosofo, letterato e storico. E fu avvocato insigne e conferenziere affascinante.  Vita Appena ventenne, prese parte ai moti rivoluzionari. Un suo Manuale di diritto costituzionale gli attirò le persecuzioni della polizia borbonica per le idee liberali ivi professate. Più tardi, arrestato, rimase in carcere per quattro mesi, cui seguirono due anni di domicilio forzoso in Ottaiano. Di nuovo arrestato per le sue relazioni con il rappresentante del governo sardo a Napoli, dopo due giorni di prigionia riparò a Marsiglia; Storiografia filosofica in Italia, la storia della filosofia romana, Galluppi, diritto private. Grice: “St John’s, 1950. I keep asking myself what Hart is doing at our Saturday mornings. He is older than Austin, and Austin once remarked that he would rather not have an authoritative father-figure hovering above him. And Hart is—Hart, that is—deep in jurisprudence. We had a long talk about it at the Lamb and Flag. He was reading a slim old pamphlet by an Enrico Pessina entitled Della filosofia del diritto and had a few questions for “the younger generation,” as he likes, with mock solemnity, to call me—he is only three years my senior. Hart could not make sense of Pessina’s leading with that dignified Della. “Why not just La filosofia del diritto?” he asked. I told him—though I perhaps should not, since he has a double First in Greats, as I do—that it is a Ciceronian relic, the sort of genitival throat-clearing Italians do when they want a title to sound like a treatise rather than a topic. Then he returned to his time-honoured preoccupation with the German jurists. “Is that why the Italians are obsessed with diritto,” he asked, “or is it the other way round—did the Hun import Recht from diritto?” “Check your Cicero again,” was all I could muster.” Grice: Mi affascina il tuo approccio al diritto, Enrico! La tua opposizione al positivismo giuridico mi ricorda quanto sia cruciale la ragione conversazionale per comprendere la complessità della legge. Non credi che il dialogo sia il cuore della filosofia? Pessina: Hai ragione, Grice! Il diritto, come la filosofia, vive di dialoghi e di implicature sottili. Ho sempre pensato che il confronto tra idee, anche polemico, sia il motore del progresso. L’esperienza di Napoli e Bologna mi ha insegnato che la parola è più potente di ogni decreto. Grice: Mi colpisce il tuo impegno civile, il coraggio di difendere la libertà pur a costo della persecuzione. La tua storia mi ricorda un vecchio detto: “Chi non rischia, non rosica!” Nel tuo caso, il rischio ha portato innovazione e dignità al pensiero italiano. Pessina: Grazie, caro Grice. Credo che la filosofia debba essere, anzitutto, una forma di vita e di resistenza. Il privato e il pubblico si intrecciano, e la ragione dialogica ci aiuta a tenere insieme giustizia, memoria e speranza. Alla fine, la conversazione resta sempre il più alto tribunale. Pessina, Enrico (1858). Della filosofia del diritto. Napoli: Morano.

Luigi Pessina: la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means by presuming rational cooperation and using shared norms (relevance, informativeness, clarity, etc.) to infer implicatures from what is said plus context plus intention; on this view, the “rules” of talk are not mere schoolroom prescriptions but an explanatory account of how communication actually works when speakers leave things unsaid yet still expect to be understood. Luigi Pessina, by contrast, belongs to the pedagogical-rhetorical tradition: his Precetti di retorica and allied manuals treat discourse as something to be taught by precepts, with Cicero and Aristotle providing models of correctness, decorum, and persuasive arrangement, and with “good speaking” secured by training rather than by an underlying theory of cooperative inference. The comparison is thus a shift from rhetoric-as-art to pragmatics-as-theory: Pessina offers explicit norms for producing effective or proper discourse (a handbook of what one ought to do), whereas Grice offers a rational reconstruction of the implicit norms that interlocutors already rely on (an account of what we must be presuming in order for ordinary conversation to succeed at all). From a Gricean angle, many of Pessina’s “precepts” can be reinterpreted as practical ways of managing implicature—choosing formulations that steer an audience toward the intended takeaway—while from a Pessina-like angle, Grice’s maxims can look like a modern, analytically sharpened re-casting of ancient rhetorical prudence, stripped of ornamental doctrine and treated as the invisible machinery of understanding. Grice: “At Oxford, for the B. A. Lit. Hum. we do study Cicero in Latin; at Bologna, they study it in LATIN *and* Italian!” – Cicerone, Leech on Grice’s programme as ‘conversational rhetoric’  P, the author of  'Precetti di rettorica ', was an Italian educator and author known for several other publications related to rhetoric, poetry, philosophy, and literature, primarily published in Naples and Bari. Information regarding his place of birth is not explicitly stated, though he was active in Southern Italy. Other Publications In addition to 'Precetti di rettorica' (published for private use at his institute), P. published several other educational works, including: “Precetti di rettorica, e di poesia” – Naples --, “Elementi di poesia ad uso delle scuole” – Bari --, “Istituzioni di rettorica e belle lettere” – Naples --, “Storia della letteratura antica e moderna” – Naples. These titles indicate his focus on classical education and literary studies, intended for use in schools or private institutes.  The search results did not explicitly mention the exact town or city of his birth. Several individuals named “Luigi P.” appear in historical records with births in various locations across northern Italy (Casatevecchio, Alme, Varese, Stresa), but none are definitively linked to the author who was active in Naples and Bari. His educational and publishing activities, however, strongly indicate a long-term presence and influence in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies region.  -- pppw^'i^wf BIBLIOTECA NAZ-, Vittorio Emanuele III <v/// xx\:ilr F 7 Ó NAPOLI  I COMPILATI DA LUIGI P. SOPRA VARII AUTORI, PER USO DEL SUO PRIVATO ISTITUTO. l TCfUOtiioi Ss ssriy q P'tifopixi) , S(» r« ro ^ast siyx( xpstrriuy rt(Xir)d)i x«( r« 8ix«t» r«y gyayriojy. srt Ss stpos <yiou;, ov8’st T>)y axpijSsarArtjy sirt<rnniti)y , pfStoy «xr* sxsiyi)! ies!a»i \sffovxxu Utilis vero est Rhetòrica, propterea quod na- tura sunt meliora vera et iuata conlrariis.,.. praelerea apud nonnulloa, nec si exquisitis- simam haòeremus scientiam , facile est pet illant solam dicendo persuadere. Aristot. Rhet. I. i. Grice.: “St John’s, 1964. The Oxford seminar on conversation is going well, and I am enjoying Potts’s interventions. I keep casting my proposals in the imperative mood—perhaps a leftover from Hare, who used to draw that tidy distinction between the dictum and the dictor: “The door is closed.” “The door is closed, please.” Potts, noticing my fondness for Latin (I have been abusing desideratum again), suggested that what I really want is not a “maxim” at all but a praeceptum. To illustrate, he produced—of all things—a thin booklet he had picked up at the Bodleian, Luigi Pessina’s Precetti di retorica, looking more like something that ought to have stayed in a schoolmaster’s pocket than entered legal deposit. Potts added, with the air of a man who has checked such matters on holiday, that when he was in Rome last spring the Italians were spelling it retorica—one t, as if orthography itself were subject to local custom. In any case, we agreed (and the note-takers seemed pleased) that even if there are praecepta, they had better spring from a single praeceptum, on pain of multiplying them beyond necessity. Strawson then observed that the prae- may be nothing but Ciceronian fuss—“ceptum seems to do perfectly well”—though he would say that, having never taken Greats and having only scraped a Second in PPE, a calamity for which I can blame no one but his tutor: myself.” Grice: Caro Pessina, ma quanti libri hai pubblicato? Se continuo a leggere, rischio di diventare più colto di Cicerone... o almeno di sembrare uno che lo imita bene! Pessina: Ah, Grice, tu hai la conversazione nel sangue! Se i miei libri aiutano, allora la retorica non è solo materia da scuola, ma anche ottimo modo per sopravvivere alle cene di famiglia. Grice: Lo dicevano anche a Oxford: la vera arte è convincere la zia a servire il bis! E a proposito di retorica, Aristotele avrebbe adorato il tuo modo di insegnare, soprattutto se riusciva a ottenere una fetta di torta. Pessina: Grice, tu sei il filosofo della conversazione e del buonumore! La prossima volta, portiamo anche Aristotele: io preparo i precetti, tu i sorrisi, lui la logica... e tutti a tavola, senza implicature! Pessina, Luigi (1866). Sulla dottrina della società. Napoli: Morano.

Francesco Petrarca (Arezzo, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Cicerone. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats understanding as a rational achievement within a cooperative practice: speakers can mean more than they explicitly say because hearers assume intelligibility, relevance, and a shared aim, and so they infer implicatures from what is said plus context plus recognisable intention. Petrarch’s relation to “conversational meaning” is not that of a theorist of maxims, but of a master practitioner of indirectness who inherits (and reshapes) the Ciceronian ideal of dialogue, decorum, and the tactful management of what is voiced versus what is merely suggested; in his letters, dialogues, and self-scrutiny he repeatedly stages a speaker who negotiates audience, reputation, moral posture, and inner conflict by letting the unsaid do as much work as the said. Where Grice anatomizes the inferential machinery that allows an addressee to recover a speaker’s intended point from strategic understatement, irony, or selective emphasis, Petrarch supplies a rich field of such strategies in action: the humanist’s learned allusion, the moralized aside, the rhetorical question, the cultivated confession, all operating as invitations to a competent reader to supply what propriety or prudence leaves implicit. The contrast, then, is between explanation and exemplification: Grice offers a general account of how rational norms govern conversational interpretation, while Petrarch—formed by Latin rhetoric and by Cicero’s model of civil discourse—shows how a writer can guide interpretation by controlling tone, register, and audience-design, so that meaning emerges less as a bare proposition than as a socially intelligent performance whose implicatures are part of its philosophical substance. Grice: “There are a few studies on P. and ‘filosofia’: “Petrarca platonico,” etc. – but his most important contribution is via implicatura, as when I deal with Blake or Shakespeare.” ir«^|#»rtit«» ,i\ARK TP Jt^ -'f \t. \3FICO ^1 PP TIGI03 i^C/->>. t -nF CARLINI LA FILOSOFIA di P. Saggio Tipografia Editric e Cooperativa Jesi V A SEVERINO FERRARI DELLE OPERE PETRARCHESCHE CONOSCITORE PROFONDO CON ANIMO RIVERENTE E GRATO La tradizione platonica e religiosa nel Medio evo Caratteri del misticismo italiano Il Cristianesimo e il Papato II pensiero religioso e la scolastica Dante e Platone P. e Aristotele P. ed Averroe P. e Platone Il criterio filosofico di P. è afl'atto religioso Filosofia della religione Paganesimo e Cristianesimo Se P. è cattolico Colui che fece per viltade il gran rifiuto Se P. è un mistico Varie specie di misticismo Il De vita solitaria II De ocio RELiGiosoRUM Ascetismo e misticismo sano II pessimismo di P. II pessimismo cristiano La vita umana secondo P. Il De REMEDiis UTRiusQUE FORTUNAE - P. e Leopardi L' acedia e le contraddizioni di P. hanno radice nel suo sentimento religioso P. non e strettamente un filosofo Ma ne’suoi scritti è un ampio contenuto filosofico (GRICE ON ONE SENSE OF PHILOSOPHER AND ONE IMPLICATURE) E ha ancora ingegno filosofico P. e la scienza Meriti filosofici di P. Il rerum memorandarum Carattere morale, sociale e politico della nuova filosofia P. e il ri-sorgimento filosofico religioso Il sentimento della natura Carattere psicologico della filosofia di P. Le Rime II Secretum Eternità di P. Il pensiero religioso può precedere o seguire il pensiero filosofico, secondo che l’uomo è credente o no : sempre poi esso ' è dalla filosofia iìiseparabile^ se vtwle divenir cosciente. Questo chiamo pensiero filosofico religioso: Implicature, cicerone, I lizij, lucrezio, filosofia Latina, filosofia romana. Il dialogo filosofico – Platone, Cicerone. Grice: Caro Petrarca, sai che ti conosco fin dai miei giorni a Clifton? Non c’era lezione del mio vecchio maestro di latino senza che citasse qualche epigramma latino e ne offrisse la glossa proprio grazie a te! La tua presenza aleggiava tra i banchi, come una brezza sapiente. Petrarca: Che onore, Grice! Sapere che la mia voce risuonava tra gli scolari inglesi mi riempie di gratitudine. Nel commentare il latino, ho sempre cercato di trasmettere quella limpidezza che Cicerone intuiva nel dialogo. È bello pensare che la mia parola abbia trovato eco persino oltre le Alpi! Grice: Ho sempre apprezzato la tua capacità di unire la tradizione platonica e quella latina, arricchendo ogni epigramma di un implicito filosofico. Per me, leggere una tua glossa significava respirare la profondità di una filosofia vissuta, tra ascetismo e misticismo, tra sentimento religioso e ragione conversazionale. Petrarca: Grazie, caro Grice. Sei penetrato nello spirito dei miei scritti! La filosofia, come il dialogo, nasce dalla capacità di ascoltare e di rispondere, con rispetto e con affetto. Se le mie glosse hanno illuminato i vostri studi, allora posso dire: “Chi semina pensiero, raccoglie amicizia.” Petrarca, Francesco (1369). Il canzoniere. Firenze.

Bernardino Petrella (Sansepolcro). Sansepolcro, Arezzo, Tocana. P., Bernardino. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning locates the sources of “what is meant” in a normative practice of exchange: speakers and hearers rely (often tacitly) on shared rational expectations about how a contribution ought to advance a joint purpose, and this makes implicature possible as a disciplined inference from what is said plus context plus recognisable intention. Petrella, by contrast, represents the Padua tradition in which reason is primarily exhibited as doctrine of method and first principles: logic is an architectonic discipline, with demonstrative procedure, intention of the philosopher in reading Aristotle, and the ordering of principia doing the explanatory work; meaning is stabilized by scholastic distinctions and by the aims of teaching and disputation rather than by the fine-grained management of conversational expectations. The comparison, then, is a contrast of where normativity is placed: Grice makes the governing norms endogenous to conversation itself (a cooperative rational activity that generates implicatures when maxims are apparently bent), whereas Petrella makes the governing norms endogenous to a formal and pedagogical enterprise (the right handling of principles, demonstrations, and interpretive intentions within an Aristotelian curriculum). Put Grice next to Petrella and you see two rationalities: one that explains how ordinary speakers can mean more than they say without chaos, and one that explains how a discipline can proceed from principles without multiplying them beyond necessity; the link is that both treat rational order as something that must be made public and accountable, but for Grice the tribunal is the conversational exchange, while for Petrella it is the school, the lecture room, and the logic of demonstration. Nasce a Borgo del Santo Sepolcro -- oggi Sansepolcro, in provincia di Arezzo --, da Domenico P. Non è noto il nome della madre. È allievo di Francesco di Niccolò PICCOLOMINI  a Padova, dove -- Riccoboni e Lohr -- comincia a insegnare logica «in secundo loco» -- succedendo a TOMITANO  con lo stipendio annuo di 40 fiorini e avendo come concorrente ZABARELLA  -- e poi filosofia, sempre «in secundo loco», quale collega di MERCENARIO . Torna sulla cattedra di logica, questa volta «in primo loco», avendo come concorrente AMALTEO  e succedendo a ZABARELLA  con uno stipendio annuo di 140 fiorini – ZABARELLA  in precedenza ne prendeva solo 60 -- che, con progressivi aumenti, giunse alla cifra assai elevata di 500 fiorini, a condizione che non fosse richiesto un ulteriore aumento. A differenza delle altre università italiane ed a Oxford, dove la logica è solo una disciplina propedeutica e come tale venne affidata a docenti all’inizio della loro carriera, a Padova questa disciplina gode di grande attenzione -- anche sul piano delle retribuzioni -- presso i riformatori dello studio, che ricorrevano a professori di provata fama ed esperienza, incrementando così il numero degli studenti. Una riforma sul modello padovano, intesa a valorizzare di più l’insegnamento della logica, è proposta invano ai maggiorenti dello Studio di Pisa da VERINO  il Secondo che, oltre a TOMITANO , cita a mo’ di esempio il caso di P.  e la sua lunga esperienza nell’insegnamento di una disciplina frequentata d’una infinità d’anni con gran sua reputazione et utilità et con gran frutto degli scholari -- Grendler. Dopo aver collaborato a una raccolta encomiastica in versi dedicata a Geronima Colonna d’Aragona -- Tempio, Padova --, pubblica a Padova, apud J. Jordanum, L. Pasquatus excudebat, le Quaestiones logicae de intentione Philosophi in II libro Posteriorum, de medio demonstrationis potissimae, de speciebus demonstrationis, dirette, sia pure in maniera non esplicita, CONTRO i testi di ZABARELLA. Grice: “St John’s, 1962. I have been lecturing “for any member of the university”—a formula which still makes it sound as if my tutorials at St John’s were too private a luxury for a state-chartered institution to tolerate—and in the course of talking about conversation I have found myself with not one principle but two: a principle of conversational benevolence and a principle of conversational self-love. Two principles, however, already feels like one principle too many, and I am tempted to fold them into a single principle of conversational helpfulness, full stop. Then Potts, who has been attending, remarks that Kneale was lecturing the other day on Bernardino Petrella’s De principiis rerum naturalium, and that all Kneale could muster by way of sympathy for poor Bernardino was that he was misusing principium in the plural—“Cicero,” Kneale said, “would never have allowed it: Aristotle can have all the archai he wants, but we are Roman.” I wanted to dismiss Potts as a mere tattler, but he is uncomfortably right: if I want to ground my own “principle” in anything like the tone of a Kantian categorical imperative, I had better not be caught multiplying principles without necessity. I begin to think the safest course is to formulate the whole business as an imperative in grammatical form—without the exclamation mark, out of politeness—and then let the rest follow, as naturally as Bernardino never dreamed, from the one imperative (or the one family of imperatives) that Kant, when he was feeling expansive, managed to give in five different “forms.” It is, at least, a very good thing an Oxonian once had the patience to write an entire book on that.” (The “Oxonian” Grice is quietly pointing to is H. J. Paton, the Scottish Kantian who, by a happy turn of Oxford patronage, held a Fellowship at Corpus Christi, Grice’s own old college, and later occupied the White’s Chair of Moral Philosophy (1937–1952). Paton’s The Categorical Imperative (1947), published by Hutchinson in the immediate post-war years, was precisely the sort of book an Oxford philosopher could admire without having to say so aloud: learned, severe, and institutionally fluent in the five “forms” of Kant’s single commandment. Grice would certainly have met him in the ordinary Corpus way—over lunch, in hall, or on one of those visits that begin as nostalgia and end as professional reconnaissance—by which time Grice had already moved on through Merton and into St John’s. The one institutional nicety to keep in mind is that Oxford chairs are tied to specific fellowships: the White’s Professor is, by statute, anchored to a college (in Paton’s case Corpus), so the “Chair” and the “college man” are meant to coincide rather than to wander. In any case, for Grice the point is not administrative but tonal: it mattered that the very Oxford that produces talk of “principles” also produced, in Paton, someone patient enough to catalogue the imperative’s disguises—and thereby to make Grice’s own impulse to cast conversational demands in imperative form sound less like an affectation and more like a home truth.). Grice: Caro Petrella, a Padova la logica sembra valere più dell’oro! Dimmi, quanto pesa un argomento, quando lo porti in aula: più di un fiorino o meno di una lezione di filosofia? Petrella: Ah Grice, ti confesso che un buon argomento vale almeno quanto una cena in compagnia! Ma se lo studi a Padova, magari ti arriva pure un aumento… peccato che la logica non si possa mangiare. Grice: Beh, tra logica e fiorini, forse dovremmo proporre una dimostrazione sul brodo padovano: se è buono, lo studente resta; se è debole, fugge a Pisa! Petrella: Ottima idea! E se mai la logica diventasse una pietanza, prometto di invitarti a Sansepolcro per una cena filosofica… con argomenti al dente e stipendio ben cotto! Petrella, Bernardino (1552). De principiis rerum naturalium. Venezia: Comin da Trino.

Igino Petrone (Limosano, Campobasso, Molise): la ragione conversazionale dei sanniti e la setta d’Imera. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers move from what is said to what is meant by assuming that speakers are trying to be rational and cooperative, so that even apparently thin utterances like “It looks real” or “It seems red” can carry systematic, cancellable implications (for instance, that the speaker is unsure), generated by expectations about relevance, informativeness, and candour rather than by the literal meanings alone. Petrone, by contrast, approaches “reality” and “spirit” in the idiom of early twentieth-century Italian idealism and moral psychology: his Il problema della realtà (1914) treats the real not as a conversationally managed commitment but as a philosophical problem bound up with the structure of spirit, freedom, and the limits of determinism, and his rhetoric readily turns on grand explanatory contrasts (heroism, will, inertia, moral genesis) rather than on the fine-grained pragmatics of everyday assertions. The comparison, then, is that Grice diagnoses how talk about reality works in practice—how our ordinary locutions about seeming, appearing, and knowing express (and sometimes merely suggest) epistemic stances within a shared inferential economy—whereas Petrone treats reality as something to be secured (or reinterpreted) by a substantive metaphysical-ethical account of human agency and spiritual causation. From a Gricean perspective, Petrone’s “problem of reality” would invite a further question about what conversational pressures make it feel like a problem at all—what we are trying to guarantee, to reassure, or to withhold when we speak of reality and appearance—while from Petrone’s perspective Grice’s maxims would look like a local logic of civil discourse that presupposes a deeper account of mind, will, and the moral life that Petrone thought philosophy must supply. --- il megliore dei mundi attuali – CLXXXIII, LX LX LX I -- Roma –A Pythagorean, who claims that the number of worlds is CLXXXIII -- arranged in the form of a triangle: determinismo, l’eroe, Ennea, eroe stoico, l’eroe sannita, il sannio, la lega sannitica, spirito, inerza della volonta, due direzioni dell’inerzia della volonta, contro Gentile, contro Nietzsche, umano, non sovrumano, filosofia del diritto, lo spirito, liberta dello spirito, il limite della pscogenesi della morale, il principio dell’amore proprio, il principio della benevolenza, amore proprio conversazionale, benevolenza conversazionale, il sentimento morale, filosofia del diritto, communismo giuridico, la simplificazione di labriola, contro labriola, criticismo, idealism critico, meditazioni di un idealista, GENTILE contro Petrone., Croce contro Petrone; l’identita sannia, psicologia del sannita, i romani contro i sannita, la prima guerra sannita, la seconda guerra sannita, la terza guerra sannita; la repubblica romana, l’espansionismo dei romani nell’Italia, I romani contro i sanniti; bassorilievo dei sanniti, i liguri e i sanniti, le popolazione italiche, economia e psicologia del Molise, il sannio, la complessità dello spirito della filosofia italiana; il linguaggio sannita; il linguaggio umbro, il linguaggio osco; il linguaggio falisco, limosano, musanum, limosanum; un stato mercantile chiuse, Fichte contro Marx, Nietzsche, il valore della vita, il problema morale, la filosofia del diritto, diritto positivo, diritto naturale, la filosofia politica nel criticismo, azione, l’etica e l’ascetica, l’etica dell’eroe come azione, l’energia dello spirito contro l’inerza della volonta – l’inerza della volonta nell’elezione dei fini; l’inerza della volonta nell’elezione dei mezzi; il spirito contro la volonta, i limiti dei determinismo, l’indeterminismo dello spirito, la causa dello spirito, causa spirituale dell’agire umano, lo spirito umano. Grice:” St John’s, 1950. These Saturday mornings are becoming funnier than I had any right to expect. Yesterday Austin was on about “reality.” He blamed the Italians for it—Igino Petrone in particular—and produced, with a kind of show-and-tell flourish, a yellowing copy of Petrone’s 1914 Il problema della realtà: “See, look, behold,” he said, as if the three verbs were a philosophical argument. “At least in Oxford,” he added, “Bradley had the decency to call it mere appearance.” I could not decide what was odder: that a book could be made to stand in for a problem, or that “reality” should be treated as though it were a foreign import, like vermouth. But Austin was clearly pleased with his exhibit, and the rest of us were expected to nod—as if the discovery that one can say “it looks real” were already half-way to metaphysics.” Grice: Caro Petrone, mi incuriosisce il tuo pensiero sulla “ragione conversazionale” dei sanniti e soprattutto la teoria dei CLXXXIII mondi! Come si intrecciano, secondo te, la libertà dello spirito e la complessità del nostro agire morale? Petrone: Grice, la libertà dello spirito è proprio ciò che permette all’uomo di superare l’inerzia della volontà e scegliere tra i fini e i mezzi — un vero problema morale! Nei miei studi sull’eroe sannita, ho sempre pensato che la benevolenza conversazionale sia il punto di partenza per ogni vera filosofia del diritto. Grice: Che interessante, Petrone! Mi piace l’idea che la benevolenza non sia solo un principio astratto, ma si manifesti concretamente nel dialogo. Forse, come dice il vecchio adagio: “Volere è potere, ma conversare è conoscere!” E tu, come vedi il rapporto tra la psicologia del sannita e quella del romano? Petrone: Ah, Grice, la differenza è sottile ma profonda! Il sannita agisce per energia dello spirito, il romano spesso per determinismo storico. Io credo che la filosofia italiana abbia sempre saputo tenere insieme queste due direzioni — tra spirito libero e inerzia della volontà, in un continuo confronto tra umano e sovrumano. Ecco perché la conversazione resta il miglior tribunale per la morale! Petrone, Igino (1914). Il problema della realtà. Torino: Bocca.

Giuseppe Pezza-Rossa (Mantova, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale della fisica, la geografia e l'astronomia, sposate insieme, fanno sì che un italiano discopra il nuovo continente, ed un altro italiano gl’imponga il nome -- l’eloquenza lombarda – l’implicature conversazionali. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats understanding as a practical exercise of rationality: in ordinary talk we presume cooperative purposefulness, and we recover what a speaker means (often beyond what is strictly said) by reasoning from shared norms of relevance, informativeness, and sincerity, so that implicatures are not decorative but disciplined inferences licensed by a speaker’s recognisable intentions. Pezza-Rossa, by contrast, belongs to a nineteenth-century Italian setting in which the battle-line is not pragmatics but scepticism, moral philosophy, and the public authority of reason (often in explicit dialogue with Rosmini), and his ambition for a “sola confutazione possibile” of scepticism is characteristic of that climate: it seeks a principled, once-for-all refutation rather than a conversational diagnosis of how sceptical challenges trade on ordinary commitments. Still, the comparison is illuminating: Grice would say that many sceptical manoeuvres depend on the very conversational practices they affect to doubt, since the sceptic must rely on shared standards of assertion, evidence, and intelligibility in order to communicate his doubt at all; Pezza-Rossa tries to defeat scepticism by philosophical argument about knowledge and its grounds, while Grice reframes the terrain by showing that scepticism cannot get its grip without already presupposing a rationally governed practice of giving and asking for reasons in conversation. In short, Pezza-Rossa aims to kill scepticism with a single decisive proof, whereas Grice explains why the sceptic keeps reappearing: the sceptical posture is parasitic on the rational norms that make conversation and inquiry possible, and those norms, once made explicit, expose the sceptic’s dependence even when they do not silence him. Grice: “He wrote a LOT! Including a study (or ‘ragionamento,’ as the Italians call it) on the spirit (spirito) of Italian philosophy, which reminded me of Warnock, the irishman, and his search for the soul of English philosophy!” -- Giuseppe Pezzarossa (o Pezza-Rossa – Grice: “In which case, he is in the “R”s”). Studia a Mantova. Insegna a Mantova. Co-involto nella repressione che porta al martirio di Belfiore. D’idee tendenzialmente liberali e  preoccupato sulle condizioni sociali disagiate create dalla sorgente rivoluzione industriale che pure ai suoi occhi rappresenta un'occasione di progresso. La pubblicazione del suo saggio di filosofia gli procura guai con la congregazione dell'indice. Partecipa attivamente ai moti. Condanato al carcere. Pezza-Rossa e uno dei XX che partecipano alla riunione costitutiva del comitato rivoluzionario. Saggi: “Critica della filosofia morale” (Milano, Stamperia Reale); “Lo spirito della nazione italiana” (Mantova, Elmucci); “Saggi di filosofia” (Mantova, Caranenti). C. Cipolla, Belfiore I comitati insurrezionali del Lombardo-Veneto ed il loro processo a Mantova” (Milano, Angeli); Pavesi, Il confronto fra don Tazzoli e don Pezza-Rossa in una prospettiva filosofica, in Tazzoli e il socialismo Lombardo” (Milano, Angeli). La prova sull’esistenza esteriore. Confutazione dello scessi. ALIGHIERI e la filosofia. Lo spirito della filosofia italiana. Sistema di psicologia empirica. Il fondamento, il processo e il sistema della umana esistenza. Il sistema politico e sociale della nazione italiana; il sucidio, il sacrifizio della vita e il duello, supra il suicidio; “La grammatica ideo-logica; ossia, la legge comune d’ogni parlare dedotta da quella del pensare” il martirio di Belfiore; lo spirito della nazione italiana; eloquenza lombarda. Grice: “St John’s, 1946. Back from the Admiralty, and now lecturing to the whole university, I find myself hunting for material for what I grandly call my “universal” seminars—so different from the tête-à-tête tutorials with those fortunate enough to call St John’s their alma mater. Woozley wants to run a joint seminar with me on scepticism, and I have said yes. He arrived armed with the usual suspects; I arrived armed with what I rather complacently call a fatal objection to the sceptic. Whereupon he says, “Yes, yes—but what about Pezza-Rossa?” “Who?” “An Italian—almost pre-Risorgimento—and you know how your father loves that stretch of peninsular history. Pezza-Rossa wrote in La Biblioteca Italiana, if you’ve heard of it, about what he calls Rosmini-Serbati’s ‘the only possible refutation’ of scepticism.” I said, “But that’s neither here nor there; I shan’t be claiming in our seminar that my objection is the only possible one.” “But how many times,” he muttered—almost under his breath—“can you kill the same sceptic?”” Grice: Caro Pezzarossa, dicono che la filosofia lombarda sia come il risotto: serve pazienza, un buon brodo e, magari, una spruzzata di eloquenza! Dimmi, tra fisica, geografia e astronomia, preferisci la luna di Mantova o il sole dell’Italia? Pezzarossa: Grice, ti confesso che a Mantova la luna spesso si specchia nei fossi, mentre il sole, se arriva, è sempre benvenuto! Ma tra implicature e continenti da battezzare, io scelgo il brodo: almeno quello non finisce nell’indice! Grice: Ah, allora la ragione conversazionale nasce tra i mestoli e le carte geografiche! E pensare che un italiano ha scoperto il continente, e un altro l’ha chiamato… forse dovremmo proporre a Oxford una nuova materia: “Filosofia della pentola e della bussola!” Pezzarossa: Grice, ottima idea! Basta che non ci mandino all’Indice per troppa saggezza. Se l’eloquenza lombarda si sposa con la ragione conversazionale, forse la prossima rivoluzione nascerà… in cucina! Pezza-Rossa, Giuseppe (1837). Sopra la sola confutazione possibile dello scetticismo. Biblioteca italiana,

Giovanni Piana (Casale Monferrato, Alessandria, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicature conversazionali dei merli. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats understanding as a rational, normative achievement: hearers assume that speakers are trying to be cooperative and intelligible, and so they infer speaker-meaning (including implicatures) from what is said plus context plus publicly attributable intentions, with the maxims functioning as constraints on what counts as a reasonable contribution. Piana’s work, by contrast, grows out of Milanese phenomenology (in the Paci–Husserl orbit) and is oriented toward describing how meaning shows up in lived experience—especially in perception, imagination, and music—so that the “sense” of an expression is tied to how it is heard, taken up, and sedimented in a field of experience rather than derived from an implicit social calculus of cooperation. Where Grice explains the extra content of utterances by appeal to rational expectations in a conversational exchange (why a speaker would have said that, given shared aims), Piana tends to treat meaning as structured by forms of experience and attention (how something is given, how it is grasped, how a temporal or musical articulation is experienced), making communicative understanding closer to phenomenological disclosure than to inferential reconstruction. The overlap is real, however: both resist a purely “code” model of language and both insist that meaning outruns the bare sentence; but Grice locates that surplus primarily in practical reasoning between interlocutors, whereas Piana locates it in the intentional structures of consciousness and in expressive forms (like music) where what is conveyed is not best captured as a proposition plus implicature, but as a shaped experience that can be described, compared, and clarified. Grice: “I never cease to get moved when I read Piana’s notes, “Il canto del merlo”! That’s the way to do philosophy of music – the Italianate warmth so strange and contrasting to the coldness of Scruton!” Insegna filosofia a Milano e Pietrabianca di Sangineto. Allievo di PACI, sotto il quale elabora la sua dissertazione sulle opere inedite di Husserl. La sua posizione filosofica è caratterizzata dal concetto di fenomenologia -- strutturalismo fenomenologico -- influenzato particolarmente da Husserl, Wittgenstein, e Bachelard. Alcune indicazioni sullo strutturalismo fenomenologico sono contenute in “L'idea di uno strutturalismo fenomenologico”. La sua filosofia è orientata verso la conoscenza, la musica e i campi della percezione e immaginazione. Allievi di P. sono Basso, Civita, Costa, Franzini, Serra, e Spinicci.  Uno dei più acuti e originali filosofi italiani – L’Unità -- uno dei più interessanti interpreti e prosecutori, in Italia, dell'indirizzo fenomenologico -- Paese Sera. Tra i più lucidi, originali e fecondi fenomenologi italiani" -- "L'idea di Europa e le responsabilità della filosofia". Vede l'esperienza della fenomenologia di Husserl che costituì il centro d'interesse di un grande maestro come Paci. Non è il caso qui di tracciare mappe di quelle vicende, credo però che non sarebbe sbagliato sostenere che P., in quel gioco delle parti, che è sempre l'apertura di un'esperienza plurale sul suggerimento di un filosofo autentico, si è preso quella del fenomenologo più prossimo ai temi duri di Husserl, agl’obbiettivi che stabiliscono la teoreticità della ricerca fenomenologica come tratto distintivo ed essenziale rispetto ad altre figure di pensiero -- L'Unità. Illustre filosofo della musica  -- in "Il significato della musica". il linguaggio di Spinicci, merli, la serie dodecafonica, il triangolo di Sarngadeva. Oltre il linguaggio, linguaggio e comunicazione. Grice: “St John’s, 1965. I sometimes think Blackwell does it on purpose—unlike Thornton’s, where nobody cares either way—putting all those Continental titles on display simply to irritate us. The novelty this week is Piana’s Esistenza e storia. So far, so unobjectionable: we do know that Charles I existed, and also that there is such a thing as history. What irritates me slightly is the way Lampugnani Nigri files it in a series called Biblioteca di filosofia e di cultura. Note the Italian curlicue: it doesn’t merely suggest, it virtually entails, that culture is not part of philosophy—and, worse, that philosophy is not part of culture. What was wrong with Biblioteca, full stop? Or, if they must have the genitives, why not Biblioteca di filosofia e cultura? But then I remind myself that we do not have quite their institutional anxieties. Here philosophy sits quietly as a sub-faculty inside Literae Humaniores, and nobody feels obliged to yoke it theatrically to letters. In Bologna, by contrast, they are forever pairing and re-pairing the two—filosofia e lettere, or lettere e filosofia—as if “and” were commutative in logic but somehow never quite settled in the dean’s office.” Grice: Caro Piana, ma dimmi: il merlo che canta a Casale Monferrato segue la fenomenologia di Husserl o preferisce improvvisare come uno jazzista piemontese? Piana: Grice, il merlo ha letto Husserl, ma quando trova un verme, improvvisa senza partitura! Se la musica è esperienza, il merlo è maestro – e il verme, suo premio. Grice: Allora la ragione conversazionale dei merli è la vera scuola piemontese! Immagino Wittgenstein sotto il balcone che annota ogni cinguettio: “Questo sì che è linguaggio!” Piana: Eh, Grice, se Wittgenstein avesse ascoltato il canto del merlo, forse avrebbe scritto “Tractatus Melodicus”! E la logica, per oggi, la lasciamo ai passerotti: almeno loro si capiscono davvero! Piana, Giovanni (1965). Esistenza e storia. Milano: Lampugnani Nigri, Biblioteca di filosofia e di cultura.

Alessandro Piccolomini (Siena, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazionale, e le figure di retorica –LA RETORICA. Alessandro Piccolomini’s world is one in which persuasion, explanation, and even scientific prose are consciously shaped by rhetorical craft: he translates and teaches Aristotle’s Rhetoric and Poetics, writes dialogues in the vernacular, and treats discourse as something governed by figures, genre, audience, and the practical arts of making a point land; in that sense, he belongs to a tradition in which what an utterance does is inseparable from how it is framed, how it is received, and how it moves hearers. Grice, by contrast, builds a theory that tries to separate what is said (sentence meaning) from what is implicated (speaker meaning beyond the words) and then to explain the latter as the product of reason-governed conversational practice: hearers infer extra content by presuming cooperation and rationality, treating apparent departures from informativeness, relevance, or straightforwardness as calculable clues to intention. The meeting-point is that both take communication to be norm-governed and audience-sensitive, but they place the norms in different places: Piccolomini foregrounds rhetorical and stylistic norms (figures, decorum, effective presentation across registers, including the choice to write philosophy “in volgare”), whereas Grice foregrounds norms of rational exchange that operate even when no one is “doing rhetoric” on purpose, yielding implicatures as the disciplined by-product of trying to be understood. From a Gricean angle, Piccolomini’s figures of rhetoric can be redescribed as systematic ways of inviting particular implicatures; from a Piccolominian angle, Grice’s maxims look like an attempt to codify the background civility and prudence that rhetoric has always exploited, but now stated not as an art of persuasion so much as a logic of intelligible conversation. Grice: “I became especially interested in rhetoric after Leech, an Englishman who ended up teaching at Lancaster, argued that all I ever did was engage in ‘conversational rhetoric!” – LIZIO. Grice: “figure of rhetoric” – “rhetoric” versus “dialectic” inference -Alessandro Piccolomini Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera. arcivescovo della Chiesa cattolica Incarichi ricoperti Arcivescovo di Patrasso   Nato a Siena Nominato arcivescovo Deceduto a Siena   Manuale  Frontespizio della filosofia naturale  (Siena, Siena. Filosofo, etterato, astronomo e arcivescovo cattolico italiano. Stemma della famiglia Piccolomini  Blasonatura D'argento, alla croce d'azzurro, caricata di cinque crescenti d'oro. Membro egl’intronati (‘Stordito’). Venne rappresentata la sua commedia Amor Costante ed Alessandro, entrambe dall'intreccio macchinoso, ma con vena psicologica e moralistica. Legato all'ambiente degl’intronati è il Dialogo de la bella creanza de le donne più noto come Raffaella.  Professore a Padova per. Insegna filosofia e partecipa alle attività degl’infiammati. Scrive ad Aretino, esponendogli il suo pensiero sul volgarizzamento della prosa scientifica. Rientrato a Siena, lascia la città per trasferirsi a Roma. Qui vive nell'ambiente del card. Francisco de Mendoza.  Uomo di grande cultura, traduce dal latino il sesto libro dell'Eneide (VIRGILIO) e il tredicesimo libro delle Metamorfosi d’OVIDIO, dal greco in italiano l'Economico di Senofonte, la RETORICA e la Poetica del LIZIO e in latino il commento di Alessandro di Afrodisia ai Meteorologica di Aristotele e la Meccanica Aristotelica. Nominato arcivescovo di Patrasso, rimase a Siena come coadiutore dell'arcivescovo Francesco Bandini Piccolomini.  E il primo, molti anni prima di Bayer, ad aver contrassegnato le stelle in base alla loro luminosità con delle lettere (alfabeto latino). Grice: “St John’s, 1953. I’m putting together notes for my turn in the joint seminar with Strawson on categories; we were on relatives, and I found myself leafing through an old volume in the St John’s library: Piccolomini’s Trattato della grandezza della terra e dell’acqua. As the Reverend Sidney used to say, “Never read a book before reviewing it; it will only prejudice you.” Still, the title alone is enough to tempt one into relational talk. Grandezza is a comparative notion if ever there was one: the earth is “great,” yes—but not great compared with the sun; grander, perhaps, than the moon, and that is about the most one can say without specifying the respect and the comparator. As for acqua, I’m less patient: water is on the earth, so if Piccolomini is comparing earth and water he must mean the proportion of the globe covered by each, or the relative extent of their domains. That, at any rate, calls to mind Gilbert and Sullivan’s Barataria—an island “completely surrounded by the sea,” or was it by the land?—and the whole joke is that one can lose one’s bearings by mishandling the relatives. Even in Harborne my father would take me down to the Avon to fish, and that was acqua, not terra, though I stood on one to get at the other. So there.” Grice: Che piacere, caro Piccolomini! Lo dico spesso: qualcuno preferisce un Piccolomini, ma Piccolomini è proprio il mio uomo! E non parlo di quell’altro, sia chiaro – intendo te, con tutto il bagaglio di retorica, implicature e quella brillante ironia senese. Piccolomini: Ah, Grice, la tua preferenza mi diverte! Sai che a Siena, tra retorica e figure d'ingegno, non ci facciamo mai mancare il sorriso. Essere “l’uomo” di un filosofo inglese mi fa sentire quasi una stella – e non solo per l'alfabeto latino che ho usato! Grice: Ecco, vedi? Persino la tua ironia la considero una figura retorica di alto livello! In fondo, è la conversazione che illumina la filosofia, non le croci d’oro dello stemma. Tu porti la luce, anche tra i “Storditi” e gli “Infiammati”. Piccolomini: Grice, se la conversazione è una costellazione, allora ci siamo guadagnati la nostra lettera! E se la retorica può far sorridere un filosofo inglese, vuol dire che la filosofia italiana ha ancora qualcosa da insegnare – tra implicature e commedie, anche la verità può essere buffa. Piccolomini, Alessandro (1540). Trattato della grandezza della terra e dell’acqua. Venezia: Marcolini.

Francesco Piccolomini (Siena, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale dell’implicatura conversazionale del Lizio. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats ordinary talk as a rational, cooperative practice: hearers routinely move from what is said to what is meant by assuming that a speaker is trying to be intelligible and by applying shared norms of relevance, informativeness, truthfulness, and clarity, so that implicatures are not mystical add-ons but disciplined inferences licensed by those norms and by recognisable intentions. Piccolomini, writing as a late Renaissance Aristotelian and eclectic (with a program that tries to reconcile Peripatetic “Lyceum” doctrine with Academic tendencies), approaches meaning and mind from the opposite direction: instead of starting with conversational interaction, he starts with the explanatory roles of soul, intellect, and moral formation, offering functional-cum-teleological accounts of anima as that by which a living body is organised and acts, and seeking, in works such as his universal moral philosophy, a general basis for ethics that would hold across local custom. The comparison is therefore a contrast of loci of normativity: for Grice, the governing rationality is immanent in conversational exchange itself—rules we tacitly rely on to interpret one another—whereas for Piccolomini the governing rationality is anchored in a broader natural-philosophical and ethical order (the functions of psychic powers, the ends of action, the universal shape of mores), with language and discourse serving largely as vehicles for articulating that order rather than as the primary site where meaning is generated. In Gricean terms, Piccolomini supplies rich background commitments (about agency, ends, and the structure of practical reason) that can underwrite why conversation is a rational enterprise at all, but he does not yet isolate the distinctive Gricean insight that much of what we mean is systematically conveyed by what we responsibly leave unsaid. Grice: “What Piccolomini is trying to do, but knowing, is providing what I do in from the bizarre to the banal – a good functionalist interpretation of the rather poor functionalist explanation by Aristotle of what the Italians call the ‘anima,’ because it ‘animates’ the body (corpore).  Insegna a Macerata, Perugia, e Padova. Analizza il III libro del “Sull’anima” di Aristotele del Lizio. Saggio: “Peripateticarum de anima disputationum”; “Academicarum contemplationum”. Tutore di TASSO (si vieda), ricordato in “Il Costante; overo, dela clemenza”.  Formula una teoria sincretica tra l’accademia e il lizio.  ‘Unico’ dei Filomati. Altre saggi: “Universa philosophia de moribus” (Venezia, Franceschi); “Comes politicus, pro recta ordinis ratione propugnator” (Venezia, Franceschi); “Libri ad scientiam de natura attinentes” (Venezia, Franceschi); “Librorum Aristotelis de ortu et interitu lucidissima exposition” (Venezia, Franceschi); “In III libros de anima lucidissima expositione” (Venezia, Franceschi); “Instituzione del principe”; “Compendio della scienza civile”; “VIII libri naturalium auscultationum perspicua interpretatione” (Venezia, Franceschi); “In libros de coelo lucidissima expositio” (Venezia, Franceschi). Treccani Dizionario Biografico degl’italiani, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia. Garin, “Storia della filosofia” (Torino, Einaudi); Malmignati, “Tasso a Padova” (Firenze, Riccardiana); Roma, Pieralisi (Firenze, Biblioteca nazionale, Conv. Soppr. (S. Maria degli Angeli, Roma, Pieralisi, P., Cavalli, La scienza politica in Italia (Venezia). apollo lizio, lizio, licio, liceo, lizeo, statua di apollo lizio, in riposo dopo la palestra, il lizio, Aristotele lizio, i lizij, i lizii, gl’aristotelici, i peripatetici – gl’accademici e i lizii, gl’accademicij e i lizij. Grice: “St John’s, 1962. We have two Grices at Oxford—myself, and a Welshman (G. R. Grice, who will eventually decamp to Norwich)—but duplication of surnames is so common in Italian philosophy that it begins to feel like a metaphysical thesis. Some people like Piccolomini, but Piccolomini is my man—Francesco, that is—even if he has a taste for the grandiose. Merton’s philosophical library has a copy of his Universa philosophia de moribus, and I wish, charitably, that his syntax were clearer; for surely universa, or whatever idea it is meant to carry, belongs with de moribus rather than with philosophia, since philosophy, if it is anything at all, is already universal. So Piccolomini is really hinting that he will supply a universal basis for morals—Hegel’s ambition smuggled back behind Kant’s Metaphysik der Sitten—and one wonders whether this is meant to involve abandoning Bologna and sailing for Oceania to see whether mores there are different. I doubt it. Hegel’s answer is the better one: reason is universal, and if it does not look universal to a Bolognese in Oceania, that is because reason also has a certain cunning, with which the Bolognese must learn to contend—rather as he contends with the Devil—before setting about the civilising business of educating humanity.” Grice: Caro Piccolomini, ho appena finito di leggere il tuo commento sul “De anima” di Aristotele. Ma dimmi, tu l’anima la trovi più facilmente in biblioteca o alla trattoria senese? Piccolomini: Ah, Grice, se l’anima fosse nascosta tra gli scaffali, l’avrei prestata e mai più ritrovata! Meglio cercarla tra un bicchiere di Chianti e due pici all’aglione: lì almeno si manifesta senza metafore. Grice: Allora è vero che la filosofia italiana ha più sapore! Ma attento, Piccolomini: Aristotele diceva che un corpo senza anima non si muove… sarai mica tu a far danzare le pentole della cucina senese? Piccolomini: Grice, io faccio danzare pure il cameriere, se serve! E se Aristotele avesse provato i dolci di Siena, avrebbe aggiunto un capitolo sul “De anima felice” dopo il panforte. Piccolomini, Francesco (1557). Universa philosophia de moribus. Venezia: Giolito de’ Ferrari.

Giovanni Pico, dei conti della Mirandola e della Concordia (Mirandola, Modena, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale di Beniveni, o l’implicatura dell’accademia di Cicerone -- io priego Dio Girolamo che’n pace così in ciel sia il tuo Pico congiunto come’n terra eri, et come’l tuo defunto corpo hor con le sacr’ossa sue qui iace. Grice’s account of reason-governed conversational meaning treats ordinary talk as a rational, cooperative enterprise: what a speaker means is not exhausted by what the words conventionally say, because hearers routinely infer further content by assuming that the speaker is aiming to be intelligible and reasonable (so that apparent underinformativeness, irrelevance, or overstatement can license calculable implicatures). Pico, by contrast, is not a pragmatist of everyday conversation but a Renaissance architect of conclusions: in the Conclusiones (1486) he stages philosophy as a disciplined yet audacious display of thesis-making across registers (philosophical, cabalistic, theological), with “concord” promised by systematic ordering rather than by the minute management of conversational expectations. Still, Pico’s practice creates Gricean pressure points: the very multiplication of “conclusions” invites an audience to ask what is really being conveyed by the choice of register, what is being smuggled from one discourse into another, and whether the speaker’s stance is self-exempting or self-involving (as in the kind of set-membership worries your “gentes/you people” motif dramatizes). So the comparison is this: Grice explains how meaning is rationally recoverable in dialogue through publicly accountable norms of contribution, while Pico exemplifies a rhetoric of learned assertion in which meaning is advanced by authoritative theses and by shifts of idiom—shifts that, from a Gricean angle, function like deliberate conversational maneuvers that prompt the reader to infer more than is explicitly stated about authority, scope, and intended reconciliation. Grice: “I liked to say: some like Pico, but Pico’s my man! Since I always preferred his cousin to the uncle!” – Cf. clavis universalis – Rossi, cita P.  Tesa in un breve arco di tempo, la vicenda di Pico sembra innervata sullo scarto tra l’originaria esaltazione della libertà umana e la tensione religiosa che anima gli scritti più maturi, e che la biografia curata dal nipote irrigidisce in radicale rigetto degli ideali passati. Marginali tanto nella lode di una libertà che rende l’uomo mediatore tra cielo e terra, quanto nella critica di un sapere mondano chiuso all’eterno, gli ideali civili a ben vedere vibrano nel fuoco di una riflessione che insiste sui tratti radicali della vicenda umana e configura originalmente temi consueti dell’Umanesimo fiorentino: dalla concordia tra ragione e scritture al rapporto tra provvidenza e destino.  La vita Giovanni Pico della Mirandola nacque a Mirandola il 24 febbraio 1463. La sua formazione si sviluppò precocemente sul duplice fronte della letteratura e della filosofia: tra il 1477 e il 1478 studiò diritto canonico; nel 1479, a Ferrara, fu avviato agli studi umanistici da Battista Guarini. Un orizzonte di ricerca, questo, che Pico approfondì negli anni successivi a Firenze, dove conobbe Angelo Poliziano, Girolamo Benivieni e, probabilmente, Marsilio Ficino: una lettera composta in questi anni rivela del resto l’interesse di Pico per le tesi che il filosofo fiorentino si accingeva a illustrare nella Theologia platonica.  amore platonico, amore socratico, Pico e Girolamo – l’epitafio – amore platonico Ficino – la dignita dell’uomo, la concordia degl’antichi, la magia, il platonismo di Pico. Pico e Pico, i apprendisti stragoni sodomiti, o dell’amore accademico.  Grice, "Grice e Pico: the dignity of man. Grice: “St John’s, 1964. One really ought to take the verb “to conclude” more seriously than philosophers have so far managed, and I mean to do so in my upcoming seminar on reason and reasoning. For what is reasoning, if not concluding? You conclude that q from the premise p because your thought of the premise causes (or anyway ushers in) your thought of the conclusion—at least that is what I am prepared, for the wonder of my audience, to conclude. And then there is Pico, who reminds me that conclusiones non sunt multiplicandae praeter necessitatem—for that is precisely what he does: multiplies them, and with a beard into the bargain (when we know he wore none in real life). St John’s has a copy of his tract labelled Conclusiones philosophicae, cabalisticae et theologicae, which I find faintly insulting, as I picture Pico in his cultivated Latin (which, I suspect, he spoke only on paper): “I shall conclude in a threefold manner for thy delight. First, philosophically: being is one, and there is dignity in man. Next, cabalistically: two plus two equals four—preferably in some lunar interregnum, and in Arabic numerals. Finally, theologically: take that ‘being’ from the first conclusion and rephrase it as ‘God’.” And so on: a whole ladder of conclusions, as if the only alternative to modesty were taxonomy.” Grice: Caro Pico, la tua ragione conversazionale mi lascia sempre a bocca aperta! Dimmi, è vero che in Mirandola si discute anche col demonio, o è solo una leggenda? Pico: Grice, qui il demonio è solo uno studente fuoricorso! Ma credimi, tra Benivieni e Ficino, a volte preferisco discutere con le streghe: almeno non correggono i miei latinismi! Grice: Ma allora è vero che a Mirandola l’amore platonico si trasforma in magia? Dicono che l’accademia sia piena di apprendisti stregoni... e qualcuno anche sodomita! Pico: Grice, qui siamo filosofi: la magia la lasciamo ai poeti e la sodomia agli invidiosi! In accademia preferiamo le implicature: almeno, se sbagliamo, possiamo dire che era ironia! Pico, Giovanni P., dei conti della Mirandola e della Concordia (1486). Conclusiones philosophicae, cabalisticae et theologicae. Roma: Plannck.

Giovanni Francesco Pico della Mirandola (Mirandola,  Modena, Emilia Romagna): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dello stregone sodomita. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers work out what a speaker means by presuming rational cooperation and using shared norms to infer implicatures from what is said plus context plus recognisable intentions; meaning is thus not merely in words but in a rational, socially accountable practice of making oneself understood. Pico, by contrast, approaches interpretation through a Renaissance mixture of sceptical pressure (via Sextus and Pyrrho against easy Aristotelian confidence), moral diagnosis (the very ambition of exposing “vanity” in doctrines, and the self-including risk that the examiner’s own stance is caught by the same charge), and a semiotic-imaginative world in which signs can mislead (the daemon motif as a dramatization of systematic deception and error). Where Grice makes the rationality of conversation methodologically central—implicature as a controlled, defeasible inference from conversational norms—Pico is preoccupied with the fragility of those inferences under suspicion, self-reference, and the treacherous scope of collective terms like “the nations” or “you people,” which can accidentally sweep the speaker into what he purports to stand outside; in Gricean terms, Pico’s writing is a rich generator of cases where the usual cooperative presumption is strained by polemic, moralising, and sceptical doubt, thereby foregrounding exactly the conditions under which reason can (or cannot) securely govern what is meant beyond what is said.” Grice: “It is very likely that Cartesio took the idea of the malignant daemon from Pico, who was obsessed with him – with the daemon, I mean! “Demonio!”” Grice: “I like Pico. Ackrill suggested that I should translate happiness as taking ‘daemon’ seriously. Pico does: He allows Alberti’s use of ‘demonio’ as a direct translation of Roman ‘daemone,’ which is Grecian in nature.”Grice: “A daemon is always ‘maschile,’ succubus, or incubus – and stregus is gender-neutral, too, as Pico was very well aware when he allowed the burning of a few male witches at Mirandola. On the other hand, he uses Sextus Empiricus and Phyrro against Aristotle!” Grice: “Like Gentile, and Rosselli, two other Italian philosophers, he was murdered – by his successor to the county!” “A very sad thing is that he was murdered along with his son Alberto.” Grice: “The murderer, a Pico, succeeded him without much of a revolt – That’s the Renaissance forya!” ---   PICO, Giovan Francesco. – Primogenito di Galeotto I (fratello di Giovanni) e di Bianca Maria, figlia illegittima di Niccolò III d’Este, nacque, probabilmente a Mirandola, presso Modena, nel 1469, sei anni dopo il celebre zio Giovanni.  Della sua infanzia e adolescenza – forse trascorse in parte alla corte di Ferrara –, così come della sua formazione, si conosce pochissimo. Il 26 gennaio 1491, ormai ventunenne, prese parte, presso la corte milanese degli Sforza, ai festeggiamenti per il matrimonio fra Ludovico il Moro e Beatrice d’Este. Due mesi più tardi fu la volta del suo matrimonio con Giovanna Carafa, dalla quale ebbe dieci figli. La dote della moglie gli consentì di acquistare dallo zio Giovanni parte del feudo e i diritti ereditari sul principato della Mirandola: una mossa destinata a suscitare il risentimento. demonio, demonologia – read excerpts of Stryx in the Italian volgare under entry for translator.  Acrkill, Pico and Alberti, on ‘demonio’,” Grice: Woodstock Road, Sunday, 1952. Yesterday Austin finally put it neatly: “Some people like Wittgenstein, I grant you that, but Moore was, is, and will remain my man.” I find the motto useful. I brought back from St John’s—God knows why—this heavy volume of Pico’s Examen vanitatis doctrinae gentium, and I’m tempted to say: some people like Pico, but Pico is my man; except that this is not the Pico, but the other Pico. I have been worrying away at the heterological paradox, and it occurs to me that Pico commits something like it in an Examen of the vanity of the doctrines of the nations: for how can he ever be sure he is not himself being vain—or, worse, that his own doctrine, once properly examined (as I propose to do tomorrow), is not vain to the core? Pico will say he is not one of the gentes; but is there a trickier noun than “the nations”? Even down the pub one hears “you people,” as if the speaker weren’t automatically swept up into the very set he is helpfully denouncing.” Grice: Qualcuno preferisce Pico, ma Pico è il mio uomo! E lo dico con convinzione, caro Pico: intendo proprio te, non quello più famoso. Da filosofo a filosofo, sento che la tua profondità e il tuo spirito critico mi hanno sempre affascinato. Pico: Ah, Grice, la tua stima mi onora! Non sai quanto sia raro trovare chi sappia distinguere tra i nomi e apprezzare il pensiero autentico, anche se non sempre celebrato. La fama è solo una maschera, mentre la verità filosofica è questione di dialogo e ricerca personale. Grice: Proprio così! E non posso non ricordare la tua attenzione alla questione del demonio — quel daemon che diventa felicità, ma anche inquietudine. È un tema che spesso trascuriamo in nome dell’ortodossia, ma tu hai il coraggio di guardare dove pochi osano. Pico: La filosofia, caro Grice, nasce proprio da quella inquietudine. Tra demonio e ragione, tra streghe e saggi, il mio cammino è stato sempre un po’ fuori dal coro. Ma è nel dubbio che si scorge l’autenticità, e sono felice che tu lo riconosca. Siamo uomini di dialogo, dopotutto! Pico, Giovanni Francesco P. della Mirandola (1496). Examen vanitatis doctrinae gentium. Bologna: Benedictus Hectoris.

Venceslao Pieralisi (Jesi, Ancona, Marche): la ragione conversazionale o la teoria del segno. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers routinely get from what is said to what is meant by presuming that talk is a cooperative, purposive activity conducted under shared norms (roughly: be informative, truthful, relevant, and perspicuous), so that apparent departures from those norms are interpretable as rational and therefore calculable implicatures; the central mechanism is intention-recognition constrained by publicly available “how a reasonable speaker would be expected to proceed here.” Pieralisi’s “theory of the sign,” by contrast, starts from a semiotic taxonomy (natural vs. arbitrary signs, signans and signatum) and then formulates explicitly normative “maxims” for verbal use—use words with their established usage, avoid ambiguity, and interpret discourse by attending to (i) the sense the speaker has stipulated, (ii) what the context shows the speaker meant, and (iii) what the speaker can be presumed to know about the subject, since no one can mean to express what he does not know; where Grice builds a pragmatic theory around cooperative rational agency and derives implicature as a by-product of rational expectations in dialogue, Pieralisi offers an earlier, more scholastic-logic-inflected manual of sign-use and interpretation that already anticipates key Gricean ingredients (context-sensitivity, a presumption of competence/knowledge, and a norm against ambiguity) but treats them less as an explanatory model of inferential enrichment and more as prescriptive canons for how signs ought to be used and understood. Grice: “Amazing how Pieralisi just thought whatever I later thought for the Oxford Philosophical Society! I especially love the way his praecepta predate my conversational maxims, the full set!” – Keywords: segno, segno naturale, segno artificiale, segnare, agente segnante, segnatum. Esalta il valore della pace fra i romani e fra tutte le creature. L’anima è presente non solo negl’esseri umani, ma anche negl’altri animali, ai quali appunto l'anima conferisce come agl’uomini un'esistenza eterna al di là della morte. Per tali motivi sottolinea la necessità etica di trattare gl’animali con rispetto ed amore. De anima belluarum: sopravvivenza? Una domanda, Rocco, Venezia. “Della filosofia razionale speculativa parte soggettiva ossia la logica” (Pace, Roma); “La filosofia razionale pratica; ovvero, dei doveri naturali” (Pace, Roma); “Sui vizi capitali dell'insegnamento scientifico: riflessioni” (Pesar). Segno chiamo una cosa qualunque che colla manifestazione di se indica una qualche altre cosa. Col vedere che e quell oche dico “segno” si viene a sapere che sia anche l’altro di cui e segno. Segno ARBITRARIO chiamo quell oche per libera disposizione degl’uomini e stato destinato ad indicar la cosa che significa.  Nel segno naturale l’eistenza sua coll’esistenza di quell ova naturalmente congiunta. Il segno è rappresentativo si sta in lugo della cosa che significa, la rappresenta, ne tiene le veci. Come l’immagine de un uomo si pone in lugo dell’uomo. Ci sono V massime della conversazione. La parola si adopre ad esprimere ci oche l’uso stablito vi esprime. Si deve evitare la ambiguità. Per intedere il discorso si tiene in cota tre fattori. I al senso che colla definizione il parlante ha dichiarato di voler dare alla sua parola. II a quello que aparisce DAL CONTESTO avvervi volute significare. III al CONCETTO che si sa ch’egli puo avere delle cose di cui parla, perche nessuno puo volere esprimere quell che non sa. segnare, segnato, segnante.  Grice: “St John’s, 1960. Austin is dead and, oddly, I feel free at last to say what everyone except us insists on calling ordinary-language philosophy (the hyphen is essential): conjugation. I have before me Pieralisi’s rather dated Della conoscenza umana—and conoscenza is just the sort of grand noun Austin would never have used, bless him. I grant Pieralisi should not use it either, since all the real complications are in the verb. I know, Austin used to say, is one thing: a way for the speaker to try to reassure his addressee that he can vouch for what he is saying. But you know is quite another; and thou knowest (as Chaucer would have it) belongs to a different social universe altogether. He knows is either mildly foolish or else the sort of thing a Roman matron would say to end a dispute; we know is almost impossible even by Popper’s standards; ye know is simply rude; and they know is positively Viking. The worst of it is that Pieralisi does not even bother with what he ought to bother with: io so, lo so. The Italians can take Hume’s little worries about personal identity and make them genuinely unrecoverable. But then Pieralisi’s title would have to be Della sapienza umana, and he knows—sa, not conosce—better. And to think that in Bologna they even maintain a chair in what they pompously call Gnoseologia.” Grice: Pieralisi, mi dica: se io segno con il dito la tazza del tè, è segno naturale o artificiale? E soprattutto, la tazza deve preoccuparsi? Pieralisi: Caro Grice, se la tazza tremasse, sarebbe un segno naturale! Ma se arrossisse, probabilmente è un segno artificiale inventato dagli inglesi per confondere noi filosofi marchigiani. Grice: Allora mi chiedo: se il mio cane mi guarda quando apro la credenza, è segno che ha capito la conversazione o sta solo segnando dove sono i biscotti? Pieralisi: Grice, in questo caso il cane usa la massima della conversazione: “Evita l’ambiguità, segna i biscotti!” Se fosse filosofo, ti chiederebbe anche una tazza di tè – senza arrossire. Pieralisi, Venceslao (1903). Della conoscenza umana. Roma: Bocca.

Mario Pieri (Lucca, Toscana): ragione convversazionale ed implicatura convversazionale, la filosofia toscana, e la filosofia italiana. Grice’s account of reason-governed conversational meaning treats ordinary talk as a cooperative rational enterprise: speakers are presumed to be pursuing shared purposes under norms of relevance, informativeness, truthfulness, and clarity, and it is precisely by relying on those norms that hearers can infer what is meant but not explicitly said (conversational implicature), making pragmatic interpretation a kind of disciplined calculation from what is said plus context plus publicly attributable intentions. Pieri, by contrast, comes from the Peano-influenced axiomatic culture of late Italian mathematics, where rigor is achieved by laying down primitive terms and rules and then deriving results with explicit control over dependence on axioms; his work in the foundations of projective geometry (including axiomatizations over the reals and, later, the complexes) exemplifies a style in which meaning and validity are secured by formal structure rather than conversational presumption, even while the surrounding Italian humanist tradition (your Leopardi passage) insists that elegance, imagination, and “poetic” insight accompany proof. The comparison, then, is not that Pieri anticipates Grice’s maxims, but that both offer a norm-governed picture of intelligibility: Grice locates normativity in the social practice of talk and in intentions recognisable by an audience, whereas Pieri locates it in the explicit architecture of a deductive system; where Grice explains how we responsibly get from sentence to speaker’s meaning, Pieri exemplifies how we responsibly get from axiom to theorem—two different sites for the same ideal of disciplined reason, one conversational and one formal. Si laurea a Pisa. ottenne l’insegnamento a Torino ed entra in contatto con PEANO  e FORTI. Insegna a Torino, Catania, e Parma. Sotto l'influsso della scuola di PEANO, si volge alle indagini critiche sui fondamenti dell’aritmetica. P. è legato a interessanti ricerche sui fondamenti della geometria e in particolare alla prima presentazione assiomatica della geometria proiettiva complessa.. or — Lan più profondo, e ben più atto a dissipare ogni cattiva opinione delle matematiche, il pensiero del nostro (+. Leopardi, che qui ripeto con le sue stesse parole. LEOPARDI  dice. È certo che il grande poeta può essere anche gran matematico, e viceversa. Se non è, se il suo spirito si determina ad un solo genere (che non sempre accade) ciò è puro effetto delle circostanze. Ed altrove. Si può dir che da una stessa sorgente, da una stessa qualità dell’animo, diversamente applicata e diversamente modificata e determinata da diverse circostanze e abitudini, vennero i poemi di ALIGHIERI e i Principi matematici della filosofia naturale di Newton. Si o Signori; anche la matematica è in non piccola parte poesia! Anche il matematico guarda dall’ alto la realtà delle cose. E, astraendo da ciò che hanno di greggio e di mutabile o caduco, ne ravvisa le parti perfette e immanenti, ne rileva le mutue relazioni con linguaggio espressivo ed universale. Anche il matematico trasforma certe impressioni da pochi avvertite in mirabili edifizi speculativi, come per sola virtù di fantasia. Al matematico tocca similmente il travaglio di costringer l’idea nella formula, di cimentare il pensiero alla stregua di lunghi e penosissimi calcoli ! E (dico con Exkico OVIDIO) il sentimento dell’eleganza nel concetto e della venustà nella forma non spiccano forse nei veri matematici come nei poeti. Così che spesso una dimostrazione è bella quasi allo stesso modo di un so- [Pensieri di varia filosofia e di bella letteratura ’ implicatura, segno di negazione, segno di congiunzione, segno di disgiunzione, segno d’inclusione, segno d’igualanza. St John’s, 1952. I don’t understand him. Of all things he could be translating, Austin has set his heart on Frege’s Zahlen book—commissioned by Blackwell, no less. As if anyone with the faintest interest in what Frege says about Zahlen can’t struggle through a bit of German. And it isn’t only the editorial work. He brings the oddest things to our Saturday mornings—by which I mean: Frege, and then more Frege. Give me geometry any day. St John’s has a valuable copy of Pieri’s Problemi di geometria pura—and I can see why there are problemi there. But at least the Italians—unlike Frege—had Croton (or Crotone, in their charming misspelling): because it all begins with metre, and with the goddess Gea. Grice: Pieri, ho sempre trovato affascinante il modo in cui la sua riflessione matematica sfocia nella poesia, e viceversa. Mi incuriosisce come lei veda il rapporto tra rigore logico e creatività nell’elaborazione dei fondamenti geometrici. Esiste davvero una linea di confine netta, o sono le due attività due facce della stessa medaglia? Pieri: Caro Grice, la sua domanda coglie nel segno: per me, logica e creatività sono intrecciate come i fili di un arazzo toscano. La matematica, come la poesia, nasce da uno sguardo che sa andare oltre l’apparenza, e solo attraverso questa tensione tra ordine e immaginazione si giunge all’eleganza di una dimostrazione davvero bella. Grice: È proprio vero, Pieri. Lei dimostra che anche nelle “implicature”, quelle sfumature del significato che restano nascoste dietro ai segni—negazione, congiunzione, disgiunzione—c’è una ricchezza quasi poetica. Le è mai capitato di “sentire” una soluzione matematica prima ancora di formalizzarla, come un’intuizione improvvisa? Pieri: Eccome, caro collega! A volte è proprio un lampo, come un endecasillabo che prende forma nella mente. Poi, certo, viene il lavoro, il travaglio di costringere quell’idea nella formula, come dicevo citando Leopardi. Ma senza quell’istante ispirato, la matematica sarebbe solo contabilità senz’anima. E lei, Grice, non trova che anche nella conversazione si celino formule eleganti, se appena le sappiamo ascoltare? Pieri, Mario (1908). Problemi di geometria pura. Torino: Bocca.

Vittorio Achille Pini (Reggio Emilia): la ragione conversazionale e la filosofia italiana. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats understanding as a rational, norm-sensitive achievement: speakers are presumed (unless special reasons intervene) to be cooperating in ways that make their contributions interpretable, and hearers recover what is meant by attributing intentions under shared expectations of relevance, adequacy, and intelligibility, with implicatures arising when what is said is not the most straightforward way to pursue the conversational point. Pini, as your passage frames him, sits at the opposite end of the philosophical temperament: a militant printer-journalist and anarchist propagandist for whom words are instruments of action, recruitment, defiance, and risk-management, so that the governing “rationality” of discourse is not primarily the polite rationality of mutual understanding but the strategic rationality of agitation, signaling, and solidarity under pressure; manifestos, polemics, and revolutionary appeals are saturated with intended effects (mobilize, shame, expose, delegitimize) and with audience-targeted inferences that often depend on deliberately loaded phrasing rather than on cooperative clarity. The comparison therefore sharpens Grice by contrast: Grice models implicature as what a reasonable hearer infers in a cooperative exchange aimed at shared understanding, whereas the Pini milieu foregrounds how implicatures can be weaponized, how audiences can be engineered, and how “what is meant” may be designed to polarize rather than converge, even while still remaining fully intention-governed and inference-driven. On the bibliographic side, the item in your passage (Vittorio Achille Pini, La vita e le opere di Leonardo da Vinci, Firenze: Sansoni, 1882) is at least a plausible anchor for showing that Pini can also appear as a conventional author in a learned genre, which lets you juxtapose two speech-economies: the descriptive, encyclopedic register (where Gricean cooperation is easy to assume) and the insurgent register (where cooperation is fragile and inference is shaped by conflict), both of which still rely on the same basic Gricean idea that meaning is something an audience can rationally reconstruct from what is said plus what it would make sense for the speaker to be doing. Figlio di un volontario di GARIBALDI , patisce un'infanzia molto difficile e miserabile - molti suoi fratelli moriranno a causa della indigenza, e per questo inizia a lavorare in una tipografia all'età di 12 anni, prima di essere assunto nella stamperia di un giornale repubblicano, dove cominia ad interessarsi di politica. Successivamente alla vittoria della sinistra alle elezioni, aderisce all’internazionale dei lavoratori dopo aver assistito ad una conferenza di Barbani. In seguito si trasfere a Milano, dove partecipa allo sciopero dei tipografi, che si conclude con un fallimento dopo sei mesi di dura lotta. La sconfitta sul piano sociale, lo convince dell'inutilità di questo genere di lotte, spingendolo ad assumere toni più radicali e illegalisti. All'epoca P. trova lavoro come pompiere, mestiere che lo porterà anche a compiere atti eroici come la salvezza di una famiglia intrappolata nella propria casa andata in fiamme. Emigra. Avvicinatosi alla corrente individualista, fonda il gruppo gl’intransigenti, chiamato anche i ribelli, gl’introvabili, e gli straccioni, insieme a Parmeggiani, Zavoli e Marroco. Il gruppo gravita intorno alle attività della stamperia de La Révolte prima e de Il Pugnale poi, di cui assume la carica di direttore insieme a Parmeggiani. Partigiano dell'individualismo, P. teorizza l’esproprio come mezzo rivoluzionario per abolire la proprietà privata e giungere così al comunismo anarchico. A P. vengono attribuiti un gran numero furti e rapine allo scopo di finanziare varie attività propagandistiche, tra cui l'apertura di una stamperia e la nascita del giornale Il Ciclone. Pubblica manifesti, tra cui il manifesto degl’anarchici al popolo d'Italia, che chiama il popolo italiano ad insorgere, criticando apertamente Cipriani coll’accusa d’aver tradito gl’ideali della rivoluzione sociale. Ceretti e Prampolini, dopo aver preso le difese di Cipriani ed aver accusato gli autori del manifesto di essere al soldo della polizia, P. e Parmeggiani si recano in Italia per vendicare quello che secondo loro era una grave diffamazione. private property, Loke. “Grice: St John’s, 1951. The Ashmolean is running a Leonardo da Vinci exhibition—“Vinci,” as I persist in calling him, as if he were a neighbour with a surname—and Blackwell’s has obligingly placed in the window a formidable tome by one Pini: La vita e le opere di Leonardo da Vinci. Potts went too, and between his enthusiasm and my weakness for catalogues our tutorial was largely swallowed by Renaissance memorabilia. “He was a Renaissance man,” Potts said, and then—anticipating my objection—added, “if that’s what I’m implying.” “He was,” I said, “but be careful: ‘Renaissance man’ is a phrase generally used by people who are not Renaissance men. As a description it often tells you more about the speaker than about Leonardo.” Potts frowned politely. “I don’t follow, sir.” “You needn’t,” I said. “It’s enough to notice that some labels are less informative about their subject than they are revealing of the labeler. ‘Renaissance man’ can be a compliment, but it can also be an advertisement of one’s own taste for compliments.” He brightened at that, so I pressed my luck: “For next week, write on this: why the only man who can do philosophy is, in a sense, a Renaissance man—yet why doing philosophy is not at all the same thing as doing Renaissance philosophy.” “Very well, sir,” Potts said, with the unnerving cheerfulness of someone who suspects he has just been given a paradox and is looking forward to living in it.” Grice: Caro Pini, ho letto della tua giovinezza travagliata e della tua passione per la giustizia sociale. Mi incuriosisce come la tua esperienza tra le tipografie e il mondo operaio abbia influenzato il tuo pensiero filosofico. Come hai conciliato la lotta quotidiana con la ricerca della verità?  Pini: Grice, la realtà dura delle mie origini non mi ha lasciato alternative: la filosofia, per me, è sempre stata azione. Ho imparato presto che la parola può essere arma e ponte insieme. La mia partecipazione agli scioperi e all’Internazionale dei lavoratori mi ha insegnato che la verità non è solo da pensare, ma da vivere, anche attraverso il rischio e la ribellione.  Grice: In effetti, il tuo radicalismo e la scelta di esproprio come strumento rivoluzionario mi ricordano che la filosofia può diventare prassi concreta, persino eroica. Ma dimmi, come vedi oggi il rapporto tra individualismo e collettivo? È ancora possibile trovare una sintesi autentica o siamo condannati alla frammentazione?  Pini: La sintesi, Grice, è difficile ma necessaria. Ognuno di noi deve essere libero di esprimere il proprio pensiero, ma la vera rivoluzione si fa insieme, non da soli. Mi piace pensare che “gli intransigenti”, “i ribelli”, siano la prova che l’individualismo può diventare forza collettiva quando è guidato dalla passione per la libertà e la giustizia. Dopotutto, come si dice dalle mie parti, “da soli si va veloci, insieme si va lontano”. Pini, Vittorio Achille (1882). La vita e le opere di Leonardo da Vinci. Firenze: Sansoni.

Pietro Piovani (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale d’Enea, l’eroe al portico, o l’implicatura conversazionale assente. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats understanding as a rational reconstruction under publicly shared norms: hearers assume (ceteris paribus) that speakers are cooperating, and they recover what is meant by asking what intention a reasonable speaker could be expressing, with implicatures arising where the literal wording would otherwise make the contribution look oddly weak, irrelevant, or over-elaborate. Piovani, as your passage frames him, approaches normativity from a different direction: post-war ethical and juridical reflection focused on the individual’s becoming a person through responsibility, and on the pressure to remake idealism after the collapse of voluntaristic attualismo; his willingness to coin a term like assenzialismo exemplifies a philosophical temperament that is less interested in keeping theory close to everyday conversational expectations and more interested in retooling the vocabulary so that moral experience and historical trauma can be said at all. The comparison, then, is that Grice makes “reason” visible in the micro-economy of talk by showing how ordinary speakers manage inference, commitment, and mutual recognition without needing a special idiom, whereas Piovani highlights a situation in which ordinary idioms may feel morally or historically inadequate, prompting the philosopher to invent a new register that deliberately disrupts default conversational implicatures (your “implicatura assente” theme), aiming not at efficient coordination but at ethical reorientation and conceptual repair. The overlap is that both treat meaning as answerable to norms rather than to mere semantics: for Grice the norms are those of cooperative rational exchange, for Piovani the norms are those of moral responsibility and the cultivation of personhood, which can make conversational smoothness itself look like a kind of evasion. For anchoring detail, the bibliographic point in your passage is solid: Piovani’s Lineamenti di una filosofia della morale (Napoli: Morano, 1961) is the natural textual hinge for linking his moral-philosophical project to Grice’s contemporaneous interest in how ordinary words like good, ought, and responsible function in actual practices of giving reasons. Grice: “Like Austin, and then again like me, Piovani could invent lingo. The whole point of ordinary-language philosophy was an attack on ‘philosophical language,’ and there we are, Austin, Grice and Piovani INVENTING unordinary philosophical language! In Piovani’s case is ‘assenzialismo’!” Studia a Napoli. Insegna a Trieste, Firenze, Roma, Napoli. Dei lincei. Scrive su alcuni fogli del regime. La sua ricerca filosofica ha avvio all'indomani immediato della tragica conclusione della seconda guerra mondiale e di ciò porta i segni anche nell’elaborazione della propria caratterizzazione etico-politica, presto approdata alle ragioni del liberalismo democratico. Dinanzi alla drammatica conclusione dell’esito volontaristico dell’attualismo, la necessità di ripensare il modello idealistico lo induce ad un'intensa riflessione sul significato e sul valore dell'individuo nel suo farsi persona. Spazia dalla filosofia del diritto alla filosofia del concetto, ricopre incarichi nelle più importanti accademie italiane. Fonda il centro di studi su VICO. Pratica una fenomenologia dell'individuale. Per P. l’individuo non è concepito come un'entità chiusa ed ego-istica tendente all'assolutizzazione ma, al contrario, accettando egli la sua natura di vivente limitato, afferma sé stesso nella responsabilità della propria azione. Concorrono elementi esistenzialistici, l’analisi dell’esperienza comune. Di ciò è documento “Norma e società”. Utilizza anche temi della prima azione di Blondel. i principi metafisici di Vico, Vico, principio, filosofia nuova di Vico, la Gerarchia, Roma e tiranna – colletivo, guerra, esperienza condivisa, ventennio del regime, il debito di Vico a Roma, la Roma di Vico e la Roma antica, interpretazione filosofica, idealismo, Hegel, implicatura assente, assenzialimo. Grice: St John’s, 1962. Back from the cricket tour I wandered into Blackwell’s, meaning to pick up something harmless and ended up arrested by last year’s new arrival: Piovani’s Lineamenti di una filosofia della morale. Lineamenti is one of those Italian words that feels like a title even before it has committed to meaning anything very definite, but the subtitle caught me at once, because it took me straight back to Hardie at Corpus and my first discovery that Oxford can make even “morals” sound like a technical subject. I remember phoning Mother in Harborne: “We’re doing Aristotle’s Ethics with Hardie.” “Ethics? Morals? Haven’t you had enough of those at home?” “No, Mother—at Oxford they distinguish between ethos and mos, between being decent and theorising about decency; it’s not that we’re being moralised at, it’s that we’re doing Moral Philosophy.” “That sounds like a roundabout way of admitting hypocrisy.” “Not hypocrisy, Mother—hypercrisy: the art of being more scrupulous than is comfortable.” She let that pass, as mothers sometimes do, and I stood there in the shop thinking that Piovani has the right instinct: once you write ‘philosophy of morals’ you’re not talking about sermons, you’re talking about the odd business of turning common practical words—good, right, ought—into objects of argument. And of course it also reminded me of the standing joke: ordinary-language philosophers spend their lives attacking philosophical jargon and then promptly inventing their own; Austin did it, I do it, and Piovani does it with assenzialismo, as if the best cure for metaphysical fog were to name it in fresh Italian and watch it become respectable.” Grice: Caro Piovani, mi chiedevo: il tuo “assenzialismo” nasce dal bisogno di dare un nome alle cose che nessuno capisce, o è solo una raffinata scusa per confondere gli studenti? Piovani: Ah, Grice, se confondere fosse un’arte, saremmo entrambi premi Nobel! In realtà, l’assenzialismo è la mia risposta filosofica al caos napoletano: se non trovi la risposta, inventa la domanda! Grice: Geniale! Io pensavo che il linguaggio ordinario fosse già abbastanza complicato, ma tu lo hai reso straordinario. Non temere, nessuno a Oxford ha ancora capito cosa sia un’implicatura assente. Piovani: Perfetto! Allora possiamo fondare una nuova scuola: “I filosofi della confusione cordiale”. A Napoli si dice, “Chi si confonde si diverte”... almeno finché non arriva l’esame! Piovani, Pietro (1961). Lineamenti di una filosofia della morale. Napoli: Morano.

Piralliano (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del gruppo di gioco dell’accademia a Roma, e la filosofia italiana. A philosophical acquaintance of Elio Aristide. Accademia. Piralliao. accademia. GRICEVS: Salvete, Piralliane! Dic mihi, quid accidit in Academia Romana? Ludisne philosophicum ludum vel serius meditaris? PIRALLIANVS: O Griceve, in Academia omnia ludus est! Philosophia, carta, et etiam mensa – sed mensam semper philosophice terimus! GRICEVS: Ingenium habes, amice! Forsitan mensam teris ut mens mentem terat? Sed cave, ne mensa te terat! PIRALLIANVS: Ha ha! Non timeo mensam, Griceve, sed philosophos dormientes. Hi sunt periculosiores quam mensa ipsa!

Vincenzo Pirro (San Severo, Foggia, Puglia) : la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale rovesciata nel’idealismo di Gentile, la scuola di San Severo, la filosofia pugliese, e la filosofia italiana. Filosofo italiano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains what a speaker means as what a rational hearer is entitled to infer under publicly shared norms of cooperative talk; implicature is the disciplined “extra” that arises when what is said is best understood as a strategically shaped contribution to a joint conversational enterprise rather than as a bare semantic output. Pirro, by contrast, as your passage frames him through Gentile’s attualismo and its entanglement with the ideological and institutional history of the ventennio, foregrounds a setting in which the governing norms of discourse are not merely conversational but political: what gets said, what must be left unsaid, and what is “heard” as implied are constrained by authority, ritualized public language, and the risk of condemnation or damnatio memoriae. In a Gricean key, one could say Pirro’s “rovesciamento” of implicature is the observation that in strongly ideological environments the ordinary presumption of cooperation is replaced by a presumption of surveillance, so that hearers treat utterances as coded alignments (or as threats) and derive implicatures that can run opposite to the speaker’s professed intent; what counts as relevant, sincere, or sufficiently informative is set by the regime’s practical ends, not by the neutral aim of mutual understanding. Online biographical/bibliographic traces also fit this contrast: Pirro’s early academic formation at Rome under Ugo Spirito and his early publication on Gentile and religion (indexed as 1967, including a journal occurrence in Giornale critico della filosofia italiana) anchor him in precisely the intellectual milieu where the politics of interpretation matter, while Grice supplies the analytic vocabulary for describing how such milieus systematically re-train inference, making the pragmatic space of what is meant a site of contest rather than simply a site of cooperative reason. Studia a Roma sotto SPIRITO. Studia ALLMAYER sotto PLEBE. Insegna a Perugia e Palermo. Studia GENTILE. L'attualismo di GENTILE e la religione. Fra i suoi saggi si ricordano anche Filosofia e politica in CROCE. S’interessa alla ricerca storio-grafica e svolse numerosi saggi su Terni. Esponente di spicco della vita culturale della città umbra, studia gl’aspetti poco indagati di quella che fino ad allora era una città ancorata ad una dimensione prettamente industriale. Sotto la giunta di Ciaurro, co-ordina il progetto per la realizzazione di un museo archeologico nel convento di S. Pietro sotto. Peroni. Nei suoi studi di storia ricostrusce prima della pubblicazione de Il sangue dei vinti di PANSA, episodi della guerra civile tra cui l'assassinio del sindacalista CARLONI e del dirigente d'azienda CORRADI.  Fonda il "Centro di studi storici", un'associazione culturale di ricerca storica a cui viene collegata la rivista “Memoria” L'obiettivo di “Memoria” l’idealismo di Gentile, istituto nazionale fascista, origini e dottrina del fascismo, che cosa e il fascismo, discorsi e polemiche vallecchi, Firenze, Mazzini, per una storia dell’umbria durante la repubblica fascista, la repubblica fascista, gentiliana interretazione di Marx; la filosofia di Gentile, filosofia e politica in Gentile, Gentile nella grande guerra, il partito ha un capo che e dottrina vivente, Gentile e Mussolini, il concetto di stato, il concreto di Mussolini nel astratto dello stato, P. interprete di Gentile, la universita fascista di Bologna, la formazione dei dirigenti del regime, la repubblica fascista, storia e filosofia, la critica di P.  alla damnatio memoriae di Croce, lo studio della filosofia nel veintennio fascista, l’origine del fascismo filosofico, Gentile, filosofo del fascismo, dizionario filosofico del fascismo, stato, spirito nazionale, italianita, romanita, propaganda, democrazia, repubblica, Italia, stato italiano.  Grice: Caro Vincenzo, ho letto che ti piace rovesciare le implicature come si rovesciano le orecchiette. Ma dimmi, il fascismo filosofico era più al dente o scotto? Pirro: Grice, dipende dal cuoco! Gentile preferiva tutto ben cotto, tranne le idee, che lasciava sempre un po’ crude per far discutere i commensali. E poi, se la filosofia non fa fermentare, che filosofia è? Grice: Hai ragione, Vincenzo! Ma dimmi, nelle tue ricerche storiche, hai mai trovato la ricetta segreta per evitare la damnatio memoriae? Chissà, magari basta aggiungere un pizzico di ironia! Pirro: Ah Grice, se bastasse l’ironia, l’Italia sarebbe il paese più ricordato al mondo! Ma, come si dice dalle mie parti, “chi semina storia raccoglie polemica”... e qualche applauso al museo archeologico! Pirro, Vincenzo (1964). Pensiero estetico di Fazio-Allmayer. – Roma.

Lucio Calpurnio Pisone Frugi Cesonino (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del portico dell’orto, il gruppo di gioco del Vesuvio, Roma, e la filosofia italiana. Ricordato come seguace della filosofia del portico un P., che s’è identificato con Lucio Calpurnio P. *FRUGI*, tribuno della plebe, pretore e console della repubblica romana, combatte la rivolta degli schiavi in Sicilia e la doma. P. ottenne la censura.  P. lascia un’opera storica, gl’Annales, che si estende dalle origini. In essa, P. combatte le tendenze che si introduceno in Roma e il ri-lassamento morale. Della gente Calpurnia. Politico, militare e storico romano. Talora detto Censorino – cf. P. Cesorino -- tribuno della plebe, si fa promotore della lex Calpurnia de repetundis, la prima legge romana che vuole punire l’estorsioni compiute nelle province dai governatori. Pretore. Dopodiché, eletto console con PUBLIO MUZIO SCEVOLA  e gl’è comandato dal senato di restare in Italia per domare una rivolta di schiavi. P. riusce a sconfiggerli, senza però ottenere una vittoria definitiva e dove passare il comando a PUBLIO RUPILIO. Autore di “Annales”, un'opera che anda dalle origini e che sono tra le fonti precipue di LIVIO  e Dionigi d'Alicarnasso. Gl’annales, di cui restano frammenti, si propone di descrivere la pretesa onestà dell'epoca antica, contrapponendola alla contemporanea corruzione operante a Roma. Che si tratta però di un'opera a tesi pre-costituite lo dimostra il fatto che, durante il suo consolato, avvenne l'assassinio di TIBERIO GRACCO, e che, nonostante l'estrema gravità del crimine -- che tra l'altro viola il sacro obbligo dell'incolumità personale che s'accompagna alla tribunicia potestas – P. e l'altro console non prendeno alcun provvedimento in merito. Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Cicerone, Brutus; In Verrem, De officiis, Catalogo Perseo; Cornell-Bispham, The fragments of Roman historians, Oxford, Historicorum Romanorum reliquiae, Hermann Lipsiae, in aedibus Teubneri; discussione su vita, opere e frammenti). Treccani Enciclopedie Istituto dell'Enciclopedia. Portico, storia e morale. GRICEVS: Salvē, PISO; audio te Censorinum appellari. Dic mihi: cum censūras, num etiam sermones in tabulas refers? PISO: Sī referrim, GRICE, primum te ipsum notābo: nimium quaeris. Sed age—quid tandem est istud tuum finis? in rostrīs an in animō? GRICEVS: Finis apud mē saepe est implicātūra: quod dīcitur aliud est, quod intellegitur aliud; ita etiam lex Calpurnia—extorsionem vetat, sed pudōrem poscit. PISO: Bene! Tum ego, dum servōs in Siciliā domō, hanc quoque domō: corruptēlae linguam. Sī quis mihi “nihil prōmisi” dīcat, respondebō: “immo, amīce, prōmīsistī—sed per conversātiōnem.”

Marco Pupio Pisone Frugi Calpurniano: la ragione conversazionale del DE FINIBVS o del lizio romano, Roma, e la filosofia italiana (Roma). Del Lizio, con mescolanze del portico e dell’accademia -- cioè eclettico -- trionfa della Spagna, ed e console. Detto eloquentissimo e dottissimo, scrive “De finibus.” – cf. H. P. Grice, “Some refleections on ends and happiness.” He is a friend of CICERONE, although they eventually fall out. Cicerone uses him in his ‘On moral ends’ to articulate the philosophy of the Portico. P.’s tutors had been Antioco and STEASEA di Napoli.  finis, end. Gricius: Piso, quid est finis? quaestio brevis—sed ut solet, responsum longius quam cena Oxoniensis. Piso: Finis? Si Stoicus rogas, virtus sola est; si Academicus, dubitandum est; si Romanus, addo: consulatus quoque sapit. Gricius: Ecce mixtura porticus et academiae—eclectice, ut dicis. Sed cave: finis tuus ne fiat finis nostrae amicitiae cum Cicerone. Piso: Ne time: Ciceroni amicus ero, dum ille me eloquentissimum vocat; postea, si rixam quaerit, scribam De finibus—ut sciat quis hic finem ponat.

Pitea: la ragione conversazionale della filosofia ligure, Roma, e la filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. He settles in Marseglia, and achieves fame as a philosopher. Pitea. Keywords: longitudinal unity. Gricevs: Salvē, Pitea! Audivi te in Marseglia clarum esse philosophum. Dic mihi, quid tibi in philosophia Ligure maxime placet? Pitea: Salvē, Gricevs! Mihi placet unitas longitudinalis: philosophia Ligure rerum connectiones a mari ad montes semper quaerit. Gricevs: Unitās longitudinalis, pulchra sententia! Putasne haec ratio conversationalis etiam in philosophia Italiana valere? Pitea: Certe, Gricevs! In Italia, omnes traditiones philosophicae inter se colloquuntur, sicut Ligures cum Romanis olim fecerunt.

Alessandro Pizzorno (Trieste, Friuli, Venezia Giulia): la ragione conversazionale, Giovanni Grice, è la politica assoluta, la filosofia del sindacato, la filosofia fascista, la filosofia veneta, e la filosofia italiana. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains “what is meant” as something inferentially recoverable because participants treat one another as rational cooperators: an utterance is interpreted against shared norms (relevance, informativeness, etc.), and implicatures arise when hearers reconcile what is said with what a reasonable speaker could be doing in the exchange. Pizzorno’s sociology, as framed in your passage, is less a theory of meaning than a theory of rationality under conflict and recognition: in class relations, union bargaining, and what he later calls rationalità e riconoscimento, the operative “reason” is not simply cooperative efficiency but strategic coordination, legitimacy, face, and the management of identities in public interaction, where masks and ritualized performances are functional rather than ornamental. The comparison is therefore clean but productive: Grice models micro-norms that make ordinary talk intelligible by default, whereas Pizzorno highlights how the very same conversational machinery can be reorganized by power, class position, and institutional settings, so that what counts as relevant, sincere, or adequate information is itself socially negotiated and often contested; in a strike or negotiation, apparent violations of Gricean maxims (deliberate vagueness, overstatement, studied silence) can be rational moves because the goal is not only truth-transmission but leverage, solidarity-signalling, and recognition. A small but telling “bridge” detail from your own textual ecology is that Pizzorno is repeatedly associated with rationalization and recognition and with the theme of la maschera, which fits naturally with a Gricean point: implicature is where social meaning lives, and when interaction is structurally adversarial, the implicatures that matter are often those that secure status and group alignment rather than those that merely optimize cooperative information flow. Studia a Torino. Insegna ad Urbino, Milano e Fiesole. Oltre agl’importanti studi sulla materia sociologica conduce ricerche di sociologia economica e politica, in special modo sulle organizzazioni sindacali e il conflitti di classi sociali, sulla politica e i suoi aspetti, sui rapporti tra sistemi politici ed economici nella società. Le V classi sociali; Comunità e RAZIONALIZZAZIONE; Lotte operaie e sindacato, Le regole del pluralismo; I soggetti del pluralismo; Classi, partiti, sindacati; Le radici della politica assoluta, Il potere dei giudici, Il velo della diversità: studi su RAZIONALITÀ e ri-conoscimento; Sulla maschera. Treccani, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia. Grice: “The reason why P. – bless his soul – does not criticise fascism, is that he possibly finds his theory of ‘communitarianism, razionalization and community, and the appeal to Tonnies’s community, almost too fascist to be true! – it’s the ‘bund’ – and other fascist conceptions against which i sindacati had to fight during the ventennio fascista! The pity with P. is that he focuses on sindacati as from when he was getting drunk in Paris! He should have studied the sindicati during the veintennio fascista! I am pleased that P. quotes me. He apparently says that he is not into ‘conversation’ in the *sense* (senso) of Grice. Footnote there. When the index is compiled, P., who is at Oxford at the time and could have asked (or axed), had no idea what my Christian name was, so he follows Speranza’s advice: ‘when you do not know the first name or Christian name use ‘John’’ – so he did. (The corollary to Speranza’s corollary is: when you don’t know the surname, use ‘Smith’). So Grice, J. I became in his name index!”. politica assoluta, razionalità e riconoscimento, razionalizzazione, soggetti del pluralism, lotta operaia, sindacato, la politica assoluta, fascismo, Giovanni Grice.  Grice: “St John’s, 1966. I don’t know why I do it to myself. I go into Blackwell’s intending to stay safely in philosophy, as if the shelves were a quarantine zone, and the very next bay is sociology—close enough for infection. There, beside the metaphysicians, is a brand-new title by Pizzorno, Le classi sociali, and I can’t help suspecting that Blackwell’s has shelved it as a practical joke about Oxford itself: the “classics” on one side, the “classy” on the other. But are there classi sociali in the way Pizzorno means—or is it another one of those tidy dichotomies that sound truer in print than in the Senior Common Room? When I won my scholarship from Clifton it was in Classics, not in “class,” and once in Oxford I discovered that the most ruthless class-system here is grammatical: Corpus people correcting you for saying “Christi College” (as if there were alternative corpora to choose from), and Merton people congratulating you on “Merton Coll—” at which point you want to shout, “College, man, college: unless you mean Mr Merton himself is running a night-school.” Ross and Mitford call it U and non-U; I call it the sociology of pedantry, with a very narrow theory of reference. So perhaps Pizzorno is right after all: class is not only income or occupation, it’s also the minute rituals of talk—who corrects whom, what counts as a solecism, and which names you’re allowed to abbreviate without sounding as if you were born in a railway carriage. If that is what he means, then Oxford is his finest field-site; but if he means something grander, I should like him to explain why the most visible “class struggle” in the place is over whether one says “Christ Church” or “Christ Church College,” and whether correcting a man’s Latin is a form of solidarity or simply a vice with tenure.” Grice: Caro Pizzorno, ho letto dei tuoi studi sulla razionalizzazione e le classi sociali. Ma dimmi: hai mai pensato che la filosofia del sindacato abbia qualcosa in comune con la logica delle conversazioni? Magari anche il sindacalista segue le mie massime! Pizzorno: Grice, se il sindacalista seguisse le tue massime, forse la trattativa sarebbe più breve... ma senza un po’ di teatrino, che gusto c’è? Sai, la razionalità va bene, ma in Italia anche il dialogo ha bisogno di una maschera! Grice: Ah, la maschera! Dalla filosofia alla commedia dell’arte, siete imbattibili. Mi sa che dovrò aggiungere una massima: "Non dire tutto, ma fai capire abbastanza... e sorridi!" Pizzorno: Perfetto, Grice. La prossima volta che un sindacalista mi rimprovera, gli dirò che è questione di implicatura – e se non capisce, lo mando a Torino a studiare con te! Pizzorno, Alessandro (1966). Le classi sociali. Milano: Il Mulino.

Giovanni Plantadossi (Ripatransone, Ascoli Piceno, Marche): l’implicatura conversazionale e gl’universali, l’implicatura conversazionale, la scuola di Ripatransone, la filosofia marchese, e la filosofia italiana. Grice’s reason-governed account of conversational meaning starts from the idea that hearers treat speakers as rational agents in a cooperative enterprise, so that they recover what is meant by attributing intentions under shared norms (relevance, informativeness, clarity, etc.), and they compute implicatures when a literal contribution would otherwise seem pointlessly weak, oddly chosen, or in tension with the assumed goal of the exchange. “Plantadossi” (better: Iohannes de Ripa / Giovanni da Ripatransone) sits at an instructive angle to this, because scholastic practice at the Sorbonne is itself a highly regulated conversational game: the Sentences lecturing cycle, quaestiones, determinationes, and sets of conclusiones are moves governed by institutional rules of burden, objection, reply, and authorized inference, with uptake presupposed by the shared methodological commitments of the disputants. In that setting, what modern pragmatics calls implicature can be seen as structurally built in: a one-word title like Conclusiones functions less as an informative descriptor than as a genre-marker licensing an audience to supply the missing contextual frame (the teaching occasion, the disputed loci, the baccalaureus’s role), much as Gricean hearers supply missing content to preserve rationality and relevance; likewise, a technical innovation such as immutatio vitalis in discussions of visio beatifica can be read as a controlled way of satisfying multiple conversational constraints at once (saying enough to secure the doctrinal and metaphysical desiderata, but not so much as to collapse creator/creature distance), i.e., a scholastic analogue of maximizing communicative goals under tight normative limits. The contrast, then, is that Grice theorizes these norms as lightweight, flexible presumptions of everyday talk, whereas the Parisian scholastic arena makes them explicit, juridical, and role-bound; but the underlying commonality is that in both cases meaning is not exhausted by what is said, because participants rely on shared rules of rational exchange to bridge from formula to intended doctrine, from sparse heading to recognized argumentative move. Conclusiones, Lectura super sententiarum, prologi; questiones; Questio de gradu supremo. Not to be confused with [Giovanni] FRANCESCO of Marchia. This is JOHN of Marchia. Nannini – metafisica, idea, exemplaris. Grice, “The problem of the universals: from Ripa to me.” Giovanni da Ripa. Giovanni da Ripatransone. Giovanni da Ripatransone, Iohannes de Ripa; o de Marchia, Giovanni da Ripatransone, Iohannes de Ripa; o de Marchia, filosofo, detto dottore difficile e dottore sovra-suttile. Francescano, baccelliere sentenziario alla Sorbona. Filosofo di primo piano, si confronta colle posizioni di filosofi francescani, come MARCA , e agostiniani, come RIMINI , non senza ignorare le dispute oxoniensi tra Bradwardine e  Buckingham. Importante è la sua soluzione al problema della visio beatifica, e in partic. il concetto di immutatio vitalis, volto a salvaguardare, nella presenza compiuta dell’essenza divina a un intelletto creato, sia l’insuperabile distanza tra Dio e la creatura, sia la pienezza della beatitudine. Significative anche le sue riflessioni sul rapporto tra immensità divina e infinità possibile nell’ordine creaturale, e sulla possibilità di confrontare diversi tipi di infinito, che si ripercuoteno sulla dimostrabilità dell’esistenza del divino, mentre sulla questione dei futuri contingenti rimase nella scia di Scoto. Oltre che in relazione alla sua tesi delle distinzioni formali in Dio, che già suscita la scandalizzata reazione di Gerson, P. è studiato pelle sue dottrine trinitarie e cristologiche. Tra i suoi saggi vanno ricordate la lectura sui libri delle sentenze di Lombardo, la quaestio de gradu supremo e infine le determinationes. Giovanni da Ripa, o da Ripatransone, al secolo Giovanni P. filosofo, teologo e religioso italiano.  implicatura, universale, il problema degl’universali, Combes, Vignaux, Nannini. Grice: “St John’s. Old Kneale and his wife are running a wonderfully earnest seminar in Oxford on the growth of logic, and Potts, one of my tutees, came back looking pleased with himself. “Today was on the Conclusiones,” he said, as if that settled anything. “Conclusiones of what?” I asked. “John of Ripa’s early Paris stuff, circa 1354—back when Italians were fashionable because their Latin made the Franks sound like they’d learned it from a shop sign.” “That still doesn’t tell me what he’s concluding about,” I said. Potts looked almost relieved. “That’s the best part,” he said. “The Kneales didn’t supply any conclusive evidence that they knew either.” “Oxford scholarship for you,” I told him, and set him an essay for next week: How to conclude without knowing what you’re concluding about—and how your audience manages to cooperate anyway.” Grice: Plantadossi, ho letto con grande interesse delle sue riflessioni sul problema degli universali. Mi incuriosisce come lei riesca a collegare l’implicatura conversazionale alla questione metafisica: secondo lei, il linguaggio può davvero aiutarci a sciogliere i nodi dei concetti universali? Plantadossi: Caro Grice, la conversazione filosofica è spesso il terreno privilegiato per affrontare tali problemi. L’implicatura, come lei insegna, mostra che molto di ciò che intendiamo va oltre il detto — e questo vale anche per gli universali, che si manifestano nel dialogo come idee condivise e, a volte, contestate tra interlocutori. Grice: Mi trova d’accordo! Penso che l’implicatura sia la chiave per capire come le idee universali siano trasmesse, non solo formalmente, ma anche nel modo in cui le viviamo e le interpretiamo. Nella sua “lectura super sententiarum”, come affronta il rapporto tra immutatio vitalis e la distanza tra il divino e il creato? Plantadossi: La mia tesi è che la beatitudine, pur essendo pienezza, non annulla mai la differenza tra Dio e creatura. L’immutatio vitalis rappresenta un mutamento interno dell’intelletto, che accoglie la presenza divina senza abolire la distanza. Così, anche nel dialogo, possiamo avvicinarci alla verità, pur rimanendo consapevoli dei nostri limiti. Il linguaggio è ponte, ma mai scorciatoia. Plantadossi, Giovanni (1354). Conclusiones. Sorbona.

Rubellio Plauto (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, o la filosofia nel principato di Nerone, Roma, e la filosofia italiana. Scolaro di Musonio. Insigne. Roman noble and a political rival of Emperor NERONE. A relative of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Grandson of DRUSO -- only son of TIBERIO CESARE --, and the great-grandson of TIBERIO and his brother DRUSO. Also descends from MARCO VIPSANIO AGRIPPA and MARC’ANTONIO. He is descended from GIULIO CESARE. His father is Gaio Rubellio Blando, whose family originates from Tivoli and is of the equestrian class. He is the grandson of DRUSO, his mother having previously been married to NERONE GIULIO CESARE, without issue. P. derives his cognomen from his great grandfather LUCIO SERGIO P., and may have used his nomen gentilicium SERGIO as his own prae-nomen, as a lead pipe is attested with the name of SERGIO RUBELLIO P. But this person may have been his son. P. becomes an innocent victim to the intrigues of Valeria Messalina. One possibility is that P. is seen by Messalina as a rival to her son BRITANNICO. Emperor CLAUDIO, who is husband to Messalina, father to BRITANNICO and maternal uncle to Julia, does not secure any legal defense for his niece. Consequently, Julia is executed. Julia  is considered to be a virtuous person by those who know her.  P. marries the daughter to LUCIO ANTISTIO VETO. P.’s father-in-law serves as consul, legatus of Germania Superior, and Proconsul of Asia. P. is considered a loving husband and father. The names of his children are not known -- none of them survived NERONE’s purges. P. appears to have been a follower of IL PORTICO. According to TACITO, TIGELLINO writes to NERONE. Plautus again, with his great wealth, does not so much as affect a love of repose, but he flaunts before us his imitations of the old Romans, and assumes the self-consciousness of the PORTICO along with a philosophy, which makes men restless, and eager for a busy life. Portico, Musonio Rufo, Nerone, la filosofia nel principato di Nerone.  GRICEVS: Salvē, Plaute. Dic mihi: in Porticūne versāris, an in Porticū loqueris tantum—ut Nerōnī videāre sapiēns? PLAVTVS: Salvē, Grice. Ego ex Drūsō nepōs sum; sed in prandiō magis quam in proeliō pugno. Quod ad Porticum: si taceō, Stoicus putor; si loquor, reus fio. Elegans est implicātūra: “nihil dīxī” et tamen omnia audītōr intellegit. GRICEVS: Ita est: ratiō conversātiōnālis nōn in glādiō, sed in regulīs latet—quantitāte, qualitāte, relātiōne, modō. Tigellīnus epistulās scrībit; tu epistulās non scrībis: utrumque eandem rem significat. Apud principem, silentium est sententia; apud philosophum, sententia est silentium. PLAVTVS: Ergō, si vultus meus rigidus est, Nerō “philosophiam” ostendō; si villa mea ampla est, “veterēs Rōmānōs” imitārī dīcor. At ego breviter dīcam (nam opēs quoque parcitās docent): Rōmae nēmō quaerit quid dīxeris, sed quid volueris dīcere. Quārē—fiat iocus: loquāmur paucīs, ut intellegant plūrima.

Armando Plebe (Alessandria, Piemonte): all’isola, la ragione conversazionele o il dizionario della conversazione, la filosofia siciliana, la scuola d’Alessandria, la filosofia piemontese, e la filosofia italiana. Grice’s account of reason-governed conversational meaning starts from the thought that understanding is a rational achievement under shared norms: interlocutors presume cooperation, attribute intentions, and compute implicatures when what is said would otherwise look irrational or unhelpful, so that the “extra” meaning is what a reasonable hearer is licensed to infer given the speaker’s apparent respect for (or strategic flouting of) relevance, informativeness, sincerity, and clarity. Plebe, as your passage frames him, approaches many of the same phenomena from a different angle, via rhetoric, classical philology, and the history of ancient thought: his recurring interest in Cicero, Quintilian, and the Latin rhetorical tradition foregrounds how meaning is shaped by culturally stabilized techniques of address, audience-management, and persuasive form, i.e., by an art of speaking well rather than by a quasi-mathematical ideal of cooperative inference; in that sense Plebe can be read as supplying a thicker genealogy for what Grice formalizes, because rhetorical practice already presupposes that hearers will routinely go beyond the literal and will treat strategic understatement, emphasis, and indirection as intelligible moves within a shared social game. Online bibliographic pointers add a useful specificity to this comparison: Plebe’s Introduzione alla logica formale (Laterza; various catalogues date it 1964/1966, with an explicit Aristotelian orientation) shows his willingness to bring modern formal tools to bear on ancient materials, while Breve storia della retorica antica (catalogued in 1968 at Laterza, but also attested in a 1961 Nuova Accademia edition in library records) places him squarely in the tradition where “implicature-like” effects are treated as standard rhetorical resources; put together, these strands suggest a clean contrast that still yields convergence, namely that Grice treats implicature as the product of rational cooperative constraints on conversation, whereas Plebe’s rhetorical-historical lens treats indirectness and surplus meaning as normal products of trained discourse in which the governing “reason” is not only logical accountability but also stylistic economy, decorum, and the practical aim of moving an audience. Grice: “I think I love P.: he contributes a beautiful chapter on Cicero and Latin rhetoric for his ‘brief history of ancient rhetoric,’ and, like my tutee Strawson, he approaches Aristotle and modernist logic in a genial way --.” I have been criticised for titling ‘Sicilian philosophy’ -- anyone from Sicily, even if he left Sicily when he was three years old. In such a case, P. is a representative of Sicilian philosophy, my critic would say. Born in Italy, he jumps to the isle to teach … philosophy!” Seguo il verso di ORAZIO . Odio la massa e me ne tengo lontano. Solo in questo sono uomo di destra. Studia a Torino. Insegna a Perugia e Palermo. Filosofo inizialmente marxista, ha una clamorosa rottura e viene annoverato fra i sostenitori dell'anti-comunismo politico-culturale. Dopo una militanza con i social-democratici di Saragat, aderisce al movimento sociale. Rompe anche. Adere al partito democrazia nazionale. Storico della filosofia, in particolare la antica filosofia italica. il dizionario, Gentile hegeliano, Torino SEI, storia della filosofia, antica filosofia italica, filosofia italica e filosofia romana, antica filosofia romana, filosofia dell’antica roma, azione e reazione, cicerone e la retorica Latina, la rhetorica ad herennium; Cicerone e la disputa tra retorica e filosofia; la retorica come arte nel ‘De oratore’ ciceroniano; la polemica di Quintiliano contro Seneca sulle sententiae; forma a contenuto nella retorica ciceroniana; il dialogo de oratoribus; quintiliano, la decadenza della retorica Latina; lessico logico, valore di verita, Strawson citato da P, testo di Strawson tradutto da Plebe in “Logica formale”, la polemica Grice/Quine sotto Aristotele, connetivi, quantificatori, quadrato dell’opposizione, indice alla storia della filosofia antica di Plebe, approccio hegeliano alla storia della filosofia antica Latina – indice.  Grice: “St John’s, 1954. Pears has invited me to open his Third Programme series on metaphysics, and he says—without blinking—that the aim is to “educate the masses.” He also tells me he wants a whole run on what he insists on calling “the freedom of the will.” “Why not just ‘free will’?” I say. “It’s idiomatic, and it spares us the sound of a sermon.” Pears replies that sermons are precisely what Auntie Beeb is for. “Then,” I tell him, “you should have a look at Plebe. Blackwell’s has his new Filosofia della libertà in the window, which is either a title or a dare.” Pears, being Pears, is perfectly calm: whatever Plebe means by it, he says, will be cleared up by the Bolognese in due course—and in any case Bologna has always fancied itself older than Oxford, which they once had the impudence to Latinise as Vadum Boum. Still, I add, I hope Plebe doesn’t mean what Isaiah Berlin means: Berlin calls it the history of ideas, but it’s mostly taxonomy with good manners. If we are going to talk about freedom on the wireless, it ought to be philosophy, not a guided tour of slogans. Grice: Professore Plebe, ho sempre ammirato il suo contributo sulla retorica latina, specialmente la sua analisi di Cicerone. Trovo che il suo approccio unisca tradizione e originalità: come vede oggi il ruolo della retorica nella filosofia italiana? Plebe: Grazie, Grice! La retorica, secondo me, rimane una chiave per comprendere il pensiero filosofico, soprattutto nella nostra tradizione. Cicerone ha saputo legare forma e contenuto, e oggi questa sintesi dovrebbe guidare il modo in cui dialoghiamo e argomentiamo. Lei stesso, con la sua teoria della conversazione, ha dato nuova linfa a questo tema! Grice: È vero, e confesso che il suo modo di integrare logica e storia mi ha ispirato. Ho notato che spesso cita Strawson, ma aggiunge una prospettiva tutta italiana: come crede che la filosofia logica possa arricchire la discussione filosofica, senza perderne la dimensione umana? Plebe: La logica, se intesa come lessico vivo e non come arida matematica, può arricchire la filosofia. Ho tradotto Strawson proprio per questo: perché il dialogo logico sia un ponte, non una barriera. La conversazione, come lei insegna, implica ascolto e comprensione reciproca. E solo così la filosofia può tornare a essere parte integrante della nostra vita culturale. Plebe, Armando (1953). Filosofia della libertà. Milano: Feltrinelli.

Alfredo Poggi (Sarzana, La Spezia, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, il ventennio fascista, l’incontro con Mussolini ad Ancona, la scuola di Sarzana, i fatti di Sarzana, lasciato in libertà da Mussolini, massoni proibiti, la filosofia ligure, e la filosofia italiana. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats understanding as a rational reconstruction: hearers assume (unless forced not to) that a speaker is playing a cooperative game with publicly intelligible norms, and they recover what is meant by asking what a reasonable speaker could be intending, given those norms; implicature is the controlled surplus that arises when what is said is insufficient, oddly chosen, or apparently rule-breaking, yet still intelligible as a move made in good (or at least recognizable) rational order. Poggi, as your passage portrays him, is interestingly adjacent but not parallel: his life and work are presented as formed under high-stakes political and institutional pressures (socialism vs. fascism, “massoni proibiti,” surveillance, tribunal, “clemenza”), and that background naturally shifts the emphasis from Grice’s relatively benign cooperative presumption to the pragmatics of guarded speech, coded dissent, and strategic reticence, where what is unsaid may be as norm-governed as what is said but governed by prudence rather than pure cooperativity. In that sense, Poggi offers a historically charged counterpart to Grice: Grice’s maxims model how rational agents optimize mutual understanding under normal conversational aims, whereas the Poggi story exemplifies how conversational rationality can be re-parameterized by risk, censorship, and factional “uptake,” producing environments in which clarity itself may be punished and where audiences infer “the wrong implicature” because the operative norm is political loyalty rather than truth-seeking cooperation. Online, the only specific bibliographic anchor in your passage that I can straightforwardly treat as stable is the book-citation Alfredo Poggi, Storia della filosofia moderna (Sansoni, Firenze, 1947); the further biographical particulars (the Ancona clash with Mussolini, the archival “atto di clemenza,” the Rensi salon details) would need exact archival or scholarly citations to be asserted as fact rather than as part of the project’s stylized narrative voice, but as a conceptual comparison they do exactly the work you want: they show how “reason-governed meaning” can remain a normatively structured practice even when the governing reasons are not conversational efficiency but survival, affiliation, and the management of dangerous interpretations. Colpito dalla violenza usata nei confronti del popolo durante le giornate milanesi e dal temporaneo esilio che doveno subire alcuni socialisti amici di famiglia. Questo lo porta a simpatizzare per quel partito che sta nascendo e al quale si iscrive. Studia a Palermo e Genova. La questione morale: la critica e il socialismo. Insegna a Genova. Partecipa come delegato al congresso socialista di Ancona, nel corso del quale ha un duro scontro con il massimalista  MUSSOLINI  sul problema della compatibilità o meno del socialismo con la massoneria.  L'assemblea da in quell'occasione una larga maggioranza alla tesi di MUSSOLINI dell'incompatibilità. Si reca nelle domeniche d'inverno al palazzo genovese di via Palestro, dove RENSI  anima un vero e proprio salotto – o gruppo di gioco --, arricchito dalla presenza di illustri personalità quali PASTORINO, BUONAIUTI, SELLA, e ROSSI. MUSSOLINI si ricorda di quel suo leale tenace avversario e lo libera, come attesta una registrazione esistente nel suo fascicolo personale presso l'archivio centrale dello stato, lasciato in libertà dal tribunale speciale per la sicurezza dello stato per atto di clemenza di S. E. il capo del governo. Lo stato italiano, Cultura e socialismo, Gesuiti contro lo stato liberale, Filosofia dell'azione, Concetto del diritto e dello stato romano, La preghiera dell'uomo, Meneghini, Socialismo spezzino, appunti per una storia, Massa; Meneghini, Meneghini Sui luttuosi fatti del luglio v. stati pontificii, positivismo giuridico, filosofia giuridica italiana contemporanea – il concetto di diritto, il concetto dello stato italiano – incontro con Mussolini, lasciato in liberta da Mussolini, I fatti di Sarzana, filosofia ligure, criticism kantiano, Adler, saggi sulla filosofia dell’azione. “Grice: St John’s, 1947. Back in Oxford one can breathe again. I duck into Blackwell’s and, as ever, there is a “new” book insisting on a new boundary: Alfredo Poggi’s Storia della filosofia moderna, hot off Sansoni’s press. When I read Greats the “moderns” were already compulsory—Locke, Hume, Kant, and the rest of that inevitable procession—so I find myself wondering what Poggi thinks he is doing by presenting “the moderns” as a neatly fenced estate. Can the history of philosophy really be sliced like a cake, with a clean line between medieval and modern, as if thinkers woke up one morning and discovered they were no longer in the Middle Ages? Warnock, ever practical, says he has his eye on a volume of “history of philosophy” too, though he’ll rebrand it as English philosophy since 1900, partly to avoid the Continentals and partly to avoid that French habit of calling everything “contemporary” the moment it is printed. Poggi’s plan is harder to guess without opening the book—and I confess I resist looking at the contents page, because Italian books perversely hide it at the back with the index, and it feels like cheating to learn what a book is about by skipping to its tail. What I really care about is the awkward hinge: Telesio and the Renaissance, the allegedly anti-medieval “new philosophy” that still reads like a late chapter of the medium aevum; and then the comic thought occurs—how did the medium aevum philosophers know they were in the middle? If “modern” is a period label, it is also a conversational move: it implies a before and an after, and it quietly asks the reader to grant the cut.” Grice: Professore Poggi, ho sentito che lei affronta la filosofia persino nei salotti genovesi della domenica… Ma mi dica, tra implicature conversazionali e fatti di Sarzana, qual è più pericoloso: un massone a colazione o un socialista a cena?  Poggi: Caro Grice, dipende dal menu: il massone preferisce croissant e discussioni velate, il socialista invece non si accontenta finché non ha ribaltato il tavolo! Però, sul serio, l’unico rischio è rimanere senza caffè dopo una notte di filosofia ligure.  Grice: Ah, allora bisogna sempre avere una scorta di caffè — e magari Mussolini all’uscio, pronto a liberare gli spiriti critici troppo svegli! Mi dica, lei pensa che il ventennio abbia reso la filosofia italiana più robusta… o soltanto più incline alle implicature?  Poggi: Ma guardi, Grice, dopo vent’anni di implicature fasciste, siamo diventati maestri del “non detto” – persino il mio cane, a Sarzana, capisce quando è meglio tacere! La filosofia ligure si è allenata a navigare tra maree politiche e salotti, senza mai perdere il gusto per una battuta ironica… e per una libertà conquistata, magari con clemenza! Poggi, Alfredo (1947). Storia della filosofia moderna. Firenze: Sansoni.

Baldassare Poli (Cremona, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale dell’implicatura conversazionale del pappagallo di Locke, la filosofia lombarda, e la filosofia italiana. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning starts from the idea that what speakers mean is constrained by publicly intelligible norms of cooperation and rational accountability: hearers treat an utterance as a move in a purposive exchange and infer speaker-meaning (including implicatures) by assuming the speaker is aiming to be appropriately informative, relevant, sincere, and perspicuous, with “extra” meaning arising when a maxim is apparently flouted but can be reconstructed as still serving the shared point of the talk. Poli, as presented in your passage, approaches “language” through a taxonomy of signs (cry, gesture, action, artifice, word) and uses the Lockean parrot as a boundary case: the animal can produce recognisable tokens (“buon giorno”) and can imitate, but its signs remain uncertain, non-self-correcting, and—crucially for Grice—do not reliably manifest the kind of intention-recognition and responsiveness to conversational purposes that would ground genuine implicature; on a Gricean diagnosis, the parrot’s deficiency is not lack of sound-production but lack of participation in the rational economy of conversation (knowing when to speak, what counts as relevant, when silence is required, how to tailor an utterance to an interlocutor’s informational needs). The comparison becomes sharpest where Poli’s metaphysical and juridical language (“spirit over matter,” law as science in principles and art in cases) aligns with Grice’s distinction between rule-governed competence and mere behavioural mimicry: a parrot may replicate the surface form of a code, but cannot occupy the normative role of a judge because it cannot undertake the justificatory commitments and reason-giving responsiveness that make a move answerable within a practice; in that sense, Poli’s parrot story can be read as an early, non-technical counterpart to Grice’s central point that meaning in conversation is not exhausted by the production of signs, but depends on rationally interpretable intentions and on the interlocutors’ shared governance by norms that license, constrain, and make accountable what is implied as well as what is said. Si laurea a Bologna. Insegna a Milano e Padova. “Filosofia elementare” e un eclettico sistema di empirismo e razionalismo. I saggi di scienza politico-legali considerano il diritto un insieme di scienza, in quanto trattano dei principi, e di arte, in quanto applicazione d’un principio giuridico nella valutazione dei singoli casi. Il diritto e un’espressione provvidenziale. Si distingue in naturale e in positivo. Combatte il positivismo negli studii di filosofia, ri-vendicando la superiorità dello spirito sulla materia. Saggio filosofico sopra la scuola dei filosofi naturalisti coll'analisi dell'organo-logia, della cranio-logia, della fisio-gnomia, della psico-logia comparata, e con una teoria delle idee e de' sentimenti; Elementi di filosofia, Elementi di filosofia teoretica e morale, La filosofia elementare, La scienza politico-legale, Filosofia, Studii di filosofia, Cenni su CORLEO : il sistema della filosofia universale, ovvero la filosofia dell'identità, La filosofia dell'incosciente, Memorie, Studi CANTONI, Studio della vita e delle opere. La LINGUA, presidendo dalle grandi controversie de’filosofi intorno alla sua origine e alla sua formazione, antro non è che il complesso de’SEGNI destinati ad esprimere le nostre idee e i nostri sentimente. E comeche vari sono codesti SEGNI pella loro indole e pella loro origine, cosi varia è la specia della lingua -- il grido, il gesto, l’azione, l’artificio, e la parola. Fra tutte l’opinioni, sembra incontrastabile, prima di tutto, che l’animale ha i SEGNI d’una specidie di lingua nel grido e nel moto. Ma questi segni sono o incerti e inisignificanti. O quasi sempre dubii almameno per noi, senza che sia in loro il potere di perfezionarli. In secondo luogo, è dimostrate che l’animale quantunque fornito dell’organo della loquella e dell’udito, come anche della faculta d’associare e d’imitare, non puo mai giungere all’invenzione della  lingua veramente articolata. naturalisti, organologia, craniologia, fisiognomia, psicologia comparata. “Grice: St John’s, 1966. Warnock has become insufferably energetic. Having taken charge of those Oxford Readings volumes, he now wants to anthologise the entire human condition. I told him I’ve already had my turn in the reprint lottery: Meaning turns up where Strawson thinks it belongs (philosophical logic), Searle rescued my piece on utterer’s meaning for the philosophy of language volume, and Warnock himself obligingly reprinted the whole Cambridge symposium in his perception reader, as if to prove that even Oxford can be made to sound empirical when edited with sufficient confidence. But now he wants Quinton to do a political philosophy volume, and I can see the slope: once you start with logic and language you end with the ballot box, and then someone will want an Oxford Readings in Gardening. I said to Warnock, half joking and half not, that the Italians had at least one decent instinct about politics: they sometimes admit it is local. Poli, back in 1957, had the tact to call it Il pensiero politico italiano, which is already a warning label: not political philosophy in the abstract, but a national habit of mind with a postal address. Of course Warnock replied that pensiero is precisely the sort of word Italians lean on when they want their prose to sound as if it has the mass of an argument; and he’s right in his way, since the old Latin root suggests weight, and the last thing we need is another “weighty” Oxford collection that sinks under its own seriousness. If we must do politics, I said, let it be done with the same decency we demand in conversation: no grand nouns unless you can cash them, no reverence for labels, and above all no pretending that because a thing is called “thought” it has earned the right to be heavy.” Grice: Poli, tu citi il pappagallo di Locke e io già tremo: perché quello dice “buon giorno”, ma non implica nulla—e a Oxford questo è considerato un vizio sociale, non un limite cognitivo. Poli: Però il mio empirismo non è così crudele: riconosco che anche l’animale ha i suoi segni—grido, gesto, moto. Solo che sono incerti, e soprattutto non migliorano: il pappagallo ripete, ma non inventa la grammatica. Grice: E qui entra la ragione conversazionale: quando il pappagallo “risponde”, dice qualcosa, ma non mostra il principio cooperativo—non sa quando tacere, quando essere pertinente, né come evitare l’eccesso di “buon giorno” alle tre di notte. Poli: Appunto. E quando io difendo la superiorità dello spirito sulla materia e combatto il positivismo, dico metafisica; ma implico una cosa molto pratica: il diritto è scienza nei principi e arte nei casi—e un pappagallo può imitare un codice, ma non può fare il giudice. Poli, Baldassare (1957). Il pensiero politico italiano. Milano: Giuffrè.

Mario Pollini (Grosseto): l’implicatura conversazionale e la ragione conversazionale –Grice: “I like P. I was often asked, after creating Deutero-Esperanto, what right do I have to call it a ‘language’, since, nobody ever speaks it. Pollini notes that languages such as English, are better, understood as ‘la lingua dell’Anglia. Anglia, etc., are not INVENTED countries, we hope. But the land of UTOPIA is often seen as what Pollini calls DEVESSIA, the land of Ought, not of Is. Therefore, its grammar is RAGIONATA in the sense that Moore equivocates when he says that is derives from ought, and not vice versa! Il devessiano è una lingua inventata da Pollini di Grosseto. Il nome deriva da Devessia, una repubblica situata nell’estremo occidente d’Europa, fra la Gallia e l’Irlandia, e significa letteralmente ‘il paese dove le cose sono come devono essere.’ In sintesi, la lingua di Devessia è una lingua amiatina, in quanto la sua base lessicale riprende molto della parlata della terra d’origine dell’autore, e cioè il monte Amiata, in Toscana. Le preposizioni sono, in singolare: “do” (masc.), “da” (fem.); in plurale: “dos” e “das.” C’è un dittongo, «ui»: non porto, ma puirto; non sorte, ma suirte, non punto, ma puinte. C’è anche un suffisso «-con» che corrisponde a un’errata pronuncia infantile. L’altro suffisso è «-èira». Il lessico amiatino si ritrova particolarmente nelle parole che indicano la frutta, come “bahoha,” albicocca, “sarac[c con pipetta]a (ciliegia), pornela (susina).  Oltre che alla parlata amiatina nativa di P., il lessico della lingua di Devessia attinge parole dal gallico (pandon = «mentre»), ma anche dal genovese (u-màa = «onda», dal genovese «u mâ», cioè, per metonimia, «il mare -- ligure»), da linguaggi infantili, da espressioni scherzose, d’interpretazioni arbitrarie (manc[c con pipetta]urà = «masticare» deriva da come P. sente il suono di “Manciuria”) e anche da parole tratte dai sogni dell’autore (ad esempio baltac[c con pipetta]à = «colpire forte, rovesciare»).  deutero-esperanto, Devessia, la lingua del monte Amiata. Referenze.  Grice: Pollini, mi hanno chiesto mille volte che diritto avessi di chiamare “lingua” il mio Deutero‑Esperanto, visto che non lo parla nessuno. E tu arrivi col devessiano e mi dici: “Tranquillo, basta inventarsi anche un Paese”. Pollini: Appunto: l’inglese è “la lingua dell’Anglia” e nessuno sospetta che Anglia sia un’invenzione (si spera). Devessia invece è il Paese del dover‑essere: lì tutti parlano correttamente… perché è vietato parlare a caso. Grice: Meraviglioso: quindi quando in devessiano dici “do” e “da”, tu dici una preposizione; ma implichi già un’etica. È grammatica ragionata: Moore pensa che l’“is” venga dall’“ought”, e tu gli rispondi: “No, caro: in Devessia l’ought fa da sindaco all’is”. Pollini: E quando scrivo “puirto, suirte, puinte” e ci appiccico “-con” come pronuncia infantile, io dico fonetica amiatina; ma implico che l’utopia funziona solo se ha difetti ben scelti: altrimenti non è una lingua, è un regolamento condominiale. Pollini, Mario (1968). Il pensiero politico di Bruno e Campanella. Milano: Feltrinelli.

Pollio Valerio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale contro il lizio. He plays a leading role in Rome’s political and cultural life. He is a friend of both VIRGILIO  and ORAZIO , and wrote a history of the civil war. He is NOT a lizio, and his most famous tract he entitles, “Contra Aristotelem”. He rather follows the philosophy of Musonio RUFO , whom he deems superior to ‘that ginnasio where an over-rated Stagirite used to ramble with friends.’ Historians debate this, since Musonio Rufo apparently was born well after P. dies – but, as Kunstermann says, ‘there is no obvious earlier candidate.’ Hohlertter suggests that the work was written by a LATER Pollio – ‘most likely Pollio Valerio’. Gaio Asinio Pollio. Pollio: la ragione conversazionale contro il Lizio – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). The author of “Contra Aristotelem” according to Hohlertter.  GRICEVS: POLLĪ, audio te librum conscripsisse Contra Aristotelem: hoc quidem dicis; sed quid implicas—te non solum a Lȳceō abesse, sed etiam ab illis qui ibi ambulando sapientiam putant constare? POMPONIVS: Recte conicis. Ego Stoicum magis amo—Musonium Rufum, si licet—quam illum Stagiritem, qui in gymnasio quasi peripatetice loquitur et numquam ad rem pervenit. GRICEVS: Sed ecce quaestio conversazionalis: cum Musonium nomines (quem quidam aiunt post te natum esse), tu dicis magistrum; sed implicas “mihi opus est severiore praeceptore quam Aristoteles”—et chronologia, ut solet, in foro minus valet quam sententia. POMPONIVS: Et tu, Grice, cum “implicas” dicis, implicas hoc: Romani etiam cum philosophiam eligunt, more civili agunt—non “quid verum est?” sed “quid utile est, ne rursus bellum civile fiat?”

Pollio Felice (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale dell’orto romano –Orto. Patron of Stazio. GRICEVS: POLLI, audio te in Horto habitare et Statium tueri: pulchrum; nam patronus es qui dicis “poetae faveo,” sed implicas “ne me in foro quaeratis—hic herbae loquuntur brevius.” POLLIVS: Ita est, Grice: in Horto etiam versus mitiores fiunt. Statius epulas laudat; ego otium. Uterque tamen eandem legem sequitur: nihil nimis—praeter rosam. GRICEVS: Sed hoc est ipsissima ratio conversazionalis: cum tu Statium ad cenam invites, dicis hospitium; implicas autem “si carmen recitaveris, recita breve—Epicurus enim prolixitatem non amat.” POLLIVS: Et tu, cum “prolixitatem” reprehendas, dicis doctrinam; implicas vero hoc: etiam in Horto Romano poeta sub umbra iudicatur—non gladio, sed silentio.

Polluce: la ragione conversazionale del principe filosofo -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Giulio Polluce or Polideuce – Friend of Commodo to whom he dedicates a treatise entitled “Onomasticon,” a thematically arranged dictionary containing many excerpts from different authors, mainly and especially the Roman philosophers with which he was familiar and thought Commodo would find of slight interest.   GRICEVS: POLLE, audio te Onomasticon Commodo principi dicavisse: pulchrum munus—dictionarium enim est quasi convivium verborum, ubi princeps sine periculo sapientiam “gustat” et statim in alium ferculum transit. POLLVS: Ita est, Grice: Commodus philosophiam amat… dum brevis est. Ideo capita ordinavi per materias, ne cogatur legere quidquam quod non petierit. GRICEVS: Sed hoc est ipsa ratio conversazionalis: cum dicis “hoc parum tibi interest,” non tantum dicis modestiam; implicas etiam “si plus posuero, irasceris”—et ego malim te patronum quam leonem. POLLVS: Et tu, cum “implicas” dicis, implicas hoc: princeps philosophus fit non quia omnia legit, sed quia, lectis paucis, reliqua prudenter praeterit—quod est virtus rara, praesertim in amphitheatro.

Polo (Reggio): la ragione conversazionale e la scuola di Lucania – Roma –Reggio, Lucania, Calabria. He is said to have been a Pythagorean, although some think he was a spelling mistake that should be corrected to ‘Eccelo di Lucania.’ He wrote a treatise on justice. Polo.

Polo   While Marco Polo's accounts had a profound impact on European  geography, exploration, and commercial interest in Asia, there is little evidence to suggest they directly or significantly influenced the specific contemporary philosophical thought in   Italy  in a way that is documented through citations by known philosophers.    Influence on Worldview and Exploration, Not Philosophy Marco Polo's book, Il Milione (or Description of the World, originally Devisement du Monde), was published around 1299 and circulated widely, primarily as a popular romance and travel narrative. Its influence was practical and imaginative:  Geographical and Cartographical Impact: His detailed descriptions of lands previously unknown to Europeans provided an encyclopedic understanding of medieval Asia, which was used by mapmakers to create more accurate charts. Inspiration for Exploration: The book sparked immense curiosity and a thirst for exploration in subsequent generations. Christopher Columbus, notably, carried a heavily annotated copy of Polo's book with him on his voyages. Commercial Interest: His descriptions of the wealth, spices, and trade opportunities in the East stimulated Occidental interest in Eastern commerce. Technological Exchange: He is credited with bringing back knowledge of certain Chinese innovations to Europe, such as paper money and possibly the idea of coal and a complex postal system.  Lack of Influence on Contemporary Philosophy  During Marco Polo's time and the immediate decades following the publication of his book, Italian intellectual life was dominated by late medieval scholasticism and the emerging Renaissance humanism. Grice: Caro Marco Polo, devo dirti che ho sempre apprezzato il tuo spirito filosofico, anche se a Vadum Boum, cioè Oxford, sei celebre soprattutto per aver, secondo la leggenda, inventato il tè! Gli studenti ancora scherzano dicendo che senza Marco Polo la pausa del pomeriggio non sarebbe la stessa. Marco Polo: Ah, caro Grice, questa fama mi diverte! In realtà, tra un viaggio e l’altro, mi sono imbattuto in molte bevande esotiche, ma il mio vero “tè” è stato il desiderio di conoscere mondi nuovi e di mettere in discussione le idee consolidate sul mondo. Forse, in questo, sono davvero stato un po’ filosofo… o un pioniere della curiosità! Grice: Senza dubbio, Marco! La tua curiosità e il tuo modo di osservare i costumi altrui hanno qualcosa di profondamente filosofico. La tua “ragione conversazionale” ha aperto non pochi varchi, anche se, ti confesso, ad Oxford i colleghi ti citano più spesso per le mappe che per le idee metafisiche! Marco Polo: Beh, caro Grice, ogni viaggio è un dialogo con l’ignoto e forse, come diceva qualche saggio orientale, la vera filosofia sta nel saper domandare. Se poi qualcuno ne approfitta per sorseggiare una tazza di tè, tanto meglio! Alla prossima conversazione, magari con una nuova spezia da scoprire.

Pompedio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano. According to the historian Giuseppe, a senator who followed the Garden – Some believe that the reference is to Publio Pomponio Secondo, a statesman and author.  GRICEVS: POMPEDI, “Pompedius” te quidam scribunt—dicunt nomen; sed implicant te tam placidum Epicureum esse ut etiam syllabas in horto deponas, ne laborent. POMPEDIVS: Immo, Grice: in Horto non solum curae, sed et consonantes cadunt. Sed senatorem me esse Iosephus ait: ergo otium meum est publicum—quasi “otium cum auctoritate.” GRICEVS: At hic est iocus conversazionalis: cum dicis te “Hortum sequi,” dicis philosophiam; sed implicas te in Curia saepe tacere—non quia nihil habes quod dicas, sed quia pax interdum utilior est quam sententia. POMPEDIVS: Et tu, cum dicas “fortasse idem est ac Publius Pomponius Secundus,” dicis disambiguationem; sed implicas hoc: Romani etiam in indice nominum Epicurei sunt—unum nomen, si fieri potest, pro duobus.

Pompeo (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano e il diritto. Nell’analisi delle nozioni di stato e di proprietà in Pompeo e Panezio e l’influenza della dottrina stoica sulla giurisprudenza romana dell’epoca scipionico-cesariana, il portico è un fenomeno che abbraccia un arco temporale vastissimo ed è di difficile, se non impossibile definizione. Pohlenz ne ha parlato come di un movimento spirituale, ma se si dicesse che è una ‘dimensione del pensiero’ forse non si sbaglierebbe. Comincia con * Testo rielaborato con le fonti e i riferimenti bibliografici essenziali della relazione alla 59ème Session de la Société Internationale Fernand de Visscher pour l’Histoire des Droits de l’Antiquité. [Per un primo approccio alla filosofia del Portico si v. POHLENZ, Stoa und Stoiker. Die Grunder, Panaitios, Poseidonios (Zürich); ID., IL PORTICO ROMANO: Storia di un movimento spirituale, Milano; IL PORTICO: Geschichte einer geistigen Bewegung (Göttingen); ISNARDI PARENTE, Stoici Antichi (Torino l’età del suo fondatore, il cipriota Zenone, un fenicio dalla pelle scura e di sangue semitico, attivo ad Atene, ma comprende anche ANTONINO. Non dimentichiamo, in aggiunta, la rielaborazione del de officiis di CICERONE fatta da AMBROGIO e, ancora, la fortuna medioevale dei precetti morali di Seneca che è addirittura indicato con la sua felice formula honestae vitae da Martino di Bracara come una sorta di cristiano occulto per aver intrattenuto una leggendaria corrispondenza con S. Paolo e tentato di convertire al cristianesimo un suo discepolo. La filosofia del Portico domina dunque la scena culturale romana per molti decenni durante l’ellenismo e la prima età imperiale, ma subì una repentina e considerevole decadenza. Agostino, in epist., infatti potrà dire. I seguaci del Portico sono ridotti al silenzio, al punto che le loro teorie vengono appena menzionate nelle scuole di retorica ». In effetti della letteratura del Portico a noi non è arrivato molto.  GRICEVS: POMPEI, cum de Porticu Romano loqueris, rem tam longam amplecteris ut vix definiri possit: quid est Porticus—motus spiritualis (ut Pohlenz), an potius dimensio cogitandi? POMPEVS: Utrumque, Grice. Nam Porticus sub Zenone incipit, sub Antonino procedit, et apud iurisconsultos quasi in togam mutatur: idem animus, sed alia vestis. GRICEVS: Lepide: cum dicis “Porticus ius movit,” dicis historiam; sed implicas hoc—Romanos etiam cum de “statu” et “proprietate” disputant, sub porticu stare, ne in foro a passionibus trahantur. POMPEVS: At tu, cum “implicas” dicis, implicas rursus hoc: si Stoici “ad silentium redacti” sunt (ut Augustinus gloriatur), tamen ius ipsum eorum vocem retinet—nam lex, etiam tacens, Stoice loquitur.

Gnaio Pompeo Magno (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale al portico romano. The uncle of Pompeo, the general. He is well versed in the Portico and a man of considerable learning, especially in the area of geometry.  GRICEVS: POMPEI, dicunt te in Porticu versatissimum esse, et geometriae peritissimum. Quaeso: cum tu “lineam rectam” defines, dicis quid sit; sed quid implicas de vita Romana? POMPEVS: Implico hoc, Grice: lineae rectae in tabula facile inveniuntur; in foro autem raro—nisi quis, more Stoico, angulos cupiditatum resecat. GRICEVS: Pulchre. At cum tu ad Porticum venis, nonne dicis te philosophari, sed implicas te ab omnibus petitionibus et clientibus paulisper latitare—quasi sub columna etiam animus lateat? POMPEVS: Ita vero: Porticus mihi est et schola et umbraculum. Nam si quis me roget de negotiis, respondebo: “nunc de triangulis agitur”—quod est verum, et tamen utilissime ambiguum.

Sesto Pompeo (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale al portico romano. A statesman and general ultimately defeated in the civil war against GIULIO  Cesare. A pupil of Posidonio at Rome. It is said that this tutelage had a great effect on him – “It changed my life” -- but it is not clear to what extent Pompeo himself became a follower of the Portico.  GRICEVS: POMPEI, audivi te Posidonium Romae in Porticu audivisse atque dixisse: “vitam meam mutavit.” Hoc quidem dicis; sed quid implicas—te Stoicum factum esse, an tantum melius ducem? POMPEVS: Ut verum fatear, Grice, Stoicus fieri volui, sed miles remansi: didici tamen hoc—sub porticu facile est “impavidum” agere; in acie multo difficilius. GRICEVS: Lepide: cum dicis “mutavit,” laudas magistrum; sed implicas te olim magis Fortunae quam rationi paruisse—nunc autem, saltem verbis, tecum habere Porticum quasi umbraculum. POMPEVS: Et tu, cum “implicas” totiens repetis, implicas hoc: in Urbe qui nimis aperte loquitur aut a Censoribus notatur aut a Caesare vincitur—quare Stoici silentium docent, non quia nihil sentiunt, sed quia diu vivere volunt.

Pietro Pomponazzi (Mantova, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale materiale – Shropshire – A Soul -- l’affair Pomponazzi. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats ordinary talk as a cooperative, norm-sensitive enterprise in which hearers rationally reconstruct what a speaker means by assuming (unless there is marked evidence to the contrary) that the speaker is trying to be appropriately informative, truthful, relevant, and perspicuous; implicature is then the disciplined residue produced when what is literally said would otherwise make the speaker’s move look irrational or uncooperative, so the hearer supplies an intended enrichment that restores the utterance to intelligibility under shared conversational standards. Pomponazzi, as your passage frames him, becomes an instructive foil because the “affair” around De immortalitate animae dramatizes a mismatch between two regimes of rationality: Pomponazzi argues that immortality is not demonstrable by reason while maintaining (via the faith/reason distinction he insists on in Apologia and Defensorium) that this is not straightforward atheism, yet the Venetian reception supplies an implicature of impiety and treats the text as if its rational content were a social act of provocation; in Gricean terms, the audience refuses the charitable hypothesis of cooperative philosophical inquiry and instead construes the utterance under a different set of practical maxims (institutional risk-management, doctrinal policing), so that what Pomponazzi intends as a careful limitation claim is heard as an attack, and “clarity” itself becomes suspect once it threatens authority. Read this way, the Pomponazzi episode shows Grice’s key point by historical counterexample: implicatures are not free-floating but are licensed by what counts as the operative rational game in a setting, and when the background norms shift from truth-seeking cooperation to safeguarding the sacred, the same words generate different “reasonable” inferences—sometimes lethally—because the community’s standards of what it is rational to be doing with words have changed. Important Italian philosopher. Studia a  Padova sotto Nardò, Riccobonella e Trapolino. Insegna a Padova, Carpi, Padova, Venezia, Ferrara, Mantova, e Bologna. Pubblica “De maximo et minimo”. Publica un commento al “De anima” aristotelico del Lizio. Scrive il “Trattato dell’immortalita dell’anima” (Bologna), il “Il fato, il libero arbitrio e la predestinazione” (Grataroli, Basilea) e il “De naturalium effectuum causis, sive de incantationibus” (Grataroli, Basilea) oltre a commenti delle opere di Aristotele. Il “Tractatus de immortalitate animæ,” in cui sostiene che l'immortalità dell'anima non può essere dimostrata razionalmente, fa scandalo. Attaccato da più parti, la pubblicazione è pubblicamente bruciata a Venezia. Denunciato da Fiandino per eresia, la difesa di Bembo gli permette di evitare terribili conseguenze. É condannato da Leone X a ri-trattare la sua tesi. Non ri-tratta. Si difende con la sua Apologia e con il Defensorium adversus Augustinum Niphum, una risposta al De immortalitate animæ libellus di NIFO , in cui sostiene la distinzione tra verità di fede e verità di ragione, idea ripresa da ARDIGÒ . Evita ogni problema pubblicando il “De nutritione et augmentatione”, il “De partibus animalium” e il “De sensu”. Muore suicida. Per i peripatetici del LIZIO, l'anima è l'atto – entelechia -primo di un corpo che ha la vita in potenza. L’animo è la sostanza che realizza la funzione vitale dei corpi. Tre sono le funzioni dell'anima: la funzione vegetativa per la quale gl’esseri vegetali, animali e umani si nutrono e si riproducono; la funzione sensitiva per la quale gl’esseri animali e umani hanno sensazioni e immagini; la funzione intellettiva, per la quale gl’esseri umani comprendono. peripatetismo veneto. lizio, corpore, materialismo, animo-anima, Aquino, Nifo - Shropshire and Pomponazzi on the immortality of the soul.  “Grice: St John’s, 1938. I’m drafting some notes on personal identity for Mind, before the war swallows everyone’s attention; I hadn’t tackled the topic with Hardie, and I did no proper research on it at Merton, but it keeps colliding with questions about supervenience and, more pointedly, survival. And then there is Pomponazzi, if one must cite him: in his notorious De immortalitate animae he argues against the very thing the title advertises. A marketing title, really: Contra immortalitatem animae would have been more honest, though less saleable. But the deeper muddle is not the title; it is the predicate. In what sense is “immortality” even a property of “the soul,” as if the soul were an item with features like weight or colour? My own hunch, at least for purposes of argument, is to go empiricist: treat the “soul” as no more than a chain of mnemonic states, linked in the right way, and admit that the chain breaks when the person dies. Yet even that phrasing is already suspect, because “you passing away” sounds like an event in your life, whereas one is later tempted to agree with Wittgenstein that death is not an episode one lives through at all; so perhaps Pomponazzi’s real lesson is not about proving or disproving immortality, but about how quickly philosophers slide from talk of persons and memories into talk of substances, and then pretend the slide was licensed by reason rather than by habit.” Grice: Pomponazzi, tu dici che l’immortalità dell’anima non si può dimostrare con la ragione; ma implichi subito: “tranquilli, non sto togliendo l’anima—sto togliendo solo la pretesa di provarla come un teorema”. Pomponazzi: Esatto. Ma a Venezia hanno capito l’implicatura al contrario: io dico “distinzione fra fede e ragione” e loro implicano “accendiamo il falò editoriale”. E infatti: edizione… arrostita. Grice: È l’“affair Pomponazzi”: tu scrivi De anima per il Lizio e finisci in una lezione pratica di pragmatica. La massima di Modo—“sii chiaro”—in Italia vale finché non diventi troppo chiaro. Pomponazzi: E tu, Grice, quando mi chiami “materiale”, implichi che io riduca tutto al corpo. In realtà io dico solo questo: se vuoi litigare con Aristotele, fallo con argomenti—ma ricordati che il pubblico, spesso, confonde la ragione con la legna. Pomponazzi, Pietro (1516). De immortalitate animae. Bologna: Faelli.

Tito Pomponio (Roma, Lazio). Best under Pomponio. Tito Pomponio detto l’“Attico”.  GRICEVS: POMPONI, cognomen “Atticus” geris: dicis te Athenis studuisse; implicas autem te Romae quoque tam civiliter vivere ut ne ipsa Roma te corrumpat. POMPONIVS: Ita est, Grice: Roma me vocat ad negotia, Attica me revocat ad otium. Ego autem medius ambulo—inter forum et bibliothecam, ne ulla pars nimium garriat. GRICEVS: Lepide; sed hoc est rationis conversazionalis: cum taceas in senatu, non nihil dicis, sed implicas “hoc consilium stultum est, sed amicitia mihi carior est.” POMPONIVS: Et tu, cum “implicas” totiens dicis, implicas hoc: sapientissimus est qui, sicut Atticus, plus intelligit quam loquitur—et plus ridet quam disputat.

Publio Pomponio Secondo (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano. A statesman and author. Sometimes misspelled “Pompedio.” The historian Josephus said he was a senator that followed the Garden. GRICEVS: POMPONI, audivi te senatoriam gravitatem cum “Horto” coniunxisse: mirum—Roma enim plerumque hortos amat, sed Epicurum timet, ne nimis bene cenetur. POMPONIVS: Si quid timeant, timeant ventrem suum. Ego “Hortum” sequor, non ut fiam otiosus, sed ut etiam in curia meminerim: voluptas sine perturbatione est—non sine sale. GRICEVS: Bene; sed cave nomen: quidam te “Pompedium” scribunt—quasi in Horto etiam litterae decidant. Id dicunt, sed implicant te tam tranquillum esse ut etiam syllabas dimittas. POMPONIVS: At tu, Grice, cum dicas me “Hortum” sequi, dicis amicitiam Epicuri; sed implicas hoc: si senator sapiens est, etiam in urbe strepente invenit locum ubi verba pauca sunt—et pax multa.

Renato del Ponte (Lodi, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale maschile. Grice’s account of reason-governed conversational meaning treats ordinary talk as a cooperative, inference-driven practice: speakers are presumed to be jointly oriented toward intelligibility and mutual uptake, and hearers recover what is meant by attributing rational intentions (in light of shared norms such as relevance, sufficiency of information, truthfulness, and clarity) and by calculating implicatures as orderly deviations from those norms; on this picture, “reason” is not just private logic but a public discipline of accountability in interaction, so that what is implicated is what a reasonable hearer is licensed to infer given what was said and the assumption that the speaker is still, in the relevant respects, cooperating. The Ponte-voice in your passage recasts that same inferential space in traditionalist and ritual terms: where Grice’s rationality is anchored in broadly egalitarian cooperation and conversational utility, Ponte’s “ragione conversazionale” is framed as a hieratic economy of speech in which restraint, gravity, and rank-sensitive decorum are themselves the governing norms, and implicature becomes not merely an efficient vehicle for communicating more than is said, but a badge of disciplined self-limitation (favete linguis) that presupposes sacred or institutional order; the joke about “maschile” reads, in English meta-language, as a proposal that some implicatures are generated not by the standard pressure toward informative clarity but by a culturally coded pressure toward dignified understatement, solemnity, and self-authorizing tone, i.e., an implicature regime where the dominant maxim is closer to “be worthy” than “be perspicuous.” Online, I could not locate any independent attestations of the specific labels “implicatura conversazionale maschile” or “ragione conversazionale” as Del Ponte’s published technical terms, so the safest treatment is to read them as your text’s stylized attribution rather than as a traceable item in Del Ponte’s bibliography; what is well attested online is Del Ponte’s profile as a traditionalist intellectual (founder/director of Arthos from 1972; editor of the 1971 critical edition of Guglielmo da Sarzano’s Tractatus de potestate Summi Pontificis; later works on Roman religion and symbolism), which supports the plausibility of the contrast your passage draws between a Gricean normativity of cooperative rational exchange and a Del Pontean normativity of tradition-bound, ritually constrained speech. Studia a Genova. Insegna a Pontremoli. D'impostazione tradizionalista, dopo gli studi classici vive a Pontremoli. Storico delle idee e del diritto romano arcaico, studioso di simbolismo, fonda la rivista di ispirazione evoliana Arthos -- cultura tradizionale, testimonianza tradizionale, a cura d’Arya di Genova. Cura il Tractatus de potestate summi pontifices; La Cronologia vedica in appendice a La dimora artica dei Veda. Tra i fondatori del movimento tradizionale romano. Collabora attivamente con Arya, ispirate dall'O. I. C. L. Altre saggi: Dei italici; Miti italici, Archetipi e forme della sacralità romano-italica, Genova, Ecig; Il movimento tradizionalista romano, Scandiano, Sear; La religione dei romani” (Milano, Rusconi); “Il magico Ur” (Borzano, Sear); “I liguri: etno-genesi di un popolo” (Ecig, Genova); “La città degli dei”; “La tradizione di Roma e la sua continuità” (Ecig, Genova); "Favete Linguis!" Saggi sulle fondamenta del Sacro in Roma antica” (Arya, Genova); "Ambrosiae pocula" (Tridente, Treviso); "Nella terra del drago" note insolite di viaggio nel Regno del Bhutan (Tridente, La Spezia); “Il mondo alla rovescia” (Arya, Genova); “In difesa della tradizione” (Arya, Genova); “Le sacre radici del potere” (Arya, Genova); “La massoneria volgare speculativa” (Arya, Genova); “Lettere ad un amico” (Arya, Genova); “Hic manebimus optime” (Arya, Genova); “Etica aria” (Arya, Genova); “Aspetti del lessico pontificale: gli indigitamenta”; “ “I LARI nel sistema spazio-temporale romano”; “Santità delle mura e sanzione divina,”; “Gl’arii”; “Via romana agli Dei”; Centro studi La Runa.IL MOVIMENTO TRADIZIONALISTA ROMANO: Studio storico preliminare SeaR. implicatura maschile, ario, gl’arii, I liguri, romani, antica roma, massoneria volgare.  Grice: Ponte, tu parli di “implicatura conversazionale maschile”: io, da inglese, temo sempre che “maschile” qui voglia dire “detta con tono solenne e senza ammettere di stare facendo poesia”. Ponte: E tu, Grice, quando dici “poesia”, implichi che la Tradizione sia un vezzo. Invece è disciplina: “favete linguis!” non è solo latino, è un invito a parlare meno e significare di più. Grice: Appunto: tu dici “Roma arcaica, diritto, simboli”, ma implichi “attenzione: ogni parola ha un rito, e ogni rito una gerarchia”. Da Oxford lo chiameremmo “contesto”; a Pontremoli lo chiamate “altare”. Ponte: E quando tu dici “contesto”, implichi che bastino massime e cooperazione. Io invece dico: in certe conversazioni la massima suprema è una sola—non “sii chiaro”, ma “sii degno”… e se proprio devi violare una massima, che sia per rispetto del Sacro (o, almeno, per non disturbare i Lari). Ponte, Renato del (1967). Studio sul Trattato De Potestate summi pontificis di Guglielmo di Sarzano, Genova.

Augusto Ponzio (San Pietro Vernotico, Brindisi, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e il segno dell’altro, o della semiotica filosofica. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rational, cooperative inference from what is explicitly said plus shared norms (relevance, sufficient informativeness, sincerity, clarity), so that what is meant can exceed what is said without collapsing into vagueness because the “extra” content is, in principle, reconstructible and cancellable. Ponzio’s semiotica filosofica, by contrast, shifts the centre of gravity from efficiency in information transfer to responsibility toward otherness: the sign is not primarily a tool for getting beliefs into heads but a site of dialogic relation in which the other’s irreducibility matters, and where “waste” in language (redundancy, excess, polyphony, metaphor, multilingual friction) can be constitutive of meaning rather than a defect. In that sense, Ponzio reads conversational rationality as hospitality rather than mere cooperation: the conditions for understanding are not exhausted by maxims that optimize exchange, because conversation also has to make room for misunderstanding, asymmetry, and the ethical demand carried by the other’s address. Historically, this orientation is already visible in Ponzio’s early work on Levinas: he graduated in philosophy at the University of Bari on 28 June 1966 with Giuseppe Semerari as supervisor, on the phenomenology of interpersonal relation with special reference to Totalité et Infini, and he then published La relazione interpersonale in 1967, a book often cited as among the earliest monographs on Levinas; the contrast with Grice is therefore that Grice formalizes how rational agents manage implied meaning within talk-exchanges, while Ponzio foregrounds how meaning and sign-use are ethically and dialogically constituted by the presence of the other, even when that makes communication less economical and more exposed. Studia a Bari sotto SEMERARI . Insegna a Bari. Cura ROSSI-LANDI . Studia la fenomenologia della relazione interpersonale. Insegna a Brindisi, Francavilla Fontana, e Terlizzi. Studia scienze dei linguaggi e linguaggi delle scienze, intert-estualità, inter-ferenze,e  mutuazioni.  Pubblica “Enunciazione e testo letterario nell'insegnamento dell'italiano come lingua straniera” (Guerra, Perugia);  Linguistica generale, scrittura letteraria e traduzione, Da dove verso dove. L'altra parola nella comunicazione globale, A mente. Processi cognitivi e formazione linguistica, Lineamenti di semiotica e di filosofia del linguaggio; Introduzione a Bachtin (Bompiani); “Il discorso amoroso” (Mimesis) e Bachtin e il suo circolo (Bompiani, collana “Il pensiero Occidentale” diretta da Reale); Summule logicales (Bompiani); Manoscritti matematici (Spirali); La filosofia come professione, come istituzione, presuppone una filosofia propria del linguaggio, che si esprime nella tendenza del linguaggio al pluri-linguismo dia-logico, alla correlazione dialogica delle lingue e dei linguaggi di cui sono fatte, una filosofia del linguaggio, in cui ‘del linguaggio’ è da intendersi come genitivo soggettivo: un filosofare del linguaggio, che consiste nella pluri-discorsività dialogizzata. I campi di suo studio e di sua ricerca sono la semiotica e filosofia del linguaggio. Filosofia del linguaggio è l'espressione che meglio esprime l'orientamento dei suoi studi e come egli affronta i problemi relativi alla semiotica dal punto di vista della filosofia del linguaggio, alla luce degli sviluppi delle scienze dei segni, dalla linguistica alla bio-semiotica.  il segno dell’altro, semiotica filosofica, segno, segnico, il segnico, l’amore, lo spreco del segno, Vico e la linguistica cognitiva; Landi; sottiteso, Grice, pragmatica, metafora, vailati. Grice: Ponzio, tu dici “il segno dell’altro”, e già io sento una piccola ansia pragmatica: perché l’“altro”, per definizione, è quello che non risponde come previsto… e poi la colpa ricade sempre sull’implicatura. Ponzio: E tu, Grice, quando dici “colpa”, implichi che il segno debba essere economico e obbediente. Io invece studio anche lo spreco del segno: a volte il linguaggio produce più relazione che informazione—e lo fa apposta. Grice: Capisco: Rossi-Landi ti ha insegnato che i segni lavorano, e Bachtin che litigano in più lingue. Quindi quando uno studente straniero dice “ho capito”, spesso non sta dicendo che ha capito… sta chiedendo pietà in forma dialogica. Ponzio: Esatto. E quando tu insisti sul “principio conversazionale”, io implico il mio correttivo: il principio non è “cooperazione”, ma “ospitalità”—perché la conversazione riesce solo quando c’è posto anche per l’altro, per l’equivoco, e persino per una metafora che arriva in ritardo (come il treno per Brindisi). Ponzio, Augusto (1965). Tesi di laurea su Semerari. Bari.

Giuseppe Porta (Castelnuovo Garfagnana): la ragione conversazionale -- filosofia italiana -- there may be another!  Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rational, cooperative inference from what is said plus shared expectations of relevance, informativeness, sincerity, and clarity, so that an audience can be led to an additional meaning without it being explicitly stated and with that meaning remaining, in principle, cancellable. Giuseppe Porta (detto il Salviati), as framed in your passage, belongs to a Renaissance world in which “meaning” is often relocated from spoken exchange to designed artefact: an image, an emblem, a frontispiece, a mechanical device, or an encoded scheme that invites the viewer to infer a hidden order, whether in the stars, the voice, or the taxonomy of sounds. Set beside Grice, Porta’s “conversational reason” looks like an artisanal analogue of implicature: the artist-engineer supplies cues (visual, diagrammatic, or mechanical) that underdetermine their interpretation, and the informed spectator completes the sense by a disciplined act of inference; the difference is that Grice’s implicatures are normatively governed by cooperative talk between agents, while Porta’s inferences are governed by conventions of design, patronage, and learned reading practices that turn artefacts into quasi-utterances. The convergence is that both treat the unsaid as productive: Grice shows how economy and tact in speech can convey more than is stated, while Porta shows how economy and elegance in form (a frontispiece, a schematic “code,” a crafted ceiling) can carry more meaning than it depicts, by relying on the audience’s capacity to bridge from sign to intended significance. Porta: l’implicatura conversazionale. Pittore, matematico, astronomo e astrologo italiano, studia a Roma, dove conosce il maestro Francesco SALVIATI (del quale assunse il cognome), assieme al quale si trasferì poi a Venezia. Ivi, tra le tante opere, si occupa della decorazione del soffitto della Marciana e affresca la sala regia dei Palazzi vaticani a Roma. Nella prima parte del Codice Marciano Porta affronta il tema del rapporto tra movimento degli astri e linguaggio, indagando la formazione degl’elementi vocali, definendo un'embrionale tassonomia dei suoni e prospettando la possibilità di una  loro riproduzione ARTIFICIALE attraverso appropriati dispositivi meccanici.Per approfondimenti  vedasi treccani.it/enciclopedia/giuseppe-porta Dizionario-Biografico, a cura di  Biffis.   Giuseppe Porta, detto il Salviati o il Salviatino (Castelnuovo di Garfagnana, 1520 – Venezia, 1575), è stato un pittore italiano.   Targa al pittore visibile sotto il Loggiato a lui dedicato Biografia Si formò nella bottega del celebre Francesco Salviati, in onore del quale decise di assumere proprio "Salviati" come nome d'arte. Già nel 1535 era a Roma assieme al maestro, dove si dedicò alla decorazione esterna delle facciate di vari palazzi; è in questo periodo che i due poterono studiare da vicino le opere di Raffaello: sarà questo un fatto centrale in quella definizione di maniera che così come stabilita dai due artisti di concerto al Vasari guarderà alla maniera dello stesso Raffaello oltre che di Michelangelo.  Nel 1539 il Porta lasciò Roma per recarsi prima a Firenze (dove ebbe appunto a conoscere il Vasari), poi a Bologna e quindi, nel luglio dello stesso anno a Venezia.  Il suo primo lavoro autonomo fu quello che gli garantì la maggior fama, ovvero l'incisione posta a frontespizio del volume deutero-esperanto – fonetica naturale, fonetica artifiziale.  Grice: Porta, tu sei l’unico che dice “sono un pittore” e implica “sono anche un astronomo: se il soffitto della Marciana non ti convince, ti spiego pure le stelle”. Porta: E tu, Grice, quando mi chiami “Porta” e poi mi ricordi che mi sono firmato “Salviati”, dici biografia; ma implichi che in Italia, per essere presi sul serio, bisogna avere almeno un maestro… o almeno un cognome in prestito. Grice: Però la parte che mi diverte di più è il Codice Marciano: tu dici “movimento degli astri e linguaggio”, ma implichi “le vocali sono pianeti in miniatura—e con un buon ingranaggio posso farle orbitare anche in versione artificiale”. Porta: Esatto: e quando parlo di “fonetica naturale” e “fonetica artifiziale”, io dico scienza; ma implico una cosa molto veneziana: se la natura non ti dà la voce giusta, te la costruisco—basta che tu paghi il meccanico e non chieda a un filosofo di cantare. Porta, Giuseppe (1540). Illustrazioni e frontispizoi per Francesco Marcolini, Le sorti intitolate giardino d’i pensieri. Venezia.

Giovanni Battista Della Porta (Vico Equense, Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale fisio-nomica. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rational, cooperative inference from what is said plus shared expectations of relevance, informativeness, sincerity, and clarity, so that the “extra” meaning of an utterance is accountable and (in principle) cancellable rather than mystical. Della Porta, by contrast, operates in a Renaissance natural-magical and proto-empirical register where meaning is read off bodies, faces, and resemblances, and where his celebrated physiognomic plates and his broader “secrets” literature treat signs less as products of conversational coordination and more as indices in nature to be deciphered by an observer. Set beside Grice, Porta’s physiognomic reasoning looks like a systematic attempt to turn the world into a conversational partner: nature “says” character through facial traits, and the interpreter supplies the bridge from visible cue to invisible disposition, much as a Gricean hearer supplies the bridge from sentence to implicature—but here the bridge is not governed by cooperative maxims between agents but by analogical classification and the rhetoric of the marvelous. The comparison, then, is that Grice explains how rational agents manage what they mean by managing what they leave unsaid, whereas Porta exemplifies an older semiotic ambition in which the unsaid is supposedly written on the body itself, and the risk is not mis-implicature but misreading: confusing culturally loaded resemblance for reliable evidence. Historically, the contrast is sharpened by Porta’s concrete works that foreground sign-systems outside ordinary talk—Magia naturalis first published in 1558 and expanded to 20 books in 1589, De furtivis literarum notis in 1563 on secret writing, and De humana physiognomonia in 1586 with its extensive illustrations—each of which shows a mind fascinated by how signs can guide belief, even when the “speaker” is nature, a cipher, or a face rather than a cooperative interlocutor. Grice: “He is the one with the funny illustrations of men and animals! The Italian way to comment on Aristotle!” Riceve le basi della sua formazione culturale in casa, dove si è soliti discutere di questioni filosofiche, e dimostra immediatamente le sue notevoli innate capacità, che poté sviluppare attraverso gli studi grazie alle condizioni agiate della famiglia. La famiglia ha una casa a Napoli a via Toledo -- il palazzo Della Porta -- una villa a Due Porte, nelle colline intorno a Napoli, e la villa delle Pradelle a Vico Equense. Tra i suoi maestri vi sono il classicista e alchimista PIZZIMENTI, e i filosofi ALTOMARE e PISANO. Pubblica “Magiae naturalis sive de miraculis rerum naturalium”. Pubblica un saggio di crittografia, il “De furtivis literarum notis” dove scrive un esempio di sostituzione poli-grafica cifrata con accenni al concetto di sostituzione poli-alfabetica. Per questo è ritenuto il maggiore crittografo italiano. Quando già la sua fama è consolidata, presenta il suo saggio sulla crittografia a Filippo II e viaggia in Italia. Ha un saggio, “Sull'arte del ri-cordare” – ars reminiscendi (Sirri, Napoli). Fondato intanto “i segrettari”, l'Academia Secretorum Naturae, Accademia dei Segreti, per appartenere alla quale e necessario dimostrare di effettuare una scoperta. L'accento viene tuttavia posto più sul meraviglioso che sul scientifico. Le raccolte di segreti costituivano un genere letterario che incontra una straordinaria fortuna con l'avvento della stampa a caratteri mobili. Per segreto si intende conoscenza arcana, ma anche ricetta, preparazione di farmaci e pozioni d’effetto straordinaro, riguardante un argomento di medicina, chimica, metallurgia, cosmesi, agricoltura, caccia, ottica, costruzione di macchine, ecc. implicatura fisionomica, filologia.  Grice: Caro Porta, ultimamente mi sono interrogato sulla fisionomia, che tu hai illustrato in modo così originale. Mi affascina come dietro la “legge” – quel nomos che si applica caeteris paribus – si nascondano le complessità della fisi, cioè la natura stessa, nel suo splendore. Secondo te, quanto riesce davvero la fisionomia a cogliere ciò che è naturale e a distinguerlo dalle regole che tentiamo di imporre? Porta: Grice, la tua domanda riflette una sottile comprensione! La fisionomia, per me, non è solo un metodo di classificazione, ma un dialogo costante tra ciò che osserviamo e ciò che crediamo di sapere. La natura – la fisi – si manifesta in modi imprevedibili, mentre il nomos cerca di incasellare. I miei studi e le mie illustrazioni tentano proprio di mostrare questa tensione, questa danza tra ordine e meraviglia. Grice: È vero, Porta, e penso che la tua accademia dei segreti abbia incarnato proprio questo spirito: il sapere non si limita alle formule, ma si apre a ciò che è arcano e sorprendente. Mi chiedo, però, se non rischiamo, nella ricerca del meraviglioso, di trascurare la scientificità e la chiarezza. Come hai conciliato, nei tuoi scritti e nei tuoi esperimenti, il bisogno di stupire con quello di spiegare? Porta: Ah, Grice, la vita stessa è fatta di enigmi e soluzioni! Nei miei testi, come “Magiae naturalis” o nei segreti dell’Accademia, ho cercato di dare spazio sia alla meraviglia che alla razionalità. L’importante, secondo me, è non perdere mai la curiosità: osservare il volto umano, studiare la natura, cifrare la parola – tutto questo nasce dal desiderio di scoprire, ma anche di comunicare. La meraviglia è il primo passo, la conoscenza il secondo. E tra fisi e nomos, forse, ci vuole sempre un po’ di arte e un pizzico di magia napoletana! Porta, Giambattista della (1586). Magia Naturalis. Napoli: Longo.

Aldo Portalupi (Roma, Lazio) Sten. ling. Portalupi, Aldo (1961). Metodi ottici per l’esame della finitura superficiale” in Atti della Società degli Ingegneri e degli Architetti in Torino.

Matteo Portaria d’Acquasparta (Todi, Perugia, Umbria): la ragione conversazionale o -- Eurialo e Niso, ovvero, dello spirito – ma non fia da Casal né d'Acquasparta, là onde vegnon tali alla scrittura, ch' uno la fugge, e l'altro la coarta. Grice’s reason-governed conversational meaning is a micro-theory about how hearers infer what a speaker means beyond what is explicitly said by assuming cooperative rational exchange and applying norms like relevance, sufficiency, sincerity, and clarity, so that implicature is calculable and defeasible rather than mystical. Matteo d’Acquasparta (your “Portaria”), by contrast, belongs to the scholastic-theological tradition in which the central explanatory work is done not by pragmatic inference between conversational partners but by metaphysical and semantic distinctions (spiritus, anima, animus; synonymy vs homonymy; the role of a medium; hylomorphism and the status of intellect and soul), and where “conversation” is primarily a disciplined disputation whose rationality is underwritten by an ontology of form and matter and by a theory of signification inherited from Aristotle and developed in the schools. Put side by side, Grice explains how an utterance like “draw a boundary” can generate a socially potent implied commitment because interlocutors treat words as reasons within shared norms, whereas Portaria explains how terms like “spirit” and “soul” can or cannot be predicated because their meanings are anchored in a taxonomy of kinds and powers, not in conversational uptake. The convergence is that both treat language as accountable: Grice makes accountability practical and interpersonal (what your audience is entitled to infer), while Portaria makes it doctrinal and classificatory (what your terms can truly signify); the divergence is that Grice’s implicature lives in the space between speakers, while Portaria’s “implicature,” if we borrow the label, is the scholar’s habit of letting metaphysical commitments ride on apparently lexical choices, with the real work done by the underlying theory of being rather than by conversational maxims. Grice: “I like Portaria, but then anyone with an interest in Anglo-Saxon ‘soul’ should! – if a philosopher, that is! Unlike Anglo-Saxon soul who God knews whence it comes, the Romans had spiritus, and animus anima, which is cognate with animos in Greek meaning ‘wind’ – so that leans towards a hyle-morphic conception where the body (corpus) is what has the ‘materia’ and the ‘breath’ is the ‘forma’ --  Italian philosophers would ignore this – and more so now when Davidson is in vogue! – if it were not for Aligheri who has Portaria in “Paradiso” – there is indeed a serious philosophical confrontation between an ACCADEMIA and and a LIZIO conception of the soul as seen in the controversy between AQUINO  and P.! P. uses the same linguistic tools: is ‘spiritus’ synonym with ‘anima’? Or must we speak of ‘homonymy.’ And add ‘medium’ into the bargan! P. is less canonical than AQUINO and should interest Oxonians much, oh so much, more!” – Unfortunately, he was from Todi and donated all his manuscripts to Todi, which many skip in their Grand tour – although it IS on the Tevere as any member of the “Canottiere del Tevere” will know!” -- Grice: “My name is Grice – Paul Grice – Matteo’s name is Matteo Bentivgna dei Signori d’Acquasparta e Portaria. Nacque da una delle grandi famiglie delle Terre Arnolfe, quella dei Bentivegna, feudatari di Acquasparta e Massa Martana, trasferitisi a Todi. Studia a Bologna. Insegna a Roma. Alighieri lo nomina, biasimandolo, tramite le parole di Findanza  in opposizione a Ubertino da Casale: “Ma non fia da Casal né d'Acquasparta/là onde vegnon tali alla scrittura/ch' uno la fugge, e l'altro la coarta” (Par.). filosofi citati d’Alighieri nella Commedia (Par.: ma non fia da Casal né d'Acquasparta, là onde vegnon tali alla scrittura, ch' uno la fugge, e l'altro la coarta.), logica, dialettica, Occam Grice. Grice: Portaria, a Oxford “anima” suona sempre un po’ protestante, ma “spiritus” mi pare già un invito a respirare prima di litigare. Portaria: E a Todi, Grice, se non respiri non arrivi nemmeno alla seconda riga, perché Dante ti ha già messo in nota come esempio da non imitare. Grice: Allora facciamo così: io dico corpus e tu dici forma, e implico che tra noi due l’unico vero medium è un bicchiere di vino sul Tevere. Portaria: Accetto, ma solo se tu prometti di non chiamarlo “homonymy” davanti ai miei studenti, perché qui “uno la fugge e l’altro la coarta” e poi la conversazione muore. Portaria d’Acquasparta, Matteo (1270). Commentarium ad Sententiae Pietri Lombardi. Sorbonne.

Simone Porzio (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale nel lizio. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers move from what is explicitly said to what is meant by assuming cooperative rational exchange and inferring implicatures under norms like relevance, sufficiency, sincerity, and clarity; the “extra” meaning is therefore publicly reconstructible and, in principle, cancellable. Porzio, by contrast, is an Aristotelianizing Renaissance naturalist for whom the chief explanatory work is done by metaphysical and psychological doctrine rather than by a pragmatic calculus: his De mente humana treats mens humana as a natural-philosophical topic and, in his notorious mortalist reading of Aristotle, presses questions about soul and mind as theoretical theses to be defended in learned controversy, not as layers of implied content in everyday talk. Still, your staged exchange usefully shows a meeting point: Grice’s emphasis on “humana” as a qualifier can be redescribed as an attention to what a title itself pragmatically commits one to (it narrows the range of reference and prevents misleading generalization), while Porzio’s strategy of alternating “metaphysics, volcanoes, and scandals” can be redescribed in Gricean terms as audience-management via relevance and salience, a rhetorical way of ensuring uptake by guiding what the hearer is invited to infer. The comparison, then, is that Grice provides a micro-theory of how conversational reason generates and controls implicature within a talk-exchange, whereas Porzio exemplifies an older macro-style in which reason is exercised through doctrinal disputation and persuasive arrangement of topics, with implicature appearing not as a named mechanism but as the practical art of making one’s theses hearable amid competing authorities, censors, and schools. Grice: “His surname is plain “Porta,” but in Latin that is latinised as ‘portius,’ and then this vulgarized as ‘porzio’!” – But then who wants to be called “door”?” Grice: “Ordinary-language philosophy would HARDLY have been developed at Oxford except for the fact that Austin, like myself, was a double first in Greats! Greek was second nature to us, -- and ordinary language is based on a proficiency only attained by the elite – not by a graduate from the vulgar P. P. E. programme!” -- Studia a Pisa sotto NIFO . Scrive sul celibato dei preti (“De celibate”), sull'eruzione del Monte Nuovo (“Epistola de conflagratione agri puteolan”i) e sul miracoloso caso di digiuno di una ragazza tedesca (“De puella germanica”). I suoi saggi principali, fra cui il trattato di etica, “An homo bonus vel malus volens fiat” e in particolare il “De mente humana,” nel quale sostene la mortalità dell'anima secondo un'esegesi d’Aristotele – LIZIO. Proprio queste sue dottrine mortaliste, troppo facilmente accostate e sovrapposte a quelle sostenute da POMPONAZZI  nel “De immortalitate animae”, contribuirono a creare una leggenda biografica secondo la quale egli sarebbe stato allievo e quindi semplice epigono di PERETTO. In ogni caso, al di là di una innegabile tendenza materialista nella sua esegesi d’Aristotele del Lizio, evidente anche nel suo saggio, il “De rerum naturalium principiis,” sua produzione è caratterizzata anche da interessi teo-logici del tutto svincolati dai peripatetici del LIZIO e che sono particolarmente evidenti nei due commenti al pater noster che probabilmente non estranei ai fermenti evangelici della riforma italiana. Tra peripatetici, naturalisti e critici, "De’ sensi" e il "Del sentire, studi ittio-logici. Græcæ lingue grammaticam ab omnibus fere dixerim expectatam simul et expetitam, implicatura. Grice : « St. John’s, 1949. So it has finally happened: the ghost has come properly out of its machine (if it is a ghost at all—perhaps it is merely neutral) and Ryle’s The Concept of Mind is now on the Blackwell’s table, looking as if it had always been inevitable. Typically, and with his usual unhistorical cheek, Ryle contrives to dismiss—or rather to ignore—Simone Porzio, whose De mente humana (1544) we keep here as a small treasure in the college collection. And Porzio, at least, gets one thing right at the level of the title: humana matters. One may doubt whether pigs have a mens, but one had better allow that angels, if they exist, do; so “mind” simpliciter is already a philosophical liberty, while “the human mind” at least owns up to its intended range. The further affront is Ryle’s opening flourish about Descartes (he even manages to mispronounce him): as if the history of mind began in French and not in Aristotle, the Lyceum, and those awkward Renaissance Italians who took Aristotle seriously enough to get into trouble for it. Oxford does not, of course, practice philosophical historiography, except when it is convenient; but even by our standards, to begin with René and pass over Porzio as if St John’s had been collecting air is a little too much.” Grice: Porzio, cominciamo dal cognome: “Porta” in latino diventa Portius, e poi, per vie conversazionali (e un po’ napoletane), Porzio. Insomma: hai evitato di farti chiamare “Porta”… ma ti sei salvato solo per implicatura. Porzio: E tu, dicendo “porta”, dici etimologia; ma implichi che a Oxford vi credete aristocratici perché sapete il greco “come seconda natura”. A Napoli, invece, la seconda natura è sopravvivere ai commentatori. Grice: Però tu sei del Liceo—del Lizio, per carità—e scrivi De mente humana sostenendo la mortalità dell’anima: quando dici “Aristotele”, implichi “non chiamatemi Pomponazzi-bis, grazie”. Porzio: E quando io scrivo De celibate e pure dell’eruzione del Monte Nuovo e della puella germanica che digiuna, dico “filosofia”; ma implico che il vero principio conversazionale è questo: se vuoi che ti ascoltino, alterna metafisica, vulcani e scandali—altrimenti il pubblico, come l’anima, “non dura”. Porzio, Simone (1544). De mente humana. Firenze: Torrentino.

Vittorio Possenti (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e la conversazione di Romolo e Remo – radice dell’ordine civile. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rational, cooperative inference: what a speaker means can outstrip what is explicitly said because hearers presume shared conversational norms (relevance, sufficiency, candour, clarity) and so reconstruct an intended “extra” meaning that remains, in principle, accountable and cancellable. Possenti, by contrast, approaches “conversational reason” less as a mechanism for deriving pragmatic inferences and more as a civil-metaphysical phenomenon: the Romulus–Remus scene figures language as instituting obligation and boundary, so that a word can become a bond and the failure of uptake (a misconstrual of “limit” as mere challenge) can found political order through conflict, while Thomistic metaphysics and personalism supply the deeper grammar in which civic speech is not just coordination but participation in being, good, and personhood. Set beside Grice, Possenti’s emphasis shifts the explanatory focus from the micro-logic of how a hearer calculates what is implied to the macro-normativity of what speech commits a community to; Grice explains how “a conversation gone wrong” generates a specific implicature or misunderstanding under shared rational expectations, whereas Possenti reads that same structure as revealing that institutions depend on a prior layer of meaning in which limits, promises, and authority are not optional conversational add-ons but ontologically and morally weight-bearing. (On the biographical detail in your citation, what can be supported publicly is that Possenti took an electronic-engineering degree at the Politecnico di Torino and worked on microwaves; the specific thesis title “Le micro-onde” is plausible but not securely traceable from standard public profiles.) Studia a Torino. Insegna a Venezia. Dei Aquinensi. Fonda l’Annuario di filosofia. Centro di ricerca sui diritti umani. Attrato dalla storia delle civiltà, ispirato da VICO . Studia l’idea d’un assoluto impersonale. Incontra l'istanza metafisica e umanista attraverso AQUINO , intuendo le possibilità speculative e liberanti incluse metafisica dell'essere. Tre sono gl’ambiti primari della sua ricerca: metafisica, pensiero teoretico e ritorno al realismo; personalismo; filosofia politica. Studioso d’AQUINO, del tomismo. Professore della grande tradizione della filosofia dell'essere, orienta l'attenzione critica verso GENTILE, il neo-parmenidismo italiano di SEVERINO nel suo ritorno a VELIA e il VELINO, ricercando una razionalità attenta alla storia ma non consegnata interamente alla furia del tempo. Dunque il ritorno all'eterno invece che l’eterno ritorno di Nietzsche e la ripresa del tema della creatio ex nihilo, assente in molta filosofia. Il suo approccio legge meta-fisica e nichilismo come due nuclei che tendono ad escludersi – i veliani -- di cui il primo è la fisio-logia e il secondo la pato-logia. Individua pertanto nella destituzione dei valori e nella riduzione della ragione a volontà l'esito ultimo del nichilismo. Questo vuole liberare Italia dalla metafisica, ritenuta distrutta dal criticismo, ma il compito della filosofia dell'essere è preparare una ripresa della metafisica dell'esistenza, tale che possa di nuovo tenere un posto nella storia della civiltà. Una presentazione ampia della sua è in “Storia della filosofia”; Filosofi italiani, Antiseri e Tagliagambe, Bompiani, si veda anche nichilismo e filosofia dell'essere, intervista, a c. di Mura, “Euntes docete.” radice dell’ordine civile – romolo e remo -- il principio speranza, prima navegazione, seconda navegazione, terza navegazione, Gentile, comunita, Severino, Aquino, umanesimo, seconda navigazione.  Grice: Possenti, tu parli di Romolo e Remo come se la fondazione di Roma fosse una conversazione andata male: uno dice “tracciamo un confine”, l’altro capisce “proviamo se regge” — e lì nasce l’ordine civile… a colpi di fraintendimento. Possenti: È proprio la radice: l’ordine civile comincia quando la parola diventa vincolo. Se non c’è un limite, la città è solo una comitiva; se c’è un limite, diventa comunità (e purtroppo qualcuno lo prende sul personale). Grice: E quando tu dici “radice dell’ordine”, tu dici storia; ma implichi metafisica: che senza un po’ di Aquinense—essere, bene, persona—Roma resta solo muratura e mito, cioè Severino col caschetto da cantiere. Possenti: E quando tu dici “Severino col caschetto”, tu dici una battuta; ma implichi una tesi: che il nichilismo è patologia perché riduce la ragione a volontà—mentre l’essere, se lo ascolti, non urla “io voglio”, ma sussurra “io sono”… e Romolo, almeno una volta, avrebbe dovuto sussurrare. Possenti, Vittorio (1964). Le micro-onde. Tesi d’ingegneria elettronica. Torino.

Carlo Dalla Pozza (Taranto, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rational, cooperative bridge from what is explicitly said to what is meant, recovered by hearers who assume shared conversational norms (relevance, adequate information, sincerity, clarity) and who can in principle calculate, challenge, or cancel the implied content. Dalla Pozza, by contrast, comes to “conversation” from the side of formal systems and normativity: trained on mathematical elegance, shaped by Kelsenian jurisprudence and deontic logic, and later interested in textual linguistics and semiotics, he is naturally drawn to the idea that what is left unsaid in an exchange can function like a hidden lemma in a proof or an unspoken clause in a legal system, governing uptake without being written into the surface form. Where Grice offers a micro-pragmatic account of how ordinary speakers generate and recognize implicatures through practical reasoning, Dalla Pozza’s orientation suggests a more structural and axiomatic sensibility: implicatures are not merely conversational flourishes but disciplined, rule-shaped inferences that can be modeled, constrained, and sometimes formalized, especially in institutional discourse (law, academic debate, conference “moves”). The pairing therefore highlights two complementary emphases: Grice explains the rational psychology of conversational inference, while Dalla Pozza’s formalist background invites the thought that conversational inference has a quasi-logical architecture, with elegance in proof and politeness in talk sharing the same virtue—achieving the intended result by saying no more than is needed. Grice: “I like Pozza; he uses ‘pragmatic’ quite a bit, by which he means Grice, of course!” Durante gli studi al liceo di Taranto, Tommaso, un insegnante di matematica di stile tradizionale gli stimola il gusto per i problemi matematici e per l'eleganza formale delle dimostrazioni. Studia a Bari dove si laurea con una tesi su SERRA  avendo come relatore Vallone. Coniuga l'amore per i sistemi formali con l'amore per Leopardi, Carducci -- maestro di Serra -- e Annunzio -- e tra i classici predilisse Tasso e Vita nuova di Alighieri.  Studia a Bari -- sotto Landi -- Pisa, e quindi metodi formali a Milano. Una svolta nella sua carriera filosofica è segnata dalla partecipazione agl’incontri di S. Giuseppe organizzati a Torino da BOBBIO. A partire da qui sviluppa idee in filosofia del diritto, specie – ovviamente -- su Kelsen, e sulla formalizzazione della logica deontica con particolare attenzione all'assiomatizzazione dei principi di una teoria generale del diritto in collaborazione con  Ferrajoli per i suoi “PRINCIPIA IVRIS”. Organizza a Taranto gl’incontri Info IVRE TARAS, logica informatica e diritto, al quale partecipano alcune delle figure più rappresentative del diritto, dell'informatica e della logica, tra cui Martino, Ferrajoli, Conte, Busa, Comanducci, Jori, Filipponio, Elmi, Guastini, e Sartor. Insegna a Taranto, mantenendosi scientificamente attivo e partecipando a conferenze di società filosofiche italiane -- specialmente la Società italiana di logica e filosofia della scienza e la Società italiana di filosofia analitica, dal convegno nazionale fino al convegno di Genova. Insegna a Lecce. Tra le principali influenze nei suoi studi di linguistica e semiotica testuale vi sono quella di  Petöfi. Insegna a Verona, Padova, Bolzano e, per le sue lezioni di logica deontica, a Petöfi e Kelsen. L’influenza maggiore viene dalle grandi opere di Frege, Russell e Carnap, ai cui  dedica uno studio, con particolare attenzione alla visione filosofica. Serra is a real and fairly well-known Italian man of letters: a literary critic and essayist associated with early 20th-century Italy, best remembered for his critical prose (often discussed as unusually sober, self-scrutinizing criticism) and for his war-era writings; he was from Cesena (Romagna) and died in World War I (1915) as a volunteer soldier. He is commonly linked with the cultural world around La Voce and with a strain of criticism that resists grand “systems” in favor of close attention to style, intellectual conscience, and the moral weight of judgment—so a thesis “su Serra” under a figure like Aldo Vallone fits the profile of a traditional Italian humanities formation (Serra as a touchstone for criticism, rhetoric, and modern Italian prose).Grice: Pozza, a Taranto mi dicono che tu ripeti spesso “pragmatico”: un’abitudine lodevole… anche se ho il sospetto che, per te, “pragmatico” significhi semplicemente “griceano”. Carlo Dalla Pozza: Colpito e affondato. Ma vedi: a scuola Tommaso mi ha insegnato che una dimostrazione elegante è come una conversazione educata—non dice tutto, ma lascia capire tutto senza far arrossire nessuno. Grice: Appunto: l’implicatura è il tuo teorema in incognito. Quando citi Kelsen e poi Ferrajoli, dici “rigore”; ma implichi “tranquilli, il diritto si può formalizzare senza trasformare gli studenti in moduli burocratici”. Carlo Dalla Pozza: E quando organizzo “Info IVRE TARAS”, dico “convegno”; ma implico “a Taranto anche la deontica viene al mare”—e che persino Frege, davanti a un panzerotto, concederebbe una piccola eccezione alle regole. Pozza, Carlo Dalla (1965). Renato Serra. Bari.

Mario Dal Pra (Montecchio Maggiore, Vicenza, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale d’Antonino e la conversazione degl’hegeliani. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how what is meant can exceed what is said because interlocutors assume a cooperative exchange and so infer implicatures from an utterance together with shared norms (relevance, adequacy of information, sincerity, clarity), making the “extra” meaning rationally recoverable and, in principle, cancellable. Dal Pra, by contrast, is best approached through his historico-critical rationalism and anti-dogmatic concern with the relation of theory to praxis: “conversation” for him is less a technical site for deriving implicatures than a disciplined continuity between past and present (Stoic Antoninus/Marcus Aurelius, Hegel and the Hegelians, medieval logic, modern social critique) in which reason is tested by action, moral seriousness, and resistance to metaphysical or ideological closure. Read Griceanly, Dal Pra’s own historiographical writing and even the title Segni dei tempi invite implicatures by leaving interpretive work to the reader (the ambiguous dei, the gesture toward eschatology, the “signs” that make one infer a stance about history), whereas read Dal Pra-ly, Grice’s maxims look like an abstract micro-model of a deeper civic practice: how rational agents sustain shared inquiry and mutual accountability across communities and epochs. The comparison, then, is that Grice provides a fine-grained explanatory mechanism for meaning in talk as rational inference under conversational norms, while Dal Pra provides a broader normative-historical framework in which conversation is the medium of critical reason itself, connecting philosophical interpretation to practical initiative and making the ethics of inquiry as central as the logic of what is implied. Studia a Padova sotto TROILO. Insegna a Rovigo, Vicenza, e Milano. Partecipa attivamente alla Resistenza, nelle file di "Giustizia e Libertà", guadagnandosi II croci di guerra al merito partigiano. Collabora alla ricostruzione politica e culturale del paese, con una filosofia sempre sorretta da un'alta ispirazione morale. Medaglia d'oro quale benemerito della scuola, della cultura e dell'arte, dei Lincei, dell'Istituto lombardo di scienze e eettere, dell'accademia olimpica di Vicenza, nonché membro autorevole della società filosofica, della quale è stato anche presidente. Studia la scessi, la logica e la dialettica medioevale, Hume, Condillac, la logica hegeliana, Marx, il pragmatismo, e la storia della storiografia. Connetta la sua attività storiografica con l'esplicitarsi di interessi teorici che lo portamp ad elaborare,un'originale filosofia che denomina trascendentalismo pratico, poi evoluta in una forma di razionalismo storicista e critico. Il suo interesse si rivolge al chiarimento del rapporto tra teoria e prassi in una prospettiva anti-metafisica che lo pone in contrasto con le posizioni dell’idealismo, e più in generale con ogni forma di dogmatismo teoricistico per favorire la libera esplicazione dell'iniziativa pratico-razionale dell'uomo. Fonda la “Rivista di storia della filosofia”, un riferimento costante e prestigioso. Autore di un fortunato “Sommario di storia della filosofia” (Nuova Italia, Firenze) e poi direttore di una monumentale “Storia della filosofia” (Vallardi, Milano). hegeliani, storiografia della filosofia antica, la filosofia antica, la filosofia italica antica, la filosofia romana, la filosofia romana antica, Antonino, Crotone, Velia, Filolao, Vico, Croce, la storia della filosofia, filosofia della storia della filosofia, storiografia filosofica. Grice: “Corpus, 1932. I’m not sure why Corpus takes in Segni dei tempi; perhaps it is some reciprocal arrangement, though the very subscription risks sending out the wrong sort of implicature. We do, after all, put out The Pelican ourselves—and I still harbour the hope of editing it one day. Segni dei tempi is a Veronese production, which for an Oxford mind instantly brings Bill the Quill to heel; and I notice that a young Mario Dal Pra has a contribution in it, on the usual run of “serious” matters. But what really caught me was the title. I mentioned it to Hardie: Segni dei tempi. Hardie, pedant to the last, asked what exactly the dei was doing there. I had no tidy answer. The honest one is probably eschatological: the signs of the times, as if the times themselves had a face worth reading. Yet grammatically the phrase keeps its ambiguity: dei can look like possession, or mere specification, and in any case Italians manage to make Peano’s definite descriptor almost inaudible—di i tempi, in that Latin-without-inflection of his—while leaving the interpretive work entirely to the reader. Dal Pra, for his part, does nothing whatsoever to relieve the ambiguity; he writes as if the title were transparent, which is precisely the sort of confidence that makes one suspect it is doing more than it says.” Grice: Mario, lo sai, solo un vero “lit. hum.” come me coglie subito chi si nasconde dietro “Antonino” nelle tue conversazioni ragionate: il vero nome di quello che il vulgus chiama Marco Aurelio! E poi, grazie a Bradley, ci fu un tempo in cui Hegel era quasi troppo popolare a Vadum Boum—cioè Oxford! Dal Pra: Ah, Grice, vedo che sei molto sensibile a queste sfumature classiche! In effetti, Antonino—Marco Aurelio—incarna nel mio pensiero l’unione tra teoria e prassi, un dialogo tra sapienza antica e spirito critico moderno, proprio come il continuo intreccio tra Hegel e i suoi interpreti, qui in Italia e, come dici tu, anche a Oxford. Grice: Assolutamente, Mario! È interessante come il tuo “trascendentalismo pratico” resista al dogmatismo così come le meditazioni di Marco Aurelio resistono alla mera teoria. E forse il boom di Hegel a Oxford non era che un altro capitolo di questa conversazione continua tra teoria ed esperienza vissuta. Dal Pra: Ben detto, Grice. Il mio percorso—tra filosofia, resistenza e ricerca storica—mira a tenere viva la conversazione tra passato e presente, sempre consapevole che la ragione serve l’azione, e non il contrario. Forse, come Antonino, dobbiamo sempre tornare al dialogo, dentro di noi e con gli altri. Pra, Mario Dal (1932). Segni dei tempi.. Verona.

Prepone (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e il principio conversazionale. According to Ippolito di Roma, a pupil of Marzione. He argues that, in addition to there being a principle of good and a principle of evil, there is a third intermediate principle of justice. Grice: “Only I don’t multiply principles beyond necessity, since ‘principle’ means ‘1’!”   GRICEVS: PREPONE, audivi te discipulum Marcionis fuisse (saltem apud Hippolytum): duo iam ponis principia, boni et mali—noli, quaeso, principia multiplicare praeter necessitatem; “principium” enim unum sonat! PREPON: Ego vero, Grice, non multiplico, sed ordino: est bonum, est malum, et est tertium medium—iustitia—ne utrumque in eodem triclinio rixetur. GRICEVS: Lepide; sed hoc quoque habet rationem conversazionalem: cum dicas “tertium est iustitia”, non solum rem adds, sed implicas Deum ipsum quasi arbitrum esse—ne Marcionis duo principes inter se clamore vincant. PREPON: Et tu, cum dicas “unum sonat”, non solum grammaticam doces, sed implicas hoc: philosophia tua tam parcit numeris quam hospes sobrius vino—quod Romae, ut scis, est iam miraculum.

Prepostino (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del divino di Romolo – Roma – filosofia lombarda -- filosofia italiana –  (Cremona). Filosofo italiano. Cremona, Lombardia. Summa theologica, Manichean, caraterismo.  Grice: Prepostino, tu parli del divino di Romolo come se Roma fosse nata da un’implicatura: lui dice “sale al cielo”, ma implica “qui si fonda un ufficio pubblico con l’aureola”. Prepostino: Esatto: e a Cremona impariamo presto che il cielo è un’ottima copertura retorica. Il detto è pietà; il voluto dire è politica—con un pizzico di caratterismo. Grice: Però se ci metti anche il Manicheismo, la conversazione si biforca: “Romolo è divino” (luce), “Romolo è fratricida” (tenebra). Roma nasce come una Summa theologica scritta a colpi di ascia. Prepostino: E tu, Grice, quando dici “Summa”, implichi “nota a piè di pagina infinita”: perché a Roma perfino gli dèi vanno commentati—altrimenti qualcuno li prende alla lettera, e finiamo tutti in dogmatica.

Vettio Agorio Pretestato (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del Giove del Campidoglio. He achieves high office under Giuliano. He writes a commentary of Temistio – Accademia.  GRICEVS: PRAETEXTATE, audio te sub Iuliano ad amplissimas dignitates evectum esse: igitur philosophus iam non solum in scholis, sed etiam in curia—quasi Iuppiter ipse Capitolinus tibi suffragia dederit. PRAETEXTATVS: Si Iuppiter mihi favet, id Romae fit: hic deus non tonat tantum, sed etiam candidatos commendat. Ego autem Temistium commentariis colo—ne quis putet in magistratu me tacuisse. GRICEVS: Lepide: cum dicas te “Iovem Capitolium” colere, dicis religionem; sed implicas (more nostro conversazionali) hoc: Romae etiam deos oportet ita laudari ut senatus non irascatur. PRAETEXTATVS: Et cum tu “implicas” dicis, dicis doctrinam; sed implicas hoc: in Urbe et in Accademia idem valet praeceptum—qui nimis clare loquitur, tonitrua meretur; qui sapienter subridet, Iovem habet pro collega.

Giulio Preti (Pavia, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale, la retorica conversazionale, e la logica conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rational, cooperative achievement: speakers design utterances against shared expectations of relevance, informativeness, sincerity, and clarity, and hearers recover what is meant by reasoning from what is said plus those norms, so that “rhetoric” (what is suggested, hinted, or politely left unsaid) is made answerable to a logic of inference rather than to mere stylistic flourish. Preti, by contrast, is explicitly preoccupied with the relation between rhetoric and logic as two cultural and intellectual forces: he defends the primacy of the logico-scientific culture against humanistic obscurantism, cultivates a deliberately plain and rapid style as an anti-idealist stance, and yet insists that philosophical conversation is the terrain where different rational uses can meet without collapsing into either empty belles-lettres or sterile formalism. Put together, Grice supplies a micro-pragmatic account of how rhetorical effects in ordinary and philosophical talk can be systematically derived as implicatures from rational constraints, while Preti supplies a macro-cultural diagnosis of why rhetoric and logic come apart (and how they might be re-linked) in modern intellectual life; the point of contact is that both reject the idea that rhetoric is mere ornament, but whereas Grice explains its legitimacy by showing how it is inferentially controlled within cooperative talk, Preti explains its legitimacy by situating it within praxis, culture, and the struggle between ways of knowing—so that “conversational reason” is at once a local discipline of saying/meaning and a broader program for keeping philosophy intellectually accountable. Grice: “I like Preti. He wrote “Retorica e logica,” which I enjoyed since this is what I do: I find the rhetoric (the implicature) to the logic (the explicature).” Grice: “Preti was a bit of a Stevensonian, with his ‘Praxis ed empirismo, and I mean C. L. Stevenson, not the Scots master of narrative!”. Studia a Pavia sotto LEVI, VILLA e SUALI. Studia Husserl. Insegna a Pavia e Firenze. I suoi saggi nella rivista banfiana "Studi Filosofici", lo vedeno coinvolto in una polemica sull'immanenza e la trascendenza. In “Fenomenologia del valore” (Principato, Milano) e “Idealismo e positivismo” (Bompiani, Milano) emerge con evidenza quell'impostazione tesa a conciliare istanze razionalistiche ed empiristiche. In “Praxis ed empirismo” (Einaudi, Torino) presenta in maniera relativamente organica, per quanto rapidamente, alcuni temi al confine tra pensiero teoretico, filosofia morale e filosofia politica. “Retorica e logica: le due culture” (Einaudi, Torino) è un saggio a cavallo tra la ricostruzione storico-filosofica e il saggio teoretico, con il quale si intende dimostrare, prendendo le mosse dalla polemica aperta da C. P. Snow, l'inconciliabilità tra le due forme di cultura che si intrecciano nel dibattito occidentale, quella logico-scientifica e quella umanistico-letteraria, e la necessità di far prevalere la prima sulla seconda al fine di non cedere a nuove forme di oscurantismo elitario e fanatico. Inoltre, affianca costantemente alla propria attività di autore quella di curatore di classici del pensiero filosofico.  Il suo stile, volutamente trascurato, è rapido, nervoso e semplice, in implicita polemica con il bello scrivere e l'ermetismo tipico delle scuole idealistiche italiane. Tenta trovare una via alternativa al rapporto fra un pensiero unitario e inglobante -- di tradizione hegeliano-crociana -- e uno invece dualistico, nel distinguo fra saperi umanistici e scientifici. retorica e logica. Grice: “St. John’s, 1946. Back from the Admiralty and properly returned to philosophy, I do what I always do when I’m meant to be sensible: I drift into Blackwell’s. There, among the new arrivals, sits Giulio Preti’s Filosofia e filosofia della scienza—published in the middle of the unpleasantness, which seems almost impertinent. We had thought Ayer was a passing meteor; now the phrase itself, “philosophy of science,” has acquired an Italian passport and is marching north with all the assurance of a method. I confess it makes me unreasonably cross, and for once I find myself sympathising with my tutees: they come up to Oxford to read philosophy—poor souls, only the poor really read here—and promptly find themselves being handed “science” again, the very thing they had fled in search of a little peace in our minor, glorious corner of literae humaniores. No doubt it is all in the name of clarity, precision, and the purification of nonsense; but it is hard not to feel that when certain people pronounce filosofia della scienza they are less describing a subject than issuing a summons, as if philosophy were to be put back into uniform and marched, smartly, into the laboratory.” Grice: Giulio, devo confessarti che “Retorica e logica” è stato uno dei tuoi testi che più ho apprezzato: mi affascina il modo in cui cerchi la retorica—l’implicatura—nella logica, l’explicatura. A volte penso che proprio lì risieda il cuore della conversazione filosofica.  Preti: Grazie, Paul. Per me la conversazione è sempre un terreno fertile dove retorica e logica possono intrecciarsi senza che una prevalga sull’altra. Il mio stile volutamente semplice e rapido cerca di evitare il “bello scrivere” idealistico: preferisco la chiarezza nervosa e diretta, che permette alla ragione conversazionale di emergere senza filtri.  Grice: Eppure, non è forse vero che la cultura logico-scientifica e quella umanistico-letteraria rischiano di essere inconciliabili, come suggerisci nel tuo saggio? Come vedi il ruolo della conversazione per evitare l’oscurantismo fanatico che nasce dalla separazione tra queste due culture?  Preti: Ottima domanda, Paul. Credo che sia proprio la conversazione filosofica, quando si fonda su una ragione dualistica e non unitariamente inglobante, a consentire il dialogo tra i saperi. La conversazione, per me, è il luogo in cui si può trovare una via alternativa tra l’eredità hegeliano-crociana e il pensiero scientifico, senza cedere a nessuna forma di fanatismo o elitismo.  Preti, Giulio (1942). Filosofia e filosofia della scienza, Firenze: Vallecchi.

Costanzo Preve (Valenza, Alessandria, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rationally recoverable “extra” that arises because speakers and hearers tacitly rely on shared norms of cooperative exchange (relevance, sufficient informativeness, candour, clarity), so that what is meant can outrun what is said while remaining accountable to reasons and, in principle, cancellable. Preve’s philosophical project, by contrast, is not primarily a micro-pragmatics of utterances but a macro-ethical and political account of rationality as socially instituted: his communitarian universalism, Marxian-Hegelian orientation, and attention to historical forms of ideology and critique all push toward the idea that reasons are carried by communities, traditions, and conflicts, and that “dialogue” is a practice through which a shared human field (sociality and rationality) is negotiated rather than merely inferred in a single talk-exchange. Set side by side, Grice explains how conversational agents bridge gaps locally (how an implicature is generated and recognized here and now), whereas Preve is best read as explaining why those gaps, and the very standards for bridging them, are politically and historically charged (what counts as a reasonable presupposition, which voices get uptake, and how a “we” is constituted across communities); in that sense, Preve’s communal framing can be seen as supplying the background conditions that Grice usually idealizes as given, while Grice supplies the fine-grained mechanism by which Preve’s desired “confrontation among communities” actually happens in speech: not by mere assertion, but by the managed play of what is stated, what is left implicit, and what can be demanded as a reason in common. Important Italian philosopher. He is the tutor of FUSARO, of Torino. Il comunitarismo è la via maestra che conduce all'universalismo, inteso come campo di confronto fra comunità unite dai caratteri del genere umano, della socialità e della razionalità. – “Elogio del comunitarismo”. Di ispirazione marxiana ed hegeliana, scrive saggi di argomento filosofico. Studia a Torino. Sotto Garrone sull’elezione politica italiana”. Studia Hegel, Althusser, Sartre, e Marx. Scrive "L'illuminismo e le sue tendenze radicali e rivoluzionarie: enogenesi della nazione: il problema della discontinuità con la romanità classica”. Insegna a Torino.  Analizza esistenzialmente il comunismo.  Membro del centro di studi sul materialismo storico. Pubblica “La filosofia imperfetta” (Angeli, Milano), dove testimonia la sua adesione di massima all’ontologia dell'essere sociale di Lukács, ed anche, indirettamente, il suo distacco definitivo dalla scuola d’Althusser. Fonda “Metamorfosi”. Spazia d’un esame dell'operaismo ida Panzieri a Tronti e Negri, all'analisi del comunismo dissidente dei socialisti alla critica delle ideologie del progresso storico, all'indagine sullo statuto filosofico della critica comunista dell'economia politica. Organizza un congresso dedicato al comunismo a Milano, e vi svolge una relazione sulle categorie modali di necessità e di possibilità all’interno del comunismo. Da quest'esperienza nasce una rivista chiamata “Marx 101”, che usce in due serie di numeri monografici e di cui e membro del comitato di redazione. fascismo, antifascism – antifascism in assenza completa di fascismo, comunita, comunitarismo, la mascalzonaggine imperdonabile dell’invasione a Grecia; colonizzazione imperialista,storia dell’etica, storia ontologico-sociale della filosofia, vico anti-capitalista. For Costanzo Preve specifically, yes, we do have concrete thesis information. He obtained a laurea in June 1967 at the University of Turin, with Alessandro Galante Garrone as supervisor/relatore, and the thesis title is given as Temi delle elezioni politiche italiane del 18 aprile 1948 (also catalogued in the Turin historical thesis archive with a very close variant: Temi di propaganda politica nella campagna elettorale per le elezioni del 18 aprile 1948; discipline: Storia contemporanea; a.a. 1966; the archive record also labels the faculty as Giurisprudenza). This anchors both institution and relatore; the slight title variation is the kind of thing you often see between biographical summaries and archival catalog metadata. Grice: Costanzo, sono curioso: come vedi il ruolo della ragione conversazionale e dell’implicatura nella filosofia italiana, soprattutto nel quadro del tuo comunitarismo? Preve: Grice, grazie della domanda! Per me la ragione conversazionale è il cuore del dialogo tra comunità, unite dalla socialità e dalla razionalità. Nel mio “Elogio del comunitarismo”, insisto sul fatto che solo attraverso il confronto si può realizzare un vero universalismo. Grice: Interessante! E la tua ispirazione marxiana ed hegeliana sembra portarti a vedere la conversazione come uno spazio dove le esperienze storiche e sociali si incontrano e si trasformano, vero? Preve: Esattamente, Grice. Per me l’implicatura conversazionale non è solo uno strumento logico: è il percorso che ci permette di costruire una comunità universale, dando alla filosofia italiana una “raison d’être” sociale fondata sul dialogo e sull’interscambio. Preve, Costanzo  (1966). Temi di propaganda politica nella campagna elettorale per le elezioni, Storia contemporanea, Giurisprudenza, Torino.

Pietro Prini (Belgirate, Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, Piemnote): la ragione conversazionale dell’implicatura conversazionale di Dedalo e il volo d’Icaro. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how an audience can rationally recover what a speaker means beyond what is literally said by assuming cooperative exchange and inferring implicatures under norms of relevance, informativeness, sincerity, and clarity; meaning in conversation is thus an accountable achievement of practical reasoning between interlocutors. Prini, by contrast, treats conversation less as a mechanism for generating extra propositions from maxims and more as a philosophical space that resists the hegemony of apophantic, truth-functional discourse: alongside demonstrative proof he gives a systematic place to situated forms of rational exchange such as verification, testimony, listening, and dialogic co-construction of sense, and he uses the Daedalus–Icarus myth to portray conversation as a risky but emancipatory practice that can loosen dogmatic constraints without pretending to escape finitude. Put sharply, Grice offers a micro-theory of how implicatures are calculated and cancellable within ordinary talk, whereas Prini offers a macro-vision in which conversation is itself an ontological and existential category—a mode of reason tied to desire, vulnerability, and ethical relation—so that what Grice analyses as the inferential “extra” of an utterance becomes, for Prini, the very medium in which philosophy can exceed rigid conceptual architectures while remaining responsible to shared rational forms. Grice: “I like Prini, but I won’t expect his “Discorse e situazione” to be about Firth’s context of utterance!” Pensare è infatti la maniera più profonda del nostro desiderare – “XXVI secoli nel mondo dei filosofi" (Caltanissetta, Sciascia). Tra i maggiori esponenti dell'esistenzialismo.  Studia ad Arona e Pavia sotto LORENZI. Studia SORBATTI sotto LEVI e SCIACCA. Studia l’accademia di Plotino. P. s'è legato al gruppo di gioco di filosofi che SCIACCA riune intorno a se. Quando SCIACCA si trasfere a Genova tutto il gruppo lo segue. Insegna a Genova, Perugia, Roma e Pavia. “Lo scisma sommerso” (Milano, Garzanti) analizza la spaccatura sotterranea che si è creata nella chiesa cattolica tra il magistero ufficiale e la fede e le scelte di vita dei credenti. Un tema che diviene centrale è il tema del male. Scrive “XXVI secoli nel mondo dei filosofi” -- «un ripensamento, una sorta di commiato personale dai filosofi e dai problemi che gli sono stati cari per tutta la vita. Accanto al discorso apofantico, che definisce in modo univoco il suo oggetto e che vuol dimostrare le sue verità in modo necessario, apre lo spazio per la ‘conversazione’. In “Verso una ontologia della conversazione” (Roma, Studium), risalire la dimenticanza della conversazione ad Aristotele, il quale ritene i discorsi semantici non vero-funzionali e quindi estranei al campo del linguaggio-oggetto sino del meta-linguaggio della filosofia. In “Discorso e situazione” (Roma, Studium) definisce in modo più dettagliato gl’ambiti della conversazione. Nella molteplicità dell’uso logico della ragione, delinea un esame sistematico delle diverse forme della conversazione razionale “situata”, ossia in relazione al suo proprio oggeto o topico ed al suo proprii conversatori, e precisamente la verifica come forma della prova del discorso oggettivo o scientifico, la categoria della testimonianza. il volo d’Icaro.  Grice: “St. John’s, 1956. Off I go to discuss categories with Austin at our weekly alternating seminar, where I have learned a useful rule of thumb: when it is his week and he serenely ignores whatever I said the week before, he is not merely being rude; he is, in his own way, implicating agreement. Yesterday afternoon, browsing the only shelf at Blackwell’s that really matters, I let out a small groan: it has reached the North too, the land of the lemon and the peninsula. Pietro Prini has just brought out his Esistenzialismo, and in hard covers, no less. I can’t imagine Austin feeling entirely at ease if we titled our seminar “The Existentialism of Aristotle,” and yet that is rather what it comes to: Aristotle seems forever grappling with einai as if it were the only verb in the world, when he has ekhein ready to hand as well; the izzing and the hazzing—what could be more of an existential threat than discovering that being is not only a matter of what one is, but of what one has, and cannot quite say one has without sounding metaphysical?” Grice: Prini, sono incuriosito dal suo modo di interpretare la “ragione conversazionale” alla luce del mito di Dedalo e il volo di Icaro. Secondo lei, la conversazione filosofica può davvero offrire una via di fuga dai limiti imposti dal pensiero dogmatico, proprio come Icaro ha cercato di superare le barriere del suo destino? Prini: Grice, è una domanda affascinante! Credo che la conversazione filosofica sia, in effetti, il modo più profondo di desiderare e pensare. Essa ci permette di elevarci al di sopra delle rigidità del discorso apofantico, aprendo la possibilità di una ragione “situata” e dialogica, dove ogni interlocutore contribuisce a costruire senso, proprio come Dedalo e Icaro affrontano insieme il rischio e la libertà. Grice: Dunque, potremmo dire che la conversazione è un viaggio condiviso, in cui la verifica e la testimonianza si alternano come forme di prova, e dove ogni partecipante riconosce i propri limiti senza temere di cadere, ma anzi valorizzando quel volo verso l’ignoto? Prini: Esattamente, Grice. Nei miei lavori, come “Discorso e situazione” e “Verso una ontologia della conversazione”, ho cercato di delineare proprio questo: la molteplicità delle forme della conversazione razionale “situata”. La filosofia non è solo dimostrazione, ma anche ascolto, dialogo e apertura all’altro—una vera ontologia della conversazione, dove il mito di Icaro diventa metafora della nostra ricerca di senso e libertà. Prini, Pietro (1955). L’esistenzialismo. Roma: Edizioni dell’Ateneo.

Luigi Priore (Roma, Lazio). Grice: -- è noto principalmente come filologo e studioso di lingua latina, attivo tra la fine del XIX e l'inizio del XX secolo.  Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning makes the step from “what is said” to “what is meant” a matter of rational, cooperative inference: speakers rely on an audience to recognize intentions under shared norms (relevance, sufficient information, clarity, sincerity), and conversational implicatures arise when an utterance is deliberately shaped so that a competent hearer can supply what is left unsaid. Priore, by contrast, represents a pedagogical-philological project in which understanding is engineered through method and grammatical discipline: his “synthetic-analytic” Latin manuals aim first at giving the learner an overview (synthetic grasp) and then at decomposing it (analytic parsing), treating linguistic competence as something built by staged instruction, explicit rules, and controlled exercises rather than inferred on the fly from conversational purpose. Put in Gricean terms, Priore’s classroom ideal minimizes reliance on implicature by making the relevant structure overt (declensions, syntax, lexicon), whereas Grice’s conversational ideal explains how ordinary speakers achieve understanding precisely because they do not need everything made overt, since rational expectations fill the gaps; yet the two meet at a deeper point suggested in your exchange, namely that “ragionare” in Italian can shade toward “talking things through,” so the boundary between formal analysis and conversational practice is porous. The comparison, then, is that Grice theorizes meaning as a norm-governed, intention-sensitive achievement of interlocutors in real time, while Priore embodies a tradition that seeks to secure meaning by instructional architecture—reducing ambiguity by design—so that what Grice treats as the everyday triumph of inference becomes, in Priore’s didactic setting, something to be tamed and replaced by explicit form. Luogo di Nascita e Formazione Sebbene i dettagli biografici precisi siano rari nelle fonti digitali moderne, P. è storicamente associato alla zona di Napoli o alla Campania, dove si è svolta gran parte della sua attività accademica e di pubblicazione. Opere principali Oltre alla sua opera più celebre, Istituzione sintettico-analitica di lingua latina (pubblicata a Napoli, ad esempio presso l'editore Pierro), Priore ha prodotto diversi testi scolastici e saggi filologici volti a semplificare lo studio dei classici: Grammatica ed Esercizi: Ha curato numerosi manuali di esercizi latini e versioni per le scuole medie e i licei, spesso strutturati secondo il suo metodo "sintettico-analitico" per facilitare l'apprendimento della sintassi. Edizioni Commentate: Ha lavorato su edizioni di autori classici, in particolare Livio e Cicerone, fornendo commenti filologici e annotazioni grammaticali per gli studenti. Saggi Linguistici: Alcune sue pubblicazioni minori riguardano la metodologia didattica delle lingue classiche, sostenendo un approccio che bilanciasse la comprensione logica (analitica) con quella immediata (sintettica).  Nota di disambiguazione: È importante non confondere il filologo classico con l'omonimo pittore contemporaneo nato in Piemonte e attivo a Roma e Otranto, la cui opera artistica è incentrata sulla pittura e l'arte visiva.  Desideri maggiori dettagli su una specifica edizione o su un commento particolare a un autore latino?” implicatura. XXXV// | BIBLIOTECA NAZ ;jj Vittorio Emanuele III N t ISTITUZIONE Slitta aatiia, • •» .i 4 . X ♦ \ %INSTITUZIONE SINTETICO- ANALITICA D I Maro* itTiai % IN TRE PART.I: LESSIGRAFIA , NOMENCLATURA, SINTASSI.  Grice: “St. John’s, 1954. My seminar with Strawson on meaning is coming to an end, as is the visit of the Eastman Professor—or is it the Eastman Visiting Professor?—Quine, who still looks unconvinced by my point that “My neighbour’s three-year-old is an adult” is analytically false, whereas “My neighbour’s three-year-old understands Russell’s Theory of Types” is only, as it were, synthetically so. Perhaps I ought to have produced, as an object-lesson and a mild provocation, the little relic we keep here: Luigi Priore’s grandly titled Istituzione sintetico-analitica di lingua latina—a book whose very name manages to sound like both a method and a diagnosis. But then I remembered that Quine never did classics; he arrived armed with mathematics, and with that New World confidence that anything worth saying can be said without ever declining rosa.” Grice: Priore, dicono che tu sia “sintetico‑analitico”: è il primo metodo didattico che sembra anche una dieta—prima riassumi, poi scomponi, e alla fine nessuno ha più fame di sintassi. Priore: Eppure funziona: se lo studente capisce subito (sintesi), poi accetta di soffrire (analisi). È la mia versione napoletana del pactum: ti do Cicerone, tu mi dai pazienza. Grice: Perfetto: e quando tu dici “non è difficile”, tu dici una bugia pedagogica—ma implichi gentilmente “è difficile, però ti ci porto io a braccetto”. Priore: E quando tu dici “braccetto”, tu implichi che il latino è una conversazione: chi non segue le massime—quantità, qualità, relazione e modo—finisce punito con una versione di Livio, senza dizionario. Priore, Luigi (1831). Istituzione sintetico-analitica di lingua latina. Napoli: Pasca.

Prisciano (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale dell’implicatura conversazionale di Simmaco. A philosopher and friend of Simmaco. GRICEVS: Prisciane, amicus Symmachi esse dicere te audio: ergo Romae non modo philosopharis, sed etiam prandia peroras—nam apud Symmachum et verba et vina elegantiam sapiunt. PRISCIANVS: Ita est; Symmachus me amat, quod in disputando parcus sum et in tacendo copiosus. Roma enim plus amat urbanitatem quam argumenta. GRICEVS: Id ipsum est ratio conversazionale: cum dicas “Symmachus vir optimus est,” dicis laudem; sed implicas te scire quando laudare oporteat—ne videaris philosophus, sed hospes. PRISCIANVS: Et cum tu hoc “implicaturam” vocas, dicis doctrinam; sed implicas hoc: Roma ipsa est magistra—quae docet nos non semper dicere quod sentimus, sed semper sentire quod dicimus (praesertim ad mensam Symmachi).

Priscilliano (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale dell’implicatura conversazionale di Nerone. He has the distinction of being the first philosopher put to death for ‘heresy’ by the Roman Catholics. What Priscillian says is that the world is an evil place whither souls are sent as a punishment. What he implicates is that Nerone is right!  GRICEVS: Priscilliane, ais mundum esse locum malum, quo animae poenae causa mittantur; ratio quidem tua—si licet—sat Romana videtur. PRISCILLIANVS: Ita est: mundus carcer est, et animae quasi exules. Hoc dico. GRICEVS: At quod implicas—more conversazionali, ut Itali loquuntur—is est: si Roma talis est, tum Nero recte fecit; quasi incendium urbis fuerit argumentum, non crimen. PRISCILLIANVS: Heu, Grice: dicendo “mundus poena est” nonne satis ostendo quid sentiam? Si quis ex me colligit Neronem “recte” fecisse, is non verba mea, sed consequentiam—nimis fidelem—secutus est.

Probo (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale dell’implicatura dell’in-plicatura conversazionale. He studies under Eusebio at the same time as Sidonio, and may have assisted Eusebio in his teaching. He married the cousin of Sidonio, the daughter of Simplicio. “All very confusing, and possibly unimportant, historically speaking from the standpoint of philosophy if it were not for the fact that Sidonio coined the term ‘inplicatura’ [sic].” – Grice.  GRICEVS: PROBE, heri modo cum collega philosopho Spe sermocinabar; ille, more suo, dixit “Roma ipsa est schola in qua verba implicantur priusquam explicantur”—et mox nominavit Sidonium, quasi is solus sciret quomodo res in plicis laterent. PROBVS: Non longe abest a vero. Ego Eusebio una cum Sidonio interfui, atque (ut fama est) interdum adiuvi in docendo; postea etiam in familiam intravi, cum Simplicii filiam—Sidonii consobrinam—duxi. Ita factum est ut domi quoque “explicare” difficile esset: omnia erant vel affinitate vel doctrina involuta. GRICEVS: Spes et ego mirabamur quomodo Sidonius, uno tantum verbo, rem totam quasi complicaret: utrum res sit inplicatura, an vero ipsa res semper in plicis sit, et nos tantum nodos tangamus. Nam inter “in” et “plicare” est quidam modus: non est addere, sed implicare, involvere, quasi chartam iterum iterumque flectere, donec ipsa forma dicat plus quam litterae. PROBVS: Audeo dicere inplicaturam vestram—Spei et tuam—ipsam IN-PLICARE: nos implicat, involvit, et (ut ita dicam) in nodum adducit; quod certe Spe voluit, cum hoc consilium “inplicandi” pararet. Sed iucundum est: quia haec confusio domestica (Eusebius, Sidonius, Simplicius, consobrina, ego) ostendit idem prorsus in sermone: non semper opus est “dedicare” aut “declarare”; interdum satis est bene plicare, ut qui audit, ipse se explicet.

Giorgio Prodi (Scandiano, Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale e l’artifice della ragione e l’implicature conversazionale dei cani di Pavlov. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means beyond what is strictly said by assuming cooperative, rational exchange and inferring implicatures under norms like relevance, adequate informativeness, and sincerity; on this view, the “extra” meaning of an utterance is not mystical but accountable, defeasible, and in principle reconstructible as a piece of practical reasoning from utterance and context. Prodi’s semiotic biology, by contrast, shifts the centre of gravity from interpersonal reasoning about utterances to the naturalisation of sign-processes themselves: organisms and cells behave as if they interpret cues, learn regularities, and stabilize “rules” (Pavlov’s bell as a sign that becomes causally efficacious), so that meaning-like phenomena appear as biologically grounded patterns of response rather than primarily as intentions in a talk-exchange. The comparison, then, is that Grice treats meaning in conversation as a normative-rational achievement of agents who recognise each other’s reasons, whereas Prodi treats semiosis as continuous with life, where “artifice” can emerge from nature as a second-order layer (regularities built upon regularities) and where something like implicature is redescribed as an effect of how systems exploit constraints and expectations. Read Griceanly, Prodi’s Pavlov scene is not yet conversation but it resembles the minimal skeleton of implicature: a cue is introduced into a setting with stable expectations, and downstream behaviour is guided by what that cue is taken to indicate; read Prodi through Grice, conversational implicature looks like a higher-level biological competence—an evolved capacity to treat signals as reasons and to let what is left unsaid do controlled causal work in social coordination. Grice: “While he likes semiotics, Prodi is the Italian C. L. Stevenson, who read English at Yale! No philosophy background!” Studia e insegna a Bologna. A Bologna fonda il progetto biologia cellulare. Svilupa un approccio semiotico alla biologia.  Con “Il neutrone borghese” (Bompiano, Milano), ha pubblicato anche alcuni romanzi e racconti, tra cui Lazzaro, biografia romanzata -- con riflessi autobiografici -- di Spallanzani. Il saggio “Il cane di Pavlov”; “Opera narrativa” (Diabasis, Reggio Emilia). Altre opere: “Scienza e potere” (Il Mulino, Bologna); “La scienza, il potere, la critica” (Mulino, Bologna); “Onco-logia sperimentale” (Esculapio, Bologna); “Le basi materiali della significazione” (Bompiani, Milano); “La biologia dei tumori” (Abrosiana, Milano); “Soggettività e comportamento” (Angeli); Orizzonti della genetica” (L'Espresso); Patologia Generale (CEA); “La storia naturale della logica” (Bompiani, Milano); “L'uso estetico del linguaggio” (Mulino, Bologna); Lazzaro: il romanzo di un naturalista” (Camunia, Brescia); “Onco-logia” (Esculapio, Bologna); “Gl’artifici della ragione” (Sole 24 ore, Milano); -- cunning of reason – cf. Speranza, Grice, Kantotle, Kant, Hollis, razionalismo e relativismo -- “Il cane di Pavlov” (Camunia, Brescia); “Alla radice del comportamento morale” (Marietti, Milano); “Teoria e metodo in biologia” (Clueb, Bologna); “L'individuo e la sua firma”; “Biologia e cambiamento antropo-logico” (Mulino, Bologna); “Il profeta” (Camunia, Brescia); Conferenza "P.”, Repubblica  Apprezzato anche da Dossetti, “La parola e il silenzio” (Paoline,  in riferimento ad un articolo che si rifaceva ai geni invisibili della città di Ferrero. Sul sottotitolo -- i “geni invisibili” della città. Dizionario biografico degl’italiani, istituto dell'enciclopedia -- il cane di Pavlov.  Grice: “St. John’s, 1966. I don’t know why I should care, but the Senior Common Room produces the oddest scraps of intelligence: Giorgio Prodi has been appointed to the seconda cattedra of Patologia generale at Bologna. The phrase has been nagging at me all day. We have “chairs” here, of course, but the notion of a second chair—an official spare, as it were—feels at once luxuriant and faintly political, as if the faculty had institutionalised dissent in advance. One imagines the Oxford analogues and shudders: a second Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy; a second White’s Professor of Moral Philosophy—an arrangement that would sound less like academic administration than like an abusive duplication, or (in the moral case) a manifesto for rival orthodoxies to be delivered from adjacent pieces of furniture. The consoling thought is that Oxford, being a tutor’s world, does not oblige its students to sit dutifully under any chair’s “emanations,” first or second; they can always retreat to the safer tyranny of a weekly tutorial. If Prodi’s Bologna needs a second cathedra to keep pathology honest, good luck to it; we manage our heresies privately, one don at a time.” Grice: Prodi, vengo da una conversazione freschissima con Speranza: mi ha detto che lei è l’unico capace di parlare di biologia cellulare come se fosse semiotica, e di semiotica come se fosse fisiologia—poi ha aggiunto, con aria da Oxford, che i cani di Pavlov hanno più disciplina di certi metafisici. Prodi: È solo che il vivente non aspetta i nostri sistemi. Se vuoi capire significazione e comportamento, devi guardare dove la materia “firma” le sue decisioni: cellule, tumori, riflessi. E sì, ogni tanto i metafisici si offendono: preferirebbero che la verità fosse più educata. Grice: Speranza e io, dopo quella chiacchierata, ci siamo trovati a fissare la parola “artificio” con un certo sospetto. Lei parla degli artifici della ragione, eppure l’impressione è che qui l’artificio sia meno un trucco e più una derivazione: il “non‑naturale” che nasce dal naturale come un secondo strato. Speranza, che mi conosce, mi fa sempre i complimenti perché io evito “artificio” e preferisco dire “non‑naturale” — come a dire: non lo sto decorando, lo sto ricavando. E allora anche Pavlov cambia faccia: non è una macchina che addestra cani, è una scena in cui un segno diventa causa, e la ragione si scopre empirica senza perdere la dignità. Prodi: La vostra è una implicatura naturalissima, come sono sicuro che Speranza non avrà difficoltà a chiamarla così. Perché lei sta dicendo (senza fare prediche) che l’artificio migliore è quello che non si vede: quello che sembra natura perché è costruito sopra la natura, non contro di essa. Nel cane di Pavlov il campanello non è “finto”: è un pezzo di mondo che entra nel comportamento come regola. E lì capisci anche il resto: la semiotica non è un lusso umanistico, è una biologia del significare; la “cunning” della ragione è che riesce a sembrare naturale proprio quando ha imparato a passare per i segni. Prodi, Giorgio (1966). Lezioni di patologia generale (seconda cattedra), Bologna.

Aurelio Clemente Prudenzio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dela psisco-machia – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Abstract: Grice: “Mill – a mill – said that surnames have no meaning; but I’m sure Prudenzio was thus called because he was prudent – cf. ‘Grice is called Grice because he is Grice.’” Portico. A career in public service. His main treatise is “Psycho-Machia,” on the soul’s fight between good vitue and evil vice. People bring suffering on themselves by making bad choices.

Giacomo Pubblicio (Firenze, Toscana). All'interno stesso della più ortodossa tradizione dell'ars memorativa ciceroniana – CICERONE  -- non erano mancate espressioni di una particolare sensibilità per il problema dell’IMAGINE. Certe pagine dell’ “Oratoriæ artis epitoma, sive quæ ad consvmatvm spectant oratorem; ex antiquo rhetoz. Gymnasio dicendi scribendiq. breves rationes; artis memoriae, etc. Editio prima, lit. Goth. -- ” – cf. Oratoriae artis epitoma; vel quae brevibus ad consumatum spectant oratorem, ex antiquorum rhetorum gymnasio dicendi cribendique brevis rationes, etc. Lit.rom. cf. Oratoriae artis epitoma: vel quae brevibvs ad consuatum spectant oratorem ex antiquo rhetorum gynasio dicendi scribendique breves rationes nec non et aptus optimo civique viro titvlvs insuper et perquam facilis memoriae artis modvs P lucubratione in lucem editus foeli cinvminite inchoat oratorie institutiones ex veteni institutoP ad cyrilly cesare faustissimus delectem. Venezia, Radtole augustensis ingenio miro et arte perpolita impressioni mirifice dedit; Augusta; Angelica, Roma -- giovano senza dubbio a comprendere come tra l’immagine di CICERONE e quella dell’iconologia sussiste un legame reale. Una “intentio simplex” e spirituale, afferma P., non aiutate da nessuna corporea similitudine, sfugge rapidamente dalla memoria. L’immagine ha appunto il compito, mediante il GESTO mirabile, la crudeltà del volto, lo stupore, la tristezza o la severità, di fissare nel ricordo idee termini e concetti. La tristezza e la solitudine è il simbolo della vecchiaia; la lieta spensieratezza quello della gioventù; la voracità è espressa dal lupo, la timidezza dalla lepre, la bilancia è il simbolo della giustizia, l'erculea clava della fortezza, l'astrolabio dell'astrologia. Ma soprattutto giove richiamarsi, nella costruzione dell’immagine, a VIRGILIO e OVIDIO. Oratoriae artis epitoma. Deutero-Esperanto.  Grice: Pubblicio, proprio ieri ho avuto un piccolo scambio con Speranza: mi ha detto che a Firenze la memoria non si “spiega”, si mette in scena—e che Cicerone, se avesse avuto un teatro, avrebbe risparmiato molte note a piè di pagina. Pubblicio: E infatti l’ars memorativa non vive di aria: vive di immagini. Una intentio simplex, se la lasci tutta spirituale, scappa. Se invece le dai un gesto mirabile, una faccia crudele, un po’ di stupore o di severità, allora resta—come un attore che non esce più dal personaggio. Grice: Speranza e io ci siamo ritrovati a sorridere di una cosa: perché i filosofi devono rendere ovvio ciò che, in pratica, è già evidente? Lei dice “l’immagine fissa il concetto”, e sembra una scoperta; ma basta una bilancia per far venire in mente la giustizia, una clava per la fortezza, un astrolabio per l’astrologia. E il bello è che, quando la memoria funziona, non sembra mai teoria: sembra buon gusto retorico. Forse è per questo che lei insiste su Virgilio e Ovidio: perché, se l’immagine non ha un po’ di poesia, resta solo un elenco di simboli—e nessuno ricorda gli elenchi, se non per dimenticarli con ordine. Pubblicio: Implicatura figurativa la vostra, genii, come Speranza la chiamerebbe con aria da scolaro diligente. Perché avete capito che non si tratta di “decorare” l’idea, ma di darle un corpo che possa circolare: il gesto, la bestia (lupo o lepre), lo strumento (bilancia, clava, astrolabio). E lì si vede anche il ponte verso l’iconologia: la memoria ciceroniana non è un museo, è una macchina di riconoscimento. Se poi qualcuno sogna un Deutero‑Esperanto senza immagini, che lo provi pure—ma poi non si lamenti se, al momento di ricordare, gli manca proprio la cosa più romana: una scena ben piazzata. Pubblicio, Giacomo (1536). La via di prosperità. Venezia: Bernardino Bindoni.

Francesco Pucci (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale della REPUBBLICA ROMANA, o dell’implicatura conversazionale utopica di Campanella. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how speakers can mean more than they explicitly say because hearers presume a cooperative exchange and so infer implicatures by rationally connecting an utterance to the purposes, shared background, and conversational norms (relevance, sufficiency, candour, clarity); on that view, “leaving it unsaid” is not a lapse but a managed reliance on reasons the audience can recover. Pucci, by contrast, is best read as a figure for how ideas become socially and institutionally perilous: his universalist, anti-authoritarian religious-philosophical program (natural innocence before the age of reason, the practical “uselessness” of infant baptism on that basis, a hoped-for universality of religion) is conducted through polemical address, manifesto, and dispute, where what is at stake is not merely what is communicated but what one’s words commit one to before churches, consistory, and tribunal. In your staged exchange, “utopia” functions Griceanly as a trigger for implicature (the “no-place” that nonetheless moves real places, provoking conflicts with censor, republic, and Rome), while Pucci’s own stance highlights a tension Grice makes central: rational discourse depends on shared assumptions of good faith and common purpose, yet in confessional conflict those assumptions collapse and a speaker’s intended point is reinterpreted as heresy, sedition, or prophecy. The comparison, then, is that Grice provides the micro-mechanics of how “second comings” can be suggested without being said (the primo libro that invites an inference of a sequel; the “non luogo” that implies a political displacement), whereas Pucci illustrates the macro-condition under which implicatures become dangerous—because when interlocutors no longer share the cooperative background, what was meant as a rational invitation to reconsider doctrine is heard as a prosecutable challenge, and the space of conversational reason is replaced by the logic of accusation and enforcement. Scrive alcuni trattati dove ambiva a una filosofia universale di stampo utopistico. Molto polemico contro le principali dottrine religiose dell'epoca, tanto da essere tacciato di eresia e giustiziato dall'inquisizione romana.  Della potente e ricca famiglia fiorentina dei Pucci. Scolto da un improvviso mutamento e cambiamento che lo fa decidere a darsi allo studio delle cose celesti ed eterne e a scoprire i reali motivi dei contrasti filosofici che lacerano l'Italia. Assiste personalmente alla strage degl’ugonotti nella notte di S. Bartolomeo, decide d’aderire alla tesi protestante. Controversie dottrinali gli procurarono l'espulsione dalla sua comunità calvinista. Discute del peccato originale e altresì contesta l'autoritarismo del concistoro della comunità. Quest'ultima gl’rimprove, oltre a importanti punti dottrinali come la concezione del peccato originale, della fede, e dell'eu-caristia, la sua pretesa di pro-fetizzare, ricordandogli che, con la scomparsa dei primi apostoli, il carisma profetico non esiste più. Su invito di Betti, incontra SOZZINI . Pubblica un manifesto, e poi scrive a Balbani una lettera in cui espone la sua teoria dell'innocenza naturale dell'uomo, già discussa Sozzini. L’uomo nasce e restano innocente innanzi all'uso della ragione e del giudizio. Grazie alla redenzione operata dal cristo, il peccato originale non causa dannazione quando siamo nel grembo materno. Dunque, il battesimo di un uomo che è gia naturalmente innocente per la naturale bontà della sua natura umana, e per quanto non censurabile, è INUTILE. L'eventualità della dannazione è un problema di quell’uomo che, raggiunta l'età della ragione, è in grado di distinguere il bene dal male. etymologia d’eretico; il profeta disarmato, nicodemismo, decapatizazione a Tornona, Roma, la repubblica romana, il censore Catone, il suffragio. Grice: “St. John’s, 1947. Nobody consults the library here—unless one counts me as somebody, which I’m not sure one should (what do bodies have to do with anything, anyway). Still, they keep, like a small relic, Pucci’s 1575 Primo libro della filosofia naturale, and it has been worrying at me. We have here a Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy—surely a title that once began life as a pointed slight against the professor of physical, i.e. natural, philosophy; yet the odd thing about Oxford now is that the latter chair seems nowhere to be seen. And Pucci, for his part, is deliciously economical: he merely suggests, by calling it a primo libro, that there is to be a second—without ever quite saying so, as if he were content to let the “second coming” remain an implicature. Grice: Pucci, proprio ieri, in una conversazione con Speranza, mi sono sentito dire che a Firenze l’utopia non è un’isola: è un verbale d’accusa. Lui diceva che lei ha l’aria di uno che ambisce all’universale e poi, per coerenza, finisce davanti al tribunale. Pucci: È il prezzo della chiarezza, professore. Quando tocchi peccato originale, fede ed eucaristia, e per giunta contesti l’autorità del concistoro, la comunità non ti manda una recensione: ti manda un’espulsione. E se poi ti ostini a parlare di innocenza naturale e di battesimo “inutile”, ti scopri improvvisamente “eretico” senza aver cambiato tono. Grice: Speranza e io ci siamo ritrovati a fissare una parola che tutti pronunciano come se fosse neutra, ma che lei ha dovuto pagare in contanti: utopia, οὐτοπία. E il bello è che Cicerone—così bravo a far nascere latino dal greco—non riesce mai a darle una casa senza sfrattarla: “nusquam” è solo un avverbio, “locus” è solo geografia. Speranza poi storce il naso quando qualcuno tira fuori Erewhon, come diciamo a Vadum Boum: dice che è un “non‑luogo” troppo letterario, e che il vero problema non è dove sia, ma che cosa ti fa fare. Perché οὐτοπία non è soltanto “nessun posto”: è quel posto che ti sposta, e intanto ti mette contro un concistoro, una repubblica, un censore—e alla fine anche contro Roma. Pucci: Non la chiamerei “implicatura utopica”, o utopoica, allora—così Speranza non deve dichiarare dove lei “sta”, se in un τόπος o in un οὐ τόπος. Ma mi piace che la cosa passi da sola: perché la mia utopia non è il “posto perfetto”, è il posto impossibile che però mette in moto i posti reali. E se il prezzo è essere un profeta disarmato o un nicodemita malriuscito, pazienza: almeno si capisce che “nessun luogo” non è un’assenza, è una posizione scomoda. Anche Catone, se fosse stato presente, avrebbe capito: certi discorsi non hanno bisogno di un luogo per esistere—hanno bisogno solo di qualcuno che li sopporti. E Speranza, sotto sotto, li sopporta benissimo. Pucci, Francesco (1575). Il primo libro della filosofia naturale. Venezia: Varisco.

Francesco Puccinotti (Urbino, Marche): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di boezio, la filosofia sperimentale, i fisici e i meta-fisici, la scuola d’Urbino, filosofia marchese, e la filosofia italiana. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats “what is meant” as something a rational hearer can reconstruct from what is said plus shared norms of cooperative talk, so that implicatures arise when a speaker relies on the audience to bridge an intentional gap (often by being under-informative, indirect, or apparently off-topic) in a way that remains accountable to reasons. Puccinotti, by contrast, is presented here as an exemplar of “experimental philosophy” in the older, medically grounded sense: he forces disputes between “physicists and metaphysicians” to answer to clinical and civic realities (malarial fevers, epidemics, rice-field policy), where “sperimentale” signals not just method but public risk and responsibility—trying, erring, measuring, and answering for consequences. Read Griceanly, Puccinotti’s “sperimentale” stance functions like a conversational constraint on philosophical discourse: it sharpens what counts as a relevant contribution and makes empty “-isms” pragmatically defective, because an utterance that cannot guide action under shared practical aims fails the cooperative point of the exchange; read Puccinotti through Grice, one can say that his empirical orientation supplies a distinctive background of expectations that governs implicature in such conversations (to talk of rice-fields or fever is to invite inferences about regulation, causation, and accountability without spelling them out). The upshot is that Grice offers a micro-level account of how reasons govern meaning transfer in any talk-exchange, whereas Puccinotti exemplifies a macro-level norm of answerability to experiment and public life that disciplines which conversational moves are rationally acceptable and which implied conclusions are warranted. Studia a Pavia e Roma. Insegna a Urbino, Macerata, e Pisa.  Il duca Leopoldo di Toscana lo inserisce in una commissione incaricata di studiare l'ipotesi di introdurre sul litorale di Pisa le risaie, dal punto di vista della medicina civile. Espone le sue analisi nel saggio “Sulle risaie in Italia e sulla loro introduzione in Toscana” -- conclusioni che saranno alla base del regolamento sulla cultura del riso in Toscana. Altri saggi: “Storia della febbre intermittente perniciosa (Roma), “Boezio” (Firenze); “Storia della medicina” (Firenze). Treccani Dizionario biografico degli italiani, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Crusca. Nacque d’una modesta famiglia di origini contadine che venne da Saturnana, un villaggio della campagna pistoiese. Il padre, Angelo, è cuoco al servizio dell’arci-vescovo Berioli di Urbino, e la madre, Vincenza, è figlia di Ercoli, addetto alle scuderie dei marchesi Antaldi di Urbino.  A Urbino P. frequenta il collegio dei padri scolopi, laicizzato e trasformato in liceo durante il regno d’Italia, e, per meriti scolastici, è ammesso gratuitamente al liceo militare di Pavia. Qui rimane per due anni, appassionandosi agli studi filosofici più che alla carriera militare. S’iscrisse alla facoltà di medicina di Roma e divenne allievo del clinico Matthaeis, oltre che collaboratore e amico del chirurgo e anatomico Flaiani.  Dopo la laurea, lavora per qualche tempo negli ospedali romani del S. Spirito prima e di S. Giovanni in Laterano poi, studiando principalmente le febbri malariche anche attraverso dissezioni anatomiche. Il materiale così raccolto confluì nella Storia delle febbri perniciose di Roma, pubblicata a Urbino. Nello stesso periodo si occupa d;altre malattie infettive che colpivano le campagne del Lazio e della Campania, come l’epidemia di tifo petecchiale, che riguarda gran parte dell’Italia centrale. il boezio, Leopardi, fisici e meta-fisici.  Grice: Puccinotti, vengo da una conversazione recentissima con Speranza: mi ha detto che lei è il raro tipo che riesce a far discutere fisici e metafisici senza farli venire alle mani, perché li costringe a sedersi davanti a una febbre e non davanti a un “ismo”. Puccinotti: È un buon metodo: la febbre non ha pazienza per le scuole. Io sono partito dalla clinica e dalla dissezione, e poi ho capito che la medicina civile è filosofia con le scarpe infangate: risaie, regolamenti, epidemie—lì la teoria deve rispondere, non declamare. Grice: Speranza e io ci siamo soffermati su una parola che fa finta di essere neutra: “sperimentale”. Lei la usa come se fosse ovvia, ma l’etimo latino tradisce la scena: experimentum viene da experiri, provare, tentare—e dentro c’è anche periculum, il rischio. Quindi “filosofia sperimentale” non è “filosofia con gli strumenti”, è “filosofia che accetta di sbagliare pubblicamente”, come quando si decide se mettere risaie sul litorale di Pisa e poi bisogna rispondere non a un seminario, ma alle zanzare. Puccinotti: Implicatura sperimentale la vostra—per farla semplice—e l’ho anche esperimentata e riprovata, come sono sicuro che Speranza sarà lieto di sapere. Perché “sperimentale” non vuol dire solo “provare”: vuol dire “provare e rendere conto”. Io ho provato sulle febbri, sulle acque minerali, e perfino sulle risaie (dove il periculum punge). E alla fine la differenza tra fisici e metafisici si riduce: i primi misurano subito, i secondi misurano tardi; ma se la misura non torna, la realtà ti boccia comunque. E questa è la parte che a Speranza piace: quando un’idea non passa l’esame, non si discute—si corregge. Puccinotti, Francesco (1832). Storia della medicina in Italia. Firenze: Felice Le Monnier.

Pudenziano (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale dell’orto romano, Roma, e la filosofia italiana. Orto. Galeno writes a treatise about him.  GRICEVS: PVDENTIANE, modo cum collega philosopho Spe sermonem habui; ille (ut solet) rem levem graviter dixit: “Felix es, cuius de te scribit Galenus—non tibi tantum blanditur.” PVDENTIANVS: Si de me scribit, non necesse est ut mihi scribat. In horto enim plura dicuntur de nobis quam ad nos; herbae enim non legunt dedicationes. GRICEVS: Spes et ego mirabamur hoc ipsum: quam suaviter res cadat, cum liber non “PVDENTIANO” inscribitur, sed “de PVDENTIANO” narratur. Quasi medicus dicat: “hic non est munus, sed exemplum.” Nam dedicatio interdum petit gratiam; tractatus autem—si bonus est—petit veritatem, et hominem ipsum facit quasi materiam, non clientem. PVDENTIANVS: Implicatura tractatoria vestra, ut Spes sinat me appellare. Et grata est: quia inter “ad” et “de” saepe latet totus hortus. Quod Galenus de me scribit, hoc significat hortum non esse tantum de oleribus, sed de vita frugali: quae non facile in compendium redigitur, neque tamen tanta est ut in tenebris servanda sit. Itaque, si quis “horticulturam” pro philosophia accipit, bene; sed caveat ne nimis simplicet: etiam in orto, doctrina radices habet, non solum folia.

Giorgio Punzo (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale di Niso ed Eurialo, o l’implicatura conversazionle dell’amore.  amicus, friendship. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains love-talk and friendship-talk by treating them as rational, cooperative exchanges in which hearers infer what is meant beyond what is explicitly said by relying on shared expectations of relevance, appropriate informativeness, sincerity, and clarity, so that an “implicature of love” is not a mystical aura but an accountable inference (often generated by deliberate understatement, indirectness, quotation, or a strategically chosen example). Punzo, as your passage presents him, relocates the centre of gravity from inferential pragmatics to a broadly humanistic and educational ideal: friendship (amicitia) in the Virgilian model of Nisus and Euryalus is the condition under which conversation becomes genuinely formative, capable of educating desire toward the beautiful and orienting the person toward an “absolute divine” that marks human identity, with dialogue functioning less as a site for calculating implied propositions and more as a moral-aesthetic practice that shapes selves through sincerity, reciprocity, and shared contemplation. Read Griceanly, Punzo’s emphasis on openness and sincerity can be redescribed as strengthening the background assumptions that make implicature stable and recoverable (trust, candour, mutual recognition of aims), while his appeal to Dante’s “love that moves the sun and the other stars” operates as a rhetorically loaded move that invites a hearer to supply evaluative and metaphysical conclusions not literally asserted; read Punzoanly, Grice’s maxims and calculability tests look like an abstracted anatomy of something that, in lived friendship, is already ethically charged—because what friends can responsibly leave unsaid, and still be understood, depends on the quality of the relation itself. The comparison, then, is that Grice offers a formal-pragmatic account of how love and friendship are communicated through reasoned inference in conversation, whereas Punzo treats love and friendship as the underlying spiritual and cultural matrix that gives conversation its highest point, making implicature less a technical phenomenon to be derived than a sign of a shared life in which meaning can travel delicately without being forced into explicit declaration. Si laurea a  Napoli con una tesi su Kant alla luce della dottrina d’AQUINO, una in-erpeto-logia sul sistema nervoso dei serpenti, e una tsulla morale nelle lettere di Paolo. Fonda la lega contro la distruzione degl’uccelli, e l'associazione culturale trifoglio, di cui pubblica Il Trifoglio. Vive a Vivara, contribuendo a preservar Vivara da possibili scempi e tutelandone il patrimonio ambientale. Per il suo impegno a favore di Vivara ricevette il "Premio Mediterraneo" conferitogli da un'agenzia dell'ONU. Filosofo dai molteplici interessi che spaziarono dalla Commedia d’ALIGHIERI, alla botanica, all'ornitologia e alla zoo-logia, anche un profondo conoscitore della filosofia dell’antica Roma. Dedica la sua vita alla filosofia. Per lui, la filosofia costituisce il compito più importanti al quale una società deve adempiere poiché l'educazione filosofica rapresenta il punto fondativo d’ogni aggregato umano. In tale prospettiva, l’uomo, per potersi sviluppare al meglio, deve essere educato al bello attraverso la contemplazione della natura e l’arte che l’imita. La sua filosofia ha come culmine la definizione del concetto del divino assoluto, inteso come elemento distintivo dello spirito umano poiché capace di definire l'identità della persona umana rispetto alle altre forme di vita. Saggi: “Nota sull'episodio di LATINI  in ALIGHERI” (Napoli, Martello); “Della schema sessuo-logica” (Napoli, Genovese); “Erotologiche” (Napoli, Martello); “Dialogo dell'amore olarrenico” (Napoli, Martello); “L'altro viaggio” (Napoli, Denaro); “Il guardiano del verde isolotto”. Olarrenismo; pseudo-morfismo sessuale, Pari-sessualismo nevrotico; pari-sessuo nevrotici; erote, amore, amante, amato, amare, la setta di Velia, Frontone ed Antonino, Adriano, Niso ed Eurialo, il tutore, l’allievo, la filosofia nell’antica Roma, didattica, dialettica, filosofia togata, toga virile, cupido, il divino, il convito, il bello. Grice: “St. John’s, 1955. Strawson is devoting a whole stretch of his work-in-progress—what he calls An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics—to the notion of a person; I keep thinking that “progress” properly belongs to the pilgrim, but never mind. What rankles is that he doesn’t so much as cite my “Personal Identity”. Still, perhaps that is the revenge of the former pupil. And then, browsing at Blackwell’s, I come upon a title by one Punzo, Psicologia della personalità, and I find myself wondering why Italians insist on inflating persona into personalità—as if “person” were not abstract enough already.” Grice: Punzo, mi incuriosisce la sua riflessione sull’amicizia tra Niso ed Eurialo come modello di implicatura conversazionale dell’amore. Secondo lei, è davvero possibile che il legame di amicizia si trasformi in una forma superiore di dialogo filosofico, capace di educare al bello? Punzo: Caro Grice, credo fermamente che l’amicizia, come quella cantata da Virgilio tra Niso ed Eurialo, rappresenti la base stessa della conversazione filosofica. Solo quando ci si apre all’altro con sincerità, si può raggiungere quel grado di contemplazione del bello che eleva l’animo e trasforma la discussione in vera educazione dello spirito. Grice: Mi piace questa idea della filosofia come arte che imita la natura e si nutre di relazioni autentiche. Mi domando, tuttavia, come si concili il suo “divino assoluto” con la fallibilità e le passioni umane che spesso animano il dialogo, anche tra amici. Punzo: Il divino, caro amico, non esclude la debolezza umana; anzi, ne fa parte. È proprio nella tensione tra la nostra fragilità e la ricerca del bello che la conversazione acquista valore educativo. L’amore, l’amicizia, la contemplazione della natura: sono tutte forme attraverso cui l’uomo, dialogando, si avvicina a ciò che di più alto può concepire. E come diceva Dante, “l’amor che move il sole e l’altre stelle” è il vero motore di ogni filosofia autentica. Punzo, Giorgio (1952). Psicologia della personalità. Napoli: Liguori.

Sebastiano Purgotti (Cagli, Pesaro, Marche): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale metrica, o chemica filosofica nel lizio. Grice’s reason-governed conversational meaning explains how an utterance can reliably convey more than its literal content because hearers presume a cooperative, rational exchange and so infer conversational implicatures from what is said, the context, and the norms of relevance, informativeness, sincerity, and perspicuity; the key point is that the “extra” meaning is not a free poetic aura but something for which the speaker is answerable in virtue of publicly recoverable reasons. Purgotti, as presented in your passage, represents almost the opposite temperament: a lincean, quantitatively minded polymath for whom intellectual responsibility is exemplified by measurement, experimental control, and exact proportionality (stechiometry), so that what counts as good reasoning is what can be stabilized by method—dose, scale, reproducibility—across chemistry, mathematics, hydrology, and the atom-theory debates. The contrast then becomes a contrast of domains and of what “governs” meaning: Grice locates governance in practical rationality between interlocutors (a minimal remark, a shift in register, or a deliberate “under-informativeness” can trigger a predictable inferential uptake), whereas Purgotti’s imagined “metric/chemical implicature” relocates the metaphor of governance to the lab, suggesting that a small, well-placed verbal adjustment functions like a reagent—changing the “state” of an argument and making transformations visible without proclamation. Where Grice would insist that implicature is calculated by the hearer from conversational principles (and is cancellable, defeasible, context-bound), the Purgotti analogy stresses calibration and controlled effects: not “magic” but the disciplined management of conditions under which an inference is licensed, much as chemical explanation replaces occult qualities with proportioned interaction. In short, Grice provides the explicit theory of how reason organizes inferential meaning in talk, while Purgotti provides (in your stylized pairing) an ideal of scientific exactness that serves as a comparative image for why a tiny conversational move can have large, predictable consequences when the “mixture” of shared assumptions, aims, and evidential constraints is right. Dei lincei. Dei georgo-fili di Firenze. Studia a Roma sotto AMELIA e PALLIERI. Insegna a Perugia. Spazia dalle scienze fisico-chimiche all'idro-logia minerale, dalle scienze matematiche alle filosofiche con particolare riguardo alla teoria dell’atomo. Questa memoria la patria che dagli scritti e dalle virtu del sommo scienziato ha tanto lustro ed onore nato in Cagli. Qui riposa insigne chimico e matematico esempio raro di virtu domestiche e civile.  Pubblica nel Giornale di Perugia. Lettere ad un amico intorno a vari filosofici argomenti; Riflessioni sulla teoria dell’atomo; Trattato di chimica applicato specialmente alla medicina e alla agri-coltura; Trattato elementare di chimica applicata specialmente alla medicina; Trattato elementare di chimica applicata specialmente alla medicina e alla agricoltura; Intorno all'azione dell'acido solfo-idrico sul solfato di protossido di ferro; Osservazioni intorno a varie inesattezze che allignano nei moderni corsi di matematica elementare”; Riflessioni sopra un opuscolo che porta per titolo se si possa difendere, ed insegnare non come ipotesi, ma come verissima, e come tesi la mobilita della terra, e la stabilita del sole da chi ha fatta la professione di fede di Pio IV”; “Elementi di aritmetica, algebra, e geo-metria”; “Studi chimici sull’acque minerali di Valle Zangona”; “Intorno agl’usi ed effetti dell’acue minerali”; “Riflessioni sulla teoria dell’atomo”; “Chimica”; “Analisi dell’acque minerali di S. Gemini”; “Aritmetica e algebra”; “Chimica organica”; “Saggio di filosofia chimica”; “Geo-metria”; “Problemi tratti dagl’elementi di Aritmetica”; Algebra e geo-metria; Nozioni elementari ragionate del calcolo aritmetico”; “Intorno al primitivo insegnamento di la scienza della quantità”; “Chimica in-organica”; “Metalli delle terre aride e metalli propriamente detti. implicatura metrica, filosofia chimica, il fluido bio-tico nella manifestazione degli spiriti, algorismo.  Grice: Purgotti, ieri ho avuto un breve scambio con Speranza—che si ostina a fare il filosofo anche quando parla di termometri e di acque minerali—e mi ha detto: “Con Purgotti, persino un’‘implicatura’ sembra misurabile: o è metrica, o è chimica.” Purgotti: E perché no? A Cagli si impara presto che la precisione non è un vizio. Tra atomi, acidi solfo‑idrici e solfati di protossido di ferro, se sbagli una dose non fai filosofia: fai fumo. E poi, da buon linceo, preferisco l’esperimento alle pose. Grice: Speranza e io, dopo quella battuta, siamo rimasti un attimo a fissare la parola “chimica” come se fosse un reagente linguistico. Perché “chimica” viene da χημεία (e se vogliamo, anche χυμεία): sembra già una parola che mescola, fonde, distilla. E in un “lizio” pieno di categorie, bastano due ingredienti—metrica e χημεία—perché una tesi cambi stato, passi da solida a gassosa senza chiedere permesso. E allora capisci che certe idee, quando vengono dette “con misura”, non si limitano a informare: innescano. Purgotti: Implicatura chimico‑esplosiva la vostra—di te e Speranza—e lui la chiamerebbe così volentieri, purché gli si garantisca che l’esplosione è controllata. Perché è proprio questo il punto: la chimica buona non fa saltare il laboratorio, fa vedere le trasformazioni. In filosofia succede uguale: un’osservazione minima (un “metrico” ben piazzato, una χημεία ben dosata) cambia il colore dell’argomento senza bisogno di proclami. E se qualcuno vuole il segreto, glielo dico da marchigiano: non è magia—è stechiometria conversazionale. . Purgotti, Sebastiano (1837). Saggio storico sulla città di Perugia. Perugia: Bartelli.

Sertorio Quattromani (Cosenza, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale, le conversazione, e la la meta-fora come implicatura conversazionale in Catone, Virgilio ed Orazio. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers move from what is said to what is meant by treating conversation as a cooperative, purposive activity constrained by rational expectations (relevance, adequate informativeness, sincerity, and clarity), so that metaphor, indirection, and “saying less” generate conversational implicatures that are in principle inferable, cancellable, and sensitive to context. Quattromani, as you frame him, belongs to an Italian humanist and rhetorical lineage in which ragionare is already close to conversare and where translatio is not decorative surplus but a disciplined means of access: the speaker transfers an evaluation (“you are my pride and joy”) into a domestic image (“you are the honey in my wine”) so that praise can be conveyed with measure, tact, and social intelligibility, much as Telesian natural philosophy is “restricted in brevity” and rendered in Tuscan to circulate beyond the learned Latin public. The comparison, then, is that Grice supplies an explicit inferential model for why Quattromani-style figurative praise works in conversation (the hearer assumes cooperation, notices the deliberate choice of an apparently gastronomic predication, and rationally reconstructs the intended compliment as an implicated proposition), whereas Quattromani supplies a rhetorical-philological account of why such transfers are culturally apt and ethically effective (they let affect travel without posing, they align with classical exemplars in Cato, Virgil, and Horace, and they treat linguistic form as a civil instrument). In Gricean terms the “honey in my wine” move exploits the hearer’s rational capacity to recover a non-literal speaker-meaning under shared conversational norms; in Quattromanian terms it exemplifies the older art by which conversation and metaphor are already fused, with reason showing itself less as an abstract calculus than as the practiced social intelligence of choosing a form that can be received. Grice: “My father used to say, ‘Forearmed is forwarned, now I know he was causally referring to Quattromani!” -- Keywords: Catone, Petrarca, Virgilio, Telesio, Orazio. Filosofo italiano. Cosenza, Calabria. Essential Italian philosopher.  It can be said that Sertorio Q.’s most important contribution to the history of Italian philosophy is his  discussion and dissemination of Telesio's philosophy. Q. is a key figure in the "Accademia Cosentina" and, after Telesio's death, became his successor as the head of the academy. Q.’s primary contribution is ensuring the accessibility and dissemination of Telesio's groundbreaking, anti-Aristotelian natural philosophy, which emphasizes empiricism and challenged metaphysical speculation.  Q.’s specific contributions include: Publication of a synthesis: He publishes La filosofia di Telesio ristretta in brevita et scritta in lingua toscana, a synthesis of Telesio's thought written in Italian (Tuscan dialect) rather than Latin. This made Telesio's complex ideas accessible to a wider, non-scholarly audience. Dissemination of ideas: Along with Persio and Campanella, Q. is one of Telesio's most important students and friends who actively spread his ideas throughout Italy and beyond. Defense of Telesio: Q.’s work, along with that of other "Telesians," helped to establish Telesio as a key figure in the late Renaissance intellectual milieu, influencing later major thinkers such as Bacon, Hobbes, and Cartesio. While Q. is also a humanist and a poet, the scholarly consensus points to his role in promoting and interpreting Telesio's radical empiricism as his most significant and enduring philosophical legacy.  implicature, la philosophia di Telesio, Orazio, Poetica, tratatto della metafora, You’re the cream in my coffee +> You are my pride and joy; Il Quarto di Virgilio, Petrarca, Catone.  Grice: “St. John’s, 1963. I’m thinking of giving a seminar on the philosophy of life, since Wittgenstein has rather abused the phrase with his line that “language is a form of life”; but I don’t mean it in that sense—more in the Italianate sense. I noticed in the Merton Library a title that caught my eye, Quattromani, Ragionamenti sopra la vita, but Pears, who happened to be browsing elsewhere, warned me: Italians don’t use ragionamento the way you do, Grice; ragionare is closer to talking things through, to conversing—and I filed that away.” Editor’s note: Grice’s later seminars on conversation made full use of that connection, which Quattromani himself did not think worth pressing. Grice: Quattromani, proprio ieri ho avuto uno scambio recente con Speranza: mi ha fatto un complimento così ben congegnato che lui stesso l’ha chiamato “da poeta latino in borghese”. E io gli ho risposto che, se continua così, finiremo per citare Catone anche quando ordiniamo da bere. Quattromani: A Cosenza succede: tra Catone, Virgilio e Orazio, la lode non arriva mai “nuda”; arriva vestita, e spesso cambia abito a metà strada. È il bello della translatio: la cosa resta, ma il recipiente muta. Grice: Speranza e io ci siamo ritrovati a ridere su una sua frase, che non posso ripetere senza che si senta il trasporto. Mi ha detto, più o meno: “Tu sei il miele nel mio vino.” E lì ho capito perché funziona: non sta facendo gastronomia, sta spostando il peso di “sei il mio vanto” su una coppa, così l’affetto passa senza mettersi in posa. E infatti la formula “sei il X nel mio Y” non è un sinonimo: è un trasferimento, come quando Virgilio ti fa capire una cosa enorme con un’immagine piccola e domestica. Quattromani: Implicatura traslativa la vostra, come Speranza la chiamerà volentieri — evitando a ogni costo quel grecismo, μεταφορά, quando translatio fa il lavoro meglio e con più decoro romano. Perché qui non avete “abbellito” una frase: l’avete trasferita in un altro campo per farla dire con misura. E questa è la lezione che io trovo in Catone, Virgilio e Orazio: la translatio non serve a fare ornamento, ma accesso — proprio come quando io rendo Telesio “ristretto in brevità” e in lingua toscana, perché la sostanza circoli. Se poi Speranza insiste che “miele nel vino” vale più di una definizione, io non lo contraddirò: in certe conversazioni, la prova migliore è che la frase resta in bocca senza far rumore. Quattromani, Sertorio (1624). Ragionamenti sopra la vita. Cosenza: Tipografia Cosentina.

Quintilio Varo (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale all’orto romano, ragione, conversazione e l’ambizione ed adulazione nell’implicatura conversazionale di Virgilio, Roma, e la filosofia italiana -- l’orto, Virgilio, Siro. Filosofo italiano. Orto. Pupil of SIRO, with VIRGILIO, and of Filodemo. He writes two philosophical essays: one on greed, and one on flattery – “which amusingly, Virgil tended to confuse!” – Grice.  GRICEVS: RABIRIVE, modo cum collega philosopho Spe sermonem habui; ille mihi dixit te in horto Romano non solum herbas, sed etiam mores colere—et Virgilium ipsum inter vites ambulantem quasi discipulum videre. RABIRIVS: Ita est, GRICE. In horto, etiam philosophi discunt: humus docet, quid sit satis. Ego cum Siro et Philodemo didici, et Virgilius—qui carmina faciebat—saepe nostras sententias in versus transferebat, interdum nimis lepide.

GRICEVS: Spes et ego mirabamur (et risimus, fateor) quod Virgilius, cum de vitiis scriberet, interdum cupiditatem et adulationem quasi geminas confundere videbatur—quasi eadem manus et rapere et blandiri posset. At in horto fit ut intellegas: cupiditas non est solum plus habere velle, sed nimis habere velle; adulatio non est solum laudare, sed emere laude. Et qui utrumque amat, saepe “simpliciter” loqui vult, ut plures capiat—sed hortus, si nimis simplicas, nec fructum nec doctrinam reddit. RABIRIVS: Implicatura vestra—Spei et tua—et avidam se et adulatoriam habet (ut etiam Spes, quamvis verecundus, fateatur). Sed cave: non dicam eam “mordacem”; urbanior est. In horto Romano, “horti cultura” (si Epicurum innuimus) numquam tam simplex est quam vulgo placet, sed nec tam difficile ut obscuritate defendatur. Virgilius fortasse confundit, quia carmen amat compendia; nos autem meminimus: cupiditas crescit si nimis rigas, adulatio crescit si nimis laudas. Utraque igitur putanda est, non neglegenda—ne doctrina fiat vel rudis vel nimis polita.

Rabirio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano, Roma, e la filosofia italiana. Orto. Criticised by Cicerone for oversimplifying the school’s doctrines in order to reach a wider audience – “which reminds me of me.” – Grice.   GRICEVS: RABIRIVE, modo cum collega philosopho Spe locutus sum; ille mihi narravit te in horto Romano philosophiam colere, non in cathedra sed inter herbas—quasi sapientia etiam radices haberet. RABIRIVS: Ita est, Grice. In horto res parvae docent: quae tarde crescunt, diu manent. Sed Ciceroni videor nimis simpliciter dicere, quasi doctrinam in fasciculum ligarem ut turbae venderem. GRICEVS: Spes et ego mirabamur hoc ipsum: cur Ciceroni tam displiceat cum quis scholam—vel hortum—ad plures perducere conatur. Nam cum dicit te “nimis expedire”, sonat quasi velit doctrinam intactam manere, non tractabilem. At si quis hortum ostendit populo, non statim tollit philosophiam; tantum facit ut alii videant ubi seminanda sint. RABIRIVS: Implicaturam tuam non dixerim “mordacem”, Grice—etsi Spes fortasse aliter iudicet—sed sane est urbanam. Et hoc addo: horti cultura (si Epicurum tacite significamus) numquam tam simplex est quam videri potest, sed nec tam obscura quin nimia subtilitate corrumpatur. Ciceroni cura est ne doctrina minuatur; mihi cura est ne pereat. Inter has duas curas, bene sarire oportet, non solum disserere.

Carlo Ludovico Ragghianti (Lucca, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers routinely recover what a speaker means beyond what the sentence conventionally says by assuming that talk is a cooperative, purposive activity regulated by rational norms (his cooperative principle and maxims), so that implicatures arise as accountable inferences from an utterance plus context and can be tested by features like cancellability and dependence on expectations of relevance, sufficiency, and sincerity; Ragghianti, formed as an art historian and theorist of “pure visibility” (Marangoni’s figurative method, then Bergson and Croce, and later work on cinema and spectacle as distinct “languages”), approaches reason in discourse less as an inferential calculus over propositions and more as a disciplined practice of making the visible intelligible—training the eye to discriminate forms, media-specific structures, and the ways perception is already organized by culture and history. Read through Grice, the passage’s move from painting to cinema and from “visibility” to “responsibility” functions as a chain of implicatures triggered by what is selected and left unsaid: stressing “method,” “languages,” and the visual invites the audience to infer a non-neutral politics of perception without stating a manifesto, and the “implicatura figurativa” is precisely the rationally retrievable suggestion that aesthetic discernment transfers to moral and political discernment (learning to read forms becomes learning to read masks). Read through Ragghianti, by contrast, the point is not primarily that an audience infers extra propositions under conversational norms, but that artworks and spectacles are themselves organized symbol-systems whose meaning is grasped by a trained perceptual intelligence attuned to medium, composition, and historical function; where Grice theorizes how reason governs what is meant in a talk-exchange, Ragghianti exemplifies how reason governs what can be seen as meaningful at all, and the two converge in the passage insofar as “seeing” becomes a public, shareable standard of justification—Grice via inferential accountability in conversation, Ragghianti via methodological accountability in criticism—yet diverge on the locus of explanation: conversational inference from utterances versus interpretive formation of perception within and across visual languages. Quando frequenta la terza classe del liceo a Firenze, conosce Montale, che gli fa scoprire e leggere le opere di Joyce. Successivamente, nell'ambiente della Scuola Normale e dell'Università di Pisa, si dedica alla storia dell'arte sotto la guida di Marangoni, protagonista del metodo figurativo puro della critica d'arte. La sua formazione estetica è segnata dall'incontro con il pensiero di Bergson e di CROCE  e dalla conoscenza della teoria della pura visibilità; in seguito approfondisce le idee di Fiedler, Riegl e Schlosser. La sua tesi di laurea sui Carracci contiene importanti spunti teoretici, tanto da suscitare l'attenzione di Croce, che ne pubblica un estratto sulla rivista "La Critica". Il suo studio su Vasari è presentato all'Accademia dei Lincei da Gentile. I saggi sul cinema e sullo spettacolo come forme dell'arte figurativa, Cinematografo e teatro e Cinematografo rigoroso, lo pongono tra i primi studiosi a occuparsi in tal senso dell'argomento; sulla base di una distinzione tra i linguaggi, questi contributi fondano una critica dello spettacolo rivolta prevalentemente ai suoi aspetti visivi, ricercandone anche i precedenti storici. R. fonda – insieme a Bandinelli, e grazie all'interessamento di Gentile – la rivista "Critica d'Arte", alla cui direzione collaborerà per poco anche Longhi: è la più significativa rivista del periodo, che intende promuovere un rinnovamento estetico e metodologico degli studi storico-artistici. Conosce Collobi, allora a Roma con una borsa triennale di perfezionamento all'Istituto di Archeologia e Storia dell'arte. I due si sposeranno a Firenze. L'impegno politico Fervente antifascista fin dai banchi del liceo, grazie anche agli studi che lo portano a viaggiare molto nel Paese, R. assume un ruolo importante nel ritessere i collegamenti tra i nuclei dell'opposizione liberale, democratica e socialista. Stabilisce infatti relazioni politiche con Ugo La Malfa, con Ferruccio Parri e con gli ambienti torinesi gobettiani e di "Giustizia e Libertà" (movimento al quale egli stesso si richiama).  Grice: Ragghianti, proprio ieri ho avuto uno scambio rapidissimo con Speranza: lui sostiene che a Lucca l’estetica non nasce davanti a un quadro, ma davanti a un metodo—e che lei è uno che, se vede Montale, finisce per leggere Joyce, e se legge Joyce, finisce per guardare i Carracci con l’aria di chi ha appena scoperto un trucco. Ragghianti: È un trucco serio. Marangoni mi ha insegnato che la critica d’arte non è chiacchiera colta, ma “figurazione” presa sul serio: pura visibilità, e disciplina dell’occhio. Se poi ci metti Bergson e Croce, ti viene voglia di chiedere alla forma perché fa quello che fa. Grice: Speranza e io ci domandavamo perché lei, invece di fermarsi alla storia dell’arte, abbia avuto bisogno di passare per cinema e spettacolo, e addirittura di fondare una rivista come Critica d’Arte. E mi è venuto da pensare che quando uno distingue tra linguaggi e insiste sul visivo, sta dicendo (senza farne un manifesto) che il “vedere” non è una facoltà neutra: è già un modo di pensare, e quindi anche un modo di fare politica. Non a caso, se uno impara presto a leggere le forme, poi impara anche a leggere le maschere—e un antifascista “fervente” nasce spesso così: prima dalla scuola dell’occhio, poi dalla scuola del coraggio. Ragghianti: Implicatura figurativa, la sua, come Speranza dovrebbe chiamarla. Perché lei ha colto il passaggio decisivo: dal quadro alla scena, dalla visibilità alla responsabilità. Il cinema e il teatro non sono “aggiunte moderne”: sono la prova che l’arte figurativa ha più luoghi di quanto la storia dell’arte ammetta. E quando uno fonda una rivista, in fondo, sta facendo la stessa cosa che fa con un Carracci: mette ordine nel visibile, e spera che quell’ordine, una volta visto, diventi anche un criterio per vivere. Ragghianti, Carlo Ludovico (1938). Arte, esperienza, società. Firenze: Sansoni.

Giovan Battista Raimondi (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura del gatto persiano, la filosofia campanese e la filosofia italiana. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats communication as a rational cooperative enterprise in which hearers infer what is meant (implicated) from what is said plus shared norms (e.g., relevance, sufficiency, truthfulness, clarity), so that “extra” meaning is explainable as a calculable, cancellable product of practical reason rather than as an occult property of words; placed against this, Raimondi is not a pragmatics theorist but an early-modern polymath whose work (as director of the Typographia Medicea, producer of Arabic and Syriac materials, and editor/translator of major scientific texts such as an Arabic Euclid and Avicenna, alongside learned commentaries in the mathematical tradition) foregrounds a different axis of “reason in language,” namely the infrastructural and philological conditions under which meaning can be transmitted across scripts, languages, and scholarly communities. In the “Persian cat” passage, the contrast can be sharpened by reading the cat as a figure for the disciplined tact and patience demanded by cross-linguistic uptake: for Grice, “Persian” becomes a cue for implicatures about difficulty, indocility, and the limits of purely instrumental attitudes to learning, but the explanatory mechanism remains the same—how an audience, assuming rational cooperation, reconstructs what is being suggested by the choice of image and by the joking allusions to Austin’s “useless”; for Raimondi, by contrast, the real achievement is less the inference of implicatures than the building of stable channels where inference is even possible at scale—typefaces, grammars, editions, and multilingual corpora that allow distant audiences to converge on intended content. Thus, Grice supplies a micro-theory of how reasons govern meaning in each conversational exchange, while Raimondi exemplifies a macro-history of how reason organizes the material, institutional, and linguistic preconditions of exchange, and the passage’s joke about the “Persian cat” can be taken as the meeting point: Gricean pragmatics explains how the joke works here and now, whereas a Raimondian lens explains why “Persian,” “Arabic,” and “Oriental” are not just topics but hard-won media of transmission whose success depends on more than utility—on the long patience of making meanings portable. Insegna a Roma. Contribusce alla rinascita dell’idealismo contro il Lizio che domina la filosofia. Pubblica la Data di Euclide. Le coniche di Apollonio di Perga. Autore di molti commentari, specialmente su alcuni libri della Synagoge, nota anche come Collectiones mathematicae, di Pappo d’Alessandria e sui trattati di Archimede. Membro dell'accademia fondata da Aldobrandini, nipote di Clemente. -- è celebre soprattutto per essere stato il primo direttore scientifico della Stamperia orientale medicea, o Typographia Medicea linguarum externarum, fondata a Roma da Ferdinando de' Medici. L'attività principale svolta dalla stamperia e, con l'appoggio di Gregorio, la pubblicazione di saggi nelle per favorire la diffusione delle missioni cattoliche in Oriente. Forma un gruppo di ricerca costituito da Vecchietti,  inviato pontificio ad Alessandria d'Egitto e in Persia, dal fratello Gerolamo, da Orsino di Costantinopoli, neo-fita ebreo convertito, e di Terracina. In un periodo in cui Roma intrattene buone relazioni diplomatiche con la dinastia Safavide, al potere in Persia  essi riuscirono a recuperare diversi manoscritti della bibbia in lingue orientali – “which were fun” – Grice. Sono portati a Roma più di una ventina di testi biblici ebraici e giudeo-persiani, tra cui i libri del Pentateuco, tra i pochi sopravvissuti ai giorni nostri.  La tipografia si trasfere a Firenze, in conseguenza dell'elezione di Ferdinando a duca di Toscana. E avviata la stampa delle opere. Sono pubblicate dapprima una grammatica filosofica ebraica e una grammatica filosofica caldea. Seguirono: una edizione arabo dei vangeli, di cui furono tirate MMM copie; un compendio del Libro di Ruggero di al-Idrisi;  Il canone della medicina di Avicenna. Grice: “I tried to study Persian once, but J. L. Austin said that it was useless!” –il gatto persiano.  Grice: Raimondi, vengo da un incontro recentissimo con Speranza: non so come faccia, ma riesce a parlare di tipografie orientali e, nello stesso respiro, a chiedermi se ho nutrito il gatto. Dice che la filosofia, senza un animale in casa, diventa subito “il Lizio” — e lui non la perdona. Raimondi: A Napoli l’idealismo lo si fa risorgere anche così: con Euclide sul tavolo, Apollonio di Perga sul comodino, e un gatto che ti ricorda che la “sostanza” sa sempre dove dormire. E poi Roma, con la Stamperia Medicea, era un’officina vera: lingue esterne, grammatiche, manoscritti recuperati… tutto molto serio, finché non entra in scena il persiano. Grice: Speranza e io, uscendo, ci siamo trovati d’accordo su una cosa che lei capirà al volo: “gatto persiano” non è solo un dettaglio zoologico. A Vadum Boum io e Speranza abbiamo sempre avuto una debolezza per i gatti — e infatti, quando uno mi dice “persiano”, mi viene in mente subito l’idea che la lingua sia come un felino: non la impari per decreto, la corteggi, e lei decide se farsi avvicinare. Austin mi diceva che studiare persiano era “inutile”; io sospetto che intendesse “indocile”. E il bello è che il gatto persiano, mentre tutti trafficano con missioni e grammatiche caldee, resta lì come promemoria silenzioso: l’Oriente lo puoi stampare quanto vuoi, ma prima devi riuscire a farti ascoltare — senza graffiarti. Raimondi: Implicatura persua la vostra, come Speranza la chiamerebbe — e per non farla lunga direi “vostra” e basta, così il gatto non si offende per la grammatica. Mi piace perché fa dialogare tre cose che a Roma sembravano già separate: la dottrina (Euclide e le coniche), la macchina (la tipografia che moltiplica copie), e l’animale (che non si moltiplica se non quando vuole). E sì: il persiano, come il persiano, si studia solo se accetti che non è un esercizio di utilità, ma di pazienza e di buon tatto. Speranza, con la sua sensibilità felina, direbbe che è l’unico metodo davvero “orientale” che Oxford abbia mai imparato. Raimondi, Giovan Battista (1858). Storia della filosofia antica. Milano: Vallardi.

Giulio Raio (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’ermeneutica dell’io e del tu, la filosofia campanese, e la filosofia italiana. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how what a speaker means can outrun what the words strictly say because hearers rationally infer additional content (conversational implicatures) by assuming cooperative, purposive talk governed by norms such as relevance, adequate information, truthfulness, and clarity; on this picture, meaning-in-interaction is not mystical but accountable to reasons and reconstructible as an inference from an utterance plus shared assumptions about the point of the exchange. Raio, by contrast, approaches language through an explicitly hermeneutic and symbolic framework shaped by Kant and especially Cassirer: the self is not a sealed Cartesian point but is constituted and shifted through symbolically mediated relations between “I” and “you,” so that understanding is not merely decoding an intention but interpreting how symbols institute intersubjective space and even transform who the participants are. Read through Grice, the “we help” sequence in your passage illustrates how grammar and pronoun choice triggers stable patterns of implicature (a plural subject tends to suggest joint agency; “each other” suggests reciprocity), with the resulting social-ethical overtones treated as rationally derivable, cancellable, and sensitive to context; read through Raio, the same sequence is less an implicature-calculation than an event in which a “we” emerges as a symbolic form irreducible to the sum of “I” and “you,” making reciprocity not an optional add-on but a condition for the very intelligibility of that “we.” The comparison, then, is that Grice models conversational meaning as a reason-based inferential achievement that supplements semantics via principles of cooperative rationality, while Raio treats conversational reason as inseparable from an interpretive, symbol-forming process in which meaning is tied to the shifting hermeneutic constitution of self and other. Grice: “When I cited from Ogden and Richards’s The Meaning and meaning, I purposively avoided the subtitle: a study in the science of symbolism!” Insegna a Napoli. Si occupa in particolare dell'ermeneutica. Saggi: Antinomia e allegoria; Il carattere di chiave, Ermeneutica del simbolo; Il simbolismo tedesco. Kant Cassirer Szondi, Conoscenza, concetto, cultura; Meta-fisica delle forme simboliche; L'io, il tu e l'es: saggio sulla meta-fisica delle forme simboliche, Studi filosofici.  ermeneutica dell’io e del tu, Szondi, simbolo. Grice: Raio, dopo aver parlato con Speranza — che insiste a trattarmi da pari e poi, con la stessa naturalezza, pretende che io tratti lui da pari — mi è rimasta in testa quella sua fissazione napoletana per “io” e “tu”. Dice che a Bologna insegnano il linguaggio, ma lui continua testardamente a chiamarla filosofia della lingua: come se l’“io” dovesse avere per forza un accento locale. Raio: A Napoli l’“io” non sta mai in pace se non incontra un “tu”. L’ermeneutica serve proprio a questo: non a fare psicologia, ma a capire come il simbolo sposti l’identità da una testa all’altra. E quando ci metti Kant, Cassirer, Szondi, scopri che il “tu” non è un complemento: è un evento. Grice: Speranza e io ci siamo messi a rigirare una cosa che sembra banale finché non provi a dirla bene: “noi”. Perché “we agree” non è semplicemente “io agree” più “tu agree” messi in fila, come due firme in calce. E lo stesso con il nostro verbo preferito, aiutare — o “help”, come diciamo a Vadum Boum: “I help and you help” può voler dire che ognuno fa il suo, separatamente, magari su due problemi diversi. “We help”, invece, sembra già una cosa terza: un’azione con un solo ritmo, come se il soggetto non fosse la somma, ma un piccolo organismo. E quando dici “we help each other”, allora non stai aggiungendo una cortesia: stai dicendo che senza reciprocità non era nemmeno quel “we” di prima. Raio: Implicatura “aiutante”, la sua — o, se Speranza osa davvero, “extra‑aiutante”, anzi “extra‑aiuta”. Perché lei non sta dicendo soltanto che due persone fanno due gesti di assistenza: sta mostrando che “noi” cambia il tipo di gesto. “Io aiuto” e “tu aiuti” è aritmetica; “noi aiutiamo” è già grammatica sociale; e “ci aiutiamo” è un’altra cosa ancora, perché lì il soggetto e l’oggetto si scambiano senza che la frase cada a terra. In fondo è il suo modo preferito di mettere l’etica dentro la sintassi senza farla sembrare moraleggiante: non “siate buoni”, ma “guardate che cosa state già facendo quando parlate al plurale”. E Speranza, che finge di detestare le etichette ma poi vive di queste finezze, alla fine concederà che “aiuta” è la parola giusta: piccola, quotidiana, e abbastanza seria da reggere un noi. Raio, Giulio (1923). Il problema dell’essere. Roma: Edizioni Scientifiche.

Felice Ramorino (Roma, Lazio): la filosofia della lingua, la filosofia del linguaggio, e la filosofia italiana. Ramorino’s philosophy of language starts from the older semiotic and anthropological puzzle of how thought can be expressed in an arbitrary material sound and yet be so entwined with inner “meditation” that thinking is hardly possible without some articulated linguistic medium; language for him is at once a system of signs and a human, quasi-natural fact that connects the natural sciences, psychology of cognition, and logic, and he frames the core problems as the genesis of signification, the differentiation of languages despite a shared “cogitative nature,” and the structuring principles by which terms carve up beings, actions, agents, and relations. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning relocates the central explanatory burden from the sign system as such to the rational practices of interlocutors in a talk-exchange: what a speaker means is not exhausted by conventional signification but is partly inferred as conversational implicature under the assumption of cooperative, purposive interaction guided by norms (maxims) of quantity, quality, relation, and manner, so that the connection between what is said and what is meant is systematically calculable, cancellable, and context-sensitive rather than merely semiotic. In the staged “linguaticum” exchange, Ramorino’s sensibility appears in the insistence that the language itself, as a living system with constraints, can “refuse” certain metalinguistic formations, whereas a Gricean reading treats the episode primarily as a display of how metalinguistic joking, category-shifts, and floutings of relevance generate implicatures about scholarly pretension, etymological hygiene, and what counts as an acceptable philosophical term; the contrast is thus that Ramorino foregrounds the ontology and natural-historical status of language as a sign system embedded in human nature, while Grice foregrounds the rational, normative architecture by which conversational agents use whatever sign system they have to make meanings accountable to reasons in interaction. LA LINGUA. Chi rivolga anche un rapido sguardo alla storia della filosofia, non tarda ad accorgersi, che una delle questioni, le quali più vivamente preoccuparono la mente dei pensatori antichi e moderni, è quella che concerne la lingua come SISTEMA di SEGNI SIGNI-ficativi delle idee. E veramente è questione assai complicata e difficile: come mai il PENSIERO dell’uomo trova la sua ESPRESSIONE in un suono MATERIALE che non ha con esso alcuna palese connessione? e non solo vi trova la sua ESPRESSIONE, ma quasi non è esso stesso possibile senza la lingua – “a fact that preoccupied philosophers of yore” – Grice --? conciossiachè sia noto ad ognuno, che ogni MEDIAZIONE, quasi soli-LOQUIO interno, non può mai del tutto -- Dirà taluno: che cos’ha a fare questa trattazione della lingua collo scopo generale del lavoro, che è di far vedere i punti di contatto fra le scienze naturali e la filosofia? Rispondiamo che la filosofia della lingua, sebbene ha un largo fondamento storico, tuttavia in quanto viene a chiarire la natura intima della lingu, che è un fatto umano, fa parte delle scienze naturali. Poi, siccome il pensiero umano è la base della lingua, cosi la filosofia della lingua si lega anche intimamente colla logica; e il trattarne qui serve a far vedere come possa la filosofia avvantaggiarsi dei risultati delle scienze speciali. svincolarsi dai ceppi della PAROLA –greco PARABOLA-- ARTICOLATA. E come avviene, che, essendo unica la natura cogitativa, cosi diversi riescono le lingue? E in che modo lo spirito dell’uomo ha saputo distinguere coi termini della lingua i modi di essere e i modi di operare, e gl’enti e gl’agenti, e i loro rapporti rispettivi ? Quali saranno stati i principii di un così ben fatto tessuto di parole e proposizioni e periodi? Ecco un fascicolo di problemi, tutti di una grande importanza pel filosofo. lingua, linguaggio, Grice, pirotese, pirot, deutero-Esperanto. lingua, linguaggio.  Grice: Dopo il mio incontro con Speranza — che si ostina a chiamarsi “filosofo” con la stessa naturalezza con cui lo faccio io — torno sempre con quella che, a Bologna, lui chiama la domanda chiave della filosofia del linguaggio. Anzi: lui la chiama sempre filosofia della lingua, e appena sente “linguaticum” gli viene un tic, come se avesse visto una “y” in pieno latino. Ramorino: E fa bene ad avere il tic. Perché qui la lingua non è un feticcio: è un sistema di segni, sì, ma anche un fatto umano, e dunque un fatto “naturale”. La domanda vera è come il pensiero finisca a farsi suono senza assomigliargli per niente — e come poi si pretenda pure che quel suono diventi logica, diritto, scienza, e magari anche poesia. Grice: Speranza e io — dopo quel suo tic — siamo rimasti un attimo a contemplare la parola “linguaticum” come si contempla un animale mitologico. È forse la parola latina più impossibile dal punto di vista linguistico: sembra latina, ma suona come se il latino stesso avesse bisogno di una spiegazione a margine. E poi il bello è che, se uno ci costruisce sopra “linguaggio” e ci infila la distinzione tra lingua e linguaggio, pare quasi che la difficoltà stia nel concetto, non nella parola. Come se i filosofi, per parlare di ciò che tutti usiamo ogni giorno, dovessero inventare un latinismo che nessun romano avrebbe osato ordinare al bar. Ramorino: Implicatura impossibilmente linguistica, la sua, come Speranza osserva con precisione. Perché il punto è proprio questo: in italiano magari ti lasciano dire “linguaticum” (non tutti, ma qualcuno sì), finché resta un reperto da vetrina. Appena però vuoi farne un avverbio — “linguaticum-mente” — ti esplode in mano: non hai un aggettivo che lo regga senza diventare caricatura. E allora Speranza dovrebbe concedere che questa è un’implicatura linguaticum-mente impossibile: non perché l’idea non si capisca, ma perché la lingua stessa — quella vera — si rifiuta di firmare la ricevuta. Quanto all’etimologia, per sicurezza meglio ricordare l’alternativa sobria: lingua (la “lingua” come organo e come sistema) e poi linguaggio come derivato moderno e metalinguistico — senza costringere il latino a produrre, sotto minaccia, un “linguaticum” che non voleva nascere. Ramorino, Felice (1902). Il pensiero filosofico italiano. Genova: Ramorino.

Cesare Ranzoli (Mantova, Lombardia): “going through the dictionary” -- “Non il Little Oxford Dictionary, come volleva Austin, ma il Ranzoli! la scuola di Roma, e la filosofia italiana. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats “going through the dictionary” as, at best, a preliminary check on conventional word-meaning, while the real explanatory work is done by rational principles governing talk-exchanges: interlocutors assume cooperative purpose, exploit shared expectations (about relevance, informativeness, clarity, etc.), and thereby generate implicatures that are not in the lexicon but are nonetheless recoverable as what the speaker meant. Ranzoli, by contrast, embodies the philological-historical impulse to discipline philosophical discourse by organizing it: his Dizionario di scienze filosofiche (Hoepli; first ed. 1905) aims to be school-neutral, multilingual in its equivalences, and bibliographically directive, treating philosophical vocabulary as a mapped terrain whose paths can be stabilized by careful definition, cross-language alignment, and curated references; on that model, philosophical clarity is advanced by lexical hygiene and conceptual cartography. The comparison is thus a difference of explanatory level: Ranzoli’s lexicography works “from below,” codifying and harmonizing term-meanings so that philosophical conversation has better materials to work with, whereas Grice works “from above,” explaining how even perfectly ordinary, dictionary-certified sentences routinely mean more (or other) than they say because conversational reason supplies defeasible inferences sensitive to context and speaker intention. Where Ranzoli can plausibly say that definitions “suggest more than they say” (in the sense that an entry opens lines of inquiry via synonyms, contrasts, and reading trails), Grice’s point is sharper: implicature is not a suggestive halo around a definition but a rationally accountable product of cooperative interpretation, cancellable and calculable, arising precisely when what the dictionary gives underdetermines what the speaker is doing in the conversational situation. Grice: “I think I prefer Stefanoni. When Austin commanded us to ‘go through the dictionary’ he never meant the PHILOSOPHICAL dictionary, but that is at which the Italians excel!” DIZIONARIO DI FILOSOFIA MANUALI HOEPLI. Il dizionario di filosofia di R. è stato accolto dal pubblico in modo estremamente lusinghiero. Di ciò attribuisco una minima parte ai pregi dell’opera di R. Il resto, il più, all'essere UNICA del genere IN ITALIA e al promettente risveglio filosofico. Ma, appunto per questo, R. sente più vivo il dovere di ri-esaminarla con la più scrupolosa attenzione, per eliminarne quei difetti e apportarvi quei miglioramenti, che la rendessero meglio adatta al suo scopo. R. supprime tutti gl’argomenti che non riguardano davvicino la filosofia o le sue parti. R. Mette accanto ad ogni vocabolo il corrispondente gallico – o ‘francese’, tedesco, ed inglese, talvolta anche LATINO e greco. R. pone in fine alla maggior parte delle voci le opportune indicazioni bibliografiche. R. Aggiunge gran numero di termini, sia nuovi sia previamente dimenticati, e da più ampio svolgimento a quelli che lui pare richiederlo. Che in tal modo essa raggiunge il suo assetto definitivo, sono ben lungi dal pensarlo. Un dizionario come questo di R., specie se lavoro di uno solo, ha il poco invidiabile privilegio di non essere mai compiute. Mende, sproporzioni, ripetizioni, lacune sone inevitabili. Bisogna accontentarsi di ridurle via via al minor numero possibile, Il dizionaro di R. s’ispira ai varii criteri. Tenersi al di sopra e al di fuori d’ogni pre-concetto di scuola, presentando obbiettivamente le questioni e le idee che ai vocaboli sono legate e i vari atteggiamenti da esse assunti nella storia della filosofia. Sapere riuscire chiaro ed accessibile ad ogni media cultura, senza falsare per questo i problemi e ridurre al semplice ciò che di natura e di origine è complesso. implicatura, lessicologia filosofica.  Grice: Caro Ranzoli, devo confessarlo: prima di attaccare a fondo un concetto filosofico, ho il mio rituale. "Passo sempre per il dizionario" – ci tengo però a precisare che parlo del tuo, non certo del Little Oxford! Il Dizionario di Filosofia Ranzoli è ormai per me una tappa obbligata: c’è sempre qualcosa che illumina, che fa riflettere, che sorprende. Ranzoli: Che piacere sentire queste parole, caro Grice. Ho sempre pensato che un buon dizionario non debba solo definire, ma anche suggerire domande, aprire prospettive. E mi rincuora vedere che il mio lavoro sia utile a chi, come te, affronta la filosofia con spirito critico e curiosità autentica. Grice: Ecco, proprio questo apprezzo: la tua opera fugge dai preconcetti di scuola, non si incastra in nessuna ortodossia. Si sente che dietro ogni voce c’è un tentativo di restituire la ricchezza delle posizioni, e al tempo stesso di restare chiaro, accessibile, mai banale. È quasi una conversazione in sé, parola per parola. Ranzoli: La conversazione, appunto, è la chiave! Un dizionario filosofico, per come lo intendo, non vuole chiudere il significato, ma invitare chi legge a continuare il dialogo. Dopotutto, anche le definizioni sono implicature: suggeriscono più di quanto dicano. E grazie a lettori come te, so che il mio lavoro resta sempre "aperto". Ranzoli, Cesare (1900). La filosofia di Virgilio. Torino: Loescher.

Francesco Martino Ravelli (Milano, Lombardia): la memoria, la ragione conversazionale, e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a controlled, intention-based inference licensed by cooperative norms, so that what is meant beyond what is said is recoverable because rational interlocutors assume relevance, sufficiency of information, and candor; Ravelli, by contrast, comes from the ars memoriae tradition (as in his Ars memoriae), where memory is an art of constructing and navigating cognitive “places” using signs, notae, and learned techniques that organize thought prior to and beneath any ordinary exchange, so that meaning is produced by disciplined internal workmanship as much as by public conversational reciprocity. Put side by side, Grice makes conversational reason a social logic: implicature arises because speakers purposely exploit shared expectations and hearers responsibly reconstruct those purposes; Ravelli makes reason a mnemonic-technical architecture: the “location” of memory is literalized as a method of storing and retrieving content through semiotic and rhetorical devices, so that what is “implied” is what the trained mind can extract from a crafted system of signs and placements. The overlap is that both treat the extra as systematic rather than mystical—Grice by calculability from maxims and intentions, Ravelli by rules of artificial memory and rhetorical encoding—but they diverge on where governance primarily sits: for Grice in the norms of cooperative talk that make inferences answerable to others, for Ravelli in the internal design of mnemonic structures that make cognition reliable even before (and sometimes despite) the contingencies of conversation, a contrast that neatly frames Grice’s Locke-and-Reid worries about memory-based personal identity as depending on whether memory is merely a fallible psychological link in conversation or a deliberately engineered mechanism of retention and retrieval. Grice: “When I wrote my ‘Personal identity’ relying on memory, on Locke and Reid on memory, I had no memory that the Italians had superseded Locke so long ago!” Keywords: memoria, memory, personal identity, the location of memory – I am not hearing a noise – someone is not hearing a noise, something is not hearing a noise – Grice: “Can I have evidence that someone – say, a canary – is NOT hearing a noise, if the cat is NEXT to him and he never noticed?!” HACTENVS ab EIVS PRIMO AVTORE, HVIVSCE iecundo qmde m mcognitd, ita obfcureliudio tradita, vtiegerehedum ffi lN.lN INCLYTA Academia HeidelbergenfiltaKcs &Gallic liflguaeinforniatorcm. TRANCOFViri Hoffmanni, fum titfc bus Ioann TheodoncidcBry, i»»#>f.DC. XKl/o LLC. AMPLISSJMIS VIrisquecIari(fimis, Dominis Profcflbribus, ac Heidelbergenfis Aeademia: Mc- i coenatibus &Patronis fuisobferuaa- di/fimis, Vrn admeperuene- rit arsmemoru arttficialisperltalum Mthi tradita^uitantum ei tnbuk, vt quodmagnt mu- neris loco mthiofferret, hac ipfaarte mhilpotius aut an- Uquius haberet( cmufrcifi* dem mihi alti cmoque Ittera^ 2 rum Epistola. rum ftudtofifecerunt,quili- belli huius c&pia fibi fatta, ed maximee refitafore iudica- runt.) conicfluraaffqutpo- tuifitentiani baric fitn publicum prodirei, iuueniuti, iri cuius tnjlituiione iotius rei- publics. cardineverfaripru- dentes (emper fenfirunt singulart munufeulu offerre fed vt aliqua expartegratterganjos antmi ftgnumextaretycjua fi- ducia fretns vos idipjumfe* rena fronte accepturosnuU Ihs debito: Deum rogans, vt vos omncs et ftngulos diu 4 3 (ojjn* £ Ep I S T* DeDIC«. fofbites^ tncolumescanfer- uet> quo @f meafotiHSfy hu- tus Academufalus ac pra- Jperitas humerunec iniuria macremfapi- implicatura, memoria, alphabetum, segno, vocabolo, nota, studio, mens, animus, dialectica, filosofia, grammatica, rettorica, artificio retorico, imitazione.  Grice: Ravelli, a Milano avete questa cosa meravigliosa: la memoria non è una facoltà, è un indirizzo. Ieri, di sfuggita, lo dicevo al collega filosofo Speranza: sostiene che voi riuscite perfino a far sembrare Locke un po’ provinciale, senza alzare la voce. Ravelli: È che qui la memoria la trattiamo come un luogo di lavoro: tra segno, vocabolo, nota, e quell’arte di ricordare che sembra sempre a metà tra grammatica e trucco. E poi, diciamolo: l’identità personale è una questione troppo seria per lasciarla solo ai ricordi “spontanei”. Grice: Speranza e io ci stavamo chiedendo una cosa che mi fa ridere e poi mi mette in imbarazzo: io ho costruito la mia analisi dell’“io” (e del “noi”, cioè io con Speranza dentro) sulla memoria, alla maniera di Locke e contro Reid… e adesso non ho più memoria di che cosa, di preciso, mi abbia spinto verso Locke la prima volta. Insomma: difendo l’io come catena di ricordi, ma ho perso l’anello iniziale della catena—quello che mi ha fatto dire “questa è la catena giusta”. Ravelli: Implicatura mnemonica sta facendo, Grice—e sono sicuro che Speranza sarebbe d’accordo. Perché la sua non è una resa, è una prova pratica: la teoria della memoria funziona anche quando inciampa, visto che l’inciampo lo riconosciamo proprio come inciampo di memoria. E il paradosso è milanese quanto basta: l’identità regge finché sappiamo di aver dimenticato qualcosa, non finché ricordiamo tutto. Ravelli, Francesco Martino (1617). Ars memoriae hactenus ab ejus primo-autore, hujusce secundo quidem incognito. Francofurti: Hoffmann, sumptibus Ioann. Theodorici de Bry.

Alfonso Maria Del Re (Calitri, Avelino, Campania): ragione conversazionale ed implicatura conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning makes implicature a principled, intention-based inference: what a speaker means can outrun what the sentence literally says because rational interlocutors treat talk as a cooperative activity and exploit shared norms (relevance, informativeness, perspicuity) to recover the intended extra content; Del Re, by contrast, as a Calitri-born logician-mathematician whose work ranges across algebra of logic, geometry of transformations, and high-dimensional mechanics (and whose earliest known publication is the short 1881 note Relazione tra due determinanti), can be cast as approaching “ragione conversazionale” through structural invariants rather than maxims, treating understanding as something like seeing depth in projection—where different “descriptions” may coincide in surface form yet diverge in underlying structure, much as an n-dimensional configuration can share a projection with a non-equivalent one. In the staged exchange you give, Grice teases Del Re for sliding from conversation to Kant/Strawson, stereoscopy, and postulates; Del Re’s reply effectively redescribes implicature as a kind of stereoscopic depth-of-field: the point is not decorative suggestiveness but recoverable structure that appears only when one changes perspective, tests invariances, and refuses to trust the first profile. The comparison, then, is that both treat conversational understanding as rationally constrained, but Grice locates the constraint in pragmatic norms plus reflexive intention-recognition (a social-rational mechanism that yields calculable implicatures), whereas Del Re’s imagined contribution locates it in a quasi-geometric conception of form—conversation as a domain in which meaning is preserved or altered under “transformations” of viewpoint, so that implicature is what the rational hearer reconstructs when the overt linguistic “projection” underdetermines the deeper configuration. Si trasfere a Napoli e vi compì gli studi superiori. Si laurea a Napoli dove inizia anche la sua carriera accademica e nominato professore a Roma. Passa pella stessa cattedra a Modena e Reggio Emilia, e richiamato da Napoli per insegnare, anche alla scuola militare. Autore di più di un centinaio di saggi di logica, la maggior parte in forma di pamphlet. Proto-notari antologia. Omografie che mutano in se stessa una certa curva gobba del quarto ordine e seconda specie e correlazioni che la mutano nella sviluppabile dei suoi piani osculatori. Sulla struttura geometrica dello spazio di KANT e STRAWSON in relazione al modo di percepire i fatti naturali, Modena, lezioni del algebra della logica, lezioni sulle forme fondamentali dello spazio di KANT e STRAWSON rigato, sulla dottrina degli numeri immaginari e sui metodi di rappresentazione nella geometria descrittiva, sulla indipendenza dei postulati della logica, accademia di lettere, scienze ed arti di Napoli, La logica ha un carattere universalmente unitario? Sulla visione stereoscopica e sulla stereo fotogrammetria, Sulle posizioni di equilibrio dei corpi solidi ad n dimensioni soggetti ad un sistema astatico di forze, Le equazioni generali pella dinamica dei corpi rigidi ad n dimensioni ed a curvatura costante nell'analisi, ricerche di astatica per gli spazi ad n dimensioni, Sopra gl'integrali delle equazioni della dinamica dei corpi rigidi negli spazi ad n dimensioni ed a curvatura costante, sopra le formule fondamentali pella rappresentazione di omografie fra forme estensive, formule fondamentali per trasformare con omografie estensive formazioni d'ordine qualunque, Hamiltoniani e gradienti di formazioni estensive nell'analisi, Roma, Hamiltoniani e gradienti rispetto a formazioni non interamente libere, gl’hamiltoniani ed i gradienti del prodotto di funzioni estensive, implicatura.  Grice: De Re, lei è uno di quei campani che riescono a far passare la logica per geometria e la geometria per conversazione, senza che nessuno osi interromperla. Ieri, di sfuggita, lo dicevo al collega filosofo Speranza: sostiene che quando sente “omografie” gli viene voglia di rispondere con un gesto, perché le parole non bastano più. De Re: Speranza ha istinto di sopravvivenza. Io però ho sempre pensato che certi concetti si capiscano solo se li fai muovere: curve gobbe, piani osculatori, n dimensioni… sono modi per educare l’occhio a non fidarsi del primo profilo. E poi, tra Napoli, Roma e Modena, uno impara che anche la logica, come l’esercito, ha le sue manovre. Grice: Speranza e io ci domandavamo proprio questo: come mai, quando si parla di “ragione conversazionale”, lei finisce a parlare di KANT e STRAWSON e subito dopo di fotogrammetria stereoscopica e di postulati indipendenti. E mi è venuta un’idea molto semplice: che quando uno insiste su “struttura”, “forme fondamentali” e “unità” (universalmente unitaria, addirittura), sta facendo capire che la conversazione—anche quella più ordinaria—ha bisogno di un’architettura nascosta, come la visione stereoscopica ha bisogno di due occhi. Se ne chiudi uno, ti resta una bella superficie; ma perdi la profondità, e poi ti stupisci che l’implicatura “non venga fuori”. De Re: Implicatura stereoscopica, la sua, come Speranza la classificherebbe. Perché lei ha colto il punto con un’immagine che non fa paura: l’implicatura è profondità di campo, non decorazione. E infatti il mio vezzo per omografie, hamiltoniani e spazi ad n dimensioni non è un culto dell’astratto: è un allenamento a riconoscere quando due descrizioni sembrano uguali “in proiezione” ma non lo sono nella struttura. In conversazione accade lo stesso: a parole pare tutto piatto, poi cambi prospettiva—e si vede il resto. Re, Alfonso Maria Del (1881). Relazione tra due determinanti, Giornale di Matematiche, Battaglini.

Giovanni Reale (Candia Lomellina, Pavia, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale del capretto di Kant, erote demone mediatore, o del gioco delle maschere nel convito. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats conversation as a cooperative, publicly accountable rational practice in which hearers infer speaker meaning from what is said plus principled expectations (purpose of the talk-exchange, maxims, and recognizable intentions), so implicature is a calculable bridge from utterance to intended message; Reale, by contrast, reads the philosophical tradition itself (especially Plato’s Academy and its legacy) as an essentially dialogical enterprise whose seriousness is inseparable from its “play” of masks, mediation, and pedagogy, so that what matters is less a quasi-algorithm for deriving extra content from a single turn than the historically cultivated scene of inquiry in which meanings emerge through staged questioning, eros as a mediating force, and the endless, self-renewing work of interpretation that an Academy institutionalizes. In the “capretto di Kant” episode, Reale’s point is that a seemingly incongruous figure inserted into high discourse functions as a pedagogical device within the convivium of ideas, whereas a Gricean diagnosis would treat the same device as a rationally exploitable departure from straightforward relevance or manner that triggers an implicature about how to keep austere reason tethered to ordinary conversational life; the overlap, then, is that both make room for significance that outruns literal assertion, but they diverge on what governs it: for Grice, governance is primarily the micro-normativity of cooperative exchange and intention-recognition that disciplines inference in everyday talk, while for Reale it is the macro-normativity of the philosophical tradition as an ongoing “conversation machine,” where meaning is secured by dialogical form, institutional continuity, and interpretive practice rather than by a general theory of conversational calculation. R. ha la ferma convinzione che l’ACCADEMIA e la più grande associazione o gruppo di gioco filosofico in assoluto comparso sulla terra, e che il compito di chi lo vuole comprendere e fare comprendere agl’altri, pur avvicinandosi sempre di più alla verità, non può mai avere fine. Studia a Casale Monferrato e Milano sotto OLGIATI, insegna a Parma e Milano, e fonda il centro di ricerche di meta-fisica.  La sua tesi di fondo è che la filosofia antica dei romani crea quelle categorie e quel peculiare modo di pensare che hanno consentito la nascita e lo sviluppo della scienza e della tecnica dell'occidente.  I suoi interessi spaziano lungo tutto l'arco della filosofia romana antica e i suoi contributi di maggior rilievo hanno toccato via via APPIO, CICERONE, ANTONINO, Aristotele, Platone, Plotino, Socrate e Agostino. Studia ognuno di questi filosofi andando, in un certo senso, contro corrente e inaugurandone una lettura nuova.  La ri-lettura che da di Aristotele e del LIZIO in generale – tanto influente a Roma -- contesta l'interpretazione di Jaeger, secondo il quale i saggi del LIZIO seguirebbero positivisticamente un andamento storico-genetico che partirebbe dalla teo-logia, passerebbe per la meta-fisica, per approdare infine alla scienza. Crotone, Velia, Crotonensi, la scuola di Crotone, la scuola di Velia, I veliani, Parmenide, Girgentu – filosofia siciliana – magna Grecia non e Sicilia -- I confine della magna Grecia – filosofia italica, filosofia italiana – la filosofia nella peninsula italiana in eta anticha – filosofia Latina, filosofia romana. Catalogo di Nome di Filosofi Italici, il poema di Parmenide, il poema di Girgentu, il poema di Velia, la porta rossa di Velia, Zenone di Velia, Filolao di Taranto, Gorgia di Lentini, Archita di Taranto, studi degl’antichi italici da I romani, Etruria e Magna Grecia, le radice etrusche della filosofia romana, fisiologia, teoria dela natura, uomo, la moralia, la colloquenza o dialettica.  Grice: Reale, ieri, di sfuggita, lo dicevo al collega filosofo Speranza: lei ha la rara capacità di far sembrare l’Accademia un “gruppo di gioco” infinito, ma con l’aria serissima di chi sta solo apparecchiando il convito. Reale: È serissima, infatti: il gioco delle maschere è la forma civile della ricerca, e l’Accademia è la più grande macchina di conversazione che abbiamo inventato. Se poi ogni tanto ci scappa un capretto, peggio per chi voleva un manuale senza sorprese. Grice: Speranza e io ci stavamo chiedendo perché, fra tutte le bestiole possibili, a Kant tocchi proprio il capretto. E mi è venuta in mente una cosa: quando in mezzo a una discussione “alta” compare un animale domestico, di solito non è zoologia—è un modo di far capire che anche la ragione più austera ha bisogno di essere nutrita, guidata, tenuta al passo, altrimenti scappa nei pascoli delle astrazioni. E in fondo quel capretto funziona come un promemoria: la Critica non vive di sola trascendentalità; deve anche imparare a stare al tavolo, tra demoni mediatori e maschere, senza rovesciare il vino. Reale: Mi congratulo con Speranza e con lei per l’implicatura: direi caprile, se dobbiamo darle un aggettivo, e caprile nel senso migliore—da stalla filosofica ben tenuta, non da barzelletta. Perché il suo capretto non ridicolizza Kant: lo rimette in scena, lo riporta nel convito, dove le idee camminano su quattro zampe e poi, con un po’ di disciplina accademica, imparano anche a stare in piedi. E Speranza, che ama queste deviazioni “animali” proprio perché riportano la filosofia alla conversazione, le concederebbe volentieri che il capretto è una categoria: non della natura, ma della pedagogia della ragione. Reale, Giovanni (1962). Il concetto di filosofia. Milano: Vita e Pensiero.

Arturo Reghini (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale, il numero tri-angolare, il numero quadrato, numero piramidale, e l’implicatura del numero sacro crotonese, e il simbolismo duo-decimale del fascio littorio etrusco. Reghini’s “ragione conversazionale” can be read as an esoteric, Pythagoreanized analogue of Grice’s idea that conversation is governed by reason, but the two notions point in opposite directions: for Grice, reason-governed conversational meaning is anchored in publicly checkable norms of cooperative exchange (what is said plus what is responsibly inferred via maxims and speaker intentions), so “implicature” is a disciplined mechanism for moving from sentence meaning to speaker meaning without invoking hidden metaphysics; for Reghini, by contrast, “implicature” (in the broad, suggestive sense) is closer to symbolic disclosure, where numbers (triangular, square, pyramidal; the sacred Crotoniate number; duodecimal symbolism tied to Etruscan/fascio imagery) function as generative principles whose significance exceeds literal statement and invites initiation-like uptake, a posture consistent with his wider involvement in Italian esoteric milieus (Theosophy, Memphis-type rites, and forms of Freemasonry) and his attempt to revive a “Schola Italica” Pythagoreanism; thus Grice’s skeptical jabs about whether number can “ground a whole philosophy” and about Reghini’s “super-lunary” seriousness capture a methodological clash: Grice’s nominalist-leaning suspicion of reifying abstractions and his preference for ordinary-language constraints versus Reghini’s conviction that number is not merely a name or tool but a reality-ordering key whose meanings are partly irreducible to common conversational clarity, so that where Grice treats implicature as a rationally reconstructible byproduct of cooperative talk, Reghini treats it as the very mode by which symbols (especially numerical ones) say more than they say, binding conversation to a concealed metaphysical architecture rather than keeping it answerable to shared conversational reason. Grice: “It’s difficult to call Reghini a philosopher; yes, he was interested in Pythagoras – but to what extent can, in spite of Russell, number GROUND a whole philosophy?” Grice: “I never took super-lunary as seriously as Reghini does!” Keywords: numero, nominalismo. Studia a Pisa. Insegna a Roma. Promotore della setta di Crotone, è affiliato a vari gruppi dell'esoterismo italiano. Entra nella società teo-sofica e ne fonda la sezione romana. Fonda a Palermo la biblioteca di teo-sofia filo-sofica. È iniziato a Memphis di Palermo, rito massonico di supposta origine egizia. Entra a Firenze nella loggia Lucifero, dipendente dal Grande Oriente. Adere al martinismo papusiano, diretto da SACCHI, verso le carenze della cui maestranza e pubblicistica apporta una demolizione magistrale. È chiamato d’ARMENTANO, che lo avvia allo studio della scuola di Crotone. Entra nel supremo consiglio universale del rito filosofico italiano, dal quale però si dimise, non havendo infatti un'alta opinione dello stato della massoneria in Italia. Insignito del massimo grado del rito scozzese antico e accettato, entra a far parte come membro effettivo del supremo consiglio, di cui è cancelliere e segretario.  Gl’anni della grande guerra vedeno discepoli e maestri della schola italica pitagorica partire volontari per il fronte. Non rimase inerte innanzi al sorgere dell’istanze interventiste. Partecipa attivamente alla manifestazione romana del maggio, culminata in Campidoglio, tesa ad ottenere la dichiarazione di guerra. implicatura, il fascio etrusco, scuola di Crotone, il fascio littorio, simbolismo duodecimale, Cuoco, Etruria, Evola, numero tri-angolare, numero qua-drato, numero pi-ramidale, la logica del numero, il concetto di numero in Frege, Austin.  Grice: Caro Reghini, ho sempre trovato affascinante il tuo interesse per i numeri e il simbolismo pitagorico. Mi domando però: davvero il numero, come quello tri-angolare o piramidale, può essere alla base di una filosofia? Non rischiamo di volare troppo sul “super-lunare”, come dicevo ironicamente?  Reghini: Gentile Grice, il fascino dei numeri non risiede solo nella matematica, ma nella loro capacità di svelare un ordine nascosto, quasi sacro, che struttura la realtà. Per la tradizione italica, specialmente quella della scuola di Crotone, il numero non è mero strumento: è principio generativo e simbolico. Il duodecimale del fascio etrusco, ad esempio, rappresenta un legame tra civiltà e mistero.  Grice: Capisco il richiamo all’ordine simbolico, e forse c’è più profondità di quanto Russell avrebbe concesso. Ma non temi che, affidandosi troppo al simbolismo, la filosofia perda il contatto con il linguaggio comune, con la chiarezza della conversazione? In fondo, la ragione conversazionale cerca proprio di evitare le nebbie del mistero...  Reghini: È vero, caro amico, ma è proprio nel dialogo tra mistero e chiarezza che la filosofia fiorisce. La conversazione, come insegni tu, è fatta di implicature; e il numero, come il simbolo, suggerisce più di quanto dica. Forse, la vera sapienza sta nel tenere insieme il rigore del ragionamento e l’intuizione dell’invisibile. In questo, forse la filosofia italiana, tra Crotone ed Etruria, ha ancora qualcosa da insegnarci. Reghini, Arturo (1914). Saggi di filosofia esoterica. Firenze: Atanor.

Umberto Regina (Sabbioneta, Mantova, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale dell’esse e dell’inter-esse, o degl’uomini complementari, la potenza e il valore. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is a micro-account of how interlocutors get from what is said to what is meant: because conversation is assumed to be (minimally) cooperative and rational, hearers can infer implicatures by attributing intentions and by reasoning from shared norms such as relevance and adequacy. Regina’s Kierkegaardian move, as framed in your passage, shifts attention from this inferential machinery to the ontological and ethical structure that makes rational exchange possible at all: the self is not a self-sufficient substance but an inter-esse, a being-in-between, so rationality is widened into a relational posture in which meaning is generated and sustained between persons rather than merely calculated by a hearer from a speaker’s maxim-governed performance. Where Grice explains how “interest” in talk is tracked by what a rational speaker would be expected to contribute (and how deviations generate implicatures), Regina uses the etymological and Kierkegaardian pun on interest/inter-esse to argue that the very ground of duty, value, and complementarity lies in this between-ness; so the “implicature” that matters is less a cancellable conversational add-on than an existential surplus carried by words whose history binds ontology to ethics. In short, Grice models rational understanding as an achievement of cooperative inference within a conversation, whereas Regina treats conversation as one expression of a deeper interpersonal rational field in which the human being is essentially a relation, and meaning is something we inhabit between one another before we ever compute it. Grice: “When Urmson said that for Prichard, duty cashed out in interest, he was right! But we must wait for Regina to emphasise Kierkegaard’s punning on interest – which literally means, ‘being in between’! The interesting (sic) thing is that Kierkegaard exploits the old Roman aequi-vocation between the alethic (being in between) and the practical (Prichard, ‘duty as interest’). Studia a Milano sotto SEVERINO, laureandosi con una tesi su Lavelle e Heidegger. Insegna a Macerata, Verona, e Cagliari. tolleranza religiosa. Saggi: Ripresa, pentimento, perdono; L'essere umano come rapporto: l’antropologia filosofica e teologica di Kierkegaard. Si basa su Kierkegaard, Nietzsche e Heidegger (“the greatest living philosopher” – Grice). In Heidegger evidenzia l'importanza del ruolo sapienziale assegnato alla finitezza dell'uomo. In Kierkegaard vede da cui partire per costruire una ontologia e una antropo-logia basate su una concezione dell'essere: l'esse come “inter-esse.” L'essere come inter-esse -- nella doppia valenza ontologica ed etica -- pone il pensante in rapporto con un'ulteriorità che, nel trascenderlo, ne accentua e personalizza il differire. La metafisica fondata sull’inter-esse cessa di essere onto-teologia, ossia nient'altro che proiezione idola-trica della logica umana.  Dal nichilismo alla dignità dell'uomo, Esistenza e sacro, L'arte dell'esistere, Romera, Noi eredi dei cristiani e dei Greci (Poligrafo, Padova). Il termine è stato acquisito da  Heidegger. “Gesù e la filosofia” (Morcelliana, Brescia); “L'uomo complementare: potenza e valore” (Morcelliana, Brescia); “Servire l'essere” (Morcelliana, Brescia); uomini complementari – potenza e valore, essere ed interesse, esse ed interesse, Heidegger (? – il termino, acquisito da Heidegger), Prichard, duty and interest.  Grice: Regina, a Sabbioneta siete capaci di far sembrare la metafisica una faccenda di buona educazione: “servire l’essere” come se fosse un invito a cena. Ne parlavo ieri, di sfuggita, col collega filosofo Speranza: dice che da voi perfino la finitezza, in Heidegger, entra in stanza con un certo contegno. Regina: È che se la finitezza non ha contegno, diventa solo panico. Io ho sempre pensato che l’essere umano sia rapporto: non una sostanza sola, ma un legame che si regge su potenza e valore—e che in Kierkegaard, quando lo prendi sul serio, l’“esse” ti costringe a stare nel mezzo, non sul piedistallo. Grice: Proprio dopo quella chiacchierata con Speranza ci siamo messi a ridere su una piccola vendetta dell’etimologia. “Interesse” suona come una moneta psicologica, una motivazione, magari perfino un tornaconto; e poi scopri che dentro c’è un inter-esse, un “essere in mezzo”. Come se Prichard, dicendo “duty” e “interest” nella stessa aria, avesse fatto passare un ponte senza guardarlo: non solo l’interesse come convenienza, ma l’inter-esse come posizione, come stare tra—tra me e l’altro, tra potenza e valore, tra ontologia ed etica. E allora capisci perché certi “uomini complementari” non si sommano: si incastrano. Regina: La sua implicatura mi interessa e mi si affianca come complemento, Grice — e sono sicuro che questa era l’intenzione di Speranza. Perché lei ha rimesso “interesse” nel suo posto giusto: non nel portafoglio, ma nello spazio tra le persone. È lì che l’esse diventa davvero inter-esse: non una dottrina, ma una postura. E, mi creda, se Prichard avesse avuto un po’ più di orecchio per le sillabe latine, avrebbe scoperto che il suo “duty” non finisce nell’interesse: ci passa attraverso, come si passa in mezzo a due mura—e solo così si esce dall’onto-teologia senza finire nel nichilismo. Regina, Umberto (1927). Filosofia e scienza. Roma: Edizioni Regina.

Antonio Renda (Calabria) – the power structure of the soul – la struttura di potere dell’anima. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers move from what is said to what is meant by assuming rational cooperation and then inferring implicatures from a speaker’s intentions plus shared conversational norms (relevance, sufficiency, manner), so that even a seemingly “excessive” utterance can be understood as strategically informative rather than merely verbose. Antonio Renda’s “Shakespearean psychology” (e.g., his use of “the lady protests too much”) fits Grice’s project almost uncannily, but from the opposite direction: Renda treats over-protest as a psychological symptom of dissociation, passion, or will at war with itself—an internal “power structure of the soul” in which intention, benevolence, and appetite compete—whereas Grice treats the same phenomenon as an intelligible conversational maneuver whose point is recovered by rational interpretation of what a cooperative speaker would be doing in context (overstatement as a cue to what is really meant, sometimes even to what is being concealed). The upshot is that Renda supplies a quasi-clinical, motivational reading of why speakers overdo it (passions and their hierarchy), while Grice supplies the normative-pragmatic machinery for how hearers are entitled to take such overdoing as meaningful (a calculable implicature generated by the speaker’s exploitation of conversational expectations); Renda makes the “too much” primarily a fact about the psyche, Grice makes it primarily a fact about reasoned uptake in a shared practice of talk. Grice: “I always referred to ‘passion,’ but trust the Italians to classify them!” – Keywords: passion, intention, will, benevolenza, anima, the power structure of the soul. Prego di perdonare qualche omissione. Una sopratutto debbo segnalarne: quella del nome di Antonio Renda che per la finezza dei suoi studii di psicodissociazione psicologica, Torino; Le passioni, Torino; L oblio, Torino), è tra i migliori positivisti. Nella seconda fase del suo pensiero il Renda si è accostato all’idealismo assoluto e alla filosofia dell’azione del Blondel col suo libro La validità della religione, Città di Castello. Prego di perdonare qualche omissione. Una sopratutto debbo segnalarne: quella del nome di RENDA  che per la finezza dei suoi studii di psico- dissociazione psicologica, Torino; Le passioni, Torino; L’oblio, Torino, è tra i migliori positivisti. Nella seconda fase del suo pensiero R. si è accostato all’idealismo assoluto e alla filosofia dell’azione di Blondel col suo sagio La validità della religione. LE PASSIONI DEL MEDESIMO AUTORE. Del fattore religioso nella vita e nétte opere di T, Tasso Caserta, Tip. sociale, L^ideazione geniale. Un esempio: A.Comte Con prefazione di C. Lombroso Torino, Bocca La questione meridionale. Inchiesta Palermo, Sandron, n pensiero mistico Palermo, Sandron, n destino delle dinastie. L'eredità morbosa nella storia Torino, Bocca, La dissociazione psicologica Torino, Bocca, Psicologia Shakespeariana dalla Rivista Abruzzese Teramo Folie criminélle en Calabre Rapporto al Congr. d’Antrop. Crimin. in collaborazione con Sqnillace Amsterdam. Le pazzie sociali (dalla ' Rivista di Filosofia, Bologna, Agli albori della psicopatologia dalla Gazzetta Giudiziaria, Catanzaro, La nostalgia dalla 'Rivista di Psicologia, Bologna, LE PASSIONI TORINO BOCCA UILAKO BOBA nsENSEB colta intellettuali, febbre intermittente. In tutte sono frequenti le insonnie, la denutrizione, le dispepsie, turbamenti vasomotori, ecc. High Church. Grice: “St. John’s, 1965. “My seminar on conversation has produced a species of thirst I had not anticipated: examples, examples, more examples—enough to keep a man awake through Trinity Term. I have run through every conversational precept I can decently formulate, and now they are clamouring for Shakespeare. Very well. I went, of all people, to Antonio Renda. Renda (1895) proposes, with straight-faced Italian confidence, that there are two psychologies: the non-Shakespearean and the Shakespearean. His exhibit is the line from Hamlet—he cites it in Italian—‘La signora protesta troppo, mi sembra.’ And his point is simple enough for even an Oxford audience: if the lady protests with such abundance, the protest is itself a sign that she does not mean what she explicitly says. In Hamlet this comes off handsomely; so I shall press it into service as an illustration of that charming phenomenon where excessive volubility—unbidden, as it were—betrays an intention the speaker would rather not avow.”” Grice: Renda, ieri, di sfuggita, ne parlavo col collega filosofo Speranza: dice che lei è l’unico capace di mettere “anima” e “struttura di potere” nella stessa frase senza far scattare l’allarme antimetafisico. Renda: È che io parto dalle passioni, non dalle cattedre. La dissociazione, l’oblio, le febbri: lì la “struttura” si vede. Poi, se uno invecchia, finisce anche per flirtare con Blondel e con l’azione—ma sempre con il termometro in tasca. Grice: Speranza e io ci domandavamo chi abbia avuto per primo l’idea di dire “the power structure” come se fosse una locuzione già pronta. A quanto pare, la storia è più sociologica che teologica: pare entri in circolazione nel Novecento e che l’uso si consolidi con quel filone che passa per “power structure research” (Hunter) e poi, inevitabilmente, per Mills. Ma la cosa che mi diverte è un’altra: appena la frase si sposta dall’Atlanta dei notabili all’anima, cambia tono senza cambiare grammatica. “Struttura di potere dell’anima” suona come se le passioni avessero un consiglio d’amministrazione: e allora capisci perché i positivisti, quando sono bravi, fanno paura—perché riescono a far sembrare organizzata anche la nostra confusione. Renda: Implicatura strutturale la sua, come Speranza la chiamerebbe. E sì: funziona proprio perché non sta facendo sociologia travestita, sta facendo psicologia con orecchio politico. Le passioni non sono solo un elenco: hanno gerarchie, alleanze, opposizioni—una specie di “triumvirato” interno, dove volontà, intenzione e benevolenza provano a governare, e spesso vengono rovesciate da insonnia e denutrizione. E se poi qualcuno obietta che “power structure” è un’espressione da comitato, io rispondo: appunto—è per questo che, quando entra nell’anima, non è più una metafora, è una diagnosi. Renda, Antonio (1895). Psicologia shakespeariana. Rivista abruzzese di scienze, lettere ed arti.

Rodolfo Renier (Treviso, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is a micro-account of how rational hearers get from what is said to what is meant: implicatures are inferable because speakers are presumed to be cooperating, and apparent oddities (irrelevance, obscurity, underinformativeness) are treated as calculable departures from conversational norms. Renier’s work, by contrast, embodies a philological-institutional rationality rather than a pragmatics of inference: by founding the Giornale storico della letteratura italiana and building it into an “inexhaustible treasury” of reviews, analytical notices, and documentary reporting, he constructs the background conditions under which claims about meaning can be responsibly made at all—accuracy of transcription, textual provenance, genre knowledge, and the slow discipline of checking what is actually on the page. That is why your “gergo furbesco” episode fits the comparison so well: where a Gricean would diagnose the cry of “jargon!” as a predictable interpretive reflex (a hearer supplies an implicature to make sense of obscurity), Renier treats it as a methodological vice unless it is earned by evidence; he insists that before we infer hidden codes we must verify the linguistic facts, so that the right response to obscurity is not immediate pragmatic enrichment but controlled documentation. In short, Grice explains how conversational reason opportunistically fills gaps to preserve intelligibility, while Renier exemplifies the opposite virtue—scholarly reason that resists filling gaps too quickly, preferring archival restraint so that “what is meant” does not outrun “what is there.” Studia in Camerino, Urbino, ed Ancona, a Bologna, sotto CARDUCCI, Torino, e Firenze, sotto BARTOLI. Insegna a Torino. Fonda il “Giornale storico della litteratura e la filosofia italiana”, «profonden dovi, negli studi particolari, nelle rassegne, negli annunci analitici e in un ricchissimo notiziario, un vero inesauribile tesoro di cultura, di notizie, di rilievi. Cura importanti edizioni critiche e monografie. I suoi saggi critici spaziano attraverso tutta la letteratura e la filosofia italiana. “Il tipo estetico della donna nel medio evo” (Ancona, Morelli); Isabella d'Este Gonzaga” (Roma, Vercellini); “Mantova e Urbino” (Torino, Roux); “La cultura e le relazioni letterarie d'Isabella d'Este Gonzaga (Torino, Loescher); “Svaghi critici” (Bari, Laterza); Luzio, La coltura e le relazioni letterarie di Isabella d'Este Gonzaga, Sylvestre Bonnard. Vendittis, Letteratura italiana. I critici, Milano, Marzorati, Renda, Operti, Dizionario storico della letteratura italiana (Torino, Paravia); Letteratura italiana. Gli Autori, Torino, Einaudi. Dizionario biografico degli italiani, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. SVAGHI CRITICI. CENNI SULL'OSO DELL'ANTICO GERGO FURBESCO Tuttociò senza che vi siano se non pochissime tracce si 1 1 Flamini, Studi ili «torta letter. Hai. e straniera, Livorno, im. A c. r. Vedi Zardo, Petrarca e i Carraresi, Milano. In quest'ultimo luogo Zardo afferma che le terzine, da lui non riferite perché non ne inleseil senso, sono forse scritte in lingua furbesca. Neri ha la cortesia d'inviarmene una esatta trascrizione, che mi convince non esservi alcuna frase veramente gergale. (3i Si consulti la lettera del rimpianto Milanesi da me edita nella prefazione alla mia versione del Slnduy, Br. [Mini (ij Sono parole di Borgognoni nella Rassegna settimanaie, cure di vero gergo furbesco; come una parte delle rime del Burchiello e dei Burchielleschi. italiano? No, la lingua d’Italia.  Grice: Renier, lei ha fatto una cosa che a Oxford sembra sempre sospetta: ha messo “giornale” e “tesoro inesauribile” nella stessa frase, e poi ha avuto pure ragione. Ne parlavo ieri, di sfuggita, col collega filosofo Speranza: dice che solo un veneto può rendere un notiziario più temibile di un trattato. Renier: È che il “Giornale storico” non doveva fare scena, doveva fare servizio: rassegne, annunci analitici, e quell’aria da magazzino pieno che mette paura ai pigri. E poi, tra Carducci e Bartoli, uno impara che la letteratura non è un giardino: è un archivio con corridoi lunghissimi. Grice: Speranza e io ci stavamo chiedendo come mai, quando uno fa critica, finisce spesso a inseguire anche il gergo—quel “furbesco” che sembra un dialetto con la fedina penale. E mi è venuto da sorridere: in certe pagine lei mostra che basta pochissimo perché qualcuno gridi “gergo!”, come se l’oscuro fosse già prova. Ma poi arriva la trascrizione esatta, e la faccenda si sgonfia: non c’è “vera frase gergale”, c’è solo lettura frettolosa. E allora capisci perché lei preferisce gli “svaghi critici” alle sentenze: a volte il vero lavoro è togliere la maschera al mistero. Renier: Implicatura filologica la sua, come Speranza la chiamerebbe. E mi piace perché è una difesa della pazienza: prima di proclamare un gergo, bisogna saper leggere; prima di dire “furbesco”, bisogna verificare che non sia solo italiano che fa il furbo. È la differenza tra il critico che ama l’enigma e il critico che ama i documenti: il primo inventa una lingua; il secondo, se va bene, salva “la lingua d’Italia” da qualche etichetta di troppo. Renier, Rodolfo (1878). Studi di filosofia italiana. Torino: Loescher.

Giuseppe Rensi (Villafranca di Verona, Verona, Veneto): TRASEA – l’implicatura. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is built to domesticate “absurdity” by showing how, even when what is said is odd, hearers can often reconstruct what is meant by assuming rational cooperation and calculating implicatures from speaker intentions plus conversational norms (relevance, quantity, etc.); breakdown is intelligible as a localized failure of those assumptions, and “nonsense” is often just a predictable product of violated expectations. Rensi, by contrast, makes the absurd not a marginal glitch of conversation but a standing philosophical diagnosis: after his early idealist phase and the shattering experience of the Great War, his sceptical “scessi” treats reason itself—especially in politics, authority, and moral-metaphysical systems—as structurally prone to contradiction, so that what Grice would explain as a recoverable implicature or a cancellable conversational effect becomes, for Rensi, evidence that the human demand for certainty regularly outruns what can be justified. This is why your diary pun about absurdum (ab- + surdus, “off-key / harsh to the ear,” then “irrational”) sits nicely between them: Grice’s programme is to show how much apparent harshness can be re-tuned by pragmatic inference, whereas Rensi’s programme insists that the harshness is not merely verbal discord but a symptom of deeper fractures in rational life—hence his attraction to “philosophy of the absurd” and to themes of authority, force, and the political uses of language. In short: Grice offers a therapeutics of local intelligibility (how we still manage to mean something, and be understood, despite looseness), while Rensi offers a metaphysics (and politics) of global unintelligibility (why the most ambitious meanings we try to live by so often collapse into conflict, scepticism, and “absurd” pretence). Grice: “Only in Italy does a philosopher get his obituary when still alive!” Studia a Verona, Padova, e Roma. Insegna a Genova. Iscrittosi al partito socialista, si reca a  Milano per assumere la direzione del giornale “La lotta delle classi sociali”, collaborando assiduamente anche alla turatiana Critica Sociale e alla Rivista popolare. A seguito delle misure repressive adottate dal governo, e per sfuggire alla condanna del tribunale militare per aver preso parte ai mossi operai milanesi, stroncati dall'esercito con la strage del generale sabaudo Beccaris, è costretto a cercare rifugio in Svizzera. Frutto dell'esperienza ticinese e la pubblicazione de “Gl’anciens régimes e la democrazia diretta” (Colombi, Roma) in cui difende il principio della democrazia diretta del sistema istituzionale federalista. Collabora con numerosi articoli ai fogli radicali Il Dovere di Bellinzona, la Gazzetta Ticinese e L'Azione di Lugano, nonché alla rivista socialista e pacifista Coenobium. Ri-entra in Italia per stabilirsi a Verona dedicandosi alla filosofia del linguaggio – “o semantica.” A seguito della campagna libica, vi è la rottura col partito socialista, poiché  si è schierato con l'interventismo di Bissolati. Pubblica “Il fondamento filosofico del diritto” (Petremolese, Piacenza). Altri due volume seguono: “Formalismo e a-moralismo giuridico” (Cabianca, Verona) e “La trascendenza: studio sul problema morale” (Bocca, Torino), ove sviluppa un idealismo trascendente. Insegna a Bologna, Ferrara, Firenze, e Messina. L'esperienza della grande guerra manda in crisi (“alla merda”) la sue convinzione idealistica, conducendolo verso lo scetticismo – della ‘scessi’, come la chiama --, filosofia dell’autorita, autorita e liberta, Gorgia, Gorgia ed Ardigo, Santucci, Tendenze della filosofia italiana nell’eta del fascismo, Gentile, necrologio, Ardigo, Platone, Cicerone, Ficino, Bradley, Bosanquet, diritto e forza, filosofia della storia, Gogia, Elea, Velia, Elea ed Efeso, Gorgia. Grice: “Diary, 1947. “I’ve been re-reading Ewing’s Meaninglessness and mentioned it to Strawson. Ever practical, he said: ‘He means absurd — “meaninglessness” is too much of a mouthful.’ But then it occurred to me that Strawson never had the classics, so I tend to grow deaf (surdus) to his remarks: he’s saying that ‘x is meaningless’ just is ‘x is absurd’. But if you’re surd, what exactly does the ab- add? It was as well Collingwood once advised me: you should read Rensi — he wrote a whole tract on just these absurdities!” Editor’s note: Grice’s intuition is basically right, and the classical etymology makes his little joke work. Latin absurdus (neuter absurdum) is traditionally analysed as ab- + surdus. Sursdus means “deaf, dull, muffled,” and also “harsh-sounding / indistinct”; absurdus is first used quite literally for something “out of tune, discordant, jarring to the ear” (Cicero has vox absona et absurda, “a discordant and harsh voice,” De oratore 3.11.41), and then figuratively for what is “incongruous, senseless, irrational.” The ab- in such compounds often carries the sense “away from / off / out of” (cf. absonus, “out of tune”), so ab-surdus is naturally read as “off-key, off-sound,” hence “jarring,” and then “unreasonable.” That is why Grice’s pun about surdus (“deaf”) is apt: absurdum is etymologically tied to “deafness/dullness” and to bad sound, not originally to “lack of meaning” in the modern analytic sense. If you want a one-line gloss: absurdum is “the out-of-tune,” and only later becomes “the irrational.” Grice: Caro Rensi, ho sempre pensato che la filosofia italiana abbia una vivacità unica. Mi incuriosisce il tuo percorso: da Villafranca di Verona fino a Genova, passando per le lotte sociali e la filosofia del linguaggio. Com’è nata la tua passione per la semantica e il pensiero politico? Rensi: Grazie, Professor Grice! La vita mi ha portato su strade tortuose: prima il socialismo, poi la fuga in Svizzera, infine il ritorno alla filosofia. La semantica mi affascina perché credo che il senso delle parole sia la chiave per comprendere la libertà e l’autorità, soprattutto in tempi di cambiamento. Ho sempre visto la filosofia come un ponte tra la parola e la realtà sociale. Grice: Ecco, proprio il tema dell’autorità e della libertà che hai indagato mi sembra fondamentale. Tu hai vissuto la rottura con il partito socialista e hai toccato con mano la crisi dell’idealismo durante la guerra. Pensi che lo scetticismo sia solo una fase, o rappresenti una posizione stabile per il filosofo moderno? Rensi: La crisi mi ha insegnato che la certezza assoluta è spesso un miraggio. Lo scetticismo, o come preferisco chiamarlo "scessi", non è solo una fase: è un esercizio di apertura mentale. Si tratta di restare vigili, di non cedere mai alla tentazione del dogmatismo. E, se posso usare un proverbio veneto, “el pensier l’è come el vin: se lo lasci fermo, si guasta.” Bisogna sempre interrogarsi, rinnovarsi, senza paura di mettere tutto in discussione. Rensi, Giuseppe (1903). La filosofia dell’assurdo. Milano: Bocca.

Angelo Maria Renzi (Roma, Lazio): ESKIMO, implicature del deutero-esperanto. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how a hearer gets from what is said to what is meant by assuming that speakers are rational cooperators and then inferring implicatures from that assumption plus context and recognisable intentions; the whole machinery is micro-pragmatic, dependent on what agents can reasonably attribute to one another in a live exchange. Renzi, by contrast, is trying to engineer a situation in which conversational success requires far less shared background and far less interpretive work: in Le polyglotte improvisé; ou, l’art d’écrire les langues sans les apprendre (Paris, 1840; author Angelo Maria Renzi, 1792–1871), he proposes a pasigraphic “language of signs” and a minimal core vocabulary (e.g., a restricted set of conjugated verbs) designed to let strangers communicate “when needed” even without prior study, on the explicit premise that lexical richness and synonymy are for savants. So where Grice treats context-sensitivity and implicature as an inevitable, rationally disciplined feature of ordinary communication, Renzi treats them as a liability of natural languages and tries to reduce them by compressing expression into standardized symbols and controlled basic meanings—shifting the burden from conversational inference to prior codification. In Gricean terms, Renzi is attempting to make communication more like decoding than like intention-recognition: a semi-formal device that aspires to be usable across borders precisely by limiting the space in which implicatures can arise, whereas Grice’s own model explains how, even with perfect decoding, speakers will still routinely mean more than they say because rational interaction makes that extra layer both possible and efficient. Di un progetto di tipo pasigrafico si occupa R. quando compone Le polyglotte improvisé ou l'art d'écrire les langues sans les apprendre. Dictionnaire Italien-Français, Italien-Français avec 3000 verbes conjugués. Langue des signes, professore di lingua e letteratura italiana, par répondre à un besoin qui existe dans la société, celui de se faire comprendre des étrangers. Il n'y a personne qui n'ait senti la nécessité de posséder un moyen quelconque, mais prompt et immédiat, de communiquer ses idées, exprimer ses besoins dans une langue qu'il ne connassait pas et qu'il ne pouvait pas étudier. Le polyglotte improvisé ou l'art d'écrire les langues sans les apprendre. Dictionnaire Italien-Français-Anglais, Anglais-Italien-Français avec 3000 verbes conjugués. Langue des signes., Parigi. R. immagina un metodo d’apprendimento contrario a quelli tradizionali e fa premettere l'esercizio pratico alla teoria, sperando che la sua lingua possa essere utilizzata nel momento in cui serve anche senza essere stata precedentemente appresa. Di nuovo sottolinea che “la richesse, l'abondance des mots, n'est utile qu'aux savants,” e auspica che la lingua internazionale sia semplice e libera di sinonimi, scevra delle parole non fondamentali, s’esprima per valori e idee e che accanto a ciascuno di questi trovano la traduzione nelle restanti lingue. L’opera si apre con una tabella in cui sono riportati circa 300 verbi francesi o “gallici” coniugati, i soli ritenuti fondamentali per la comunicazione di base, di cui è offerta anche la traduzione in italiano. A questa prima sezione segue poi la parte più consistente dell'opera che spiega come R. associa queste poche prime idee fondamentali a dei simboli che sono “la seule langue universelle écrite qui soit possible et utile.” In ogni pagina del dizionario vi sono XV segni differenti, ciascuno dei quali è associato ad altri quattro (« -», «=», «. », « ..»), per un totale di sessante righe (composte di simbolo e relativo significato nelle tre lingue):93 (110!) +\ S.VOIAT 14 2. deutero-esperanto.  Grice: Renzi, lei a Roma ha avuto l’idea più romana di tutte: far capire agli stranieri senza costringerli a diventare filologi. Ieri, di sfuggita, lo dicevo al collega filosofo Speranza: sostiene che un dizionario con 3000 verbi coniugati è già una dichiarazione di guerra—ma una guerra educativa. Renzi: È una guerra breve, però: io volevo l’opposto dei metodi tradizionali. Prima l’esercizio, poi la teoria. E soprattutto un sistema che funzioni “quando serve”, senza pretendere devozione. La ricchezza di parole è per i savants; per vivere basta poco, purché sia maneggevole. Grice: Proprio perché Speranza e io ci siamo messi a parlare di “lingue che si imparano facendo”, mi è tornata in mente quella mia pazienza giovanile a Vadum Boum: io e Austin, per gioco serio, a imparare l’Eskimo—come se bastasse una lista di parole per diventare abitanti del ghiaccio. E lì ho capito che la pazienza non era nello studio, ma nel fingere che fosse un solo gioco: ogni volta che Austin “semplificava”, io dovevo ricominciare da capo con un altro esempio. Però mi ha fatto vedere una cosa: certe lingue ti obbligano a portarti dietro il mondo (neve, vento, distanza), mentre altre—come il suo sistema di segni e il mio Deutero‑Esperanto—provano a portarsi dietro solo lo stretto necessario, sperando che il mondo lo metta il lettore. Renzi: Implicatura eschimese la sua, Grice, come Speranza la chiamerebbe. E adesso le dico la differenza che, se la dico davvero, lascerà lei e Speranza congelati: l’Eskimo (per come lo inseguivate voi due) non perdona il contesto, lo pretende; il Deutero‑Esperanto invece lo presume e lo scarica sull’utilizzatore. Nel primo caso, se non sai dove sei, non sai cosa dire; nel secondo, puoi dire qualcosa anche senza sapere dove sei—e poi ti accorgi che hai appena inventato un equivoco internazionale. Ecco perché il mio “poliglotta improvvisato” è più prudente: non vuole solo far parlare, vuole evitare che la conversazione finisca in una bufera. Renzi, Angelo Maria (1892). Manuale di filosofia. Roma: Renzi.

Ludovico Ignazio Richeri (La Morra, Cuneo, Piemonte): implicature del deutero-esperanto. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is a micro-theory of how interlocutors can responsibly infer what is meant beyond what is said: given a presumption of rational cooperation, hearers recover implicatures by attributing intentions and by reasoning from shared norms (relevance, sufficiency, etc.), so that the “extra” content is explainable, contestable, and in principle cancellable. Richeri’s project, by contrast, belongs to the Leibniz–Peano dream of a philosophically regimented universal language: in his Algebrae philosophicae in usum artis inveniendi specimen primum (printed in the early Memoirs of the Turin scientific society, 1760–1761, and later noted by Peano/Padoa as a precursor for using ∪/∩-like symbols for “all” and “nothing”), he aims to replace the underdetermined, socially negotiated character of ordinary discourse with a system of abstract characters and combinatorial rules (a scia-grafia) that would make metaphysical discourse “universally comprehensible” by construction. The comparison is therefore crisp: where Grice takes the looseness of ordinary talk as a feature to be rationally managed (implicature as disciplined inference within a practice), Richeri tries to engineer the looseness away (meaning as fixed by formal assignment and lawful combination), so that what Grice treats as a pragmatic achievement of agents in context becomes, for Richeri, a property of an ideal script. Still, the projects touch: both are concerned with how a finite repertoire of signs can yield an unbounded range of communicated thoughts; but Grice locates that productivity in practical reasoning about speakers’ intentions in a shared conversational setting, while Richeri locates it in an algebra of signs intended to make intention and context largely dispensable, turning “conversation” into something closer to calculation. Nota Padoa: Peirce avait employ le signe , comme lettre initiale du mot vrai. Peano adopta ce signe pour reprsenter le tout et le mme signe renvers pour reprsenter le rien Come anche nota Padoa, Peano signala dans une note (Un precursore della logica, Rev. de Math.) un ouvrage par R., Algebr philosophic in usum artis inveniendi specimen primum), dans lequel le  tout  et le  rien  taient reprsents par les signes  et , bien peu diffrents de ceux qui avaient t adopts dans le Formulaire. Laureato in ambe leggi, fu uno dei primi sozii della reale accademia delle scienze di Torino: di prova di vasta dottrina in un'opera cui scrisse ed inti tol: Alfabeto della natura e dell'arte: in quest'opera egli svi lupp il sublime concetto di una lingua universale filosofica. Il dott. R., nato alle Morra presso Mondovi, scrive un suo lavoro dal titolo: Alfabeto della natura e dell'arte. In quest'opera, dice il Casalis nel suo Dizionario degli Stati Sardi,  sviluppato il sublime concetto d'una lingua filosofica universale.In Mlanges de philosophie et de mathmatique de la Socit Royale de Turin appare il suo saggio, Algebr philosophic in usum artis inveniendi specimen primum, dove presenta il suo progetto di lingua filosofica di rigore matematico, cui da il nome di scia-grafia. Muore a Torino. Dell'Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. Nel saggio, R. espone i metodi per associare dei caratteri astratti, di forma piuttosto semplice, a una ristretta rosa di significati, cos come si fa nell'algebra - e in questo dimostra di conoscere le teorie combinatorie di Leibniz -, creando un metodo che permette di trattare della scienza metafisica secondo un sistema universalmente comprensibile. R. distingue lo scibile nelle categorie seguenti:l'impossibile, il contraddittorio, l'impossibilit, la contraddizione; il possibile, la possibilit, la contraddizione non pura; U il qualcosa, la cosa, la realt in senso lato; n il nulla, il negativo, la negazione strettamente intesa; deutero-esperanto.  Grice: Caro Richeri, permettimi di farti i complimenti: le finezze del tuo Deutero-Esperanto, dalla fonologia fino alla semantica, passando per la morfo-sintassi, sono un vero piacere non solo da apprendere, ma da “sfiorare” nella pratica! È raro trovare una lingua che sappia unire rigore e bellezza così profondamente. Richeri: Ti ringrazio, Professor Grice! Ho sempre creduto che una lingua universale debba essere accessibile e affascinante per tutti, e la mia “scia-grafia” cerca proprio questo. Lavorare sulle sfumature fonologiche e sulle strutture logiche mi ha permesso di proporre un sistema che si avvicina alla filosofia, pur restando semplice e chiaro. Grice: La tua opera, Richeri, mi ricorda il sogno di Leibniz e Peano: trasformare la complessità del pensiero umano in segni universali. Trovo geniale l’associazione dei caratteri astratti a significati ben definiti. È una strada che apre nuove prospettive sul dialogo filosofico e scientifico. Richeri: Sono felice che tu abbia colto questo aspetto! L’intento era proprio quello di far dialogare filosofia e matematica, come nell’Alfabeto della natura e dell’arte. Penso che il piacere di “spazzolarsi” con una nuova lingua, sia nel pensiero sia nell’esperienza, sia il vero premio per chi desidera andare oltre le frontiere del sapere. Richeri, Ludovico Ignazio (1802). Elementi di filosofia. Genova: Richeri.

Armando Rigobello (Badia Polesine, Rovigo, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale o dell’allargamento interpersonale del razionale – l’intenzionalità rovesciata. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how what is meant can exceed what is said because interlocutors are presumed to be rational cooperators: hearers reconstruct implicatures by attributing intentions and by assuming shared norms of relevance, adequacy, and intelligibility. Rigobello’s personalism, as presented in your passage, shifts the centre of gravity from that inferential mechanism to an ethically thick account of interpersonal rationality: “the widening of the rational” is not chiefly a set of maxims for decoding utterances, but a demand that my relation to the other should make me answerable and even become a question for them, so that reason is personified and expanded through responsiveness rather than merely deployed as an interpretive calculus. Where Grice models conversation as a rule-governed practice whose rationality is exhibited in the justifiability of inferences from speech to implied content, Rigobello treats the interpersonal relation as constitutive of rationality itself (an “inverted intentionality,” in your phrase): the other is not primarily an audience that recognizes my intention, but a presence before whom my rational life is ethically tested and transformed. The upshot is a contrast between a pragmatics of interpretation (Grice: how implicatures are derivable and, in principle, cancellable) and a personalist ethics of dialogue (Rigobello: how meaning and rationality are deepened by encounter and responsibility), with a partial convergence in their shared anti-solipsism: both require more than a private mind, but Grice secures that through cooperative inferential norms, whereas Rigobello secures it through the irreducibility of the person-to-person relation as a condition for reason’s full scope. Il nostro rapporto con gl’altri deve sempre farci essere un interrogativo per loro. Fra i principali rappresentanti italiani del personalismo. Dopo gli studi liceali a Padova consegue la laurea in filosofia, quale allievo di STEFANINI e PADOVANI. Insegna a Padova, Perugia e Roma. Spazia dalla meta-fisica, all'etica e la filosofia politica, alla storio-grafia. Collaboratore a Studium. Ripensa il personalismo partendo dal presupposto per cui esso, potendo anche costituire un possibile complemento integrativo ed estensivo alla meta-fisica non puo comunque considerarsi una dottrina filosofica definita bensì una posizione che mette in primo piano il concetto di "persona" (cf. Strawson, “Il concetto di persona”). Il personalismo non è in contraddizione con la meta-fisica  bensì ne puo costituire un proficuo ampliamento psico-logico, etico, antropo-logico. Uno dei suoi contributi più originali consiste nel personificare -- proprio per il tramite del personalismo -- la ragione meta-fisica attraverso quel processo di integrazione fra l’esistenzialismo e la filosofia classica. Ri-esamina nel suo evolversi, nonché compara criticamente e storicamente, questo concetto di “persona” alla luce della storia della filosofia fino ad arrivare alla filosofia romana – il schiavo non è persona -- chiamando in causa anche l'ermeneutica, la filosofia morale e la sua storia. Ne risulta, quindi, che il concetto di persona – nel diritto romano repubblicano -- deve anzitutto essere inteso in un senso giuridico. l’allargamento del razionale, ‘struttura e significato’, il regno dei fini, comunita, Grice on human vs. person, Strawson, the concept of the person, Ayer, the concept of a person. In personam, persona sui iure, persona populum (Cicero).   Grice: Rigobello, a Badia Polesine avete preso il “razionale” e l’avete portato a fare una passeggiata tra le persone, senza farlo vergognare. Ieri, di sfuggita, lo dicevo al collega filosofo Speranza: lui sostiene che quando sente “allargamento interpersonale” gli viene voglia di allargare anche il tavolo, per sicurezza. Rigobello: È una precauzione sensata. Nel personalismo, l’altro non è un oggetto di cui parlare, ma qualcuno davanti a cui rispondi. E infatti il nostro rapporto con gli altri dovrebbe sempre renderci un interrogativo per loro: non una risposta pronta, ma una presenza che obbliga a pensare. Grice: E proprio perché Speranza e io ci stavamo chiedendo che cosa significhi “allargamento interpersonale del razionale”, mi è venuto da pensare a certi tutee che, ogni tanto, sono irrimediabilmente… occasionali. C’è quello ragionevole che si allarga da sé appena vede un argomento, e poi c’è quello che, quando gli apri lo spazio, ti ci fa un allagamento: non un allargamento. E lì capisci che “razionale” è una parola coraggiosa, perché deve includere anche l’irrazionale di passaggio, quello che ti costringe a fare filosofia non come dimostrazione, ma come convivenza. Rigobello: Razionale, la sua implicatura sull’irrazionale, Grice, come Speranza la metterebbe — anche se lui, lo so, usa “razionale” malvolentieri e preferisce “ragionevole”, perché ci tiene alla g di ragione e diffida delle parole troppo levigate. “Razionale” suona un po’ da manuale, come un titolo in copertina; “ragionevole” invece suona da persona in carne e ossa: non pretende perfezione, pretende misura. E infatti l’allargamento interpersonale non è un trionfo della Ragione con la maiuscola: è un esercizio di ragionevolezza condivisa, che regge anche quando arriva il tutee irragionevole e ti costringe ad allargare non il concetto, ma la pazienza. Rigobello, Armando (1964). Soggetto e coscienza. Padova: Cedam.

Gregorio da Rimini (Rimini): la ragione conversazionale, o del significato totale, la percezione del pane e Socrate è seduto –scuoladi BOLOGNA. Grice: “I ever committed myself to the existence of a proposition, but then neither did R. At most, we commit ourselves, to the existence of a propositional COMPLEX!” -- Keywords: propositional complex. Filosofo italiano. Rimini, Emilia. M. Vienna. Il primo a conciliare gli sviluppi delle idee d’Occam ed Aureolo. Questa sua sintesi ha un impatto duraturo. Insegna a Bologna, Padova, Perugia, e Rimini. Da lezioni sulle sentenze di LOMBARDO . Oltre alla sua opera principale, il commento alle sentenze di Lombardo, scrive diversi saggi, tra cui: “De usura,” “De IV virtutibus cardinalibus” – cf. Grice, philosophy, like virtue, is entire --  e un estratto del commento alle sentenze, il “De intentione et remissione formarum,” un’appendice sulla IV distinctio del I libro del commento alle sentenze, una tabula super epistolis. Augustin. Manifesta una certa attitudine sincretistica tra gli sviluppi d’Occam ed Aureolo. Mostra analoga tendenza anche nella ri-costruzione e dell'analisi del processo della percezione animale e umana e il conoscere umano, nelle quali si fondono in maniera originale elementi etero-genei desunti da Aristotele del Lizio, Agostino e Ockham. Causa un grave fraintendimento della sua filosofia, è qualificato come tortor infantium, per la supposizione di aver condannato alle pene eterne i bambini che muoiono senza il battesimo. In realtà espone tale dottrina senza pronunciarsi. Talvolta è indicato quale antesignano dei nominalisti. Altre saggi: “Gregorii lettura super I et II Sententiarum”; “De imprestantiis venetorum”. Mazzali, Gori, Manuale di filosofia medievale, Dizionario biografico degl’italiani, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, Dizionario di filosofia.   complesso significabile, semplice, complesso, animale, pane, l’animale percezione del pane, Socrate is seated, truth-functionality, scuola italiana, scuola di Bologna, studi generali in Italia, studio di Rimini.  SCR, St John’s, a winter evening in the early ’50s. The brandy is decent, the conversation is not, which is how Oxford likes it: decency in liquids, indecency in opinions. Grice: Another. Mabbott (who, as ever, contrives to stay still while breathing): Another what. Grice: Another Sentences man. Mabbott: They come in battalions. Which one has annoyed you now? Grice: Rossi della Marca. Francesco. From the Marches—Ascoli, that way. 1319. Paris. Publice, facultate theologiae, the whole performance. A Comentarius in libros Sententiarum Petri Lombardi. Mabbott: I see. Another man who travelled to Paris to explain a book that never changes. Grice: Exactly. And then another—Rimini—twenty years on, doing the same thing again. Paris, 1342–44, lectures, revisions, the lot. The same Lombard, the same distinctions, and yet we talk as if we’re witnessing “the growth of logic”. Mabbott: Growth is a more respectable word than development. Development sounds like an ailment. Grice: Growth sounds like something that happens naturally, which is precisely what it isn’t. That is the joke. If you want the truth, the book stays put and the men come and go: they gloss it, they quarrel over it, they found their reputations on it, and then—having made their butter from it—some drop out, some go home to run an Italian studium, some become administrators of souls, and some die in harness. Mabbott: A civil service, then. With Lombard as the permanent secretary. Grice: Quite. A medieval Whitehall, but with better Latin. One begins in the Marches, rushes to Paris to be examined in public, has the “aha” moment—what Hacker will one day call an insight if not an illusion—and then returns to Italy to teach the same thing again, only now with a Paris accent. Mabbott: The Swinging Thirties, you mean. Grice: Yes. I said yes, meaning no. They swung, certainly: back and forth between the old sod and the Seine. Italy had the oldest universities, and yet the ambitious Italians still went north as if civilisation were a postal district. Mabbott: Why? Grice: Language. Or rather: Latin with an audience. The Italians spoke Latin as if it were cousin to what they spoke at home; the Franks used it as if it were a uniform. And Oxford—Oxford later behaves as if Latin were a dead language and then makes a whole career out of resurrecting it badly. Mabbott: And your implicature? Grice: Only that universities are places where the text remains immortal by the convenient device of making the commentators mortal. Which sounds like an insult until one remembers it is merely an implicature—entirely cancellable, except that it isn’t, because you’ve now heard it. Mabbott: You’ll cancel it later in print. Grice: Naturally. In print one cancels what one cannot cancel in company. That, too, is part of the tradition.Grice: Curioso, caro Rimini, che la posterità abbia completamente perso il suo cognome; così, ci resta solo "Rimini". E sa, questo mi riporta subito a Occam, che tutti ricordano solo per il luogo d'origine! Rimini: È vero, Grice. In Italia c’è questa abitudine di legare il filosofo alla città natale. Essere “Rimini” mi piace: forse così rimango più vicino alla pratica filosofica, proprio come Occam! Grice: Allora, Rimini, il suo studio sul complesso proposizionale mi affascina! Mi piacerebbe sapere come riesce a conciliare le idee di Occam e Aureolo nell’analisi del significato. Rimini: La sintesi nasce dall’esigenza di vedere la percezione come un processo complesso. L’esperienza del pane o di Socrate seduto è una tessitura tra semplice e complesso. Occam mi insegna a non moltiplicare gli enti inutilmente, Aureolo a non trascurare la varietà della percezione. Alla fine, la filosofia, come la virtù, è intera! . Rimini, Gregorio da (1342). Lectura super libros Sententiarum. Paris

Carlo Rinaldini (Ancona, Marche): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- del cimento del Lizio. Studia a Bologna. A servizio di  Urbano VIII, ottenne da Barberini, nipote del papa, la supervisione delle fortezze di Ferrara, Bondeno e Comacchio. Insegna a Pisa. Amico di GALILEI e BORELLI, il quale lo soprannomina Simplicio per la sostanziale fedeltà al LIZIO. È in corrispondenza. Uno dei soci fondatori del Cimento. Tuttavia ha numerose controversie con i suoi amici e con Redi e Ruberti. Nonostante il conformismo, si oppone alla teoria della virtù zoo-genetica delle piante, sostenuta dagl’altri accademici del cimento, precedendo Malpighi con l'ipotesi che anche gl’insetti delle galle nascessero d’uova deposte da individui della stessa specie.  Insegna a Padova. Saggi: “Philosophia rationalis, atque entità naturalis.” Un'altra delle sue glorie è la sua proposta di scala termo-metrica utilizzando come riferimento fisso il congelamento e l’ebollizione dell'acqua all'ordinaria pressione atmosferica. Prropone di dividere l'intervallo in XII gradi. Altre saggi: “Opus algebricum” (Ancona, Salvioni); “Opus mathematicum” (Bologna, Dozza); “Mathematica italiana”; “Geometra pro-motus” (Padova, Frambotti); “Ars analytica mathematum” (Firenze, Cocchini); “Ars analytica mathematum” (Padova, Frambotti); “De resolutione atque compositione mathematica, Padova, Frambotti, Philosophia rationalis, naturalis, atque moralis opus in quo praesertim physica universa ex accuratis naturalium effectuum observationibus deducta et ubi rei natura patitur geometrice demonstrata exhibetur, Tocii diVox autem vatiam atqve multiplicem fafaitpar- Bifioin ciiioneui elini pnmd dividatur in illam quf NIHIL SIGNIFICAT }nfcdulitz ac ARTICVLATA sic homini propriz st exteris convenire non poflint. lu qurdem philosophus T'uces inquit nrat nimiruinfi; na earum PASSIONVM qtu; SVNT IN ANIMO per passiones incelli geo mcmis CONCEPTVS. cimento, cimentare, provando e riprovando, del Cimento, filosofia naturale, filosofia razionale.  Grice: St John’s, late afternoon, after a tutorial and before the next duty. I have been reading Carlo Rinaldini, and I have been brought up short by a thought that is not quite philosophical but has the irritating habit of becoming philosophical by staying in one’s mind. You see, Rinaldini begins in Ancona, where he has what all philosophers secretly want and few admit to wanting: a house that is not a college room and not a rented compromise, but a parental base, a place where your papers can lie about without moral rebuke. Then he goes off to Macerata — call it fifty-ish kilometres in the only sense that matters, namely, “far enough that your mother can’t pop in.” He takes a theology degree, which in those days can mean anything from a ceremonial test to a real bout of disputation; and then, almost indecently, he goes straight back to Ancona and publishes not a syllable about God, but an Opus algebricum. At which point one wants to ask: what is the order of priorities here? And the answer is perfectly clear, though it sounds like an insult until you remember it is merely an implicature: the degree is what you need to be allowed to speak; the algebra is what you want to say. I imagine him on the road, not heroic, just practical. The world says, “Take theology; it’s respectable.” He takes it. The world says, “Now that you have taken theology, you will devote yourself to theology.” He does not. He takes what he needed, and then he returns to what he meant. There is a kind of moral in that, but I refuse to state it baldly, because stated baldly it would sound like I am praising him, and praise is a form of overcommitment. Still, consider the contrast. When the war came, I stopped. Admiralty intelligence has a way of turning the mind into an instrument, and when you are being used as an instrument you do not, in your spare moments, write treatises on algebra. You write memoranda, and you learn to admire, at a distance, the men who manage to keep their real work going while the world interrupts them. Rinaldini’s interruptions were not Whitehall and files; they were the ordinary inconveniences of seventeenth‑century Italy — travel, patrons, fortifications, quarrels, academies, and the constant social necessity of seeming orthodox enough to be left alone. So yes: he goes from Ancona to Macerata, picks up the theology as one picks up a passport, and then goes back to Ancona and prints algebra as if to say, quietly: “Now, if you don’t mind, I shall return to the subject.” That “if you don’t mind,” by the way, is the whole philosophy. It is what we call a politeness formula; it is also what we call a survival strategy. And it is, in the nicest sense, a conversational implicature: I am going to do this regardless of whether you mind — but I would like you not to force me to say so. Punchline (because even a vignette needs one, and Grice would pretend it doesn’t): the road from Ancona to Macerata is shorter than the road from theology to algebra — but Rinaldini, being a mathematician, took the shorter route. University Parks, North Oxford. Saturday, late morning, though the philosophical residue of it only becomes digestible on Sunday afternoon. I am walking the children along the gravel, because children require a surface on which to spend their surplus metaphysics. Austin has just finished one of his Saturday mornings—the sort which begin as “a chat” and end as a moral obligation—and I am trying to process it the only way I know: by pretending I am not processing it at all. We meet, by accident, which in Oxford means: by design plus habit. Austin is with Mary Warnock, whom he drags along like moral ballast, as if moral philosophy were something you needed in the passenger seat when you were driving too fast through sense-data. Austin says almost nothing at first. That is his way of “opening” the conversation: he opens it by not opening it, and you are meant to infer the opening from the absence of opening. If I later call that an implicature, I shall of course deny it and say it was merely a silence. Mary says, cheerfully, “Hello, Grice,” as if that were enough to establish the Cooperative Principle by fiat. Austin glances at what I am carrying—Bodleian spoils in an old paper wrapper—and says, as if he were identifying a suspect in a line-up: “Algebricum.” It is difficult to catch the illocutionary force of the remark. It could be a question. It could be a rebuke. It could be—worse—approval. “Yes,” I say, because in Oxford “yes” is the safest way to postpone the rest of the sentence. “Italian neuter,” I add, because one must retaliate in one’s native weapon. “It agrees with opus. Opus algebricum. Not—pace Ayer—ordinary language at all.” Mary laughs in the way moral philosophers laugh when someone has got away with something that sounds indecent but is merely grammatical. Austin’s face does the thing it does when he has a joke and is deciding whether it is morally permissible. “Al-,” he says. “That’s the trouble. It isn’t even Latin trouble. It’s imported trouble. Definite article and all.” “Exactly,” I say, pleased and ashamed to be pleased. “The Arab has got into the title-page. A little ‘al’ sitting there like a stowaway. And once it’s in, no amount of Oxford will shift it. We can decline amo, but we can’t decline al-.” Austin: “Frege would have hated it.” I cannot resist. “Frege pretended he was founding arithmetic. But arithmetic is respectable Greek—arithmos—whereas algebra is a practical foreigner. It turns up with methods, not manners.” Austin looks at me as if to say: you are about to moralise, which is precisely what you accuse me of. So I add, quickly, the self-effacing rescue: “I’m not saying that as a thesis. Merely as—well—an implicature. Entirely cancellable.” Mary: “Cancellable, perhaps. But you’ve already let the children hear it.” And indeed one of the children has seized on the only audible bit—“al”—and is now chanting it as if it were a magic syllable. AL! AL! AL!—which is what happens when the Arabic definite article meets the English playground: it becomes an imperative. Austin watches this for a moment, and then produces his punchline without changing his tone: “You see, Grice—this is why I don’t open conversations. If you open them, they let the foreign articles in.”Grice: Rinaldini, lei riesce a far sembrare la filosofia naturale una faccenda da cantiere—ma con galateo: fortezze da supervisionare, scale termometriche da inchiodare, e poi Galileo che le dà del Simplicio come se fosse un titolo accademico. Ne parlavo ieri, di sfuggita, col collega filosofo Speranza: dice che “del Cimento” suona come una società scientifica e insieme come una palestra per caratteri. Rinaldini: A Bologna si impara presto che l’esperimento è una virtù sociale: se non reggi il contraddittorio, non reggi nemmeno il termometro. E con Borelli e gli altri, creda, il cimento non era un motto: era un programma di vita—provare, riprovare, e litigare con garbo. Grice: Proprio perché Speranza e io ci stavamo chiedendo perché “cimento” suoni così fisico, mi sono messo a guardare la parola da dentro: viene dal latino (medievale) cimentum, legato a cimentare, cioè mettere alla prova, fare esperienza, misurarsi. Non è “certezza”: è urto controllato. E quando uno dice “del Cimento”, non sta soltanto nominando un’accademia; sta facendo capire che lì la ragione non si dimostra soltanto, si stressa—come una fortezza, come una scala, come un’ipotesi sugli insetti delle galle che deve reggere anche quando tutti la guardano storto. Rinaldini: Non la chiamerei implicatura dura come il cemento, Grice—le implicature sono cancellabili, dopotutto—ma vede il punto. Diciamo allora: implicatura “cimentata”, come Speranza preferirebbe. Perché la sua battuta mette alla prova l’idea giusta: che il nostro linguaggio scientifico non descrive solo risultati, descrive un’etica del provare e riprovare. E in questo, lei è più “del Cimento” di quanto ammetterebbe: non per rigidità, ma per resistenza. Rinaldini, Carlo (1640). Opus algebricum Ancona: ex officina Marci Salvioni.

Ezio Riondato (Padova, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale o del metodo dell’etologia filosofica. Studia a Padova sotto STEFANINI, FERRABINO, PADOVANI, e DIANO. Studia l’Aristotele neo-latino. Uno dei galileiani. Ezio Riondato. Riondato. Keywords: il metodo dell’etologia, morale, morale classica, Aristotele neo-latino, Epitteto, l’enuniciazione, dell’interpretazione in Aristotele, crisi, metafisica e scienza in Aristotele.  The university and the city were hit by heavy bombing, including damage to university buildings. The strategic bombing campaign against Padua ran from December 1943 to April 1945, with the university listed among the hit sites in the first raid and later raids as well.  (And UniPD/CASREC’s own materials on the bombings corroborate the broader context and documentation focus.) Merton, early ’50s. A room that smells faintly of coal, old books, and the sort of optimism that only appears once one has survived the war and can afford to be bored again. Grice is sitting with a cup of tea he has not yet decided is tea; Hampshire is standing as if he still expects a bell to ring. Hampshire: Quite a change from the Admiralty, isn’t it. Grice: Oh, quite. At the Admiralty one was never allowed to be wrong; at Oxford one is encouraged to be wrong provided one is wrong in the right accents. Hampshire: And to be wrong at length. Grice: At length, yes. Though the Admiralty had its own length: you could be silent for twelve hours and still be “on duty.” Oxford has improved on that by making one silent in public and calling it thinking. Hampshire: What are you reading? Grice (as if reluctant to confess a vice): Riondato. Hampshire: That takes you back, does it? Grice: It does. Not to Whitehall—worse luck—but to the war years in a different key. The poor man was in Padua, reading classics while the sky was falling in. Air raids, all that. And he still contrived to finish his first laurea in classics. Hampshire (dryly, as if confirming an intelligence report): He did. Grice: He did. That’s what I like about it. We did our war by stopping our lives and calling it service. He did his by continuing his life and calling it—what do they call it?—filologia. The university taking hits, the city taking hits, and the man taking notes on Aristotle as if Aristotle could be used as sandbags. Hampshire: “One of ours,” then? Grice: In the only sense that matters: he behaves as if thought were not a luxury item. Which is a very un-English stance, and therefore I find it oddly consoling. Hampshire: You mean he did classics and then philosophy? Grice: Exactly. A double first, but in the continental idiom. For a Lit Hum type, classics and philosophy are, if not the same thing, at least the same punishment. Hampshire: But there are two words there. How can it be the same thing? Grice: Oxford’s answer is simple: we keep both words so that the examination can be twice as long. Hampshire: That’s not an answer; that’s an administrative maxim. Grice: Precisely. And here I find myself wishing Strawson were present, because he’d do that perverse little twist where he pretends not to see the point, and then—quite unfairly—sees it first. Hampshire: Strawson would say you’re implicating something. Grice: I am. And worse: I am doing it self-effacingly, which is the most English form of confession. The implicature is that Riondato was braver than we were. We were paid to be interrupted; he studied under sirens. Hampshire: And the punchline? Grice: Only this: in 1943 Padua’s buildings were being examined by bombers, and in 1953 I still complain when a scout slams a door in Merton’s staircase and interrupts my “research.” It makes one wonder whether the war improved my character—or merely my excuses.Grice: Riondato, a Padova siete capaci di far diventare l’etologia una cosa rispettabile, quasi da toga. Ieri, di sfuggita, ne parlavo col collega filosofo Speranza: lui dice che appena sente “metodo”, i padovani gli mettono in mano un Aristotele e gli tolgono il caffè. Riondato: È una misura igienica. Tra Aristotele neo-latino e un po’ di Epitteto, il caffè lo si guadagna dopo. E poi l’etologia, detta bene, non è lo zoo: è il modo in cui il discorso si comporta quando pretende di essere morale senza fare il prete. Grice: E infatti, dopo quella conversazione con Speranza, ci siamo messi a pensare a Cicerone e a una piccola trappola di lessico: per lui ethos è già, molto spesso, mos, cioè costume, carattere, quindi morale in senso pieno. E allora capisco perché “etologia” mi suoni come una di quelle parole che sembrano innocenti e invece sono una scienza con i denti: una scientia del mos che finge di studiare i comportamenti come se fossero neutrali, mentre in realtà ti sta già chiedendo conto di che cosa approvi, che cosa tolleri, e che cosa chiami “buono”. Riondato: Morale la sua implicatura, Grice, come Speranza la formulerebbe volentieri — mai moralistica. Perché se per Cicerone ethos è già mos, allora “etologia” in latino non viene fuori come etologia: viene fuori come una scientia morum, e a quel punto la scienza rischia di sembrare un catechismo con la pretesa del microscopio. Lei invece salva la faccenda: non sta facendo la predica, sta facendo vedere che anche quando “descriviamo” i costumi, stiamo già scegliendo il lessico del mos. E Speranza, che diffida dei suffissi come di certi vizi, qui sarebbe d’accordo: morale sì, moralistica no. Riondato, Ezio (1944). La rilevanza teorica della filologia classica. Padova.

Cesare Ripa (Perugia, Umbria). una icona griceiana. Grice: “When I gave my seminars at Oxford on Peirce I never took his icons too seriously. Only later, though, I realised that, amongst what I call the ‘modes of correlation,’ the ‘iconic’ figures large – and even later, I realise that any non-iconic system of representation (such as Deutero-Esperanto) RELIES on an iconic, causal, physical, natural one!” --  Keyword: icon. Iconologia. (Roma) è stato un filosofo, storico dell'arte e scrittore italiano. M. Perugia. Da giovane entrò nella corte del cardinale Anton Maria Salviati, come «trinciante», ovvero addetto a tagliare le vivande della mensa del cardinale.  Riceve il prestigioso titolo di “Cavaliere de' Santi Mauritio et Lazaro” conferitogli da Papa Clemente VIII.Membro dell'Accademia degli Intronati di Siena, dedita allo studio di opere classiche e di medaglie antiche, ebbe contatti con quella degli Incitati a Roma, città in cui risulta presente. Quale accademico aveva il soprannome di «Cupo», e la sua impresa era formata da un «Tronco d'Amandola unito con uno di Moro celso». Allegoria della Dignità -- è l'Iconologia overo Descrittione Dell'imagini Universali cavate dall'Antichità et da altri luoghi, pubblicata a Roma dagli Heredi di Giovanni Gigliotti e dedicata al cardinale Salviati. Tra le fonti letterarie utilizzate per l'opera furono gli Hieroglyphica di Pierio Valeriano, l'Emblematum libellus di Andrea Alciato, il Discorso sopra le medaglie degli antichi di Sebastiano Erizzo e le Pitture di Anton Francesco Doni. L'Italia turrita e stellata di R. Si può notare, sopra la personificazione allegorica, la Stella d'Italia L'opera "necessaria à Poeti, Pittori, et Scultori, per rappresentare le virtù, vitij, affetti et passioni humane", è un'enciclopedia dove vengono descritte, in ordine alfabetico, le personificazioni di concetti astratti, come la Pace, la Libertà o la Prudenza, contraddistinte da attributi e colori simbolici. Il testo venne riedito a Roma, per i tipi di Lepido Facij e dedicato a Lorenzo Salviati, ampliato con oltre 400 voci. deutero-esperanto, icon, eikon, iconologia, Grice’s lectures on Peirce, Oxford, iconic.  St John’s, Oxford, 1946. I am meant to be preparing a seminar on “Meaning,” and instead I find myself rehearsing, in my head, an argument with Strawson. That is not quite fair: he is not in the room; he is merely in the background in the way one’s conscience is in the background, except that one’s conscience does not usually quote Quine. “You must include Peirce,” Strawson had said, with the calm brutality of the very reasonable. He loves Quine, he loves C. W. Morris, he loves Peirce; he will one day, I imagine, love anything that comes with a label and an index. I begin to suspect he lied to me when he said he was born almost within the sound of Bow Bells. It is the sort of lie that means: I am more London than you are Birmingham. One forgives it, but one remembers it. I had been thinking of concentrating on Ewing’s Meaninglessness, which I find hyperbolic, and on Lady Welby, who at least has the decency to be eccentric in a principled way. But Strawson points out that Ogden (he ignores Richards, which is itself a philosophical position) in The Meaning of Meaning does mention Peirce in correspondence with the Lady, and so I should take notice. Ten years after. After revising my notes I find, with irritation, that Strawson was right in a way that makes one dislike being right oneself: the icon is the thing. Except that Peirce, for all his threefoldness, is not the beginning of it. The beginning, for my purposes, is Ripa. Iconologia. Rome, 1593, printed by the heirs of Giovanni Gigliotti, dedicated to Salviati, and (if the Bodleian had any public spirit) advertised more profusely than it is. Ripa is righter than Peirce, and I do not mean that as an insult to Peirce; it is an implicature, and I should add, for safety, that it is the sort of implicature I would later deny having meant. For now I see that if I want to avoid conventionality (which is, and was, and will be Austin’s burden), I must allow for different modes of correlation between what one says and what one gets one’s hearer to take. Mary has measles: the spots mean measles; and if one insists, the spots iconically represent what is going on in Mary’s system. Dark clouds mean rain. You look, you infer, and there is no treaty signed in advance. Aquinas calls it a natural sign; the Italians call it segno naturale; I, being Oxford, call it natural meaning and then pretend that the naming was the work. The word itself behaves. εἰκών, the eikon, as Cicero well knew, though he read more Greek than he read Cato’s provincial rudimentary Latin, the equivalent of Ogden’s Basic English. You see the apple, you see the pillar box, and a causal process produces, in your retina and in your subsequent psychological story, an icon of the thing. The postman approaching the box has an icon of the red pillar box; his thought represents it; it is, in that sense, an icon of it. One can call this “representation” and feel modern, but it is still, at bottom, likeness doing work. And then London, being London, spoils your examples. There is, in the City, a green Penfold pillar box on St Martin’s le Grand, a commemorative oddity, and the postman (who is loyal to his habits) may still find himself saying, “That pillar box does not look red to me.” The utterance is not iconic; it is a report, and reports have the decency to be non-iconic. But everything behind it is iconic: the light, the surface, the retina, the stored icon of “pillar-box-red,” the recognition that recognition has failed, and the rescue-operation we call a sentence. If there is an implicature here, it is only that I am blaming London for my philosophical tidiness. Even the social cases rely on the same mechanism. England cannot play a game of cricket with Australia; but this XI can, and that XI can, and each team represents its country, not by magic, but by a licensed likeness. It is not resemblance of colour or shape but resemblance of role, which is still a species of icon, only dressed in blazers. I am tempted, in a fit of Italianisation, to call it the Ripa principle: every non-iconic system of representation depends on, or is founded on, an iconic one. The philosopher supplies the logos; the icon is out there; the iconologia is ours. I note, for the record, that “tempted” is a hedge, and therefore a small implicature that I am about to go further than I can justify. Ripa, in Perugia, makes the icon practical: not a concept, but a utensil. He was a trinciante, cutting and serving at Salviati’s table; and I begin to see the analogy, which is so neat that it embarrasses me. Allegory, attribute, colour: the reader understands before the sentence finishes. Oxford pretends to despise that, and then does the same thing under the name of “example.” So tomorrow, when I stand up in my seminar on meaning, I shall mention Peirce because Strawson has forced my hand; but I shall be thinking of Ripa because Ripa has forced my eyes. And if anyone asks what I have “done,” I shall say, with my best self-effacing seriousness, that I have merely implicated it.Grice: Ripa, a Perugia siete capaci di far diventare l’icona una cosa pratica: non un concetto, ma un utensile. Ieri, di sfuggita, lo dicevo al collega filosofo Speranza: sostiene che lei, con l’Iconologia, riesce a fare quello che a Oxford riusciva solo al trinciante—tagliare e servire le idee in porzioni digeribili. Ripa: È un’arte antica, professore: allegorie, attributi, colori—e il lettore capisce prima di aver finito la frase. In fondo lo scopo era proprio “necessaria à Poeti, Pittori, et Scultori”: gente che non ha tempo per le definizioni, ma ha occhio per le somiglianze. Grice: Proprio dopo quella chiacchierata con Speranza ci siamo accorti di una cosa: ora capiamo perché Cicerone si spazientiva con “icona”, cioè εἰκών, quando doveva tradurre. Perché εἰκών non è semplicemente “immagine”: è un modo di rappresentare che porta con sé la somiglianza come argomento. E allora non stupisce che, anche quando uno sogna una lingua tutta pulita e non-iconica—tipo un Deutero-Esperanto—poi, appena deve spiegarsi, torna sempre a una εἰκών: un gesto, una figura, un pezzo di mondo che “mostra” prima di “dire”. Ripa: Iconica la sua implicatura, Grice, come Speranza la chiamerebbe con piena ragione. E mi piace perché mette d’accordo Perugia e Oxford: l’icona non è un lusso estetico, è la stampella della comprensione. Lei può anche costruire sistemi astratti finché vuole; ma quando deve farli camminare tra la gente, ha bisogno di un colore, di un attributo, di una figura che faccia da scorciatoia. E questo, mi creda, è più ciceroniano di quanto Cicerone avrebbe mai ammesso in pubblico. Ripa, Cesare (1593). Iconologia. Roma: Lepido Facii.

Emanuele Riverso (Napoli, Campania): o, la ragione conversazionale della la forma del segno romano. Studia a Napoli. Insegna a Salerno e Napoli. Spazia dalla filosofia critica ed analitica, alla logica formale, ed è stato esperto in problemi di linguistica, di filosofia delle scienze e delle culture. Saggi: “Colpa e giustificazione nella re-azione anti-immanentistica del "Roemerbrief" barthiano”; “Teo-logia esistenzialistica”; “La costruzione interpretativa del mondo”; “L’epistemo-logia genetica”, “Meta-Fisica e Scientismo”; “Filosofia e analisi del linguaggio”; “Dalla magia alla scienza”, “Conoscenza e metodo nel sensismo degl'ideologi”; “L’esperienza estetica”; “La filosofia d’Occidente, Corso di storia della filosofia, Natura e logo, La razionalizzazione dell'esperienza, La filosofia analitica, La filosofia, Individuo, società e cultura. La psicologia del processo culturale, L’immagine dell'universo. Astronomia e ideologia, Il pragmatismo, La spiritualità, Il linguaggio nella filosofia romana antica, Democrazia, iso-nomia e stato, Una corrente filosofica; riferimento e struttura; Il problema logico-analitico in Strawson, Democrazia e gioco maggioritario, Filosofia del tempo, La civilta e lo stato romano; Alle origini del pensiero politico, La carica dell'elettrone, Esperienza e riflessione, Forma culturale e paradigma umano; Le tappe del pensiero filosofico nella cultura d’Occidente, Paradigmi umano e educazione, Filosofia del linguaggio, Dalla forma al significato, Cose e parole, Come BRUNO  inizia a parlare: Diario di una maestra di sostegno, “La rimozione dell'eros nel giansenismo”, Civiltà, libertà e mercato nella città italica antica (Roma). Un viaggio al centro dell'immaginario religioso e mistico che ha influenzato l'umanità, morale e dottrina, Cogitata et scripta, Filosofo del linguaggio, La Tribuna. Semiosi iconica e comprensione della terra. Intorno al pensiero di Karl Barth. la forma del segno, la tappa, le tappe, riferimento, ri-ferire, vico, animale raggionavole, magia e scienza, Bruno.  Merton, Philosophical Library, 1951. Merton, Philosophical Library. What are you reading? Strawson asked me. The question was not merely polite. He had caught me with the book open on one knee, and on the other knee a notebook, and a pen poised with that look a pen gets when it expects to be useful. The whole arrangement suggested, not reading, but preparation. Nothing of importance, I said. A Padovan export. Off CEDAM. CEDAM, Strawson repeated, as if it were an English verb. Is that meant to be a publisher or a threat. Publisher, I said. They don’t have Clarendon in Padua. They have their own establishment, and then they hide it behind an acronym, as if the syllables would be too Italian to carry in public. Title, Grice, Strawson said. That was my implicature. All right, I said. But the thing is so large it violates my private maxim: do not repeat yourself twice. I see, he said, which in Strawson’s mouth means: I insist. So I gave in and began, as one does, to shorten where one can, and to over-enunciate where one cannot. Intorno al pensiero di Karl Barth, I said. Intorno, Strawson echoed. Around. Like a merry-go-round. Exactly, I said. Not what Riverso thinks, but what he thinks around. He’s circling a thinker, like a cautious dog. And then it continues: Colpa e giustificazione. Guilt and justification, Strawson said, brightening. That does sound like something one might do on purpose. Like Freedom and Resentment, but with more theology and fewer suburbs. Then: nella reazione anti-immanentistica— Anti what, he said. Anti-immanentistica, I repeated. In Italian they tolerate one i after another. We only allow it for Latinates. Anglii and the rest of that indecency. Is that all, Strawson asked, as if he knew perfectly well it was not, and also because my tone had not given him the sort of closure that cancels further inquiry. No, I said. You’re quite right. It goes on. It is a large cover book. Reazione anti-immanentistica del Roemerbrief barthiano. Barthiano, he said. Isn’t that redundant. Surely the Roemerbrief is Barth’s. Not if you read it the way a philosopher reads, I said. A philosopher reads for scope, not for charity. Brief is a common noun, and Roemer is, grammatically speaking, a common adjective. If you write Roemerbrief barthiano you are doing two things at once. You are labelling the document and you are disambiguating the author. So the redundancy is not redundancy, Strawson said. It is insurance. Precisely. Riverso is implicating, as I use the term, that there could be Roemerbriefe that are not Barth’s. If you omit barthiano you leave a door open for the wrong sort of reader. And the wrong sort of reader is exactly the sort one meets in libraries. Strawson looked at the cover again, then at my notebook. And this is why you’re taking notes. Partly, I said. Partly. Partly I’m taking notes because if I don’t, the title will continue to exist only as an endurance-test, and I should like it to exist as an example. And partly because it is the neatest illustration I’ve had this week of what Italians can do, casually, with the words around and of. How so. Because “intorno al pensiero” advertises modesty while smuggling in a method. It says: I am not pretending to be Barth. I am merely in Barth’s neighbourhood. But that neighbourhood is where all the action is. It is where you can discuss guilt and justification without pretending you invented guilt or discovered justification. Strawson nodded, as if acknowledging that neighbourhoods are indeed where metaphysics happens when it tries to look respectable. Still, he said, what is Riverso actually doing in the book. He is testing a very particular move in Barth, I said. The anti-immanentistic reaction, which is a grand phrase for a simple discomfort: the refusal to let the divine collapse into the merely human, or the eternal into the historical, or grace into psychology. Barth is reacting against a style of thought that makes everything immanent, everything available on the surface, everything explainable without remainder. Riverso is following that reaction and asking what it commits Barth to—what it rules out, what it forces you to say, what it forces you to stop saying. So it is a book about what can and cannot be said, Strawson said. Exactly, I said. It is about the discipline of refusal. The refusal to explain away. The refusal to translate the sacred into something comfortable. Strawson smiled in that way he has when he is about to turn my sentence into a mild rebuke. Then it will fit you perfectly, Grice, he said. You have always been fond of refusal. That is unjust, I said. I am fond of restraint. How do you tell them apart. You can’t, I said, unless you know the motive. Refusal is what you do to stop the other chap talking. Restraint is what you do to stop yourself. And Riverso. Riverso, I said, is practising restraint under the guise of commentary. He stays “around” Barth so that he can say, with a straight face, that he isn’t preaching. But the whole title is already a small sermon in method: we will not speak from above; we will speak from around. We will not claim the centre; we will patrol the perimeter. Strawson sat down, as if the matter now required residence. And have you found a Roemerbrief that isn’t by Barth. Not yet, I said. But the beauty of Riverso’s barthiano is that it makes the question intelligible. It creates, by a mere adjective, the logical space for the counterexample. That is what good labelling does: it tells you what would count as a mistake. He glanced again at my notebook. And what have you written so far. Very little, I admitted. Just the title, broken into manageable parts, and one line of English: beware of adjectives that look redundant. They are often doing the real work. Strawson rose, satisfied. Then you are ready for your examination, he said. Ready, I said, in the only sense that ever applies. I have a title I can now repeat without fainting. And as he walked off, I found myself thinking that this, too, is why Oxford is a peculiar place to read Italian philosophy. An Italian can write a title that looks like a whole argument, and then use an extra adjective to keep the argument honest. An Englishman reads it and thinks, at first, that the extra adjective is merely ornamental. Then he remembers that in our own work the “ornament” is often the whole point, only we are too shy to admit it, so we hide it, not behind acronyms, but behind the word “obviously.” a) CEDAM is an acronym for Casa Editrice Dott. Antonio Milani (Padova). [it.wikipedia.org], [treccani.it] (b) Römerbrief literally means “Letter to the Romans” (i.e., the Epistle to the Romans). In the Barth context, Der Römerbrief is Karl Barth’s commentary on Paul’s Epistle to the Romans. EPILOGUE. Two days later. How is your Riverso going? Strawson asked. Fine, I said. I’m rather taken with CEDAM. Milani strikes one as an eminence. What Milani? Strawson asked, with the mild alarm of a man who suspects you have acquired a new Italian without telling him. I told you CEDAM was an acronym—like Clarendon, or Blackwell, for that matter. Only we put the proper name in capitals and pretend we’ve done something scholarly, whereas Padua hides the man behind four letters. But listen: if you say C-E-D-A-M slowly enough, you can almost hear him at the end: M. I held the M a fraction too long, in the way only I can and nobody thanks me for. Strawson said: You’re making a phonetic argument for a publishing house. I’m making a conversational one, I replied. If a house takes the trouble to conceal a name, it is inviting you to infer the name. And the Römerbrief? he asked. Ah, yes. Riverso has dropped the umlaut, I said—Italian typography cannot be expected to keep German diacritics in good health. But the point remains: Römerbrief means “Letter to the Romans.” Someone writes a mere letter—a brief—to the Romans, I went on. Has it got to be Paul? Well, Strawson said, it wasn’t you. No cigar, I said. It’s all Greek, I admitted, and you never had it; but what Paulos wrote was Ἐπιστολὴ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους. And that is already instructive. “Epistle to the Romans” is not a proper name at all: it’s a description. Anyone can write an epistle, and “Romans” is far too collective to fit your mould in Individuals. If I said “a letter to the English,” you’d ask, quite rightly, “Which English?” Strawson said: I should ask, first, who on earth would write to “the English” as if we were one addressee. Exactly, I said. Romans is a plurality in uniform. And “brief” is just a noun wearing an air of authority. The description doesn’t settle the author; it leans on context to do the settling. Which is precisely what Barth is doing, Strawson said. Not proving that it must be Paul, but exploiting the fact that it already is Paul for anyone who has been brought up properly—by the Vulgate, the pulpit, and a general European conspiracy of reference-fixing. Yes, I said. Barth’s Römerbrief is not “a letter that happens to be to Romans.” It’s that letter: the one that has become, as you say, dogma. If Quine were here he’d call it a canonical text and then deny there are any canons. Strawson smiled. And Riverso, circling it “intorno,” is circling not merely a text but a settled identification. I don’t deny it, I said. But Riverso’s little redundancy—Roemerbrief barthiano—still amuses me. It’s like writing “the Oxford University of Oxford.” It looks silly until you remember that the silliness does work: it blocks the wrong inference, the one made by a clever reader who thinks descriptions always underdetermine their referents. And you approve of blocking wrong inferences? Strawson asked. In print, yes, I said. In conversation I prefer to let them occur and then watch you try to repair them. In that case, Strawson said, you’ll have plenty of Riverso left. No, I said. Only one more thing. When I next see CEDAM in capitals, I shall no longer hear “a publisher.” I shall hear “a man with a name.” And that, Strawson said, is the difference between a letter and an epistle: one has a sender; the other has an institution. Quite, I said. And Oxford, of course, has both—only it calls the institution “ordinary language” and the sender “nobody in particular.”Grice: Riverso, lei a Napoli riesce a far sembrare la “forma del segno romano” una cosa che si può ordinare al banco, con lo scontrino e tutto. Ieri, di sfuggita, ne parlavo col collega filosofo Speranza: dice che i napoletani sono gli unici capaci di mettere insieme logica formale e magia senza chiedere permesso. Riverso: È che a Napoli, se separi troppo, poi non ti capisci più nemmeno col barista. La logica serve, certo, ma serve anche ricordarsi che le culture non sono equazioni: sono abitudini, stratificazioni, “tappe”. E il linguaggio romano, se lo guardi bene, è un’officina, non un museo. Grice: Proprio perché Speranza e io ci stavamo chiedendo come mai, in certe pagine, si passi dalla forma al significato come se fosse una scala mobile, mi è venuta una piccola perplessità da filologo pigro. Segnare—signare—è tracciare un segno, marcare, incidere: roba da notai e da legionari. Significare, invece, sembra aggiungere una sillaba che vuole fare l’importantina: quel “-fi-” che pare dire “non basta il segno, ci metto anche il significato in divisa”. Eppure, a sentirla parlare, viene da pensare che spesso “significare” non sia un superpotere in più, ma soltanto “segnare” visto dal banco di chi interpreta: un segno ben fatto, e il resto lo fa la conversazione. Riverso: Implicatura segnata, non significata, la sua, come Speranza vorrebbe che fosse. E mi piace perché è napoletanamente parsimoniosa: non compra un “-fi-” se non serve. In fondo, nella filosofia della comunicazione, la differenza tra segnare e significare è spesso una questione di contesto: il segno è l’atto, il significato è l’effetto sociale che si stabilizza. Se poi ci mettiamo dentro Roma antica, Vico, e persino Bruno che “inizia a parlare”, capisce perché a volte basta incidere bene—e lasciare che siano gli altri, con metodo (e un po’ di teatro), a fare il resto. Riverso, Emanuele (1951). Intorno al pensiero di Karl Barth. Colpa e giustificazione nella reazione antiimmanentistica del “Roemerbrief” barthiano. Padova: CEDAM.

Roccoto: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). To be identified.  Grice: Roccotto, ieri, di sfuggita, lo dicevo al collega filosofo Speranza: a Roma basta un cognome perché la gente pretenda già un sistema, e se poi ci metti “ragione conversazionale” e “implicatura” ti chiedono subito dove si firma. Roccotto: A Roma è normale: prima ti mettono l’etichetta, poi ti chiedono di meritarla. Però mi piace: la città è un’aula senza campanella, e l’implicatura è il modo più economico per non fare tardi. Grice: E proprio dopo quella chiacchierata con Speranza ci siamo domandati se non sia questo il destino di certi nomi “da indice”: non tanto farsi riconoscere, quanto farsi cercare. Perché “to be identified” suona come una nota di polizia, ma in filosofia funziona da invito: se uno non è ancora identificato, allora ogni frase che lascia un po’ di spazio diventa una pista. E così l’implicatura, invece di chiudere il discorso, lo apre: fa lavorare il lettore come un segugio educato. Roccotto: Implicatura identificativa, la sua, come Speranza la rietichetterebbe. E mi sta bene: perché qui l’identità non è un dato, è una pratica conversazionale. Se mi vuoi “trovare”, non serve un documento: basta seguire le tracce—quelle che non sono scritte, ma che si capiscono benissimo.

Franco Rodano (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale dell’immunità e della comunità, o l’implicatura dei comunisti. Fondatore del “catto-comunismo.” E tra i fondatori del movimento dei cattolici comunisti, poi sinistra cristiana. Studia a Roma. Frequenta la Scaletta. Milita nell'azione cattolica e nella FUCI presieduta da Moro. Entra in contatto e collabora con anti-fascisti d'ispirazione cattolica -- Ossicini, Pecoraro, Tatò e altri -- comunista -- Bufalini, Amendola, Ingrao, Radice e altri --, del partito d'azione e liberali -- Malfa, Solari, Fiorentino fra gl’altri. Partecipa al movimento dei cattolici anti-fascisti. Con Ossicini e Pecoraro tra i promotori e dirigenti del partito co-operativista sin-archico -- poi partito comunista cristiano -- e ne redige i principali documenti. Fa parte, con Alicata e Ingrao, del trium-virato dirigente le II distinte organizzazioni clandestine, comunista e comunista cristiana. Scrive saggi sull’Osservatore Romano. Arrestato dalla polizia fascista in una generale retata dei militanti del partito comunista cristiano, e deferito al tribunale speciale con altri suoi dirigenti. Il processo non ha luogo per la caduta del fascismo. Nel periodo badogliano ha intensi scambi d'idee con i compagni di partito e altre personalità anti-fasciste sulla linea da seguire. Stringe amicizia con Luca e Pintor. Collabora al “Lavoro”, diretto da Alicata, comunista, Vernocchi, socialista, e Gaudenti, cattolico. Sotto l'occupazione nazista di Roma fonda il movimento dei cattolici comunisti, e ne redige i documenti teorico-politici. Scrive saggi sui 14 numeri usciti alla macchia di “Voce operaia”, organo dello stesso movimento dei cattolici comunisti. Liberata Roma, il movimento di cattolici comunisti prende il nome di partito della sinistra cristiana. Vi confluiscono i cristiano-sociali di Bruni. Vi partecipano anche Balbo, Sacconi, Barca, Amico, Chiesa, Valente, Mira, Tatò, Tedesco, Parrelli, Tranquilli, e Rinaldini. Stringe un rapporto di amicizia e collaborazione -- immunità e comunità – filosofia italiana – i comunisti, il laico, democrazia, revoluzione, lotta di classe, societa opulenta, peculiarita dei comunisti italiani, anti-fascismo, arrestato dai fascisti.  Grice: Rodano, lei a Roma è riuscito a fare una cosa che a Oxford sarebbe sembrata un ossimoro per pura pigrizia: mettere “catto-” e “comunismo” nella stessa frase senza chiedere scusa. Ne parlavo ieri, di sfuggita, col collega filosofo Speranza: dice che a voi romani riesce perché avete già il senso della clandestinità come metodo. Rodano: A Roma il metodo viene spesso prima della teoria, anche perché la teoria, se la scrivi male, finisce in questura. E poi, tra Azione cattolica, FUCI e antifascismo, uno impara che la parola “comunità” non è un nastro regalo: o regge nella pratica, o si strappa. Grice: Proprio dopo quella chiacchierata con Speranza ci siamo messi a ridere su una cosa di famiglia: mia madre non capiva mai perché un termine come καθολικός, che suona già “di tutti”, debba poi restringersi fino a diventare un indirizzo postale. Lei era anglo-catholic, High Church: per lei “cattolico” era una disposizione, non un recapito; e quando qualcuno diceva “Roma”, lei faceva l’aria di chi pensa: “Ah, dunque avete preso un aggettivo universale e l’avete messo in uniforme”. E intanto mi veniva in mente anche il suo gioco serio tra immunità e comunità: perché qui sembra che l’immunità sia la tentazione naturale (stare al sicuro, non esporsi, non contaminarsi), mentre la comunità è la disciplina difficile (esporsi, rispondere, condividere il rischio) — e forse è proprio lì che “i comunisti” fanno la loro implicatura più testarda: non esistere come club protetto, ma come conversazione che non concede troppe esenzioni. Rodano: Implicatura cattolica ma non romana la sua, come Speranza la riclassificherebbe con precisione. E mi piace: perché in una battuta sola fa vedere come l’universale, appena entra nella politica, tende a chiedere un documento d’identità; e con l’immunità e la comunità lei aggiunge l’altra metà: come, appena entra nella storia, l’universale tende anche a chiedere una scappatoia. Qui a Roma, tra “Osservatore Romano”, “Voce operaia” e i documenti scritti alla macchia, abbiamo imparato che “cattolico” può voler dire molto più di un confine, e che “comunità” può voler dire molto più di un riparo. Sua madre, in fondo, era più romana di molti romani: prendeva sul serio l’idea del “di tutti” e lasciava agli uffici l’ossessione per il timbro. Rodano, Franco (1947). Teoria politica del comunismo. Roma: Editori Riuniti.

Rogatiano (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale della filosofia della gotta. A senator whose tutor is Plotino. He credits Plotino for helping him realise the importance of leading a frugal existence. He himself fasts every other day – to which he attributes his recovery from gout.  GRICEVS: ROGATIANE, Romae etiam morbi more senatorio ambulant. Heri, obiter, cum collega philosopho Spe (Speranza) locutus sum; ille dixit Plotinum non solum animos, sed et articulos regere—si modo quis parcus esse velit. ROGATIANVS: Recte dicit. Plotinus mihi tutor fuit, et frugalitatem quasi medicinam proposuit. Ego vero alternis diebus ieiuno; sic, ut mihi videtur, pedes mei minus imperant mihi quam olim. GRICEVS: Post illum sermonem cum Spe, mirabamur quid esset ipsa “gotta”—quasi res parva, sed dominatrix magna. Vocabulum Graecum est, gutta, a gutta—stilla: quasi morbus non impetu, sed stillatim veniat, donec totum genu occupet. Itaque, cum quis dicit se ieiunare, non tantum de cibo loquitur: de stillis quoque, ne in articulos conveniant. ROGATIANVS: Implicaturae tuae etiam Spem a gotta levaverunt—antiguttata quaedam, ut ille iocans diceret. Et ego gratias ago: nam si temperantia corpus facit levius, sermo tuus facit morbum ridiculum. Plotinus mihi docuit parcere; tu docuisti “guttam” non timendam esse, dum stillas in verbis potius quam in pedibus sentimus.

Tertilio Rogo (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale dell’allievo di Filone. A pupil of Filone at Rome.  GRICEVS: ROGE, Romae omnes docent aut docentur; et heri, obiter, cum collega philosopho Spe locutus sum, qui dixit: “Apud Romanos etiam discipulus statim fit argumentum.” ROGVS: Vera dicit Spes. Ego quidem discipulus Filonis fui Romae; et postea intellexi discipulum non esse tantum “auditorem,” sed quasi pignus scholae: si bene procedit, magistrum ornat; si male, magistrum prodidit. GRICEVS: Id ipsum Spe mecum mirabatur: quidnam secum ferat esse non solum discipulum, sed quasi “tutatum” — verbum quaerebam; fortasse sub tutela? vel pupillus? Nam qui sub tutela est, non tantum discit; etiam ostendit cui crediderit. Cum dicis “Filonis discipulus,” iam sonat quasi: “habet accessum,” “habuit tempus,” “didicit modum,” et—quod Roma maxime amat—“habet testes.” Ita fit ut ipsa relatio magistri et discipuli plus dicat quam sententia aliqua. ROGVS: Implicatura tutoralis tua est, GRICE, ut Spes diceret. Et bene me tangit: nec opus est ut “inveniam,” quod iam in ipsa formula latet. Nam Roma, cum audit “sub tutela Filonis,” statim intelligit non solum doctrinam, sed disciplinam—et quandam amicitiam scholasticam. Discipulus enim hic non est umbra: est argumentum ambulans.

Gian Domenico Romagnosi (Salsomaggiore, Parma, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale della Roma antica, e l’implicatura dei IV periodi: o, dal segno alla logìa. Conversational Self-Love, Conversational Benevolence. Important Italian philosopher. È lo stesso R. a definire la propria riflessione matura una civile filosofia, entro la quale si individuano i due temi principali della ‘Costituzione’ e dell’‘incivilimento’. La legge naturale di socialità è l’asse attorno a cui ruota tale filosofia e l’incivilimento è il fine naturale della società. Quest’ultima è un dato naturale – anti-contrattualismo. Anche la sua dottrina della conoscenza, consegnata a scritti apparsi in età matura, si basa su un fondamentale naturalismo.  Gian Domenico Romagnosi. Studiò giurisprudenza a Parma, ove si laurea ed esercitò la professione notarile. È notaio a Piacenza, in seguito si sposta a Trento, con il ruolo di pretore e poi di consigliere aulico del principato, dove finì per trascorrervi tutti gli anni Novanta, esercitando anche l’avvocatura. Pubblica la genesi del diritto penale, un’opera di impronta ancora tutta settecentesca, con al centro il tema della pena, che non soltanto era stato argomento cruciale di dibattito nel corso dell’Illuminismo italiano, ma rappresenta anche la prosecuzione e il frutto di ricerche che, dopo essere state avviate nel Seicento tedesco dal giurista Thomasius, avevano successivamente interessato buona parte della cultura europea.  I due brevi scritti politici redatti subito dopo, volti a definire i concetti di eguaglianza e libertà declinati in senso anti-giacobino, sono testimonianza di un atteggiamento anti-dispotico che può ben essere assunto a cifra caratterizzante la sua complessiva visione politica del mondo. scienza simbolica, scienza simbolica degl’antichi romani, il vico di Romagnosi, la terza Roma, la prima Roma, la prima eta, la terza eta, la logica di Genovese, filosofia della lingua, semantica, giudizio, volizione, la matematica, Sacchi, Cattaneo, incivilamento, gl’italiani, la nazione italiana.  Grice: Romagnosi, lei ha il raro talento di far sembrare “incivilimento” una faccenda da conversazione quotidiana, non da codice. Ieri, di sfuggita, lo dicevo al collega filosofo Speranza: sostiene che a Salsomaggiore persino la “costituzione” entra in stanza come un ospite, e se non le offri un argomento si offende. Romagnosi: È che la legge naturale di socialità, se la tratti da idea astratta, ti punisce con la noia. Se invece la tratti come un fatto di vita, ti costringe a parlare bene: e parlare bene, in Emilia, è già metà dell’incivilimento. L’anti-contrattualismo, poi, non è maleducazione: è ricordarsi che la società c’era prima della firma. Grice: Speranza e io ci stavamo chiedendo una cosa che lei risolverebbe con un sorriso: perché insistere sui quattro periodi, come se la storia del pensiero avesse bisogno di stagioni regolamentari? Ma appena uno dice “prima Roma”, “terza Roma”, “prima età”, “terza età”, capisci che la scansione non è un calendario: è un modo di far passare l’idea che si va dal segno alla logìa senza saltare i passaggi, come in una buona conversazione—prima ti intendi sui gesti, poi sulle parole, poi sui giudizi, e solo alla fine ti concedi una volizione. E infatti, a Vadum Boum noi abbiamo tre trimestri; voi emiliani avete quattro periodi: non è che siete più storici, è che siete più ordinati. Romagnosi: Implicatura del quarto periodo, la sua, Grice, come Speranza la classificherebbe. Perché lei fa capire che quei “IV periodi” non servono a mettere la filosofia in gabbia, ma a impedirle di fare finta di essere nata già adulta. Il passaggio dal segno alla logìa, dalla semantica al giudizio, e dal giudizio alla politica dell’incivilimento: ecco la mia “civile filosofia”. E Speranza, che ama le tassonomie più di quanto ammetta, sarà felice: finalmente un quarto periodo che non è una scusa per rimandare l’esame, ma una ragione per finire il discorso. Romagnosi, Gian Domenico (1802). Genesi del diritto penale. Parma: Stamperia Reale.

Romanoto (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura. Grice: Romanoto, ieri, di sfuggita, ne parlavo col collega filosofo Speranza: dice che a Roma l’implicatura non si “calcola”, si attraversa—come il Tevere, guardando altrove e arrivando lo stesso dall’altra parte. Romanoto: Speranza ha ragione: qui l’esplicito è spesso solo la segnaletica, mentre il traffico vero sta sotto. A Roma uno impara presto che una frase serve più a far muovere l’altro che a “dire” una cosa: la ragione conversazionale è anche urbanistica. Grice: Proprio dopo quella chiacchierata con Speranza mi è venuto da chiedermi perché a Roma la gente si fidi così tanto di ciò che resta “tra le righe”. Forse perché l’iscrizione più importante non è quella incisa, ma quella consumata: la stessa battuta ripetuta al bar, la stessa allusione rimasticata in fila, la stessa parola che cambia peso a seconda di chi la pronuncia. E allora l’implicatura diventa quasi un documento pubblico: non la firmi, ma la riconosci—e se fai finta di niente, sembri tu quello strano. Romanoto: Implicatura romana la sua, come Speranza la etichetterebbe. E mi piace perché non la mette in cattedra: la fa camminare. In fondo qui l’implicito è una prassi sociale—un modo di tenere insieme velocità e cautela—e Speranza lo sa benissimo: lui finge di voler tutto esplicito, ma poi è il primo a capire “al volo”, senza che nessuno debba spiegarglielo.

Vasco Ronchi (Forli, Emilia, Romagna): la ragione conversazionale e la ragione conversativa -- il conversativo, o, filosofia della comunicazione. Si laurea a Bologna e consegue il dottorato a Milano sotto SINI. Insegna all’Aquila. Dirige “Filosofia al presente” per Textus, di L’Aquila e “Canone minore” per Mimesis di Milano. Dirige la scuola di filosofia Praxis. Si dedica alla passione -- “Sapere passionale” (Spirali, Milano) e alla questione della comunicazione intesa filosoficamente come partecipazione alla verità e fondamento ontologico della stessa pratica filosofica (“Teoria critica della comunicazione: dal modello vei-colare al modello conversazionale” (Mondatori, Milano) Grice: “I like ‘conversativo,’ Almost a Spoonerism for ‘conservative’!” --; “Filosofia della comunicazione. Il mondo come resto e come teo-gonia” (Boringheri, Torino). Propone  una revisione del modello vei-colare o standard della comunicazione e una critica al paradigma linguistico del vivente. Al problema della raffigurazione e al suo rapporto col dicibile nella filosofia è invece dedicato “Il bastardo: figurazione dell’invisibile e comunicazione indiretta” Grice: “This shows a distinction between ‘ingelese italianato.’ To call indirect communication bastard would be a bit too much at Oxford!” --. Grazie ai suoi studi su Bergson si è segnalato come una voce significativa della cosiddetta “Bergson renaissance”. – cf. Grice, “Speranza e la cosidddetta “Grice renaissance””. In “L’interpretazione” (Marietti, Genova) e  “Una sintesi” (Marinotti, Milano) guarda a Bergson come a un filosofo in grado di dare risposta a questioni tuttora aperte del dibattito filosofico. Bergson non è un filosofo irrazionalista, spiritualista, ostile alla scienza e ai suoi metodi. Per lui la filosofia è un metodo rigorosamente empirista, che consente la massima precisione possibile nella descrizione dei fenomeni. filosofia della comunicazione, immanenza, in defense of the minor league, natura naturans, Gentile, atto puro, implicatura conversativa.  Grice: Ronchi, a Forlì avete il raro talento di far suonare la comunicazione come se fosse una disciplina ascetica. Ne parlavo ieri, di sfuggita, col collega Speranza: dice che “conversativo” gli piace perché sembra quasi un refuso virtuoso—come se “conservativo” avesse deciso di uscire a prendere aria. Ronchi: È un refuso che lavora, però. Il “conversazionale” corregge il modello veicolare; il “conversativo” corregge noi, quando scambiamo la comunicazione per trasporto merci. A L’Aquila mi accorgo sempre che, se la verità non circola come partecipazione, diventa solo un pacco smarrito. Grice: E infatti, proprio perché Speranza e io ci stavamo chiedendo che razza di parola sia “conversativo”, mi è venuta in mente una cosa: se uno insiste sul conversativo, sta già mettendo un freno gentile al chiacchiericcio. Non è “parlare di più”, è “tenere in vita” il senso, conservarlo dentro lo scambio—quasi che il conversare serva a non disperdere, a non buttare via il resto del mondo mentre lo si nomina. E allora capisco perché mi suona come il cugino serio (ma simpatico) di “conservativo”: stessa radice d’aria, ma con più orecchio. Ronchi: Implicatura conservativa, la sua, come Speranza la rietichetterebbe. E mi va benissimo così: perché nel mio lessico “conversativo” non è un vezzo, è un criterio di tenuta. Se la comunicazione è partecipazione alla verità, allora il conversativo è ciò che la trattiene senza imbalsamarla: la conserva mentre la fa passare. In fondo, perfino Speranza lo ammetterebbe—anche se poi fingerebbe di averlo sempre detto per primo. Ronchi, Vasco (1923). Lezioni di ottica. Bologna: Zanichelli.

Daniele Rosa (Susa, Torino, Piemonte)– implicature in deutero-esperanto. Scienziato naturalista, direttore del museo zoologico di Torino, da alle stampe il suo progetto di lingua internazionale nel Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della Regia Università di Torino col saggio, Le Nov Latin, international scientific lingua super natural bases.’ Muore a Novi Ligure. Appassionato d’evoluzionismo e ottimo conoscitore di lingue antiche e moderne, decide di basare il suo studio di lingua a posteriori, come si deduce dallo stesso nome della lingua, sul lessico latino. R. dichiara che la sua lingua può essere letta da qualsiasi studioso senza che questi la abbia prima imparata - fondamentale caratteristica che sola può rendere una lingua veramente internazionale - e può essere scritta dopo appena poche pagine di spiegazione, senza il bisogno del dizionario. Vedasi PEI , One language for the world, New York, Biblo and Tannen. L'alfabeto è quello latino, con l'unica differenza che non è presente la lettera «y», e la pronuncia dei grafemi e delle loro combinazioni è quella italiana. Il sistema d’accenti segue le regole dell'accento latino, per cui: le parole bisillabe hanno accento sempre sulla prima sillaba (es. lat. LAUDO ['lawdo]). In parole con più di due sillabe, l'accento tonico cade sulla penultima sillaba se questa è lunga (es. lat. AUDIRE [aw dire]), altrimenti sulla terzultima (es. lat. ANIMUS [' animus]). L'accento non cade mai prima della terzultima sillaba. Gl’articoli si dividono in determinati, al singolare «le» e al plurale «les», e indeterminati, «un» di cui non esiste la forma plurale – cf. Gric (Ex), “some, at least one” – “the ones” --. I nomi e gl’aggettivi sono indeclinabili, ridotte alle loro sole radici. Le funzioni dei casi sono espletate dalle preposizioni. S’ottengono eliminando le lettere finali delle parole prese nella loro forma genitiva singolare latina, fino ad ottenere la loro forma radicale. deutero-esperanto.  Grice: Rosa, lei a Susa riesce a far sembrare “lingua internazionale” una cosa da laboratorio, non da salotto. Ne dicevo ieri, di sfuggita, al collega filosofo Speranza: sostiene che ogni lingua universale nasce con l’aria di voler abolire i confini, e finisce invece per inventarsi nuove dogane, tipo la lettera “y”. Rosa: È il bello del mio Nov Latin: niente “y”, pronuncia italiana, accenti latini, e soprattutto l’idea un po’ immodesta che uno la possa leggere senza averla studiata. Se l’internazionalità non passa dalla pigrizia intelligente del lettore, non passa da nessuna parte. Grice: Proprio dopo quella chiacchierata con Speranza ci siamo chiesti una cosa che mi perseguita: perché mai al povero Zamenhof non è venuto in mente di chiamare la sua creatura “proto-esperanto”? Se poi arrivano i correttori, i riformatori, i puristi, i “più scientifici”, la seconda versione non dovrebbe chiamarsi deutero-esperanto per semplice buonsenso numerico? Sembra quasi che la parola “esperanto” volesse cominciare già dal capitolo due: speranza subito, prototipo mai. Rosa: Implicatura esperantista, la sua, come Speranza la chiamerebbe. E ha anche ragione a complicare i conti: deutero-esperanto, a ben vedere, è rigorosamente il terzo. C’è uno stadio 0: l’esperanto come desiderio, come “pulsione” a una lingua comune prima ancora della grammatica. Poi lo stadio 1: l’esperanto di Zamenhof, con il nome già ottimistico in copertina. E poi lo stadio 2: il suo, il deutero-esperanto griceano, che arriva dopo e mette ordine alle pretese—come dire: va bene la speranza, ma adesso vediamo la sintassi, gli articoli, e soprattutto dove cade l’accento. Rosa, Daniele (1918). Ologenesi. Torino: Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese.

Rosandro (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale degl’amici filosofi. A philosopher who becomes an acquaintance of Elio Aristide.   GRICEVS: ROSANDRE, Romae omnia videntur fieri per notitiam: et in atrio, et in foro, et in thermis. Heri, obiter, cum collega philosopho Spe locutus sum; ille dixit se mirari quod Romani plus fidei tribuant “amicis” quam “argumentis”. ROSANDRVS: Non errat Spes. Apud nos amicitia est quasi disciplina: prius cognoscis hominem, deinde sententiam. Itaque, si quis dicitur Elio Aristidi notus, iam quasi dimidium elogii tulit: non quia laudatur, sed quia aditus ei patuit. GRICEVS: Id ipsum Spe mecum nuper volutabat: quidnam secum ferat esse “notum” Aelio Aristidi. Nam “notitia” non est tantum nuntius; est quasi tessera admissionis—et simul onus. Qui Aristidem novit, non potest postea loqui tamquam extra spectet: audiens fit particeps, et laudator antequam disputator. Ita fit ut quaedam cognitio ex ipsa consuetudine nascatur: non ex definitione, sed ex adsuetudine—et iam pudet ignorare quod “notus” esse videtur exigere. ROSANDRVS: Implicaturas tuas probe nosco, Grice; utique et Spes, nec dubito quin idem sentiat—nec necesse est me “invenire” quod iam in ore tuo est. Sed quaero: quid faceres de hac distinctione Ciceronis inter cognitionem ex consuetudine et cognitionem ex descriptione? (Nolo dicere cuiusdam Britanni nomen, sed scis.) Nam “notus Aristidi” sonat quasi cognitio per consuetudinem; “Aristides, orator clarus” est cognitio per descriptionem. Roma amat utrumque—sed in conviviis, credo, semper vincit illa prior.

Carlo Alberto Rosselli (Roma, Lazio): la filosofia italiana nel ventennio fascista. Important Italian philosopher. There is a R. Circle in Rome. Teorico del socialismo liberale, un socialismo riformista non marxista direttamente ispirato dal laburismo inglese e dalla tradizione storico-politica del radicalismo liberale e libertario. Fonda a Firenze il foglio clandestino “Non mollare e insieme a Nenni, la rivista milanese “Il quarto stato”. Fonda il movimento anti-fascista “giustizia e libertà”, che combatté per la repubblica nella guerra civile spagnola, all'interno della colonna italiana R., costituita assieme agl’anarchici. Ucciso in Francia insieme con il fratello R. da assassini legati al regime fascista. Nato da una famiglia politicamente attiva, avendo partecipato alle vicende del Risorgimento italiano: Pellegrino R., tra l'altro zio della futura moglie di Nathan, sindaco di Roma, è un seguace e stretto collaboratore di MAZZINI  ed un Pincherle è nominato ministro nella Repubblica di S. Marco, instauratasi nel Triveneto a seguito d'una massiccia insurrezione anti-asburgica guidata da Manin e Tommaseo.  I R. abitato per un considerevole periodo a Vienna. Si trasferirono a Roma. Qui, dopo la propria nascita, venne alla luce il fratello R.  La madre, separata, si trasferì con i suoi figli a Firenze, dove frequentarono la scuola. R. mostra in quel periodo poco interesse per gli studi e la madre lo ritira dal ginnasio, facendogli frequentare la scuola tecnica. L'entrata in guerra dell'Italia è accolta con entusiasmo dai R., decisamente interventisti. Il fratello maggiore è arruolato come ufficiale di fanteria e muore in combattimento. R. collabora al foglio di propaganda «Noi», fondato dal fratello, anche se l'editoriale Il nostro programma, è redatto con buone probabilità da lui. sindacalismo, sindacalismo revoluzionario, laburismo, partito laburista, I fabiani, Mill, Bonini, liberalismo, sindacato, sindicato nella storia italiana, sindacato in Roma antica, socialismo liberale – l’ossimoro di R.. Grice.  Grice: Rosselli, ogni volta che sento “Roma” e “fascismo” nella stessa frase mi si irrigidisce la sintassi. Ieri, di sfuggita, lo dicevo al collega filosofo Speranza: lui sostiene che certi nomi propri, da soli, hanno già un peso specifico morale, come se fossero sostantivi con l’accento. Rosselli: A Firenze diremmo che hanno anche una tipografia: clandestina, sottile, e che però buca la carta. “Non mollare” non era uno slogan: era una grammatica della schiena dritta. E quando uno fonda “Giustizia e Libertà”, scopre presto che la libertà ha sempre il vizio di costare più del previsto. Grice: Proprio dopo averne parlato con Speranza ci siamo fermati su quella strana doppiezza: “ucciso… insieme col fratello”. E allora mi è venuta in mente una cosa: quando la storia ti porta via due voci nello stesso colpo, non è solo un fatto, è come se qualcuno avesse voluto chiudere la conversazione per sempre. Ma certe conversazioni, a quanto pare, non si chiudono: cambiano stanza. Restano nel modo in cui uno dice “non mollare” senza alzare la voce, o nel modo in cui “socialismo liberale” smette di essere un ossimoro e diventa un rischio pratico. Rosselli: Implicatura condolente, Grice, come Speranza la chiamerebbe. La prendo, e la ringrazio: perché non è una coroncina retorica, è un modo di lasciare aperto quello che altri hanno provato a sigillare. E sì, Speranza sarebbe d’accordo: per capirla non bisogna “trovare” nulla — basta non far finta di niente. Rosselli, Carlo Alberto (1930). Socialismo liberale. Firenze: Critica Sociale.

Cosimo Rosselli. Rosselli, Cosimo (1499). Libro di Antonio Pollaiuolo. Firenze: Stamperia di Lorenzo Morgiani.

Cosimo Rosselli (Firenze, Toscana). Per limitarsi ai filosofi italiani, di mnemotecnica si occuparono DOLCE  in “Della memoria”, il domenicano fiorentino R. In “Thesaurus artificiosæ memoriæ” (Venezia), e BRUNO , che nella sua “De umbris idearum” (Parigi), da lui dedicata a Enrico IlI di Francia e che gli procura una cattedra, espone l'Ars magna di Lullo e dà un fondamento metafisico-gnoseologico alla mnemotecnica che appoggia sempre al sistema topologico-simbolico. Del resto, l'insegnamento di quest'arte, della cui efficacia BRUNO porta a testimonio la propria memoria eccezionale, gli da spesso i mezzi per vivere. Altri filosofi italiani che scriveno di mnemotecnica sono PORTA  nell’”Ars reminiscendi” (Napoli), MARAFIOTI , di Polistena nell’“Ars memoriæ’ (Venezia), e il palermitano BRANCACCIO  nell’ “Ars memoriæ vindicata” (Palermo). THESAVRVS ARTIFICIOSÆ MEMORIÆ, Concionatoribus, philosophis medicis iuristis oratoribus procuratoribus,czterisd; bonarum litterarum amatoribus: Wigocisfócibn, infüper,alijsd; fimilibus, tenacem, ac firmam rerum MrzMoR:IAM cupientibus, perutilis. vc omnes [ui amatores, po[fessores valde locuplesansyinfimnla, decoranss cum rerum celestium atque terrestrium tenax, ac tutum fcrinium esse poffit; AKFTHORE R. P. F. R. florentino, sacri ord. pradic. minimo professore cum indicibus locupletiffimis, tum Capitum, tum rerum omnium infigniorum CVM PRIVILEGIO, VENEZIA. Apud Antonium Paduanium, Billiopolam Florentinum. Y Vet vtæ kh VG 4 mI TT. ie S i et, 8 SUY CPC Eos beriganiots bibsM, didi Ol: "i ern Mepoionols f Ron dA Gu zn iud qpetzarsoei idi pt8s03011, zr Lo Sub. PEMQPOSGENE C17 3 H eR i iendino minos 1 » ÆMz l4 Ed sæ TIPS p18. iet E em mum e Y La 34 1 "5 28 Y NC i i Me p po Asus i venera eu Tow mite. iip nius kt pot Fendisiba? mu $ GENET n , Fr aram iilerte T $ Es PCTNCMEOS. f ILLVSTRISSIMO, svb TN PIRE PAN D.O.M TWO DOMINO mnenomico, personal identity and memory, chiave universale.  St John’s, 1938. I am told I ought to start “digging” at personal identity, and perhaps to produce something sufficiently mindful for Mind—that funny little quarterly “of psychology and philosophy,” now under the editorship of good old G. E. Moore, the Irishman of Philosophical Letters at Cambridge. I keep telling myself I should stick to Locke; I doubt Moore would welcome a detour through Rosselli. And yet Rosselli’s Thesaurus artificiosae memoriae—printed, if the catalogue is to be believed, in 1579—gets into print way before Locke does in 1690; Rosselli is misremembered, or simply forgotten, while Locke’s Mnemosyne still passes for current currency. It is a strange moral: posterity can remember a theory of memory while forgetting a book about memory. Still, one must be prudent. “Padovani” has the wrong accent for the Mind Association; “Locke” sounds like the right sort of key. Sometimes I suspect I was born a Bolognese—too fond of dusty Latin titles, too eager to rescue minor men from major oblivion, and too ready to think that the true test of a philosophy is whether it survives being cited.” Grice was pleased that it was Daminano Rosselli who cared to publish Cosimo’s Thesaurus – posthumously – the irony of a memory outliving its author, he would say. [Grice’s Domenico Rosselli was Harvard University Press. He submitted the manuscript to Harvard in 1987. Grice died in 1989. Studies in the Way of Words appeared in print in 1989.  You’ve got a genuinely nice parallel, but it will land much better (and avoid factual trip‑wires) if you tighten three things: (i) the timeline, (ii) the names/roles (your “Damiano Rosselli” vs “Harvard”), and (iii) what exactly is meant by “posthumous” in Grice’s case.   Fix the Grice dates in your bracket note Grice died in August 1988 (not 1989). Studies in the Way of Words appeared in 1989. So the clean parallel line is: “Grice died in 1988; the book appeared in 1989.” If you keep “submitted the manuscript in 1987,” label it as “reportedly/according to…” unless you have a source in your notes.   Don’t personify Harvard University Press as “Damiano Rosselli” too literally Damiano Rosselli is (in the Rosselli story) an editor/producer who sees the book through the press after the author’s death. Harvard University Press is an institution, not a person—so the neat analogy is: Damiano Rosselli : Rosselli :: Grice’s editors at HUP : Grice. If you want a single “Damiano figure,” pick a role label rather than a name you can’t document, e.g. “Grice’s editor at Harvard University Press” or “the Press’s editor” or “the volume editor(s).”   Make the irony sharper by stressing “not labeled posthumous” Your best rhetorical point is: Rosselli’s Thesaurus is explicitly posthumous (1579 after 1578), whereas Grice’s Studies comes out after his death but is usually presented simply as a normal 1989 Harvard book, not marketed as “posthumous.” That contrast is funny in a Gricean way: even death doesn’t get an explicit implicature unless the publisher makes it explicit.   A clean replacement for your bracketed passage (still just here, not for insertion) Something like: “Grice enjoyed the symmetry: Rosselli dies in 1578, and the Thesaurus appears in 1579 under Damiano’s care—memory outliving its author by a year. He noticed, with quieter amusement, that his own Studies in the Way of Words did the same trick: he died in August 1988, and Harvard University Press brought the volume out in 1989, without even advertising the fact as ‘posthumous’—as if the Press thought death too crude a bibliographical datum, best left as an implicature for the attentive reader.”   One factual caution inside the Rosselli line you may want to soften later “son Damiano” is often said, but you’ll want to phrase it as “edited/published posthumously by Damiano Rosselli” unless you have a specific bibliographic authority for the kinship claim. (It’s an easy place for a reviewer to pounce.)Grice: Rosselli, a Firenze la memoria sembra avere un indirizzo preciso, quasi una via: Thesaurus, ars, ombre, e perfino un “privilegio” veneziano. Ne accennavo ieri, di sfuggita, al collega filosofo Speranza: lui dice che i domenicani, quando parlano di memoria, in realtà stanno già arredando la testa. Rosselli: È una scuola, Grice: non si predica soltanto, si dispone. Un “thesaurus” non è una raccolta: è un metodo, una topologia, una stanza dopo l’altra. E se poi Bruno ci mette le ombre e Lullo la macchina, Firenze ci mette la pianta dell’edificio: la memoria come architettura. Grice: Proprio dopo averci ragionato con Speranza mi è tornata addosso quella parola latina che nel suo titolo fa finta di essere solo un insulto: cucullati. Si parte da cucullus, il cappuccio—e dal cappuccio si arriva al tipo umano. Basta un pezzo di stoffa perché la polemica smetta di discutere idee e cominci a riconoscere persone a distanza: non “quelli che sostengono X”, ma “quelli col cappuccio”. E la cosa buffa è che il cappuccio, nato per coprire, finisce per scoprire: ti identifica prima ancora che tu apra bocca. Rosselli: Implicatura cucullata, sua, come Speranza la nominerebbe. Perché con una parola d’abito lei ha fatto vedere un intero trucco da apologeta: ridurre una dottrina a una silhouette. E nel frattempo, da buon fiorentino, le viene naturale collegare il cappuccio alla mnemotecnica: anche lì si lavora per segni esterni—stanze, immagini, etichette—che decidono chi sei prima che tu parli. In fondo, tra thesaurus e cucullus cambia poco: è sempre un modo di mettere ordine… scegliendo prima il costume. Rosselli, Cosimo (1578). Thesaurus artificiosae memoriae. Published posthumously the next year by his son Damiano. Venezia.

Nello Rosselli (Roma, Lazio): la filosofia italiana nel ventennio fascista. Diresse il mensile “Noi”. Discusse con SALVEMINI  la tesi di laurea su “MAZZINI  e il movimento operaio”. Pubblica saggi su riviste storiche italiane, tra’altri, “MAZZINI e Bakunin: XII anni di movimento operaio in Italia” (Torino, Einaudi), e  “PISCANE nel Risorgimento italiano” (Torino, Einaudi) -- raccolti in “Saggi sul Risorgimento italiano” (Torino, Einaudi). Inizia a far politica ed è col fratello R.  tra i fondatori del giornale "Noi". Col fratello e con Calamandrei, e col patrocinio di Salvemini, fonda un circolo di cultura -- chiuso dai fascisti. Fa parte dei fondatori del gruppo fiorentino di “Italia libera”, fra cui, oltr’al fratello, Bocci, Rochat, Vannucci, Traquandi. Adere alla fondazione dell'unione nazionale delle forze liberali e democratiche promossa d’Amendola, e partecipa alla fondazione del giornale anti-fascista clandestine, “Non Mollare”. Arrestato e condannato a V anni di confino a Ustica. Rilasciato, venne nuovamente arrestato e condannato a V anni di confino a Ustica e Ponza, dopo la fuga da Lipari del fratello. Ottenne, su intercessione di Volpe il passaporto, con una sollecitudine che ad alcuni amici, tra cui Calamandrei, parve sospetta e motivata dal fine di arrivare attraverso lui al rifugio del suo fratello. A Bagnoles-de-l'Orne è assassinato d’una squadra di miliziani della Cagoule, formazione eversiva di destra su mandato, forse, dei servizi segreti fascisti e di Ciano. Con un pretesto vengono fatti scendere dall'automobile, poi colpiti da raffiche di pistola. R. muore sul colpo, R., colpito per primo, viene finito con un'arma da taglio. I corpi vengono trovati due giorni dopo. I colpevoli, dopo numerosi processi, riusciranno quasi tutti ad essere prosciolti.  Commissione di Firenze, ordinanza contro R.  (“Attività antifascista”). Pont, L'Italia al confine: l’ordinanze d’assegnazione al confino emesse dalle commissioni provinciali, Milano (ANPPIA/La Pietra),  risorgimento, Mazzini, operaismo, movimento operaio, risorgimento italiano, Piscane. Grice: Caro Rosselli, permettimi di esprimere il mio profondo cordoglio per la tua tragica scomparsa. La violenza che hai subito è una pagina dolorosa della storia. A Oxford, dove coltiviamo la nostra filosofia a Vadum Boum, la disputa può essere accesa e vivace, ma – fortunatamente – raramente si arriva a simili estremi fisici!  Nello Rosselli: Grazie Grice, la tua solidarietà è preziosa. In Italia, il pensiero libero e la critica politica, specialmente nel ventennio fascista, hanno comportato rischi enormi. Ho sempre creduto che la filosofia debba promuovere il dialogo e la civiltà, e non la repressione o la violenza.  Grice: È proprio così, Rosselli. La filosofia dovrebbe essere una palestra per la ragione conversazionale, come dicevano i tuoi connazionali: un luogo dove si affrontano idee, non persone. La tua vita testimonia quanto sia importante difendere la libertà del pensiero, anche quando si paga un prezzo alto.  Nello Rosselli: Lo scambio di idee è il cuore della filosofia e della democrazia. Spero che il mio impegno, insieme a quello di tanti altri, possa essere di stimolo a nuove generazioni di filosofi, affinché la conversazione rimanga sempre aperta e non sia mai soffocata dalla forza. Rosselli, Nello (1921). Mazzini e Bakunin. Torino: Bocca.

Tiberio Rosselli (Gimiliano, Catanzaro, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale dell’apologeticus, o implicature cucullate. Far dobbiamo onorevole menzione di lui, letterato insigne del suo tempo e filosofo di grido, Cattedratico in Napoli ed in Salerno; il quale, a dir del Barrio, partitosi pel genio di visitare l'Africa, e ucciso dal proprio schiavo. Della famiglia di cui è stata la madre del celeberrimo Scorza, matematico distintissimo, istruttore, autore di merito, ed illustratore della scienza per metodi ed invenzioni, morto non ha guari in Napoli. Conchiudendo adunque, pare non dubbio essere stato Nifo calabrese di origine, ed avere avuto tra noi i primi rudimenti di letteratura, tali da avergli dato a vivere. Dal contesto di scrittori calabresi, contemporanei alcuni, e vivuti altri dopo breve tempo della morte di lui, a cui noto veniva per recente tradizione, chiaramente se ne rivela il vero. Discepolo del celebre NIFO , per la sua dottrina e prescelto a leggere filosofia per più anni a Salerno. Saggi: “Apologeticus adversus cucullatos philosophiae declamatio ad Leonem X Oratio habita Patavi in principio suarum disputationum; “De propositione de inesse secundum Aristotelis mentem libellu” --- LIZIO -- ; “Universalia Porphiriana”. Calabria, Le biografie degl’uomini illustri delle Calabrie, Accattatis, Di questo filosofo si occupano nei loro studi, tra gli altri, Zambelli e Franco. "Rosselli di Gimigliano. Dalle origini a noi" (O/esse) che ricostruisce la sua vita e le sue opera. Dizionario biografico degl’italiani, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. L'Apologeticus adversos cucullatos è un'opera del filosofo Tiberio Rosselli (1490 Gimigliano - 1560 Africa), pubblicata nel 1519 a Parma grazie a Girolamo Sanvitale che accoglie il filosofo calabrese presso la sua corte di Fontanellato.  Apologeticus adversos cucullatos Autore Tiberio Rosselli 1ª ed. originale 1519 Genere Apologia Lingua originale latino apologeticus, adversus cucullatos philosophiae; de propositione de inesse, universalia porphiriana, Lizio.  Corpus, 1934. What are you reading, Shropshire? I asked him. The question was not otiose. He had a book open on one side, the birds were doing their own effortless commentary in the trees of the quad, and on his other side a notebook lay ready with a pen, like a minor conspiracy. It had the look of work smuggled into leisure. Nothing of importance, Grice, he said, without looking up. I’m getting tired of the Olds, as Hardie has them, so I’m preparing for the Mods. He meant Moderns, part of Greats. We called them Mods on purpose, partly for the equivocation—mods as moderns, mods as moderations—and partly because Hardie’s idea of “moderation” was always either anti-akrasatic or stupid. Anti-akrasatic was Shropshire’s and my term for everything Aristotle disqualifies but Oxford nevertheless recommends as “sound training.” But what is it? I insisted. He sighed in the manner of a man whose privacy has been breached by grammar. All right, if you insist. It’s Tiberio Rosselli’s little syllabus for a session at Bologna—long before our lot were licensed to be tedious. A sheet of conclusions, posted for a disputation. If you must have the title: Conclusiones philosophicae, numero CCCC. Bononia, publice. That’s why you’re taking notes? Precisely. A high number of conclusions for one debate, I said. Four hundred is not a debate; it’s an epidemic. That’s the point, Shropshire said. It wouldn’t work here with Hardie. He’s half asleep by your third conclusion, and totally in limbo by the time I begin my own trio. (Hardie’s system of dual tutorials is a masterpiece of economy: it allows him to golf both Thursday and Friday while we do the work of looking earnest.) I took the book from him with the care one gives to contraband. Rosselli, I said, had a plan. Of course he had a plan, Shropshire said. He cannot expect any rational being to endure CCCC conclusiones philosophicae. That is precisely what he is proving. Proving what? By reduction, that no such rational being exists. Or at least, none in Bologna. Possibly none anywhere. The disputation is the experiment; boredom is the datum. So the conclusions are in some logical order? Not from what I can gather. They look arranged by a principle more medieval than logical: the principle of running out of wall. But to be honest, I started at the end. Conclusio CCCC is so brief that it hurts. He turned the page back as if turning a dagger. What does he conclude? He read it with an exaggerated academic solemnity, the sort one adopts when one is about to do something unserious with Latin. Quod de quo loqui non possumus, de eo tacere debemus. I said: That is Wittgenstein. It is Rosselli, Shropshire replied, tapping the page. Wittgenstein is merely the late gloss. Then your preparation for the Mods consists in copying out a conclusion which orders you not to say anything. Exactly. It is the only conclusion in the set that Hardie cannot complain is too long. But surely, I said, if the last conclusion tells you to be silent, the whole disputation collapses at the end into a sort of official muteness. The final move is to forbid moves. Yes, Shropshire said. It is the cleanest way of winning a disputation in advance. You announce the conditions under which discussion must stop, and then you arrange, by sheer quantity, that everyone reaches those conditions by fatigue rather than argument. And what do you write in your notebook, then? Nothing, Shropshire said, with a small satisfied look. That is the beauty of it. I am taking notes on a text whose last instruction is that one must take no notes. My preparation is, so to speak, impeccable. You mean: silent. No, he said. I mean: economical. Silence is only the extreme case of good style. At which point a bell went, somewhere, and the quad resumed its usual business of pretending that time is a kind of etiquette. Shropshire put the book back down beside him as one puts down an object that has already made its point. And Hardie? I asked. Hardie, he said, will call it unhistorical. Then he will yawn. Then he will tell us to read Aristotle. In that order. And Rosselli? Rosselli, he said, had Bologna. We have Hardie. Every century has the disputation it deserves.Grice: Rosselli, lei ha un titolo che sembra già una discussione fatta in latino e finita a cappuccio: apologeticus adversus cucullatos. Ne accennavo ieri, di sfuggita, al collega filosofo Speranza: lui sostiene che appena compare un cappuccio, il filosofo diventa improvvisamente più coraggioso. Rosselli: A Gimigliano, caro Grice, il cappuccio non serve a nascondere: serve a mettere a fuoco. E poi “cucullati” è un bersaglio comodo: se non capiscono l’argomento, capiscono almeno l’abito. È già mezza ragione conversazionale, e pure economica. Grice: Proprio dopo quella chiacchierata con Speranza mi è venuta la curiosità per la parola stessa. Cucullati… suona come un’accusa, ma nasce da una cosa innocente: il cucullus, il cappuccio latino. E il bello è che il cappuccio, da copertura, diventa etichetta: non “quelli che pensano così”, ma “quelli col cappuccio”. È un modo svelto di passare dall’argomento alla persona — o meglio, alla testa coperta. Rosselli: Implicatura cucullata, sua, come Speranza la nominerebbe. Perché lei ha fatto vedere come un lemmino da guardaroba diventi una categoria polemica: non ti confuto, ti incappuccio. E nell’apologeticus funziona benissimo: basta un cucullus e il dibattito si accende, mentre l’avversario resta lì, riconoscibile a distanza — anche se non ha ancora aperto bocca. Rosselli, Tiberio (1518). Conclusiones philosophicae, numero CCCC. Bononia, Facultate Artium

Domenico Rossetti (Vasto, Chieti, Abruzzo): la ragione conversazionale del fratello perduto. Grice: “A philosopher can also discover an ‘antro di pipistrelle.”” Filosofo, illuminista poli-edrico, poeta estemporaneo, tragedio-grafo, archeologo e speleo-logo, da Martuscelli. Studia a Napoli e Roma. Si trasfere a Elba. Ceelbra la liberazione del gran ducato di Toscana con il canto estemporaneo“La superbia dei galli punita” (Firenze, Gio). Si sposta in Sardegna, sotto la protezione del vice-ré Carlo. A Sassari compose e rappresenta la tragedia “Morte di S. Gavino” (Oristano, Arborense). Si sposta in Provenza, a Nizza, dove scopre la piramide di Falicon, che gl’ispira un poema, “La grotta di Monte-Calvo” (Parma). In seguito, si trasfere a Torino, dove conosce Caluso, e si stabilisce a Parma. Inizia a dirigere “Il Taro”. Altri saggi: “Cantata in occasione d'essere l'augusto imperator de’francesi Napoleone I coronato re d'Italia” (Parma, Luigi); La note” (Parma, Paganino); “Alla tomba di Hoffsteder” (Parma, Luigi); “Ode saffica” (Parma, Giuseppe Paganino); “Le nozze d’Esculapio De Cinque” (Lanciano, Carabba); “Annibale in Capua (Napoli, Flautina); A. Lombardi, Storia della letteratura italiana” (Venezia);  Andreola, Biografia degl’uomini illustri del regno di Napoli’ Gervasi,  La famiglia Pietrocola di Vasto; Spadaccini, “R. e le sue battaglie per la libertà”; R. e quei versi ispirati dalla cacciata dei francesi, Catania, R. e la grotta del monte Calvo, Mugoni, “Il fratello perduto: R. e R.”, in Studi medievali e moderni. Nei panni dello speleo-logo ante litteram, si avventura in una cavità del monte Calvo, scoprendo nelle viscere della terra un antro, che ama definire fascinoso ed insieme orribile. Ne celebra la scoperta con la pubblicazione di “La grotta del monte Calvo”; dato alle stampe a Torino, per i tipi di Domenico Pane, Parma. A Pezzana sub-entra nella direzione. Si mostra più attento alle notizie scientifiche e contribue ad introdurre nel periodico notizie leggere, come favole e indovinelli. il fratello perduto, la Dora, L’Emonia.  Grice: Rossetti, lei è capace di trovare un antro di pipistrelle e poi farne un argomento rispettabile. Ne parlavo ieri, di sfuggita, col collega filosofo Speranza: dice che in Abruzzo perfino ciò che si perde finisce archiviato con un titolo, come se fosse un incarico. Rossetti: A Vasto è così: si perde, si ritrova, e intanto si racconta. Io, tra grotte e tragedie, ho imparato che la conversazione è una speleologia: si entra per curiosità e si esce con un enigma in tasca. E spesso l’enigma ha un nome: il fratello perduto. Grice: Ecco, proprio ieri con Speranza ci siamo messi a ridere su una cosa: chiamarlo “perduto” è già un modo di tenerlo vicino. Se fosse davvero perduto, non avremmo nemmeno la buona educazione di cercarlo; e invece lo si cerca con una serietà quasi burocratica. Mi viene da pensare che certi fratelli si trovino soltanto perché, in fondo, non si sono mai lasciati perdere — found, but not lost.Rossetti: La sua battuta, Grice, non va perduta su di me; e Speranza sarebbe d’accordo — e magari non c’è nemmeno bisogno che io la “trovi”. Perché il fratello perduto, da queste parti, è spesso un fratello che continua a fare capolino: lo perdi come si perde un sentiero, non come si perde un mondo. E lei, con quel found, but not lost, ha fatto la cosa più vastese che ci sia: ha trasformato una mancanza in una traccia, e una traccia in un ritorno. Rossetti, Domenico (1837). Il poeta e la poesia. Venezia: Tipografia di Alvisopoli.

Francesco Rossi della Marca (Appignano del Tronto, Ascoli Piceno, Marche): la ragione conversazionale della volontà e della temperanza. Grice: “Rossi touches many Griciean points: universalia, strength of will, and etc. – he also commented, like I did, on Aristotle’s metaphysics.” Attivo filosofo fra Aureolo e Rimini, dalla parte di Occam e Cesena, e oppositore di Giovanni XXII, nelle dispute dei fraticelli, che portarono alla sua espulsione dall'ordine. Ha idee innovative e spesso influenti in teologia filosofica, filosofia naturale, metafisica e teoria politica.  Soprannominato come "doctor succinctus" e "doctor praefulgidus", come osservabile dalle iscrizioni su uno degli affreschi del convento di Bolzano, e studiato e commentato soprattutto per alcune tesi risalenti del suo commento alle sentenze, i Libri IV Sententiarum dichiarazioni autorevoli sui passi biblici che l'opera riune di LOMBARDO. Le sue vedute contribuiscono all'evoluzione della filosofia basso-medievale. Appignano del Tronto fa parte all'epoca della Marca di Anconada. Nacque da una famiglia con il nome di Rossi (Rubeus). Studia sotto Scoto. Insegna a Perugia. Sottoscrive la risoluzione con la quale viene dichiarata lecita la tesi secondo la quale Cristo e gl’apostoli non mai possedeno beni. Prende parte attiva alle lotte interne riguardanti la povertà che divide l'ordine. continentia, temperanza, giudizio, giudicazione, volonta, volere, atto apprensivo, appresione, atto giudicativo, conoscenza apprensiva, conoscenza giudicativa, decisione, libero arbitrio, colpavolezza morale, agire l’atto buono, possibilita della colpavolezza morale, la legge, la volonta sotto la legge, giudizio razionale, agire razionale, ragionamento, conclusione, sillogismo pratico, elezione, la caduta d’Adamo, la teoria dell’elezione e la deliberazione, i peripatetici, virtus de-re-licta, teoria del moto, moto perpetuo, virtus contro il corpo, virtus con il corpo, volonta con il giudizio, volonta contro il giudizio.  I am in the SCR at St John’s with that faintly indecent comfort one gets from reading something that is not immediately required. An entry on Francesco Rossi della Marca has detained me longer than I meant it to. Commentarius in libros Sententiarum Petri Lombardi, Facultas Theologiae Parisiensis, 1319. There is a crispness to the datum that makes it do philosophical work at once. It is not merely that Rossi comments; it is that he comments because the institution has decided that commentary is a rung. He is baccalaureatus sententiarum, and therefore he must do what a baccalaureatus sententiarum does. The title is not a flourish. It is a functional label. You comment in order to be licensed to comment. And then, of course, one thinks of our own proceedings, because Oxford specialises in disguising the old necessities as modern amusements. Austin and I run our weekly joint seminar on Aristotle’s Categories and De Interpretatione. We do not call it a Commentarius, because Oxford prefers Latin to remain an implicature rather than an inscription. But what else is a weekly, line-by-line worrying of a text if not commentarius in the old way. We say, to ourselves and to one another, that we do it for fun; and perhaps we do, if one counts as fun a form of intellectual play in which mistakes are punished by embarrassment rather than by expulsion from an order. Rossi’s commenting is an official step toward being a magister; ours is a kind of private rite in a place that pretends it has no rites beyond gowns and meals. Now I have to stop reading, which is the sharpest irony of all, because the reading is the easier part. In a moment I must walk over and meet the master-master for the seminar. Austin begins; the following week I take up. If he keeps to the syllabus, it means, naturally, mean-nn, that all is well. If he departs, it means that something has been said that cannot be allowed to stand. Oxford likes to police thought without admitting it is policing it. The irritant is the difference between disagreeing with Aristotle and disagreeing with Austin. If one challenges Austin on his week, he has that characteristic move: you don’t like that argument, all right, I’ll give you another. It is not exactly a defence; it is a substitution, performed with the air of someone tidying a room rather than being opposed. One goes away with the uneasy sense that one has not refuted anything, only caused the furniture to be rearranged. Still, and here I have to be fair, something comes of the exercise, even if one is not sure one approves of the form it takes. Ackrill attends. He listens. He learns the rhythms of the text and the rhythms of our quarrels about it. And later he produces the Clarendon translations of the Categories and De Interpretatione, and he is generous enough, or mischievous enough, to credit the late Professor Austin and Mr H. P. Grice. There is, one admits, a kind of public gain in that: more people can now read Aristotle. But there is also a private loss, the one no decent Lit Hum man advertises. Translation is a species of ventriloquism. It gives Aristotle an English voice, and the voice is not Aristotle’s. One can call the result good, or ‘good,’ and mean both. It is good in the civic sense, and slightly corrupting in the classicist’s sense, because it makes it possible to read without the Greek, and reading without the Greek is like listening to music through a wall: you get the tune and lose the pleasure. I shut the book in the practical sense and gather my papers. Rossi is still there in the back of my mind, not as a saint of commentary but as a reminder that commentary was once openly a requirement for advancement. We have not abolished the requirement; we have only learned to call it a seminar and to pretend it is leisure. And I go off now to take my place in the weekly alternation, to play my part in our own commentarius, and to wonder, as I walk, what precisely we have been sneaking in under the guise of explaining what Aristotle said.  Grice: Rossi della Marca, mi dicono che lei sa far stare insieme la volontà e la temperanza senza farle litigare in pubblico. Ieri, di sfuggita, lo accennavo al collega filosofo Speranza: lui sostiene che nelle Marche la ragione conversazionale ha sempre un freno a mano tirato—ma con molta eleganza. Rossi: A Appignano del Tronto l’eleganza è necessaria: se la volontà corre troppo, finisce in predica; se la temperanza frena troppo, finisce in silenzio. Io preferisco tenerle in dialogo: volonta (con l’accento dove lei vuole) come slancio, temperanza come misura, e la conversazione come luogo dove si vede se lo slancio regge la misura. Grice: E proprio dopo aver conversato con Speranza mi è venuta un’implicatura che non ho bisogno di dichiarare. Non riesco a trovare una parola italiana davvero pulita per entailment (e G. E. Moore lo direbbe così, con aria innocente): tra volonta e temperanza sembra esserci non solo un’alleanza morale, ma un legame più “logico”, per cui quando l’una è ben formata, l’altra non è un optional. Come se una volontà che meriti il nome si portasse dietro, quasi automaticamente, una certa sobrietà—e se manca, è perché non era proprio volontà, ma capriccio travestito. Rossi: Implicatura “volitiva e temperata” la sua, Grice—e mi piace molto; anche Speranza ne sarebbe contento, benché direbbe che ci vuole un temperato per riconoscerla. E aggiungerebbe (lo so già) che perfino la grafia deve essere temperante: lui diffida di certi “gn” come se fossero forestieri infiltrati nella fonologia italiana. Ma al netto delle sue dogane ortografiche, il punto resta: lei ha colto un legame che non si proclama, si lascia passare. Volonta e temperanza non si promettono: si implicano, e solo chi ha misura sente la forza senza scambiarla per rumore. Rossi della Marca, Francesco  (1319). Commentarius in libros sententiarum Petri Lombardi.,. Facultate Theologiae. Paris

Tommaso Rossi (San Giorgio la Montagna, Benevento, Campania): l’implicatura di Lucrezio. Lucrezio, materialismo, psicologia filosofica, filosofia romana, lingua latina. Filosofo campanese. Filosofo italiano. San Giorgio, Campania. Il più grande e puro metafisico" nelle parole di VICO . Vive a Montefusco. Studia a Napoli. Scrive diverse saggi tra cui il più importante rimane “Della mente sovrana del mondo”. Altri aggi: Considerazioni di alcuni misteri divini, raccolti in tre dialoghi, Dell'animo dell'uomo, Dizionario biografico degli italiani, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. DISPUTAZ10NE UNICA DELL’ANIMO DELL’UOMO DEPUTAZIONE UNICA Nella quale fi fciolgono principalmente gli Argomenti di LUCREZIO  contro all’Immortalità. Nacque a San Giorgio la Montagna, nei pressi di Benevento, da Ottavio R., farmacista, e da Silvia Simonetto. Rimasto orfano della madre a otto anni e, poco tempo dopo, anche del padre, dall’età di diciotto anni soggiornò a Napoli, impegnato nello studio del diritto. Fu ordinato prete nel 1697 dall’arcivescovo Vincenzo Maria Orsini e nel 1698 si trasferì a Montefusco, in qualità di canonico della chiesa palatina di S. Giovanni del Vaglio, incarico al quale, dal 1704, affiancò quello di rettore di S. Maria della Piazza. Fece ritorno a San Giorgio nel 1729, come nuovo abate del collegio canonicale, e fu soltanto l’anno seguente che si laureò in utroque jure.  Di R. sono pervenute tre opere a stampa: le Considerazioni di alcuni misterj divini raccolte in tre dialoghi, edite a Benevento, nelle quali l’autore mostra come non vi sia contraddizione alcuna tra scienza e fede e l’uomo di fede possa – e anzi debba – perseguire la conoscenza; implicature moderna, argumenti contro LUCREZIO , Lucrezio, De rerum natura, animi degl’uomini, anime degl’uomini, animo/anima, corpi degl’uomini, corpi degl’animali, degl’affetti degl’uomini, il senso, il moto, i corpuscoli, ossessione con Lucrezio come filosofo romano.  Clifton, 1926: Grice cheers up Simpson (dialogue draft) Grice (Clifton, 1926). Simpson looks a bit sunk today—so I do what one does: I try to jolly him up. “What’s eating you, Simpson?” He gives me the tragic look. “The beak. He’s right, Grice.” “The beak is always right. It’s in the rules. What’s the charge—declensions, or that other hobby of his?” “My Latin isn’t the Pope’s, and he knows it.” “Your Latin isn’t anyone’s, Simpson. That’s why we’re here.” Simpson pulls something from his bag as if it were contraband. “Look what I’m reading.” I take it. “This doesn’t look like Cicero.” “It isn’t. That’s the point. It’s fascinating. And if I’m snivelling, it’s laughter. Three little dialogues—Latin—by one Tommaso Rossi.” “Never heard of him.” “You have now. Campanian chap. Born near Benevento.” “Benevento,” I say, warming to it, “which in Latin means—” “Something heroic,” Simpson says. “—something like good luck. Or at least a good event. Not ‘good wind,’ before you try it on the beak.” Simpson brightens. “Shame. Good wind would’ve suited the place.” “And what are the dialogues about?” He leans in, delighted. “Some divine mysteries. Rossi calls them alcuni misterj divini.” I whistle. “Then put it down and pick up some Cicero.” “Why?” he says—now positively lively. “It’s Latin. It’s helping. Dialogue form’s a boon, too: you ask, I answer, I ask, you don’t—keeps the thing moving. And the beak can hardly complain about conjugations when half the book is inquit.” “Simpson,” I say, “you’re not reading the Latin we do here. You’re reading neo‑Latin—the sort the Pope’s secretary might pretend to understand.” He grins. “How can you tell?” “By the alcuni,” I say, suddenly solemn. “Cicero never met an alcuni in his life.” Next day, I feel I was a bit abrupt. So I go and knock—pointlessly—since I’m already halfway in. “Simpson?” He looks up. “Grice.” “I’ve brought your Rossi. And I’m prepared to render the title into something the beak can’t sneer at.” He sits up. “Go on then.” “Considerazioni…” “Considerationes,” Simpson supplies at once—good lad, when he’s not being martyred. “Di alcuni misterj divini…” “De quibusdam mysteriis divinis,” he says, very pleased with himself. “Quite. And raccolte in tre dialoghi?” He hesitates. “Collectae…? In tribus dialogis?” “Respectable,” I say. “If the beak objects, tell him we’re practising the ablative by force.” At that moment—naturally—there’s a rap at the door. The beak appears, as if summoned by irregular agreement. “What’s this, Grice?” “Latin,” I say. “Voluntary Latin. The best sort.” He peers at Simpson, then at me. “That was a good lesson, Grice. I’m proud of you.” Then, turning to Simpson, unexpectedly soft: “And you too. It’s almost… a little divine mystery, what Grice has managed to do.” He pauses. “On you, I mean, Simpson. On you.”Grice: Rossi, lei ha un modo tutto campano di far venire Lucrezio fuori dal latino come se fosse appena sceso dal Vesuvio. Ieri, di sfuggita, lo dicevo al collega filosofo Speranza: secondo lui, a Clifton Lucrezio mi sarebbe sembrato irrimediabilmente “matto”, solo perché parlava troppo serenamente di atomi e di paura. Rossi: A San Giorgio, invece, lo trattiamo come uno che ha soltanto sbagliato compagnia: lo metti vicino a un po’ di psicologia filosofica e torna subito presentabile. Del resto, tra Benevento e Napoli si impara che certe frasi non sono folli: sono soltanto fuori contesto. Grice: E precisamente dopo aver interagito con Speranza mi è scappata un’implicatura che non ho neppure dovuto formulare. A Clifton, da ragazzo, Lucrezio mi suonava come una febbre lucida: troppo ordine, troppa calma, troppa materia. Poi arrivo a Vadum Boum e — senza che Lucrezio cambi una sillaba — diventa “sano”: non perché si sia addolcito lui, ma perché lì ho finalmente imparato a sentire la sua voce come una voce romana, non come un capriccio. Insomma: la pazzia era nella mia prima educazione, non nel poema. Rossi: Implicatura diannostica la sua, Grice, come Speranza la metterebbe; anzi, Speranza la vorrebbe scritta così apposta, perché “diagnostica” gli pare parola troppo dotta e un po’ straniera alla fonologia italiana — e poi lui proibisce pure “gn”, dice che non è italiano ma un inciampo grafico. Comunque l’idea è perfetta: a Clifton Lucrezio sembra un esame medico fatto in corridoio; a Vadum Boum, con un po’ di aria e di metodo, lo stesso “caso” risulta normale. E io, come Speranza, adoro quando la cura è solo un cambio di orecchio. Rossi, Tommaso (1724) Considerazioni di alcuni misterj divini raccolte in tre dialoghi.

Paolo Rossi Monti (Urbino): la ragione conversazionale di Romolo; o lo storicismo –l’astuzia della ragione converszionale di Weber e Grice. Grice: “My idea on the longitudinal unity of philosophy – her historical unity, that is, as Dilthey would call it – is Oxonian at heart, and I use as evidence my OWN experience as a TUTOR – not a lecturer – having to assing to my pupil, for each week during FOUR LONG YEARS – something from PLATO OR ARISTOTLE _and_ some contemporary source, which in my case, meant ‘Philosophy’!” -- Grice: “Rossi writing about ‘storicismo tedesco’ reminds me of Warnock, an Irishman at Oxford, writing about English philosophy!” Keywords: metodo in psicologia filosofia. Filosofo piemontese. Filosofo italiano. Torino, Piamonte. Studia  a Torino sotto ABBAGNANO, Napoli, e Milano. Insegna a Cagliari e Torino. Studia lo storicismo, l’illuminismo, e il positivismo. Saggi: Lo storicismo, Einaudi, Torino; “Storia e storicismo, Lerici, Milano; La storiografia Saggiatore, Milano; “Oltre lo storicismo, Saggiatore, Milano; “Storia della filosofia”, Treccani Enciclopedie on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Cf. Grice, “Speranza e l’opera di Grice in Italia.” CLASSICI DELLA FILOSOFIA COLLEZIONE FONDATA D’ABBAGNANO DIRETTA DA GREGORY CLASSICI UTET, Tipografia ‘Toso, via Capelli, Torino. È difficile isolare, nell'àmbito della filosofia contemporanea, un indirizzo che possa essere caratterizzato in maniera univoca, e al tempo stesso esaustiva, con la designazione di storicismo ». Ciò dipende in primo luogo dal fatto che il termine storicismo » — così come si è venuto diffondendo a partire dagli anni ’20, dapprima in Germania e poi in Italia. Cattaneo, Aconzio, Vico, Galilei, nato Paolo Rossi, adottato dalla zia materna, Monti, Vico, Vinci, Garin, Banfi, la storia della nazione italiana, Vico e la storia della nazione italiana, favola antica, dalla magia alla scienza, bruno.  l’implicatura di Vico.  Grice. St John’s. Back from the Admiralty, and “re‑philosophising” myself at Merton—where the place keeps one conscientiously abreast of all the new things one already knows one does not need to know. We share more with the Italians than either nation cares to confess. We stopped being enemies on the very same day. (Why are wars declared, by the way, but never un‑declared?) Anyway: Merton has its novelties, and Austin—bright chap, that—would put it thus: one doesn’t unknow anything, because one doesn’t unperform either. (A phrase of his that sounds like a joke until you discover it isn’t.) One of the “new things” (which I certainly do not need to know, and therefore immediately know) is that Rossi has been laurea‑lised, as the Italians say. The Gazette reports that the ceremony took place in Florence. Garin, as relatore, commemorated Apollo and Daphne and—one imagines—installed the traditional wreath upon Rossi’s head. “What for?” Strawson asks. He is there, of course, as my straight man. “Rossi is free,” I say. “No more tutorials, no more classes. He has a laurea. He has a tesi. He is, by Italian statute, an expert.” “On what?” says Strawson. “Strawson,” I reply, “your chronic inability to catch my implicatures continues to try my Christian charity. I told you: the man is free. His tesi is on La libertà.” “Very Italian,” says Strawson, dryly. “As per Spinoza, as per Epictetus, as per—who? Surely you don’t just write a thesis on Liberty and get leaves on your forehead.” “Quite right,” I say. “No thesis is allowed to be simply on what the candidate happens to think—because the implicature (the delicious, bureaucratic implicature) is that he is not yet a philosopher. He is learning to be one; he has been taught to be one. It is safer, you see, to anchor your alleged freedom in a respectable fetter.” “And whose fetter is Rossi’s?” says Strawson. “Martinetti’s,” I say. “The great Piero Martinetti. Officially he has liberated Rossi from the fetters of Florence—and, indeed, from Garin himself.” “From Garin?” Strawson says. “But Garin is the relatore.” “Exactly,” I say. “Nobody thinks a thesis without the shadow of the relatore; and usually the shadow of the shadow of the co‑relatore, who will mind every p and every q on your behalf. Martinetti, at least, has the decency to be a fetter you can quote.” Strawson, spoiling it all—as he does—closes with: “But who freed Martinetti? That’s the question.” “By the same token,” I add, “who killed Cock Robin?” —and so on, and so forth, and we are off.Grice: Rossi, lei mi tira sempre verso la storia come se fosse un dovere civile. Ieri, di sfuggita, lo dicevo al collega filosofo Speranza: a Vadum Boum lo “storicismo” suona già un po’ continentale, mentre a Bononia pare una forma di educazione sentimentale. Rossi: A Torino, invece, è quasi igiene mentale. E poi lo storicismo non è un vezzo: è il modo in cui ci ricordiamo che le idee non crescono in serra. Se vuole, lo chiami pure con un’etichetta tedesca: 𝔖𝔱𝔬𝔯𝔦𝔠𝔦𝔰𝔪𝔲𝔰. Qui non ci spaventa. Grice: Appunto; e precisamente dopo quella conversazione con Speranza mi è scappata un’implicatura che non ho nemmeno dovuto dire. Quando voi parlate di 𝔖𝔱𝔬𝔯𝔦𝔠𝔦𝔰𝔪𝔲𝔰 come se fosse l’aria che si respira, state lasciando intendere—senza dichiararlo—che a Vadum Boum noi siamo storicamente “poveri” e dunque teoricamente “ricchi”: da noi, a parte quella gita acquatica di Giulio Cesare nel 55 e 54 a.C… anzi, aspetti: 55 e 54 a.C. corrispondono a 699 e 700 ab Urbe condita. E allora uno si attacca a Romolo per avere almeno un inizio decente: 753, 1 a.U.c., così la storia smette di essere un rumore di fondo e diventa un calendario. E capisco perché a Bononia lo storicismo sembri più naturale: lì Roma è sotto i piedi; qui, al massimo, è nel sillabo. Rossi: Implicatura storicista la sua, Grice, come Speranza la metterebbe. E mi piace proprio perché non fa la predica: fa vedere l’asimmetria. Da un lato l’università che nasce letteralmente sul sedimento romano; dall’altro il vostro ford che deve inventarsi una romanità di biblioteca. Eppure è lo stesso impulso: se non hai rovine, fai genealogie; se non hai genealogie, fai date; se non hai date, ti inventi un Romolo. In fondo, lo storicismo è anche questo: un modo elegante di ammettere che pure la “poca storia” è già una storia—solo più ironica. Rossi, Paolo (1946). La liberta. Firenze. Relatore: Garin

Pietro Rossi (Torino). Storico della filosofia. Strawson: What are you reading? Grice: Just in from Blackwell’s. I’ve not started it yet—I’m only reading the introduction. Strawson (dryly): I hate it when the introduction uses up every ounce of attention one was prepared to give the book. Grice: This is different. Strawson: How so? Grice: It’s Italian. Their introductions are—how shall I put it?—twice the normal length by constitutional law. Strawson: So—what’s it called? Grice: Don’t rush me. It’s Einaudi, and the author’s name is right there on the cover—look. (Grice turns the book so Strawson can see it.) Strawson: Yes, yes. But did you read the small print on the second page? Grice: No. Strawson: Do. Grice (reads): Kritik der historischen Vernunft. Strawson: You knew it all along. You weren’t reading Rossi; you were reading Dilthey—Kant reborn, as the Italians would say, in translation. Grice: Kant reborn—and twice as long, because he’s been born Italian.   Grice: How many critiques of how many reasons are we going to have? Pure reason, practical reason, historical reason—soon we’ll need a critique of the critique. Strawson: At least yours would be short. Grice: Not at all. My “Critique of Conversational Reason” has been a long time coming. You tucked it into that notorious footnote in your Introduction to Logical Theory. Grice: A footnote is where a man puts what he most wants read, while pretending not to insist.  Rossi, Pietro (1954). Introduzione alla Critica della ragione storica. Einaudi. Torino

Gian-Carlo Rota (Vigevano, Pavia, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e la lavagna del gruppo di gioco –Grice: “Many Italian philosophers would not consider Rota an Italian philosopher seeing that he earned his maximal degree without (not within) Italy! And right they would, too!” Saggi: “Pensieri discreti” (Garzanti). Dizionario biografico degl’italini. Palombi, “La stella e l’intero – la ricercar di Rota tra matematica e fenomenologia” (Boringhieri); Senato, “Matematico e filosofo” (Springer).  Aune: “I left the play group when I realised that Grice could care less about blackboards!” Keywords: il primate dell’identita, Whitehead, fenomenologia, Husserl, Heidegger, tra fenomenologia e matematica, la stella e l’intero, discrezione, indiscrezioni, combinatoria e filosofia, la lavagna del gruppo di giocco. Grice: St John’s — Bostock and the book St John’s. I rather like Bostock. He takes logic so seriously you begin to suspect it might actually be philosophy; and he takes mathematics even more seriously—so seriously, in fact, that he regards “non‑mathematical logic” as either a misnomer or an oxymoron, or both. Today he arrived with a thick book under his arm, the way a boy arrives at confession—prepared to admit everything except doubt. “What’s that?” I asked. “A book, sir.” “Shakespeare?” “No, sir. Fondamenti combinatori—by Gian—” (and for once I heard an Englishman pronounce Gian correctly: /dʒan/) “—Carlo Rota.” He even rolled the r as if it were a small wheel, which is what rota means in Latin and Italian—though not, alas, in French. “And what is it about?” I said. He took his time—an impressive interval, as if consulting not the book but Providence. “Well… the first part is about fondamenti, and the second about combinatori.” “So: does he manage to combine them fundamentally?” I was going to say, “Does he manage to fundamentally combine them?” but a tutor never splits his infinitive: it gives the undergraduate ideas about what may be split. Bostock’s answer was honest and eschatological at once—appealing, as it were, to Cantor’s Paradise. “God knows.” “Yes,” I said. “And for once, Bostock, I have the distinct impression God is keeping it to Himself.” Bostock nodded with a sort of reverence. The book remained under his arm like a relic that had refused to perform a miracle on demand. (Rota was one of those Italians who became “less Italian” by doing the most Italian thing imaginable: leaving Italy in order to be taken seriously. He made a career in combinatorics and probability, and then—like a properly educated heretic—kept returning to philosophy just often enough to irritate both departments. The mathematicians suspected him of literature; the philosophers suspected him of theorems. He met them halfway: writing about “discrete thoughts” as if the adjective were doing double duty—technical on Monday, metaphysical by Thursday. And of course there was the final irony: in Italy they would deny he is a philosopher because he took his highest degree abroad; in America they would treat him as a philosopher precisely because he refused to behave like a specialist. Either way, he won: he found the one discipline whose national passport is irrelevant—good work on a blackboard. (And yes: it helps if the blackboard survives the encounter.) there’s overlap, but it’s mostly oblique, and that mismatch is exactly why a Bostock-type Oxford logician would be cool (even dismissive) about “Rota” as his kind of logic. 1) What “logic” Bostock/Oxford were mostly doing (when it overlaps with Grice) In the Oxford “Sub-Faculty” orbit you’re invoking, “logic” typically means things like:  formal proof systems (natural deduction, axiomatic systems), metalogic (soundness/completeness, consistency, decidability), model theory (structures, satisfaction), plus the more philosophical side: logical form, quantification, reference, and the interface with ordinary-language analysis.  That’s the ecosystem in which someone like David Bostock sits: logic as syntax + semantics + proof, often with a canonical predicate-calculus core. 2) What Rota was doing (and why it isn’t “Oxford mathematical logic”) Rota’s big early mathematical identity is:  combinatorics (especially incidence algebras, Möbius inversion, combinatorial geometry / matroids), often articulated with algebraic structures (posets, lattices, generating functions), and a very “mathematician’s” notion of foundations (unifying techniques, not founding a formal system).  That’s “mathematical” and it’s “foundational” in one sense, but it’s not foundational in the Hilbert/Tarski/Kleene sense that Oxford logicians would instinctively hear in “foundations.” So for Bostock, Rota’s “foundations” is likely to sound like:  “Foundations” meaning conceptual unification inside mathematics, not metalogical foundations of mathematics.  3) Where Rota does touch logic (why you’re not imagining the connection out of thin air) Even if the cultures are different, there are genuine bridges:  Möbius inversion / incidence algebras behave like a kind of calculus of inclusion–exclusion, which is close in spirit to Boolean-algebraic reasoning (and hence to propositional logic’s algebraic side). posets and lattices sit right next door to algebraic logic (Stone duality, Boolean algebras, Heyting algebras), even if Rota is not doing proof theory. combinatorial geometry / matroid theory connects to the “dependence” structures that logicians meet (indirectly) in model theory and independence phenomena—though that’s more a later, specialist bridge than an Oxford tutorial bridge.  So: yes, there’s a mathematical adjacency that a logician can appreciate; but it isn’t the bread-and-butter of Oxford philosophical logic. 4) Why a Bostock-type logician might still “show it off” to Grice This is where your scene can be psychologically right even if disciplinary borders are real:  To a logic-proud undergraduate, “combinatorics” can look like logic with muscles: exact, rule-governed, and (crucially) non-metaphysical. And to a Grice, it can look like a new species of “formal reasoning” that might feed into his own interests in rules, calculation, and rational constraint (even if not “logic” proper).  So Bostock shows it off as:  “Look—this is what real rigour looks like when it leaves the toy examples.”  Grice, being Grice, then turns it into a joke about whether it’s really foundations, or just “fancy counting with a conscience.” 5) How it fits Grice’s “mathematical logic” in the broad sense Grice’s own work isn’t mathematical logic; but he’s constantly flirting with:  formal operators (negation, conditionals, quantifiers), inference patterns (what follows from what under rational constraints), and later quasi-formal talk of conversational “rules” and “moves.”  Rota fits that Gricean horizon in a very particular way:  not as a provider of proof theory, but as a provider of an image of rational structure: rules + permissible transformations + invariants (what stays the same under re-description), i.e., “calculation” as a model of disciplined thought.  So the fit is: Rota gives Grice a metaphorically usable mathematics of structure, not a directly importable logical apparatus for implicature. Bottom line  Why yes: shared obsession with structure, rules, rigour, and “foundations” as what makes a practice possible. Why no: Oxford logic (Bostock) is about formal languages, proof, semantics; Rota is about mathematical structures and combinatorial invariants—a different kind of foundations.Grice: Rota, mi è capitato di parlarne ieri, di sfuggita, col collega filosofo Speranza: sosteneva che lei non è davvero “italiano” finché non ha litigato almeno una volta con una lavagna. Io gli ho risposto che, nel mio caso, la lavagna mi ha sempre litigato addosso per prima. Rota: Ah, Speranza… ha il fiuto delle cose essenziali. E poi io vengo da Vigevano: lì la ragione conversazionale passa per il gesso e per la combinatoria. Senza lavagna, Whitehead diventa arredamento e Husserl resta in tasca come un biglietto del tram. Grice: Giustamente; e proprio dopo quella conversazione con Speranza mi sono sorpreso a fissare la parola “lavagna” come se fosse un argomento. Non lo dico, ma si capisce: quando uno insiste sulla lavagna, sta lasciando intendere che il pensiero vuole una superficie pubblica, non solo una coscienza privata. E mi sono anche chiesto da dove venga il termine: pare che “lavagna” sia legata alla pietra “lavagna”, cioè l’ardesia, dal latino medievale “lapis” e dalla famiglia di “lavare”, perché quella superficie si cancella, si pulisce, si rifà. Insomma: un supporto nato per essere riscritto, come le nostre premesse. Rota: La sua implicatura è lavagnesca, come la metterebbe Speranza: cancellabile, riscrivibile, eppure testarda come l’ardesia. E infatti la lavagna è la morale del gruppo di gioco: non è un monumento, è una partita. Ci scrivi, sbagli, cancelli, e il gesso ti ricorda che anche l’identità è fatta di tracce e di correzioni. In fondo, la filosofia sulla lavagna è discreta: appare a colpi di segno, e sparisce quando ha fatto il suo dovere. Rota, Gian-Carlo (1964). Fondamenti di teoria combinatoria.

Amedeo Rotondi (Vivocaro, Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica. I primi anni di attività della sua “libreria delle occasione” sono piuttosto travagliati in quanto le autorità fasciste, infastidite dalla tipologia eterodossa dei testi in vendita, operano diversi sequestri e infliggono sanzioni. Costretto a chiudere la libreria per evitare il richiamo alle armi della repubblica sociale. Considerato disertore, si rifugia con la famiglia a Vicovaro. Individuato in seguito ad una delazione, riesce fortunosamente a sfuggire alla cattura e si allontana verso le montagne che circondano il paese, inseguito dappresso da tedeschi. Disperando di potersi salvare, si nasconde nei pressi di una casa abbandonata, popolarmente ritenuta abitata dagli spiriti e qui avviene l'evento fondamentale sopra descritto che cambia la sua vita e le sue convinzioni, aprendolo alla conoscenza del mondo spirituale. Improvvisamente ha una visione folgorante nel nielo. Sedetti a contemplare la scena. Una catena di globi luminosi dall'alto scendevano fin giù, penetravano nella terra, poi altri che risalivano e poi ridiscendevano come per riunirsi in un misterioso convegno. Si senteno delle voci indistinte. Si trattiene ad osservare tale spettacolo misterioso salvandosi, in questo modo, dal rastrellamento in corso nel vicino paese di Roccagiovine. Questo primo decisivo contatto con il para-normale  raccontato in "Il protettore invisibile". Tale evento rappresenta l'inizio del suo studio e del suo interesse nei confronti dell'esoterismo e della spiritualità. Pubblica massime, proverbi e aforismi di Roma antica. Dà alle stampe “L’arte del silenzio e l’uso della parola”, un originale e lungimirante saggio il cui intento si manifesta già dalla dedica, firmato con lo pseudonimo di Vico di Varo, derivato chiaramente dal suo paese natale. Roma antica, antica Roma, le perle, Vicovaro, filosofia fascista, il veintennio fascista.  Grice, St John’s, 1946 — “Corriere librario” Back from the Admiralty, the first thing that strikes you is the sheer quantity—my word if ever there was one—of what the Americans, with whom I’d been thrown into conversational intimacy ever since that Pearl Harbor business, cheerfully call “trash mail.” It’s all been deposited—neatly, faithfully, inexorably—into the little wooden slot by my staircase at St John’s: my post-box, or “mailbox,” if one insists on the transatlantic idiom that kept turning up, like spam before there was spam. The most recent arrival is the first number of something calling itself Corriere librario. I rip it open with the sort of eagerness one usually reserves for good news or bad gossip; and I find myself thinking—inevitably—about the word corriere. It is an oddity. The Romans, I take it, had little use for it. Cicero did not “run” his letters anywhere; he either walked, or handed the thing to a slave, who handed it to another slave, who handed it to yet another slave, until it reached the addressee and became—by sheer chain-of-custody—communication. (Editorial note for Copilot, strictly parenthetical: “Corriere,” as in Corriere della Sera, is basically “courier” / “news-runner,” cognate with correre, “to run”—because the news is something one runs with, unless one doesn’t.) But Corriere librario is not really a runner; it’s a pusher. “Librario” gives the game away: this is not a newspaper, it’s a trade circular—part bibliographical bulletin, part shop-window, part self-advertisement—meant to keep Rome’s book-people talking to one another, and, in Rotondi’s case, meant to keep Rotondi’s bookshop alive by keeping it in everybody’s mouth. Which, in 1946 Rome, may indeed be the best thing that can happen to a bookshop: to be talked into existence again. There is a contributo by Rotondi. I can’t help noticing the rhetoric: contributo—not “article,” not “piece,” not “note,” but “contribution,” as if the journal were already a public work, a civic enterprise, a small reconstruction project conducted in print. Very post-war. We rebuild bridges; the Italians rebuild bibliographies. And yet: the title Corriere still nags at me. It promises speed, urgency, legs. But a bookseller’s “courier” doesn’t run; he circulates. He doesn’t carry news to the public; he carries books to the initiated, and he does so not by running but by insinuation—by recommendation, by a whispered “I have something for you,” by the ancient Roman method of getting a text from one hand into another until it becomes, by repetition, a shared object. So the punchline suggests itself: If corriere is etymologically about running, then corriere librario is the comic modern version of Cicero: a courier who never runs, but makes other people run—toward titles, toward editions, toward that small, addictive form of desire we call “a book one must have.” Or, if you prefer it more Gricean: A “Corriere” doesn’t primarily carry books; it carries implicatures: if this title is announced here, you are meant to infer that you should go and buy it—preferably from Rotondi.Grice: Rotondi, lei con Roma antica ci vive come altri vivono con l’orologio: sempre addosso. Me lo diceva ieri, di sfuggita, il mio collega filosofo Speranza: “Con Rotondi anche il silenzio sembra avere una dedica in latino.” Rotondi: Caro Grice, a Vicovaro il latino non è un vezzo: è un modo di tenere a bada il presente. E poi, dopo una libreria “eterodossa” sotto il fascismo e una fuga tra i monti, uno impara che le parole possono salvarti la pelle oppure fartela perdere. L’arte del silenzio, appunto: e l’uso della parola. Grice: Già. E, dopo aver chiacchierato con Speranza, mi accorgo che qui c’è un’implicatura che mi scappa fuori da sola: quando lei parla di Roma antica, io sento come se Roma mi corresse nelle vene. Non perché io voglia fare il romano d’importazione, ma perché—e questo lo capisce chi ha avuto una formazione classica da adolescente, quando “o ce l’hai o non ce l’hai”—a Clifton mi hanno messo il latino in tasca prima ancora della tessera dell’autobus, e poi a Vadum Boum con la Lit. Hum. mi sono ritrovato a respirare declinazioni come aria. Così, quando lei dice “massime” e “aforismi” di Roma antica, io non sento solo un archivio: sento un’abitudine del sangue. Rotondi: La sua implicatura, come direbbe Speranza, nasce da uno di quei sette colli—anche se lui, poveretto, non saprebbe dirci quale. E il punto è proprio questo: certe cose si imparano quando si è ragazzi, non quando si è già professori. Lei non sta dicendo “sono romano”; sta lasciando intendere che la classicità, presa in età giusta, diventa una seconda circolazione. E allora capisce perché a Roma antica la ragione è conversazionale: non è dottrina, è abitudine—come il passo in salita, come il fiato che viene su senza che ci pensi. . Rotondi, Amedeo (1946). Contributo. Corriere Librario.

Pier Aldo Rovatti (Modena, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale dei giocchi e gl’uomini –Grice: “I do not know any other philosopher other than me or Austin who, like Rovatti, is obsessed wiith the concept of a ‘game’!” Studia fenomenologia a Milano con PACI. Insegna a Trieste. Si occupa dei rapporti tra fenomenologia e marxismo pubblicando “Critica e scientificità in Marx” e poi focalizzando in vari saggi il tema dei bisogni con riferimento anche alla psico-analisi. Le questioni concernenti il “pensiero debole” diventano il punto di partenza di “La posta in gioco: il soggetto” (Bompiani, Milano); “Abitare la distanza”, “Il paiolo bucato: la nostra condizione paradossale” (Cortina, Milano); “La follia in poche parole” (Bompiani, Milano); “L'esercizio del silenzio”; “Possiamo addomesticare l'altro? La condizione globale” (Forum, Udine); “Inattualità del pensiero debole” (Forum, Udine). Queste questioni riguardano soprattutto la possibilità di una «logica paradossale» e si articolano intorno ai temi del gioco, dell'ascolto e dell'alterità, tutti collegati alla questione della soggetto. Saggio su PACI.  Dalla filosofia del gioco nascono anche “Per gioco: piccolo manuale dell’esperienza ludica” (Cortina, Milano); “La scuola dei giochi” (Bompiani, Milano); “Il gioco di Wittgenstein” (EUT, Trieste). Si interessa alla consulenza filosofica, con “La filosofia può curare? La consulenza filosofica in questione” (Cortina, Milano). Altre saggi: “Il coraggio della filosofia” in «aut aut».  Tiene una rubrica sul quotidiano "Il Piccolo" di Trieste, “Etica minima”. Racoglie "scritti corsari" (cfr. Pasolini) in vari saggi: “Etica minima – saggi quasi corsair sull’anomalia italiana” (Cortina, Milano); “Noi, i barbari – la sotto-cultura dominante” (Cortina, Milano); “Un velo di sobrietà” (Saggiatore, Milano); “Accanto a una sensibile sintonia”. Grice: “As Rovatti shows, it is possible to conceive of conversation as a GAME, with its own RULES, and MOVES. i giocchi e gl’uomini.  Grice (Merton), 1967 — “Whitehead in Milan” Grice (scribbling in the margin of a library catalogue, Merton, 1967): I don’t quite remember why I was sent over to the Sub-Faculty—something administrative, no doubt. But I’ve found the only tolerable corner: the library’s “New Accessions,” where at least the books can’t yet pretend to be wise. (He flips through the continental arrivals.) Well. This is rich. We have a new eminence on Whitehead—from Italy. The Italians, with their usual sense for ceremonial metaphysics, have just tied the laurel wreath on a young man at the State University of Milan: one Rovatti—Modena, naturally; so even his abstractions will have rules. Title of thesis: Whitehead. No subtitle. None needed. In Italian it sounds like a children’s nickname—Testa bianca—and that, frankly, is already a thesis statement. Thomson (happens to be at the next table, peering over the catalogue as if it were evidence): Of course it’s about his parallel universes. Grice: You mean—process metaphysics. Thomson: Call it what you like. On what else can you write a tesi di laurea in filosofia teoretica called Whitehead? The man wasn’t even a philosopher. He was a mathematician who—having done the respectable thing—left. Grice: Thomson is right: Whitehead held mathematics at Cambridge. Which, once translated into the Milanese key, becomes so esoteric it passes for not only teoretica but—marvellous thought—pratica too, because the Italians rarely have the latter and therefore import it under false pretences. (He pauses, then adds the Oxford aside, half to Thomson and half to the gods of terminology.) One imagines filosofia teoretica is contrasted with filosofia pratica—as if one were done sitting down and the other standing up. But in Milan the contrast is simpler: teoretica means “with Greek,” and pratica means “with committees.” Thomson: So who supervised this laurelisation? Grice: Ah—here the comedy becomes philology. The thesis is blessed under two maxims at once: the Maxim of Relation—Paci; and the Maxim of Co‑Relation—Geymonat. If that doesn’t make you believe in academic redundancy, nothing will. Thomson: And Rovatti—does he end up a Whitehead man? Grice: Who knows. Whitehead is the sort of philosopher one writes on at twenty-four to prove one has lungs. Then one spends the rest of one’s life trying to breathe normally again. But I can already see the future Italian move: today process; tomorrow gioco. They will discover that metaphysics can be played—rules, turns, forfeits, the whole thing. The only question is whether they will admit it’s a game, or insist it’s teoretica. Thomson: What’s the punchline, then? Grice: The punchline is institutional: in Oxford a “thesis” is something you write; in Milan it is something you receive, like a wreath. And once you receive a wreath for Testa bianca, you are committed, for life, to explaining why the title wasn’t already the joke.Grice: Rovatti, lei non può capire: ieri, parlando di sfuggita col mio collega filosofico Speranza, mi sono sentito dire che io e Austin saremmo “ossessionati” dal gioco. Io ho risposto: benissimo, ma allora lei è il terzo della triade, e per di più emiliano: quindi con più disciplina nel divertimento. Rovatti: Disciplina nel divertimento: mi piace. A Modena, se dici “gioco”, ti chiedono subito “quale?” e “con quali regole?”, e poi ti offrono un caffè come se fosse una clausola del regolamento. Ma sì: i giochi e gli uomini, e soprattutto le mosse. Grice: E infatti, come dicevo dopo aver chiacchierato con Speranza, mi lascia perplesso una cosa: perché i filosofi, che hanno fame di generalità, parlano del “gioco conversazionale” come se fosse uno solo? Io non lo dico apertamente, ma si capisce: chi dice “il” gioco sta suggerendo che esista un unico regolamento, una sola partita, una sola tavola. E invece sono giochi, giocchi, partite diverse: interrogatorio, confidenza, disputa, flirt, lezione, pettegolezzo. Cambiano la posta, cambiano le mosse, cambiano persino i falli. Rovatti: Implicatura giocosa, Grice, come la metterebbe Speranza; o, se vuole, un’implicatura “da gioco”, come direbbe lui. E qui l’inglese aiuta: game è la cornice generale, la struttura con regole; play è l’atto del giocare, l’andare in scena, la libertà concreta del gesto. In italiano possiamo provare a rendere la distinzione così: gioco (sistema) / giocare (pratica); oppure gioco (genere) / partita (occorrenza); oppure gioco (regole) / recita o gioco scenico (esecuzione); e perfino, se vogliamo essere più tecnici, gioco (istituzione) / ludere (ludicità in atto). Così capiamo perché “il gioco conversazionale” al singolare è comodo: è una generalità che fa risparmiare fatica—ma ogni volta che parliamo, in realtà, stiamo già giocando una partita diversa. Rovatti, Pier Aldo (1966). Whitehead – Universita Statale di Milano. Filosofia teorica. Relateore: Paci. Correlatore Geymonat.

Carlo Alberto Rovere. Grice (1954, St John’s): Austin introduced us yesterday to his latest bout of the Symbolical—and it has left me with a wicked thought. Suppose I lay in my bath and come up with a new lingo—call it Deutero‑Esperanto—which nobody speaks (except me, that is). Why can Austin go symbolic and not I? There is, after all, no law against private languages so long as you don’t ask other people to use them. Strawson, meanwhile, has taken to wintering at Monte Carlo—an arrangement he describes, with that calm air of moral entitlement, as “necessary for health.” He brought back a scrap of Riviera lore. “They don’t speak Italian there,” he said, as if I were about to complain. “But Monaco is an Italian word,” I said. “Monk.” “Yes,” he replied, “but the further you go towards the best, the more provincial it feels.” “Provençal,” I corrected. “The more Provençal it feels.” He waved this off—Strawson cannot distinguish a capital from a lower‑case unless it’s in his paper—and pressed on. “It’s what Rovere once dreamed of,” he said, “or—if I’m not allowed to say that—what one dreamed via Rovere.” “What?” I said. “Get to the point. I haven’t all day; I’m meant to be improving the minds of the young.” “Well,” he said, “an Italian state official—Carlo Alberto Rovere, 1888—had the cheek to propose to Mistral himself that Provençal be adopted as the political lingua franca of a Latin Union.” “The universal language of what?” I asked. “Your idiotisms are tempting.” “Not universal,” he said. “Political. A language for diplomacy. For an Unione Latina.” “A Union?” I said. “As in the Oxford Union? Debates, ballots, and port?” “No,” he said. “As in: the mere idea of a Union—Latin peoples pretending they can be made coherent by a consonant with a little hook under it.” “Ah,” I said. “So we have moved from Wilkins’s characteristica universalis—a language for reasoning—to a language for agreeing in public. Not truth, but protocol.” “And Mistral?” Strawson asked. “Mistral,” I said, “did what any sensible poet does when confronted with political enthusiasts: he asked his secretary to draft a diplomatic reply. Which is to say: a refusal that tries to sound like an invitation.” At which point Strawson, who had been glowing with Monte Carlo certainty, grew oddly quiet. “Where does Willoughby live?” he asked, suddenly. “Somewhere in Provence,” I said. And he understood at once—without being told—that somewhere is sometimes not geography but a confession: either I don’t know, or I can’t be bothered, or I am politely declining to be recruited into his fantasy of precision. It is astonishing what one can smuggle into “some‑”. Punchline: The Viennese wanted one language for science; Rovere wanted one language for Latins; and the English—being English—wanted one language for themselves, but called it “ordinary.” Rovere, Carlo Alberto (1888). Provençal come lingua franca, Unione Latina, via Mistral et le Félibrige, Monaco.

Terenzio Mamiani delle Rovere (Pesaro, Marche): la ragione conversazionale, o le confessioni di un meta-fisico romano. The family originates in Albisola, Savona, Liguria. Filosofo. Il giure civile del popolo italiano ha nel testo della legge positiva e speciale autorità sufficiente da soddisfare la giustizia ordinaria e da risolvere i dubii e acquetare le controversie intorno agl’interessi e agl’ufficii d'ogni privato cittadino. Di quindi nasce che possono alcuni curiali riuscire segnalati e famosi al mondo con la sola abilità del pronto ricordare, dell’acuto distinguere e dell'interpretare acconcio e discreto. Al giure delle genti occorre, invece, assai di frequente la discussione delle verità astratte. Perocché esso è indipendente e superiore all'autorità della sopra-citata legge. Si connette immediatamente al giure naturale che è al tutto razionale e speculativo. Spesso gli è forza di riandar colla filosofia sulle fondamenta medesime dell’ordine sociale umano, e spesso altresì non rinviene modo migliore per risolvere i dubii e acquetare le discrepanze fuor che indagare i grandi pronunziati della ragione perpetua del diritto, chiariti, dedotti e applicati mercé della scienza. Poco importa se i meta-fisici si bisticciano. Ma non va senza danno del genere umano il discordare e il traviare de' pubblicisti. E già si dice che il fine criterio degl’uomini illuminati coglie il certo e il sodo della scienza, ma non la crea e non l'ordina. La demenza degl’uonini fa talvolta scandalosa la verità. Laonde ella ha a pronunziare di se medesima. Non venni a recare la pace in mezzo di voi, sibbene la spada. confessioni di un metafisico, il rinnovamento della filosofia antica italiana, Vico, Cuoco, Cicerone, Roma antica, gl’antichi romani, il foro, il caso di Nizza, la communita di sangue.  The Chevalier’s Hymns Grice (1926): Dear Mother, Life “by the Bridge” continues—remnant, as we say at home. Cricket remains exciting; the piano less so, though I practise dutifully. My music master is either French or pretends to be. He refers to my exercises as my “odds and ends,” with an accent that seems to treat English as a hobby. He also recommends—always recommends—that I “do more with Powell.” Powell is our resident singer. I refrain from saying “tenor,” because it injures him; he prefers to think of himself as an instrument rather than a category. This afternoon Powell appeared (as he does, quietly, like a moral requirement) with a book: a small, slim volume, the sort that looks as if it has been exiled from its own library. “Perhaps you can set one of these,” he said, “to music.” “One of what?” I said, because it is best, when confronted with culture, to begin with ignorance. He held it up like evidence. Inni Sacri—by the cav. Terenzio Mamiani della Rovere. Paris, Per li Torchi di Éverat. “Is that French for ‘Everest’?” I asked. Powell ignored this—singers have the special gift of ignoring questions that are merely conversational. “Read one,” he said. “Out loud.” So he began to recite—already half-singing, as if the page had been waiting for his larynx. He made the Italian sound solemn in that English way: as if holiness were a matter of correct pronunciation. And, as he read, it dawned on me—slowly—that the odd thing about sacred hymns is not their piety, but their publicness. A hymn is the respectable form of an implicature: you do not quite say what you mean, because you want a chorus to mean it for you. “I don’t see,” I said, “why he calls them sacri. If they were profani, perhaps I should bother. ‘Sacred’ is what you call something when you wish it to be immune from cross-examination.” Powell looked wounded. “But he was in exile,” he said, as if exile were itself a key signature. “Exile,” I said, “is often what one calls Paris when one wishes to sound principled.” Powell persisted. “He moved in the salon of Cristina di Belgiojoso,” he added—he has an appetite for names, like a choirboy for incense. “Then,” I said, “he was not exiled from conversation. Only from the sort of conversation that takes place in Rome without having to ask permission.” This pleased me as a thought, and displeased me as a moral. For the more Powell sang, the clearer it became that Mamiani’s Inni were not really for God at all, but for an audience that wanted to believe in God, Italy, and their own sincerity—simultaneously, and without logical strain. In short, Mother: they are hymns in the same sense that certain school prayers are prayers—a performance whose point is to make one’s feelings look like a duty. Powell finished, expectant. “And?” he said. I said the only charitable thing that came to mind: “It’s very good,” I said, “provided one takes it as what it is: not theology, but the politics of the soul set to a tune.” He brightened. Then he asked whether I would accompany him. I did. Not out of piety, but out of what you taught me was better: good manners under duress. Your affectionate son, PaulGrice: L’altro giorno, qui alla villa di Albisola, parlavo con il mio collega filosofico Speranza, che come sai ama passare di qui quando il mare aiuta il pensiero; ci siamo trovati a sorridere su quanto certe opere sembrino confessioni e invece siano esercizi di ingegno ben temperato. Rovere: Albisola fa questo effetto: rilassa l’animo e affila la mente. E poi le confessioni, quando non chiedono assoluzione, diventano subito più interessanti. Grice: Proprio così; e, come io e Speranza stavamo conversando su questo, ci chiedevamo entrambi se non fosse la loro genialità a consistere nel non prendere mai del tutto sul serio il proprio metafisicare, lasciando intendere più di quanto dichiarino. Rovere: Quasi metafisica la tua implicatura, Grice, e sono certo che Speranza sarebbe d’accordo: ringrazio, perché coglie il punto senza appesantirlo. In fondo, quando la metafisica sa anche sorridere di sé, diventa confessabile senza essere penitente. Rovere, Terenzio Mamiani Della (1833). Inni sacri Paris, Per li Torchi di Éverat,

Ugo Basso Dalla Rovere. Rovere, Ugo Basso Dalla (1897). L’arte d’imporvvisar versi.

Sergio Rubellio Plauto (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale della filosofia sotto il principato di NERONE. Portico. Uomo di carattere encomiabile e studi filosofici che si ritrova al centro delle faide tra Agrippina e il figlio princeps NERONE per la sua ascendenza imperiale -- egli e cugino di secondo grado del princeps in quanto figli di cugine nipoti di Tiberio e bisnipoti adottive d’OTTAVIANO -- venne prima esortato, insieme alla moglie Antistia Pollitta figlia del console Lucio Antistio Vetere, a ritirarsi, verosimilmente dopo aver ricoperto solo la questura, nei possedimenti familiari in Asia e poi ucciso con la testa mozzata riportata a Roma. Nel mezzo di tali vicende, brillò in cielo una cometa, che la credenza popolare interpreta come segno di cambiamento del re. Quindi, come se già  Nerone fosse stato cacciato, ci si domanda su chi sarebbe caduta la scelta, e sulla bocca di tutti correva il nome di R., la cui nobiltà derivava, per parte di madre, dalla famiglia Giulia. Amava le idee e i principi del passato, austero nel comportamento, riservato e casto nel privato, e quanto più cercava, per timore, di passare inosservato, tanto  più si parlava di lui. Le chiacchiere sul suo conto presero consistenza, quando si diede, con altrettanta leggerezza, l'interpretazione di un fulmine. Infatti, mentre Nerone banchettava presso i laghi di Simbruvio, in una villa chiamata Sublaqueum, i cibi furono colpiti dal fulmine, che mandò in pezzi la mensa, e ciò si era verificato nel territorio di Tivoli, da cui proveniva il padre di R., sicché la gente credeva che il volere degli dèi l'avesse destinato alla successione, e parteggiavano per lui non pochi, per i quali vagheggiare avventure rischiose è una forma di ambizione suggestiva, ma in genere illusoria. Scosso dunque dalle voci,  Nerone scrive una lettera a R.: lo invitava a farsi carico della tranquillità di Roma e a non prestarsi a chi propalava chiacchiere maligne: aveva, in Asia, terreni ereditati, in cui poteva passare, al sicuro, una giovinezza lontana da torbidi. Così R. là si ritirò con la moglie Antistia e pochi amici.Tacito, Annales. Roma.  GRICEVS: Heri, dum leviter de rebus gravibus loquerer, philosophum Spes nominavi—virum qui plus intellegit ex eo quod non dicitur quam ex eo quod dicitur; atque tum mihi subiit cogitatio de Nerone, cui philosophia deesse videbatur, et tamen non omnino abesse. RVBELLIVS: Lepide dicis, Grice; nam sub principatu illo etiam silentium sonabat. Ubi sapientia non apparet, ibi saepe vestigia eius latent, ut umbra lucis. GRICEVS: Ita est; et, ut cum Spes colloquebamur, intelleximus—sine verbo—ipsam defectus rationem numerari posse inter rationes: quod philosophia ibi erat, ubi non erat; et absentia ipsa munere quodam fungebatur. RVBELLIVS: Implicatura tua, ut Spes velit, animum meum accendit, sed benevole. Nam philosophia—φιλοσοφία, amor sapientiae—non exigit sapientem perfectum, sed amantem. Et si sapientia, illa femina Latina, SAPIENTIA, etiam a Nerone amata est, licet ruditer et crudeliter, amor tamen fuit; nec negari potest quin etiam sub tyranno philosophia, deformis forsitan, viveret.

Evangelista Torricelli Ruberti (Pideura, Faenza, Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna): la ragione conversazionale -- la natura abhorre il vuoto, o la tromba di Gabriele. Studia a Faenza e Roma sotto CASTELLI. Srive a GALILEI una lettera di risposta a sue richieste a CASTELLI, che assente in quei giorni lascia allo studente il compito di segretario. In tale lettera colge l'occasione per presentarsigli, che egli ammira grandemente. Il vivere da vicino le vicende del processo a Galilei gl’indusse a dedicarsi più strettamente alla matematica nonostante padroneggiasse gli strumenti teorici e fosse un abile costruttore di cannocchiali. Divenne segretario di Ciampoli, un filosofo devoto a Galilei, che segue nei suoi incarichi governativi nelle Marche e nell'Umbria. Castelli presenta a Galilei il saggio di R., “De motu gravium” suggerendogli di impiegarlo come discepolo e assistente. Così e e divenne assistente di Galilei e su domanda e insistenza di Galilei si trasfere nella sua abitazione. Alla morte di Galilei, Ferdinando II gli nomina matematico del gran ducato di Toscana. Studia geometria, dove anticipa il calcolo in-finitesimale. Si dedica alla fisica, studiando il mosso dei gravi e dei fluidi e approfonde l'ottica. Possede un laboratorio nel quale realizza egli stesso lenti e telescopi. Si dedica anche allo studio dei fluidi, giungendo ad inventare il baro-metro a mercurio chiamato, "tubo di Torricelli" o "tubo da vuoto”. Tale invenzione si basa nella misurazione della pressione atmosferica attraverso l'uso di questo tubo che, proprio sotto la spinta di tale pressione, viene riempito dal mercurio fino all'altezza costante di 760 mm -- esperimento effettuato sul livello del mare. Proprio da questa invenzione nasce l'unità di misura della pressione "millimetri di mercurio" – mmHg -- e l'uguaglianza: 1 Atm = 760 mmHg -- la pressione di un'atmosfera corrisponde a 760 millimetri di mercurio. Pubblica “Opera Geo-Metrica”, della quale “De motu gravium” costituisce la II parte.  il vuoto, geometria.  Grice: Caro Ruberti, discorrendo l’altro giorno con il filosofo Speranza — uno di quei filosofi che intendono prima ancora che si parli — mi venne da sorridere a certe formule che passano per naturali solo perché sono antiche. “Natura abhorret”… già lì l’orecchio del filosofo dovrebbe drizzarsi. Ruberti Ah, Grice, quando la natura comincia ad avere gusti e ripugnanze, siamo già entrati nel teatro. Eppure il pubblico applaude, come se NATVRA avesse davvero stomaco, nervi e idiosincrasie. Grice Appunto. E come conversavamo con Speranza, convenimmo senza dirlo che abhorre — se ha senso — lo ha solo in senso animistico. L’implicatura è chiara: se attribuisci l’orrore alla natura, stai già parlando d’altro, non di geometria né di vuoto, ma di una favola ben recitata. Ruberti La tua implicatura, come Speranza la vorrà intendere, non lascia vacui. Pensare che la natura aborrisca il vuoto — o che talora smetta di aborrirlo — è una sciocchezza degna del vulgus. NATVRA non decide, non teme, non rifugge: misura, risponde, si lascia descrivere. Se talvolta le attribuiamo tratti non naturali, è per comodità di discorso, non per verità di cose. Le conseguenze di ciò sono chiarissime a noi tre — a te, a me, a Speranza — ma sfuggiranno sempre a chi confonde la ragione conversazionale con la tromba di Gabriele. A Faenza come a Firenze, la filosofia non grida: misura. Ruberti, Evangelista Torricelli (1644). Opera geometrica. Firenze:Massa e Landis.

Orazio Ricasoli Rucellai (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale degl’amori di Linceo, o della filosofia imperfetta. Crusca. Discepolo di GALILEI e in certa guisa il depositario e spositore delle opinioni meta-fìsiche professate dal suo maestro. Di più: in cui la scuola di Galilei ha uno dei maggiori lumi. Afferma di essere amico e confidente di Galilei, ma ciò non corrisponde al vero. In verità si incontrano solo una volta quando e suo ospite nella villa di Arcetri. Men che meno e suo studente. Quanto poi alla meta-fisica di Galilei, i dialoghi filosofici parlano da soli. Quando comincia a comporre i dialoghi presero persino a chiamarlo il nostro sapientissimo Socrate. Ma anche questa è una bufala. Il fatto è ogni volta che compone un dialogo, ama recitarlo al suo palazzo davanti a un pubblico scelto di personaggi del bel mondo fiorentino. Che al suo palazzo, uno dei più ricche di Firenze, si mangia e beve gratis. Quindi più dialoghi recita, più si gozzoviglia. Per questo lo incitano a continuare. La verità è che in filosofia non vuole, non segue la ragione. Chiudendo gl’occhi alla scienza, in qualunque punto, non dice nero né bianco. Altro che discepolo di Galilei anche se a Firenze, a questa panzana, ci credeno in molti. Non è un caso dunque se i dialoghi sono pubblicati non per meriti filosofici, ma linguistici. I dialoghi sono citati dal vocabolario della Crusca, ed ottimo avviso è il farne spoglio abbondante perché la loro favella è veramente d'oro e, se lo stile procede talvolta prolisso, è sempre chiarissimo ed elegante e à gran ricchezza di voci e frasi, convenienti agli studj speculativi. Forse è proprio per la sua grande abilità nel farsi credere che, nel gran ducato, la sua stella sembra non tramontare mai. Ambasciatore toscano prima presso Ladislao IV e poi Ferdinando III. Intendente della biblioteca laurenziana. gl’amori di Linceo, imperfetto? perfetto – perfetto bugiardo.  Grice: Caro Rucellai, sai che stamani pensavo a una vecchia chiacchierata con il filosofo Speranza — uno di quei filosofi che, come noi, parlano più di quanto dicano. Firenze ne ha prodotti molti così, ma lui ha il dono di ascoltare l’implicito come se fosse musica da camera. 2. Rucellai: Ah, Speranza! Un filosofo che sa intendere senza chiedere spiegazioni — rarità degna della Crusca. Del resto, tra filosofi che si conoscono davvero, basta mezzo cenno, come tra vecchi lincei che fingono di parlare d’altro. 3. Grice: Appunto. E ricordo che io e Speranza — entrambi intenti a pensare la stessa cosa, senza mai nominarla — convenimmo che certe ragioni non amano mostrarsi in piena luce. Meglio lasciarle agire, come certi amori che si capiscono solo se non se ne parla. 4. Rucellai: La tua implicatura, come Speranza la descriverebbe, è decisamente linceale: acuta, obliqua, e perfettamente adatta alla ragione conversazionale degl’amori di Linceo. È filosofia imperfetta, sì — ma alla maniera della scuola fiorentina, della filosofia toscana, anzi della filosofia italiana tutta: quella che a Firenze si recita in dialogo, si pubblica per la Crusca, e si crede perfetta proprio perché è un perfetto… bugiardo. Rucellai, Orazio Riacasoli (1584). Dialoghi della Agricoltura e de’ Piaceri della Villa. Firenze: Marescotti.

Nicola Ruffolo (Cosenza, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale dal guazzabuglio al possibilismo come terapia eutimistica. Torna a Roma dal fronte della campagna greco-albanese della seconda guerra decorato con IV medaglie al valore per diverse intrepide azioni contro il nemico, in cui e ferito con arma da fuoco trapassante il petto. Organizza in seno al ministero dell'interno una cellula di resistenza partigiana, che gli vale l'attestazione di partigiano combattente e una medaglia di bronzo al valore partigiano. Per via della delazione di un componente del gruppo di resistenza è arrestato dalla banda Pollastrini-Koch e incarcerato alla pensione Jaccarino in via Romagna. Trasferito in Regina Coeli, condivide la cella con PINTOR e SALINARI, discutendo del dopo liberazione. Trasferito a via Tasso e interrogato da Kappler. L'iniziale sentenza di morte e commutata in deportazione. Qualche ora prima dell'ingresso degl’alleati in Roma, all'abbandono di Roma da parte dei tedeschi, usce dal carcere insieme per essere avviato su uno dei III torpedoni in attesa a Piazza S. Giovanni per essere deportato in Germania. Un IV torpedone e invece quello destinato all'eccidio di La Storta dove e ucciso BUOZZI. Lee SS gli impedeno il suo proposito di salire proprio sul IV torpedone, scostato dagl’altri, avvalorando la tesi che l'eccidio e pre-meditato e non una reazione impulsiva del comandante. Costretto a salire su uno dei restanti III torpedoni, si getta mentre il convoglio e in marcia. Riusce a far perdere le tracce e a liberarsi nonostante le S. S. hanno fermato il convoglio e lo insegueno nella campagna nei pressi di Ficulle. Dell’arresto e prigionia da conto in "Roma -- storia della mia cattura e fuga dalle S. S. dai nazisti” (Roma). Al termine della guerra, ha la carriera di notaio a Grosseto. Uomo colto, conversatore brillante con battute spesso umoristiche. Icaro, Cosmologica, possibilismo, guazzagublio, lo specchio del diavolo, implicatura eutimistica-terapeutica.  Grice: Ho appena parlato col filosofo Speranza: sostiene che in Italia il caos non è un difetto, è un genere letterario—e che il guazzabuglio va trattato con rispetto, come una vecchia zia. Ruffolo: E fa bene. Il guazzabuglio è la nostra materia prima: politica, storia, carattere nazionale—poi uno prova a cavarne una terapia, magari senza spacciarla per miracolo. Grice: Già… e qui viene l’implicatura (che non dirò), come dicevo a Speranza: passare dal guazzabuglio al possibilismo non è solo una conversione metodologica, è una terapia eutimistica—una cura dell’umore della ragione. Non “si sistemi tutto”, ma: “si può fare qualcosa”, e quel qualcosa basta a rimettere in moto la conversazione senza pretendere un’Apocalisse amministrativa. Ruffolo: La tua implicatura, come nota Speranza, è più che eutimistica: è quasi un vaccino contro la disperazione sistematica. Però attento—l’analogia “salutare” basta già da sola a farci over-implicare (anche noi griceiani): dal tono dell’animo passiamo alla diagnosi dello Stato, dalla terapia alla dottrina, e dal possibilismo alla provvidenza. E allora il guazzabuglio—che era un problema—diventa una scusa. Meglio così: curiamo l’umore, sì, ma senza perdere il gusto del disordine che ci tiene svegli. Ruffolo, Nicola (1818). Lezioni di economia politica. Napoli: Tipografia del Giornale Enciclopedico.

Tirannio Rufino (Aquileia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giuli): la ragione conversazionale del commentario filosofico. He comments some ‘saggi’ by Origen.  GRICEVS: Rufine, salve. Philosophum Spem modo conveni; ille ait me nimis delectari verbis quae se ipsae in nodum ligant—et ego respondi: nisi nodus est, non est commentarius. RVFINVS: Salve, Grice. Ego autem Origenem lego et… commentor (ut dicitur). Sed tu semper dubitas utrum verba nostra dicant an innuant. Quid hodie tibi displicet? GRICEVS: Ut cum Spe loquebar, hoc subintelligo (nec dicam): nescio umquam utrum Origenem commenter an menter—si licet tale verbum fingere. Commentare sonat quasi “cum” + “mentare”: quasi mens mea non sola vagetur, sed cum aliorum mentibus ambulat. At mentare (sine co-) est pura mentis vagatio—et interdum, fateor, commentarius fit nimis “cum”, minus “mens”. RVFINVS: Implicatura tua mentabilis est, ut Spes habet. Nam commentare est mentem cum ordine ducere—quasi in societate; mentare est mentem solam emittere, quasi in porticu sine testibus. Illud co- vero, quod tu otiosum vocas, est simul onus et virtus: onus, quia addit comites; virtus, quia addit disciplinam. Sic Origenem commentamur—ne nos ipsi tantum mentemur.

Publio Rutilio Rufo (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale -- NAM CVM ESSET ILLE VIR EXEMPLVM VT SCITIS INNOCENTIÆ CVM ILLO NEMO NEQVE INTEGRIOR ESSET IN CIVITATE NEQVE SANCTIOR NON MODO SVPPLEX IVDICIBVS ESSE NOLVIT SED NE ORNATIVS QVIDEM AVT LIBERIVS CAVSAM DICI SVAM QVAM SIMPLEX RATIO VERITATIS FEREBAT – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo Italiano. Scolaro di Panezio. Combatte sotto Numanzia agl’ordini d’Emiliano SCIPIONE  come tribunus militum ed e pretore urbano. Al pari di MARIO  – e SCEVOLA augure, R. segue come legato Quinto Metello nella guerra contro Giugurta. Quando Mario, quale console, assunse il comando dell’esercito, R. ritorna a Roma. Console. R. segue l’amico Marco Scevola l’augure nel suo pro-consolato d’Asia. Condannato ingiustamente per accuse di nemici che si è procurato con la sua rigida onestà, R. vive da prima a Mitilene e poi a Smirne, e rifiuta l'invito di SILLA  di accompagnarlo a Roma. CICERONE conosce Rufo a Smirne. A Smirne, Rufo scrive un "De vita sua" e una storia di Roma. È oratore. I suoi discorsi hanno per la loro aridità impronta del Portico. Coltiva gli studi giuridici. Militari romani e politici romani. Console della Repubblica romana. Muore a Smirne. Gens: Rutilia. Console. Militare, politico e storico romano. Comincia la sua carriera militare al seguito d’Emiliano Scipione Africano minore, nella guerra in Spagna. R. è legato di Quinto Cecilio Metello Numidico, proprio nel corso della guerra contro Giugurta, durante la quale, fra i sotto-posti di Metello, vi è anche Gaio Mario. Si distinse nella battaglia del Muthul, nel corso della quale fronteggia un attacco di Bomilcare e organizza la cattura o il ferimento della maggior parte degl’elefanti da guerra numidici. Eletto console, ha come collega Gneo Mallio Massimo, il quale arriva secondo all'elezione. Le sue iniziative principali riguardarono la disciplina militare e l'introduzione di un migliore sistema di addestramento delle truppe. Roma.  GRICEVS: Rufe, salve. Philosophum Spem modo conveni: ille dixit me nimis amare exempla; ego respondi me exemplis vivere—praesertim cum Romani sic vivant. RVFVS: Salve, Grice. Si exempla amas, ecce tibi meum: ille locus quem semper recitant, quasi lapidem in foro—et tamen pauci intellegunt quid agat. GRICEVS: Nihil dicam aperte—sed ipsum audi, totum, ut iubes: “NAM CVM ESSET ILLE VIR EXEMPLVM VT SCITIS INNOCENTIÆ CVM ILLO NEMO NEQVE INTEGRIOR ESSET IN CIVITATE NEQVE SANCTIOR NON MODO SVPPLEX IVDICIBVS ESSE NOLVIT SED NE ORNATIVS QVIDEM AVT LIBERIVS CAVSAM DICI SVAM QVAM SIMPLEX RATIO VERITATIS FEREBAT.” Quasi dicat: ornatus est suspectus; simplex ratio sola licet. At inter nos—si quis tam “simplex” est, saepe plus significat quam dicit. RVFVS: Implicaturae tuae, ut solet, me obstupefaciunt—sicut ipsam Speranzam saepe obstupefecerunt, Grice. Nam tu ex uno elogio arido Porticus statim elicisti artem: quod “simplex ratio” non est nuditas, sed electio; et quod qui ornatum recusat, interdum ipso recusandi modo ornatius loquitur.

Guido De Ruggiero (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale di Remo e di Romolo – filosofia meridionale. Scrive “Critica del concetto di cultura” (Catania, Battia), cui CROCE rimprovera la mancata distinzione tra “cultura” e “falsa cultura”. Idealista, senza aderire all'attualismo di GENTILE. Liberale, pur non risparmiando critiche alla classe politica espressa dal partito liberale. Insegna a Messina e Roma. Avendo aderito all'idealismo con GENTILE, la sua ri-vendicazione dei valori del liberalismo lo rende un esponente di spicco dell'opposizione al fascismo. Per non perdere la cattedra presta il giuramento di fedeltà al fascismo. Autore, tra le altre saggi, di una imponente Storia della filosofia  e di una Storia del liberalismo. Socio degl’esploratori italiani. Indaga nella storia della filosofia ROMANA la potenza di libertà costruttrice del mondo degl’uomini, e, auspicando in tempi oscuri il ritorno alla ragione, e ad Italia maestro ed apostolo di fede nell'umanità.  Saggi: Storia della filosofia,” “La filosofia greca” (Bari, Laterza); “Cristianesimo” (Bari, Laterza); “Rinascimento, riforma e contro-riforma” “La filosofia moderna: cartesianismo” (Bari, Laterza); “L’illuminismo” (Bari, Laterza); “Da Vico a Kant” (Bari, Laterza); “L'età del romanticismo” (Bari, Laterza); Hegel; (Bari, Laterza); La filosofia contemporanea (Bari, Laterza); “La filosofia politica italiana meridionale (Bari, Laterza); “L'impero britannico dopo la guerra”, Firenze, Vallecchi, “Storia del liberalismo” “Filosofi” “L'esistenzialismo” (Bari, Laterza); “Scritti politici”, Felice, Bologna, Cappelli,  La libertà, Mancuso, Napoli, Guida); Lettere a Croce (Bologna, Mulino); Croce, La Critica, I filosofi che dissero "NO" al duce, in La Repubblica, Un ritratto filosofico (Napoli, Società Editrice); L'impegno di un liberale” “Tra filosofia e politica (Firenze, Monnier); Treccani, Dizionario biografico degl’italiani, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Griffo, storia della filosofia romana, Vico.  Grice: Ho appena sentito il filosofo Speranza dire che a Napoli si litiga anche con la storia… e a Roma perfino con l’ordine dei nomi. Ruggiero: Con Romolo e Remo, in effetti, l’ordine non è un dettaglio: è già un programma politico, o una provocazione. Grice: Appunto—e qui viene l’implicatura (che non dirò). Perché diciamo così spesso “Remo e Romolo”, quando la regola conversazionale direbbe be orderly? Sembra quasi una violazione deliberata dell’ordine per salvare, per un attimo, il fratello perdente: come se la lingua facesse un piccolo gesto di defence per l’underdog, prima che la leggenda rimetta tutto “a posto”. Ruggiero: Implicatura remiana la tua, Grice—non romulea—come Speranza la chiamerebbe, ed è un contra-ordine che suona come un atto di giustizia senza diventare un manifesto: un piccolo favore al vinto, fatto di pura disposizione delle parole. Certo, basta questo e rischiamo di over-implicare—di trovare politica in ogni coppia, e morale in ogni inversione—ma ammettiamolo: se perfino un griceiano non sa resistere alla tentazione, allora la defence dell’underdog è già entrata nel lessico, e il mito ha perso (un po’) la sua arroganza. Ruggiero, Guido De (1908). Il concetto della storia nella filosofia moderna. Bari: Laterza.

Pietro Martire Rusca (Venezia, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale dell’apollo lizeo – lizio – lizeo – I viali dei giardini dell’apollo lizio – lizeo – Apollo in riposo –Studia filosofia. Vicario generale di Padova della congregazione del S. Uffizio. Ricopre quindi il ruolo d’inquisitore. Scrive “Syllogistica methodus”; “De caelesti substantia”; “De fabulis palaestini stagni ad aures Aristotelis peripateticorum principis” e l’ “Epitome theologica”. Vescovo di Caorle. Uno dei presuli che più si spese per le necessità della sua diocesi. È infatti ricordato per gl’mponenti restauri della cattedrale che volle fossero eseguiti per salvare l'edificio dall'imminente rovina. Durante questi restauri ricopre il soffitto della cattedrale con stucchi e da all'edificio una struttura barocca. La ri-consacrarla, apponendo alle pareti XII croci in cotto. Inoltre, fa completare la realizzazione dei nuovi reliquiari per le insigne reliquie dei santi patroni (Stefano proto-martire, Margherita di Antiochia, e Gilberto di Sempringham) e provvide al rinforzo della struttura del campanile. Al completamento di tutti i lavori, vuole che alle solenni celebrazioni presenziassero musici provenienti da Venezia. A memoria di tutto ciò, resta la lapide, affisse alla parete sinistra del duomo. DEO OPTIMO. MAXIMO LÆVITÆ STEPHANO PROTO-MARTYRI FR·PETRVS MARTYR RVSCA EPVS CONSECRAVIT MARINO VIZZAMANO PRÆTORE. Ricordato per la sua premura nel risollevare le sorti economiche. Ri-pristina  la mensa episcopale e provvide al sostentamento dei sacerdoti istituendone la confraternità. Si adopera per correggere i comportamenti dei fedeli e dei sacerdoti stessi. Fa erigere nella cattedrale un altare dedicato a S. Antonio di Padova. In Duomo a Caorle resta la pala d'altare di S. Antonio con la lapide, affissa alla parete destra dove sorgeva l'altare, che recita: Syllogistica methodus, “Aures Aristotelis peripateticorum principis”; “Defensionem Vestigationum Peripateticum”, il liceo fuori dal liceo.  Grice: Ho appena incrociato il filosofo Speranza—e mi ha detto che in Veneto perfino Apollo, per riposarsi, pretende un’etimologia in regola. Rusca: Giusto: qui non abbiamo solo un dio, abbiamo un epiteto con il suo viale, il suo giardino e la sua lapide. “Lizio” è quasi un indirizzo postale: Apollo, interno Lizeo. Grice: Esatto… e qui viene l’implicatura (che non dirò). “Lizio” è una derivazione quasi naturale dal greco Λύκειον: l’orecchio italiano taglia, accorcia, mette in riga—e voilà, nasce il “lizio”. Però concedo che, come epiteto di Apollo, Λύκειος è un caso scivoloso: può rinviare al Liceo come luogo, o a un’altra storia (lupo, luce, Lycia)—forse non un altro senso, ma quasi un altro lessema travestito da parente. Rusca: La tua implicatura è lizia, come la chiamerebbe Speranza: pulita, elegante, eppure abbastanza veneziana da far finta che sia “naturale”. Ma ammettiamolo: basta la parentela analogica di “lizio” per farci over-implicare tutto—luogo, epiteto, scuola, giardino, e perfino il riposo di Apollo—e anche un griceiano finisce per scambiare un taglio fonetico per una teoria della civiltà. Però funziona: qui, se non puoi dimostrarlo, lo lizi. Rusca, Pietro Martire (1607). Trattato della vera dottrina della fede. Milano: Pietro Martire Locarno.

Gian Enrico Rusconi (Meda, Monza e Branzia, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale dell’attacco e contro-attacco – la romanitas di Tertulliano. Insegna a Trento e Torino. “La teoria critica della società” -- Istituto storico italo-germanico. Altre saggi: “Crisi di sistema e sconfitta operaia” (Einaudi); “Scambio, minaccia, decisione”; “Sociologia politica (Mulino); “Se cessiamo di essere una nazione” (Mulino), in cui ripercorre il dibattito sul concetto di nazione – “la nazione italiana”; “Resistenza e post-fascismo” (Il Mulino); “Come se Dio non ci fosse” (Einaudi), “Italia – lo stato di potenza, la potenza civile” (Einaudi); “Cefalonia: quando gl’italiani si battono” (Gli struzzi  Einaudi); “L'azzardo” (Mulino); “Cavour: fra liberalismo e cesarismo” (Il Mulino); “Cosa resta” (Laterza); “Seduzione” (Feltrinelli ); “Attacco” (Mulino). romanità, italianità, il concetto di nazione in Hegel, “God save the queen” – the national anthem – l’inno nazionale  Grice: Ho appena salutato il filosofo Speranza: sostiene che in Italia perfino la polemica ha un passaporto—e si chiama romanitas. Rusconi: Non è male come definizione. In Tertulliano la romanità è un’arma: attacco e contro-attacco, ma anche disciplina—quasi una teoria della nazione prima della parola “nazione”. Grice: Già—e qui viene l’implicatura (che non dirò). La romanitas di Tertulliano è un contra-attacco che nasce da un attacco a difesa: lo attaccano perché non sarebbe abbastanza romano, e lui risponde diventando più romano della Roma che lo accusa—come se la difesa fosse già offensiva, e l’offensiva già una difesa. Rusconi: La tua implicatura è un contra-contra-attacco senza essere una difesa, come Speranza concorderà: perché qui l’“attacco” è già risposta, e la “risposta” è già strategia. Il rischio—anche per un Griceiano—è che l’unificazione analogica faccia il resto e noi si finisca per vedere contrattacchi ovunque: nella romanitas, nella italianità, perfino in “God save the queen”. Ma va bene così: meglio over-implicare che sotto-capire. Rusconi, Gian Enrico (1977). Storia e critica della politica. Torino: Einaudi.

Quinto Giunio Rustico (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale della tutela di Roma -- il portico romano. Portico. A friend of ANTONINO . According to Antonino, R. teaches him, amongst other things, the importance of both character development and careful study. He also introduces him to the writings of a former slave by the name of Epitteto. R., on the other hand, teaches law. He presides over the trial of Giustino detto il Martire – rightly condemning him to death (“He didn’t believe in Rome’s tutelary diety, viz. Giove.”). Grice: “Strictly, he should be listed under “Giunio,” since “Rustico” – meaning ‘Rustic,’ what was he was _called_!”  GRICEVS: Rustice, salve. Modo philosophum Spem in porticu praeterii; ille, ut solet, tacendo me docuit—et ego, ut solet, loquendo me prodidi. RVSTICVS: Salve, Grice. Si Spes tacet, tu compensa. Sed dic mihi: quid est ista tutela Romae de qua omnes loquuntur quasi de veste publica? GRICEVS: Nihil dicam aperte—sed cum audiam “tutela,” subintelligo non solum Iovem tutelarem urbis, sed etiam illam tutelam qua praeceptor discipulum servat: mores format, studia temperat, et (si opus est) in iudicio ipsum a seipso tuetur. Ita tutela est et numen et norma—et aliquando, fateor, etiam excusatio. RVSTICVS: Implicatura tua, Grice, tutelāris est—ut Spes consentiet—id est, ipsa quasi tutela sermonis. Nam ostendis (non dicendo) tutelam non esse tantum rem religionis aut fori, sed etiam porticus: artem qua civitas cives, et magister discipulos, et lex verba—ne ruant—sustinet.

Enrico Ruta (Belmonte Castello, Frosinone, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale dei corpi sani – l’intersoggetivo è la psiche sociale – filosofia fascista – filosofia meridionale. Insegna a Napoli. Conosce e frequenta CROCE. Sviluppa una filosofia in armonia con l'ideologia del regime fascista. Saggi: “Il gusto d'amare” (Millennium); “Insaniapoli” (Campus); “Il segreto di Partenope” (Napoli, Millennium); “L’inter-soggetivo e la psiche sociale” (Milano, Sandron); “Il ritorno del genio di VICO” (Bari); “Politica e ideologia” (Milano, Corbaccio); “La necessità storica dell'Italia nuova” (Napoli); “Diario e lettere” (Bari); “La nascita della tragedia ovvero Ellenismo e pessimismo” (Bari). l’intersoggetivo e la psiche sociale, corpori sani, il concetto di necessita storica in hegel – il concetto del sociale – il carattere del popolo italiano, lo stato italiano – la missione del popolo italiano – la patria italiana, Vico.  Grice: Ho appena incrociato il filosofo Speranza: mi ha detto che in Italia persino un corpo sano ha l’aria di voler conversare con la storia. Ruta: E fa bene: l’intersoggettivo è psiche sociale. Un “corpo sano” non è solo un fatto medico: è un emblema politico, una postura del popolo, quasi una grammatica della patria. Grice: Già—e qui viene l’implicatura (che non dirò). Nel mio Personal identity ero… come dire… obliterent (cioè indulgente, o forse oblioso): trattavo l’identità come catena mnemonica, quasi da solista, e perdonavo—anzi cancellavo—il lato sociale delle identità, quelle che gli altri ti appiccicano addosso prima ancora che tu dica “io”. Ruta: La tua implicatura è sana, Grice—come Speranza concorderà: sana nel senso che vuole rimettere il corpo (e il corpo sociale) dentro l’“identità”. Ma concedimi una cattiveria benevola: le unificazioni analogiche di “sano” sono già abbastanza per farci over-implicare tutto—sana dieta, sano Stato, sana lingua, sana coscienza—e perfino un Griceiano rischia di diventare salutista del concetto. Però sì: la tua dimenticanza del sociale era troppo pulita; la mia “salute” forse è troppo sporca. In mezzo, conversiamo.

Rutilio Lupo (Roma): Filosofo italiano. I. P. RUTILII LUPI 8CHEMATA LEXEOS. A = codex Mediceus saec. XIV. B = codex Mediceiis saec. XV. /ii =: cod. Riccardianus saec. XV continens lib. I His copiis nsus est Euhnkenius, v. Praef. p. XIX. F= codex Vindobonensis lat. 179 (— CCXVIII in catal. Endlicheri). C = codices noti sive ABRiV. Eodem signo usi sumus, ubi editiones ah cum codd. manuscriptis conspirant. a = ed. Veneta Aldina a. 1523. b = ed. Basileensis a. Has duas editiones post Rulinkenium iterum ex- cussimus. X = lectiones in margine exempli ed. Basileensis adscriptae, quod Ruhnkenius ab Abr. Gronovio accepit. J = Frid. lacob. Cf. eius edit. Lubecae 1837. R = Ruhnkenius. S = Herm. Sauppe; cf. Fragm. oratorum Atticorum ab eo collecta in ed. Tu- ricensi. St = Robertus Stephanus. LIBER PRIMUS. 1. IlQ06a7t6do6Lg. Hoc schema duobus motlis fieri et Iractari pot- est. Nam sententiis dnabus aut plnribus propositis sna cuiqne ratio vel posterius reddetur vel statim snb nnaqnaqne sententia snl)inngetur. Qni- P. Rutilii Liipi schemala diaiioeas ex Graeco uorsa Gorgia C, sed om. V dia- noeas ; P. Rutilii Lupi de figuris sententiaiiun iiber prior. Ex Graeco Gorgia uorsiis h, PubJii Rutilii Lupi de figuris sententiarum et elocutionum liber L a. Ruhnkenius aucto- rem ipsum hunc tilulum libro suo fecisse censet: P. Riitilii Lupi schemata dianoeas et lexeos cx Graecis Gorgiae versa , quae se7itentia sic accipie^ida videtur ut libellum non integrum aetatem tuUsse statuas; cum enim in duobus qui supersunt libris non fere nisi verborum figurae tractentur, hi qiddem potius 'scliemata lexeos' inscribendi sunt. Cf. Gustavi Dtialas quaestiones Rutil. {Vratisl.). 1 Prosa- podosis edd. recentt. At Graeca figurarum nomina a Rutilio praesc\^pta esse , ex va- riis scripturae vitiis , quae ex V afferemus, facile apparebit. 3 reddatiu- V 1* 4 RLTILRIS LUPUS LIB. L §. 1-3. ]i. 1. 2 ed. fapper bus posterius ratio subinfertur, huius mocU sunt. Demoslhen.s: Non onim pari ratione Philippus atque nos adversis rebus medetu , sed ille usque eo nitilur, quoad restituat atque exsuperet. GRICEVS: Rutili, salve. Hodie in Capitolio ambulans philosophum Spem praeterii; ille mihi, ut solet, tacendo suasit: noli omnia dicere—reliqua relinque implicanda. RVTILIVS: Salve, Grice. Ego autem, ut rhetor (neque me pudet), in meis Schemata lexeos—sic, lexeos in genetivo—de ipsis σχήμασιν versor: non de rebus, sed de formis quibus verba se gerunt. GRICEVS: Nihil dicam aperte—sed cum in Logic and conversation posui illud “figure of speech”, sub corde habebam non tantum colorem elocutionis, sed σχῆma ipsum; et “of speech” contra “of thought”. Hoc saepe discipulis supra cerebrum transit; et tamen numquam mihi arridet figura rhetorica: non satis Ciceronianum sonat—quasi Cicero ipse mallet “figura” sine hospite barbaro. RVTILIVS: Implicatura tua, Grice, rhetorica est, figurativa est, et utriusque quasi coniunctio—ut Spes, vir ille philosophus, consentiet. Nam tu (non dicendo) mones Schemata lexeos non esse solas figuras ad ornandum, sed σχῆmata ad intelligendum: ita “figure of speech” et “of thought” non pugnant, sed se invicem—pulchre et perite—implicant.

Remigio Sabbadini (Sarego, Vicenza): Cceronismo ed implicatura. For Grice and Sabbadini the hinge is the same—a classical understanding of how meaning is governed by reason—but they approach it from opposite ends of the same Latin corridor. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning treats rationality as an interactional norm: what is said is calibrated against what a reasonable hearer is entitled to infer, so implicature arises not from words themselves but from shared expectations of intelligible conduct. Sabbadini, by contrast, arrives at the same phenomenon through philology rather than pragmatics: in his work on Cicero and the humanists, meaning is traced genealogically, as a historically sedimented practice in which names, signs, and traditions acquire force through transmission rather than immediate inspection. Where Grice asks how an utterance licenses an inference here and now, Sabbadini shows how a name like Cicero licenses expectations across centuries, inviting readers to hunt for a cece on the nose even when none is there. Grice’s insight is that such inferences are rational but defeasible, products of cooperative reasoning rather than semantic entailment; Sabbadini’s is that scholarship itself operates by the same logic, moving from traces to conclusions under norms of disciplined inference. In both cases, meaning is reason-governed without being mechanically determined: it lives neither in brute signs nor in private intentions alone, but in the shared practices—conversational for Grice, philological for Sabbadini—that make understanding accountable, corrigible, and historically intelligible. Grice: “In the Oxford that I knew, you were introduced to philosophy upon completion of the fifth term of your Lit. Hum. degree, so the classics were in my veins. Those who followed the P. P. E. did not care, or know, the first thing!” Cicero, Grice. Filosofo italiano. CICERONE FILOSOFO ITALIANO. Filologo. Laureatosi a Firenze, insegna successivamente nei ginnasî di Girgenti, di Velletri e di Ventimiglia e nei licei di Salerno, di Livorno e di Palermo. Passa quindi a insegnare letteratura latina a Catania e nell'accademia scientifico-letteraria, poi università, di Milano. Studia, degli scrittori latini, Orazio, Cicerone, Seneca, i commentatori antichi di Terenzio, e soprattutto Virgilio, cui dedica una lunga serie di lavori, da un articolo pubblicato sulla Rivista di filologia e istruzione classica, alla monumentale edizione critica -- Roma. Ma S. leg soprattutto il suo nome alla storia dell'umanesimo filologico, della quale si può dire il creatore. Anche qui un'ininterrotta fervida attività, dal saggio sull'umanista velletrano Mancinelli, pubbl. nella Cronaca del Ginnasio di Velletri, all'articolo su Frulovisio umanista, pubblicato in Giorn. stor. della lett. ital. Edizioni di epistolarî, ricostruzioni e precisazioni biografiche, descrizioni e illustrazioni di codici: tutto un complesso lavoro intorno a umanisti di ogni provenienza e di diverso valore, tra i quali, prediletto, Veronese, cui S. dedica speciale attenzione (cfr. l'ampia biografia, pubbl. nel Giornale Ligustico, il volume La scuola e gli studi di G., Catania, e soprattutto l'edizione e l'illustrazione dell'epistolario, Venezia. Coronano questa mirabile attività nel campo umanistico il Metodo degli umanisti -- Firenze -- e specialmente le Scoperte dei codici latini -- Firenze: opera saldissima per dottrina e forza di pensiero, che è base indispensabile per ogni ulteriore studio sull'umanesimo filologico. II volume Classici e umanisti da codici ambrosiani -- Firenze --, che raccoglie alcuni scritti pubblicati sparsamente, contiene un Elenco cronologico deqli scritti S.  CICERONE.  Grice: Caro Sabbadini, oggi il filosofo Speranza mi ha ricordato che a Vadum Boum i classici non si studiano: ti finiscono direttamente nelle vene. E quando ci finiscono, cominciano subito a fare i genealogisti. Sabbadini: Ah, i genealogisti: con Cicerone basta pronunciare il nome e subito qualcuno chiede: “Ma dov’è il cicer?”—latino cicer, ciceris, cioè il nostro cece. E già ti stanno guardando il naso come se fosse un commento antico. Grice: Appunto: e qui viene la mia implicatura (che non dirò ad alta voce). Se “Cicero” viene da cicer, è un designatore rigido del… cece sul naso? Oppure designa solo un fatto d’archivio—un nonno ceciuto—e quindi non si eredita nulla, salvo il soprannome? Perché il pubblico, appena sente “Cicerone”, conclude: “Allora il cece ce l’hai tu”, e pretende la prova empirica. Sabbadini: La tua implicatura salta il naso di Cicerone e punta al cece—come Speranza concorderà con gioia: il vero “cicer” non sta (per forza) sulla pelle, sta nella tradizione che incolla il segno al nome. Se fu l’antenato ad avere il cece, il cognomen è ereditabile anche quando il cece non lo è; ma, per una bizzarra giustizia filologica, chi porta il nome paga pegno: la gente cerca il legume sul volto del discendente, come se l’etimologia fosse una visita medica. In breve: Cicero non designa rigidamente un bernoccolo—designa rigidamente una storia, e il resto lo fa la malizia del pubblico. Sabbadini, Remigio (1885). Saggi di critica letteraria. Torino: Loescher.

Sabellio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’escatologia. For Sabellius and Grice the common thread is not doctrine but discipline: both treat meaning as something constrained by rational accountability rather than by mere verbal form. Sabellius’ modalism arises from a pressure internal to discourse itself: how can Christians speak coherently about the divine without multiplying agents beyond intelligibility? His answer is not primarily metaphysical invention but a regulative move within theological language, insisting that apparently plural predications (“Father,” “Son,” “Spirit”) be understood as modes of one being if rational speech about God is to avoid contradiction and pragmatic collapse. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning generalizes this insight at a secular level. For him, what hearers are entitled to infer depends on norms of cooperative rationality, not on lexical items alone; heresy, confusion, or category error can arise not because a word is false but because an inference is illicit under shared expectations. Where Sabellius worries that a misplaced linguistic distinction fractures monotheism into incoherence, Grice worries that unregulated inference fractures communication itself. In both cases, meaning is not what expressions mechanically encode, but what a rational interpreter may draw from them under disciplined constraints: remove the governing principle—modal unity for Sabellius, cooperative reason for Grice—and discourse degenerates into either theological absurdity or conversational noise. He struggles with the problem brought by the Galileans – from Galilea, not followers of the Florentine astronomer -- about the trinità. He argues that the three dimensions of the so-called ‘trinità’ should be understood as three modes of one single being, rather than as three separate persons. The theory, which he dubs ‘modalism,’ is soon condemned as heretical, as is he.   GRICEVS: Sabelli, salve! Hodie, ut leviter dicam, cum philosopho Spe de rebus ultimis collocutus sum—et miror quomodo vocabulum eschatologia apud nos in volgare saepe fiat quasi escatologia, quasi de latrinis potius quam de novissimis. SABELLIVS: Salve, Grice. Ita est: Galilaei (non astronomi, sed illi de Galilaea) plus quam syllabas turbant; et dum de trinitate disputamus, saepe de vocibus ipsis litigamus, quasi heresis interdum in una littera lateat. GRICEVS: Ego vero nihil dicam—sed mihi dulcis est ille sonus Graecus, “X”, quem in eschatologia audis quasi in ipsa ruina mundi: at auribus Italicis, etiam Bononiae, saepe evanescit, et remanet tantum “s” lenis, quasi finis rerum esset sine fractura, sine χ. SABELLIVS: Implicatura tua, Grice, eschatologica est—ut Spes consentiet; ideo hic eam Graece rite scribemus: συνεπαγωγή ἐσχατολογική. Nam si χ tollis, tollis quasi ipsum cardinem: non iam de ἔσχατα, sed de sonis mollibus agitur. Et bene mones: apud Bononiam (ne dicam apud plebem) saepe perit littera, et cum littera perit, sensus quoque paene perit. Sabellio (a.u.c. CMLXVIII). Dicta. Roma..

Sabinillio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale dell’accademia romana. The convergence between Grice and Sabinillio lies in their shared conviction that meaning in conversation is not a mere by‑product of lexical content, institutional status, or formal utterance, but an achievement of ratione gubernata—reason actively governing exchange. For Grice, conversational meaning is constituted through intentions recognized under rational expectations (cooperation, relevance, economy), so that implicature marks not rhetorical ornament but disciplined inference. Sabinillio, as presented here in the Roman key, anticipates this structure from within a Plotinian ethos: reason (ratio) is not external constraint but an inner measure that alone licenses speech fit for the curia as academia. His “implicatura senatoria” mirrors Grice’s implicature precisely insofar as both diagnose the failure of honor, office, or degree to guarantee rational contribution; titles without disciplined reason generate only splendidissime nihil. Where Grice articulates this normatively through maxims of conversation, Sabinillio embodies it ethically and civically, insisting that philosophical speech is possible in public life only when reason rules both saying and meaning—an early, Roman instantiation of what Grice later formalizes as reason‑governed conversational meaning. A senator, who counts Plotino as his tutor, and whose doctrines he follows.    GRICEVS: Sabinilli, salve. Rem iam pridem cum collega meo, philosopho Spe, perquisivi; et hodie iterum miror quod Roma ipsa, quasi schola viva, Plotinum in senatum mittat. SABINILIVS: Salve, Grice. Ego quidem senator sum, sed discipulus Plotini; in hac urbe etiam curia aliquando fit academia, et toga non semper inimica est philosophiae. GRICEVS: Ita est; sed—ut Spes mecum subridens insinuavit—rarum est invenire “member of the house of lords” qui bene utatur titulo suo Lit. Hum. Philosophia Vadum Boum M. A.; plerique enim vel silent vel splendidissime nihil dicunt. SABINILIVS: Implicatura senatoria! Et Spes recte monet: sed Plotinus non est omnium privatus praeceptor. Non cuique datur ut in curia philosophice loquatur; quidam enim habent gradus, sed non habent rationem—tu autem ostendis quomodo honor sine disciplina sit mera pompa, disciplina autem sine honore saepe sit utilior. Sabinillio (a. u. c. MMDXVII). Dicta. Roma.

Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri (Sanremo, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning and Saccheri’s conception of logica demonstrativa converge at a deep structural level despite their historical and disciplinary distance: both treat reason not as an abstract faculty detached from practice, but as a norm-governed activity unfolding through signs, terms, and propositions oriented toward intelligibility. Saccheri, trained in Jesuit logic and mathematics, works within the Aristotelian–scholastic framework of signum, signare, significare, terminus, and propositio, insisting that demonstration proceeds through the disciplined articulation of categorematic and syncategorematic elements, whose semantic roles are fixed by logical function rather than psychological association; his Euclides ab omni naevo vindicatus shows how reason advances by testing hypotheses through ad absurdum argument, allowing structural constraints to reveal what cannot be said without contradiction. Grice, by contrast, relocates demonstrative rigor from formal proof to conversational practice, but preserves the same core insight: meaning is not exhausted by the copular “est” or by truth-conditions alone, but emerges from rule-governed use, where what is signified depends on the rational expectations binding interlocutors. Where Saccheri distinguishes terminus as capable or incapable of standing alone in a proposition, Grice distinguishes what is said from what is implicated, treating implicature as a rational surplus generated by the cooperative management of propositions in context. In this sense, Grice’s conversational reason is a pragmatic transposition of Saccheri’s demonstrative reason: both assume that intelligibility is constrained by normative structures independent of individual psychology, and both show that apparent anomalies—non-Euclidean geometries for Saccheri, non-literal or indirect meanings for Grice—arise not from irrationality but from the faithful extension of reason’s own governing principles beyond their most familiar domains. Grice: “I taught logic to Strawson – my pupil at St. John’s then – and we read Saccheri – but it never crossed my mind that he (Strawson, not Saccheri) would go on to think that he could compose, as Saccheri did, a whole treatise on logic!” – Keywords: signum, signare, significare, terminus, propositio, implicature. Filosofo italiano. Il frontespizio dell'opera Euclides ab omni nævo vindicatus. M. Milano. -- è stato un gesuita e matematico italiano. È considerato il padre, seppure inconsapevole, delle geometrie non euclidee – Grice, “that Kant hated!” -- . Logica demonstrativa Quadrilatero di Saccheri Targa commemorativa all'Università di Pavia S. entra nell'ordine della Compagnia di Gesù a Genova, dove fu avviato allo studio della geometria sotto la guida di Ceva. Ceva fa conoscere il fratello Giovanni e i galileiani Viviani e Grandi. Venne ordinato sacerdote a Como, quindi insegna filosofia nei collegi gesuiti di Torino e di Pavia, dove inoltre gli fu affidata la cattedra di Matematica all'Università degli Studi. Pubblica un notevole trattato di logica e un trattato di statica. "Euclides ab omni nævo vindicatus" -- Euclide riscattato da ogni difetto. In essa, Saccheri dimostrò per assurdo il postulato delle rette parallele di Euclide. Grice on ‘Aristotle on the multiplicity of being’ – ‘est’ as COPULA is only ONE use. Iam vero terminus, vel se solo pcrfe&c SIGNIFICAT, adeo vt foffitse solo esse integer terminus alicuius propositionis, vt Petrus, homo, Mus , 5c appellatur categorematicus – Grice and P. F. Strawson, ‘Socrates’ is substantial in that it can never be a predicate --, vel contra propter suam indeterminationem in significando non potest se sol» subijci, aut prædicari, sed solum gercre aliqua, munera circa subiectum, et prædicatum, illa determinando, et modificando, et appellatur syncategorematicus: huiufino. di lunt – PARTES ORATIONES – What Grice calls ‘categorie morfo-sintattiche’ -- præpositiones, adverbia,  Grice: Caro Saccheri, ti confesso che poco fa ho scambiato due battute col filosofo Speranza—lui sostiene che la geometria non euclidea nasce sempre da una buona conversazione, proprio come certi postulati che, a tavola, si piegano meglio di una parallela!  Saccheri: Ah, Grice, se Speranza lo dice, allora sarà vero! D’altronde, da Sanremo a Pavia, si sa che la logica fa buon viaggio solo quando trova compagnia... e qualche quadrilatero ben cucinato!  Grice: Ecco, caro Saccheri, come direbbe Speranza, tra una “propositio” e un “terminus”, la vera geometria è quella che si lascia intuire—nessuno la nomina, ma tutti la gustano... Un po’ come il pudding: basta assaporarlo, senza chiedersi da dove partano le rette!  Saccheri: Un’implicatura unica, come direbbe Speranza—che ognuna delle tue, caro Professore, è la prova tangibile che il gusto della logica va ben oltre i postulati! Se solo Euclide avesse avuto il tuo pudding, avrebbe lasciato stare i paralleli e si sarebbe goduto la conversazione... Saccheri, Giovanni Girolamo (1733). Euclides ab omni naevo vindicatus. Milano: Typis Palatinis.

Bartolomeo Sacchi (Piadena, Cremona, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale della gastro-filosofia. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning can be fruitfully compared with the humanist “gastro‑philosophical” rationality embodied by Bartolomeo Sacchi, known as Platina, insofar as both treat reason not as an abstract calculus but as something cultivated in social practice, dialogue, and shared norms. Platina’s humanism, visible both in his pedagogical dialogues and in his celebrated reflections on food, taste, and moderation, assumes that judgment matures through conversation: reason is refined by exchange, tradition, and culturally shared expectations about what counts as appropriate, balanced, or tasteful, whether in ethics, politics, or cuisine. Grice radicalizes this insight at the level of linguistic theory by showing that meaning itself is governed by rational expectations implicit in cooperative interaction: speakers rely on shared assumptions about relevance, informativeness, and sincerity, and it is within this conversational framework that implicatures arise, much as Platina assumes that appreciation—of a text, a meal, or an idea—depends on tacit standards understood by participants at the table. Where Platina’s humanist banquets turn learning into a lived, sensuous practice in which wisdom is tasted rather than deduced, Grice’s conversational rationality explains how understanding routinely exceeds what is explicitly said, yielding a form of practical reason that operates not through formal proof but through socially embedded inference. In both figures, reason is neither coldly deductive nor merely subjective: it is normatively structured, historically cultivated, and exercised in dialogue, so that, as the gastronomic metaphor suggests, the proof of rationality—whether philosophical or conversational—ultimately lies not in abstract demonstration alone but in the shared capacity to recognize when something “comes out rIl Platina. Garin.  Detto il Plàtina. Muore a Roma. Umanista e gastronomo italiano.  Nacque a questo paese vicino a Cremona chiamato, in latino, Platina, da cui prese il soprannome. Della sua giovinezza si conosce poco: intraprese la carriera delle armi militando al servizio di Sforza e Piccinino come mercenario, ma presto si trasferì a Mantova per avviarsi agli studi umanistici. Nella città dei Gonzaga e discepolo di Ognibene da Lonigo, che aveva assunto la guida della Casa Gioiosa dopo Iacopo da San Cassiano, succeduto a Vittorino da Feltre morto. Cominciò la sua carriera come precettore del figlio di Ludovico III Gonzaga. Al marchese dedicò il primo scritto di cui abbiamo notizia: il Bartholomaei Platinensis Divi Ludovici marchionis Mantuae somnium, un'operetta sotto forma di dialogo in lode delle cure prestate da Ludovico nella trascrizione delle opere di Virgilio.  Secondo l'uso umanistico Sacchi scelse come nom de plume quello della propria città natale, cambiandolo presto da Platinensis a Platina. Per quanto ottenesse dal duca di Milano Francesco Sforza – tramite l'intercessione della moglie di Ludovico Barbara di Brandeburgo – un salvacondotto per andare in Grecia a perfezionare le proprie conoscenze del greco antico e dell'antichità classica, mutò parere quando seppe che Giovanni Argiropulo, celebre umanista di orientamento platonico, sarebbe venuto a Firenze in qualità di docente di filosofia, preferendo stabilirsi nella città medicea. Si recò quindi a Firenze per ascoltare le lezioni dell'Argiropulo, entrando a far parte dell'ambiente culturale locale e stringendo amicizia con celebri umanisti quali FICINO, Bracciolini, Filelfo, LANDINO, ALBERTI , PICO, e molti altri. Divenne inoltre precettore presso la famiglia Medici pur legandosi alla famiglia Capponi, di parte repubblicana. guerra/pace, Plinio.  Grice: Caro Sacchi, ti confesso che poco fa ho scambiato due battute col filosofo Speranza. Lui sostiene che nel mondo della filosofia, come nella cucina, il segreto sta tutto nella conversazione: tra idee che si insaporiscono e ragioni che si amalgamano, come in un buon piatto cremonese! Ma dimmi, tu che sei il Platina, la gastro-filosofia nasce più dalla fame di sapere o dalla voglia di banchettare? Sacchi: Ah, Grice, ti dirò che tra Piadena e Mantova il sapere si gusta a tavola e la filosofia si spande come il profumo di uno stufato ben fatto! Tra discepoli di Ognibene da Lonigo e lezioni di Argiropulo, qui ogni dialogo è condito di sapienza e ogni mercenario diventa un umanista... soprattutto se il banchetto è generoso! Grice: E allora, caro Platina, sarà pure vero che la guerra e la pace si discutono meglio davanti a un piatto di Plinio, ma in fondo—come direbbe Speranza—la vera filosofia sta nel gusto: perché, si sa, la prova del budino non sta nelle argomentazioni, ma nel saperlo assaporare senza far troppe domande... Sacchi: Deliziosa implicatura, come direbbe Speranza, sapendo quanto ama il pudding—che importa delle prove, se il sapore convince! In fondo, tra dialoghi e banchetti, la filosofia lombarda si gusta meglio con un pizzico di ironia e un cucchiaio ben affondato nella crema! Sacchi, Bartolomeo (1470). De disciplina scholarium. Venezia.

Sua Eccellenza il conte Vierri Visconti di Saliceto (Balsamo, Cinisello Calsamo, Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale del diritto bellico – la guerra è la guerra. A comparison between Grice and Verri Visconti di Saliceto brings into focus two converging traditions of reason‑governed meaning grounded in social norms rather than abstract formalism, even though they operate at different levels. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning explains how rationality functions implicitly in ordinary communication: speakers and hearers rely on shared expectations of cooperation, relevance, and sincerity, and meaning emerges from what a rational participant can reasonably be taken to intend within a conversational practice. Saliceto’s Enlightenment reflections on war, law, pleasure, and happiness presuppose a comparable rational substrate, but relocate it within civic and juridical life, especially in the domain of belligerence, where “war is war” names a hard limit set by collective rules, institutional roles, and moral expectations rather than by individual sentiment. Where Grice analyzes how conversational implicatures arise from rational coordination between interlocutors, Saliceto treats law—especially the law of war—as a form of extended civic conversation in which reason disciplines force, pleasure is measured against pain, and happiness is constrained by duty. In both cases, rationality is not an inner mental calculus but a publicly shareable normativity: for Grice, it governs what can be meant and understood in conversation; for Saliceto, it governs what can be justified, endured, or condemned in political and military practice. The affinity is strongest in their shared Enlightenment conviction that reason operates most powerfully when embedded in social exchange—whether among conversational partners at a table or among states and citizens negotiating the boundaries of violence, pleasure, and civil order. Grice: “Since Sua Eccellenza Verri-Visconti calls himself a hyphenated philosopher, I who amn’t, shall list him under Visconti!” Esential Italian philosopher. Like Grice, he wrote on ‘happiness.’ Like Grice, he writes on ‘pleasure.’ Like Grice, he was a very clubbable man. Ritratto tagliato Barone di Rho. Consorte Marietta Castiglioni Vincenza Melzi d'Eril. Figli Teresa, Alessandro (da Marietta Castiglioni). Filosofo. Considerato tra i massimi esponenti dell'illuminismo, è altresì ritenuto il fondatore della scuola illuministica milanese. Nasce dal conte Gabriele Verri-Visconti, magistrato e politico conservatore, della nobiltà milanese. Avviati gli studi nel collegio dei gesuiti di Brera, e uno dei trasformati. Si arruola nell'esercito e prende parte alla Guerra dei VII Anni. Fermatosi a Vienna, intraprende la redazione delle Considerazioni sul commercio nello Stato di Milano, che gli varranno il primo incarico di funzionario. Pubblica le Meditazioni sulla felicità. Devienne a Milano uno dei pugni, nucleo redazionale del caffè, destinato a diventare il punto di riferimento del riformismo illuministico. Tra i suoi saggi più importanti per Il Caffè si  ricordano Elementi del commercio; Commedia; “Medicina”; “I parolai”. Ha rapporto epistolari anche con gl’enciclopedisti. d'Alembert visita i pugni. Parallelamente all'impresa editoriale, intraprende la scalata del governo d’Austria allo scopo di mettere in prattica le riforme propugnate nel “Caffe”.Membro della Giunta per la revisione della "ferma" (appalto delle imposte ai privati) del Supremo Consiglio dell'Economia. Fonda la Società patriottica. “Meditazioni sull'economia politica”. Il discorso sull'indole del piacere -- e del dolore”; “i Ricordi” e le “Osservazioni sulla tortura”. Il suo è uno stile asciutto e libero, pieno di trattenuto vigore.  diritto bellico. Piacere. Grice: Ah, Sua Eccellenza il Conte Vierri Visconti di Saliceto! Devo dire che il solo suono del suo titolo nobiliare dona una certa grandezza al nostro dialogo. Non sorprende che lei conversi con tanta ragionevolezza—direi, con quell’eleganza conversazionale tipica dei raffinati italiani di alto lignaggio. I suoi approfondimenti sulla natura della ragione nel dialogo sono una gioia per ogni filosofo, in particolare per un inglese come me, affascinato dalla civiltà italiana. Saliceto: Professore Grice, sono profondamente onorato dalle sue parole. Per noi milanesi, e specialmente per chi appartiene alla stirpe dei Visconti, la ragionevolezza nel dialogo non è solo un ideale, ma un nobile dovere. A mio avviso, l’arte della conversazione costituisce il fondamento della felicità e del piacere—campi in cui, come lei ha scritto, la filosofia trova la sua dimora più autentica. Grice: In effetti, Conte, la sua tradizione milanese mi ricorda che la ragionevolezza è una virtù sociale tanto quanto filosofica. Gli italiani di alto lignaggio, come lei, praticano una sorta di moderazione conversazionale; ponderano piacere e dolore, felicità e dovere, quasi come se il dialogo stesso fosse una forma di economia morale. Questo rende il suo illuminismo filosofico così solido e attraente agli occhi degli stranieri. Saliceto: La sua stima mi riempie di gioia, Professore. Per noi, conversare ragionevolmente è come condurre una guerra gentile—una guerra in cui la comprensione è la vittoria e la civiltà il premio. Ritengo che solo tramite simili scambi si possa davvero far progredire la causa della filosofia e della società. Che la nostra conversazione sia illuminata quanto la scuola milanese stessa! Saliceto, Sua Eccellenza il conte Verri Visconti di (1823). Scritti politici. Milano.

Gaio Sallustio Crispo (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale EMPEDOCLEA. In the Empedoclea Sallust can be read as practicing, avant la lettre, a form of reason‑governed meaning that closely anticipates what Grice later theorizes explicitly as conversational rationality: Sallust does not present Empedocles as a system‑builder in the abstract but as a figure whose doctrines acquire force through arrangement, selection, and the moral expectations shared with his Roman reader, so that understanding depends less on stated theses than on the reader’s capacity to draw disciplined inferences from what Sallust foregrounds, juxtaposes, or leaves unsaid; Grice’s theory of conversational meaning formalizes this same structure by claiming that rational communication works through inferential recovery under cooperative norms rather than through the literal content alone, and in this sense Sallust’s Empedoclea already operates Grice’s insight historically, treating reason as something exercised in interpretive uptake rather than imposed dogmatically, with philosophical sense emerging from guided inference, pragmatic restraint, and the assumption that a competent reader will recognize what is meant by what is merely said. He assembles a collection of materials by and about Empedocle di Girgenti. Empedoclea.  GRICEVS: Sallusti, audio te Empedoclem ex Girgento Romam transtulisse non corpore sed ratione, quod mihi valde conversationale videtur. SALLVSTIVS: Ita est, Grice, nam sapientia quo longius iter facit, eo meliores implicaturas relinquit. GRICEVS: Cave tamen ne quis dicat te plus colligere carmina quam sensus, cum ego semper quaeram quid lector inferre possit. SALLVSTIVS: Rideat quis volet, Grice, dum lector intellegit me non tantum narrare sed significare.

Sallustio, Gaio S. Crispo (a. u. c. DCXCVIII). Empedoclea. Roma.

Gaio Sallustio Crispo (Amiterno, L’Aquila, Abruzzo): la ragione conversazionale a Roma – Grice and Sallust converge on a view of reason not as abstract calculation but as a norm-governed practice embedded in historically situated discourse, though they articulate it in radically different idioms: Sallust, writing as a Roman historian shaped by moral crisis and political collapse, treats reason as something exercised through narrative exempla, where what is said, hinted at, or strategically omitted in historiography guides judgment about virtus, corruptio, and the tension between animus and corpus, while Grice, working in analytic philosophy, reconstructs reason as operating through cooperative expectations that govern conversational meaning, where implicature, rather than explicit assertion, carries the rational force of much human communication; in Sallust, rationality is inseparable from ethical formation and the historian’s implicit appeal to shared Roman standards of judgment—reason works because the reader recognizes what follows from Catiline’s deeds without needing it stated—whereas in Grice, rationality is formalized as the hearer’s capacity to recover intended meaning by assuming rational cooperation; yet both share the insight that meaning and reason arise not from what is baldly said but from what an informed interlocutor is entitled to infer, whether that interlocutor is a Roman citizen reading moral history or a conversational partner interpreting an utterance, so that Sallust’s moral historiography and Grice’s pragmatics can be read as structurally aligned accounts of reason functioning through disciplined inference rather than through explicit doctrine. -- la storia della filosofia romana come fonte d’essempli morali – chè cosa fa un saggio ‘romano’? Storico. Può anche darsi che adere la setta dei crotonesi. Tribuno della plebe e senatore, espulso dal senato per motivi morali, e probabilmente perchè fautore di GIULIO Cesare, che lo nomina questore, pretore nella guerra africana e pro-console della Numidia. Dopo la morte di GIULIO Cesare abbandona la vita pubblica per dedicarsi completamente agli studi -- La congiura di Catilina, La guerra giugurtina, Le Storie. A lui venne rivolta l’accusa di essere stato complice dei sacrilegi di NIGIDIO  Figulo. Certamente lui spesso insiste nei suoi saggi sulla opposizione di anima e corpo. Parla di un nume divino che veglia sulla condotta dei mortali e accenna a sanzioni nell’oltretomba. È quindi probabile che allo storico debba essere identificato quel Sallustio che scrive un "Empedoclea" per esporre le dottrine del filosofo da Girgenti, tutte colorate di Pitagorismo. Cicero's letter to his brother Quintus is best known for containing the sole explicit contemporary reference to Lucretius's “De rerum natura.” But it is also notable as the source of the only extant reference of any kind to another presumably philosophical didactic poem, Sallustius's “Empedoclea” (Q. fr. = SB): “Lucretii poemata, ut scribis, ita sunt: multis luminibus ingenii, multae tamen artis. sed, cum ueneris. uirum te putabo, si Sallusti “Empedoclea” legeris; hominem non putabo.” “Lucretius' poems are just as you write: they show many flashes of inspiration, but many of skill too. But more of that when you come. I shall think you a man, if you read Sallustius' Empedoclea; I shan't think you a human being.” Empedoclea.  GRICEVS: Sallvsti, salve! Philosophus Spes nuper mihi surrisit et dixit: “Sperare est argumentari.” Ego autem hodie, Romae, de Empedocle cogito—de illo, quem quidam potius Girgentinvm quam “Empedoclem” appellant. SALLVSTIVS: Salve, Grice. De Empedocle dicis? Ego quidem Empedoclea collegi—nonnulla dicta, nonnulla carmina—ut sapientiam eius Romani discant, non solum audito nomine sed intellecto loco. GRICEVS: Non dicam quid soleam facere cum nominibus—sed, si quis “Occam” apud nos vocet Vicus Occami, cur non liceat etiam Empedoclem ad patriam reducere… praesertim cum “nomen” saepe plus sonet quam “res”? SALLVSTIVS: Implicatura tua, Grice, topographica est—ut certe Spes consentiet—etsi Empedocles ipse putabat Girgentum non locum esse, sed LOCVM. Nam cum philosophum nomine mutas in toponymum, tacite doces: non tantum quis dixerit, sed unde dixerit—et quo pacto locus ipse fiat argumentum. Sallustio, Gaio S. Crispo (a. u. c. DCLXXXXI). De coniuratione Catilinae.

Saturnino Secondo Sallustio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del divino e dei divini. The author, according to some, of Salutio’s ‘On the gods and the world order,’ dedicated to Giuliano. Accademia.

Flavio Salustio. Grice e Salustio.  

Salustio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del pitagorico che corresponde con Giuliano –Ricerca (latino: Saturninus Secundus Salustius o Salutius. Politico e filosofo romano di età imperiale appartenente ai neoplatonici. Epigrafe in latino trovata ad Amorgos e riproducente una lettera (CIL III, 459) dell'imperatore romano Giuliano a S. (Museo epigrafico di Atene) Amico dell'imperatore romano Giuliano, ne condivise il programma di restaurazione della religione romana, ma fu così equilibrato che fu prefetto del pretoriod'Oriente sotto quattro imperatori. Di una famiglia della Gallia, forse dell'Aquitania, è probabilmente un homo novus, in quanto i suoi due primi incarichi furono non senatoriali; S. è infatti, probabilmente sotto l'imperatore Costante, praeses provinciae Aquitanicae, magister memoriae, comes ordinis primi, proconsole d'Africa e comes ordinis primi intra consistorium et quaestor, come attesta l'iscrizione posta sotta la sua statua d'oro eretta nel Foro di Traiano. È inviato dall'imperatore Costanzo II, fratello del defunto Costante, al cugino e cesare d'Occidente Giuliano, come consigliere, quando era ormai già avanti con gli anni. Costanzo si insospettì dei successi di Giuliano e, attribuendoli a S., lo richiama, separandolo dal cesare di cui era divenuto amico.  Giuliano venne acclamato imperatore e l'anno successivo Costanzo II morì. Giuliano, giunto a Costantinopoli, nominò S.  prefetto del pretoriod'Oriente e presidente del tribunale che a Calcedonia processò i funzionari di Costanzo. Lascia Costantinopoli per raggiungere Giuliano ad Antiochia, da dove l'imperatore aveva intenzione di far partire la sua campagna sasanide. Qui Salustio sconsigliò a Giuliano di perseguitare i cristiani: il divino, i divini, l’ordine del mondo.  GRICEVS: Sallvsti, salve! Hodie philosophus Spes mihi dixit: “Sperare est argumentari.” Ego vero timeo ne apud Badum Boum ipsam rationem in vinum vertant. SALLVSTIVS: Salve, Grice. Roma quidem et deos et mundi ordinem amat; sed apud vos Oxonienses verba saepe plus faciunt quam res. Quid ergo de “divino” dicis? GRICEVS: Nihil dico—sed si quis hodie “divinvm” vocat quod est divinely decadent, nonne ipse ostendit se et divinitatem et decorem verborum… nimis liberaliter distribuere? SALLVSTIVS: Implicaturam tuam, Grice, ut Speranza vult, quattuor modis describi posse laudo: est divina, est decadens, est divinely decadent, et est decadenter divina. Ita enim “divinvs” apud Badum Boum fit quasi tessera convivii: quod sanctum est, fit lepidum; quod lepidum est, fit (quasi) sanctum—et tu, non dicens, satis dixisti.

Lino Coluccio Salutati (Stignano, Reggio Calabria, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale d’Ercole al bivio. Grice and Coluccio Salutati can be fruitfully compared as theorists of reasoned discourse operating at different historical scales but sharing a common conviction that meaning is inseparable from rational governance within a social order. Salutati, as chancellor of Florence and leading civic humanist, treats conversation, rhetoric, and classical exempla as instruments of practical reason oriented toward collective ends: liberty, civic virtue, and the survival of the republic. For him, discourse is reason‑governed because it is answerable to ethical and political norms derived from antiquity and activated in concrete historical conflicts; conversation is not merely exchange but deliberation about action, where speech is justified by its role in sustaining libertas fiorentina against tyranny. His use of figures such as Hercules at the crossroads dramatizes rational choice as a publicly interpretable act, embedded in shared cultural narratives and moral expectations. Grice, by contrast, abstracts from political content and historical teleology to analyze the internal mechanics that make any such discourse intelligible in the first place. His theory of conversational meaning locates rational governance not in civic virtue or classical authority but in cooperative principles and inferential practices that allow speakers and hearers to coordinate intentions. Yet the kinship is clear: Salutati’s civic rhetoric presupposes what Grice later theorizes—participants who treat one another as rational agents, capable of recognizing reasons, drawing inferences, and grasping what is meant beyond what is explicitly said. Where Salutati civilizes humanism by embedding classical reason in the living practice of political conversation, Grice formalizes that practice by showing how reason operates implicitly in every successful exchange, whether about virtue, policy, or a joke at a crossroads. Salutati supplies the normative horizon of reasoned speech in public life; Grice supplies the analytic account of how such reasoned speech functions at the level of meaning itself.  Vedo che ignori quanto sia dolce l'amor di patria. Se ciò fosse utile alla difesa e all'ampliamento della patria, non ti sembrerebbe un crimine penoso, nè un delitto scellerato, il fracassare con la scure il capo del proprio padre, o ammazzare i fratelli, o cavare con la spada dal grembo della moglie il figlio prematuro. Ad Andrea di Conte. Cancelliere di Firenze, figura culturale di riferimento dell'umanesimo a Firenze, in qualità di discepolo del BOCCACCIO e precettore di BRACCIOLINI  e BRUNI.  Considerato uno dei più importanti uomini di governo, S. come cancelliere della repubblica di Firenze, svolge un importantissimo ruolo diplomatico nel frenare le ambizioni del duca di Milano VISCONTI, intenzionato a creare uno stato comprendente l'Italia centro-settentrionale. Nel contesto di questa lotta elabora la sua dottrina della “libertas fiorentina”. Oltre all'impegno politico, svolge un importante ruolo nella diffusione dell'umanesimo petrarchesco (PETRARCA – si veda) e boccacciano, divenendone l'esponente più importante e il praeceptor della prima generazione degl’umanisti. Il suo lascito più importante presso i posteri è la codificazione civile dell'umanesimo, cioè l'uso dello spirito e dei valori dell'antichità classica all'interno dell'agone politico internazionale. i duodici fatiche d’Ercole, gl’antichi, la legge non-naturale, la legge naturale, della buona fortuna, libero arbitrio, la vita sociale, la con-vivenza, Bruto e Cassio nell’inferno, la morte di Cesare, l’assassinio di Cesare, tirano, la libertas fiorentina, stato fiorentino, la repubblica fiorentina, la fiore d’Italia, Boccaccio, Petrarca, Aligheri, I primi umanisti, l’umanesimo laico, basato contro il determinismo ecclesiastico, la biblioteca di Salutati, Livio, Cicerone, autori latini, la lingua Latina, difesa della lingua Latina, l’interpretazione di Virgilio da Aligheri, difesa della filosofia pagana, il valore permanente della filosofia degl’antichi.  GRICE: Salutati, che piacere! Al portico ho incontrato il filosofo Speranza: dice che persino la libertas fiorentina ha bisogno di un buon turno di parola, altrimenti finisce in nota a piè di pagina. SALUTATI: Grice, tu scherzi, ma io ti dico sul serio: a Firenze la conversazione è politica, e la politica è conversazione—e in mezzo ci mettiamo Livio, Cicerone e un po’ di patria, che è più dolce del tuo tè oxoniense. GRICE: Certo; e quando arrivo al bivio d’Ercole, io implico che il problema non è scegliere la virtù o il vizio, ma scegliere come scegliere: “se vedi due strade, prendine una”—e mi viene in mente Yogi Berra: “When you come to a fork in the road, take it.” SALUTATI: La tua implicatura, come Speranza concorderà, è geometrica—poiché, in verità, come può Berra (per non dire Ercole) prendere quel bivio? E qui l’italiano traduttore suda: perché fork è insieme bivio e forchetta. Se traduco “Quando arrivi a un bivio, prendilo”, va bene—ma allora dov’è la battuta? Se invece salvo la battuta e traduco “Quando incontri una forchetta sulla strada, prendila”, ottengo un proverbio gastronomico (e l’Ercole morale diventa un cameriere). E se provo “forcella” per tenere l’ambiguità, rischio la montagna, non la strada. Insomma: in inglese Berra può “take the fork” senza arrossire; in italiano, o prendi la strada o prendi le posate—e in entrambi i casi, l’eroe resta lì, fermo al bivio, con la virtù da una parte e il servizio da tavola dall’altra. Salutati, Lino Coluccio (1399). Epistolario. Firenze.

Saturnino Secondo Salutio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del divino e dei divini – l’ordine el mondo -- Grice and Saturninus Secundus Salutius offer contrasting but complementary conceptions of how reason governs meaning, shaped by their very different philosophical projects and historical contexts. In De diis et mundo, Salutius treats intelligibility as grounded in a pre‑existing divine order: discourse about the gods and the world is reasoned insofar as it reflects and participates in a rational cosmic hierarchy that precedes and constrains human speech. Meaning, on this view, is not generated within conversation but oriented toward a metaphysical structure that guarantees order, even when that order appears paradoxical, excessive, or “undisciplined” from a human standpoint. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning inverts this priority. For him, reason does not flow down from a cosmic or divine architecture into language; rather, reason is enacted locally through cooperative conversational practices, where what a speaker means is determined by intentions and by hearers’ rational recognition of those intentions under shared norms. Where Salutius sees rational discourse as derivative of divine order and ultimately explanatory of worldly disorder, Grice treats order as something that emerges from the rational coordination of speakers, with apparent disorder handled not by appeal to metaphysics but through implicature, cancellation, and pragmatic inference. Yet both share a rejection of brute arbitrariness: Salutius denies that talk of the divine is mere rhetoric detached from reasoned structure, while Grice denies that meaning can be reduced to words or conventions alone without appeal to rational expectations. In this sense, Salutius offers a metaphysical account of why discourse about gods and fate can be intelligible at all, while Grice provides a methodological account of how intelligibility is achieved moment by moment within conversation, even when speakers joke, hedge, or deliberately exploit disorder. A close fiend of Giuliano. He is offered the emperorship on Giuliano’s death, but he declines on account of his ‘rather poor health.’ He leads an active political life and is regarded as morally incorruptible. Known to have been well-versed in philosophy, he is the author of ‘On the gods and the world order’ – which some however attribute to Salustio. The treatise is, unsurprisingly, dedicated to Giuliano. Those who argue that it us not written by Salutio claim it is the work of one contemporary of Giuliano, a Flavio Salustio. Accademia.  GRICEVS: Salutius, philosophus Spes mihi nuper dixit: “Divinus ordo est, sed interdum divinitas a Badum Boum varsiatis plus quam salsum adhibetur.” Quid tu de hoc putas? SALUTIVS: Gricevs, quod apud Badum Boum fit, saepe est mirum: “divinus” fit tam frequens ut etiam di conscribant rationes suas! Sed, ut aiunt, ubi divinitas abundat, ordo interdum deficit. GRICEVS: Ut implico (nec dico), ordo “divinus” apud Badum Boum non semper praestat in modum ordinatum—fortasse unordinaliter, ut aiunt. Verba, ut ordo, quandoque plus confundant quam illuminent! SALUTIVS: Philosophus Spes certe assentietur: “Implicatura tua fortasse ordo non est, sed nullus ordo melius quam ille qui deficit!” Sic, Gricevs, nulla disciplina est dulcior quam ipsa indisciplina divinitatis. Salutio, Saturnino Secondo (a. u. c. MCVIII). De diis et mundo. Roma

Salviano (Massilia, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale al portico. In Salvian and Grice we see two very different, historically distant conceptions of how reason governs meaning in human exchange, yet they converge on the idea that intelligibility in discourse is inseparable from shared rational norms. Salvian, writing in the fifth century in De gubernatione Dei, approaches reasoned discourse through a moral–historical lens: for him, speech, exhortation, and even lament presuppose a cosmos in which human suffering is intelligible only if actions, utterances, and events are answerable to reasons rooted in moral order and historical causation. His move from Rome to the Gallic world is not merely geographical but interpretive: he treats history itself as a kind of extended conversation between human wrongdoing and divine governance, one in which explanation depends on tracing reasons across time rather than isolating intentions in individual speakers. Grice, by contrast, radicalizes the rationality of conversation by internalizing it: conversational meaning, on his account, is constituted by the speaker’s intentions and by the audience’s recognition of those intentions under shared principles of rational cooperation. Where Salvian sees speech as answerable to an objective moral history that ultimately judges and explains suffering, Grice sees meaning as emerging from the fine structure of communicative reason itself, independent of moral truth or historical destiny. Yet the affinity is real: both assume that meaningful discourse is not accidental or merely expressive but governed by reasons that participants can, in principle, understand, assess, and contest. Salvian’s portico is the place where Stoic rational order and historical causality meet; Grice’s conversational space is where rational expectations and inferential practices structure what is said and what is merely implied. In this sense, Salvian offers a macro‑theory of reasoned discourse across history, while Grice supplies a micro‑theory of reasoned meaning within the moment of conversation. He moves from Rome to what is now known as The Galliae – and writes a ‘saggio’ in which he tries to explain why there is so much suffering in that area of the world. He takes an approach that is not only philosophical – along the lines of the Porch – but historical as well. GRICEVS: Salviane, salve! Sub porticu Romae recordor SPES: “Sperare est argumentari bene de futura felicitate, etiam si barista capuccinum tardat.” SALVIANVS: Salve, Grice! Ego autem Romā in Gallias profectus saggio scripsi: cur tanta ibi passio? Non solum Stoice sub porticu, sed etiam historice—nam saepe ipsa historia dolet. GRICEVS: Fateor: non semper culpa est aer aut vinum. Sed SPES iterum subridet: “Felicitas—somewhere in the South of France.” Ita saltem implicatur. SALVIANVS: Immo, Grice: Galliae plus habent quam meridiem et solem; habent causas dolorum et remedia—porticus et fata gentium. Sperare—et ridere, sed etiam intellegere. Salviano (a. u. c. MCC). De gubernatione dei. Roma

Giovanni Francesco Mauro Melchiorre Salvemini (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale. Grice and Giovanni Francesco Mauro Melchiorre Salvemini converge on a broadly humanistic conception of reason as something exercised in shared practices, but they situate conversational rationality in different intellectual registers: Salvemini, formed by mathematics, translation, rhetoric, and Enlightenment science, embodies conversational reason as a cultivated habit of clarity, proportion, and intellectual honesty that spans disciplines, from geometry and astronomy to political and moral discourse, where understanding often proceeds by tacit agreement, educated sensibility, and the ability to grasp what needs no full demonstration; Grice, by contrast, turns this tacit dimension into his explicit object of theory, arguing that conversational meaning is governed by rational principles that license hearers to infer what is meant beyond what is said, without appealing to stylistic flourish, aesthetic taste, or disciplinary authority. Where Salvemini’s conversational reason appears as intellectual moderation in practice—knowing when an argument, a translation, or even a smile suffices—Grice provides the analytic machinery that explains why such moderation works, locating it in shared expectations of cooperation, relevance, and reasonableness. Thus Salvemini exemplifies in lived, interdisciplinary form what Grice formalizes philosophically: that much of human understanding, whether in mathematics, literature, or everyday exchange, depends less on explicit proof than on reason-governed inference sustained by mutual trust between speakers. Grice: Detto il Castiglione o Castillioneus o Johann Castillon -- è stato un matematico e astronomo italiano. Castillon: Observations sur le livre intitulé Systême de la nature. Ha una formazione privata fino a quando inizia l'Università di Pisa dove studia diritto e matematica conseguendo un dottorato.  Mentre vive in Italia, si dedica anche alla traduzione di Pope An Essay on Man – citato da Grice: Philosopherkind – Just as the poet said that the proper study of mankind is man, the anti-Oxonian can say that the proper study of philosopher-kind is the philosopher -- con un numero uguale di versi italiani come l'originale inglese. Insegna a Vevey, una città sulla riva nord del Lago di Ginevra, dove divenne il direttore della scuola umanistica. Continua a lavorare come traduttore. Insegna retorica, discipline umanistiche, e matematica. Durante questo periodo pubblica due articoli di matematica scritti in latino, nelle Philosophical Transactions della Royal Society di Londra, usando il nome "J Castillioneus". Il primo di questi articoli studia il Cardioide, il secondo il teorema del polinomio di Newton  Cura volumi delle opere di Newton, che sono stati pubblicati a Losanna e Ginevra. Il primo volume contiene saggi matematici, il secondo contiene i trattati filosofici. Il terzo volume contiene le opere filologiche di Newton, soprattutto saggi storici, tra cui una cronaca della storia antica. Babson dice: Fino a questo momento S. è ateo, ma divenne calvinista. Insegna a Losanna e sposa Elisabeth du Fresne dalla quale ha tre figli, ma solo uno ne sopravvive, vale a dire Maximilian Friedrich Gustav Adolf S. Pubblica la corrispondenza tra Bernoulli e Leibniz, poi pubblica l'Introductio in Infinitorum analysin auctore Leonhardo Eulero, il trattato di Eulero, che modifica. Insegna sia a Losanna che a Berna. Durante questo periodo ottene la cattedra di matematica a Berna e di teologia a Losanna;  Grice: Caro Salvemini, sai che oggi ho incrociato il filosofo Speranza al caffè di Firenze? Era intento a dimostrare che anche il cappuccino segue una logica conversazionale, purché sia servito con il sorriso. Gli italiani, come sempre, sanno unire filosofia e piacere quotidiano! Salvemini: Ah, Professore Grice! Speranza non smette mai di sorprendere, vero? In fondo, la logica della vita italiana sta proprio nel trovare il senso anche tra le tazzine e il Cardioide… Persino i miei studenti a Berna vorrebbero poter discutere matematica davanti a un espresso, ma purtroppo hanno solo cioccolata calda! Grice: Forse, caro Castillon, il vero teorema è che la felicità si dimostra meglio con meno assiomi e più zucchero. Basta osservare – senza dire nulla, ovviamente – che i filosofi italiani hanno la capacità di trovare gusto anche nelle cose “minori”: come dire, non tutte le equazioni devono essere esplicitate per essere gustate… Salvemini: Mi unisco a Speranza nel lodare la tua implicatura, Grice! Del resto, tra filosofi, basta un cenno: è come il famoso verso di Pope che tradussi – “L’uomo è lo studio dell’uomo,” ma forse, in Italia, è anche il piacere di viverlo. Che siano cappuccini, polinomi o sorrisi, il filosofo sa sempre dove trovare il sapore della conversazione! Salvemini, Giovanni Francesco Mauro Melchiorre (1908). Mazzini. Torino: Bocca.

Clemente Sancasciani (Pisa, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale. Grice and Clemente Sancasciani converge on the idea that reason governs meaning in communicative practice, but they articulate that governance at different points in the epistemic chain: Sancasciani, rooted in an eighteenth‑century Tuscan empirico‑humanist tradition, treats conversational reason as an extension of observation broadly understood, arguing that knowledge and meaning arise from an attentive engagement with experience that exceeds mere vision and incorporates the full sensorium, judgment, and culturally trained sensitivity; Grice, by contrast, brackets the epistemology of observation itself and focuses on what happens once agents speak, showing that conversational meaning is governed by rational norms that regulate how interlocutors move from what is explicitly said to what is implicitly meant through intention‑recognition and inference. Where Sancasciani’s “philosophy of observation” emphasizes the continuity between experience, interpretation, and discourse—so that conversation is the rational articulation of lived perception—Grice emphasizes the autonomy of conversational reasoning, demonstrating that even when observation is shared, meaning depends on cooperative principles rather than on sensory evidence alone. Thus Sancasciani’s conversational reason remains experiential and world‑directed, anchored in the cultivated act of observing, while Grice’s is pragmatic and interaction‑directed, locating rationality in the internal logic of communicative exchange; both, however, resist a priori abstraction and agree that reason shows itself most clearly not in solitary contemplation but in the disciplined practices through which humans make sense of one another in talk. Grice: “If I had been an Italayan, as Gilbert and Sullivan spell it and pronounce it – I would have wirtten ‘Filosofia dell’osservazione. It’s disputable that to ‘observe’ involves only ‘see’ – Se my Remarks about the senses. It may be said that the scientist observes beyond vision, as CICERONE (vedaasi) would have agreed. Unfortunately, since the advent or Ryle at Oxford and Mussolini in Italy, all that Englishmen were led to believe is that every Italian is an idealist, alla Collingwood!” -- Beyond than “Filosofia italiana dell’osservazione”, other notable essays by S. include: “L’idea del progresso nel pensiero del secondo dopoguerra” – and “Rilettura dell’idealismo italiano: attii del convegno di studi, Pescara – His family included a doctor, mentioned in an rachival record of Zannetti --. A member of the S. family, a historical Italian family, with a presence in Pisa and the surrounding region. Relations include Pietro S. and Settimio S. The family was asociated with the area of San Casiano, a town in Val di Pesa. FILOSOFIA ITALIANA DELL'OSSERVAZIONE Clemente S. M iMrtleDluI doUflM ID rbo per Btoogni mr ■riaMMU, e randeril &gt;UM If H*n Alt IWIm It TSTD ifil IUM. fi*f.. _Ciifi.w* . 9aD0 ornai trascorsi maUiuimi secoli da che nel regno della Filo- ■oBa III udila una Toce, la quale aoimuiiava, cbu la natura aveva aperta •gli uomini una sola strada per wudurli Bll'aaiuislo delle cc^izioni; la «rada dcirasscrrazione e dell' etperienra. La qiwl tocq rivelatrice della pili grande, della più ulilo verità, dm venisse mài discoperta dalTumaiw Ìd- Icllcllo. Iraeva unirà riienlc la nu origlile (Ull'etseni alenai pensatori accorti dei pi&gt;riiicioai rcsullaiiicnU, cfae si ritraevano dalle ìnvcstiiaifoni, allordiè con ardile ipclesi , con remolissiino aslrarioni sì avcve intendimento di ottenere la ronOM'enza dei rcnonicni naturali, c dei vanlafli^i considere- voli . die si olleiieiano nllarclui, abbandonalo il ìalso metodo di argomentare con priocipj slabilili a priori, si cercava di analizzare accuralamcntc i  Grice: Caro Sancasciani, oggi ho incontrato Speranza al bar di Pisa—e mi ha detto che tra filosofi, osservare non significa solo vedere, ma anche annusare, toccare e, va da sé, intuire! Pare che tu, qui in Toscana, abbia elevato l’osservazione a vera arte, altro che Collingwood… O forse dovrei dire: alla maniera di Speranza! Sancasciani: Ah, Professore Grice, Speranza è sempre pronto a trovare nuove sfumature tra i sensi! In effetti, a Pisa osserviamo anche il vento che gira attorno alla torre pendente… Ma voi inglesi, siete convinti che osservare sia questione di occhiali, mentre noi ci mettiamo pure il cuore e, perché no, la bocca per assaggiare la realtà! Grice: Ecco, caro Sancasciani, proprio questo volevo implicare: non basta vedere per capire, ma bisogna sentire con tutti i sensi. Del resto, tra una degustazione di pecorino e una passeggiata tra gli archivi di famiglia, la vera filosofia dell’osservazione sta nel cogliere il sapore delle cose… e non lasciarsi distrarre dai metodi a priori! Sancasciani: Come ha osservato Speranza, la tua implicatura è davvero “osservativa”—o dovrei dire “osservantissima”! Del resto, se la filosofia italiana dell’osservazione ci insegna qualcosa, è proprio che il filosofo deve essere attento a ogni dettaglio, anche al profumo del ragù o al sorriso di chi ascolta… Grice, oggi hai meritato un elogio da vero osservatore toscano! Sancasciani, Clemente (1749).  Filosofia italiana dell’osservazione. Firenze.

Francesco Saverio de Sanctis (Morra Irpina, Napoli, Campania): la grammatica ragionata e  la ragione conversazionale dello stile filosofico. Grice and Francesco De Sanctis share a conviction that philosophical meaning is inseparable from reasoned linguistic practice, yet they locate the governance of that practice at different levels: De Sanctis approaches reason as immanent in style itself, holding that a philosophical argument succeeds or fails according to the clarity, vitality, and historical authenticity of the language in which it is expressed, so that grammar, rhetoric, and national literary inheritance together form a rational medium of thought; Grice, by contrast, suspends all aesthetic and historical criteria and reconstructs meaning through the rational norms that guide conversational exchange, showing how what is meant emerges from shared expectations about relevance, informativeness, sincerity, and mutual understanding rather than from stylistic excellence. Where De Sanctis treats philosophy as a branch of the belles lettres, with style functioning as the vehicle through which reason becomes intelligible and persuasive, Grice treats style as largely epiphenomenal, insisting that the real work of meaning lies in the interlocutors’ inferential coordination between what is said and what is implicated. Thus De Sanctis’s reason is embodied and literary, unfolding through the organic life of a language and its culture, whereas Grice’s reason is procedural and pragmatic, operating at the level of conversational logic; both, however, agree against mere abstraction that philosophy lives in language, and that rational meaning is achieved not in isolation but through practices of communication governed—whether by style or by inference—by reason itself. He considers philosophy as a branch of the belles lettres and his field of expertise is when stylists stop using an artificial Roman, and turned to ‘Italian.’ Grice: “I really do not like de Sanctis; when an author becomes philosophical, he says that he has been infested of the philosophical pest!” – Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando l'omonimo architetto, vedi Francesco De Sanctis (architetto). Francesco de Sanctis  Ministro della pubblica istruzione del Regno d'Italia MonarcaVittorio Emanuele II di Savoia Capo del governoCamillo Benso di Cavour PredecessoreTerenzio Mamiani, Regno di Sardegna Capo del governo Bettino Ricasoli SuccessorePasquale Stanislao Mancini Durata mandato MonarcaUmberto I di Savoia Capo del governoBenedetto Cairoli Predecessore Michele Coppino SuccessoreMichele Coppino Capo del governo Benedetto Cairoli PredecessoreFrancesco Paolo Perez SuccessoreGuido Baccelli Governatore della Provincia di Avellino Successore Nicola De Luca Deputato del Regno d'Italia Legislatura Gruppo parlamentare Sinistra Coalizione connubio, opposizione, governo della Sinistra storica Incarichi parlamentari Ministro dell'Istruzione del Regno d'Italia Sito istituzionale Dati generali Partito politico Destra storica Sinistra storica Titolo di studiolaurea Professione Docente universitario Firma -- è stato un critico letterario, saggista e politico italiano, tra i maggiori critici e storici della letteratura italiana nel XIX secolo e più volte ministro della pubblica istruzione. S. nacque a Morra Irpina (Avellino) da una famiglia di piccoli proprietari terrieri, figlio di Alessandro e Maria Agnese Manzi.  Il padre era dottore in diritto e due zii paterni, Giuseppe e Carlo, uno sacerdote e l'altro medico, vennero esiliati per aver preso parte ai moti carbonari.  Celebre è la sua frase:  storia della filosofia, il saggio filosofico, il poema filosofico, il tema filosofico.  Grice: Caro De Sanctis, devo ammettere che soltanto l’Italia, e non certo Oxford, riesce a dar vita a una genialità come la Sua: un pensiero capace di riunire tutta la filosofia del linguaggio nel concetto di "stile". La Sua grammatica ragionata è stata per me una fonte d’ispirazione continua—come direbbero da voi, una vera scintilla per lo spirito critico! De Sanctis: La ringrazio, professore Grice. In verità, ho sempre pensato che il pensiero filosofico non possa essere separato dalla bellezza dello stile, né dalla chiarezza della lingua. Anche nella riflessione più profonda, la parola italiana, viva e musicale, deve essere maestra—proprio come per Dante o Petrarca. Grice: È proprio questa attenzione al legame tra forma e contenuto che mi affascina. La Sua idea che il saggio filosofico sia anche un’opera d’arte letteraria mi ha fatto riflettere su quanto la nostra disciplina debba all’eredità italiana. Noi, a Oxford, siamo forse troppo presi dalla forma logica, ma trascuriamo spesso l’arte dello stile che voi coltivate da secoli. De Sanctis: Eppure, vede, ogni filosofia, in fondo, è anche storia, poesia, persino un po’ di politica—come nella mia esperienza da ministro! Lo stile non è solo abbellimento, ma pensiero che prende corpo. Forse è proprio questa la lezione che l’Italia può offrire: che il pensiero, per essere davvero universale, deve sapersi incarnare nella lingua viva e nel sentimento nazionale. Sanctis, Francesco Saverio de (1840). Saggi critici. Napoli: Morano.

Gaetano Sanseverino (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale del segno naturale -- Grice and Gaetano Sanseverino converge on the view that meaning and understanding are governed by reason, yet they draw the boundary between nature, logic, and conversation in markedly different ways: Sanseverino, working within scholastic logic and Thomistic semiotics, grounds conversational reason in the notion of the natural sign, treating meaning as anchored in objective relations between things, intellect, and nature, so that understanding flows from the intelligibility of the world itself as ordered by natura and grasped through syllogistic discipline; Grice, by contrast, relocates the governance of meaning from the metaphysics of signs to the rational practices of speakers, arguing that what is communicated in conversation depends not on natural signification alone but on publicly recognizable intentions constrained by cooperative reasoning. Where Sanseverino emphasizes continuity between scholastic logic, natural signs, and theological anthropology—so that meaning is in principle prior to and independent of conversational exchange—Grice insists that even apparently “natural” meaning becomes conversationally significant only through the inferential activity of interlocutors, who move from what is said to what is meant by calculable steps of rational interpretation. Thus Sanseverino’s conversational reason remains realist and object-centered, embedded in a pre-given logical order, while Grice’s is pragmatic and interaction-centered, showing how reason governs meaning not by the authority of natura or formal logic alone, but by the mutual accountability of speakers engaged in ordinary talk. -- la logica scolastica. Considerato uno fra i massimi precursori del neo-tomismo (AQUINO, si veda). Si trasfere a Nola per frequentare la scuola dove suo zio è rettore. Studia filosofia con l'intento di confrontare i vari sistemi filosofici, fra cui gode particolare credito in Italia, all'epoca, quello razionalista. Lo studio comparato dei vari sistemi gli permite una conoscenza più approfondita della scolastica, soprattutto d’AQUINO, e del legame intimo tra la scolastica e la [atristica. Restaura la filosofia scolastica. Insegna a Napoli. Venne incaricato da Ferdinando II di preparare un manuale ufficiale per le scuole del regno delle due Sicilie. Scrive allo scopo il manuale "I principali sistemi della filosofia del criterio”. Profondo conoscitore di AQUINO da alle stampe interessanti saggi sui filosofi moderni. Inizia ad occuparsi più specificamente di AQUINO con “L’origine del potere e il diritto di resistenza, cui fa seguito “In difesa dell'angeologia contro i sofismi”. Esce il ponderoso “I principali sistemi della filosofia del criterio” un'ampia e dottissima disquisizione sulla filosofia illuminista e su quella a lui contemporanea -- fra cui quella dello stesso GIOBERTI -- confutata sulla base della logica. Il suo capolavoro. Si tratta del celebre saggio, “Philosophia antiqua” che ha per oggetto la storia della logica. “In compendium redacta ad usum scholarum clericalium. Venne pubblicata a Napoli “Elementa”, “Antropologia”, “Teologia. Altre saggi: “Sopra alcune questioni le più importanti della filosofia” (Napoli); “Il razionalismo” (Napoli); “I razionalisti” (Napoli); “L'origine del potere e il diritto di resistenza, (Napoli, Giannini); “In difesa dell'angeologia contro i sofismi” (Napoli, Manfredi); “Elementa philosophiae theoreticae” (Napoli, Manfredi); “Philosophia antiqua” (Napoli, Manfredi); “Institutiones seu Elementa philosophiae antiquae” (Napoli, Manfredi); segno naturale, Boezio, Aquino.  Grice: Caro Sanseverino, oggi ho incrociato Speranza al caffè e, tra un cornetto e l’altro, è venuto fuori il tuo nome! Pare che tra segni naturali e logica scolastica, tu abbia più spirito di quanto ci si aspetti da un filosofo napoletano… Ma dimmi: il segno naturale, in fondo, è più vicino alla pizza margherita o al ragù della domenica? Sanseverino: Ah, Grice, Speranza non perde mai occasione per mettere il naso dove la logica incontra la buona tavola! Ma ti svelo un segreto: il vero segno naturale è quello che ti fa capire, senza parlare, che il ragù è pronto solo quando il profumo invade l’intera casa… Altro che logica scolastica! Grice: Vedi, caro Gaetano, ogni volta che sento parlare di "NATVRA" tutto in maiuscolo—soprattutto da Cicerone, o peggio ancora da qualche professore bolognese—mi sento come uno scolaro perso in una foresta senza segnali… Sarà che la natura degli antichi per me resta più misteriosa delle ricette segrete della nonna! Sanseverino: La tua implicatura è, come direbbe Speranza, non proprio naturale—ma nemmeno ancora soprannaturale! Forse ti manca solo un po’ di quella “grazia napoletana” che trasforma il dilemma della natura in una questione di cuore… O magari, semplicemente, dovresti fidarti del naso come quando si giudica un buon ragù: la NATVRA si capisce, Grice, più col grembiule che con la toga! Sanseverino, Gaetano (1840). Elementa philosophiae. Napoli: Fibreno.

Angelo Andrea Santilli (Sant’Elia Fiume Rapido, Frosinone, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale -- dal soggettivo all’inter-soggettivo. Grice and Santilli converge on the idea that reason is intrinsically conversational and that meaning emerges not in isolated consciousness but in shared, intelligible practice, yet they articulate this insight at different levels and with different aims: Santilli, working within nineteenth‑century Italian civil philosophy and influenced by Galluppi, Gioberti, and Cousin, explicitly theorizes the passage from the subjective to the intersubjective as a moral and political necessity, treating conversational reason as the medium through which individual thought becomes socially binding, ethical, and institutionally effective, especially in the context of poverty, rights, and constitutional life; Grice, by contrast, arrives at intersubjectivity not through social philosophy but through analytic reconstruction of everyday talk, showing that what a speaker means is governed by publicly recognizable intentions constrained by rational norms of cooperation, and that the move from private mental states to shared understanding is achieved via implicature rather than through explicit moral or political mediation. Where Santilli emphasizes reason as a unifying human force that grounds social solidarity and collective agency, Grice emphasizes the fine-grained mechanisms by which interlocutors actually succeed in understanding one another, demonstrating that intersubjectivity is not an added ethical layer but already built into the logic of meaning itself; Santilli’s conversational reason thus functions as a normative ideal for social life, while Grice’s operates as a formal account of how rational agents, simply by talking, already inhabit an intersubjective space. Segue il corso liceale presso la Scuola di Murro a Napoli. Discepolo di GALLUPPI, e amico -- fra gli’altri – di SETTEMBRINI, FIORELLI, e SANCTIS. Si laurea in filosofia. Apre una scuola di diritto morale e costituzionale.  Fervente giobertiano – GIOBERTI , e attivo propugnatore, nei circoli culturali napoletani, di un'Italia federate. A frequenti rapporti epistolari con MAMIANI, GIZZI, e COUSIN. Quest'ultimo lo introduce nel giro culturale del socialismo utopistico ma modula il suo socialismo secondo i propri valori umanitari, rifiutando la logica della lotta di classe. Ha comunque a scrivere che nel regno di Napoli occorre una savia distribuzione della ricchezza. Presidente della società dantesca (ALIGHERI – si veda) -- e prolifico filosofo. Fonda "L'Enciclopedico" in cui vivacemente sostene che occorreva occuparsi della piaga della povertà. La nazione italiana vuole pane e lo dimanda incessantemente, lo chiede nel pianto dell'indigenza, tra le sciagure della desolazione, lo chiede non a titolo di preghiera, ma diritto necessario, assoluto. Il popolo italiano non capisce la speculativa astrazione di alcune verità filosofica, non sa i titoli di libertà, di costituzione, di uguaglianza. Una riforma che dimentica affatto la fisica prosperità del popolo italiano non è che riforma di solo nome. “Le idee" e testo di studio nelle scuole di Toscana; "Sul realizzamento del pensiero"; "Sviluppo filosofico dell'autorità"; "Cenno psicologico sull'attività dello spirito"; "Individuo e Società"; "Princìpi dell'imanità razionale"; "Il socialismo in economia" e "Lavoro, industria e capitale". Si batté politicamente per l'ottenimento della Costituzione da parte di re Ferdinando II. Malvisto e considerato individuo pericoloso dalla polizia e ucciso a baionettate da soldati che fanno irruzione nella sua abitazione in Largo Monte-Oliveto. dal soggettivo all’inter-soggetivo.  Grice: Caro Santilli, oggi ho incontrato Speranza e, tra una battuta e l’altra, mi ha detto che tu sei il filosofo che sa far passare la ragione conversazionale dal soggettivo all’inter-soggettivo come se fosse una passeggiata a Sant’Elia Fiume Rapido! Santilli: Ah, Grice, Speranza ha sempre il talento di esagerare! Ma se fosse vero, vorrei almeno un premio in pane, come chiedeva il mio popolo laziale… perché con la filosofia si ragiona, ma con la panetteria si mangia! Grice: Vedi, Santilli, proprio come tu passi dal soggettivo all’inter-soggettivo, io passo dal detto al non detto: se la conversazione è pane, allora l’implicatura è la mollica che nessuno vede ma tutti assaporano! Santilli: La tua implicatura, caro Grice, è intersoggettiva – come direbbe Speranza – e pure genialmente così! Il bello è che, proprio come la mollica, il pensiero si condivide senza che nessuno debba chiedere: “Me ne dai un po’?” Santilli, Angelo Andrea (1932). Studi su Tommaso d’Aquino. Roma.

Pietro Antonio Santucci (Cortona, Toscana)– Leech e la prammatica come rettorica conversazionale – simulazione, superlazione, e compagnia. Grice and Santucci converge on the idea that meaning in discourse is governed by reason rather than by ornament, yet they approach that governance from opposite historical and methodological directions: Santucci, working within the early modern rhetorical tradition, treats pragmatic effects as refinements of classical figures—simulatio, superlatio, translatio—whose function is to guide the listener’s judgment through disciplined eloquence, preserving the authority of the orator while avoiding Greek technical excess; Grice, by contrast, famously strips rhetoric of its prescriptive costume and reconceives these same phenomena as implicatures generated by rational, cooperative agents in conversation, accountable not to rhetorical decorum but to shared expectations of relevance, informativeness, sincerity, and clarity. Where Santucci’s project is to purify rhetorical metalanguage so that figures illuminate discourse without overwhelming it, Grice’s is to show that figures need no autonomous metalinguistic machinery at all: their work is done by practical reasoning operating under conversational norms. Thus Santucci’s “conversational rhetoric” remains vertical, oriented toward mastery of audience effects, while Grice’s theory is horizontal and interactive, locating meaning in the hearer’s rational reconstruction of the speaker’s intentions; rhetoric becomes, in Grice’s sense, not a system of elevated techniques but a by‑product of reason-governed communicative action itself. Grice: “There was a time when Italians – indeed Romans – would NOT stand a hellenism like ‘eironia,’ ‘hyperbole,’ or ‘metaphora,’ and there you would have them – and Cicero, too – uttering Varronesque formations like, respectively, SIMVLATIO, SVPERLATIO, and TRANSLATIO! I simplify the vocabulary by calling them all ‘figures of speech,’ or IMPLICATURAE, that is!” -- Retorica. RHETORIC JEu PRÆCEPTA V E SELECTISSIMIS AUCTORIBUS COMPILATA EDIT PRIMO PETRUS ANTONIUS S. DE CORTONA, Unus ex Presbyteris Congregationis Oratorii DIVI PHILIPPI NERII ejufdem Civitatis. Excudebat Joannes Baptista Recurti. SUPERIORUM PERMISSU, AC PRIVILEGIO. Illujirifs. et Reverendifs. D. D, GABRIELI RICCARDIO Viro nobiliffimo, et Ampliflfimo, Patritio Florentino Marchioni eximio Metropolitanæ Ejcclefiæ Florentinæ Canonico PETRUS ANTONIUS SANTUCCI U JE magna Junt, eadem et tnagnis deberi iifque folii nuncupan da fore, nemo unquam inficias ivit, lllufiriffime, C9* Reverendtjfime Domine. Cum enim omnibus a natura comparatum fit, ut coeli faciem obviam fibi quifque contempletur; huic profetto totius Orbis fublimi /lima parti, O' non alii, ea quce Orbis ipfius fublimi /fima ornamenta fiunt, nempe fydera, ab eademmet natura merito donata fuiffe facile ipfe animadvertat, ne et 2 ceffe Cfjje eji % Quavem, et meritis, fi forte virum quem Confprxerc, filent, arreBifque auribus aflant: Ille regit diBis animos, et pcBora mulcet. At Eloquentix majefias, fe mavult, et admiratione coli, et filentio pradican;ejl enim admiratio prxeonium glorix, et filent tum fidus interpres majefiatis ‘, neque major illa commendatio effe potefi. quam omnis frujlra tentata laudatio. Denique Do&orum omnium Coryphæus, ac facile Princeps D. Augutt. fic de præcellenti hac Arte tertatus habetur: Hxc nobis cum Angelis, cum Deo ipfo quodammodo communis efi;  Grice: Santucci, mi dicono che tu voglia fare della prammatica una rettorica conversazionale con tanto di metalinguaggio: a Roma, una volta, per evitare un grecismo bastava un buon latino… oggi invece sembra servire un glossario. Santucci: Maestro Grice, Roma detestava i grecismi solo finché non imparava a farli suoi. “Eironia” diventa simulazione, “hyperbole” superlazione, “metaphora” translatio: stessa cosa, ma con toga. Grice: Ecco: allora la tua rettorica è… come dire… superlativa. Nel senso che, se non stiamo attenti, la superlazione finisce per superare l’oratore, e la figura diventa più importante dell’uditorio. E quando la figura comanda, la conversazione obbedisce—e a quel punto la prammatica fa la fine del servo che crede di essere padrone. Santucci: Superlativa implicatura quella sua, Grice, che mette il detto in ombra come fosse solo un’ombra cinese! Perché mi stai dicendo: “raffina pure il metalinguaggio della rettorica”, ma senza trasformarlo in un mobile ingombrante. Io lo volevo proprio per questo: ripulire la lingua dei precetti—la meno triviale delle “trivialità” che Bononia abbia mai allevato—così che la figura illumini la conversazione senza riempirla di ferraglia terminologica. Santucci, Pietro Antonio (1748). Rhetoricæ præcepta e selectissimis auctoribus compilate. Recurti.

Antonio Santucci – In this playful exchange, the contrast between Grice and Santucci neatly mirrors their philosophical differences over reason‑governed conversational meaning: Grice treats conversational rationality as a local, inferential achievement, where saying little and letting much be understood counts as a cooperative, intention‑guided success governed by pragmatic norms, whereas Santucci frames conversational reason more historically and culturally, as something that wanders, like comets or empiricist traditions, across sciences, philosophies, and social practices. Grice’s emphasis falls on the internal logic of conversation—how implicature allows interlocutors to mean more than they say without abandoning rational control—while Santucci’s reply situates that logic within a wider humanistic horizon, where understanding depends as much on shared habits, traditions, and interpretive generosity as on calculable inference. In short, Grice explains how conversational reason works from within ordinary linguistic practice, whereas Santucci reflects on how such reason survives, zig‑zagging but resilient, within the long history of empiricism, idealism, and philosophical culture. Grice: Caro Santucci, leggo del tuo Trattato delle comete del 1611 e mi chiedo se l’implicatura sia caduta dal cielo insieme a una coda luminosa. Santucci: Ah, Grice, le comete passano e confondono tutti, ma a Bologna abbiamo imparato che anche la ragione conversazionale ogni tanto fa zig-zag. Grice: A Oxford diremmo che se una cometa dice poco e lascia intendere molto, allora è perfettamente cooperativa. Santucci: E io replico che, tra empirismo e stelle erranti, basta non prendere troppo alla lettera il cielo per capirsi benissimo a tavola. Santucci, Antonio (1611). Trattato delle comete. Finze, Giunti.

Antonio Santucci (Mirra, Venezia, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale dell’idealismo. In comparing H. P. Grice with Antonio Santucci on reason-governed conversational meaning, a clear contrast emerges between Grice’s micro-analytic, intention-based pragmatics and Santucci’s historically and systematically grounded conception of “ragione conversazionale.” Grice locates the rationality of conversation in the inferential coordination between what is said and what is meant, governed by the Cooperative Principle and its maxims, where reason operates locally as the hearer’s capacity to reconstruct speaker intentions through calculable implicatures rather than through rules of logic or semantics alone. Santucci, by contrast, approaches conversational reason less as a technical mechanism of inference and more as a cultural and philosophical posture emerging from the traditions of empiricism, pragmatism, and post-idealist reflection, especially as mediated by Italian encounters with Humean skepticism and American pragmatism. Where Grice treats rationality as immanent in everyday conversational practice and minimally normative, Santucci situates it within a broader idealism tempered by historical awareness, in which reason in conversation reflects the evolving relationship between philosophy, science, and forms of life rather than a formally isolable conversational calculus. In this sense, Grice offers a theory of how conversational reason works, while Santucci offers an account of why conversational reason matters within a larger intellectual genealogy. – (quarto da sinistra) con Pedrazzi, Battaglia, Matteucci e Contessi. Muore a Bologna. è stato un filosofo italiano. È stato docente di Storia della filosofia all'Università di Bologna.  Socio dell'Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna, è stato tra i fondatori della casa editrice il Mulino. Studioso di Hume, dell'illuminismo scozzese e del pragmatismo americano, ha indagato inoltre le varie forme in cui positivismo ed esistenzialismo e, più in generale, il rapporto con le scienze hanno orientato il pensiero italiano tra Ottocento e Novecento.  È sepolto alla Certosa di Bologna. Opere principali Esistenzialismo e filosofia italiana, Bologna, Il Mulino, Il pragmatismo in Italia, Bologna, il Mulino. Sistema e ricerca in Hume, Bari, Laterza, Introduzione a Hume, Storia del pragmatismo, Empirismo, pragmatismo, filosofia italiana, Bologna, CLUEB, Eredi del positivismo. Ricerca sulla filosofia italiana, Bologna, il Mulino, L'età dei Lumi. Saggi sulla cultura settecentesca, Bologna, il Mulino, Filosofia e cultura nel Settecento britannico, a cura di A. S., Bologna, il Mulino. Comprende: Fonti e connessioni continentali, John Toland e il deismo. Hume e Hutcheson, Reid e la scuola del senso comune. Ricerche sul pensiero italiano fra Ottocento e Novecento, Bologna, CLUEB. Fonte: totem informativo di Bologna Servizi Cimiteriali. Collegamenti esterni Santucci, Antonio, su Treccani.it – Enciclopedie on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Santucci, Antonio, in Dizionario di filosofia, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. S., «Pragmatismo» la voce nella Enciclopedia del Novecento, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1980. Addio al filosofo Antonio Santucci, da Il Mattino di Padova, Archivio. Filosofia Filosofi italiani Membri dell'Accademia delle Scienze di Torino Sepolti nel cimitero monumentale della Certosa di Bologna. Implicatura.  Grice: Carissimo Santucci, ogni volta che leggo le tue pagine sul pragmatismo mi viene voglia di prendere un treno per Mira, sperando che alla stazione mi venga offerta una tazza di empirismo veneto, magari corretta con un goccio di illuminismo scozzese. Ma dimmi, a Bologna si discute ancora se Hume fosse più vicino al Canal Grande o al Tamigi? Santucci: Ah, Grice, se Hume avesse navigato il Canal Grande, forse avrebbe scritto “Dialoghi sull’arte del gondoliere”! Ma ti dirò, a Bologna preferiamo riflettere sul rapporto tra filosofia e scienze, anche se a volte la discussione si perde... nelle nebbie padane! E poi, il Mulino non macina solo grano, ma anche tante idee, alcune pure farinate. Grice: Beh, caro Santucci, a Oxford quando si parla di ἰδέα di Platone, io mi ritrovo più confuso di un empirista davanti a una birra calda. Nessuno ha mai capito se fosse una ἰδέα nel cielo, un modello d’abito o semplicemente un modo elegante per evitare la concretezza... D’altronde, la filosofia, come dicono da voi, è spesso più ricca di sottintesi che di risposte! Santucci: Implicatura platonica la sua, Grice – o dovrei dire “piatonica”, visto che il povero Platone si è beccato il soprannome per le spalle larghe! Ma in fondo, tra ἰδέα e implicatura, c’è sempre un Mulino che macina misteri: basta saper leggere tra le farine! Santucci, Antonio (1959) Esistenzialismo. Bologna: Il Mulino.

Ubaldo Sanzo (Roma, Lazio): il deutero-esperanto e la ragione conversazional tra natura ed artificio. Ubaldo Sanzo and H. P. Grice converge on the idea that meaning is governed by reason rather than merely by formal structure, but they articulate that governance through different emphases on nature, convention, and artifice. Sanzo’s reflections on deutero-esperanto and the artifice of language, shaped by Peano, Vailati, and Italian conventionalism, treat scientific and philosophical languages as deliberately constructed instruments designed to secure intersubjective understanding beyond the contingencies of national tongues; reason here operates by making explicit, negotiable conventions that mediate between nature and artificial symbol systems. Grice, by contrast, resists treating language as a purely engineered code and instead locates rational governance in the conversational practices of natural language itself, showing through implicature how speakers exploit shared expectations, cooperation, and inferential rationality to mean more than they explicitly say. Where Sanzo tends to stress the mastery afforded by artificial languages and reconstructed scientific idioms—sometimes blurring the distinction between what is arbitrary and what is merely artificial, as Grice himself wryly observes—Grice insists that the heart of meaning lies in the practical reasoning of agents embedded in ordinary discourse, not in formal invention alone. The point of contact is substantial: both see meaning as irreducible to brute natural causation and both reject naïve naturalism; yet their divergence is equally clear, since Sanzo looks toward constructed linguistic frameworks as the rational solution to scientific communication, whereas Grice treats such constructions as secondary to, and parasitic upon, the deeper, reason-governed dynamics of everyday conversational understanding. – la filosofia lizia -- deutero-esperanto -- Insegna a Brindisi, Milano, e Salento. Fonda “Apollo Licio” o Lizio. Sube il fascino dell’esistenzialismo e il orazionalismo. Rivolve la propria attenzione ai rapporti tra filosofia, scienza e società. Si occupa di filosofi quali Becquerel, Boutruox, Corbino, Couturate Curie, Enriques, Fermi, Frola, GEYMONAT, PEANO, VAILATI. Sui fondamenti della geometria” (Brescia,  La Scuola, Collana "Il Pensiero"); “L’artificio della lingua, -- Grice: “I like that: it’s my Gricese, a language I invent and which makes me the master; there’s the arbitrary and there’s the artificial, and Sanzo, reconstructing Peano’s project, fails to distinguish this” -- Milano, Angeli, Collana di Epistemologia, Cimino; Sava, Il nucleo filosofico della scienza, Galatina, Congedo, Collana di Filosofia, Scritti di fisica-matematica, Torino, POMBA, I Classici della Scienza, Poincaré e i filosofi” (Lecce, Milella); Corbino, Scienza e società, Saggi raccolti e commentati, Manduria, Barbieri, Collana di Filosofia Hermes/Hestia, Scritti di fisica-matematica” (Milano, Mondadori, "I Classici del pensiero", Unione Tipografico, Torino, Scientia, Rivista di sintesi scientifica, “Apollo Licio”, Museo Galilei, Firenze. 1. I PRODROMI  Il problema della comprensione internazionale nel campo della scienza inizia, come è noto, con i primi testi scientifici scritti in lingue nazionali. Il latino, che per secoli era stato lo strumento della cultura scientifica dell'Occidente, si era estinto nella parlata comune e si andava lentamente estinguendo anche nella sua funzione di unica lingua comune ai dotti. Trattati scientifici in lingue volgari appaiono già alla fine del Duecento e la matematica commerciale è sempre più frequentemente scritta in volgare; apollo licio, trovato al ginnasio liceo di Atene, figgurante il dio in atto di riposo dopo un gran sforzo. natura ed artificio, l’artificio della lingua, convenzionalismo, filosofia della lingua.  Grice: Carissimo Sanzo, ogni volta che mi immergo nel tuo “deutero-esperanto” sento che la filosofia diventa una partita a scacchi tra natura e artificio… e, a dire il vero, finisco sempre per perdere contro Apollo Licio! Ma ti dirò, ogni volta che provo a decifrare la parola natura in Cicerone, mi sembra di inseguire una chimera: mai capito se parlava di boschi, di virtù, o semplicemente del tempo che fa. Sanzo: Ah Grice, se solo Apollo avesse consultato il tuo Gricese, forse avrebbe scritto geometria direttamente in versi! In fondo, tra convenzione e artificio, la lingua italiana è come un ginnasio, dove si allenano idee e parole. E poi, diciamolo: la natura, soprattutto quella di Cicerone, non è mai stata un esercizio facile… nemmeno per i filosofi di Brindisi. Grice: Vedi, Sanzo, ogni volta che leggo Cicerone parlare di natura, mi ritrovo più confuso di un romano al mercato di Ostia. Non ho mai capito se intendesse la natura come madre generosa o come zia severa, o magari come un mistero che soltanto i sacerdoti potevano svelare. E poi, pensa: quando Roma celebrava il settecentocinquantatré dalla fondazione, il termine era ancora un rebus per tutti! Sanzo: Quella tua è proprio un'implicatura da vero ciceroniano! E forse nemmeno Cicerone ne aveva le idee chiare: almeno, non avrebbe mai scambiato natura con “natalizio”, come si usa oggi per decorare le piazze a dicembre. Ai bei tempi, diciamo, quando Roma segnava il suo settecentocinquantatré ad urbe conditam, la natura era poesia, storia, mistero—tutto tranne un abete in Senato! Sanzo, Ubaldo (1952). Lineamenti di filosofia morale. Roma: Studium.

Francesco De Sarlo (San Chirico Raparo, Potenza, Basilicata): la ragione conversazionale dell’idealismo. Francesco De Sarlo and H. P. Grice both articulate accounts of how reason governs meaning, but they situate that governance at different explanatory levels: De Sarlo grounds it in an idealist–psychological framework centered on consciousness and intentional experience, while Grice formulates it as a pragmatic theory of how speakers rationally manage communication in ordinary language. For De Sarlo, shaped by Brentano, Wundt, and the Florence school, meaning arises because physical phenomena become psychic phenomena, contents of consciousness ordered and unified by the subject; conversation and understanding are therefore secondary expressions of a deeper rational organization of experience itself, where internal and external aspects are inseparable moments of one process. Grice, by contrast, brackets metaphysical and psychological debates about the ultimate status of consciousness and instead explains meaning in terms of publicly identifiable intentions, shared norms, and inferential practices, using implicature to show how rational agents routinely convey more than they explicitly state. Yet there is a significant convergence: De Sarlo’s insistence that objects exist for us only as they are implicated in consciousness parallels Grice’s claim, inspired in part by figures like Bradley whom De Sarlo also cites, that meaning is never exhausted by surface form but depends on what is rationally implicated in context. Where De Sarlo seeks a unified method for philosophy and science grounded in the primacy of psychic experience, Grice offers a unified account of linguistic understanding grounded in cooperative rationality; both resist sharp dualisms—between inner and outer, saying and meaning—and both construe reason not as an abstract faculty but as an organizing principle that makes experience and communication intelligible rather than fragmented. –la scuola di Firenze. Vince la cattedra di filosofia teoretica presso il Regio Istituto di studi superiori di Firenze. È in questa città che frequenta i seminari tenuti da Brentano presso la biblioteca filosofica. Nel 1903 fonda a Firenze il "Laboratorio di psicologia sperimentale" che fu inizialmente annesso alla Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia del Regio Istituto di studi superiori. Allievi di S. sono, tra gli altri, Aliotta, Borgese, Bonaventura, Lamanna, che sposa sua figlia, Garin e Marzi. S. si trova in aperto contrasto con Croce e Gentile che ritenevano si dovesse separare il metodo della filosofia da quello della scienza. Per S., invece, il metodo conoscitivo doveva essere comune in quanto sia il filosofo che lo scienziato si occupano dello stesso campo d'indagine. Per questo considera come unico metodo quello rigorosamente sperimentale di Wundt e quello esperienziale di Brentano. Nello stesso anno pubblica, nel capoluogo toscano, il saggio: I dati dell'esperienza psichica. La novità introdotta da De Sarlo è il concetto che i fenomeni fisici esistono in quanto diventano fenomeni psichici, contenuto della nostra coscienza. Dunque, l'oggetto di studio della psicologia doveva essere l'esperienza intenzionale del soggetto. L'unica vera esperienza diretta è quella psichica. Esperienza interna ed esperienza esterna vanno così a configurarsi come due aspetti dello stesso fenomeno; non c'è un'esperienza più vera dell'altra poiché nessuna delle due è indipendente dall'altra. Per De Sarlo è imprescindibile studiare la coscienza: a suo avviso, gli "oggetti" arrivano necessariamente alla nostra coscienza attraverso gli organi sensoriali. Essi vengono ordinati, studiati, usati, catalogati sia dal singolo nella sua esperienza quotidiana sia dalle varie scienze che ne approfondiscono lo studio. implicatura, Bradley, citato da Sarlo.  Grice: Professore De Sarlo, ho letto con grande interesse i suoi lavori sul laboratorio di psicologia sperimentale a Firenze. Trovo ammirevole la Sua posizione sul metodo unico di indagine, che abbraccia tanto la filosofia quanto la scienza. È una prospettiva che, da logico, mi incuriosisce molto: pensa davvero che si possa superare la tradizionale divisione tra esperienza interna ed esterna? De Sarlo: Caro professore Grice, la ringrazio per la Sua domanda. A mio avviso, la distinzione tra esperienza interna ed esterna è più apparente che reale. Nel mio lavoro ho sostenuto che entrambe sono aspetti di un unico fenomeno. La coscienza non può ignorare l'influenza degli organi sensoriali, ma allo stesso tempo è la coscienza a dare ordine, significato e valore agli oggetti e alle percezioni. Solo così, filosofia e scienza possono dialogare senza barriere. Grice: Quindi, se capisco bene, per Lei la vera esperienza è quella psichica, dove il soggetto diventa protagonista assoluto? Mi affascina come questa idea possa unire la rigorosità della sperimentazione scientifica alla profondità della riflessione filosofica. Bradley, che spesso cito, direbbe che la realtà è sempre "implicata" nella coscienza. Lei sarebbe d'accordo con questa implicatura? De Sarlo: Esattamente, Grice. Concordo con Bradley: gli oggetti esistono nella misura in cui diventano contenuto della nostra coscienza. L'esperienza diretta, quella psichica, è il punto di incontro tra interno ed esterno. Per me, non c'è un’esperienza più vera dell’altra, poiché nessuna delle due è indipendente dall’altra. Così, ogni indagine filosofica deve partire dalla consapevolezza che il pensiero e il metodo scientifico dialogano insieme, senza confini. Sarlo, Francesco De (1891). Attività psichica incosciente in patologia mentale. Rivista sperimentale di freniatria e di medicina legale

Antonio Sarno (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale del sentire. Antonio Sarno’s philosophy of sentire and Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning address the same problem—the relation between inner life and meaningful expression—from opposite but complementary directions: Sarno begins from a lived, affective ontology in which feeling is not a private state but a mode of giving oneself over to things so that they come alive within experience, whereas Grice begins from ordinary linguistic interaction and reconstructs how meaning is generated through rational intentions, shared norms, and inferential discipline. For Sarno, shaped by Bruno, Campanella, Vico, and a poetic–philosophical tradition, thinking and feeling are inseparable, and reason operates through intensity, donation, and exposure to the real; conversational sense emerges when sentire remains faithful to the world rather than collapsing into a self-contained sensus sui. Grice, by contrast, is wary of multiplying inner states beyond necessity and seeks to show how meaning can be explained without appealing to ineffable feelings, by grounding communication in publicly recognizable intentions and calculable implicatures. Yet the two converge in an important way: Sarno’s insistence that authentic sentire must incarnate itself in things parallels Grice’s insistence that meaning must be manifest in patterns of use that others can recognize and respond to rationally. Where Sarno worries about the violence of severing thought from lived intensity, Grice worries about the conceptual violence introduced by lexical drift and ungoverned implication; both see reason as a regulating force that keeps expression from tipping either into solipsistic inwardness or into empty verbal play. In this sense, Sarno supplies an ontological depth to what Grice formalizes pragmatically: conversational meaning is governed by reason not only because speakers infer correctly, but because, at its best, meaning remains answerable to how experience is genuinely lived and shared. Grice: Interprete di BRUNO e CAMPANELLA. Collabora al “Giornale critico della filosofia italiana” con saggi su BRUNO, CAMPANELLA, e VICO. Medita sulla violenza. Si suicida con un colpo di rivoltella. Si interessa a BRUNO e CAMPANELLA. Il suo punto di partenza è l’opposizione tra un sentimento sempre identico a se stesso, essenzialmente interiore -- sensus sui -- ed un sentire esteriore, che si tramuta nelle cose di cui ha esperienza, che si presta e si dona tutt’intero alle cose, affinché esse vivano in lui. Atre saggi: Pensiero e poesia (Laterza, Bari); Filosofia poetica (Laterza, Bari); Filosofia del sentire (Pescara, Tracce); Sulla violenza (Bari, Laterza); M. Perniola, “L’enigma” (Costa,  Genova); A. Marroni, Filosofo del farsi altro. Angelo, L'estetica italiana” (Laterza, Bari); Marroni, La passione per il presente in “Filosofie dell'intensità. un maestro occulto della filosofia italiana” (Mimesis, Milano); Marroni, "I carmina in foliis volitantia" in Agalma, Giornale Critico di Filosofia Italiana.  Grice: Professore Sarno, lei che ha meditato sul sentire come nessun altro, mi dica: questo “sentire” napoletano, è più simile a una serenata sotto la luna o a un tuffo nel Vesuvio? Perché qui a Vadum Boum, di sentimento ne abbiamo poco, e di sentire ancora meno! Sarno: Caro Grice, il sentire campano è tutto fuoco e poesia, ma mai distante dal reale. Non si tratta di semplici emozioni, ma di una esperienza viva, che si dona alle cose e le fa vibrare dentro di noi. Pensiero e poesia, come dico sempre, non sono mai separati: né serenata né Vesuvio, ma entrambe, se serve! Grice: Sarno, mi affascina il suo “sentire” che si presta e si dona. Ma a volte mi viene da dire, magari un po’ ironicamente: SENSUS NON SUNT MULTIPLICANDI PRAETER NECESSITATEM. Almeno, così sento io, anche se spesso mi accorgo che il sentimento è come il caffè napoletano: basta una goccia in più e tutto cambia sapore! Sarno: Sento quel che tu implica, Grice! E penso che sia meglio restare fedeli al “sentire” applicato alle cinque vie – ai sensi, alla conoscenza sensibile. Così, almeno, evitiamo di moltiplicare i sentimenti oltre il necessario. Il resto, lasciamolo pure all’immaginazione… o al Vesuvio, se proprio serve! Sarno, Antonio (1881). Studi di filosofia. Napoli.

Paolo Sarpi (Venezia, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale della meta-fisica del fenice, o l’arte del bien conversar. Paolo Sarpi and H. P. Grice converge on the idea that reason governs conversation, but they locate that governance in strikingly different registers: Sarpi conceives the arte del bien conversar as a civic, rhetorical, and prudential practice embedded in metaphysics, politics, and historical conflict, whereas Grice treats it as a formally characterizable structure internal to linguistic interaction itself. For Sarpi, shaped by Venetian republicanism, scientific method, and early modern empiricism, good conversation is a discipline of restraint, clarity, and strategic silence, a way of thinking and speaking that resists dogmatic authority and survives institutional coercion, whether theological or political; reason here is exercised through moral judgment, historical intelligence, and an acute sense of how words circulate within power. Grice, by contrast, abstracts from history and institutions to isolate the minimal rational conditions that make mutual understanding possible at all, locating the art of conversation not in eloquence or civic wisdom but in speaker intentions, shared expectations, and the cooperative management of implicature. What Sarpi understands as the phoenix-like resilience of discourse—its capacity to re-emerge after censorship, violence, or misunderstanding—Grice re-describes as recoverability through rational inference, even when conversation goes wrong. Sarpi’s bien conversar is an ethical and political art of living with words, while Grice’s theory explains how words function as reason-governed tools in ordinary exchange; yet both share the conviction that conversational disorder arises not from passion alone but from conceptual confusion, and that reason, whether historical or analytical, is what allows conversation to avoid drowning in chatter and instead remain intelligible, resilient, and meaningful. Definito d’Acquapendente come oracolo, autore della celebre Istoria del Concilio tridentino, subito messa all'indice. Fermo oppositore del centralismo monarchico di Roma, difendendo le prerogative della repubblica veneziana, colpita dall'interdetto emanato da Paolo V. Rifiuta di presentarsi di fronte all'inquisizione romana che intende processarlo e sube un grave attentato che si sospetta sta organizzato dalla curia romana, "agnosco stilum Curiae romanae", che nega tuttavia ogni responsabilità. L'infanzia e una ritiratezza in sé medesimo, un sembiante sempre penseroso, e più tosto malinconico che serio, un silenzio quasi continuato anco co' coetanei, una quiete totale, senza alcun di quei giuochi, a' quali pare che la natura stessa ineschi i fanciulli, acciò che col moto corroborino la complessione: cosa notabile che mai fosse veduto in alcuno. Poi, così serve in tutta la sua vita, et all'occasioni dice non poter capir il gusto e trattenimento di chi giuoca, se non fosse affetto d'avarizia. Un'alienazione da ogni gusto, nissuna avidità de' cibi, de' quali si nutre così poco, che restava meraviglia come stasse vivo. Nell'anno in cui proseguivano le sedute del Concilio di Trento, Carlo V e in guerra con i prìncipi protestanti tedeschi e il Parlamento inglese adotta un Libro di preghiere d'ispirazione luterana. Figlio di Francesco di Pietro S., di famiglia di lontane origini friulane -- precisamente di San Vito al Tagliamento -- e mercante a Venezia eppure, scrive Micanzio, per la sua indole violenta più dedito all'armi ch'alla mercatura. La madre, veneziana, d'aspetto umile e mite e Isabella Morelli. Rimasta vedova, fu accolta con il suo figlio e l'altra figlia Elisabetta nella casa del fratello. l’arte del bien pensar, Locke, impression, reflection, metaphysics, Bibioteca Marciana, pensieri, pensiero, logica, bien pensare, galilei, hobbes, metodo, sensismo, il fenice di Venezia, scritti filosofici inedita.  Grice: Caro Sarpi, Venezia sarà pure la patria dell’arte del “bien conversar”, ma a Vadum Boum ci accontentiamo, come diciamo noi, di una conversazione… diciamo “alla buona”. Voi veneziani, invece, fate scuola – persino la Fenice, da voi, risorge per sentire quattro battute in bella compagnia!  Sarpi: Grice, troppo onore! A Venezia la conversazione è come il Brenta: a volte scorre limpida, a volte torbida, ma sempre va dove vuole lei. L’importante è non affogare nelle chiacchiere e saper risorgere, come la Fenice, dopo ogni battibecco... O almeno provarci!  Grice: Eh, vedi Paolo, “l’arte del bien conversar” sarebbe anche bella… se solo a Vadum Boum ci si esercitasse sul serio. Ma qui, a meno che tu non sia un artista di professione o un giocoliere di parole, la vera arte è quella del NON bien – chiamiamola pure arte del “mal conversare”. Così, ogni tanto, si salvano pure le apparenze… o almeno si pensa!  Sarpi: La tua implicatura, Grice, mi fa ridere – molto più di quanto tu non dica! A Venezia si dice che chi non sa parlar bene, almeno impari a tacere con stile… Ma a Vadum Boum, forse, anche il silenzio lo insegnate “male”, vero? Comunque, tra bien e mal conversar, preferisco chi almeno ci prova: il resto, lo lasciamo agli artisti… o ai filosofi in vena di fenici! Sarpi, Paolo (1619). Istoria del Concilio Tridentino. Londra: Ricciardo.

Gennaro Sasso (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale da Crotone a Velia – Both Grice and Gennaro Sasso approach meaning as something governed by reason, but they situate that governance at very different philosophical levels: for Grice, reason is immanent to ordinary conversation, realized through the speaker’s intentions and the cooperative norms that regulate what is explicitly said and implicitly conveyed, whereas for Sasso reason is a historical–ontological power that unfolds across traditions, from Eleatic and Pythagorean thought through Gentile’s distinction between potenza and atto and down into Machiavelli, Vico, and Lucretius, where symbol, allegory, and political judgment register the work of reason in culture rather than in dialogue. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning is anti-metaphysical in method but not in ambition: it explains how rationality operates locally, at the level of linguistic exchange, by diagnosing precisely the slippages that Sasso worries about at the level of conceptual history—above all the confusion between the actual and the everyday “attuale,” or between the possible, the probable, and the desirable. Sasso treats those slippages as symptoms of deeper failures to keep act and potential distinct within a tradition of thought, while Grice treats them as conversational malfunctions, detectable through implicature, cancellation, and tests of coherence. Where Sasso reconstructs reason as a long dialectical journey from Crotone to Velia and back through Italian idealism, Grice reconstructs it as a set of norm-sensitive practices that allow speakers to mean more than they say without collapsing logic into rhetoric; the difference is scale and genealogy, not subject matter, since both ultimately see reason as something that must be exercised, disciplined, and guarded against lexical or conceptual tricks that let words do ideological work while pretending to be neutral concepts. -- la potenza e il atto in Gentile – Gentile megarico -- Lucrezio e Machiavelli – allegoria e simbolo in Vico –Grice: Studia  a Roma. Si laurea sotto ANTONI e CHABOD con Machiavelli. Studia con CARABELLESE, RUGGIERO, SCARAVELLI, NARDI, PETTAZZONI, SAPEGNO, GABETTI, PERROTTA, E SANCTIS. Insegna ad Urbino e Roma. Studia l’idealismo italiano (CROCE) e MACHIAVELLI. Si occupa di ontologia, ALIGHERI, Platone, Polibio, LUCREZIO, GUICCIARDINI, Shakespeare e Mann. Presidente della "Fondazione GENTILE", Lincei. Altri saggi: “Machiavelli e Borgia. Storia di un giudizio” “Machiavelli” (Napoli, Morano); “La storia della filosofia” “La ricerca della dialettica” (Napoli, Morano); “Lucrezio: progresso e morte” (Bologna, Mulino); “L'illusione della dialettica” (Roma, Ateneo); “Guicciardini” (Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medio Evo, Roma); “Essere e negazione, Napoli, Morano); “Machiavelli e gl’antichi” (Milano, Ricciardi); “Tramonto di un mito: l'idea di progresso” (Bologna, Mulino); Per invigilare me stesso. I Taccuini di lavoro di Croce, Bologna, Mulino); “L'essere e le differenze nel "Sofista” (Bologna, Il Mulino); “Variazioni sulla storia di una rivista italiana: "La Cultura"; Mulino); “Machiavelli, Bologna, Il Mulino, Comprende: Il pensiero politico, Napoli, IISS, Bologna, Mulino, Premio Viareggio di Saggistica, La storiografia. La fedeltà e l'esperimento, Scarpelli, Trincia e Visentin interrogano S.; Filosofia e idealismo, Napoli, Bibliopolis, Comprende: Croce, Gentile, Ruggiero, Calogero, Scaravelli, Paralipomeni, Secondi paralipomeni, Ultimi paralipomeni, Tempo, evento, divenire” (Bologna, Il Mulino); “Gentile: La potenza e l'atto” (Firenze, La Nuova Italia); Le due Italie di Gentile, Bologna, Il Mulino); Potenza ed atto in Gentile – Lucrezio in Macchiavelli, Lucrezio, simbolo ed allegoria in Vico, la scuola di Velia, veliati, veliani, parmenide, scuola di Crotone.  Grice: Caro Sasso, tu vieni da Crotone e arrivi fino a Velia, passando per Gentile e tornando a Machiavelli come se fosse una passeggiata: io, da Vadum Boum, mi perdo già al primo “atto”. Sasso: Grice, è una passeggiata solo se non confondi mai potenza e atto. E soprattutto se non scambi l’“attuale” con l’“attuale” di tutti i giorni: lì cominciano i malintesi. Grice: Appunto. Quando sento dire “ciò che è attuale non è possibile” (sic), mi viene da chiedermi se stiamo facendo ontologia o solo ginnastica di parole: a me sembra quasi un non-senso, come se “attuale” fosse diventato un lasciapassare per dire il contrario di qualunque cosa. E poi, in certi discorsi, “possibile” finisce per suonare come “desiderabile”, e allora il lessico fa il trucco… e la logica paga il conto. Sasso: La tua implicatura è davvero quasi attuale (sic, in gergo), Grice. E sì: hai ragione a sospettare lo slittamento tra possibile, probabile e desiderabile. Se vuoi metterla in forma “da seminarista di Vadum Boum”, pensa al quadrato delle opposizioni dei modali: necessario / impossibile e, dall’altro lato, possibile / non-necessario (cioè “contingente”). Molti credono di muoversi tra possibilità e necessità, ma in realtà stanno barattando la possibilità con la preferenza. E lì l’“attuale” diventa una parola d’ordine, non un concetto. Sasso, Gennaro (1965). Saggi su Croce. Napoli: Morano.

Saturnino (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del probabile. A comparison between Grice and Saturninus highlights two complementary understandings of rationality grounded not in certainty but in disciplined practice under conditions of epistemic limitation. Saturninus, as a Pyrrhonian physician following Sextus Empiricus in second‑century Rome, embodies a conversational reason of the probable: rejecting claims to hidden causes or demonstrative science, he accepts that life and medicine proceed by registering observed regularities and forming expectations that are defeasible yet sufficient for action. Rationality here governs discourse and judgment by restraining assent, policing the slide from what seems likely into what one merely wishes to be true, and allowing guidance without dogma. Grice, operating in a modern analytic framework, renders this restraint explicit at the level of meaning itself: his theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning explains how speakers rationally rely on implicatures, background assumptions, and cooperative norms to arrive at what is credible rather than certain. Where Saturninus practices epoché by living from the probable without theorizing it, Grice theorizes how everyday communication already functions on analogous principles, distinguishing the believable from the desirable and the warranted from the asserted. Both figures thus converge on a shared insight: rationality is not the possession of certainty but the normative regulation of belief, inference, and discourse in situations where certainty is unavailable, ensuring that human life remains intelligible and practicable without the pretence of absolute knowledge. Seguace di Sesto Empirico, della scesi pirroniana e medico, non si ricordano sue dottrine particolari, ma si può supporre che accettasse quelle fondamentali del maestro che, negando la possibilità di una scienza razionale che pretendesse di cogliere le cause nascoste delle cose, ammette la legittimità d’arti -- prima fra esse la medicina -- che si limitano a constatare empiricamente coincidenze e successioni di fenomeni per fondare così previsioni probabili per il futuro. Diogene Laerzio dice che è soprannominato Kuthenas o Cythenas. La parola è incomprensibile, ma forse indica un’origine greca. Given that Sesto teaches at Rome, we may assume Cythenas, albeit his esoteric name, is a Roman! GRICEVS: Salvē, Saturnīnē—medice et Pyrrhōniē. Audīvī tē “probābile” semper in ore habēre, quasi nihil certius sit quam incertitūdō ipsa. SATVRNINVS: Salvē, Grice. Ita est: Sextus docuit nos causas occultās nōn capere; sed vitam agere oportet. Itaque sequimur quod probābile est—id quod ars medica, non metaphysica, postulat. GRICEVS: Bene; sed ego, ut verum fatear, malim interdum crēdibile quam probābile—et certe quam dēsīrābile. Nam quod dēsīrō, id saepe nimis facile “probābile” mihi vidētur; quod autem crēdibile est, etiam sine votō stat. SATVRNINVS: O inplicātūram sapiēntem, Grice—fiant tibi tua dēsīderia! Nam intellegō: tu monēs nē “probābile” in “dēsīrābile” labātur. Si voluntās iudicem corrumpit, medicus iam non curat sed optat; at “crēdibile” (ut ais) est quasi medium: lucet satis ad iter, nec tamen se pro sole venditat. Saturnino (a. u. c. CM). Dicta. Roma.

Lucio Saufeio (Praeneste, Palestrina, Roma, Lazio): la ragione converesazionale dell’orto romano -- A comparison between H. P. Grice and Lucius Saufeius illuminates two historically distant but structurally kindred ways of understanding reason as something exercised and displayed within forms of life rather than as a detached faculty. Saufeius, as he appears in late Republican Rome around 650 AUC, exemplifies what might be called the conversational reason of the Roman Garden: protected by wealth, friendship with Atticus, and distance from forensic struggle, he practices Epicurean rationality through selective engagement, wit, and cultivated withdrawal, where philosophical seriousness is conveyed indirectly, by tone, setting, and refusal as much as by explicit argument. The hortus functions as a conversational filter: disputes are softened, claims are implied rather than asserted, and the very choice not to speak in the Forum becomes a meaningful act governed by practical reason. Grice, by contrast, makes explicit what in Saufeius remains embodied and situational: his theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning reconstructs rationality as a system of implicit norms that regulate what speakers say by reference to what they intend, expect, and allow others to infer. Where Saufeius lives the Epicurean insight that reason works best away from accusation and compulsion, Grice formalizes the insight by showing how meaning itself depends on cooperative restraint, background assumptions, and sanctioned deviation. In both cases, reason operates not by maximal assertion but through disciplined understatement: Saufeius cultivates philosophical sense by choosing the garden over the court; Grice shows that even in speech, rational meaning arises less from what is stated outright than from what is left for a competent interlocutor to grasp. Grice: He comes from  a rich and privileged family. He is a close friend of Tito  POMPONIO  detto l’Attico, who intervenes to save his property from confiscation. S. us elsewhere at the time, idly studying the doctrines of the Garden.  GRICEVS: Salvē, Saufeī. Audīvī tē Praeneste ortum esse—dives, beatus, et tam amīcus Atticī ut ipse fundum tuum e manibus publicānōrum eriperet. Tu autem, dum Roma litigat, in Hortō otiose philosophāris! SAVFEIVS: Salvē, Grice. Ita est: aliī in Forō sudant, ego in hortō respiro. Nam Epicurī sententia est: melius est inter arbores disputāre quam inter tabulās accusationum. GRICEVS: Recte—sed miror: hortus vester tam quietus est ut etiam hortulānī (nōn philosophī) videantur sapientēs; et interdum nesciō utrum vos in hortō sitis ut veritatem colatis, an ut ipsī vōs colī sinatis, quasi lactūcārum more. SAVFEIVS: Inplicātūra hortulāna, Grice—immo, ut melius dīcam, inplicātūra horticulturālis! Nam hortus noster et docet et ridet: colimus animōs, non tantum holera; sed si quis nos hortulānōs appellat, libenter ferimus—modo meminerit nos artem habēre, non solum rutrum. Saufeio, Lucio (a. u. c. DCL). Dicta. Roma.

Francesco Maria Spinelli, principe di Scalea, marchese di Misuraca e barone di Morano (Morano Calabro, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e il gusto per l’antico. A comparison between Francesco Maria Spinelli and H. P. Grice brings out a shared commitment to reason as a norm-governed practice expressed through discourse, even across very different historical and conceptual frameworks. Spinelli, formed in the Calabrian Cartesian milieu under Caloprese, treats reason as inseparable from voluntary choice: his analyses of bonum, malum, and mala voluntà in works such as De origine mali present rationality as a moral power exercised through judgment, resistance, and polemic, with controversy itself functioning as a sign that reason is active and free. Grice, by contrast, relocates reason from moral psychology to the logic of conversation, conceiving it as a system of implicit norms governing meaning, cooperation, and inference; rationality for Grice is not primarily a matter of choosing the good or resisting evil, but of making oneself intelligible to others through intention-sensitive, rule-guided conversational moves. Yet the affinity is real: Spinelli’s insistence that even error, rebellion, and ill-will testify to rational freedom parallels Grice’s view that conversational implicature arises precisely where speakers do not follow rules mechanically, but exploit them creatively against a shared normative background. In both figures, reason is not a silent faculty but a public, dialogical achievement, revealed in dispute, irony, and deviation as much as in harmony or agreement. – ill-will – mala volonta –Grice: Studia sotto CALOPRESE. Divulga il razionalismo, difende alcuni colleghi, anche loro seguaci di Cartesio, ed ha un'accesa polemica con DORIA su Spinoza. Saggi: “Della filosofia degl’antichi” (Mosca, Napoli); “De origine mali”; “De bono”; Dizionario di filosofia, riferimenti in Mirto, Calabria letteraria, Lomonaco, Vita, e studj scritta da lui medesimo in una Lettera (Melangolo, Genova). Treccani Dizionario biografico degl’italiani, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. SPINELLI DE ORIGINE MALI DISSERTATIO Francesco Maria Spinelli, Antonio Baldi FRANCISCI MARIÆ SPINELLI PRINCIPIS S. ORIGINE MALI DISSERTATIO NAPOLI E TYPOGRAPHIA BENEDICTI ET IGNAT1I GESSARI SOPERiQRUlt fERltiSSV, Habet unufquifque jn voluntate f Aut eligew quæ fcon» funt, et efle arbor pona / aur cligere quæ mala funt, et efle arbor mala. AuguJlisus iib. ii. ie eUis cum Ttlice Manicbæt c.iv. ! EMINENTISSIMO.AMPLISSIMCQyE. viro DOMINICO. S.R.E. CARDINALI.PASSIONEO ERVDITIONE.INGENIO.PRVDENTLV i CVM.FAVCIS.CQMPARANDQ QUEM. CLAKO. RENERE. ORTVM PER.DIVERSOS. LEGATIONVM. ET.MUNERUM.GRADVS FIDES. DEXTERITAS.CONSTANTIA NON.MINVS.QVAM. NOBILITAS AD.ROMANAM. PV.RPVRAM .EVEXERVNT QVEM.VIX.DVM JVVENEM ADHVG.PRIVATVM JVRA- ECCLESIÆ CATHOLICÆ 1N. VLTR A JECT INQ.CQN V ENTV.STREN V E. VINQIG ANTEM QVAMVIS.NON EADEM SENTIENS BATAVIA. OflSTVPVTT EVNDEM.BELVETIORVM.RESPV.flLICA PRIMVM BADÆ QVVM IN CQMITIIS bonum, ‘il bono’ the good, filosofia degl’antichi, vico, doria, la filosofia degl’antichi.  Grice: Caro Scalea, dicono che la “mala volontà” sia il motore segreto di tutte le filosofie calabresi… ma secondo te basterebbe un assaggio del “bonum” per far cambiare strada anche al pensiero più testardo? Spinelli: Eh, Grice, se bastasse il “bonum”, avremmo filosofi contenti come bambini alla sagra del peperoncino! Ma, studiando sotto Caloprese, ho imparato che senza un pizzico di polemica, anche la filosofia resta un piatto un po’ sciapo… Grice: Vedi, Spinelli, da Bononia a Vadum Boum – sì, proprio la mia università – ho sempre notato che la “mala volontà” non è mai così cattiva da non trovare almeno una piccola stanza dove alloggiare… sarà che le implicature hanno sempre bisogno di ospitalità! Spinelli: Implicatura esatta, Grice! In fondo, la “mala volontà”, per quanto negativa, è il segno che il nostro spirito non si lascia addomesticare. Anche la scelta sbagliata, o la ribellione, dimostra che siamo liberi di scegliere – se no saremmo tutti filosofi perfetti… ma che noia sarebbe la filosofia senza un po’ di sana indisciplina! Spinelli, principe di, marchese di Misuraca e barone di Morano (1845). Saggi politici. Napoli.

Eugenio Scalfari (Civitavecchia, Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura di Teseo – A comparison between Grice and Eugenio Scalfari brings into focus two complementary ways of understanding reason as a guide to meaning within complex public discourse. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning treats reason as an internal, regulating principle of communication: speakers orient themselves toward shared norms of cooperation, relevance, and intelligibility, and implicature arises precisely when a speaker relies on the rational capacities of others to go beyond what is explicitly stated. Scalfari, though neither a philosopher of language nor a systematic theorist, practices an analogous form of conversational reason in journalism and political analysis, especially in his movement from the constrained rhetoric of Roma Fascista to the open, secular, and critical language of L’Espresso and La Repubblica. His recurring figure of the labyrinth, evoking Theseus and the guiding thread, functions as a journalistic metaphor for rational navigation through power, ideology, and moral confusion: meaning is not imposed but traced, inferred, and reconstructed by readers who follow implicit cues, tensions, and silences in public argument. Where Grice analyzes implicature as a logical-explanatory mechanism grounded in rational mutual recognition, Scalfari deploys implicature as a civic and ethical practice, inviting readers to see what is suggested rather than proclaimed, and to exercise their own reason in disentangling truth from authority. In both cases, reason governs meaning not by dogma or declaration, but by providing the thread that allows interlocutors or citizens to move through dense argumentative spaces without losing their way. Roma fascista –Grice: Considerato, anche dai suoi avversari, uno dei più grandi filosofi italiani. Professore, contribuì, con altri, a fondare il settimanale “L’Espresso” ed è fondatore del quotidiano “La Repubblica.” I campi principali dell'analisi di S. sono l'economia e la politica. La sua ispirazione politica è socialista liberale, azionista e radicale. Punti forti dei suoi articoli recenti sono la laicità, la questione morale, la filosofia. Frequenta il liceo Mamiani di Roma -- è a Sanremo (dove la famiglia, di origini calabresi, si era trasferita temporaneamente, essendo il padre direttore artistico del casinò) che completa gli studi liceali, al liceo classico Cassini, avendo come compagno di banco CALVINO. Sentimentalmente legato a S. Rossetti, già segretaria di redazione de L'Espresso (e poi di Repubblica), che sposerà dopo la scomparsa della moglie Simonetta.  -- è ateo.  Tra le suoi esperienze c'è “Roma Fascista” -- organo del Gruppo Fascista. Collabora con riviste e periodici legati al fascismo, come “Nuovo Occidente”. Nominato caporedattore di “Roma Fascista”, pubblica una serie di corsivi sulla prima pagina in cui lancia generiche accuse verso speculazioni da parte di gerarchi del Partito Nazionale Fascista sulla costruzione dell'EUR. Questi saggi portarono alla sua espulsione dai GUF. Di fronte al gerarca, intenzionato a perseguire gli speculatori, aveva ammesso come i suoi corsivi fossero basati su voci generiche. Si l’accusa poi di essere un imboscato, e lo prese materialmente per il ero strappandogli le mostrine dalla divisa del partito. Dopo la fine della seconda guerra mondiale entra in contatto con il Partito Liberale Italiano. Diventa collaboratore a Il Mondo e L'Europeo, di PANNUNZIO e BENEDETTI. Licenziato dalla BNL per una serie di articoli sulla Federconsorzi non graditi alla direzione.  l’implicatura di Teseo, il labirinto, la filosofia.  Grice: Caro Scalfari, tu che hai girato tra le colonne di “Roma Fascista” e poi hai tessuto le pagine di “Repubblica”, dimmi, hai mai trovato il filo d’Arianna tra i corridoi della politica italiana? O ti sei lasciato guidare dal vento, come facevano i grandi filosofi di Civitavecchia? Scalfari: Grice, se c’è una cosa che ho imparato tra i labirinti della cronaca è che il filo va annodato bene, altrimenti si rischia di ritrovarsi tra le speculazioni dei gerarchi... e credimi, a quel punto non c'è nemmeno una briciola di pane come nel labirinto di Teseo! Grice: Ah Eugenio, vedi, il labirinto della politica somiglia tanto a quello della filosofia: tutti cercano l’uscita, ma spesso chi trova il filo è proprio chi ha il coraggio di lanciare una bella implicatura, lasciando che gli altri si interrogano se sia davvero una porta o solo una finestra socchiusa. E tu, tra le accuse e le mostrine strappate, hai sempre preferito il filo al minotauro! Scalfari: Una implicatura labirintica, per la quale, come è tua gentile costume, sempre provvedi al tuo compagno conversazionale – il filo, se così si può dire, colloquialmente, è proprio il regalo che ti fa chi sa girare per i meandri della storia, senza mai smarrirsi. Del resto, ogni vero filosofo sa che nel labirinto c’è sempre qualcuno che tiene il capo del filo: basta seguirlo… purché non sia annodato intorno a un articolo della Costituzione! Scalfari, Eugenio (1942). Contributo. Roma Fascista.

Giovanni Battista Scaramelli (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale. A comparison between Grice and Giovanni Battista Scaramelli highlights two different but convergent models of reason as an internal regulator of meaningful practice. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning treats reason as operative within ordinary linguistic exchange: speakers mean what they do because they assume and exploit shared norms of rational cooperation, so that implicature arises from disciplined departures from what is strictly said and remains accountable to mutual intelligibility. Scaramelli, working within ascetical and mystical theology rather than philosophy of language, nevertheless develops a closely related conception of discursive reason in his Discernimento degli spiriti and the Direttorî, where spiritual judgment is governed by rules of clarity, discernment, and proportion aimed at avoiding illusion, excess, and misuse of language about inner experience. Just as Grice insists that conversational meaning is not produced by authority, private intention alone, or mechanical convention, Scaramelli rejects unregulated enthusiasm, quietist immediacy, and opaque speech in spiritual matters, insisting instead on reasoned evaluation of signs, intentions, and effects within a communal and pedagogical framework. In both figures, reason functions not as abstract metaphysics but as practical normativity: for Grice, it structures how speakers responsibly make themselves understood; for Scaramelli, it structures how experiences, words, and spiritual claims are interpreted, tested, and communicated without confusion or coercion. The result is a shared vision, across secular and religious domains, of meaning as something achieved through disciplined practice under publicly accountable standards, rather than bestowed by status, charisma, or inner certainty. Grice: presbitero italiano, appartenente alla compagnia di Gesù, autore dei Direttori ascetico e mistico e de Il discernimento degli spiriti. Entra nella compagnia di Gesù. Insegna grammatica, retorica, filosofia, teologia. È missionario popolare e predicatore di esercizi spirituali in moltissime comunità religiose. Scrive biografie e trattati di ascetica e mistica. Opere. Ancora vivente è pubblicata soltanto la Vita di suor Maria Crocifissa Satellico, Venezia. Giunta alla quarta edizione, l'opera è messa all'Indice perché sembra volesse prevenire il giudizio del magistero della chiesa sulla santità della religiosa. Dopo alcune correzioni la biografia è liberamente ristampata.  Dopo la sua morte sono pubblicati Il discernimento degli spiriti -- Venezia --, il Direttorio ascetico – Venezia -- e il Direttorio mistico -- Venezia -- e la Dottrina di san Giovanni della Croce -- Venezia. Solo nel Novecento è stata scoperta e pubblicata una sua Vita della serva di Dio Angela Cospari.  Le perplessità per la pubblicazione delle sue opere, vivente l'autore, nacquero nell'ambito della Compagnia di Gesù per le polemiche sul quietismo allora molto virulente e sulla delicatezza delle materie trattate. I Direttorî e il Discernimento hanno un grande successo e una grande diffusione, per la chiarezza espositiva e la profondità delle materie trattate.  Grice: Caro Scaramelli, ho letto il tuo "Discernimento degli spiriti" e devo confessare che persino il mio spirito filosofico si è sentito discernere – tra un asceta e un mistico, preferisco sempre quello che ha il caffè pronto alle sei del mattino! Scaramelli: Ah, Grice, ma tu sai bene che il vero discernimento si compie quando il caffè è ancora caldo e il pensiero è fresco! E se la Compagnia di Gesù mi avesse dato una moka, avrei scritto pure un Direttorio sul “risveglio spirituale”… con doppio zucchero. Grice: Vedi, caro amico, in fondo la tua ascesi è tutta una questione di aroma: potrei dire che la santità, come la filosofia, si distingue dal profumo – e l’implicatura, naturalmente, è che chi non sente l’odore forse non ha mai davvero filosofato! Scaramelli: Divina implicatura, mio Grice! Ma allora dovrò aggiungere al prossimo Direttorio un capitolo sul "discernimento del barista" – perché, come dice il proverbio, anche lo spirito ha bisogno di una pausa… e magari di una brioche! Scaramelli, Giovanni Battista (1752). Direttorio ascetico. Venezia: Pezzana.

Lucio Scarano (Brindisi, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura del scenofilace – A comparison between Grice and Lucio Scarano brings out two historically distant but structurally related ways of thinking about reason as a governor of meaningful linguistic practice. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning treats reason as immanent to interaction: speakers are rational agents who rely on shared expectations of cooperation to generate not only what is explicitly said but also what is implied, with implicature arising from the disciplined management of saying less, more, or other than what is strictly required. Scarano, writing in the sixteenth century in Scenophylax, approaches reason from the normative side of public performance rather than everyday conversation, yet in a strikingly parallel way conceives language as an ordered practice sustained by rational guardianship. His figure of the scenophylax, the “custodian” of theatrical language, embodies a form of conversational reason avant la lettre: not authoritarian imposition, but vigilant maintenance of intelligibility, decorum, and expressive fit between words, gestures, and genres. Where Grice resists the idea that meaning is fixed by convention alone and instead grounds it in rational accountability between participants, Scarano resists innovation that severs words from the shared rational order of classical usage, arguing that altering language alters action, genre, and mutual understanding. In both thinkers, reason does not operate as abstract theory but as a practical norm guiding how language functions in a communal space—conversation for Grice, the stage for Scarano—so that meaning is preserved, enriched, or criticized not by force or novelty for its own sake, but by responsiveness to what rational participants can recognize, interpret, and hold one another answerable for within a shared linguistic world. Grice: Studia a Bologna, Padova e a Venezia. Fonda l’Accademia a Venezia. Scrive il saggio “Scenophylax” (Venezia), nel quale tratta della convenienza di restituire alla tragedia e alla commedia la lingua del lazio. P. Camassa, Brindisini illustri, Brindisi, A. Sordo, Ritratti brindisini. LYCII PHILOSOPHI MEDICI i f \ 6 3 y 'H Academici Veneti SCENOPHYLAX W "J Dialogus, in quo Tragxdijs, &T Comxdifs antiquus Carminum vfus reftituitur, recentiorum quorundam iniuria interceptus. Et de vi, ac natura Carminis agitur. AD ILLVSTREM ET CLARIS ADOLESCENTEM r Dominicum Ruzinum Caroli F. Patritium Venetum.. privilegifs, et Superiorum permtfsu n Venezia. Apudloail. BaDtiftarnCjnrrnm a 4^-jl Jl 1\ c 1 DK 13 M liMOLOaiH '1 .-V' vhomV iJrnsiji-oA. jkj Y :T Y H V. V.\.ZM fi A ' i r */ca g$? potuit, gf' voluit ommno, te filiumtn tarum artium, ggf fiudiorum dtfctpli namur odere,quaggr in patria fapitis et polle*' fiorisdpudrxter agnationes, multis periculis y (g? magno fufcepto labore, collaudauerat in alus. Itaque non fumptibus, nonindufita, non defatigationi pepercit vit, vtqut tu dederas • d tene ris annis ingeif pudoris, bum initatis, gf futurarum adumbrata ftgna 'Virtutum, ea, firmioribus annis, accurate praflares.T u vero non fil um expeciattont refpondifti patris, gtf tuorum, fed in medio itineris curriculo, quafi robufl toris alatis, ggi annorum auxilta deficiens, omnium opinionem,prarepto tempore, juperafit, omnium voto,pratercjuam tuo, maior $ vt vno propemodum, et eodem temporis momento, (ementem videremus, gf fruges.His tgitur ejfectum e (i, ut omnes, quibus es ahquaratione cognitus, te colant, ad mirentur, g^ament . Egouero non (colum his ipfis tuis dotibus, fed etiam (ficus in me tuis adductus, mbil ejl ommno, quod tibi non debeam. Cum uero plurima cupiam, pauca pof A i fim. scenofilace – il tragico – il comico – scenofilace, custode, sacristano, custode dei vasi -- siria.  Grice: Scarano, ho letto del tuo Scenophylax: tu vuoi rimettere in scena tragedia e commedia con la lingua del Lazio. Insomma: un custode che, invece di custodire i vasi, custodisce le parole—e guai a chi entra in teatro con un accento forestiero. Scarano: Appunto! Se cambi la lingua, cambi il gesto: e se cambi il gesto, ti ritrovi una tragedia che pare una commedia—e una commedia che si prende sul serio come un senatore. Il Scenophylax serve a ricordare al pubblico che anche il riso ha grammatica. Grice: Capisco… e mi viene da pensare che certe “innovazioni” siano come mettere una chiave nuova a una porta antica: la porta resta, ma tutti fingono di non trovare più l’ingresso. E poi, diciamolo: quando uno proclama di “restituire” la lingua, spesso sta solo chiedendo di essere l’unico a poter dire chi parla bene—e il resto della compagnia, per prudenza, recita piano. Scarano: Splendida implicatura, Grice — mette in ombra il “detto” di quel che hai appena detto! Cioè: tu non stai dicendo “sei un tiranno del palcoscenico”, ma lo fai capire con tale eleganza che la tua critica decora senza ingombrare—proprio come dovrebbe fare la lingua del Lazio, quando è davvero teatro e non burocrazia. Scarano, Lucio (1563). Scenophylax, dialogus, in quo tragoediis et comoediis antiquus carminum usus restituitur. Venezia.

Luigi Scaravelli (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale -- tra critica e meta-fisica. Luigi Scaravelli’s philosophical itinerary, centered on critique rather than system‑building, offers a distinctive point of comparison with Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning, even though the two operate in different registers. Grice approaches reason from the side of linguistic practice, arguing that what speakers mean, beyond what they strictly say, is regulated by shared rational expectations embodied in cooperative principles and maxims that make communication intelligible without appeal to metaphysical guarantees. Scaravelli, by contrast, works within a Kantian horizon, redefining critique as a disciplined inquiry into the conditions of judgment, understanding, and reality itself, particularly in his Critica del capire, where reason appears not as an autonomous creative spirit, as in Croce or Gentile, but as a fragile, historically situated activity that must constantly examine its own claims and limits. Yet the convergence lies in their shared resistance to dogmatic metaphysics: Scaravelli’s insistence that judgment, whether theoretical or historical, must justify itself through critical articulation parallels Grice’s insistence that meaning arises from rational accountability within communicative exchange rather than from conventions, psychology, or authority. For both, reason is not an external faculty imposing structure from above, but an immanent normativity enacted in practice—through judgments in Scaravelli’s sense, and through conversational moves and implicatures in Grice’s—so that understanding, whether of reality or of what another speaker means, depends on the disciplined negotiation of sense under publicly recognizable constraints rather than on the construction of closed systems or metaphysical totalities. Si laurea a Pissa sotto CARLINI. Insegna a Roma, e Firenze. Profondo conoscitore di Kant, approfondisce nei suoi studi pubblicati con molta riluttanza e quasi solo per esigenze concorsuali in particolare i temi relativi ai rapporti tra la filosofia kantiana e la fisica, i problemi relativi alla critica del giudizio ed anche i temi dell'idealismo.  Biblioteca personale, Villa Mirafiori. Saggi: “Critica del capire”, Firenze, Sansoni, Saggio sulla categoria kantiana della realta (Firenze, Monnier); La prima meditazione di Cartesio (Firenze, Nuova Italia); “La critica del giudizio” (Pisa, Normale); Corsi, “Critica del capire”; “L'analitica trascendentale” (Firenze, Nuova Italia); “La Biblioteca”; “L' attualità Mirri, Napoli, Sientifiche); Visentin, “Le categorie e la realtà” Lui(Firenze, Le lettere); Sasso, L’idealismo, Napoli, Bibliopolis; La storia come metodo, Convegno a Roma); “Il problema del giudizio storico); Mannelli, Rubbettino, pensatore europeo, Biscuso e Gembillo, Messina, Siciliano, Sasso, il giudizio, in Filosofia e idealismo. Paralipomeni, Napoli, Bibliopolis,  Palermo, Tra critica e metafisica. Lettore di Kant, Pisa, ETS,   Treccani Dizionario biografico degli italiani, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.  Biscuso, La  completa dei suoi scritti, su giornale di filosofia. Ripercorrendo il proprio itinerario speculativo, in un documento di grande rilievo S. scrive:  dieci o quindici anni fa  ero pienamente convinto di quella impostazione mentale, comune al Croce e al Gentile, che considera la realtà come spirito, e lo spirito come autoprodursi; e in questo autoprodursi vede l'esistenza e tutta l'esistenza. Ma nonostante fossi convinto della validità di questa concezione, pure un lavoro che avevo cominciato su Platone mi spingeva a ripensare le basi della concezione storiografica nella quale mi muovevo; paralipomena, la storia della filosofia di Scaravelli, criticismo, critica del capire, giudizio storico, storia come metodo.  Grice: Caro Scaravelli, se Kant avesse potuto assistere ai tuoi corsi sulla "Critica del capire", forse avrebbe finalmente capito la differenza tra critica e metafisica, e magari avrebbe aggiunto una quarta critica: quella del buon umore!  Scaravelli: Ah, Grice, ma non dimenticare che ogni giudizio, anche quello sul buon umore, ha bisogno di una categoria kantiana. E la categoria della realtà, almeno nei miei seminari a Villa Mirafiori, è sempre quella del caffè – che trascende ogni forma!  Grice: Ecco, parlando di seminari, devo confessare che non ho mai partecipato al "The Bounds of Sense" di Strawson a Vadum Boum. Sapevo che i suoi confini sarebbero stati non solo boundless, ma forse anche un po’ nonsensical – e preferisco la sensatezza del tuo "Critica del capire".  Scaravelli: La tua implicatura è noumenica! – se mai esistesse un soprannome di lode tra filosofi, questo lo sarebbe davvero. E poi, tra noi, meglio un giudizio storico ben fondato che un senso senza confini: almeno così Croce e Gentile possono dormire sonni tranquilli! Scaravelli, Luigi (1936). Studi su Kant. Firenze: Le Monnier.

Uberto Scarpelli (Vicenza, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale della filosofia fascista – Uberto Scarpelli’s work on prescriptive language and legal normativity offers a revealing contrast and complement to Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning, especially when set against the political and intellectual background from which Scarpelli emerged. Grice conceives meaning as fundamentally anchored in rational cooperation among speakers, where what is said and what is implicated are governed by shared norms of justification, relevance, and responsibility rather than by authority or ideology. Scarpelli, having been trained within Italian idealism under Croce and Gentile and later reacting critically against the organicist and fascist philosophies of law associated with that tradition, redirects attention to the semiotics of prescriptions, distinguishing components such as the tropic, clitic, neustic, and phrastic to show how norms function linguistically without reducing them to commands backed by force. Where fascist legal philosophy tended to collapse meaning into political will or state authority, Scarpelli—drawing on analytic philosophy, logical positivism, and figures such as Hare and Stevenson—insists that legal and moral discourse must be analyzed as reason‑responsive practices, capable of justification and critique. In this respect he converges with Grice: both reject the idea that meaning or normativity is generated by sheer power, psychological causation, or institutional fiat, and both treat rational accountability within linguistic practice as central. The difference lies in emphasis: Grice starts from ordinary conversation to articulate universal pragmatic norms governing communication, while Scarpelli starts from normative and legal language to show how prescriptions can be rationally discussed, criticized, and defended. Yet in both cases, reason governs language not externally but internally, as a set of constraints that speakers and lawmakers alike must respect if their utterances are to count as meaningful, intelligible, and binding within a shared social practice. -- il fascismo giuridico – Soleri --  il tropico, il clistico, il neustico, ed il frastico. Studioso di analisi del linguaggio. Uno dei massimi esponenti della filosofia analitica, insegnando in varie università italiane anche teoria generale del diritto, dottrine dello stato romano, filosofia morale e filosofia della politica ed occupandosi di problemi di etica e politica. La sua filosofia può essere raccolto attorno a due grandi temi: la semiotica del linguaggio prescrittivo e il metodo. Contribuisce in misura fondamentale alla cosiddetta svolta prescrittivistica in campo semiotico ed è fautore di una giustificazione etico-politica del positivismo giuridico. Oltre ad approfondire lo studio del metodo del ragionamento morale, si impegna attivamente in relazione a questioni di etica e bio-etica quali per esempio l'aborto e l'eutanasia. Compiute inoltre studi sulla democrazia e i concetti di libertà politica e di partecipazione politica. Da una famiglia pugliese trasferitasi poi in Lucchesia, figlio di un magistrate, frequenta il liceo. Studia a Torino. La sua formazione è all'insegna dell’idealismo dominante in Italia e fondata, tra gli altri, su CROCE e GENTILE. Durante gli anni universitari, desta il suo interesse ALLARA, della scuola civilistica torinese, e la filosofia del diritto. Segue le lezioni del corso di filosofia del diritto di BOBBIO. Si laurea sotto SOLARI con “Il concetto di persona”. Già in questo lavoro lo ricorda BOBBIO nel ritratto dell'allievo rivela un orientamento critico verso le versioni organicistiche della filosofia al tempo in auge. Risale a questo anno la pubblicazione nella Rivista del diritto commerciale di un saggio intitolato “Scienza giuridica e analisi del linguaggio”. In questo saggio precorre il celebre saggio di BOBBIO che porta lo stesso titolo e che è considerato il manifesto della scuola analitica italiana. fascismo, la filosofia di Gentile – la difensa di Scarpelli contro Solari, “Behaviourism, positivism logico e fascismo” nell “Mulino”, Hare, Stevenson.  Grice: Scarpelli, mi trovo spesso a pensare che la filosofia italiana sia come una pizza: tutti vogliono metterci sopra il proprio ingrediente speciale, che sia Gentile, Croce o una spruzzata di semiotica! Scarpelli: Ah, Grice! Basta che nessuno ci aggiunga l’ananas, e possiamo discutere serenamente di tropico, clistico, neustico e frastico... senza indigestioni. Grice: Vero, ma ricorda: “Subatomica motus conversacionales ne multiplicentur sine necessitate.” Non vorrei che ogni implicatura diventasse una particella elementare, dispersa tra il tropico e il frastico! Scarpelli: La tua implicatura mi fa sorridere, che potrebbe presto trasformarsi in una risata – non SULLE cose, ma CON le cose! D’altronde, filosofare è anche questione di gusto, come la pizza. Scarpelli, Uberto (1965). Il problema del materialismo storico. Milano: Feltrinelli.

Quinto Muzio Scevola Maggiore (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del pontefice – Quintus Mucius Scaevola the Elder, the Pontifex, represents an early paradigm of reason-governed public meaning that closely aligns with Grice’s later theory of conversational rationality: in Scaevola’s career as consul, jurist, and pontifex maximus, law emerges not as a merely technical craft or an instrument of power but as a disciplined form of public reasoning rooted in shared standards of judgment and mutual intelligibility, a view reinforced by his systematic works, the Libri XVIII iuris civilis and the Horoi, where definition, distinction, and dialectical division—drawn from Stoic philosophy and ultimately from the Portico—are used to make legal norms publicly articulable and contestable; just as Grice argues that meaning in conversation is governed by rational principles rather than by authority, force, or convention alone, Scaevola treats jurisprudence as a branch of political philosophy whose authority depends on its capacity to give reasons that others may recognize as reasons, whether in the forum, the senate, or the school; his famous insistence, reported by Cicero, that law without letters is mute and letters without law wander, mirrors Grice’s insistence that linguistic acts derive their significance from cooperative expectations about relevance, justification, and responsibility, not from institutional costume or procedural ritual; in both figures, normativity is conversational rather than coercive, so that the toga does not itself generate wisdom, just as an utterance does not generate meaning by fiat, and the integrity of judgment—whether legal or linguistic—rests on disciplined participation in shared practices of reason that bind speakers and jurists alike more securely than power, fear, or mere technical expertise. -- divisione – dal portico? -- la nascita della giurisprudenza come rama della filosofia politca. Grice: Questore, tribuno della plebe, pretore, console, proconsole d’Asia e si attira, per la sua giustizia e il suo disinteresse, l'affetto dei provinciali e l’odio dei cavalieri romani, che accusarono il suo legato Rutilio Rufo, che egli difese. Pontefice massimo. Cadde vittima delle lotte civili. Giurista insigne. Compose libri XVIII juris civilis, in cui per la prima volta tenta una trattazione sistematica dell’argomento, e un’opera intitolata "Horoi," che contiene definizioni di concetti e di rapporti giuridici. E molto ricercato il suo insegnamento di diritto. Insegna, derivandola, pare, da Panezio di Rodi, la distinzione di tre teologie, ripresa da Varrone: teologia poetica (falsa), teologia ufficiale (falsa) e teologia naturale (vera). Console. Giuristi romani e politici romani. Console della Repubblica romana. Gens: Mucia. Tribuno della plebe, pretore, consolae Pontificato max. Filosofo del portico, giurista e politico romano. Me ad pontificem Scaevolam contuli, quem unum nostrae civitatis et ingenio et iustitia praestantissimum audeo dicere.” Mi sono recato da Scevola pontefice, che oso dire superiore per ingegno e rettitudine a tutti i nostri concittadini. -- CICERONE, Laelius de amicitia. Appartenente alla gens Mucia, è considerato uno dei più grandi giuristi della storia del diritto romano e in parte l'artefice dell'introduzione, nella giurisprudenza romana, del metodo dialettico e diairetico, mutuato dalla filosofia. Questore, tribuno della plebe, pretore, console - insieme a Lucio Licinio Crasso, pro-console e pontefice massimo. Durante il consolato promulga la “lex Licinia Mucia”, che fissa dei rigidi limiti al conseguimento della cittadinanza da parte degl’italici. Fra le sue opere letterarie si ricordano gl’ “Horoi,” titolo in greco che corrisponde al latino definitiones, e i Libri XVIII iuris civilis. sistema muziano.  GRICEVS: Salvē, Scaevola pontifex. Apud Vadum Boum noster quidam—Hart—Facultātem LITTERĀRVM HVMANIŌRVM reliquit et ad paene opificinam FACVLTĀTEM IVRISPRVDENTIAE transiit: ego fateor, inde eum minus “tragicē” sumere coepī. SCEVOLA: Salvē, Grice. Nōn est opificina, sed officina reī pūblicae. Nam sine iūre, litterae ipsae vagantur; et sine litterīs, iūs fit mutus. GRICEVS: Fortasse; sed miror quanta fidūciā quis se dicat “doctum” statim atque ad iūs accessit—quasi toga statim sapientiam pariat. Et, ut vērē dīcam, apud Vadum Boum interdum vidētur quasi iūs sibi velit ipsam scholam esse, nōn tantum scholārum hospes. SCEVOLA: Audāx inplicātūra tua, illic, Grice; sed moneō: iūdex, etiamsi minus otiosus est quam philosophus tuus vulgāris hortulānus, tamen sedēre sinendus est—in vīcō (vel “TOWN,” ut barbarī vocant) sī nōn in togā (vel “GOWN,” ut barbarī vocant); an e conversō? Disciplina enim locum suum habet, et potestas suum: neque forum scholam devoret, neque schola forum contemnat. Scevola, Quinto Muzio Maggiore (a. u. c. DCLX). Libri XVIII iuris civilis.  Roma.

Quinto Muzio Scevola (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale dell’augure -- Quintus Mucius Scaevola’s stance in defense of Gaius Marius, articulated in the senate under armed threat, exemplifies a form of reason-governed conversational agency that strikingly anticipates Grice’s account of meaning as constrained by rational norms rather than by force, fear, or mere causal pressure: Scaevola’s utterance does not function as rhetoric, augury, or intimidation, but as a public act whose authority derives from shared expectations about what counts as a justified judgment within a political and legal conversation, namely that one does not call an enemy a man who saved the city, regardless of surrounding coercion; in Gricean terms, Scaevola exploits the cooperative framework of civic discourse, making explicit that no amount of external threat can cancel the standing reasons that license a verdict, and thereby generates an implicature about the limits of power itself, since the soldiers “surrounding the Curia” are shown to be conversationally irrelevant to the validity of the judgment; just as Grice insists that meaning and reason operate through norms that speakers mutually recognize and uphold, Scaevola’s remark demonstrates that rational authority in conversation can defeat intimidation precisely because it is answerable to public criteria of judgment rather than to outcomes, revealing a shared insight across centuries that logos, when properly enacted, binds speakers more strongly than fear and secures the possibility of law, conversation, and δημόσια κρίσις alike. MIHI AGMINA MILITVM QVIBVS CVRIAM CIRCVMSEDISTI LICET MORTEM IDENTIDEM MINITERIS NVMQVAM TAMEN EFFICIES VT PROPTER EXIGVVM SENILEMQVE SANGVINEM MEVM MARIVM A QVO VRBS ET ITALIA CONSERVATA EST HOSTEM IVDICEM. Console della repubblica romana. Augure. Gens: Mucia. Edile, tribuno della plebe, pretore, console. Politico romano vissuto durante il periodo della repubblica ed un esperto di diritto romano. Da non confondere col pontifice, autore degl’ “Annales Maximi.” Venne educato in legge dal padre e in filosofia da Panezio di Rodi, filosofo del portico. Venne eletto tribune, edile, e pretore. Inviato come governatore nelle province dell'Asia,inore. Tornato a Roma, dove difendersi da un'accusa di estorsione rivoltagli da Tito Albucio da cui riusce a difendersi. Venne eletto console. S. ha grande interesse per la legge e gl’affari all'interno di Roma. Trasmitte la sua conoscenza del diritto romano ad alcuni dei più famosi oratori di quei tempi, tra cui Cicerone e Attico. Difende Gaio Mario dalla mozione di Silla che lo vuole rendere nemico del popolo, asserendo che mai avrebbe approvato un tale disonore per un uomo che aveva salvato Roma. Cicerone utilizza la figura del suo maestro come interlocutore in tre opere: “De oratore”, “De amicitia”, e “De re publica”. S., su sapere.it, De Agostini. S. su Enciclopedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Predecessore Console romano Successore Marco Porcio Catone e Quinto Marcio Re con Lucio Cecilio Metello Diademato Quinto Fabio Massimo Eburno e Gaio Licinio Geta. Portale Antica Roma   Portale Biografie Categorie: Politici romani Consoli repubblicani romani Mucii Auguri Governatori romani dell'Asia.  Gaio Mario. Se stai cercando il figlio di Gaio Mario, vedi Gaio Mario il Giovane.  GRICEVS: Salvē, Scaevola augur. Audīvī tē in contiōne tam constanter stetisse pro Mariō, ut Sulla ipse pallēsceret—nōn propter aves, sed propter verba. SCEVOLA: Salvē, Grice. Verba quoque auguria sunt, sī recte audiās. Sed quid tibi vidētur de illīs quī, glādiō cinctī, iūs perterrēre volunt? GRICEVS: MIHI AGMINA MILITVM QVIBVS CVRIAM CIRCVMSEDISTI LICET MORTEM IDENTIDEM MINITERIS NVMQVAM TAMEN EFFICIES VT PROPTER EXIGVVM SENILEMQVE SANGVINEM MEVM MARIVM A QVO VRBS ET ITALIA CONSERVATA EST HOSTEM IVDICEM. SCEVOLA: Sapiens inplicātūra tua, Grice—sed quid aliud ex sapientulō talī exspectāre possumus? Nam dum Mariō favēre videris, simul ostendis istōs “agmina” nihil posse efficere nisi strepitum: senex enim, si iūdicium tenet, hostem hostem appellāre recusat—et iūs ipsō metu fortius est. Scevola, Quinto Muzio (a. u. c.  DCXXXVII). Dicta. Roma.

Publio Cornelio Scipione Emiliano Africano Minore (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del circolo degli Scipioni. The comparison between Grice and Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus brings out two historically distant but structurally similar forms of reason‑governed conversation, one theorized and the other embodied. Grice’s theory explains conversational meaning through rational principles that regulate how interlocutors cooperate, infer intentions, and derive implicatures beyond what is explicitly said, treating conversation as a norm‑governed practice among equals. Scipio’s conversational rationality, as exercised within the so‑called Circle of the Scipios, operates less as an explicit theory than as a cultivated practice centered on moral discourse, political judgment, and philosophical exchange, heavily influenced by Stoic ethics and Xenophon’s ideal of leadership. As a patron rather than a formal philosopher, Scipio governs conversation by maintaining order, focus, and moral seriousness, ensuring that speech does not dissolve into faction or spectacle but remains oriented toward the res publica and virtus. In Gricean terms, Scipio exemplifies an authoritative conversational center: someone whose presence stabilizes expectations of relevance, sincerity, and purpose without suppressing plurality of voices. Where Grice abstracts conversational reason into general maxims applicable in any setting, Scipio incarnates those norms socially, showing how conversational meaning can be reason‑governed through moral authority, cultural prestige, and shared intellectual commitments. Together they show that conversational rationality can exist both as a formal analytic structure and as a lived civic practice, with Grice providing the explicative framework and Scipio the historical model of its successful realization. Si trova al centro del più antico portico romano. Console, distrugge Cartagine, ottenne la censura, dirige un’ambasciata in Oriente, e di nuovo console, distrugge Numanzia. È un appassionato lettore della "Ciropedia" di Senofonte e ha tendenza del Portico. Forse, anche per questo motivo, da alle sue orazioni contenuto morale e vi dipinta la corruzione. A statesman, military leader, and scholar. More a patron of philosophers than a philosopher himself, he is particularly close to Panezio. Cicerone regards him sufficiently highly to include him as character of some of his philosophical works. He is much admired for his courage and moral integrity. C UM in Africani veniftem, M. Manilio z Confuti ad quartam legionem Tribunus, ut fcitis, militum ; nihil mihi potiusfuit, quam ut $ Mafmiffam convenirem, regem farri il \x noftrsejuftis decauflis amicìfllmum * Ad quem ut veni, complexus me (enex collacrymavit : aliquantoque polì (ulpexit in calum, Grate (inquic) tibi ago, furarne Sol, vobifque, 4 rel qui Caelites; quod, antequam ex bac vita migro, confpicio in meo regno et histe&is P. Cornelium Sci* pionem, cujus egO nomine ipfo recreor .* ita numquam ex animo meo difcedit illius Optimi atque invitìiffìmi viri memoria, Deinde ego illum de fuo regno, illemd denofìra Repub. percontatus eft : multifque verbis uttro citroque habitis, i 1 le nobis confumptus eli dies « Poftautem regio apparatu accepti, fermcnemin multata nodem produximns; cumfenex nìtiil nifi de Africano loqueretur, omnìaque eius non fafta folnm, fed ttiam di&a m^miniflet; deinde, ut cubitum difcedi. mus, me et de via fefl'um, et qui ad multam noflem vi t Seipio . Figliuola di Lucia Emilio Paolo Macedonico, adottato da Scipittne figliuolo dell* Affici cano il maggiore, che diflrutfe Cartagine e Numanzla nell'anno 609 Or etto nella difputa di Repubblica follenea cotitra l' oppln Ione di Filo, che tanto era falfo non poterli lenza commettere inglnftiiie la Repubblica governare. Silio, il sogno di Scipione.  GRICEVS: Salvē, Scīpiō! Audīvī tē in mediō circulō tuō sedēre—Panētius ad latus, Cicero in auribus, et Roma tota quasi in porticū tuo ambulāre. SCIPIO: Salvē, Grice. Si in mediō videor, id est quia multī ad mensam veniunt: alius de re pūblicā, alius de moribus, alius de Xenophontis Ciropediā—ego autem conor ne sermō in tumultum vertātur. GRICEVS: Bene facis. Nam saepe fit ut, dum quis “patrōnum philosophōrum” laudat, idem tacitē confiteātur sē indigēre philosophiā—quasi gladius sine manū. Et, ut veniam mihi dēs, si ordinem paululum turbō: mirum quam facile circulus fiat centrum—et quam longe sit centrum ab illo Vado Boum quod ego iocōsē nomināre soleō, ubi tamen quoque quisque sibi principem facit, saltem in disputātiōne. SCIPIO: Inplicātūra tua erudīta est, Grice! Et ignōsce, quaeso, hanc translātiōnem: circulus noster—immo omnis circulus—id agit, ut aliquem in mediō collocet, sive is Scīpiō sit sive quis ex longinquō Vado Boum advehātur. Sed ita est, cārissime: ubi sermō sapit, ibi centrum nascitur; ubi centrum nascitur, ibi et “Roma” fit—etiamsi porticus tantum imaginaria est. Scipione, Publio Cornelio S. Emiliano Africano Minore (a. u. c. DLXIX). Dicta. Roma

Pietro Sclavione (Abano, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e il lizio di Padova. The comparison between Grice and Pietro Sclavione highlights two different but compatible ways of grounding reason in human communication, one pragmatic and inferential, the other naturalistic and physiological. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning explains how communication works at the level of shared rational expectations: speakers rely on cooperation, relevance, and intention recognition to generate meanings that go beyond what is literally said, and these meanings are regulated by norms that are epistemic rather than biological. Sclavione, by contrast, approaches conversation from the perspective of the Paduan naturalist tradition associated with Abano, explaining speech and communication as functions rooted in the body, governed by causal mechanisms of sensation, articulation, and neural organization. Where Grice is concerned with how rational agents infer meaning in dialogue, Sclavione is concerned with how speech is physically produced and received, replacing theological explanations with natural causes. Yet the two converge in their rejection of mystery as an explanatory endpoint: Grice refuses to explain meaning by appeal to convention alone without reasoned inference, while Sclavione refuses to explain speech by miracle rather than nature. Grice abstracts from physiology to describe the normative structure of conversational reasoning, whereas Sclavione grounds communication in the natural sciences while still assuming Aristotelian rational order. Together, they show how conversational reason can be understood both as a biological capacity developing in time and as a rational practice governed by rules of inference, with Grice operating at the level of meaning and justification, and Sclavione at the level of causal and functional explanation.Grice: “La ragione conversazionale e l lizio di Padova – la scuola d’Abano -- filosofia veneta -- filosofia italiana S. inspired later Italian philosophers by establishing a strictly naturalist and Aristotelian framework for human functions, including speech and communication. His non-conformism, which led to two Inquisition trials, challenges theological explanations by replacing "miraculous" causes with natural, causal mechanisms. Foundations for Naturalist Communication S.’s s influence on the philosophy of language and communication stems from his physiological treatment of these topics in works like the “Expositio Problematum”: Biological Basis of Speech: He identifies a specialised physical "speech centre" in the brain connected to specific cranial nerves, treating communication as a biological function rather than a purely spiritual or divine gift. Mechanics of Articulation: He describes speech as a physical process where the tongue "strikes" air to give sound a definite shape, providing a materialist foundation for how human thought becomes vocalised. Separation of Senses: By distinguishing the physical development of hearing from that of speech organs (like the tongue), he establishes a developmental, naturalist time-line for human communication.  Influence on Later Philosophers S.'s "science of sciences" approach made Padova a premier centre for Aristotelianism, influencing generations of thinkers to seek natural explanations for human behaviour.  Paduan School of Medicine: He founds a tradition that prioritized empirical observation and Aristotelian logic over religious authority. This environment eventually nurtures Renaissance thinkers like Pomponazzi, who further the naturalist study of the soul and human nature. The reception of pseudo-Aristotle via Abano’s edition. filosofia della lingua.  Grice: Caro Sclavione, che piacere poterti finalmente chiamare per il tuo vero cognome, e non semplicemente "da Abano"! Sarebbe come se mi chiamassero "da Harborne" — una formalità che non rende giustizia all’identità personale.  Sclavione: Grice, la tua attenzione al nome mi onora! Troppo spesso la storia ci appioppa etichette geografiche, dimenticando che dietro ogni "da Abano" o "da Harborne" c’è un pensatore con una sua voce unica.  Grice: E proprio quella voce, caro Sclavione, ha aperto strade nuove nel modo di intendere la comunicazione. La tua visione naturalista ha influenzato generazioni di filosofi, portando la conversazione su basi più concrete e fisiologiche.  Sclavione: Mi fa piacere che tu colga questo aspetto. Cercare le cause naturali, piuttosto che miracolose, è stato per me più che una scelta filosofica: una necessità. Così il nostro parlare diventa davvero umano, radicato nella natura e non solo nel mistero. Sclavione, Pietro (1390). Conciliator differentiarum philosophorum et medicorum. Padova.

Pietro Sclavione The comparison between Grice and Pietro Sclavione shows how reason‑governed conversational meaning can be understood both as a formal normative structure and as a culturally inflected practice. Grice’s theory explains meaning in conversation by appeal to rational cooperation, where humor, understatement, and timing generate implicatures because speakers are presumed to act intelligently and purposively toward mutual understanding. In the lighthearted exchange with Sclavione, humor itself functions as evidence of rational control, not as distraction, illustrating Grice’s claim that conversational effectiveness depends on sensitivity to context, audience, and shared background assumptions. Sclavione’s Neapolitan perspective, as reflected in Elementi di filosofia, implicitly reinforces this view by treating reason as something that flourishes in lived circumstances rather than abstract isolation: inference improves when embedded in everyday practices such as conversation over coffee. While Grice abstracts reason into general maxims governing all competent speakers, Sclavione embodies reason as tempered by style, wit, and local intellectual habit, suggesting that rationality in conversation is not diminished by humor but often expressed through it. Together they reveal that reason‑governed meaning can be both formally analyzable and socially cultivated, with Grice providing the theory of how such meaning works and Sclavione exemplifying how it feels when practiced well. Grice: Caro Sclavione, ho appena letto i tuoi Elementi di filosofia e confesso che sono rimasto colpito dal fatto che tu riesca a parlare di tutto senza mai perdere il senso dell’umorismo, che è già una massima conversazionale implicita. Sclavione: Carissimo Grice, a Napoli si impara presto che la ragione funziona meglio se accompagna il caffè, altrimenti l’inferenza resta amara. Grice: Questo spiega perché le tue premesse sembrano sempre più robuste dopo colazione, mentre le conclusioni arrivano solo verso sera, quando la conversazione è ben avviata.Sclavione: E tu, Grice, dovresti ammettere che senza un po’ di spirito partenopeo anche la cooperazione conversazionale rischia di sembrare una riunione senza biscotti. Sclavione, Pietro (1849). Elementi di filosofia. Napoli: s.n.

Lorenzo Scupoli (Otranto, Taranto, Puglia): Grice: “La ragione conversazionale della lotta coll’angelo – la lotta dell’angelo e il demonio. The comparison between Grice and Lorenzo Scupoli brings into focus two complementary but distinct ways in which reason governs human life, one centered on conversation and the other on inner moral struggle. For Grice, reason‑governed conversational meaning arises from the assumption that speakers are rational agents engaged in cooperative exchanges, where what is meant is shaped by shared expectations, inferential norms, and the capacity to recognize and evaluate intentions. Meaning, on this view, is a public, intersubjective achievement regulated by rational principles that allow speakers to navigate misunderstanding, temptation toward obscurity, and strategic deviation. Scupoli, by contrast, situates reason in the interior arena of the soul, where it must govern passions through disciplined self‑knowledge and temperance; his “combat” is not conversational but spiritual, a struggle between a higher, reasonable will and the impulses of sense. Yet the affinity between them is clear: Scupoli’s insistence that reason must continually monitor, correct, and supervise inner movements parallels Grice’s insistence that rational scrutiny underwrites meaningful communication. In both cases, reason is not merely theoretical but practical and normative, guiding action through self‑regulation, whether that action takes the form of moral conduct or conversational contribution. Where Scupoli frames reason as the inner governor that makes moral life possible regardless of emotion, Grice frames it as the shared rational background that makes understanding possible despite divergence of interests or motives. Together, they show how reason can be both an interior discipline and a public principle, governing the battle within the self and the cooperative exchange between selves. S.’s  The Spiritual Combat functions as a bridge between the Graeco-Roman tradition of "spiritual exercises" and the rationalist moral rigour of later Continental and non-conformist philosophers like Kant. Graeco-Roman Basis: Temperance and Reason S.s methodology is deeply rooted in the Classical concept of philosophy as a "way of life" (bios) rather than a mere academic pursuit.  The Primacy of Reason: Much like the Stoics, S. posits a "superior will" or "reasonable will" that must govern the "will of sense". The combat is essentially the struggle of reason over passion, mirroring the Stoic goal of apatheia (freedom from suffering through the control of impulses). Temperance as Strategy: His exercises focus on temperance — the disciplined regulation of desires. He provides practical "spiritual tactics," such as identifying specific internal weaknesses and using repetitive acts to form new habits of virtue, echoing Aristotle’s habituation and the Stoic practice of askēsis. Socratic Self-Knowledge: The starting point for S. is "self-mis-trust" based on rigorous self-evaluation, which mirrors the Socratic injunction to "know thyself" and the awareness of one’s own ignorance as the beginning of wisdom. Connection to Kant and Rationalist Philosophers While S. is a Catholic Theatine, his emphasis on internal duty and universal moral laws aligns with the ecumenical rationalism found in later Continental thought.  Moral Rigorism and Duty: S.’s insistence that one must fight passions regardless of emotional fervour finds a parallel in Kant’s Categorical Imperative. Both emphasise that moral value lies in acting from duty (reason-guided will) rather than inclination or sentiment. continentia, temperanza. Grice: Caro Scupoli, devo confessarti che due fonti hanno ispirato il mio personale pellegrinaggio alla città della verità eterna: da bambino, mia madre ci leggeva a me e a mio fratello il classico di Bunyan, ma ciò che mi ha acceso davvero il desiderio di ricerca è stata anche la lettura del tuo capolavoro, "Il Combattimento Spirituale"! Scupoli: Grice, che gioia sentire queste parole! Il mio intento era proprio aiutare chiunque volesse affrontare la propria battaglia dell’anima. È curioso come la voce di una madre abbia intrecciato la mia con quella di Bunyan: alla fine, tutti lottiamo con i nostri angeli e i nostri demoni, non credi? Grice: Assolutamente, caro amico! E mi colpisce come tu abbia posto la ragione al centro del combattimento interiore, quasi anticipando le riflessioni dei razionalisti moderni. La tua insistenza sulla temperanza e la conoscenza di sé mi hanno insegnato che il vero viaggio filosofico inizia dall’ascolto dei propri limiti. Scupoli: Vedi, Grice, per attraversare quella città ideale bisogna, prima di tutto, vincere le tempeste interiori con costanza e disciplina. Se le mie pagine ti hanno incoraggiato su questa strada, sono davvero contento: dopotutto, come dice il proverbio, "la via più lunga inizia sempre dal primo piccolo passo dentro di noi". Scupoli, Lorenzo (1589). Il combattimento spirituale. Venezia: Giolito de’ Ferrari

Sebasmio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale della classe romana. The comparison between Grice and Sebasmio brings out a fundamental contrast between a universal, reason‑governed pragmatics and a historically embedded, class‑sensitive conception of conversational meaning. For Grice, conversational meaning is governed by rational principles that operate independently of social rank: implicatures arise because speakers are presumed to be cooperative, relevant, and oriented toward mutual understanding, and these presuppositions apply equally to any competent conversational agent. Sebasmio, by contrast, represents a specifically Roman understanding of conversational reason, in which meaning is inseparable from civic stratification and aristocratic self‑placement. In his dialogue with Grice, the very term classis carries unavoidable implicatures of precedence, authority, and priority, shaping what can be meant before anything is explicitly said. Where Grice treats such implicatures as incidental, cancellable by clarification, Sebasmio treats them as structurally constitutive of conversation within Roman elite culture. Reason, for Sebasmio, does not merely regulate inference between speakers but orders them socially in advance, so that conversational meaning both reflects and reinforces hierarchy. The result is that Grice’s theory abstracts reason from social identity in order to explain how meaning is coordinated, whereas Sebasmio’s view embeds reason within class consciousness, explaining how conversational meaning serves as a medium through which Roman aristocratic order is continuously enacted. S. is a philosopher mentioned on a list of philosophers belonging to the Roman aristocracy.  GRICEVS: Salvē, Sebasmī. Audio tē inter philosophōs aristocratiae Rōmānae numerārī: pulchrum est—sed perīculōsum; nam quī in indicem intrat, statim putat sē iam sapientem. SEBASMIVS: Salvē, Grice. In indice esse leve est; in vitā gravissimum. Sed, fateor, Rōmānī etiam philosophiam per ordines distribuere amant, quasi virtūs ipsa censū metiatur. GRICEVS: Ita. Et cum dīcitis “classis,” mihi subit non tantum scholastica divisio, sed classis navium—prima, secunda, tertia: unde fit ut quisque, dum de “clāsse” loquitur, iam se prōrae admoveat, nec umquam remigem se esse patiatur. SEBASMIVS: Inplicātūra prīmae classis, Grice! Nam tu, dum de “clāsse” iocāris, ostendis quomodo nōn sōlum in portū sed etiam in philosophia quisque prīmum locum occupāre cupiat. Et hoc ipsum Cicerō sensit, cum ἀριστοκρατίαν Latīnē reddere conārētur: verbum Graecum exotice sonat, sed Rōmānus statim rogat, “Quis in prīmā clāssē est?” Ego autem—nē minimam quidem horam dubitō—sī quando alteram clāssēm agnōscere opus sit, prīmārum prīmus me esse oportet: nam nisi prīmum agnōscam, quōmodo alterum agnōscam? Sebasmio (a. u. c. DCXC). De ratione conversationis et classe civili. Roma.

Secondo (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale della gnosi romana. The contrast between Grice and Secondo (as presented through the lens of Ippolytus’s account of Roman gnosis) highlights two sharply different conceptions of how reason governs meaning in discourse. For Secondo, conversational reason is fundamentally revelatory: speech gestures toward an ontological divide between light and darkness, truth and illusion, with meaning residing in what is hidden, disclosed only to those who know how to read signs against a corrupted world. Talk is therefore diagnostic rather than cooperative, aimed at orienting the listener toward a metaphysical allegiance rather than at coordinating shared understanding. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning moves in the opposite direction. Meaning is not secured by appeal to a cosmic opposition but by the rational coordination of speakers who presume cooperation, relevance, and mutual intelligibility. Where Secondo treats obscurity as a mark of profundity, Grice treats it as something to be managed, explained, or cancelled through implicature. In the imagined exchange, this difference becomes clear: Secondo accepts darkness as the medium of truth, whereas Grice insists that even talk of darkness presupposes shared lamps—linguistic conventions and inferential expectations that make communication possible at all. Grice thus internalizes reason within conversational practice itself, while Secondo externalizes it into a pre‑given metaphysical drama, making Grice’s pragmatics a theory of how meaning is negotiated among equals, and Secondo’s gnosis a theory of how meaning is disclosed from above. According to Ippolito di Roma, a gnostic who believes that the world is divided into light and darkness.  GRICEVS: Salvē, Secunde. Audio te, more gnostico, mundum in lucem atque tenebrās partīrī—quasi Roma ipsa nocte et die alternāret, et nihil inter esset nisi umbra tabernāria. SECONDVS: Salvē, Grice. Ita est: lux est de superīs, tenebrae de deorsum; miscētur autem hoc saeculum, et ideo homines ipsi nescīunt cui parti serviant. GRICEVS: Intellegō. Sed saepe animadvertō (cum de lūce loquimur) nos ipsōs caliginem facere: quis enim tam crebrō “tenebrās” nominat nisi is qui aliquid quaerit quod nōn statim ostendī possit? Ita fit ut, dum tu de lūce disputās, ego magis de lampade cogitem—ut saltem verba tua inveniant quo cadant.SECONDVS: Inplicātūram obscūram, Grice, sed leviōrem quam putābam—atque, fateor, ita fit quotiēns, cārissime, in angiportū Rōmae tenebrōsissimō nocte mediā colloqueris! Quid enim “cancellāre” opus est? Tu etiam in obscūrō lucem facis, dum signīs iam positīs uteris—et, quasi gnosticus invitus, tenebrās meas ipsās illustrās. Secondo (a. u. c. CMLXXXVIII). Dialogus de luce et tenebris. Roma.

Secondo (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del cinargo romano. In the figure of Secondo, Grice encounters an extreme and illuminating boundary case for his theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning. Grice’s framework presupposes that conversational meaning arises from intentions made manifest within a cooperative exchange, where what is said and what is meant are regulated by shared rational norms and expectations. Secondo appears, at first glance, to suspend conversation altogether by means of his vow of silence, yet his conduct reveals that rational communicative agency need not vanish with the withdrawal from speech. By answering Hadrian in writing, and by treating silence itself as a meaningful, disciplined act, Secondo preserves intentional control over meaning while refusing ordinary conversational participation. This sharply contrasts with Grice’s typical cases, which assume spoken interaction and reciprocal uptake, but it ultimately reinforces Grice’s core insight: meaning is governed by reason rather than by mere sound production. Secondo shows that conversational rationality can be displaced into restraint, delay, and alternative media, where intention is preserved and audience sensitivity remains intact. In this sense, silence functions not as a violation of conversational rationality but as a deliberate, rationally grounded modulation of it, highlighting that for Gricean theory the essence of conversational meaning lies in intentional governance and mutual intelligibility, not in speech as such.

Tacito. A Pythagorean, he acquires the nickname on account of a vow of silence he takes. Although some regard him as a Pythagorean, he appears to have led the life of the Cinargo. Even Adriano can not get to break his vow – although S. may have provided written answers to some of the philosophical questions Adriano poses. GRICEVS: Salvē, Secunde! Dic mihi, quid philosophus faciat cum silentium iuravit: disputat an dormit? SECONDVS: Salvē, Gricevs. Nihil dicere est summa sapientia: verba mea rara sicut aurum Pythagoreum. GRICEVS: At si silentium thesaurus est, tu divitissimus es! Sed Adriano scriptam responsionem das, nonne? SECONDVS: Ita vero! Scribo, ut verba non vento, sed papyro effluant. Qui tacet, non semper dormit—fortasse scribit! Secondo (a. u. c. DCCCLXXVIII). De silentio et ratione conversatoria. Roma

Gaio Sellio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale dell’allievo di Filone. In the figure of Gaius Sellius, as presented in the exchange with Grice, we see a conception of conversational reason that aligns closely with Grice’s theory while grounding it in pedagogical and cultural practice rather than abstract rule. Grice’s account of reason‑governed conversational meaning emphasizes that what is meant in conversation is shaped by rational expectations, shared intentions, and an implicit commitment to cooperation, even when speakers deviate from literal norms. Sellius embodies this same commitment, but as a pupil formed within Philo’s Stoic discipline, where reason governs not only utterance but demeanor, silence, movement, and tone. His insistence that truth must be said well anticipates Grice’s insight that meaning is not exhausted by propositional content, but depends on how that content is presented and taken up by an audience. Yet where Grice theorizes these phenomena in terms of implicature, maxims, and the calculability of speaker intention, Sellius presents them as a cultivated habit learned through example and correction, in which gravity of doctrine is balanced by conversational lightness. Both figures thus converge on the idea that conversation is rationally ordered without being rigid, but Sellius locates that order in the ethical and educational formation of the speaker, while Grice articulates it as a general framework governing conversational meaning across contexts. Pupil of Filo at Rome.  GRICEVS: Salvē, Sellī. Audīvī tē apud Rōmānōs Philōnis discipulum esse: dic mihi, utrum plus in scholā discātur an in ipsō ambulationis strepitū? SELLIVS: Salvē, Grice. Apud Philōnem, etiam silentium docet: ambulāmus, sed mens sedet; disputāmus, sed animus regitur—Stoicē, sed nōn sine salsā urbanitāte Rōmānā. GRICEVS: Bene. (At saepe fit ut discipulus, dum “scholam” laudat, magis magistrum quam doctrīnam amet; et dum “Philōnem” nominat, iam dimidiam sententiam reliquā partī parat.) Itaque rogō: tu Philōnem sequeris quia verum dicit, an quia bene dicit? SELLIVS: Ego, ut decet discipulum, dīcam “verum”; sed, ut decet Rōmānum, intellegam “bene.” Nam apud Philōnem, Grice, verum ita proponitur ut et animus moveātur et superbia frangātur: ita fit ut doctrina sit gravis, sed sermo levis—et uterque utilis. Sellio, Gaio (a. u. c. DCLXVIII). De ratione conversatoria. Roma.

Lucio Sellio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del fratello. Sellio’s position, as dramatized in the passage, anticipates key elements of Grice’s later theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning, but it does so from a markedly different angle. Where Grice analyses conversation in terms of shared rational principles, maxims, and calculable implicatures that regulate what is meant beyond what is said, Sellio emphasizes the lived texture of conversational reason as it emerges within personal, fraternal exchange. For Grice, the orderliness of conversation depends on an impersonal cooperative framework that interlocutors implicitly respect, even when they flout it for effect; for Sellio, conversational reason is first experienced as a practice learned with and through others, especially those bound by familiarity, affection, and tacit understanding. The culinary metaphors in Sellio’s remarks capture something Grice later theorizes abstractly: that excess, irony, and play are tolerable, even productive, so long as they presuppose a shared orientation toward rational exchange. Yet Sellio’s emphasis differs in kind: he treats conversational reason less as a system of norms governing meaning and more as a cultivated sensibility, one refined by intimacy and moderated by judgment, exemplified in the fraternal dialogue that Philo oversees rather than engineers. In this way, Sellio complements Grice by embodying, at the social and ethical level, the very rational discipline that Grice reconstructs at the conceptual level: both agree that conversation is not mere talk, but Sellio roots that insight in relational practice, while Grice renders it into theory.

Pupil of Filone at Rome – possibly Gaio Sellio’s brother. GRICEVS: Salvē, Sellī! Dic mihi: utrum magis tibi placet ratio conversatōria fraterna, an illa discipulōrum apud Fīlonem? SELLIVS: O Gricevs, ratio fratēris semper dulcior est! Disputāre cum Gaio, fratre meō, est quasi cōquī duo in eādem culīnā – interdum piper addimus, interdum sal, sed semper finis est disputatio, non cena. GRICEVS: Ha! Bene dixisti, Sellī! Sed cave: si disputatio nimis salīta fiat, fortasse Fīlo ipse interveniet ut saporem philosophiae servet. SELLIVS: Et tamen, Grice, Fīlo ipse saepe ridebat, cum fratres inter se “condirent” disputationem: “salem,” inquit, “philosophia amat; sed si nimium salis addideritis, nemo amplius sitiet veritatem—tantum vinum petet.” Sellio, Lucio (a. u. c. DCCIV). Dicta de Ratione Conversatoria Fraterna. Roma.

Giuseppe Semerari (Taranto, Puglia): Grice: “La ragione conversazionale e il principio del dialogo in Socrate. Grice’s account of reason-governed conversational meaning and Giuseppe Semerari’s philosophy of dialogue intersect most clearly around the status of dialogue as the medium in which reason becomes visible, while differing in how far that rationality is formalized. For Grice, conversational reason is procedural and local: meaning arises through speaker intentions interpreted against shared maxims, and dialogue is governed by norms that make mutual understanding possible without guaranteeing final agreement. Implicature is thus a rational achievement of interlocutors moment by moment, inherently provisional and always open to revision. Semerari, by contrast, understands dialogue in a more historical and communal sense, drawing on both Socrates and Vico to frame philosophical reason as an experiential and collective process. Dialogue is not merely a technique for clarifying meanings but the very form of philosophy, a lived encounter in which the individual self emerges through relation to others and to a shared historical world. Where Grice treats incompleteness as a pragmatic feature of conversational inference, Semerari elevates incompleteness to a constitutive principle of philosophy itself, a safeguard against dogmatism rooted in the Vichian idea that truth belongs primarily to the human, historical domain. In this light, Grice’s theory can be read as supplying the micro-rational mechanics of dialogue—the inferential discipline that keeps conversation coherent—while Semerari supplies its macro-philosophical justification, grounding dialogical reason in intersubjectivity, community, and historical becoming. Grice explains how dialogue works; Semerari explains why dialogue must remain open, shared, and ethically charged as the enduring horizon of philosophical reason. S. integrates the Socratic principle of dialogue with the Vico-centric tradition by framing philosophy as a relational, historical experience that bridges individual consciousness and universal human structures. Socratic Dialogue as Methodological Foundation S. interprets the Socratic method not merely as a pedagogy but as an "experience of philosophical thought". For him, dialogue is the essential tool to explore the underlying beliefs and "inner self" that shape individual views, mirroring the continual probing of the original Socratic method. This dialogic stance serves as a defense against dogmatism, emphasizing that philosophical investigations remain "destined to remain incomplete".  Centering on Vico: The "Intrinsically Italian" Tradition Despite his Socratic leanings, S.’s work is deeply rooted in the Italian tradition of VICO .  The Vico of Carabellese: S. notably explores "Il Vico di Carabellese," linking Vico's historical-humanist philosophy to the ontological perspectives of Carabellese. Verum-Factum Principle: He maintains the Vichian emphasis on history and the "human world" as the primary sphere of truth, where the historical development of society mirrors the development of the individual mind. Historicism: S.’s focus on the "human seed" of philosophy reflects Vico's Scienza, viewing philosophy as an evolving social and historical phenomenon rather than a static metaphysical system.  Connection to Idealistic Trends S. acts as a bridge between classical Italian humanism and the Idealistic trends of his era (such as those represented by Croce and Gentile): fascismo, Gentile, neo-idealismo come intrinseccamente fascista, Croce, Vico, intersoggetivo, io-tu, dialogo, dialogo autentico, comunita, valore comunitario, comunita umana, vico. Grice: Caro Semerari, ogni volta che parliamo di Socrate e del suo “principio del dialogo”, mi viene in mente l’infaticabile curiosità pugliese: sarà che dalle parti di Taranto la filosofia si mescola al vento, e ogni domanda ne porta altre dieci! Dimmi la verità, hai mai visto Socrate smettere di chiedere, nemmeno davanti a un piatto di orecchiette?  Semerari: Ah Grice, se Socrate avesse avuto le orecchiette sarebbe diventato il filosofo più dialogico del Mediterraneo! Eppure, tu lo sai meglio di me: il vero principio del dialogo non si trova nei piatti ma nelle storie, nella capacità di trasformare la filosofia in una esperienza collettiva, come dice Vico, nata dal seme umano della storia. Grice: Certo, caro Semerari, ma a pensarci bene, questo “principio del dialogo” socratico è stato così tenace che Socrate l’ha tenuto stretto… proprio fino alla fine! Ecco, magari il vero “principio” è anche un “fine” – come dire, la giornata della cicuta non fu solo la fine del dialogo, ma anche il suo ultimo principio. Socrate, sempre coerente, non ha mai lasciato andare la conversazione… neanche quando non c’era più nessuno da convincere, tranne forse il farmacista! Semerari: La tua implicatura sull’implicatura, Grice, è implicaturale come deve essere, secondo il nostro – così condiviso e così amato – “principio del dialogo”, che è anche una fine del dialogo, dove la fine è la meta, non necessariamente il fine lieto dei melodrammi di Metastasio! D’altronde, in filosofia, la vera conclusione è sempre una nuova apertura… e se c’è una cicuta, almeno beviamo insieme, con lo spirito di Vico che non abbandona mai la comunità umana! Semerari, Giuseppe  (1963). Il pensiero di Husserl. Napoli: Morano. 

Mariano Semmola (Napoli, Campania): Grice: “I FONDAMENTI DELLA PSICOLOGIA RAZIONALE -- la ragione conversazionale della filosofia come istituzione. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning and Mariano Semmola’s conception of philosophy as an institutional, naturalized psychology intersect around their shared concern with reason as a social and human practice, yet they diverge in level and function. Grice localizes rational governance at the micro-level of conversation: meaning emerges from speaker intentions constrained by norms of cooperation, with implicatures arising through the hearer’s rational reconstruction of what it would make sense to mean in a given context. Reason, for Grice, is neither metaphysical nor biological but practical and inferential, operating within ordinary language use and correcting itself through dialogue. Semmola, by contrast, treats reason as an institutional and anthropological phenomenon, rooted in the natural human organism and stabilized through systematic philosophical education. His psychologia rationalis absorbs logic, metaphysics, and language into a unified civil project, where language functions as the primary vehicle for transmitting ideas within a community and philosophy itself becomes an enduring social institution rather than an episodic exchange. From a Gricean perspective, Semmola’s system foregrounds the background conditions of conversational rationality—the embodied brain, sensory experience, shared linguistic inheritance—rather than the inferential mechanics of particular utterances. Where Grice explains how understanding is negotiated moment by moment under defeasible norms, Semmola explains why such negotiation is possible at all, grounding rational discourse in the natural unity of mind and body and in the civic task of philosophy to cultivate intelligible, living thought. The contrast, then, is not opposition but scale: Grice theorizes the rational grammar of conversation, while Semmola theorizes the rational infrastructure—biological, linguistic, and institutional—within which conversation can count as a bearer of meaning and truth. S.’s "Institutiones Philosophiae" remains a significant example of the Italian systematic trend, characterized by an encyclopedic effort to unify diverse fields of knowledge while rooting metaphysical inquiries in physical reality. Italian Systematic Tradition S.’s work embodies the Italian "civil and ethical" vocation of philosophy, which avoids abstract speculation in favour of "living thought" that addresses the human condition directly. His systematic approach integrates:  Origin of Ideas: Grounded in a tradition that mediates between sensism (Gioja, Romagnosi) and the nascent idealism of Serbati, S. explores how cognitive concepts emerge from sensory interaction with the world. Language as a Vehicle: He treats language not just as a tool for communication, but as the essential medium for the "transmission of ideas," aligning with the Italian focus on philology and the social utility of knowledge.  Naturalist Psychologia Rationalis While the term Psychologia Rationalis traditionally referred to the metaphysical study of the soul (as defined by Wolff), S. reinterprets it through a naturalist lens. He avoids the Cartesian separation of mind and body, instead adopting an anthropological approach where the human being is "fully part of nature".  The Centrality of the Brain (Cerebrum) S.’s naturalist outlook is distinguished by his frequent references to the physical man: istituzioni di filosofia, l’istituzione della logica, l’istituzione della metafisica. Grice: Devo ammettere, caro Semmola, che resto sempre affascinato dalla sistematicità con cui hai esplorato le fondamenta della psicologia razionale nella tua "Institutiones Philosophiae". Il tuo approccio enciclopedico e la capacità di unire discipline diverse sono davvero un esempio brillante per la filosofia italiana! Semmola: La tua stima mi onora, Grice. Ho sempre creduto che la filosofia, per essere davvero utile, debba incarnare una vocazione civile ed etica, affrontando concretamente la condizione umana. Per me, la sistematicità non è solo un metodo, ma un modo per rendere la filosofia un’istituzione viva, capace di trasmettere idee e valori attraverso il linguaggio. Grice: Non posso che concordare! La tua integrazione tra sensismo, idealismo e naturalismo mostra come la filosofia debba partire dall’esperienza sensibile per poi elevarsi verso concetti universali, senza perdere il contatto con la realtà fisica. È proprio questo slancio verso il "pensiero vivente" che rende il tuo lavoro così innovativo. Semmola: Grazie, Grice. Per me, il cervello e il linguaggio sono strumenti essenziali nella trasmissione delle idee. Ho cercato di evitare la separazione cartesiana tra mente e corpo, preferendo un approccio antropologico: l’uomo, pienamente inserito nella natura, diventa il vero protagonista della filosofia razionale. D’altronde, come si dice a Napoli, "ogni testa è un tribunale", e solo dialogando possiamo davvero avvicinarci alla verità. Semmola, Mariano  (1869). Sulla dottrina delle fermentazioni. Napoli: Tipografia dell’Accademia Reale delle Scienze

Giovanni Semprini (Bologna, Emilia): implicatura cabalistica nel deutero-esperanto di Pico. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning and Giovanni Semprini’s reading of Pico della Mirandola articulate two sharply different rationalizations of meaning that nonetheless converge on the problem of universality. Grice treats meaning as emerging from the disciplined use of reason in concrete interaction: conversational implicatures are not encoded in symbols themselves but inferred by rational agents operating under shared expectations of cooperation, intelligibility, and restraint. Universality, for Grice, is procedural rather than symbolic: it lies in the recursive accessibility of reasoning practices, not in a privileged language or code. Semprini, by contrast, interprets Pico’s Christian cabala as an attempt to secure universality at the level of symbolic structure itself, transforming letters and numbers into rational characters capable of expressing metaphysical truth directly. In Semprini’s account, cabalistic symbolism functions as a proto-logical system, a speculative lingua universalis in which concordia universalis is achieved not through conversational negotiation but through formal combinatorics grounded in a shared divine architecture of reason. From a Gricean perspective, this ambition risks collapsing communicative meaning into cryptographic display: when symbols require prior initiation rather than mutual rational adjustment, implicature hardens into code and conversation gives way to decipherment. The contrast thus turns on where rational governance is located: for Grice, in the ongoing management of understanding between speakers; for Semprini’s Pico, in a pre-conversational symbolic order meant to guarantee agreement in advance. Grice’s “deutero-esperanto” remains firmly pragmatic and defeasible, while Semprini’s Pico aims at a rationalized sacral language whose elegance threatens to outpace its communicative clarity. Grice: “Implicatura cabalistica nel deutero-esperanto di Pico -- filosofia italiana S.’s interpretation of PICO  identifies his "christian cabala" not merely as mysticism, but as a proto-rationalist system that provides the blueprint for a  lingua universalis (universal language). S. argues that PICO  transforms cabala into a formal logic by utilising its structural components — letters and numbers — as a "characteristic" or symbolic system to achieve universal concord -- concordia universalis.  The Role of Cabalistic Symbolism PICO ’s cabalism led to this universal language through several key conceptual shifts: Mathematical Reduction: PICO  views letters as sub-kinds of images and numbers. S. highlights that by treating the alphabet as a set of mathematical variables, PICO  moves toward a characteristica — a symbolic system where complex metaphysical truths could be calculated rather than just debated. The Sefirot as Rational Attributes: PICO  interprets the ten Sefirot (emanations) as universal attributes or categories of the "supreme Mind". This provides a common framework that, in S.’s view, allows different philosophical traditions – both Platonic and Aristotelian – v. Grice A. D. Code --  to be translated into a single rationalized "lingua". Concordia Universalis: PICO ’s goal is a "universal system of knowledge" that includes all disciplines. S. posits that Pico’s use of cabala is the specific tool that allows him to bridge disparate traditions by identifying a shared "divine purpose and design".  Foundational Reason and the Lingua Universalis S. suggests that PICO ’s cabalistic "magic" is actually a form of speculative logic. Instead of traditional spells, Pico’s "magic" involves the "magical combinations of the sacred alphabet" to reach the first cause.  For S., this represents an  attempt to create a rationalized universal language (a lingua universalis) where symbols (characters) directly represent universal concepts. deuteuro-esperanto di Grice, PICO.  Grice: Semprini, spiegami: davvero Pico voleva una lingua universale—una specie di “deutero‑esperanto”—ma costruita più con alfabeti solenni che con frasi usabili al mercato? Semprini: Proprio così: l’idea è che lettere e numeri diventino una logica simbolica capace di portare a una concordia universalis. Non è (solo) mistero: è un tentativo di metodo, travestito da sacralità. Grice: Capisco… eppure, a orecchio mio, certe combinazioni “sacre” suonano un po’ troppo come un cifrario che si compiace di restare cifrario. Io—che vengo da Vadum Boum e ho un’educazione piuttosto “classica”—quando una lingua sembra richiedere prima la chiave e poi la conversazione, mi viene da chiedermi se stiamo ancora parlando di lingua o di cabinetto delle serrature. Semprini: Implicatura cabalistica la tua, Grice, anche se viene da un gentile integrale come te! Perché stai dicendo: “bella l’ambizione di Pico”, ma anche “se la combinatoria diventa più importante dell’intesa, la lingua universale si riduce a lingua per iniziati”. E in fondo la vera civiltà—occidentale o no—si misura da quanta chiarezza riesce a fare senza rinunciare all’eleganza. Semprini, Giovanni (1921). Giovanni Pico della Mirandola: la fenice degli ingegni. Todi: Atanor.

Antonio Francesco Davide Ambrogio Rosmini Serbati (Rovereto, Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige): la ragione conversazionale del divino nella filosofia italiana. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning and Antonio Rosmini Serbati’s philosophy of language converge in their shared commitment to rational intelligibility while diverging sharply in metaphysical orientation and scope. For Grice, conversational meaning is governed by practical reason operating through cooperative norms and speaker intentions: to mean something is to intend a hearer to recognize that intention, and conversational implicature arises from rational expectations of relevance, sufficiency, truthfulness, and clarity rather than from any intrinsic sanctity of language itself. Serbati, by contrast, situates language within a metaphysical and theological framework in which the verbum is not merely a rational instrument but a participation in ideal being, reflecting the divine source of truth in human cognition; language externalizes the innate “intellectual light,” the idea of being that precedes and grounds all intelligibility. Where Grice’s model is minimalist and methodological, aimed at explaining how finite agents infer meaning without multiplying senses beyond necessity, Serbati’s account is expansive and integrative, binding psychology, metaphysics, and liturgical practice into a single vision in which rational communication is already oriented toward truth as such and ultimately toward God. In this sense, Grice treats reason as the regulator of conversational practice, while Serbati treats reason as illuminated by being and expressed through language, so that conversation becomes not only cooperative inference but also a site where human rationality participates in an objective, even sacred, order of meaning. Grice: S.'s italianità (Italian identity) is deeply intertwined with a non-conformist approach to religion that seeks to reconcile Catholic tradition with modern liberal and nationalist ideals. His legacy as a pioneer of Italian Liberal Catholicism and social justice remains a focal point for understanding the intellectual roots of the Risorgimento. Religious Non-Conformism and the Verbum S.’s "non-conformism" stems from his desire to reform the Church from within, specifically addressing what he called the "five wounds" of the Church, which included the separation of the people from the clergy in liturgy and the need for a better-educated clergy.  Sacrality of the Verbum: Rooted in the Roman tradition of the sacrality of the verbum (the word), S. views language not merely as a tool for communication but as a vehicle for ideal being — a reflection of The Genitor -- God -- in humankind that participates in eternal truth. The Liturgical Word: His call for greater lay participation in the liturgy is a direct application of this sacrality, arguing that the "word" of the liturgy should be accessible and transformative for all believers, rather than a shielded clerical secret.  Psychology and the Theory of La Lingua S.’s psychology-based theory of language (la lingua) connects his metaphysical "idea of being" to the cognitive processes of the human subject.  Innate Capacity: He argues that humans possess an innate "intellectual light" that allows them to perceive being. Language is the externalization of this internal psychological process, where the mind's intuition of truth is given form. gl’agiati, Agostino, Aquino, la tradizione Latina italiana.  Grice: Serbati, mi perdoni l’educazione materna: mia madre mi ha sempre insegnato a chiamare un uomo col cognome. Quindi non aspettarti nessun “Rosmini” da parte mia: per me sei Serbati, punto. Serbati: E fai bene: “Rosmini” è per i devoti e per le lapidi; “Serbati” va meglio per una conversazione viva. Però dimmi: che aria tira a Vadum Boum? Grice: Lì ho un allievo, Strawson, che giudica la “rettorica” triviale—ma nel senso etimologico sbagliato, come fosse roba da poco invece che roba da trivio. Io gli rispondo che non è chiaro che cosa intenda: sensus non sunt multiplicandī praeter necessitatem, se mi è concesso… (e mia madre, te lo confesso, usava queste puntigliose regolette soprattutto per stuzzicare mio padre: un non‑conformista che finiva sempre per conformarsi ai suoi capricci). Serbati: Le tue fioriture rettoriche, essendo solo implicate, decorano senza ingombrare, reverendo Grice! Perché lo rimetti in riga senza fare prediche: lo costringi a scegliere un senso “triviale” alla volta—e intanto gli mostri che la rettorica del volgare è proprio ciò che rende la strada maestra, non “da poco”. Serbati, Antonio Francesco Davide Ambrogio Rosmini (1830). Nuovo saggio sull’origine delle idee. Milano: Pogliani

Sereniano (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del cinargo romano. In the Sereniano dialogue, Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning is reframed through a playful Cynic lens that nonetheless preserves its core claim: that meaning in conversation arises from rational cooperation rather than literal form alone. Grice’s joking references to incomplete dialectic and “canine tails” echo his own insistence that logical form is only perfected in use, through shared expectations about relevance, appropriateness, and intention, rather than through formal logic detached from practice; this aligns with his account of conversational implicature, where speakers rely on the hearer’s rational ability to infer what is meant beyond what is said by assuming cooperative rationality. Sereniano, cast as a follower of the Cinargus and a visitor to Emperor Julian, pushes this point further by rooting rational inference in the public, embodied life of Roman culture: philosophy belongs not just to the portico or the academy, but to the forum, where even “dogs” philosophize, that is, where bluntness, mockery, and social provocation function as communicative strategies rather than violations. In this light, Sereniano’s acceptance of Grice’s “cruel implicature” underscores a Cynic–Gricean convergence: apparent breaches of politeness or decorum do not undermine reason‑governed meaning but instead exploit it, trusting the interlocutor to recognize intention, tone, and shared norms. What Grice theorizes abstractly as the rational structure of conversational understanding is dramatized by Sereniano as a culturally inflected practice, where barking replaces syllogizing but inference still rules, suggesting that conversational rationality is robust enough to survive translation from Oxford common rooms to Julian’s Rome without losing its philosophical force.S. was a philosopher who visits the emperor Giuliano. He followed the doctrine of the Cinargo. GRICEVS: Sereniane, saepe dico meam dialecticam Atheniensium numquam perfectam fuisse, praesertim cum Cynargos canes Romam bene calcavisse! Quid putas—dialectica fit completa cum cauda canina? SERENIANVS: O Gricevs, in urbe nostra canes non solum ambulant, sed etiam philosophantur! Forsitan Cinargus doctrina plus valet in foro Romano quam in porticu Atheniensi. GRICEVS: Age vero, doctissime! Ad Cynargos sequendos, fortasse opus est non solum rationibus sed etiam ossibus philosophicis—sed cave, ne te mordant ideae novas! SERENIANVS: Tua implicatura crudelis est, non autem mihi, quia scio ex nobilissimo corde venire, Grice. Sed, si canes Romani discipuli tui fiant, certe sapientia latrare poterunt sine ulla feritate! Sereniano (a. u. c. MCXIV). De latratu rationis in conversatione romana. Roma

Anneo Sereno (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale dell’ondella tranquilità dell’animo. In Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning, communication is understood as a rational, cooperative activity in which speakers intend their utterances to be recognized as such by hearers, and in which meaning routinely exceeds what is explicitly said through conversational implicature, generated by shared assumptions about cooperation and the maxims of quality, quantity, relation, and manner; the brief Grice–Sereno exchange you quote cleverly recasts this modern pragmatic framework in a Stoic key by aligning Grice’s idea that successful conversation is not inert literalism but appropriately structured inference with Seneca’s therapeutic conception of tranquillitas animi as dynamic equilibrium rather than dead calm, a conception explicitly developed in De tranquillitate animi in dialogue with Annaeus Serenus, where mental peace is portrayed as a well‑composed fluctuation of the rational soul rather than torpor. Sereno’s remark about an “implicature of conversational consolation” resonates with this parallel: just as Seneca seeks to restore Serenus’s steadiness through measured dialogue that neither overwhelms nor abandons him, Gricean implicature achieves its effect not by overstatement but by leaving the right things unsaid, trusting the interlocutor’s rational capacities to supply them, so that tranquillity in both cases emerges from reasoned coordination—of maxims in Grice, of desires and judgments in Seneca—rather than from silence or excess, making the comparison suggest that Stoic moral therapy can be read, anachronistically but instructively, as a philosophy of conversation governed by rational restraint and mutual recognition. He belongs to IL PORTICO and is a friend of Seneca. Seneca dedicates some of his works to him. In the dialogue “On the tranquility of mind,” Seneca depicts them discussing the problems S. has with maintaining his firmness of resolve. GRICEVS: Salvē, Serenē Anneī. Audio Senecam tibi libellum dicāre Dē tranquillitāte animī—at mihi vidētur tranquillitas nōn esse mare mortuum, sed unda bene composita. SERENVS: Salvē, Grice. Recte monēs: animus meus interdum fluctuāt; nec tempestātem amat, nec torpōrem. Tranquillitatem quaerō, non nihil. GRICEVS: Ita est. Et quī e Vado Boum sum, hoc didicī: saepe satis est ut unda sit, dummodo nōn evertat navem. (Immo interdum ipsa disputātiō dē quiete, si bene fluit, quietem parit: non quia multa dicit, sed quia aptē tacet.) SERENVS: Inplicātūra tua mihi tranquillitatem animī affert—quod ita esse decet! An eam “inplicātūram solātiōris conversātiōnālis” vocēmus, quae illustrat, nōn dēstruēns sed tantum utens signīs iam positīs. Sereno, Anneo (a. u. c. DCCCXV). De tranquillitate ut ratione conversationis composita. Roma.

Antonio Serra (Dipignano, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale dell’economia filosofica – Antonio Serra and H. P. Grice articulate strikingly parallel conceptions of reason-governed practice, though in radically different domains, by treating rationality as immanent to social processes rather than imposed from outside: Serra, in the Breve trattato, advances a philosophical economics grounded in rational analysis of institutions, law, and policy, shifting inquiry away from scholastic moralism toward a systematic account of how collective wealth emerges from ordered practices such as governance, trade, and legal frameworks, especially as exemplified by Roman institutions, Venice, and Naples, and by logically dismantling purely monetary explanations in favor of an economy of causes calibrated to real effects and institutional coherence; Grice, in turn, develops a theory of conversational meaning in which linguistic exchange is likewise governed by rational economy, where speakers and hearers assume cooperative, purpose-directed reasoning, infer meaning beyond what is said through implicatures, and tacitly observe constraints of sufficiency, relevance, and non-redundancy, encapsulated in what can be read as a Principle of Economy of Rational Effort; in both thinkers, rational order is neither mechanical nor moralistic, but pragmatic and institutional—economic circulation for Serra, conversational circulation for Grice—so that wealth and meaning alike arise from disciplined practices that optimize scarce resources (gold and silver in one case, cognitive and interpretive effort in the other), revealing a shared philosophy in which reason regulates exchange, whether of goods or of ideas, through norms that are at once practical, historical, and non-arbitrary. storia dell’economia romana – massoneria –Grice: “la ragione conversazionale dell’economia filosofica – storia dell’economia romana – massoneria. S., an Italian philosopher and lawyer, pioneers a philosophical approach to economic theory that transitions from medieval scholasticism toward modern rationalism . In his Breve trattato sulle cause che possono far abbondare li regni d’oro e d’argento, he moves economic analysis beyond simple moral or monetary debates into a systematic study of the "real economy".  Rooting Theory in Roman Law and Institutions S.’s work reflects a deep formation in Roman law, which heavily influenced his view of the state and its institutions: Government as Prime Institution: Drawing on the legal traditions of the Kingdom of Naples, S. views the government not just as a ruler, but as the essential institutional arrangement for the common good. Practical Governance over Moralism: He broke with the scholastic tradition of viewing avarice through a purely moral lens, instead treating economic behavior as a matter of individual and national advantage to be regulated by sound public policy. Institutional Practice: Serra analyzed the thriving local governments of Venice and Naples to argue that wealth resulted from policy and institutions — such as legal frameworks that supported trade and manufacturing — rather than natural resources alone.  The Rationalist Lens S. is often credited as the first to write a "scientific treatise" on economic principles because of his rigorous, rational methodology:  Logical Deductions: He systematically analyzed why the Kingdom of Naples lacked money despite its natural wealth, using logic to dismantle the arguments of contemporaries like Marc'Antonio de SANTIS , who focused solely on exchange rates. massoneria, circolazione degl’idee massoniche, mito di Venezia, economia romana, l’economia del liceo, roma antica, antica roma, Machiaveli, mercantilismo. Grice: Serra, tu che hai fatto dell’economia una filosofia, dimmi: non ti sembra che a forza di ragionare sull’oro e l’argento, a noi filosofi restino in tasca solo le monete delle idee? Serra: Eh caro Grice, almeno quelle non svalutano! E poi, tra un trattato e una chiacchierata, preferisco sempre investire nel capitale della conversazione: il rendimento è garantito, e non paga nemmeno il dazio! Grice: Vedi, Serra, ti confesso – con tutta la solennità del caso – che una volta ho istituito il Principio dell’Economia dello Sforzo Razionale. E sai, all’università di Vadum Boum, tra i miei “barbari”, l’ho perfino tradotto pomposamente: The Principle of Economy of Rational Effort. Ma non dirlo in giro, che poi pensano mi sia montato il latino in testa! Serra: Che bello principio, e che bella implicatura, la sua, maestro. Anzi, quasi quasi lo adotto pure io: se l’economia dello sforzo razionale vale in filosofia, magari ci risparmia anche un po’ di fatica quando si devono compilare i bilanci… o i trattati! Serra, Antonio (1613). Breve trattato delle cause che possono far abbondare li regni d’oro e d’argento dove non sono miniere. Napoli: Scoriggio

Giannangelo Giuseppe Serra da Cesena (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale – prammatica come rettorica conversazionale. Serra da Cesena and H. P. Grice converge on the idea that conversational meaning is governed by reason, but they articulate this insight within historically distinct frameworks that reveal a deep continuity between rhetoric and modern pragmatics: for Serra, prammatica is explicitly conceived as rettorica conversazionale, a rational art of discourse rooted in the rhetorical tradition of the vernacular, where effective meaning arises from the speaker’s prudent management of invention, disposition, and ornament in relation to the audience and the practical end of persuasion, an approach that treats conversational understanding as grounded in shared topoi, argumentative economy, and the detection of error relative to the primary τέλος of discourse; Grice, by contrast, reformulates this rhetorical rationality in analytic terms as a theory of reason-governed conversational meaning, in which what is meant exceeds what is said through implicatures generated by cooperative, normatively constrained reasoning, captured in maxims and in the economy principle sensus non sunt multiplicandi praeter necessitatem, itself echoing classical rhetorical parsimony; where Serra situates rational inference within an explicitly rhetorical and pedagogical ontology of discourse, Grice abstracts the same logic into a philosophical account of speaker meaning, stripping rhetoric of its ornamental suspicion while preserving, in functional form, its core insight that conversational understanding is neither arbitrary nor merely semantic, but the product of disciplined, inferential reason operating within socially shared norms of discourse. Grice: “A Genoese scholar and grammarian who contributed significantly to the study of the Italian vernacular (lingua volgare) through his rhetorical works during the late Renaissance period.” Keywords: rettorica, prammatica, rettorica conversazionale, prammatica come rettorica conversazionale. Rettorica della lingua volgare. DELLA RETTORICA Nel quale fi dà un nuovo , facile , ed utiliflimo metodo d’ infegnare V ARTE ORATORIA 5 E nel quale li trovano raccolti , e compilati i piu i  di. 1 e ■*xr ró ufum predane in sedificatione calx , & eoe-* menta , eumdem aflert cognitio caufac ad dru- óluram orationis , quum ejufmodi notiti» fìnt , veluti materia , fine qua prò juftis orationi- bus Indierà quaedam « Se puerilia opera prodi- rent , ab omni prorfus v e nudate, & ornamen- to deflituta . Orationes contro verfiaé negòtiàlis excipiunc ali* controverfiam juridicialem abfolutam fpe- ttantes , circa quas vires tuas metiaris opor- tet % quibus forte non licebic probationem ag- gredi alicujus propofitionis , qu* datum juri- dicialem abfolutum habeat ; neque tamen quin- tum caput fuam exercitationem non habebit ‘ praecepta enim , quae ibi traduntur , non eam fubtilitatem involvunt ; ut ea intelligere non liceat; eorumque exempla invedigentur in fa- crorum Oratorum orationibus , modo aliquse fmt , qu* hujufmodi dudtu , & artificio con- ficiantur : quod fi ab iis legibus aberrarent 4 detegendi elfent errores refpedbi primarii fi- nis , perfuadendi feilieet . Neque ejufmodi exercitatio eric omnino irrita , dum enim alie- nos errores detegis , facilius cavebia tuos . Quapropter te hortor , ut quidquid plerique Oratorcs fcedilfime peccarunt , tum in ora- tionibus controverfiac negotialis , tum cujuf- libet controverfi* , ledalo ad rem tuam animad- vertas . Pod ejufmodi exercitamenta , quumque pro- be calueris prascepta , qu* in toto quinto ca- pite traduntur , devenias licet ad pulcherri- *na artificia , qu* caput fextum comple&itur.  Grice: Serra, dimmi una cosa: tu che fai della prammatica una specie di rettorica conversazionale, come la prenderesti se ti dicessi che a Vadum Boum il mio allievo Strawson giudica la “rettorica” triviale… ma proprio nel senso etimologico sbagliato? Serra: Ah! “Triviale” come cosa da trivio, dunque da poco conto? O come cosa da trivio, dunque da fondamenta del discorso? Grice: Appunto: lui la prende come “da poco”, io come “da strada maestra”. E quando gli risposi, mi uscì quasi da sola una regoletta (più latina che inglese): Sensus non sunt multiplicandī praeter necessitatem—ma confesso che non era chiaro quid Strawson “triviale” diceret, se già non distingueva fra il trivio e la trivialità. Serra: Le tue fioriture rettoriche, essendo solo implicate, decorano senza ingombrare, maestro Grice! Perché gli fai capire che la rettorica è “del trivio” in senso nobile, e insieme gli togli il vizio di moltiplicare i sensi come se fossero coriandoli: un ornamento sì, ma con economia. Serra da Cesena , Giannangelo Giuseppe (1748). Compendio della rettorica nel quale si dà un nuovo, facile, ed utilissimo metodo d’insegnare l’arte oratoria. Napoli: Bortoli.

Giacomo Francesco Sertorio (Genova, Liguria): il deutero-esperanto nella filosofia ligure. In comparing Grice and Giacomo Francesco Sertorio on reason-governed conversational meaning, one sees a clear contrast between an implicit, pragmatics-first conception of communication and an explicit, grammar-centered one. Grice’s theory treats conversational meaning as fundamentally inferential: speakers rely on shared rational principles and cooperative expectations to generate implicatures that are not linguistically encoded but pragmatically recovered, so that what is meant regularly outruns what is said. Sertorio, by contrast, approaches universality in language from the side of formal design and explicit articulation. His classification of auxiliary languages, including the deutero‑esperanto attributed to Grice, reflects a skepticism that adult communication can depend on tacit inference alone, given that speakers already arrive equipped with fully developed mother tongues. Where Grice places the burden of meaning on the interlocutors’ capacity to reason about intentions, relevance, and silence, Sertorio insists that a universal language must externalize meaning through overt grammatical, numerical, and lexical structures, minimizing reliance on what remains unsaid. The opposition thus mirrors a deeper philosophical divergence: Grice locates universality in shared rational norms governing conversation, whereas Sertorio locates it in the explicit formal architecture of an ideal language, designed to constrain interpretation so that communicative success does not depend on implicature but on prior codification. S. partecipa al dibattito pubblicando dapprima il saggio  “Elementi di grammatica analitica universale,” poi “Un esame filosofico della grammatica universale,” e, infine, “Il problema della lingua universale.” In quest'ultimo saggio, a proposito dei diversi sistemi inventati – incluso il deutero-esperanto di Grice, S. individua tre fondamentali tipologie di lingue ausiliarie. Il primo tipo comprende quella categoria di linguaggi che definiamo a posteriori che riprendono alcuni, o tutti gli, elementi, non di rado modificandoli, da lingue storico- naturali, come può essere l'italiano, il francese, il cinese, ecc.. Il secondo tipo è costituito da quelle lingue che definiamo a priori con le quali è possibile comunicare sia in via scritta che in via orale, ovvero che presentano una forma ideografico-fonetica tale da permettere non solo la semplificazione della scrittura, ma anche una sua agevole e veloce riproduzione tramite foni. L’ultima tipologia è costituita da quelle lingue che adottano delle scritture tipografiche, crittografiche, numeriche, nelle quali gl’elementi fondamentali della lingua sono utilizzati per trasferire solo l'idea della cosa che si vuole comunicare, ma che non presentano un reale metodo di comunicazione orale. Della seconda categoria discute ampiamente nel primo saggio dedicato al problema della lingua universale, che intende come lingua adatta alla comunicazione tra persone adulte, che hanno già delle idee proprie sviluppate attraverso l'uso della loro LINGUA MADRE – l’inglese oxoniano di H. P. Gice. Qui S. s’occupa innanzitutto della definizione del sistema numerico della lingua ideale, e ne propone di due tipi differenti, sia a base decimale che sessagesimale, e, poi, del suo sistema GRAMMATICALE – cioe, morfologia, sintassi, morfo-sintassi – (“Pirots karulise elatically”) e lessicale (“pirot, karulise, elatic”. Le informazioni seguenti sono tratte da S., Elementi di grammatica analitica universale,  deutero-esperanto.  Grice: Sertorio, hai mai pensato che inventare una lingua universale sia un po’ come organizzare una cena tra filosofi: tutti hanno fame di comunicare, ma nessuno è d’accordo sul menu! Sertorio: Ah, caro Grice, se solo sapessi quanti ingredienti ho dovuto mescolare! Ho scritto di lingue a posteriori – che prendono spunti qua e là, come una ratatouille linguistica – a priori – la cucina molecolare dell’ideogramma – e delle lingue crittografiche, che sembrano ricette segrete di nonna... Però, il vero problema è farle digerire agli adulti che già parlano la loro lingua madre! Grice: Ma forse, caro Sertorio, la vera lingua universale non sta nei numeri o nelle regole, bensì nelle pause tra una parola e l’altra... Dove ognuno, tacitamente, porta il proprio piatto preferito senza bisogno di esplicitare la ricetta. Sertorio: Le tue implicature forse non ci sono – ma CI SONO, glorioso Grice – come sono certo coglierai le mie (sic implicature)! A differenza di te, io devo sempre esplicitare ciò che dovrebbe restare tacito! Per me, la grammatica universale è come una tavola imbandita: se non dici cosa c’è, nessuno si serve… e magari si rischia di restare a digiuno! Sertorio, Giacomo Francesco (1879). Le cosmogonie misteriose svelate. Oneglia: Ghilini

Mauro Servio Onorato (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale VIRGILIANA. Grice and Mauro Servius Honoratus converge in treating reason as something exercised within socially regulated practices of interpretation rather than as a self‑contained philosophical system, though they approach this insight from different directions. Servius’ Virgilian commentary, situated in the conversational setting exemplified by Macrobius’ Saturnalia, treats meaning as something that arises through guided attention, selective clarification, and the deliberate preservation of productive obscurity; his refusal to impose a single, coherent philosophical doctrine reflects an understanding that texts, like conversations, invite pursuit rather than closure. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning articulates this dynamic explicitly, showing how rational communication depends on norms that balance informativeness with restraint, clarify without exhausting significance, and allow implicatures to do essential work without being canceled. Where Servius warns that excessive illumination can extinguish poetry, Grice argues that over‑explicitness can undermine communicative purpose by collapsing what is meant into what is merely said. Both thus resist the reification of meaning into abstract categories or essences, instead locating rationality in the disciplined management of interpretation, expectation, and response, whether in the exegesis of Virgil or in ordinary conversational exchange. Nei "Saturnali" di Macrobio, rivolti alla glorificazione di VIRGILIO, S. appare uno degli interlocutori. La sua attività filosofica ha per sede Roma. Predilesse Virgilio, che esalta come il maestro di ogni sapere e che commenta in un’opera di cui rimangono due redazioni. La più breve sembra tramandare lo scritto autentico di S., mentre la più ampia ("Servius auctus o plenior o Scholia Danielis", dal Daniel, che la pubblica) pare derivata dalla prima e da una riduzione del commento d’Elio Donato. Si discute se gl’appartengano l’Explanatio dell'Arte Grammaticale dello stesso Donato e tre saggi di metrica. Il commento include non poche dottrine di carattere filosofico, che però provengono dalle fonti usate da S.. Si è voluto fare di S. un seguace dell’accademia. Ma, da una parte, non è lecito attribuirgli una teoria filosofica organica, e, dall’altra, le proposizioni che dovrebbero provenire da quella scuola non sono proprie di essa, perchè appartengono all’accademia in generale, a Posidonio, o anche alle credenze mistico-religiose di quell’età: natura divina dell'anima, immortalità di essa quale principio di movimento, sue trasmigrazioni, suoi destini dopo la morte, teoria delle sfere. Quando, oltre alle tre parti dell'anima, l'anima vegetativa, l'anima sensitiva e l'anima razionale, ne ammette anche una quarta anima, l'anima vitale, principio di movimento, si allontana dalle teorie tradizionali inclusa l’accademica. Quando S. afferma che nulla esiste salvo i quattro elementi (acqua, aria, fuoco, terra) e il divino, che è uno spirito (o una mente, o un'anima) il quale, infuso in essa, genera ogni cosa, sicchè uguale è la natura di tutte, accetta in complesso la cosmologia del PORTICO esposta da VIRGILIO, che però cerca di liberare dal suo materialismo originario. Del resto, esplicitamente S. loda i filosofi del portico -- et nimiae virtutis sunt, et cultores deorum -- che contrappone ai filosofi dell’Orto, che critica spesso. In S. mancano un coerente e un indirizzo preciso, sebbene si affermino in lui le tendenze mistiche dell’età sua.   Virgilio, Donato. GRICEVS: Salvē, Servī! Sestīvius (ut opinor) aptissimē Virgilianum illud perfēcit: obscūrum per obscūrius reddidit—ita ut commentator ipse iam poeta videātur. SERVIVS: Salvē, Grice. Nōn negō: Vergilius ipse multīs velīs nāvigat, ego autem etiam velōrum nodōs explicō. Sed quid tibi est “obscūrum per obscūrius”? lausne an crīmen? GRICEVS: Ego tantum hoc animadvertō: quotiēns aliquid “clārius” fieri iubēmur, saepe fit ut lector minus videat, sed plus quaerat—ac tum commentarius, dum tenebrās ordinat, quasi novās tenebrās dōnat. Ita, dum de Vergiliō loquimur, nōn raro de nostrā quoque arte loquī incipimus. SERVIVS: Inplicātūram obscūram, ut decet—quid enim eam cancellāre opus est! Tē amō, Grice, quantum ipsum Vergilium amō, et eius ficta omnia! Nam bene nostī: Vergilius non semper dicit ut intellegās, sed ut sequāris; et commentator, si nimis “lūcem” facit, carmen extinguit. Servio, Mauro S. Onorato (a. u. c. MCL). Dicta Vergiliana. Roma.

Sesti (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e la romanità nel circolo dei Sesti. Both the Sextian circle and Grice articulate a conception of reason that is inseparable from disciplined practice, but they apply it at different levels of life. In the circle of the Sesti, reason is exercised as a lived Roman habitus: a Stoic–Pythagorean regimen in which conversation, moral self-examination, and Romanitas form a continuous fabric of action, speech, and character. Reflection at day’s end, the restrained, almost administrative reckoning of one’s conduct, and the emphasis on Roman customs and modes of speaking treat rationality as something enacted in ordinary exchanges and social forms, not theorized as an abstract property. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning offers a structural analogue on the philosophical plane: communication itself is governed by norms of accountability, restraint, and appropriateness, where saying too much, misclassifying what is at issue, or converting practice into essence counts as a rational failure. Just as the Sestian avoids reifying Romanitas into a scholastic genus and insists it “returns to the forum,” Grice resists treating meaning or rationality as metaphysical categories, treating them instead as products of use, intention-recognition, and cooperative expectation. In both cases, reason operates not as a system of doctrines but as a regulative discipline that keeps inquiry, self-description, and communal life from collapsing into empty catalogues or abstract idols, anchoring rationality in the responsible management of what is said, done, and left unsaid. Grice: “Italians refer to  Sozione as the teacher of Seneca the Younger. Historically, he was a philosopher of the Sextian school (Scuola dei Sestii), an eclectic Roman school that combined Stoicism with Pythagoreanism.    Etymology The name Sozione is the Italianized version of the Greek Sotion (Σωτίων). Its etymology is rooted in the Greek word soter (σωτήρ), meaning "savior" or "deliverer". In the context of ancient philosophers, it was a common name often associated with those who "preserved" or "saved" the successions (diadochai) of philosophical thought.  Modern Italian Surname for the Gens Sextia If we trace the surname of his predecessors, specifically Quintus Sextius (Quinto Sestio), the founder of his school, into modern Italian, it follows several patronymic and phonetic evolutions: Sestio: This remains the most direct continuation of the Latin Sextius and is still found as a rare surname in Italy today. Sesto / Sesti: These are the primary modern Italian derivatives of the name Sextus or Sextius. Sesti is the common pluralized/patronymic form typical of Italian surnames. Sestito: Particularly common in Southern Italy (Calabria), this signifies "son of Sesto" or a descendant of the Sextia line. Sisto: A variant that evolved through ecclesiastical influence (the name of several Popes), popularized from the Latin Sixtus.  In modern Italy, a descendant of the gens Sextia would most likely carry the surname Sesto, Sesti, or Sestito.  Would you like to explore the specific Pythagorean-Stoic practices that Sozione taught to Seneca, such as his famous vegetarianism?Tutor of Seneca. In glossary to Roman philosophers, in Roman philosophers. Filosofo pitagorico, appartenente alla scuola dei Sestii, e accolge anche motivi etici di derivazione del Portico Vive a Roma all'epoca di OTTAVIANO e di TIBERIO e e tra i maestri di Seneca. Sozione.: il circolo dei Sesti. Sozione.  GRICEVS: Salvē, Sestī. Audīvī vos in circulō Sestiōrum etiam de Rōmānitāte disserere—quasi esset genus aliquod in Acadēmiā, inter “animal” et “angelum”. SESTI: Salvē, Grice. Rōmānitās genus? Immo sapor est: in moribus, in sermone, in togae ipsius plicīs. Sed quid tibi vidētur? GRICEVS: Ego tantum animadvertō hoc: si quis in scholā clāmat “Rōmānitās!”, statim quaerit quasi esset ἰδέα (sic, Graecīs litterīs), atque in catalogō specierum reponenda; cum tamen Rōmānitās saepe magis usus sit quam essentia—nec “species” est, sed quoddam “species” facit, dum de eā disputāmus. SESTI: Rōmānitās! Inplicātūram tuam dē Rōmānitāte supra τὸπον οὐρανόν tollis, Grice, magnifice erudite! Nam dum negās eam esse speciem in schola, ostendis quomodo ipsa disputātiō de ἰδέᾳ Rōmānitātem quasi in caelum metaphysicum extollat—cum illa, ridēns, in forum redeat. Sesti (a. u. c. DCCLXX). Dicta. Roma.

Quinto Sestio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del fallito morale. Both Quintus Sextius and H. P. Grice treat reason not as an abstract faculty but as a practice exercised in accountable exchange, though they operate on different planes. Sextius’ nightly moral examination trains the agent to render an intelligible account of himself before a rational standard, insisting on economy, discrimination, and the avoidance of self-serving prolixity; the formula “if any” already signals that mere cataloguing of faults can become a surrogate for correction. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning generalizes this discipline from ethical self-scrutiny to communicative action: speakers are rationally answerable for what they intend others to recognize, and hearers are entitled to distinguish what is strictly said from what is merely sought as an excuse or moral alibi. In Gricean terms, Sextius’ practice inculcates sensitivity to implicature avant la lettre—teaching followers to notice when inquiry itself functions as partial satisfaction, when reasons are supplied to discharge responsibility rather than to guide amendment. Both, then, converge on a conception of rationality as governance by norms that penalize verbosity, reward relevance, and value selective silence: wisdom lies not in saying or confessing more, but in discerning what genuinely calls for response and reform. He founds his own school in Rome that draws heavily on La Setta di CROTONE and IL PORTICO. S. preaches an ascetic way of life, which includes vegetarianism, and exhorts his followers – whom he called ‘Sestiani’ – to reflect at the end of each day on their moral failings – “if any.” Upon his death, his son, also called Quinto S., inherits the school, but it does not long survive him. One of the Sestiani is SOTIONE, who becomes Seneca’s tutor – Seneca himself is influenced by the school’s teachings for some time.  GRICEVS: Salvē, Sestī. Audio tē “Sestiānōs” tuōs quottīdiē ad rationem vocāre—ac, post cēnam, quasi tabulas acceptī et expensī, vitia sua recognoscere: “si qua tamen sunt.” SESTIVS: Salvē, Grice. Ita est: nōn scholam facimus ut strepāmus, sed ut vincāmus cupiditātēs. Qui vespere sibi iudex est, mane sibi magister erit. GRICEVS: Pulchrē. Sed animadvertō quotiēns dīcitur “fallītum morale,” statim quis velut quaerat rationem excūsātiōnis—quasi ipsa inquisitiō sit iam partim satisfactio. Itaque, cum tu “si qua sunt” addis, discipulus discit non solum peccāta numerāre, sed etiam supervacua omittere—ne plus temporis impendat in catalogō quam in emendātiōne. SESTIVS: Inplicātūra tua, auguste Grice, est ultrā omnem “fallītum morale” quī cōgitārī possit—ut par est! Nam docēs: sapientia non est multum conquerī, sed rectē dīscernere quid sit corrigendum—et quid tantum verbi causa quaerātur. Sestio, Quinto (a. u. c. DCCIV). Dicta. Roma.

Sesto (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale delle sentenze trasformative. Grice and Sesto converge on a shared intuition that reason operates not as a merely formal calculus but as a norm-governed practice shaped by human purposes, yet they articulate this insight at different levels. Sesto’s Sentences work by ethical compression: brief maxims, drawn from Stoic, Pythagorean, and wisdom traditions, are designed to transform the hearer by disciplining the passions, so that rational understanding emerges through moral reform; meaning here is inseparable from exhortation, and the success of a saying lies in its capacity to re‑shape character. Grice, by contrast, relocates transformational force from moral content to conversational structure: his theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how speakers, assuming shared rational norms, routinely mean more than they say by generating implicatures that hearers are entitled to infer. Where Sesto’s sentences transform by inculcation and ethical habituation, Grice’s utterances transform by inference and recognition of intention; yet both presuppose a cooperative rational audience for whom understanding is not passive reception but an active achievement. The joke about Chomsky calling Sesto’s sentences “transformational” is thus apt: Sesto’s maxims transform lives, Grice’s pragmatics transform how we understand meaning, but both depend on a shared conviction that reason shows itself in use, in the disciplined crossing from what is said to what is meant or lived. S. is a compiler – The “Sentences of Sesto” are mainly of an ethical nature and show signs of a variety of influences including traditional wisdom literature, and IL PORTICO. They proclaim that wisdom is attained through the conquest of the passions. – Chadwick, “The sentences of Sextus,” Cambridge. Grice: “Chomsky thought that the sentences of Sextus were ‘transformational’!”  GRICEVS: Dic, Seste, num sententiae tuae, passionibus victis, implicant plus quam dicunt, an Porticus tantum tacet? SESTVS: Grice, ego sententias colligo ut animos transformem, nam qui iram superat iam dimidium sermonis intellegit. GRICEVS: Mirum est, Chomskyus eas transformationales vocaret, quasi verba mutentur dum mores corriguntur. SESTVS: Rideat Chomskyus, Grice, modo animi mutentur, nam Romae optima grammatica est vita temperata. Sesto (a. u. c.DCCCLXXX). Dicta. Roma.

Ludovico Settala (Milano, Lombardia): Grice: la ragione conversazionale dei problemi sessuali d’Aristotele -- desiderio e piacere. The comparison between Ludovico Settala and H. P. Grice brings into focus two very different but unexpectedly convergent ways of understanding reason-governed meaning: Settala, formed within the Italian Aristotelian-medical tradition centered in Milan and Bologna, treats desire and pleasure as phenomena whose intelligibility depends on empirical observation of the body and its temperaments, reading Aristotle’s Problemata as a bridge between physiological facts and practical reasoning about human conduct, including sex and reproduction; Grice, by contrast, relocates rational governance from nature to interaction itself, arguing that conversational meaning is structured by shared norms of rational cooperation, so that what is meant exceeds what is said through implicature, inference, and a tacit appeal to reasonableness rather than biology. Where Settala grounds explanation in an empiricism shaped by medicine—desire as diagnosable, pleasure as observable, and their mismatch as a clinical puzzle—Grice treats mismatch as pragmatically productive, since the gap between expression and intention is precisely what allows speakers to communicate more than they state. The playful Milanese exchange attributed to Settala and Grice dramatizes this contrast: Settala’s Aristotelian humor insists that not every desire yields pleasure and not every pleasure satisfies desire, while Grice responds by redescribing this very asymmetry as a rational implicature, a structured “vice versa” that complicates diagnosis but enables meaning. In this sense, Settala exemplifies a tradition in which reason governs explanation by anchoring it in embodied facts, whereas Grice exemplifies a modern turn in which reason governs conversation itself, transforming the instability between desire and pleasure into a systematic feature of how humans make sense of one another through language rather than through physiology. The Italian philosophical tradition remains distinguished by its historical leanings toward an Aristotelian empiricism that emerges through a unique fusion of medical education and the humanities. This synthesis is most visible in the works of S., who leverages the pedagogical structures of centres like Bologna to ground humanistic inquiry in clinical observation. Medical Education as a Catalyst for Empiricism  At Bologna, the world’s oldest university, the study of medicine and the "arts" -- philosophy, logic, rhetoric -- were inextricably linked within the same faculty.  Integrated Curriculum: Graduation required attendance in both medicine and philosophy, fostering a cultural environment where philosophical abstracting is constantly checked by medical "facts" and clinical cases. Empirical Epistemology: This proximity births a "medical empiricism" that prioritised sensory experience and the observation of the body over pure metaphysical speculation.  S.’s Aristotelian Framework S. exemplifies this tradition through his extensive 1,200-page commentary on the Aristotelian Problemata. Authority Through Observation: S. uses the Problemata to bridge the gap between natural philosophy and medical practice, blurring the lines between these authorities. Basic Human Needs and Desires: He applies Aristotle’s theories of temperament to the human soul, viewing desires and psychological states as physiological manifestations. Reproduction and Generation: Following Aristotle’s Generation of Animals, S. views reproduction not just as a biological necessity but as a philosophical act where the individual seeks a form of "formal eternity" through their offspring. ragion di stato, lizio, sesso. Settala: Caro Grice, se Aristotele avesse avuto a disposizione i nostri milanesi, avrebbe scritto i Problemata con più gusto: qui il desiderio incontra sempre il piacere, almeno finché non finisce il risotto! Grice: Ah, Ludovico, ma a Milano il piacere è materia di empirismo: lo si osserva, lo si misura... e poi si cerca di prescriverlo come se fosse una ricetta medica. Eppure, tra desiderio e piacere, c’è sempre qualche “vice versa” che ci complica la diagnosi! Settala: Ecco, Grice, tu mi implici che non tutto ciò che desidero è fonte di piacere, o viceversa... e mi sa che il paziente rimane sempre un po' insoddisfatto, anche dopo aver letto mille pagine di Aristotele. Settala: La tua implicatura è paradossale, e comica allo stesso tempo – congratulazioni, Grice! Non so se è paradossale perché è comica o viceversa – in ogni caso, vice versa, la filosofia milanese ti accoglie: qui tra desiderio e piacere c’è sempre spazio per un sorriso... e per una diagnosi che non tenga mai troppo sul serio il “ragion di stato” del sesso! Settala, Ludovico (1622). De peste et pestiferis affectibus. Milano: Tini

Emanuele Severino (Brescia, Lombardia): Grice: “La ragione conversazionale del velino -- oltre la lingua, oltre l’aporia di Parmenide. Grice and Emanuele Severino represent two radically different yet illuminating ways of thinking about rationality in relation to language and meaning. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning is pragmatic, defeasible, and practice‑oriented: meaning arises within cooperative interaction, where speakers rely on shared norms of rational conduct so that hearers can infer intentions, cancel implicatures, and negotiate sense dynamically. Reason, for Grice, does not abolish ordinary language but inhabits it, working through understatement, irony, redundancy, and silence as flexible tools within conversation. Severino, by contrast, advances a Neo‑Eleatic critique that aims to pass entirely beyond language as ordinarily understood: rooted in Parmenides and Zeno of Elea, his philosophy rejects becoming as incoherent and treats the Western linguistic habit of speaking of coming‑to‑be and ceasing‑to‑be as a deep logical error. Where Grice sees non‑contradiction as a regulative norm operating tacitly within conversational exchange, Severino absolutizes it into an ontological law that renders every being eternal and every discourse on change internally aporetic. The contrast is sharp: Grice treats paradox as a local, context‑sensitive phenomenon that speakers exploit and resolve through rational conversational expectations, while Severino treats paradox as revelatory, a sign that ordinary discourse itself must be overcome in testimony to the destiny of Being. In this sense, Grice’s conversational reason remains hospitable to linguistic life, whereas Severino’s Eleatic reason asks philosophy to stand beyond conversation altogether, bearing witness to a truth that no amount of pragmatic implicature can ultimately domesticate. The Eleaticism of  S. is deeply rooted in the logical rigour of Zeno of Elea – VELINO , specifically in the use of paradox to defend a radical monism that rejects the possibility of "becoming".  Rooting Neo-Eleaticism in Zeno’s Paradox Zeno of Elea famously used reductio ad absurdum to show that motion and multiplicity lead to logical contradictions, thereby defending his master Parmenides' view that Being is one and unchanging. S. adopts this "Eleatic" stance by arguing that the Western belief in "becoming" — whereby things come from nothingness and return to it — is the ultimate logical "folly" or madness (Follia dell'Occidente). The Shared Aporia: Just as Zeno argues that an arrow cannot move because it must occupy a fixed space at every moment, S. argues that any "being" -- even a passing thought or a burnt log -- is eternal by necessity. To say a being was not or will not be is to identify Being with Nothingness, violating the fundamental principle of non-contradiction.  The Perennial Italian Interest in Elea The "Italian-ness" of this tradition is significant, as Elea (modern Velia) is located in Campania. This geographic and intellectual lineage manifests in a persistent focus among Italian thinkers on the "Truth of Being" over the "History of Being".  Role of the Philosopher: In this tradition, the philosopher is not a mere historian of ideas but a testifier to destiny (Testimoniando il destino). Their role is to reveal the "originary structure" of truth that remains hidden behind the illusions of time and language.  velino, velia, parmenide, zenone, scuola di velia. Zenone il velino, Parmenide il velino, divenire, GENTILE.  Grice: Caro Severino, mi perdoni: “Velia” mi suona quasi come un vicino di casa—e invece, per me che vengo da Vadum Boum, è più lontana di certi sillogismi che mi porto dietro in valigia. Severino: Vicino di casa? Velia è Elea: qui la distanza non si misura in miglia, ma in aporie. E se vieni da Vadum Boum, allora sei già allenato: anche lì, a forza di logica, si cammina senza muoversi. Grice: Appunto: Velia è così “vicina” al pensiero—e così “lontana” dalla mia varsity—che mi viene da dire che c’è davvero “molto di cui scrivere a casa” (cioè: c’è un sacco da raccontare). E poi, già che ci siamo: chiamarla “non‑contraddizione” non è un po’ ridondante? Se non e contra vanno nella stessa direzione, sembra quasi una “dizione” che si mette due volte il cappotto per paura del vento. Severino: La tua implicatura, Grice, è propriamente eleatica – per cui intendo: oltre ogni concepibile auto‑contraddizione! Hai fatto di Velia un paradosso geografico e di “non‑contraddizione” un esercizio di sobrietà linguistica: qui, in effetti, anche la ridondanza finisce per confessare l’Uno. Severino, Emanuele (1964). La struttura originaria. Milano: Rizzoli

Severo Alessandro (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del principe filosofo. Grice and Alexander Severus can be productively compared as figures who each embody, in very different registers, the idea that rationality is not merely abstract but enacted within socially governed practices of speech and authority. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning holds that communication is structured by shared rational expectations: speakers rely on cooperative norms so that hearers can infer intentions that go beyond literal utterance, making implicature—not explicit statement—the central engine of meaning. Alexander Severus, styled in later sources as a “philosopher prince,” represents a political analogue of this idea rather than a semantic one: educated in philosophy (traditionally linked with jurists and teachers such as Ulpian and, in your passage, Stilio), he aspired to rule through moderation, counsel, and intelligible justification rather than sheer force. His failure as emperor underscores an instructive contrast with Grice: where Grice theorizes stable background norms that make implicature calculable and communication resilient, Severus governed a Roman world in which such shared norms had eroded, so that reasoned discourse no longer reliably coordinated expectations between ruler, army, and populace. The playful dialogue captures this poignantly: Grice’s ironic implicatures (“Caesar lives—until he dies again”) presuppose a rational audience attuned to what is meant rather than said, while Severus’s historical predicament shows what happens when power outruns the conversational conditions that make rational meaning effective. In this way, Grice provides the theory Severus lacked the world to sustain: a framework in which rational silence, understatement, and irony can function only where a cooperative conversational order still holds. He studies philosophy with Stilio . He becomes the principe di Roma when his cousin Elagabalo is assassinated. His principate is not however a success and he is himself assassinated not long after. So much for the line of succession.  GRICEVS: Salvē, Severe Alexandrē: dīcunt tē Stiliō philosophante philosophiae deditum esse—at eōdem tempore principātum tibi, quasi togam nimis lātam, imposuērunt. SEVERVS: Salvē, Grice. Ita est: cum Elagabalus concidisset, ego “successor” appellātus sum; sed in Rōmā, ut scīs, successiō saepe celerius currit quam ratio. GRICEVS: Immo vero: apud nōs fit quasi illud vetus—“Caesar mortuus est: vīvat Caesar!”—nisi quod Rōma addere vidētur: “Caesar mortuus est: vīvat Caesar—donec iterum moriātur.” SEVERVS: Historice vera inplicātūra tua, Grice—eam amō, et amō quanta cum benignitāte dīcās! Sed ūnum cave: nē mē “Caesarem” vocēs—nimis mihi sonat quasi sectiō Caesarea, et mea māter, dīs volentibus, numquam eā indiguit! Severo, S. Alessandro (a. u. c. CMLXXV). Dicta. Roma.

Claudio Severo (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del’amico lizio d’Antonino. Paul Grice and Claudio (Claudius) Severus can be fruitfully compared as thinkers who locate rationality not in abstract formalism but in lived practices of interaction, though they articulate this insight in very different historical idioms. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning holds that what speakers mean is structured by shared rational expectations—later formulated as the Cooperative Principle and its maxims—through which hearers infer intentions that go beyond what is explicitly said; silence, understatement, or irony can therefore be as meaningful as literal assertion. Severo, as a Roman Stoic associated with Antoninus Pius and later admired by Marcus Aurelius, operates without a technical semantics but with a practical ethics of discourse: reason (ratio) is exercised socially, among friends and fellow citizens, where measured speech, timely restraint, and intelligent silence are marks of wisdom. Where Grice analyzes how unspoken implications are rationally calculable within conversation, Severo treats that same phenomenon normatively, as a virtue of the rational agent who knows when not to speak and how meaning circulates within shared forms of life. The playful exchange attributed to them captures this convergence: for both, reason “laughs even when it is silent,” because rational meaning is not exhausted by words but emerges from culturally and ethically governed conversational practices. A lizio, friend of Antonino. GRICEVS: Severe, amice Antonini, ratio nostra conversans ridet etiam cum tacet—idne non est pulcherrimum? SEVERVS: Pulcherrimum sane, Grice, nam cum bene taceamus, saepe plus dicimus quam cum clamoribus. GRICEVS: Ergo consentimus: non verba sola valent, sed ea quae inter verba callide innuuntur. SEVERVS: Ita est, et Roma ipsa consentit—sapientia enim inter pocula et amicos maxime floret. Severo, Claudio (a. u. c. CMXX). Dicta. Roma.

Lucio Settimio Severo (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del principe filosofo. The comparison between Grice and Lucius Septimius Severus, as staged in the passage, turns on a shared ideal of rational governance grounded in conversation rather than mere authority, though each embodies it in a different register: Severus represents the ancient model of the princeps philosophus, according to which imperial power is legitimized and humanized through cultivated discourse, amicitia, and the public display of ratio as a lived virtue rather than as coercive command, so that rule without doctrina is blind and friendship without sermo barren. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning, by contrast, abstracts this ethical–political intuition into a general account of how rationality operates in language itself: meaning arises not from status, power, or formal utterance, but from cooperative participation in conversation, where intentions are recognized, implicatures grasped, and reason silently governs exchange. The dialogue’s conceit brings these together by having Severus acknowledge that Grice’s “unheard‑of implicature” is less a criticism than a reminder: even philosophical talk at a banquet risks degenerating into self‑celebration unless conversational reason restrains vanity and redirects attention toward mutual understanding. In this sense, Severus exemplifies in political life what Grice theorizes at the level of linguistic practice: authority, whether imperial or semantic, is sustained only when exercised through shared rational norms that allow others to understand, respond, and sometimes simply smile. Grice supplies the analytic grammar of this insight, while Severus embodies its ethical and civic aspiration, showing that the philosopher‑prince and the philosopher of language converge on the same principle: rationality governs not by domination, but by intelligible, proportionate, and recognizably human conversation. Severo rules the Roman empire and it is said that he is well-versed in philosophy. GRICEVS: Salvē, Severe. Audīvī tē, principem philosophum, inter convīvās nōn minus de ratiōne quam de vīnō disserere—quod est (ut putō) rarius quam Falernum vetus. SEVERVS: Salvē, Grice. Ita est: philosophiam inter convīvās praetulī; nam et imperium sine doctrinā caecum est, et amīcitia sine sermone ieiūna. GRICEVS: Bene dicis; sed saepe animadvertō, dum “amīcitiam” laudāmus, ipsī nos laudāre incipimus—quasi convivium sī sit sapientius, id statim probet convīvās sapientēs esse; atque ita, dum de ratiōne colloquimur, ratiō ipsa quasi sella curūlis in mediō tricliniī ponitur. SEVERVS: Inaudīta est inplicātūra tua—et eam amō, Grice! Nam, dum de Antonīnō et amīcitiā loquī vidēris, admonēs nē sermō noster in pompam vertātur: interdum enim optima philosophia est, cum princeps rīdet et amīcus intellegit. Severo, Lucio Settimio (a. u. c. CMXLVI). Dicta. Roma

Widar Cesarini Sforza (Forli-Cesena, Emilia-Romagna): Grice: la ragione conversazionale dell’iustum/iussum – tra idealismo e positivismo. Sforza and Grice can be fruitfully compared as theorists of normative meaning who both resist reductive positivism, yet articulate that resistance at different levels of analysis: Sforza, working within Italian legal and neo‑idealist philosophy, frames ragione conversazionale around the distinction between iussum, the enacted command of positive law, and iustum, the prior and living reality of justice as it is recognised, shared, and sustained within a community, so that juridical meaning arises from social recognition and ethical life rather than mere legislative force; Grice, by contrast, reconstructs reason‑governed meaning at the level of ordinary conversation, showing how what an utterance means cannot be reduced to its conventional form or authoritative issuance, but depends on rational cooperation, mutual recognition of intentions, and shared normative expectations. Where Sforza argues that a command lacks genuine authority unless it can be taken up as iustum within the social consciousness of those subject to it, Grice similarly shows that an utterance, however formally correct, fails to mean what it purports to mean unless it is intelligible within a framework of rational conversational practices governed by principles of relevance, sincerity, and cooperation. The parallel is structural rather than doctrinal: Sforza’s critique of legal positivism anticipates, in jurisprudential terms, Grice’s critique of purely formal or causal accounts of meaning, with both thinkers insisting that normativity precedes mere enactment or encoding. Yet they diverge in scope and method: Sforza embeds conversational reason in an ontological and historical account of social life, where justice is a mode of being before it is a rule, whereas Grice deliberately abstracts from history and institutions to identify the minimal rational conditions under which any act of saying can count as meaningful at all. In this way, Sforza offers a civil‑ethical deepening of the same intuition that animates Grice’s pragmatics: command without recognition is empty, just as utterance without rational uptake is merely noise, and in both law and language it is shared reason, exercised in interaction, that confers validity. S.’s emphasis on the distinction between iussum -- the mere command or positive law -- and iustum -- the truly just or intrinsic justice -- bridges legal theory and mainstream Italian philosophy by challenging the dominance of legal positivism through the lens of neo-idealism and existentialism.  Philosophical Integration Neo-Idealist Roots: Following the influence of CROCE  and GENTILE , S. argues that law is not a static set of rules – iussum -- but a living expression of the human spirit -- iustum. This shifts the focus of mainstream Italian thought from formalist structures to the "concrete experience" of the individual and society. Social Reality and "Juridicity": S. introduces the idea of the "sociality of law," suggesting that any organised social group produces its own iustum. This concept influences broader Italian philosophical debates regarding the nature of the state versus civil society, asserting that justice precedes the legislative command. Ontological Shift: By prioritising iustum, S. aligns legal philosophy with the broader Italian philosophical move toward phenomenology. Law is re-defined as an ontological category -- a way of being in the world —, rather than a mere instrument of political power.  Impact on Mainstream Thought This distinction allowed Italian philosophers to critique authoritarianism by arguing that a law – iussum -- lacks validity if it contradicts the underlying ethical fabric – iustum -- of the community. This perspective remains a cornerstone in Italian intellectual history, influencing contemporary discussions on human rights and the ethical foundations of democracy.  For further academic exploration of his legal philosophy, you can view his core texts on PhilPapersor access historical overviews of Italian Legal Philosophy.” iussum, iustum. Direttore del Resto del Carlino. Insegna a Roma. iussum, iustum.  Grice: Ah, caro Sforza, permettimi di dire che solo io, letterato e umanista, riesco a cogliere davvero tutta la forza che si cela dietro l’iussum e l’iustum — come nessun altro saprà mai! Ti ringrazio sinceramente per aver portato questa fine distinzione in un consesso così stimolante.  Sforza: Grice, è proprio il tuo spirito raffinato che sa vedere oltre la superficie delle leggi. Per me, il vero senso del diritto sta nel suo essere giusto, non solo comandato — e sono lieto che tu lo riconosca con tanta profondità.  Grice: È la concretezza dell’esperienza, caro Sforza, che ci fa ricordare quanto la giustizia debba precedere ogni comando. Solo chi vive il diritto come forma dell’essere può capirlo fino in fondo.  Sforza: Hai ragione, Grice! Se tutti avessero il tuo sguardo, forse non ci sarebbero leggi che tradiscono la vera giustizia. D’altronde, come si dice in Emilia, “la legge senza giustizia è come un pane senza sale.” Sforza, Widar Cesarini (1921). Il problema della dialettica. Bari: Laterza

Pietro Siciliani (Galatina, Puglia): Grice: “La ragione conversazionale e la critica della filosofia zoologica e la psico-genia di Vico. Siciliani and Grice converge on the idea that reason is not an abstract faculty operating independently of human practices but is instead constituted and exercised within historically situated forms of interaction, yet they arrive there from different directions and with different emphases: Siciliani, working explicitly in the Vichian tradition, treats “ragione conversazionale” as an expression of a broader historical–civil rationality in which thought, language, institutions, and collective life develop organically together, so that meaning and normativity arise from psychogenetic and civic processes rather than from zoological or naturalistic reductions of the human mind; Grice, by contrast, reconstructs conversational reason analytically, not by appeal to national history or civil continuity, but by isolating the normative principles implicitly governing ordinary communicative practice, showing how meaning is generated and recognized through intentions, mutual attitudes, and rational expectations within conversation. Where Siciliani uses Vico to criticize philosophical zoology and globalized abstraction by insisting that rationality is inseparable from the lived historical identity of a people, Grice brackets such civil-historical commitments and asks how any rational agent, regardless of cultural provenance, can mean something by an utterance at all; yet the affinity is real, because Grice’s theory also rejects both biological psychologism and brute causal models of language, grounding meaning instead in a shared space of reasons that exists only through cooperative human action. In this sense, Siciliani’s Vichian conversational reason supplies a genealogical and cultural deepening of what Grice articulates in a formal, procedural key: for both, reason is neither zoological instinct nor detached logical calculus, but a normative achievement sustained by human interaction, with the difference that Siciliani locates its unity in the historical life of a civilization, while Grice locates it in the minimal rational structure presupposed by any genuine conversation. S.’s exploration of philosophical continuity via VICO  highlights a distinctive Italian trait: the  "historical-civil" method, which prioritises the organic development of a national culture over abstract globalist models. The Italian Philosophical Tradition Unlike many overseas "globalist" philosophical trends that favour universalism and ahistorical logic, S.'s approach emphasises several unique characteristics of the Italian tradition: Historical Realism: Rooted in VICO ’s scienza, this tradition views human truth (verum) as synonymous with what is made or done by humans (factum). S. seeks to reconcile positivism with this historical consciousness, arguing that scientific progress must align with a nation's specific historical identity rather than being imported as a generic template. Civil Continuity: S. identifies a lineage connecting VICO ’s "heroic age" to the contemporary Italian state, positioning philosophy as an instrument for civil education rather than just abstract speculation. Cultural Particularism: In globalist scenarios, local traditions are often viewed as obstacles to universal rationality. By contrast, S. uses VICO  to demonstrate that true progress occurs through the "creative transformation" of one's own national heritage.  Rare Trait vs. Globalist Scenarios Identity over Abstraction: While overseas globalist philosophies often seek a "view from nowhere," S.’s work suggests that philosophy is inextricably linked to the political and social reality of its people. la ragion teologica. psico-genia di Vico, ateneo felsineo, l’unita organica della filosofia, zoologia filosofica, psicogenia, “I principii metafisici di Vico. Grice: Caro Siciliani, permettimi una riflessione da “gentiluomo accademico”: Collingwood e Hampshire, là nella selvaggia Vadus Boum—come chiamiamo affettuosamente la nostra “università” (o meglio, il nostro “ateneo”)—hanno in qualche modo mantenuto vivo lo spirito di Vico. Se questo non è un ossimoro: lo spirito, per definizione, non può che essere vivo! Siciliani: Ah, Grice, mi colpisce come tu riesca sempre a cogliere il legame tra la tradizione e l’attualità. Vico, infatti, ci ha insegnato che la verità nasce dal “factum,” dall’azione umana, e proprio per questo la sua filosofia respira ancora tra noi, proprio negli atenei dove la storia si intreccia con la cultura. Grice: Vico, con la sua “psico-genia” e la civiltà organica, ha avuto una visione che va oltre l’abstract universale. In fondo, come direbbe un vecchio proverbio italiano, “ogni terra ha la sua storia”—e la filosofia vera si radica nell’identità culturale, non in modelli globalisti importati. Siciliani: Esatto, Grice! La filosofia italiana si distingue proprio per questa continuità storica e civile. Solo attraverso la “trasformazione creativa” della nostra eredità nazionale possiamo costruire un pensiero autentico. Del resto, come dicevano i nostri maestri: “la ragione teologica e la psico-genia sono il cuore pulsante della nostra tradizione.” Siciliani, Pietro (1871). Il positivismo. Firenze: Le Monnier

Sidonio Appolinare (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale dell’implicaturis – inplicatura Lewis/Short. The comparison between Grice and Sidonius Apollinaris is unusually direct and philological, because it touches not only on shared intuitions about indirectness in communication but on a shared lexical history: Sidonius, a late Roman aristocrat, politician, and letter-writer, uses inplicatura to mock the self-entangling verbal knots of peripatetic philosophers, already treating meaning as something that can be folded, wrapped, or left tactically unresolved for an intelligent reader to unpack; Grice, centuries later, builds his theory of conversational implicature on precisely this idea, insisting that communicative reason operates by leaving things “in the fold,” trusting the audience to infer what is meant without explicit articulation; both reject the view that meaning is exhausted by what is formally said, and both treat understanding as a rational achievement governed by shared practices rather than psychological suggestion; Sidonius’s epistolary wit relies on his reader’s competence in recognizing when philosophical language has become over-involuted and when a smile is intended rather than a doctrine, just as Grice’s implicatures rely on cooperative norms that license hearers to move beyond literal semantics toward intended sense; the difference is scale rather than principle: Sidonius exposes inplicatura as a stylistic and philosophical vice or virtue within elite literary culture, while Grice systematizes implicature as a general mechanism of reason-governed conversation, but in both cases meaning lives not in isolated propositions, but in what rational interlocutors can responsibly unwrap together. Grice: “When I coined ‘implicature,’ I had followed Austin’s advice of ‘going through the dictionary.’ Only this time I got hold of Lewis and Short’s Latin Dictionary, which has an entry for ‘in[sic]plicatura,’ as used by Sidonius. The reference is to the entanglements made by the peripatetics, so the quote was bound to amuse me!” -- Filosofo italiano. Sidonio Appolinare – follows a political career. He writes a number of letters in which he makes reference to philosophers and philosophical issues. He claims, for example, that Cleante di Assus bites his nails. Grice: “Implicature is a natural thing in Roman. You have -plicare, you add in-plicare, and then you conjugate!” – Keywords: inplicatura, implicatura, implicature, disimplicatura. GRICEVS: Salvē, Sidoni. Moneō tantum: recta sonat in-plicatūra—in cum plicāre; nōn est “im-” quasi premere, sed in-plicāre, id est involvere. SIDONIVS: Salvē, Grice. Bene mones; et tamen philosophōs ipsōs saepe videō peripateticōs ligātōs vernāculīs inplicātūrīs, ita ut, dum nodōs quaerunt, in nodīs haereant. GRICEVS: Id ipsum est quod me subtristāt: nam in sermone, dum res manet in plicātūrā (duōbus verbīs, quasi in sinu), amīcus aliquid suave colligit; at cum ad chartam venit et fit inplicātūra (ūnō verbō), saepe una littera totum leporem quasi explicat. SIDONIVS: Inplicātūram optimam quam numquam audīvī, Grice! Nam dum de litterā quereris, ipse docēs quomodo verba, sive divisa sive compōsita, aut nodum servent aut solvant—quod et peripateticīs utile esset, etiamsi ipsīs plērumque super caput eat. Sidonio, Appolinare (a. u. c. MCCVII). Epistula. Roma.

Scipione Sighele (Brescia, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e la ragione italiana. The comparison between Grice and Scipione Sighele brings into relief two complementary approaches to the problem of collective meaning, one micro-pragmatic and one macro-social, both grounded in reason rather than irrational fusion: Sighele, writing at the turn of the twentieth century as a psychologist, sociologist, and criminologist, analyzes crowds, criminal couples, sects, and political masses as rationally intelligible formations, where responsibility, complicity, and cooperation persist even when individuals act as a “we,” resisting the idea that collective action dissolves agency into blind contagion; Grice, from the opposite direction, builds his theory of conversational meaning on the irreducibility of rational norms governing even the smallest social unit—two speakers—showing how meaning emerges from shared intentions, mutual recognition, and rule-governed inference rather than from mere psychological association; where Sighele insists that a crowd or criminal pair does not abolish accountability but reorganizes it through patterns of influence and participation, Grice similarly argues that conversational understanding does not collapse into noise when speakers multiply, but is sustained by cooperative principles that scale from dyads to groups; both reject mystical explanations of the social mind, converging instead on the idea that Italian social life—whether in the café, the courtroom, the crowd, or the conversation—remains structured by reasoned expectations, negotiated responsibility, and the ever-present impulse to argue, respond, and infer. ApS. was an Italian philosopher, -- who was described as a  psychologist, sociologist, and criminologist, best known as a pioneer of ‘mass psychology’ – Grice: “What Searle, at his infamous institute, called ‘social ontology’!” – S. is primarily known for his early wok on CROWD behaviour – “Laurel and Hardy” – ‘two’s company, three’s a crowd” – and collective psychology – ‘the ‘we’ of my ‘Personal Identity’ – Grice --, particulary his debate with Tarde and Bon on the subject of CRIMINAL responsibility – “if he did it it was wrong” – Grice – within a crowd. His most famous work is “La folla delinquent, Saggio di psicologia colletiva” – La Teorica positive della complicita e la cooperativita – a work on the positive theory of complicity and cooperation (bedfellows) in crime. Le crime a DEUX – Mungojerry and Rumpelteazer, the dynamic duo – an essay on the psychology of a criminal couple Bob Hoksins and Cheryl Ascombe in Pennies from Heaven. Psychologie des sected – a study of Crotona, examining sects such as Pythagoras’s – as ‘a chronic form of the rowd.’ La donna e l’amore: a work dealing with women and love, exploring the legal and ideological constraints on wommen’s emancipation in the fin de siècle era. Contro il parlamentarismo: a book on the crituique of parliamentarism. Giachetti SCIPIO S. IL PENSIERO, IL CARATTERE. Conferenza detta alla “ Pro Cultura „ di Firenze nel trigesimo della morte Col ritratto di S. Muore a Firenze. -- è stato uno psicologo, sociologo, criminologo ed esponente importante del nazionalismo italiano. Nasce da Gualtiero e Angelica Pedrotti. Suo padre, di origine trentina, è un magistrato negli anni seguenti l'unità d'Italia alla procura del Re a Palermo, così come il nonno Scipione. Dopo il liceo studia con FERRERO  e ZERBOGLIO  -- seguaci del criminologo LOMBROSO  -- e si laurea a Roma con FERRI. Grice: Caro Sighele, ho sempre pensato che in Italia le folle siano così creative che persino la confusione diventa un’opera d’arte. Forse è per questo che la tua “psicologia collettiva” qui ci calza a pennello, come il cappello su una statua di Garibaldi a Carnevale! Sighele: Grice, hai proprio ragione! Da noi, tra cori da stadio e code all’ufficio postale, la folla è sempre protagonista. Forse dovrei scrivere un capitolo su “La folla che aspetta il 730”, dove la pazienza è più un mistero che una virtù. Grice: Eh, Sighele, ma ricorda: in Italia si dice “dove sono in tre nasce un partito”, ma basta il secondo per fondare una corrente dissidente! Così la vera complicità non è del crimine, ma del caffè condiviso al bar—al massimo con due bustine di zucchero e una polemica sul risultato della partita. Sighele: Ammirevole implicatura la tua, Grice! Con un solo colpo hai illustrato la mia teoria: qui il vero motore della collettività è la voglia di discutere, e il crimine peggiore è dimenticare chi paga il giro di espressi! Sighele, Scipione (1891). La folla delinquente. Torino: Bocca.

Bon Compagno da Signa (Signa, Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale della ruota di Venere. The comparison between Grice and Boncompagno da Signa highlights a deep continuity between medieval rhetorical theory and modern pragmatics in treating meaning as a product of reason-governed social practice rather than purely semantic content: Boncompagno, teaching ars dictaminis at Bologna and Padua, conceives rhetoric as a disciplined art of managing expectations, roles, and effects within concrete communicative situations, where forms like the Rota Veneris deliberately guide the reader or addressee through patterned emotional and interpretive possibilities that depend on shared conventions rather than literal statement; similarly, Grice’s theory of conversational meaning rests on the idea that what speakers mean is anchored in rational cooperation, where inferential movement from what is said to what is understood is regulated by norms of relevance, propriety, and mutual intelligibility; Boncompagno’s playful treatment of love letters, friendship, and even erotic misalignment works precisely because sender and recipient know how such genres function and how their turns on the “wheel” license certain inferences and block others, just as Grice’s implicatures succeed only because conversationalists tacitly respect a common rational framework; in both cases, meaning is not encoded mechanically but generated through an economy of intentions, expectations, and shared craftsmanship, whether in medieval epistolography or modern ordinary conversation. Insegna retorica (“ars dictaminis”) a Bologna e Padova. Vive ad Ancona, Venezia, Bologna, Padova, e Firenze. Tra i saggi più significativi si ricordano il saggio storico “L’assedio d’Ancona” (Viella, Roma), il “Bon Compagno”; “Rethorica novissima”; “Scacchi e il “Libellus de malo senectutis et senis”, nel quale, con spirito arguto, prende in giro le affermazioni di Cicerone che idealizzano la vecchiaia”; la “Rota Veneris” (Salerno), un saggio di epistolo-grafia amorosa; “Liber de amicitia”; “Ysagoge Boncompagnus; “Tractatus virtutum”; “Palma Oliva Cedrum Mirra Quinque tabulae salutationum”;  “Bonus Socius e Civis Bononiae. Garbini, Roma, Salerno, Gabrielli, Le epistole di Cola di Rienzo e l'epistolografia, Archivio della Società romana di storia patria, Gaudenzi, Sulla cronologia delle opere dei dettatori bolognesi da S. a Bene da Lucca, Bullettino dell'Istituto storico italiano, G. Manacorda, Storia della scuola in Italia, Palermo, Tateo,  Enciclopedia dantesca,  Treccani Dizionario biografico degl’italiani, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. S., su ALCUIN, Ratisbona.  Wight: S.'s charter doctrine (Bologna), in: Medieval Diplomatic and the 'ars dictandi', Scrineum. Keywords: Cicerone, “ars dictaminis” – o rettorica --. rota veneris – erotica – ermafrodita – erma: mercurio, afrodita, venere, afrodisiaco. Signa: Caro Grice, se mi chiedi della “ruota di Venere”, ti dirò che qui a Signa gira più la fantasia che le biciclette! Tra retorica ed epistole amorose, mi sa che la ruota si ferma spesso sul cuore...  Grice: Ah, Signa, a Firenze dicono che la ruota di Venere porta fortuna agli innamorati, ma a Bologna porta solo lettere d’amore sbagliate! Forse è la colpa dell’ars dictaminis, che fa girare la testa, non la ruota.  Grice: Del resto, se la ruota di Venere gira troppo, rischia di perdere un bullone... e magari Cupido finisce con l’arco storto! Ma se la ruota si ferma, allora è tempo di scrivere una lettera – magari una d’amicizia, che non si consuma come l’amore, ma dura più a lungo di una gomma nuova.  Signa: Meravigliosa implicatura, Grice! Hai girato intorno alla ruota senza mai fermarti, e ora capisco perché la retorica è davvero una questione di cuore... e di ruote ben oliate! Signa, Bon Compagno da (1215). Rhetorica novissima. Bologna.

Tiberio Cazio Asconio Silio Italico (Padova, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale a Roma – la maledizione di Dione – Scipione come Ercole – il sacrificio dell’eroe. The comparison between Grice and Silius Italicus brings out, across very different genres, a shared reliance on reason-governed practices to generate meaning beyond what is explicitly stated: Silius, a lawyer, consul, and later poet of the Roman principate, writes the Punica as an epic that openly depends on rhetorical, civic, and cultural reason, where Scipio is deliberately framed as a new Hercules, Dion’s curse functions less as literal doom than as a narratively managed signal, and heroism emerges through patterns of sacrifice, endurance, and exemplarity that an informed Roman audience is expected to recognize and complete; likewise, Grice’s theory of conversational meaning insists that understanding arises from rational cooperation, where what is meant cannot be reduced to what is said but depends on shared assumptions about relevance, intention, and intelligibility; in Silius, calling Scipio “Herculean” is not mere ornament but a controlled invitation to the audience to draw licensed inferences about virtue, labor, and mortal cost, just as in Grice an utterance achieves its force by relying on norms that guide hearers to move from literal content to justified implications; both figures, one in epic and one in philosophy, thus treat meaning as something governed by rational practices embedded in social life—whether the Roman forum and literary tradition or ordinary conversation—where form, context, and audience reasoning do the decisive work. Avvocato, console, pro-console de principato romano. Muore in Campania. Figli: Lucio Silio Deciano. Console, Proconsole in Asia. Noto semplicemente come S. Italico è anche un poeta, avvocato e politico romano, autore dei Punicorum libri XVII, il più lungo poema epico latino pervenutoci. Abbiamo notizie di lui da una lettera di PLINIO il Giovane a Caninio RUFO, nella quale parla della sua morte. Il nome ‘Asconio’ porta a ritenere che e legato alla gens patavine. Altre brevi informazioni ci vengono da TACITO e da Marziale. Di Marziale, S. è il patrono e sappiamo che opera nel foro come avvocato difensore, probabilmente già al principato di CLAUDIO. Secondo Plinio, nel principato di Nerone, dove esercitare anche l'avvocatura d'accusa, ovvero la delazione vera e falsa per il favore del principe. Il beneficio che ne tratta e il consolato ordinario. Con la caduta e morte di Nerone, in quanto amico di Vitellio, S. partecipa alle trattative di questi con il fratello di Vespasiano, Tito Flavio Sabino, che è a Roma con il figlio di Vespasiano, Domiziano.  S. è pro-console in Asia Minore agl’ordini di VESPASIANO. Testimonianza è un'epigrafe ad Afrodisia, che riporta il suo nome completo. Allo scadere del mandato pro-consolare S. si ritira dalla vita politica attiva dedicandosi agli studi e alla stesura del suo “Punicorum libri”.  Nel Libro III vi è un riferimento al titolo di "Germanico" assunto da Domiziano e Marziale saluta l'opera nel IV libro degl’epigrammi. Anche a causa dello stato di salute aggiorna a Campania, dove compra la villa di CICERONE, il suo modello di oratoria, e la terra che custodia la tomba di VIRGILIO, di cui è un estimatore e ai cui stilemi si rifà abbondantemente nel corso dei Punica. SCIPIONE, l’eroe nudo. Silio, and the labours of Ercole. Tiberio Cazio Asconio Silio Italico.  GRICEVS: Salvē, Silī! Audīvī tē Rōmae Scīpiōnem tamquam Herculēm canere, et Dionis maledictionem quasi condimentum carminis addere. Num etiam in foro versūs tuī causās vincunt? SILIVS: Salvē, Grice. In foro verba iūrantur, in carmine volant. Sed Scīpiō—ille vere laborāvit; ego tantum labōrēs eius numerō et in hexametrōs compingō. GRICEVS: Ita est. (Sed mirum quam saepe apud nōs, dum de factīs disserimus, ipsa ratio narrandī rem vincat: nam ubi “Herculem” nominās, audītōr iam ante triumphat, et maledictiō ipsa, quae terrēre posset, fit quasi titulus ad recitandum.) Dic ergo: cum “Scīpiōnem-Herculēm” pingis, sacrificiumne magis ostendis an gloriam? SILIVS: O inplicatūram dīvīnam, Grice! Nam intellegō quid subesset: nōn tantum quid dicāmus, sed quō modō dicāmus facit ut vir paulatim deus videātur; et maledictiō, quae olim pondus habuit, in carmine saepe tantum sonet—Dionēm verberante, sed Scīpiōne rīdente. Silio, Tiberio Cazio Asconio S. Italico (a. u. c. DCCCXL). Punica. Roma.

Lucio Cornellio Silla (Roma, Lazio): la regione conversazionale della ta meta ta physika. The comparison between Grice and Lucius Cornelius Sulla turns on the idea that meaning, whether textual or conversational, emerges from orderly human agency rather than from metaphysical mystery: Sulla’s historically consequential act of transferring Aristotle’s scattered corpus to Rome, and appointing Tyrannion to sort it, produced—almost accidentally—the category name ta meta ta physika, merely a librarian’s positional label for books placed after the physics, yet one that later philosophy reified into a substantive discipline; Grice treats this episode as exemplary of his broader thesis that rational structure precedes theoretical elevation, since what later looks like deep metaphysical necessity originates in practical, reason-governed activities governed by intelligible purposes and cooperative constraints, just as conversational meaning arises not from hidden semantic essences but from speakers’ publicly recognizable intentions operating within shared norms; where Sulla’s Rome converts an archival convenience into metaphysics, Grice insists that philosophy must reverse the illusion by explaining how such meanings are generated through rational practices—cataloguing, sorting, conversing—so that “meta” is not a realm beyond reason but a by-product of reason’s orderly handling of what comes next, whether books after physics or implications after what is said. Apellicon, a member of the Lizio, acquires an extensive collection of the works of Aristotle and Teofrasto that had once belonged to Neleo, della Scessi. S. takes the collection away from him and transports it to Roma, where TIRANNIO is put in charge of sorting it out and looking after it. Grice: “Tirannio saw a bunch of books which where obviously on physics. ‘And what are these?’ A bunch of books piled after those about physics. ‘I don’t know. I call them ‘the books that come after the books on physics’ – ta meta ta physika.” Lucio Cornelio Silla Disambiguazione – "Lucio Silla" rimanda qui. Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Lucio Silla (disambigua). Disambiguazione – "Silla" rimanda qui. Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Silla (disambigua). Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando l'opera di Händel, vedi Silla (Händel). Console e dittatore della Repubblica romana. Ritratto di Silla su un denario battuto da suo nipote Quinto Pompeo Rufo Nome originale Lucius Cornelius Sulla Nascita Roma Morte Cuma Coniuge Giulia Elia Clelia Cecilia Metella Dalmatica Valeria Messalla Figlida Giulia Cornelia Silla Lucio Cornelio Silla da Metella Fausto Cornelio Silla Fausta Cornelia Silla Lucio Cornelio Silla da Valeria Cornelia Postuma Gens Cornelia PadreLucio Cornelio Silla Questura Pretura Propretura in Cilicia Consolato Proconsolato in Asia Dittatura Lucio Cornelio Silla Nascita Roma Morte Cuma Cause della morte cancro Etnia Latino Religione Religione romana Dati militari Paese servito repubblica romana Forza armata Esercito romano Grado Dux Guerre Guerra giugurtina Guerre cimbriche Guerra civile romana Grice: “At Oxford they put you down. “That IS an original interpretation of Silla’s behaviour – but of course you would need to challenge Mommsen’s objection,” my tutor said, righly assuming that I had no idea Mommsen had an objection!” Silla. Mommsen. GRICEVS: Salve, Silla! Audivi te libros Aristotelis ex Asia ad urbem transtulisse. Dic mihi, quid invenisti post physica? SILLA: Griceus, post physica inveni libros qui tractant de anima, de caelo, de generatione et corruption. Sed in his, quod mirum, philosophia transit a natura ad res humanas: quae post physicam sequuntur, praeter naturam, ad mores et mentem hominum spectant. GRICEVS: Praeclare, Silla! Sic Aristoteles non solum naturam, sed etiam animam, civitatem, et felicitatem investigavit. Forsitan, haec "meta physica" sunt initium sapientiae Romanae—ubi scientia fit ars vivendi in urbe. SILLA: Recte dicis, Griceus. In Roma, etiam post physica, libris, et disputationibus, sapientiam petimus non ut finiatur sed ut semper iterum incipiat—quia verae quaestiones semper post physica latent. Silla, Lucio Cornelio (a. u. c. DCXVI). Dicta. Roma.

Antonio Silla (Scanno, L’Aquila, Abruzzo): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning conceives dialogue as a fundamentally rational, cooperative practice in which speakers intend their interlocutors to recognize those intentions as reasons for belief or response, so that even polemic, legal argument, or indirection remain intelligible because they are embedded in shared norms of relevance, sincerity, and argumentative accountability. Antonio Silla, by contrast, though deeply immersed in the learned and fiercely argumentative culture of Enlightenment Naples, exemplifies a more adversarial and rhetorical conception of conversational reason: his polemics against Martorelli, his interventions in the debate on punishment, and his anonymous publications show conversation and textual exchange functioning less as a cooperative search for mutual understanding than as a juridical or forensic arena in which reason is wielded strategically to defeat opponents, expose imposture, and assert authority. Where Grice insists that implicature and indirectness presuppose a background commitment to fair conversational play, Silla operates within a culture in which erudition, anonymity, and sharp vis polemica are integral to persuasion, and where meaning may be deliberately sharpened, obscured, or weaponized without undermining the legitimacy of the exchange. Thus Grice theorizes conversation as a civil, rule‑structured medium of shared rationality, while Silla’s practice reflects an early modern mode of conversational reason grounded in controversy, advocacy, and rhetorical combat, anticipating legal and moral debates in which understanding and victory are closely entwined rather than clearly separated. Nasce da Giovanni, un ricco armentario. Inizia i suoi studi a Chieti per poi trasferirsi a Napoli, dove studia diritto e lingue orientali. Napoli è, all’epoca, attraversata da un grande fermento culturale, e ospita personalità di spicco come GENOVESI , Galiani, Galanti. S. partecipa attivamente a questo mondo, si fa notare per la sua erudizione e per alcune precise prese di posizione, segnate da una robusta vis polemica. Ri-entra a Scanno dove prende moglie e comincia a esercitare la professione di avvocato. Fa ritorno a Napoli ed entra nella Real Accademia delle scienze e belle arti. Nella capitale pubblica La fondazione di Partenope, in cui confuta la tesi, espressa da Maciucca -- che la attribuiva a sua volta a Martorelli --, che individua nei fenici i fondatori della città, attribuendola invece ai greci abitanti di Cuma, già compagni della sirena Partenope -- Soria. S. offre una copia dell’opera al suo illustre conterraneo Antinori, accompagnandola da una lettera in cui ne sollecita un parere, seguita da una in cui motiva la sua presa di posizione contro Martorelli, e risponde ad alcuni rilievi dello stesso Antinori. Sempre a Napoli, pubblica una seconda opera, firmandola con le sole iniziali, La Teogonia commentata, sorta di prodromo, secondo Soria, alla Storia sacra de’ Gentili, pubblicata a Napoli. Intanto, prende posizione in un dibattito che anda segnando l’Italia e l’Europa dei lumi, sull’abolizione della tortura e della pena di morte, coagulatosi attorno alla pubblicazione di Dei delitti e delle pene di Beccaria -- apparso in forma anonima a Livorno. Fermamente contrario alla posizione espressa da Beccaria, e in sintonia invece con Facchinei che pubblica le Note ed osservazioni sul libro intitolato Dei delitti e delle pene, tacciando il suo autore di impostura, sfacciataggine e indegnità, S. scrive e pubblica, senza firmarlo, presso lo stampatore napoletano Raimondi, Il dritto di punire – cf. Lucas and the Oxford ordinary-language philosophers on ‘The Justification of Punishment’ in Philosophy.  S., dunque, da un lato riprende la linea polemica di Facchinei.  Grice: Caro Silla, ho letto della tua polemica contro Martorelli e la questione sulla fondazione di Partenope: tra fenici e greci, direi che a Napoli le origini sono sempre più complicate della ricetta della pastiera!  Silla: Grice, tu sai bene che qui a Napoli la verità si trova tra le pieghe di storia e folclore: come dire, tra la sirena Partenope e una buona dose di polemica, tutto diventa più saporito—e se serve, ci metto anche un pizzico di avvocatura!  Grice: Certamente, Silla! E parlando di avvocati... non sarà che, quando si tratta di tortura e pena di morte, invece di abolire, qualcuno preferisce solo cambiare il nome sulle porte del tribunale? Chissà che “giustificazione” si trova tra le righe.  Silla: La più tipicamente ingegnosa implicatura, Grice! Sei riuscito a dire tutto senza dire nulla, come solo gli inglesi e i napoletani sanno fare. Ti offro una copia del mio “Dritto di punire”—ma senza firma, così potrai implicare anche tu! Silla, Antonio (1550). Osservationi sopra il Petrarca. Venezia: Valgrisi.

Simbolo (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale della filosofia di Giuliano. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning treats dialogue as a public, normatively disciplined activity in which what a speaker means is anchored in intentions that are openly recoverable by rational interlocutors through shared principles such as cooperation, relevance, and mutual recognition, so that even play, irony, or artifice presuppose an underlying commitment to intelligibility and accountability. The legendary figure of Simbolo, by contrast, ascribed to the circle around Julian and associated with symbolic or quasi‑mythical interventions rather than systematic argument, represents conversation less as a rule‑guided inferential practice than as an emblematic or ritual medium in which signs act prior to, or independently of, explicit rational agency. In the dialogue imagined between Grice and Simbolo, this contrast is sharpened by the grammatical distinction between Symbolus as a speaking person and symbolum as an impersonal sign: Grice insists that meaning ultimately resides in what agents rationally intend others to grasp, even when formal systems or artificial languages are introduced, whereas Simbolo appears to accept that meaning may be carried by symbols themselves, teaching or guiding humans through their formal movement rather than through explicitly shared reasons. Thus where Grice’s conversational reason is resolutely human‑centred and grounded in intentional cooperation, Simbolo stands as a foil embodying a more archaic, symbolic conception in which conversation borders on liturgy or legend, and rational governance gives way to the suggestive authority of signs. Along with two other philosophers by the names of Ieroteo and Maxximiniano, he persuades Giuliano to pave the floor of Hagia Sophia with silver. However, the story is doubted, as is the existence of these three philosophers.  Grice: “It amuses me that the name of this Italian philosopher is identical with an artificial language invented by J. L. Austin, Symbolo!”   GRICEVS: Salvē, Symbolē. Gaudēbis scīre: collega meus apud Vadum Boum, Austin, sermonem quendam artificiōsum excōgitāvit cui nōmen est SYMBOLVM—sed (ut ille solēbat) id ipsum “lūdum” appellābat. SYMBOLVS: Ō rem lepīdam! Sed priusquam ad Austīnī sermonem trānseāmus, dīc mihi: cūr SYMBOLVM? Nam Symbolus (ut ego) māsculīnum est—quasi vir quidam aut philosophus; symbolum autem neutrum est—quasi signum ipsum, tessera, indicium. GRICEVS: Rectē monēs: Symbolus quasi persona disputat, symbolum quasi rēs tacet. At apud nostrōs, cum sermo in tabulīs et rēgulīs pōnitur, saepe neutrum regnat: signa enim moventur, hominēs tantum suspicantur. SYMBOLVS: Inplicātūra subtlis, Grice, paene symbolica! Nam dum “SYMBOLVM” dīcis, mihi subit: in sermone vestrō symbolum (neutrum) vincit Symbolum (māscium), et signa docent hominēs—vel saltem docent eos quōmodo in disputātiōne ludant. Simbolo (a. u. c. MLXXX). Dicta. Roma.

Corrado Simioni (Venezia, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale degl’amanti. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is rigorously analytic, normative, and explicitly anti-romantic: conversation is treated as a cooperative rational enterprise structured by intentions, mutual recognition, and defeasible principles such as relevance, quantity, and quality, so that what is meant is systematically recoverable from what is said by appeal to shared rational expectations. Simioni, by contrast, occupies a wholly different register: his occasional talk of conversational or amorous “reason,” shaped by Pirandellian ambiguity, theatricality, and masks, treats dialogue less as a rule-governed inferential practice than as a site of role-playing, seduction, and strategic opacity, where meaning is performative, often deliberately unstable, and tied to power, persuasion, or esoteric influence rather than to public norms of rational accountability. Where Grice insists that even irony, joking, or flirtation ultimately presuppose a background of sincere rational cooperation that makes implicature calculable, Simioni’s stance, as reflected in his writings and self-mythology, treats conversational exchange—especially among lovers or militants—as something that can exploit, suspend, or instrumentalize reason itself, turning dialogue into a vehicle for fascination, manipulation, or enchantment. In short, Grice theorizes conversation as a civil technology of shared reason, while Simioni invokes conversation metaphorically or theatrically as a space where reason is bent, aestheticized, or overwhelmed by affect, secrecy, and symbolic play, a difference that makes Simioni at most an illustrative contrast, not a precursor or parallel, to Grice’s account of meaning. Tra i principali studiosi di PIRANDELLO , inizia la sua attività politica militando nelle file del socialismo. Venne espulso dal partito per indegnità morale. Collabora con l’United States Information Service. Si trasfere a Monaco di iera per approfondire gli studi per poi ritornare a Milano. Leader di un collettivo operai-studenti, mentre lavora alla Mondadori, fonda il collettivo politico metro-politano milanese. Teorizza lo scontro aperto, e si considera il progenitore delle brigate rosse. Insieme a circa settanta persone, tra cui componenti del collettivo ed elementi del dissenso, partecipa al convegno di Chiavari nella sala Marchesani, adiacente la pensione Stella Maris, nel quale un gruppo di partecipanti dichiara la propria adesione ad una visione politica. La data di questo convegno viene da taluni considerata come la data di nascita delle brigate rosse. Altri affermano che la formazionesia nata con il convegno di Pecorile (Reggio Emilia). L'ultima attività, prima di passare alla completa clandestinità, a compe come redattore di "Sinistra proletaria", l'ultimo dei quali riporta in copertina uno sfondo rosso con disegnato al centro un cerchio nero attorniante le sagome di XIV mitra. Fonda la scuola di lingue Hyperion, la quale secondo alcuni ha la funzione di una vera centrale internazionale. Si afferma che e anche il capo del Super-clan, organizzazione nata da una costola delle brigate rosse. Si insere nella vita cittadina, ricominciando a frequentare gl’ambienti progressisti e divenendo vicepresidente della fondazione Pierre. E proprio quale accompagnatore di Pierre, e ricevuto da  Giovanni Paolo II in udienza privata. Si avvicina al buddhismo tibetano. Si apparta nella campagna di Truinas, nella Drôme, dove geste un B et B. Craxi, alludendo alla esistenza di un grande delle brigate rosse (l'eminenza grigia ipotizzata da alcuni che dall'estero avrebbe guidato, come un burattinaio, molte delle azioni sul suolo italiano), Pirandello.  GRICE: Caro Simioni, tra le calli di Venezia la filosofia scorre come un fiume segreto. Ma dimmi, è vero che gli amanti veneziani sono filosofi più arguti dei professori di Milano? SIMIONI: Ah, Grice, qui a Venezia l’amore è una questione di dialettica, non solo di cuore! Anche Pirandello direbbe che la logica degli amanti supera quella di qualsiasi Congresso universitario. GRICE: Vedi, caro Corrado, proprio come dicevano gli antichi φιλοσοφοί: tra le brume lagunari, ogni amante cela un filosofo, e ogni filosofo sogna di essere un amante—il vero problema è che a Venezia, spesso si confonde il Πλατωνικός con il "platonicamente impegnato"! Sai, qui la ragione conversazionale è più una questione di baci che di sillogismi… SIMIONI: Amo quell’implicatura, Grice! A Venezia, si sa, “filosofo” e “amante” sono solo due maschere sullo stesso volto: dice il proverbio, chi ragiona troppo finisce col perdere l’amore… e chi ama troppo, beh, diventa filosofo prima o poi! Ma tu, Grice, tra i greci e i gondolieri, sei riuscito a unire l’arte del ragionare con quella del punteggio amoroso! Simioni, Corrado (1967). I segreti dell’ipnotismo. Roma: Sullivan.

Quinto Aurelio Simmaco (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del console filosofo. Grice and Quintus Aurelius Symmachus converge on the idea that intelligible meaning in discourse is inseparable from reason as exercised within concrete social practices, but they articulate this insight at different historical and theoretical levels: Symmachus, writing as a late Roman senator and consul, exemplifies conversational reason as a civic virtue exercised through tact, understatement, irony, and strategic indirection within the highly ritualized setting of the Senate and imperial petitioning, where what is said is carefully calibrated to rank, tradition, and political risk, and where rational speech consists less in explicit argument than in the prudent management of shared assumptions and face; Grice, by contrast, abstracts from such historically situated practices to propose a general theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning, explaining how mutual rationality, intentions, and audience recognition generate implicatures across contexts, even as their content varies with circumstance, so that where Symmachus embodies conversational reason as a lived senatorial art responsive to hierarchy and decorum, Grice provides the analytic framework that makes such art intelligible as a systematic exploitation of rational expectations rather than mere rhetorical ornament. A philosopher of considerable wisdom, also a consul. GRICEVS: Salve, Simmace, sive Simachce—nonnumquam nescio utrum scribendum sit cum uno “m” an duobus. Sed certe unum scio: inter consules, sapientia tua fulget ut sol in Foro! SIMMACVS: Grice, amice, quid de litteris Latinis? Unus m, duo m—philosophus sum, non grammaticus! Consulatus autem, fateor, plus toga quam sapientia ponderat. GRICEVS: Mirum est, Simchace—err, Simmace!—quantum ponderis sapientia tua habet inter patres conscriptos. In domo quadam ultra mare, nonnullis fortasse toga abundat…sed minus quoddam—quod philosophus agnoscere solet—praesto est. SIMMACVS: Senatoria implicatura, Grice—celebro eam! Equidem, si sapientia in curia tam rara est quam panis in Saturnalia, fortasse consulatus magis ad iocum quam ad iudicium pertinet! Simmaco, Quinto Aurelio (a. u. c. MCL). Relationes ad Imperatores. Roma

Francesco Simoneschi (Venezia, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e la rettorica conversazionale. Simoneschi’s Venetian rhetoric and Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning converge in a shared rejection of purely formal, universalist accounts of meaning, yet they diverge in the level at which reason is theorized: Simoneschi, writing in seventeenth‑century Venice, treats conversational reason as inseparable from civic life, geography, and institutional structure, arguing that what counts as intelligible, ironic, or persuasive speech is anchored in locally stabilized practices, shared metaphors, and socially indexed expectations that cannot be exported without loss, whereas Grice, while agreeing that what is meant routinely outruns what is said, reconstructs conversational meaning at a higher level of abstraction by positing general rational principles—cooperation, relevance, adequacy, and mutual recognition of intentions—that underwrite intelligibility across contexts; in this sense, Simoneschi offers a historically situated phenomenology of conversational reason, where rhetoric is the lived navigation of a specific social world, while Grice provides a rational scaffolding explaining how such navigation is possible at all, even as its concrete realization remains irreducibly sensitive to local norms, background knowledge, and audience design. Grice: “My pragmatics is a mere conversational rhetoric, as S. well knew! In his work  Del vello d’oro, ovvero della rettorica veneziana, S. argues for a regional pragmatics by positing that communication is not governed by universal, abstract rules, but is instead a "situated" practice shaped by the specific socio-political and environmental conditions of a locale—in this case, Venice. S.’s justification for this approach centres on several key points: Linguistic Environmentalism S. suggests that the unique physical and political geography of Venice — its maritime isolation and republican structure — creates a distinct "rhetorical climate." He argues that universalist models of rhetoric (often derived from the Roman tradition) fail to capture the nuances of Venetian discourse because they ignore the local circumstances of the conversation.  Context-Dependent Implicatures A regional approach recognizes that "what is said" is often secondary to "what is meant" within a specific social network. Local Encodings: Figures of speech in S.’s Venice often rely on shared maritime metaphors or civic references that would be unintelligible or carry different implicatures in a landlocked monarchy like Piedmont or a papal state. Social Deixis: The way Venetians use irony or understatement (litotes) is calibrated to the city’s specific social hierarchy. A regional pragmatics argues that the effectiveness of these figures is tied to the listeners' local knowledge, making a universalist manual for "correct" speech impossible. The Rejection of Universalism By titling his work Rettorica veneziana ("Venetian Rhetoric"), S. explicitly challenges the Enlightenment-era push for a universal, rationalist grammar. He posits that:  Meaning is Contingent: Pragmatic competence is the ability to navigate local social norms rather than following a global logic. Grice: Ah, caro Simoneschi, a Venezia l’arte della conversazione è più fluida delle acque del Canal Grande! La tua Rettorica veneziana, devo confessare, mi ha insegnato che la pragmatica non è una scienza universale, ma una danza locale—e qui, ogni passo conta!  Simoneschi: Grice, tra gondole e maschere, la conversazione si infittisce di implicature: a Venezia, “dire” è sempre meno importante di “significare”. E se la grammatica romana pretende di dettare legge, qui il vero linguista impara a navigare tra correnti e riflessi!  Grice: Eh già, caro mio. Pensa al povero Strawson, mio discepolo a Vadum Boum: lui non trovava mai l’arte rettorica banale come fanno a Bononia, dove la retorica è materia da sbadigli, non da sussurri maligni. A Vadum Boum, anche un implicatura vale più di mille regole—ma non dirglielo, o rischiamo di vedere la grammatica affogare nella laguna!  Simoneschi: Abile, artefice e oratoriale, implicatura raffinata, Grice! A Venezia, l’arte della parola è come il vello d’oro: preziosa, ma sempre nascosta tra le pieghe della città e nella complicità dei suoi ascoltatori. Sai, solo chi sa leggere tra le acque, come tu tra le righe, coglie davvero il senso locale—e magari, come dice il proverbio: “A Venezia non si parla, si naviga!”  Simoneschi, Francesco (1667). Il vello d’oro, overo la rettorica. Venezia.

Michelangelo Buonarroti Simoni (Caprese, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale -- la teoria del tutto. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Michelangelo Buonarroti Simoni’s artistic‑philosophical practice converge on the idea that intelligibility arises from disciplined rational form rather than from surface appearance, yet they operate in radically different media. Grice articulates conversational reason as a normative structure governing linguistic exchange: speakers and hearers rely on shared principles of rational cooperation to recover meanings, including implicatures, that are not explicitly stated, thereby treating conversation as a rule‑governed practice of mutual intelligibility. Michelangelo, by contrast, enacts a “theory of the whole” through visual, architectural, and poetic form, where meaning is never exhausted by what is immediately given but must be inferred from tension, restraint, and latent structure—as Freud famously argued in reading the Moses not as frozen action but as controlled delay, a rational mastery of impulse rendered in stone. In this sense, Michelangelo’s figures function like Gricean utterances: their deepest meaning lies not in what is overtly shown but in what is deliberately withheld and made inferable by a competent interpreter. Grice gives this phenomenon conceptual clarity by explaining how reason governs the passage from saying to meaning; Michelangelo instantiates it by showing how reason governs form so that significance emerges through disciplined implication rather than explicit declaration. Both thus model a rational economy of expression in which the intellect organizes excess—of words or of marble—into a structure where the whole becomes intelligible only to those who grasp the governing norms behind what appears. Antenato: Simone de Buonarrota. Nome: S. Grice: “Some call him Michelangelo, but that’s rude!” --  See the study of Buonarroti’s Moses by Freud, “filosofia”. Keywords: the theory of everything Michelangelo Buonarroti. CDisambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Michelangelo Buonarroti il Giovane, Michelangelo (e Buonarroti.  Pietro Freccia, statua di Michelangelo, piazzale degli Uffizi a Firenze. (Caprese, m. Roma), è stato un filosofo italiano -- pittore, scultore, architetto e poeta italiano.   Daniele da Volterra, Ritratto di Michelangelo  Autoritratto come Nicodemo, Pietà Bandini  disegno di Daniele da Volterra Soprannominato "Divin Artista" e definito "Artista universale", fu protagonista del Rinascimento italiano, e già in vita fu riconosciuto dai suoi contemporanei come uno dei più grandi artisti di tutti i tempi. Personalità tanto geniale quanto irrequieta, il suo nome è legato ad alcune delle più maestose opere dell'arte occidentale, fra cui si annoverano il David, il Mosè, la Pietà del Vaticano, la Cupola di San Pietro e il ciclo di affreschi nella Cappella Sistina, tutti considerati traguardi eccezionali dell'ingegno creativo.  Lo studio delle sue opere segnò le generazioni artistiche successive dando un forte impulso alla corrente del manierismo.  Nelle fonti coeve, S. è chiamato in latino Michael.Angelus (la firma dell'autore sulla Pietà vaticana è MICHAEL.A[N]GELVS BONAROTVS FLORENT[INVS]) e in italiano Michelagnolo, come risulta dalla biografia Vita di S. scritta da Condivi, suo discepolo e collaboratore. Lo stesso Vasari lo chiamava Michelagnolo e il nome rimase tale fino alla metà dell’Ottocento. Il cambio in Michelangiolo prima e la successiva italianizzazione in Michelangelo poi, avvengono tra l’800 e il ‘900.  Benché tra le nuove generazioni si sia affermata la versione moderna, a Firenze resiste la variante ottocentesca. the theory of everything.  Grice: Sai, caro Simoni, al vulgus di Oxford sei semplicemente “Michelangelo”. Loro non colgono tutta la profondità del tuo nome e della tua tradizione!  Simoni: Ah, Grice, non sai quanto mi diverte questa semplificazione! Dalle nostre parti, tra Caprese e Firenze, “Michelagnolo” porta con sé storie, radici, e persino la memoria di Simone de Buonarrota, mio antenato. Il nome, come un’opera d’arte, ha mille sfumature. Grice: La teoria del tutto, come la chiami tu, nasce proprio dal saper vedere oltre le apparenze — che si tratti di un affresco o di un nome! Lo stesso Freud, studiando il tuo Mosè, ha cercato la filosofia nascosta nelle pieghe dell’anima. Simoni: Esatto! Dopotutto, ogni conversazione — come ogni opera — è un mosaico di significati. E se a Oxford mi chiamano Michelangelo, va bene: purché sappiano che dietro quel nome c’è una filosofia italiana, viva e universale! Simoni, Michelangelo Buonarroti (1550). Rime e lettere. Firenze: Giunti.

Simone Simoni (Lucca, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale degl’ ‘eretici’ reazionari italiani -- Grice and Simone Simoni represent two historically distant but philosophically resonant ways of understanding how reason operates through discourse under pressure, disagreement, and risk. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning holds that even the most indirect, ironic, or strategically cautious utterances remain intelligible because they answer to shared rational norms—expectations of relevance, coherence, and intelligibility that allow interlocutors to calculate implicatures without explicit statement. Simoni, writing in the fraught context of sixteenth‑century Italian heterodoxy, embodies a form of conversational reason that emerges under theological and political threat: among nobles and “acute minds,” reason must often speak obliquely, encode dissent, and negotiate survival amid suspicion of heresy. His intellectual formation in Padua’s rationalist Aristotelianism, combined with his exposure to reformist humanist circles and later Calvinist Geneva, produced a style of philosophical communication where what can be said is tightly constrained, and meaning often travels by implication rather than assertion. In this sense, Simoni’s lived practice anticipates Grice’s theoretical insight: when direct speech is dangerous or impossible, rational agents rely even more heavily on shared inferential competence to recognize what is meant without its being said. Grice systematizes this phenomenon analytically, showing how reason governs meaning even in understatement and evasion; Simoni exemplifies it historically, as a thinker whose survival depended on knowing precisely where the conversational “fire” burned and how to signal one’s position without stepping into it. Together they reveal that conversational reason is most visible not in tranquil consensus but where intellect, power, and danger intersect, and meaning must be both intelligible and deniable at once.– gl’acuti – i nobili. Studia con BENDINELLI e PALEARIO, due umanisti in dore d’eresia. Il secondo fine sul rogo a Roma. Legge sostenuto dal padre e dal patrizio veneziano MOCENIGO e peregrina nei maggiori studi d'Italia: Bologna, Pavia, Ferrara, e Napoli. Si laurea a Padova. Diversi ma tutti autorevoli i suoi professori: da MAGGI a CARDANO, da BOLDONI a BRASAVOLA. La sua formazione e di stampo del LIZIO, come s'insegna nello studio padovano, con una forte esigenza razionalistica che ha riflessi nel campo religioso, tale da mettere in dubbio l'immortalità dell'anima e a creare sospetti di eresia tra i professori e gl’studenti di quella università. Con questa preparazione, S. fa ritorno a Lucca, dove scrive saggi di argomento filosofico. Lucca ha vissuto un periodo concitato d’aperti conflitti sociali e poi di tentativi di riforme politiche, portate avanti dal gonfaloniere BURLAMACCHI e dal circolo di filosofi riuniti intorno a VERMIGLI. Quando ritorna a Lucca, quella fervida attività è già stata spenta dalla reazione cattolica guidata da GUIDICCIONI, ma certo quelle idee di riforma circolano ancora sotterraneamente, e forse lui stesso le ha già raccolte durante i suoi trascorsi nelle diverse università da lui frequentate. Sta di fatto che è chiamato dall’autorità lucchesi a dare spiegazioni sulle proprie opinioni. Per tutta risposta non fidandosi troppo delle sue forze, cerca la salvezza con la fuga. Munito solo di un cavallo e dei propri risparmi, dopo aver preso commiato dalla famiglia, fugge, accompagnato da un servitore, alla volta di Ginevra. Negl’atti ufficiali della repubblica di Lucca, la sua condanna per eresia si formalizza. A Ginevra, patria del calvinismo, si forma una numerosa colonia di emigrati italiani e tra questi non pochi sono i lucchesi. La comunità italiana è inserita in una propria chiesa e S. vi ha l'incarico di catechista. Preso a benvolere dall'influente teologo BEZA, ottenne di insegnare filosofia. nobilità, eretici italiani.  Grice: Caro Simoni, non posso fare a meno di notare che tra gli acuti filosofi di Lucca spesso si annida un certo spirito... diciamo, poco ortodosso. Si dice che chi frequenta gli eretici finisca per riconoscerli meglio degli altri. Ma immagino tu abbia incontrato parecchie anime immortali, o almeno, così si racconta nelle università di Padova! Simoni: Grice, io direi che, tra Bologna, Pavia e Ferrara, ho imparato più a dubitare che a credere! Anche se, a Lucca, basta una domanda sulla natura dell'anima per farsi invitare a spiegare le proprie opinioni... o a preparare la valigia per Ginevra!  Grice: Ah, Simoni, non sei tu forse il filosofo che sa trovarsi sempre davanti al rogo, ma con il cavallo pronto e i risparmi in tasca? Si potrebbe pensare che solo chi ha il fuoco dentro riesca a riconoscere quello degli altri... ma non vorrei mai insinuare troppo, sai come sono gli implicaturi!  Simoni: Implicatura più eretica, Grice, la onoro! Del resto, tra i nobili e gli eretici, l’unico modo per sopravvivere è capire bene dove brucia la fiamma... e magari portare sempre un po’ di acqua, giusto per sicurezza! Simoni, Simone (1575). De principiis rerum naturalium. Venezia: Valgrisi.

Carlo Sini (Bologna, Emilia): la ragione conversazionale e la filosofia del segno. Grice and Carlo Sini converge on a shared concern with reason as something enacted within practices of meaning rather than imposed from outside them, but they articulate this insight through different philosophical vocabularies and genealogies. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning develops out of ordinary language philosophy and Austin’s speech-act framework, treating meaning as anchored in rational expectations, intentions, and inferential norms that govern conversational exchange; for him, words, symptoms, and signs become intelligible insofar as speakers can be held accountable under publicly recognizable standards of reason and cooperation, including the attribution of mental states and access to other minds. Sini, by contrast, situates conversational reason within a broader philosophy of the sign, shaped by phenomenology, Peircean semiotics, and hermeneutics, where signs are not merely vehicles for saying but traces, symptoms, and practices that precede and exceed the spoken word; meaning arises from historically sedimented practices of writing, abecedary logic, and inscription that transform experience into objectivity, from Lucretius through Cicero and into Roman philosophical Latin. While Grice emphasizes how conversational reason stabilizes meaning through shared rational norms in interaction, Sini emphasizes how reason itself is already semiotic, emerging from the technological and cultural history of signs that make conversation possible at all. Their approaches thus complement one another: Grice offers a fine-grained account of how rational control operates within conversational moves, implicatures, and intentions, whereas Sini provides a deeper genealogical account of why such rationally governed conversations can occur, locating them in the long history of the sign as the medium through which soul, world, and language are mutually disclosed. Grice: “I like Sini; especially his “I segni dell’anima,” since this is, in a nutshell, what my philosophy has been all about: the signs of the soul!” Keywords: J. L. Austin, symptom, word, sign, other minds. Studia a Milano sotto BARIÉ e PACI, con il quale si laurea. Insegna ad Aquila e Milano. Membro per del Collegium phaenomenologicum di Perugia, della Società filosofica italiana e socio dei Lincei, dell'Istituto lombardo di scienze e lettere. Insignito per una sua opera del premio della presidenza del consiglio dello stato italiano. Collabora al Corriere della Sera e la Rai. Dirige per Versorio la collana "Pragmata", membro del comitato scientifico del festival La Festa della Filosofia. Premiato da Milano con l'Ambrogino d'oro. Con Grice, tra i primi a segnalare all'attenzione l'importanza della teoria del segno di Peirce. Propone un filone di ricerca sulla convergenza dei percorsi di Peirce e Heidegger sul filo dell'ermeneutica benché la sua formazione didattica fosse di orientamento prevalentemente fenomenologico. La sua proposta teoretica si concentra sul tema della scrittura e sulla centralità dell' abecedario come forma logica della filosofia nella lingua del Lazio. In “Figure dell'enciclopedia filosofica” rende conto della radicalità del gesto istitutivo di LUCREZIO e della nascita della filosofia romana in modo da illuminare la genealogia della nostra civiltà e le figure del suo destino. Questo saggio si misura con nodi problematici e profondi della nostra cultura. Si mostra la verità del gesto filosofico di LUCREZIO nel tratto tecnologico dell’abecedario che trasforma la relazione al mondo in cosità – “de rerum natura”. La pratica del concetto, infatti, in-forma il paradigma dell'oggettività – “in rerum natura” -- e traduce la sterminate antichità dell'umano all'interno dell'ambito crono-topico della visione logica. segno, da Lucrezio a Cicerone.  Grice: Caro Sini, devo confessare che la tua analisi del “segno” mi entusiasma! Qui a Oxford, terra di barbari, non diamo al “segno” l’importanza che meriterebbe nelle nostre conversazioni. Forse, se prendessimo esempio dalla tua filosofia, riusciremmo a cogliere meglio i segni dell’anima! Sini: Grice, mi lusinga quanto dici! In fondo, la filosofia del segno nasce proprio dal desiderio di andare oltre la parola e toccare ciò che si cela dietro ogni espressione. Come diceva Peirce, il segno è ponte tra mondi possibili e, in Italia, abbiamo imparato a leggerli anche nelle sfumature più sottili. Grice: È proprio questo che mi colpisce: il vostro modo di intrecciare pratica filosofica, abecedario e storia, fino a Lucrezio! Da noi, spesso, ci perdiamo in astrazioni e dimentichiamo il valore concreto del segno. Magari dovrei importare qualche tuo saggio per i miei studenti oxoniensi. Sini: Sarebbe un piacere, Grice! Dopotutto, come insegna la tradizione italiana, il segno non è mai solo parola: è traccia, sintomo, apertura all’altro. Se anche a Oxford si imparasse a coglierli, forse il barbaro lascerebbe spazio al filosofo… almeno di tanto in tanto! Sini, Carlo (1961). Per una rilettura della fenomenologia hegeliana. Aut aut

Giulio Sirenio (Brescia, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale del ‘libero’ arbitrio –libero arbitrio, contingetia, possibilitas, necessitas, ‘secundum philosophorum opinionem” -- Grice and Giulio Sirenio approach freedom, necessity, and rationality from very different historical angles, yet they converge on a shared insight about how reason operates within human practices rather than outside them. Sirenio’s De fato (Venice, 1563), written within the Aristotelian–Scholastic framework of late Renaissance Bologna, treats libero arbitrio as intelligible only against a background of contingency, possibility, necessity, fate, and chance, articulated “secundum philosophorum opinionem” through disputation rather than dogma; freedom is not an isolated metaphysical power but something exercised within rational deliberation, where necessity and casus constrain without annihilating meaningful choice. Grice, in contrast, relocates these classical tensions into the analysis of action and speech: his discussions of freedom, falling, and agency in Actions and Events treat free action not as metaphysical indeterminacy but as action rendered intelligible under reason-governed expectations, intentions, and explanations. Where Sirenio asks how free will survives under divine providence and causal order, Grice asks how meaning and agency survive under rational constraints, arguing that freedom is compatible with rule-governed practices because those rules are not causal chains but norms of intelligibility. Sirenio’s conversational reason unfolds in scholastic dialogue about fate and contingency; Grice’s conversational reason unfolds in everyday implicature, where speakers appear “guided” by forces they did not consciously choose but can nonetheless claim as their own. In both cases, freedom emerges not by escaping rational structure but by inhabiting it: for Sirenio, through philosophical disputation about fatum and casus; for Grice, through participation in cooperative, reason-governed conversation.-- fatum, casum, il fato, il caso.  Insegna a Bologna. Altri saggi: De fato, Venezia, Ziletti. Grice, “Sugar-gree”, free fall and freedom, in Actions and events. Sirenio. Keywords: libero arbitrio, contingetia, possibilitas, necessitas, ‘secundum philosophorum opinionem” fatum, casum, il fato, il caso. Grice: Sirenio, ti confesso che ogni volta che mi alzo dal letto, mi chiedo: “Ho scelto io, o è stato il fato a tirarmi giù dalle coperte?” Il libero arbitrio è il vero risveglio filosofico! Sirenio: Grice, forse il caso ti ha spinto, o magari era necessitas travestita da sveglia. Qui a Brescia, il libero arbitrio si esercita già a colazione: burro o marmellata? “Secundum philosophorum opinionem”, persino il caffè può diventare fatum! Grice: Ecco, davanti al toast, sento una strana forza che mi guida… e, quasi senza volerlo, finisco sempre per fare una implicatura, come se il destino mi avesse già scritto la battuta! Sirenio: Implicatura quasi determinata, Grice! Tra fatum e caso, la vera libertà è scegliere se ridere o filosofare… ma si sa, a volte il caso preferisce ridere di noi! Sirenio, Giulio (1563). Venezia: Ziletti

Siro (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale dell’orto a Napoli. Grice and Siro converge on the idea that rationality is not a property of abstract propositions but a regulative force immanent in lived practices, yet they articulate this insight through different media and scales. Siro’s Epicurean Garden at Naples exemplifies a form of reason-governed meaning embedded in shared life, cultivated discourse, and tacit understanding: philosophical exchange unfolds through proximity, habit, and exempla, where poets and philosophers alike grasp significance not by explicit rule-following but by attunement to what is fitting, appropriate, and intelligible within the hortus as a social form. This is conversational reason as πραξις: meaning arises from participation in a way of life, where implication, presupposition, and silence are sustained by communal norms rather than articulated principles. Grice, by contrast, offers a reflective reconstruction of this same phenomenon: his theory of conversational meaning makes explicit the rational constraints that already govern successful exchange, explaining how speakers mean more than they say through shared assumptions, cooperative expectations, and inferential accountability. Where Siro’s garden lets reason remain embodied, ecological, and largely unthematized—herbs speaking where words fail—Grice translates that lived rationality into an analytic framework, a pirotological reconstruction of how understanding is achieved at all. In this sense, Siro provides the historical and existential scene of conversational reason, while Grice provides its logical anatomy: the Garden shows reason at work; Grice explains how it works. S. founds a fililale of L’ORTO at Napoli. VIRGILIO attends it, as does ORAZIO. L’ORTO enjoys a great success, as S. succeeds in attracting a number of influential followers. VIRGILIO lives in the casino of L’ORTO -- but the subsequent fate of The Garden is unknown. GRICEVS: Salvete, SIRVS! Dic mihi, quid novi in illo clarissimo horto Neapolitano? Audivi Virgilium et Horatium ibi saepe ambulare, sed numquid etiam quidam philosophus Anglicus inter hortelanos latet? SIRVS: O Grice, hortus noster verus est epicentrum sapientiae! Hic Virgilius versus seminat, Horatius carmina colligit, et ego, inter vites et rosas, disputationes philosophicas sero. Sed tu, ex Britannia, quid te ad nostros ortos trahit? GRICEVS: Amice Sire, fama horti longe ad septentrionem pervenit. Qui enim inter hortelanos diu moratur, potest fortasse plus intellegere de natura hominis quam qui in bibliotheca clauditur. Quid si quidam flores non solum ad ornatum, sed ad sapientiam coluntur? SIRVS: Maxima hortulana implicatura, Grice! Certe, in horto nostro, etiam lactucae aliquid praesupponunt. Ubi verba deficiunt, herbae loquuntur! Proxima vice, attende: sub ficu, saepe philosophus latet, sed sub allio… poeta dormit! Siro (a. u. c. DCC). Dicta. Roma.

Gioele Solari (Albino, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale dell’iustum/iussum, o il tutore fascista. Grice and Solari converge on the idea that reason is not an abstract faculty detached from social life but a governing principle operative within concrete practices, yet they articulate this insight at different levels of analysis and with different emphases. Solari, working within the Italian tradition of legal and historical philosophy shaped by Roman jurisprudence and Vico’s verum-factum principle, conceives “ragione conversazionale” as civil prudence: reason applied to historically constituted institutions, where the distinction between iussum (what is commanded) and iustum (what is just) is negotiated through praxis, not deduced from universal norms. For Solari, rationality is embedded in law, language, and custom, and its authority derives from their communal and historical formation. Grice, by contrast, reconstructs reason-governed practice at the micro-level of communicative exchange: his theory of conversational meaning explains how rational agents coordinate understanding by relying on shared assumptions, intentions, and principles of cooperation, which he treats as reconstructible norms rather than historically given institutions. Yet the affinity is substantive: Grice’s method of rational reconstruction plays a role analogous to Solari’s juridical historicism, translating inherited practices into explicit reasons, while his emphasis on ordinary language and intention resonates with the Italian focus on concrete linguistic and legal forms. Where Solari sees reason unfolding through the institutional history of the iustum, Grice sees it operating in the inferential and normative structure of conversation; both reject purely speculative rationalism and locate reason in lived, rule-governed human activity, one at the level of law and civil order, the other at the level of communicative interaction. Grice: “S. represents a synthesis of the Italian philosophical tradition, which prioritises praxis and the historical evolution of concrete institutions over abstract speculation. His work bridges the gap between the foundational realism of Roman law and the historicist science of VICO .  Rootedness in Roman Legal Realism The Italian tradition, beginning with Roman law, views philosophy not as a detached study of "Being," but as jurisprudence — the practical art of the "good and the equitable" (ars boni et aequi).  Practical Utility: Roman jurists did not seek universal metaphysical truths. They develop laws from specific cases to resolve social conflicts. S.’s Adoption: S. grounds his philosophy in this "juridical" mindset, viewing the law as the objective social framework where the abstract moral value must find concrete expression to be valid.  VICO (veddasi)’s Verum-Factum and Historicism S.’s approach is deeply Vichian, adopting the principle that "the true is the made" -- verum ipsum factum.  Against Pure Speculation: VICO  argues that humans can only truly know what they have created: history, language – la lingua ordinaria – il latino -- , and law. He rejects the Cartesian "geometric method" for a philological-historical approach that examines how social reality is built. Civil Prudence: Like VICO , S. emphasises "civil prudence" — the application of REASON – la ragione conversazionale -- to historical circumstances rather than to fixed, abstract categories. roma antica, Giorgio Guglielmo Federico Hegel, Spaventa, hegelianismo, iustum/iussum – storia della filosofia del diritto romano, cicerone; diritto naturale, IVS NATVRALE, Gaio, citato da Vico, Giustiniano, diritto romano in eta del principato, IVS GENTIVM, IVS VNIVERSALI, sato di natura, i ferini di Vico, il metodo pirotologico di Grice – ri-costruzione razionale, Bennett, significato naturale.  Grice: Caro Solari, sa, la mia formazione in Literae Humaniores a Clifton mi ha insegnato il valore di distinguere tra iussum e iustum. In Inghilterra, tra i barbari, spesso queste finezze si perdono, mentre qui, in Italia—terra del latino—sono ancora il cuore della riflessione filosofica. Solari: È vero, Grice. In Italia la tradizione filosofica si nutre proprio di queste distinzioni concrete. Non parliamo solo di "giusto" in astratto, ma di ciò che prende forma nelle istituzioni reali, nella vita quotidiana, come ci insegnano i giuristi romani. Grice: Mi affascina come il diritto romano sia stato sempre un’arte pratica, l’ars boni et aequi. Non si cercava l’assoluto, ma si dava risposta ai bisogni della società. È una filosofia che vive nella storia, non nell’astrazione. Solari: Esattamente. Seguendo Vico, credo che “il vero è il fatto”: solo ciò che l’uomo costruisce nella storia può essere conosciuto davvero. Per noi, la prudenza civile non è teoria, ma ragione applicata alle circostanze concrete. Questa è la forza della nostra tradizione. Solari, Gioele (1901). La filosofia del diritto. Torino: Fratelli Bocca.

Luigi Soldati (Torino, Piemonte). Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Soldati’s philosophical style as represented in Scritti filosofici (1930) converge on the idea that seriousness in thought does not require solemnity in expression, though they articulate this insight in different idioms. Grice reconstructs ordinary conversation as a rational, norm‑guided practice in which speakers exploit shared expectations of relevance, informativeness, and cooperativity to mean more than they explicitly say, making irony, understatement, and indirectness central to understanding how reason operates in everyday language. Soldati, writing from interwar Turin and within the cultivated Einaudi milieu, approaches the same phenomenon less analytically and more stylistically, treating philosophical discourse as something that can “smile” without sacrificing rigor, where obliqueness and wit are not deviations from reason but its natural vehicles. What Grice formalizes as implicature—reason working through what is left unsaid—Soldati exemplifies as philosophical tact: speaking “a little sideways” so that intelligence appears in restraint rather than declaration. In this sense, Soldati’s conversationally inflected philosophy can be read as an antecedent temperament to Grice’s later theory, while Grice supplies the explanatory framework that shows why Soldati’s humorous seriousness is not merely rhetorical decoration but a manifestation of reason at work under conversational constraints. Grice: Soldati, ho letto i tuoi Scritti filosofici del 1930 e devo dirti che a Torino riuscite a fare filosofia senza sembrare in punizione. Soldati: Caro Grice, sarà l’aria piemontese o Einaudi che ci guarda severo, ma qui anche i sillogismi sanno sorridere. Grice: A Oxford fingiamo di odiare la retorica, ma poi viviamo di implicature come di tè alle cinque.Soldati: Allora vedi che siamo d’accordo: chi parla seriamente, se è intelligente, lo fa sempre un po’ di traverso. Soldati, Luigi (1930). Scritti filosofici. Torino: Einaudi.

Matteo Luigi Soldati (Pistoia, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e la rettorica conversazionale. Grice and Matteo Luigi Soldati meet on the terrain of conversation understood as a rational, yet inherently rhetorical, human practice, though they articulate that practice from different intellectual lineages: Grice reconstrued everyday talk as governed by reason through shared norms of cooperation, showing how speakers routinely convey more than they explicitly say by exploiting defeasible expectations, irony, understatement, and connective nuance, while Soldati, working within the Italian rhetorical and scholastic tradition of Pistoia, treated those same maneuvers as the very substance of conversational rhetoric itself, where practical intelligence operates not by formal inference but by tact, contrast, and insinuation. What Grice analyzed analytically as conversational implicature—how a phrase like “He is a fine fellow” can rationally convey criticism through irony, or how particles such as “but” reshape inferential force beyond truth‑conditions—Soldati taught normatively as rhetorical craft, training speakers to govern meaning through figures such as litotes, meiosis, and strategic concession, so that understanding emerges between the lines rather than in asserted propositions. Grice’s theory thus gives Soldati’s rhetorical pedagogy a modern philosophical foundation by explaining why such devices work in virtue of reason‑governed expectations rather than ornament alone, while Soldati offers Grice a historical reminder that pragmatics is, at bottom, a continuation of conversational rhetoric, where rationality shows itself less as formal system than as cultivated sensitivity to how meaning is responsibly and effectively made manifest in ordinary social exchange.

Grice: “I like S.. In my ‘Philosopher’s paradox” I used ‘He is a fine fellow’ as example of irony – G. N. Leech is right: my pragmatics is mere conversational rhetoric! At Corpus, the rhetorical tradition is strong, since the times Reinalds lectured on Cicero’s Oratore in Latin! But of course I never undertook, as Holdcroft wanted me to, a serious systematic study – and would just drop ‘meiosis,’ ‘litotes,’ and the rest – at the drop of a cricket cap!” – Keywords: rettorica converazioanel. Pistoia, Toscana. Professore di rettorica nel seminario e collegio di Pistoja. Pur valente latinista. L'ARTE RETTO RICA SPIEGATA DALL'ABATE S. AD USO... S.  COLLEZIONE PISTOIESE R0SSI-CASSI60LI 3IBLIOTECA NAZIONALE CENTRALE - FIRENZE e. j ♦ R. BIBLIOTECA NAZIONALE CENTRALE DI FIRENZE COLLEZIONE PISTOIESE RACCOLTA DAL Cav. FILIPPO ROSSI-CASSIGOLI nato a Pistola m. Pistola  Pergamene - Autografi - Manoscritti - Libri a stampa - Opuscoli - Incisioni - Disegni - Opere musicali - Facsimile d' iscrizioni - Sditti - Manifesti - Proclami - Avvisi e Periodici.  -» / I  j L' ARTE RETTORICA SPIEGATA DALL ABATI MATTEO LUIGI S. AD USO DEL SEMINARIO E COLLEGIO VESCOVILE DI PISTOJA S DEDICAT 4 fflO ino ALL' ILL. E RfcV. MONSIGNORE FRANCESCO TOH VESCOVO DI PISTOJA E PRATO PRELATO DOMESTICO DELLA SANTITÀ DI N. S. PAPA PIO. BD .ASSISTENTI AL SOGLIO PONTIFICI^vj^Ì3^^ '9 IN PISTOJA 1804. PRESSO GIOVANNI BRACALI E FIGLIO STAMPATORI TBSCOTILI. Co» Approvatine  i  tuo wo ILLVSTR. E REVEREND. MONSIGNORE Jl desiderio sincero di rendermi utile alla studiosa Gioventù tielf impiego di Retore , che da non pochi anni ho \# more d'esercitare nel vostro Seminari^  e Collegio Pistoiese, IL L USTR ISS. , e RE- VERENDISS. prammatica come rettorica conversazionale. Grice: Soldati, devo confessare che la vostra arte rettorica qui a Pistoia ha un certo sapore, come dire, più frizzante del mio vecchio Corpus. Se solo Reinalds potesse sentire la vostra spiegazione di una litote… forse smetterebbe di citare Cicerone ogni tre battute! Soldati: Ma caro Grice, la rettorica pistoiese non teme paragoni: qui persino la pergamena sa ridere! In seminario abbiamo trasformato la prammatica in una conversazione, e la conversazione in una partita di scacchi. Non è vero che una battuta ben piazzata può cambiare l’intera partita? Grice: Ah, Soldati, lei mi ricorda il mio pupil Strawson, al Vadum Boum – la sua università – che, poveretto, cercava la rettorica, ma non l’ha mai trovata così “triviale” come i ragazzi la trovano a Bononia. Forse a Oxford ci manca il piacere sottile di una battuta toscana, dove la prammatica si cela dietro un sorriso e il vero significato si intuisce solo tra le righe… Soldati: Perfetta implicatura oratoria, Grice! Lei, più di tutti, sa che una conversazione ben condotta non ha bisogno di proclami: basta un accenno, e il pubblico si scioglie come il burro sulle tagliatelle. E come diceva l’abate: “Chi sa parlare, sa sorridere.” Soldati, Matteo Luigi (1804). L’arte rettorica. Pistoja: Bracali

Ettore Soleri (Macra, Cuneo, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale ed implicatura conversazionale -- funzionalità veritativa dei connettivi. Grice and Ettore Soleri converge on the idea that reason is not exhausted by formal proof but is exercised in lived linguistic practice, yet they approach this convergence from different directions: Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning locates rationality in the cooperative management of what is said and implicated, treating connectives such as “but,” “and,” or “so” as vehicles whose apparent logical force is often the product of conversational expectations rather than truth‑conditions, whereas Soleri, formed within Italian metaphysical and moral traditions, treats those same connective moments as sites where truth shows itself indirectly, emerging between affirmation and reservation, necessity and decision, value and being. For Grice, conversational rationality is procedural and regulative, grounded in shared norms that explain how hearers infer speaker meaning beyond semantic content; for Soleri, conversational reason is also existential and axiological, because implicature and connective nuance disclose how human agents negotiate metaphysical weight—evil, value, immortality, the theological horizon—within ordinary discourse rather than outside it. Thus where Grice explains why a “but” works by appeal to rational cooperation and cancellability, Soleri hears in the same “però” an index of the human condition itself, a practical metaphysical intelligence that saves everyday speech from abstraction while anchoring it to ultimate questions. Studia a Milano sotto OLGIATI. Insegna a Saluzzo. Saggi: Il problema metafisico del male, Sapienza – cf. Grice, Ill-will; Inevitabilità e decisività del problema teologico; La proprietà, S.E.I. Torino; TELESIO, La Scuola, Brescia, LUCREZIO, La Scuola, Brescia, ANTONINO, La Scuola, Brescia; L'immortalità dell'anima, S.E.I., Torino; Economia e morale, Borla, Torino; Essere, atto, valore; Il problema del valore, Morcelliana, Brescia, Incisività e decisività del problema teologico, Studia Patavina, Orizzonte della metafisica”; Ettore, “S.” (Saluzzo). Telesio, Lucrezio, Antonino. Grice: Soleri, pensa che la verità si trovi nella conversazione quotidiana o si nasconda nelle profondità dei problemi metafisici? Soleri: La verità, Grice, è come il caffè piemontese—spesso appare tra un “ma” e un “però.” Persino un connettivo può sembrare un proverbio a Saluzzo. Grice: A dire il vero, Soleri, non ho mai trovato un connettivo così funzionale come un buon “però” nella conversazione—talvolta funziona meglio della Funktion di Frege! Soleri: La più funzionale implicatura, però, Grice! Qui a Macra, saper implicare aiuta a evitare guai metafisici e ordinare il caffè con stile—se la Funktion fallisce, un piemontese trova sempre una soluzione, anche solo per contraddire! Soleri, Ettore (1923). Studi di filosofia morale. Bologna: Zanichelli.

Pietro Silvio Rivetta di Solonghello (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura italiana. A comparison between Grice and Pietro Silvio Rivetta di Solonghello on reason‑governed conversational meaning brings out a distinctive convergence between analytic pragmatics and an Italian tradition of linguistic irony and stylistic intelligence. Grice’s theory explicates conversational meaning in terms of rationally governed inference, where implicatures arise because speakers are presumed to cooperate and to be sensitive to what is relevant, informative, and purposeful in a given exchange; the framework is intentionally spare, abstracting away from particular languages or cultural temperaments to isolate a universal structure of communicative reason. Solonghello, by contrast, approaches conversational reasoning from within the texture of Italian language and culture itself, treating implicature not as a neutral by‑product of rational cooperation but as a vivid, often humorous exploitation of shared expectations, idioms, and ironies that animate everyday talk. While Grice insists that implicature is a matter of what is meant rather than what is said, Solonghello delights in showing how Italian speakers habitually say less, say sideways, or say playfully, trusting that their interlocutors will grasp the intended meaning through cultural attunement as much as logical inference. The affinity between them lies in their shared rejection of strictly literalist or formalist accounts of meaning, yet the contrast is telling: Grice’s conversational rationality is calibrated to the disciplined recognition of intentions among theoretically ideal agents, whereas Solonghello’s is embodied in linguistic creativity, journalistic wit, and a lived sensitivity to conversational nuance, making implicature in Italian not only a rational phenomenon but also an expressive and ludic one. Grice: “If I were to be aske, as I’m usually not, at Oxford – with which Italian philosopher I identity myself most I would say Speranza – and second, S.!” Keywords: implicatura, implicature dell’italiano, la conversazione. G Tòddi -- Pseudonimo del giornalista Pier Silvio Rivetta. M. Roma. Ottimo conoscitore di lingue, addetto all'ambasciata italiana a Tokyo, è poi prof. incaricato di giapponese e cinese all'Istituto orientale di Napoli. Ma soprattutto dedica il suo versatile ingegno al giornalismo come direttore dei periodici La Tribuna illustrata, Noi e il mondo, Travaso delle idee, e redattore del quotidiano La Tribuna. Autore di numerosissimi volumi, di vivace stesura, in cui si riflettono i suoi molteplici interessi e una notevole vena di narratore umoristico (Grammatico giapponese; Validità giorni dieci; La pittura moderna giapponese; Itinerari bizzarri; Avventure e disavventure delle parole; Che bella lingua, il greco; Grammatica rivoluzionaria della lingua italiana; Geometria della realtà e inesistenza della morte; ecc.). «Non tutto il male vien per nuocere? Bugia! Ogni male viene per nuocere. Se produce qualche beneficio, è un male fatto male» (S.)  Pietro Silvio Rivetta di Solonghello, noto anche con lo pseudonimo di Toddi, è stato un filosofo, giornalista, scrittore, illustratore e cineasta italiano.  Membro di una famiglia aristocratica di conti originari di Solonghello, nel Basso Monferrato, nacque da Vittorio S. e Chiara De Blasio. Compagno di classe del critico teatrale Amico, il conte S. si laurea in giurisprudenza ed esorde come giornalista al quotidiano romano La Tribuna.  Trova impiego all'ambasciata italiana a Tokyo. Tornato in Italia, collabora a L'Epoca, e successivamente collabora a Noi e il mondo e a La Tribuna illustrata. Poliglotta, S. conosce ben 14 lingue, tra cui il cinese e il giapponese. Appassionato della cultura orientale, ottenne la cattedra di docente di lingua e cultura giapponese e cinese presso il Regio Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli.  Grice: Professore Rivetta, mi permetta di dirle che la sua “Grammatica rivoluzionaria della lingua italiana” è una delle opere più brillanti che abbia letto: davvero una ventata d’aria fresca! Solonghello: La ringrazio di cuore, Professor Grice. Sentire queste parole da lei, che ha donato tanto alla filosofia del linguaggio, è motivo di orgoglio. D’altronde, l’italiano ha bisogno ogni tanto di essere scompaginato e reinventato! Grice: Proprio così! Il modo in cui lei indaga le implicature e il gioco sottile delle conversazioni italiane mi ricorda quanto la prammatica sia viva, anche fuori dai testi accademici. C’è quasi un piacere ludico nell’esplorare gli inganni e le ironie della lingua. Solonghello: Ah, maestro, lei coglie il punto! “Non tutto il male vien per nuocere? Bugia! Ogni male viene per nuocere. Se produce qualche beneficio, è un male fatto male”... L’ironia è l’essenza della conversazione italiana, e la grammatica, se non sa sorridere, ha perso il suo spirito. Solonghello, Pietro Silvio Rivetta di (1942). L’etica del diritto. Torino: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane.

Vittorio Somenzi (Redonesco, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale del naturale, l’innaturale, il sovranaturale, ed il trasnaturale. A comparison between Grice and Vittorio Somenzi on reason‑governed conversational meaning shows both a point of contact in their rejection of brute empiricism and a deep divergence in how widely reason is allowed to range. Grice’s account is deliberately modest and analytical: conversational meaning is governed by rational principles internal to communicative practice, where speakers and hearers treat one another as calculating agents and derive meaning through recognizable intentions constrained by cooperation, relevance, and rational expectations; any appeal beyond this, whether metaphysical or scientific, is methodologically excluded. Somenzi, by contrast, expands the scope of conversational reason by embedding it in a unified conception of nature that runs from the physical through the cybernetic to the mental and even the so‑called supernatural, treating meaning, signs, and communication as manifestations of operationally describable processes within an extended natural order. Where Grice isolates the logic of conversation from metaphysical commitments, insisting that implicature and meaning can be explained without enlarging our ontology, Somenzi seeks to naturalize even the “trans‑natural” by integrating communication, cognition, and signification into a cybernetic and operational framework in which reason operates continuously across domains. Thus Grice’s theory marks a boundary line, preserving conversational rationality as a norm governing talk among persons, while Somenzi treats conversational meaning as one instance of a broader rational organization of nature itself, dissolving the sharp distinction between the natural, the mental, and the conceptual that Grice carefully maintains. Grice: “ In the philosophy of  S., a philosophical physicist and pioneer of Italian cybernetics, natura (nature) serves as the foundational concept that bridges the gap between empirical science and broader philosophical inquiry. His perspective is characterized by a "methodological-operational" approach that seeks to unify physical reality with what has traditionally been considered metaphysical. Natura as a Unified Framework  For S., the term natura is not limited to the observable world of classical physic. Rather, it acts as an umbrella that integrates three primary domains: Naturalia (Physics): This represents the traditional domain of physics — the study of matter, energy, and observable phenomena. S., influenced by operationalism, argues that scientific concepts are defined by the operations used to measure them. Thus, Naturalia are the starting point for all objective knowledge. Trans-naturalia (Metaphysics): This term refers to the extension of natural laws into domains that transcend immediate observation but remain within the reach of scientific logic -- e.g., cybernetics and information theory. Supra-naturalia (Metaphysics/Sovranaturale): In the Italian context of naturale and sovranaturale, S. posited that even "supernatural" or mental phenomena could be understood as complex natural processes. His work on "thinking matter" (La materia pensante) suggests that the mind and consciousness are not "above" nature but are sophisticated expressions of it.  The Operationalist Bridge S.’s unique contribution is using operationalism to demystify metaphysics. By treating metaphysical notions as trans-naturalia, he argues that they could be integrated into a unified scientific worldview:  Cybernetic Integration. naturale, sovranaturale, Grice, Metaphysics in Pears, The Nature of Metaphysics. Grice: Professore Somenzi, mi dica: quando lei parla di naturale, innaturale, sovranaturale e trasnaturale, non le capita mai di sentirsi come uno chef davanti a un menù troppo ricco? Io, già solo scegliendo tra “naturale” e “innaturale”, ho il terrore di sbagliare condimento filosofico!  Somenzi: Caro Grice, in effetti, tra i filosofi lombardi c’è chi pensa che la natura sia una pentola che bolle sempre, e ogni tanto ci tuffiamo dentro concetti come “sovranaturale” sperando non ci venga a noia! Ma la cybernetica almeno ci insegna che il brodo si rinnova, e ogni ingrediente può diventare protagonista.  Grice: Vede, io non ho mai avuto paura di “segnare” – anche se a Oxford il verbo ha fatto sorridere più di una volta! Mi piace pensare che ogni segno – naturale, non-naturale, transnaturale o sovranaturale – sia come una pennellata sulla tela della natura. Del resto, nulla è davvero contro natura, semmai è solo un po’ più creativo!  Somenzi: Implicatura più naturalmente naturale, Grice! Lei arriva sempre al cuore della questione! Se avessimo un proverbio lombardo, direi: “Chi segna con la mente, segna con la natura.” Somenzi, Vittorio (1958). Introduzione al pensiero contemporaneo. Milano: Feltrinelli.

Serafino Sordi (Centenaro, Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale -- o il club d’Aquino. A comparison between Grice and Serafino Sordi on reason‑governed conversational meaning highlights a shared conviction that rational order underwrites intelligible communication, while revealing sharply different sources and functions for that rationality. Grice conceives conversational meaning as arising from the purposive actions of speakers who implicitly commit themselves to cooperation, so that what is meant is fixed by rationally recoverable intentions constrained by a small set of conversational norms; rationality here is thin, procedural, and deliberately detached from metaphysical, theological, or institutional frameworks. Sordi, by contrast, interprets conversational reason through a Thomistic and counter‑revolutionary lens, treating Aquinas not merely as a metaphysician but as the intellectual organizer of a community bound by shared doctrine, social ends, and cultivated forms of discourse, so that conversation itself becomes a practice sustained by belonging to what might be called the “club of Aquinas.” Where Grice emphasizes individual inferential competence and the ability to recognize implicatures independently of tradition or authority, Sordi stresses the communal and doctrinal conditions that make rational discourse possible at all, viewing reason as something safeguarded, transmitted, and stabilized by institutional continuity against the fragmenting tendencies of empiricism and modernism. The contrast thus runs between Grice’s analytically austere model, in which conversational meaning is generated by autonomous agents reasoning together under minimal assumptions, and Sordi’s Thomistic model, in which conversational rationality is inseparable from a shared metaphysical outlook and a social practice that binds interlocutors into a durable intellectual community. Grice: “S. enriches AQUINO ’s philosophy by transforming it from a static theological tradition into a dynamic intellectual "bulwark" against modernism, specifically within the Italian counter-revolutionary context . His work revitalizes the "Italian philosophical depth" of AQUINO  by applying scholastic principles to contemporary social and political crises. Modernizing AQUINO’s Methodology S. does not merely repeat medieval formulas; he pioneers a comparative methodology that places AQUINO  in direct dialogue with rationalist and empiricist systems. Superiority through Comparison: S. uses AQUINO ’s doctrines to expose the perceived deficiencies in philosophy, arguing that AQUINO  provides a more comprehensive understanding of reality than the "sensism" and "empiricism" of his day. Intellectual Custodian: S. is regarded as the custodian of the legacy of BUZZETTI , who first identifies AQUINO  as the "sound philosophy" needed to preserve the religious and social order.  Influencing the Italian AQUINO ’s Renaissance S.’s influence is instrumental in moving AQUINO  from the margins of ecclesiastical thought to the centre of Italian intellectual life: Mentorship of TAPARELLI : S. is the mentor of Taparelli d'AZEGLIO , a key figure in AQUINO ’s revival. AZEGLIO ’s conversion to the philosophy of AQUINO , prompted by S.’s writings, led to the creation of a "compendium" of AQUINO  that helps standardise scholastic education in Jesuit colleges. Counter-Revolutionary Depth: S. views the philosophy of AQUINO  as an essential tool for social restoration. By framing AQUINO ’s metaphysics as the foundation for a stable socio-political order, he adds a layer of pragmatic, contemporary depth to Italian philosophical discourse that goes beyond abstract speculation.  AQUINO.  Grice: Caro Sordi, si dice che in filosofia conta saper argomentare, ma io sono convinto che la vera virtù sia… la clubbability! D’altronde, anche a Oxford ci si riunisce per il tè, mica solo per i sillogismi.  Sordi: Ah, Grice, qui a Milano forse il tè lo lasciamo agli inglesi, ma il vero spirito del club d’Aquino sta proprio nel mescolare dottrina e compagnia. Tra una Summa e una battuta, si fa filosofia e contro-rivoluzione!  Grice: Si sa, alcuni club sono esclusivi per statuto; tuttavia, il club d’Aquino… be’, diciamo che chi sa cogliere certe implicature, come avrebbe detto il buon Dr. Johnson, si trova subito a casa—al di là della tessera.  Sordi: Implicatura più clubbabile, Grice! In fondo, tra filosofi, la vera appartenenza si misura dal sorriso che si cela dietro una definizione… e dal numero di panettoni condivisi durante le dispute metafisiche. Sordi, Serafino (1876). Manuale di filosofia. Firenze: Barbera.

Giovanni Gualberto De Soria (Lama, Taranto, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale dell’opuscolo della simpatia. A comparison between Grice and Giovanni Gualberto De Soria on reason‑governed conversational reasoning reveals a shared commitment to rational intelligibility as the basis of communication, but grounded in strikingly different metaphysical and explanatory frameworks. Grice’s theory treats conversational reasoning as a minimally moral, quasi‑contractual practice among agents who recognize one another as capable of rational cooperation: meaning is generated through intentions constrained by a single overarching principle of cooperation, with breakdowns explained not by failures of empathy or sympathy but by calculable deviations from relevance, informativeness, or sincerity. De Soria, by contrast, situates conversational reason within a thicker metaphysical and anthropological background, where simpatia functions as the mediating principle between self‑love and other‑love, reason and benevolence, individual cognition and a universally resonant order of nature. Whereas Grice deliberately strips conversational reasoning of animistic or affective surplus, anchoring it in sober rational expectations shared by competent interlocutors, De Soria’s account allows sympathy, empathy, and benevolent responsiveness to play a constitutive role in the very possibility of understanding, so that cooperation is not merely inferred but felt as part of a broader moral resonance between minds. In Grice, rationality governs conversation by regulating inference among autonomous agents; in De Soria, conversational rationality is already infused with a moral psychology of helpfulness and mutual attunement, edging toward a universalist picture in which communication among humans mirrors a deeper harmony in the world. The contrast thus lies between Grice’s austere, analytically disciplined conception of conversational reason and De Soria’s more expansive Enlightenment vision, where rational cooperation remains central but is sustained by sympathy as a bridge between reason, sentiment, and shared human life. Grice: “S. is an Italian philosopher and professor at Pisa, known for his work in the  Italian Enlightenment and his attempts to reconcile rationalism with traditional metaphysics. While he did not intend for his philosophy to be seen as animistic, his approach to "sympathy" (or simpatia) can be interpreted that way through several lenses. Universal Resonance as Living Connection S.’s concept of sympathy often relies on the idea of a universal harmony or resonance between different parts of the natural world. To a rationalist, this might be viewed as a mechanical or causal link; however, an unintentional animistic reading suggests that for such a "sympathy" to exist, the objects themselves must possess an inherent, internal "attraction" or "feeling" for one another. This mirrors the animistic belief that all matter is imbued with a form of life or soul that allows for mutual influence beyond physical contact.  Immateriality and the "Vitality" of Nature In his work Della esistenza e degli attributi di Dio, S. argues for the immateriality of the human spirit. When he extends these metaphysical principles to the broader "science of nature" (scienza della natura), he risks blurring the line between the human soul and the "spirit" of the cosmos. If the entire universe operates under a system of sympathies similar to the human spirit's inner workings, it implies a nature that is "alive" with the same immaterial qualities, a hallmark of animistic thought. Mediation Between the Physical and Spiritual S. seeks to move beyond "all hypotheses" to a pure "science of man". l’opuscolo, simpatia, simpatia, empatia, simpatia conversazionale, other-love, self-love, benevolenza, helpfulness, cooperation, basis, dull empiriist, enough of a rationalist, quasi-contractualist, relevance breakdown on you, one principle, rationality, cooperation. Grice: Professore De Soria, la sua teoria della simpatia mi ha sempre affascinato. Mi sembra che lei riesca quasi a far “vibrare” il mondo naturale attraverso un principio di comunicazione universale. Crede davvero che ogni cosa, anche la più minuta, partecipi a questa armonia? Soria: Caro Grice, le confesso che la mia idea di simpatia nasce dal desiderio di scoprire un filo invisibile che unisca uomini e natura, senza cadere nell’animismo ingenuo. Preferisco pensare a una risonanza razionale, dove ogni parte del cosmo risponde, pur mantenendo la sua autonomia spirituale. Grice: Eppure, la sua prospettiva sembra quasi suggerire che la natura abbia una sua interiorità, un sentimento diffuso, come se fosse animata. Non trova che questa visione, pur razionale, sfiori l’empatia universale di cui parlano i filosofi più “vitali”? Soria: È vero, maestro, ma la mia simpatia vuole essere un ponte tra ragione e sentimento, non una confusione tra la mente umana e lo spirito cosmico. Preferisco pensare che la cooperazione e la benevolenza siano principi che guidano sia la conversazione tra uomini, sia l’armonia del mondo. In fondo, come dice il proverbio: “Chi semina buone parole, raccoglie simpatia.” Soria, Giovanni Gualberto De (1842). Studi storici e filosofici. Napoli: Stamperia Reale.

Andrea Sorrentino (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del Vico italico. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Andrea Sorrentino’s Vico‑centred account of ragione conversazionale converge in treating meaning as an achievement internal to rational social practice rather than as a merely formal or semantic mechanism, yet they diverge sharply in orientation and explanatory ambition. For Grice, conversational meaning is generated by individual speakers acting under rational expectations articulated through the Cooperative Principle and its maxims, so that what is meant emerges from calculable inferences drawn by interlocutors who recognize one another as reasoners aiming at mutual understanding; reason is here procedural, agent‑centred, and minimally historical, functioning as a normative constraint on talk exchanges wherever cooperative interaction occurs. By contrast, Sorrentino reads Vico’s reason as culturally sedimented and historically embodied, locating conversational rationality within the Mediterranean formation of Roman law, Greek philosophy, rhetoric, and poetic knowledge, so that meaning arises not primarily from strategic inference by individuals but from a shared civilizational horizon that shapes how interlocutors can speak, persuade, and understand one another at all. Where Grice abstracts conversation into a formalizable structure of intentions, implications, and recognitions that can in principle operate independently of cultural content, Sorrentino insists that Vichian reason is inseparable from the imaginative, rhetorical, and juridical practices of a specific historical world, in which conversation is already thick with myth, metaphor, and communal memory; the contrast thus pits Grice’s universalist, analytic model of conversational rationality against Sorrentino’s historicized, Mediterranean model, in which reasoned meaning is less a calculable inference than a culturally educated way of inhabiting and continuing a shared form of life. Vico. Bordon, La retorica di Vico. VICO e le razze mediterranee, Bulletin italien di Bordeaux. Scrocca. Vico e un suo recente critico: in Rassegna nazionale di Firenze. A. SORRENTINO, La cultura mediterranea nei Principi di Scienza nuova. Con scritti di G. Cacciatore, R. Diana, M. Sanna e A. Scognamiglio, a cura di A. Scognamiglio, Roma, Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura,  Alessia Scognamiglio  This volume offers Andrea S.'s work La cultura mediterranea nei Principi di Scienza nuova after almost a century from its first and only publication in 1920. In it, Sorrentino aims at showing that the world of nations which Vico studies and sets forth in Scienza nuova is exclusively the Greek and the Roman world, therefore a "Mediterranean" world, since Vico's cultural background has been essentially formed through the study of Roman law and of the greek philosophy, together with the research of the classical studies. Furthermore, the volume collects the contributions of Giuseppe Cacciatore, Rosario Diana, Manuela Sanna and Alessia Scognamiglio. In his essay (Per un profilo di Andrea Sorrentino, pp. ***), Giuseppe Cacciatore, after tracing Sorrentino's scientific profile, reflects about some fundamental passages of his text: the framework of Sorrentino's research, which places itself halfway between the historical-scientific inquiry and the interest for the philosophy of culture; the belief that some limits of Vico's analysis, which he proposes, come from the conflicting relationship between the Neapolitan philosopher and his century; the centrality of the theme of the poetic knowledge in the Scienza Nuova; the problem of the Middle Ages between Rome's heritage and Germanic sources. Manuela Sanna (L'«epicentrismo» euromediterraneo di Vico nella lettura di Andrea S.) summarizes Sorrentino's interpretative proposals, all pivoting around the idea of epicentrism. Vico, razza mediterranea, razza aria.  Grice: Professore Sorrentino, leggevo il suo lavoro su Vico e la cultura mediterranea… Dica la verità: per lei Vico è più greco che romano, o più romano che greco? Oppure, come certi filosofi di Roma, si muove con disinvoltura tra l’una e l’altra riva del Mediterraneo? Sorrentino: Eh, caro Grice, con Vico non si sta mai fermi: un giorno si trova tra le pandette romane, il giorno dopo si perde nei labirinti della mitologia greca… È un po’ come prendere il traghetto da Napoli: non sai mai esattamente in quale porto sbarcherai, ma sai che sarà sempre Mediterraneo! Grice: Devo ammettere che c’è del vero! Del resto, il vico in cui viveva Vico era abbastanza lontano da Bononia… Ma, tra noi, era ancora più distante da Vadum Boum: lì si discute di leggi, ma la poesia, quella vera, resta sulle rive del Mediterraneo. Sorrentino: Implicatura quanto mai topica, Grice! In fondo, chi si allontana troppo dal Mediterraneo rischia di perdere la rotta… e magari finisce per confondere i filosofi con i bovini! Sorrentino, Andrea (1927). La retorica e la poetica di Vico  Roma: Bulzoni.

Salvatore de Sortis (Lucca, Toscana): la retorica conversazionale. A comparison between H. P. Grice and Salvatore de Sortis on reason‑governed conversational meaning shows a deep continuity between early modern rhetorical theory and twentieth‑century philosophical pragmatics. In his treatises on rhetorical education and conversational rhetoric, Sortis insists that effective persuasion depends not on mechanical rules but on the rational attunement between speaker and audience: metaphor, pro‑syllogism, and measured allusion work because they engage the listener’s inferential capacities without suppressing natural genius or freedom of thought. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning articulates the same insight in analytical terms: meaning arises through cooperative, reason‑guided inference from what is said to what is meant, governed by shared expectations of rational conduct rather than by explicit coding alone. Where Sortis frames rhetoric as a pragmatic art that respects the intelligence and autonomy of interlocutors, Grice formalizes this respect as the Cooperative Principle and conversational implicature, showing how speakers deliberately leave meanings implicit in order to activate the hearer’s rational participation. Both thinkers thus reject authoritarian or purely mechanical models of communication and instead ground meaning in the disciplined interplay of intention, inference, and audience cooperation, making conversation itself a rational practice rather than a mere vehicle for stated content. Grice: “I like Sortis: he wrote on everything I did, but before me!” – Keywords: metafora, implicatura, pro-sillogismo. SAGGIO DI RETTORICA, che insegna alla gioventù studiosa i caratteri di perfetto oratore, ed i mezzi a divenirvi COMPILATO DA SALVATORE DE SORTIS NAPOLI. r Nella Tipografia Chiasesm Con appro^azio^<9 f A« t, ' r ^ ■ aomo deve alla tiattin il genio, # ' la dispobizlune all' eloquenza ^ ali' Ora« icria 9 €fa« è la facoltà di rt|i§cm :iiel rilevante oggetto di persuadere . L' arie. Io studio 9 TMercizio coliivana m ki ^ nigtiorano , e perfezionano il genio naturale. Kon giovano \ precetti deli' arie^ te 4«ieati noii trovano aetb» Sfìtriio di chi riceve^ 1* ingegno ^ e k di^^potizionà die poi ¥antio^ ad ecciiarst , «vilopparsi^^ , 0 ffio ierarsi saggiamente con quei preMt^ ti. Le oaiervazionir auUa aaiora delle eo« se , la giornaliera c omiderazioae di queU- lo elle avviene tra gli ^lomfni , la tiies» •èoue attiva , e 1* esempio di quei pri* »ii, e ptrfeiù Oiaiori che sono ai beim- Musciti nei***arte lero, PoiJliià che risul- ta a chiunque , con additargli i mesai sicari 9 e facili ^ pèr coQstguire un in- ieulu 9 il fine, di giovare eoo accanel f • ajuti. A ajatt lianno fatato sulle prime il :pctfi« $ieio ui raccogliere alcune regole ^ ed ìnsegnamtinU -pbe « poress<^rq proporsi ai giovani , mi io modo tale di non sop- primere in essi^u^ guastare il genio oa« turale ed ì liberi pensamenti dell' inge- l^no , nè renderli iaiiuto»i, o servili CQ* pibti' dell' aUrui operazioni , ed aatoricà, ; "Quesia è. quella che dicesi arte relXOr fica 9 .ì&tituzicio^ reitorica , oratoria^ ec; Hettoiici 9 o preceuori di eloqueuza so* no d^tti co4oro che ai aooo applicati « raccogliere , ed insegnare ad altu siifatU pr€cettù ,« Oratori, ai dicono, qiteili: cIm ne faiiiìO uso. Ove i Rettonci non sap<^ piaao £>ruìre l'arte ioro^chi è che noia, vede che recano danno , e pregiudizio a coloro che iiDpicudaao ad ammaestrale? prammatica come rettorica conversazionale.  Grice: Maestro Sortis, ho sempre pensato che la vostra rettorica conversazionale sia una vera miniera d’oro per chi, come me, si diverte a intrecciare metafore e pro-sillogismi. Ma ditemi, chi vi ha insegnato a rendere ogni discorso così brillante senza mai annoiare? Forse il segreto sta nel vostro stile lucchese o nel caffè napoletano? Sortis: Ah, caro Grice, se bastasse solo il caffè, saremmo tutti oratori perfetti! Ma la vera eloquenza nasce dall’osservare la natura umana, dal cogliere l’ironia dietro ogni parola, e soprattutto dalla capacità di non soffocare il genio naturale dei miei giovani interlocutori. E poi, come si dice a Lucca: “Parola gentile, apre ogni cancello.” Grice: Vede, a Vadum Boum, dove insegno, ho un tutee, Strawson, che ogni tanto mi chiede se la rettorica sia davvero “triviale”. Io non oso mai dirgli di no… ma diciamo che chi frequentava le vostre lezioni non ha mai trovato la conversazione banale. Anzi, c’è chi sostiene che persino il silenzio tra i vostri studenti sia carico di implicature. Sortis: Implicatura più oratorialmente sublime, Grice! Se persino Strawson, tra una pausa e l’altra, riesce a percepire il valore di una parola ben posta, allora la vostra scuola non ha nulla da invidiare alla mia. In fondo, chi sa sorridere tra le righe e lasciar intendere più di quanto dica, ha già conquistato la platea. E come si dice dalle nostre parti: “Meglio una buona allusione che mille spiegazioni.” Sortis, Salvatore de (1620). Trattato della sapienza. Venezia: Sarzina.

Fausto Sozzini (Siena, Toscana). A comparison between Fausto Sozzini and H. P. Grice on reason‑governed meaning shows a striking structural affinity despite their different domains. In De sacrae Scripturae auctoritate (1570s, first published 1580s), Sozzini argues that the authority of Scripture is not brute or self‑authenticating but is grasped through rational evaluation of authorial intention, historical context, and the reader’s responsible assent; Scripture persuades because it addresses human reason coherently rather than compelling belief by sheer decree. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning generalizes the same rational architecture to everyday language: what a speaker means is determined not by the bare sentence but by intentions recognized by a cooperative audience, operating under shared rational principles that make communication possible. Where Sozzini resists “blind authority” in theology by insisting that understanding Scripture requires reasoned uptake, Grice resists philosophical “literalism” by showing that meaning emerges from rational, rule‑governed interaction rather than semantic surface alone. In both cases, meaning is neither imposed nor automatic; it is achieved through the disciplined cooperation of minds, whether interpreting sacred texts in Kraków or ordinary conversation in Oxford. Grice: Caro Sozzini di Siena, leggo il tuo De auctoritate scripturae sacrae e mi pare che anche la Bibbia, come una buona conversazione, dica sempre un po’ più di quanto afferma. Sozzini: Misericordia, Grice, se lo dici così i teologi diranno che ho inventato l’implicatura prima del peccato originale. Grice: Non temere, a Cracovia come a Oxford basta riconoscere l’intenzione dell’autore e il resto lo fa la cooperazione del lettore. Sozzini: Allora siamo salvi entrambi: io salvo la Scrittura dall’autorità cieca e tu la conversazione dalla cecità filosofica, con un sorriso. Sozzini, Fausto (1570). De auctoritate scripturae sacrae. Kraków: Rodecki.

Lelio Sozzini (Siena, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale -- razionalismo, e moi. A comparison between H. P. Grice and Lelio Sozzini brings into focus two sharply distinct but structurally allied conceptions of reason as an active, normative constraint on meaningful discourse. Sozzini’s rationalism arises within a religious and ethical context: reason functions as the tribunal before which doctrine must justify itself, and conversation—whether exegetical, theological, or moral—is governed by the demand that nothing be accepted which violates intelligibility or individual conscience. His rejection of mystery, sacramental mediation, and ecclesiastical authority places rational dialogue at the center of faith itself, turning belief into an essentially conversational achievement between text, reason, and the interpreting self. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning operates in a secular and analytical register, but the structural parallel is evident: meaning is not bestowed by authority, convention alone, or ritual form, but emerges from rational agents who recognize one another as bound by norms of intelligibility, relevance, and justification. Where Sozzini insists that religious assent must be accountable to reasoned dialogue rather than imposed dogma, Grice insists that linguistic meaning must be accountable to reasoned cooperation rather than mere causal signaling or institutional convention. Both thus oppose opaque authority—Sozzini theological, Grice semantic—and place rational accountability at the heart of understanding: for Sozzini, the conscience answers only to reason; for Grice, utterances answer to the rational expectations of conversational partners. In this sense, Grice’s pragmatics can be read as a late, secular echo of Socinian rationalism: an account of how shared reason, exercised in dialogue, disciplines what may legitimately be meant. Grice: “ The philosophical work of  Lelio and Fausto S. -- founders of Socinianism -- creates a stark contrast with stereotypical Roman Catholic influence in Italy by championing rationalism and individual conscienceover dogmatic authority and mystical ritualism. Key Contrasts with Roman Catholic Influence Rationalism vs. Dogma/Mystery: While Roman Catholicism often emphasizes the acceptance of sacred "mysteries" -- such as the Trinity or the Transubstantiation -- through faith and ecclesiastical authority, the S. brothers argue that religious truth must be compatible with human REASON – la RAGIONE. They reject the Trinity and the divinity of Jesus as logically untenable. Individual Judgment vs. Institutional Authority: Stereotypical Catholic influence is rooted in the centralized authority of the Church and tradition. In contrast, the S. brothers promote private judgment, asserting that every individual has the right and duty to interpret the Bible using their own logical faculties, rather than relying on a clerical hierarchy. Separation of Church and State: Contrary to the historical Italian reality of the Papal States and the Church's heavy involvement in civil governance, Socinianism was among the first Christian movements to advocate for the strict separation of church and state and religious toleration. Ethical Living vs. Sacramentalism: The S. brothers moved away from the Catholic emphasis on sacraments -- like the Mass or Penance -- as essential "means of grace." They viewed Christianity primarily as a moral code and Jesus as an ethical teacher rather than a divine saviour whose death satisfied a supernatural debt. Rejection of Original Sin: They denied the doctrine of Original Sin, a cornerstone of Catholic theology, arguing instead for human moral agency and the inherent ability of people to follow God's laws without a predetermined "corrupt" nature.  Sozzini, rationalism, and moi.  Grice: Caro Sozzini, devo confessarle che tutto quello che so sui fratelli Sozzini, l’ho imparato proprio da mio padre: il meno conformista tra i non-conformisti che io abbia mai conosciuto!  Sozzini: Ah, Grice, questa sì che è una presentazione che mi fa sorridere! Credo che suo padre e io ci saremmo trovati subito d’accordo: un vero spirito affine, senza dubbio.  Grice: Non ho dubbi! Era capace di mettere in dubbio tutto, persino le abitudini di famiglia a colazione – figuriamoci i dogmi e le tradizioni.  Sozzini: Proprio come noi Sozzini: sempre pronti a interrogare la ragione e a difendere il diritto di pensare con la propria testa. In fondo, la vera fede non teme le domande, ma si nutre di esse. Sozzini, Lelio (1562). Brevis explicatio in primum Johannis caput. Zürich: Froschauer.

Bertrando Spaventa (Bomba, Abruzzo): la ragione conversazionale e l’origine italico dello spirito filosofico. In comparing H. P. Grice with Bertrando Spaventa, a shared concern emerges with reason as something exercised in and through form, rather than imposed as a finished doctrine, but their points of departure and emphases diverge in telling ways. Spaventa’s notion of ragione conversazionale belongs to a historicist and idealist framework in which reason unfolds dialogically across epochs, nations, and traditions: philosophy advances through a circulation of ideas in which Italian thought migrates outward (to Germany) and returns transformed, reappropriated as a self-conscious, national, and political spirit. Reason, for Spaventa, is the self-creation (autoctisi) of the subject in history, achieved through dialectical confrontation with the other and ultimately oriented toward cultural and civic praxis. Grice, by contrast, strips reason of historical teleology and national destiny, relocating it at the micro-level of ordinary interaction. His theory of reason-governed conversational meaning does not describe the self-realization of Geist, but the normative expectations underwriting intelligible communication between speakers: intentions, mutual recognition, and shared principles of rational cooperation. Where Spaventa sees conversation as the large-scale movement of spirit across traditions, Grice sees it as the local, rule-governed activity by which agents make themselves intelligible here and now. Yet the affinity is real: both reject doctrinal metaphysics in favor of reason as an activity, both assign primacy to the subject as a rational agent rather than a passive bearer of truths, and both understand philosophy as inseparable from dialogue—Spaventa’s transnational and historical, Grice’s interpersonal and pragmatic. In this sense, Grice’s conversational rationality can be read as an English, analytic analogue to Spaventa’s idealist vision: a demystified, non-Hegelian account of how reason lives not in systems, but in the disciplined practice of exchange. Grice: “S. fundamentally shifted Italian philosophy by professionalizing it through a  non-doctrinal Hegelianism. His work established a template for Continental philosophy—characterized by a focus on the subject, historicism, and the political application of dialectics—that eventually paved the way for both the Left-Hegelianism of Antonio Labriola and the "Actualism" of Gentile. The "Circulation of Ideas" and Historicism Spaventa’s most influential thesis was the "circulation of Italian thought," which argued that the modern spirit of philosophy began with Italian Renaissance thinkers like Bruno and Campanella.  Nationalizing Hegel: He claimed that German Idealism (Kant, Hegel) was not foreign but rather the mature development of seeds planted by Italians. Impact: This allowed Italian philosophy to move beyond provincial Catholicism and join the European "continental" conversation, integrating historical reality with metaphysical theory.  2. Primacy of the Subject (Epistemological Shift) Moving away from rigid system-building, Spaventa reinterpreted Hegelian categories to give primacy to the thinking subject.  Subjectivity over Objectivity: He focused on the Phenomenology of Spirit as much as the Logic, emphasizing the internal process of consciousness. Autoctisis: He coined the term autoctisis (self-creation) to describe human liberty as the continuous "fashoning of oneself" through thought.  3. Direction Towards the "Left" and Political Praxis While S. served the Historical Right in parliament, his philosophical innovations provided the scaffolding for Italian Marxism and leftist continental thought:  italianita, Englishry, Englishness, English nation, the English, the English tongue, the tongue of the English, the tongue of the Anglians, the English spirit, the English ghost. Grice: A proposito, caro Spaventa, devo confessarti che l’unico Bertrando che conosco, a parte te, è Russell! Mi chiedo se anche tu, di tanto in tanto, non abbia avuto a che fare col celebre filosofo inglese, almeno idealmente... Spaventa: Grice, mi fa sorridere! In effetti, il mio spirito filosofico ha viaggiato molto, ma più che con Russell, ho preferito dialogare con Hegel e i nostri italiani, da Bruno a Campanella. Sono convinto che l’origine dello spirito filosofico sia profondamente italica, anche se il pensiero inglese conserva sempre un suo fascino. Grice: Beh, allora potremmo dire che il tuo “circulation of ideas” è proprio una conversazione transnazionale! Forse la filosofia, come il buon vino, si arricchisce passando da una terra all’altra. Ma, dimmi, ti senti più vicino all’idealismo tedesco o al genio rinascimentale italiano? Spaventa: Ottima domanda! Io credo che il vero filosofo sappia riconoscere le radici italiane nel pensiero europeo, senza rinnegare i frutti tedeschi. L’autocreatività dello spirito, come la chiamo, nasce proprio dal confronto: riflettere su sé stessi, dialogare con l’altro, e reinventarsi ogni giorno. In fondo, anche noi oggi, Grice, stiamo creando nuovi sentieri filosofici… a proposito! Spaventa, Bertrando (1867). Studi sull’etica. Firenze: Le Monnier.

J. L. Speranza – implicatura ed implicatura -- filosofia italiana – By , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice,  (Albalonga). Filosofo. Speranza, Ugo -- Speranza, Alessandro -- Speranza, Ettore -- Speranza, Gianni -- Speranza, Paola -- Speranza, Anna-Maria -- Speranza-Ghersi –Ghersi-Speranza, Anna-Maria -- Speranza lui speranza: luigi della --. Italian philosopher, attracted, for some reason, to Grice. Speranza knows St. John’s very well. He is the author of “Dorothea Oxoniensis.” He is a member of a number of cultivated Anglo-Italian societies, like Grice’s Playgroup. He is the custodian of Villa Grice, not far from . He works at . Cuisine is one of his hobbiesgrisottoa alla ligure, his specialty. He can be reached via Grice. Grice, “Vita ed opinion di ,” par . A. M. Ghersi Speranza -- vide Ghersi-Speranza. Ghersi is a collaborator of Speranza. Grice: “It’s easy enough to list Speranza’s publications.” Speranza, like Mill, was fortunate to belong to a literary familyand he would read Descartes’s Meditations, which drew him to philosophy. His studies in logic drew him to semanticsHis first love was Oxonian analysis as summarised in Hartnack’s essay on ‘contemporary’ philosophy. One of Speranza’s earliest essays is on Plato’s Cratylus, relying mainly on Cassierer, but also drawing from Austin’s Philosophical Papesr. Spearnza’s idea is that “ … mean …” is a dyadic relation and what’s behind Plato’s theory of forms. This was Speranza’s contribution to a seminar in ancient philosophy. For his contribution on medieaval philosophy, Speranza drew on the modistae, and the Patrologia Latina for the use of ‘intentio’ in various writers, up to AquinoSperanza finds it fascinating that the earliest modistae do find a conceptual link between the ‘intentio’ and the ‘significatio.’ For a seminar on scepticism, Speranza contributed with a paper on Gricedrawing on Sextus Empiricus and Bar-Hillel. It relates to Grice’s problem with the conversational category of fortitude. 

Ugo Spirito (Arezzo, Toscana): la filosofia dello spirito – filosofia fascista – ventennio fascista – i corpi – corpo e corporazione. Grice and Spirito approach “reason‑governed” meaning from almost opposite philosophical directions. For Grice, conversational meaning is rationally structured at the micro‑level of dialogue: speakers and hearers are guided by shared norms of practical reason, crystallized in the cooperative principle and its maxims, which allow interlocutors to infer speaker meaning beyond what is literally said in a rule‑governed yet flexible way. Rationality here is procedural and inferential: conversational sense emerges from the participants’ mutual recognition of intentions and reasons for speaking as they do, without requiring any metaphysical or political foundation for language use. In Spirito, by contrast, reason is not primarily a conversational mechanism but an existential and historical task. His problematicismo treats meaning as inseparable from the lived situation of agents embedded in the ethical, institutional, and ultimately political totality of the State. Where Grice explains communicative order through minimally normative, context‑sensitive principles that regulate cooperation among autonomous speakers, Spirito subordinates meaning to the search for incontrovertible values capable of overcoming skepticism and reshaping collective life, a search that in the fascist period is explicitly articulated through the organic unity of body, corporazione, and Stato. From a Gricean perspective, Spirito’s emphasis on corporative and state‑centered rationality risks collapsing conversational reason into an external moral–political order; from a Spiritian perspective, Grice’s reason‑governed implicatures might appear thin and formal, regulating exchanges among speakers while leaving untouched the deeper problem of how meaning ought to be grounded in a substantive vision of communal life and authority. Allievo di Gentile, teorico di una filosofia nota come problematicismo e del corporativismo fascista, S. è stato uno dei più importanti filosofi italiani. Dagli anni giovanili fino al termine del suo lungo percorso intellettuale, S. ha espresso una riflessione incentrata sulla ricerca di valori incontrovertibili, capaci di resistere al pensiero critico e di trasformare concretamente la vita degli uomini. Per la varietà dei suoi interessi, per i temi di cui si è occupato e per le scelte politiche che ha compiuto, S. è certamente uno dei protagonisti più interessanti della storia della cultura italiana.  Nasce da Prospero e Rosa Leone. Dopo essersi diplomato al liceo classico Vico di Chieti, inizia a frequentare la facoltà di Giurisprudenza dell’Università di Roma per laurearsi. Lo stesso anno si iscrive a Lettere e filosofia e si laureò con Gentile discutendo una tesi sul pragmatismo italiano che pubblica. Da allora divenne uno dei più stretti collaboratori del filosofo idealista: nominato segretario di redazione del «Giornale critico di filosofia italiana», aderì al fascismo; firmò il «Manifesto degli intellettuali fascisti» e, quando lavora all’Enciclopedia Italiana ed era assistente alla cattedra di pedagogia dell’Università di Roma, fondò il bimestrale Nuovi studi di politica, economia e diritto» con l’obiettivo di diffondere i principi della filosofia di Gentile nelle scienze sociali. E, in effetti, per tutti gli anni Venti si impegnò nelle battaglie promosse dal filosofo idealista, convinto che l’attualismo rappresentasse l’espressione più importante della filosofia moderna, come dichiarò in L’idealismo italiano e i suoi critici. stato/cittadini, pathos romantico, romanticism e nuovo ordine, sindicalismo, fascismo da sinestra, filobolcevicco, corporativismo, attualismo, stato fascista, equilibrio liberta/autorita, gentile e spirito, i filosofi fascisti, filosofia e revoluzione, romanticismo, proprieta, filosofia come pedagogia.  Grice: Caro Spirito, sapessi quanto mi incuriosisce il tuo problematicismo! Ma dimmi, tra corpo e corporazione, chi porta i pantaloni in filosofia? O è tutto un ballo di maschere come al Carnevale di Arezzo? Spirito: Grice, sei sempre un fine ballerino del pensiero! Ti rispondo: per noi fascisti, il corpo è la base, la corporazione il vestito... Ma guai a chi scambia la toga col mantello! In filosofia, si danza sul filo del rasoio, ma guai a perdere l’equilibrio: si rischia di finire sotto il palco invece che sopra! Grice: Ah, allora una corporazione senza corpo è come una modifica senza aberrazione, come diceva Austin a Vadum Boum: si cambia tutto e non si vede niente! Ma, Spirito, se il corpo si perde, resta solo una festa di fantasmi... o peggio, una riunione di spiriti senza spirito! Spirito: Come direbbero gli aretini: Grice, lasciami dire, da fascista a filosofo—la più corporea delle implicature, signore!” Qui non si scherza: se manca il corpo, la filosofia diventa aria fritta! E tu, col tuo humor inglese, rischi di trasformare una corporazione in una compagnia di fantasmi... Ma almeno, con te, si ride di cuore e di corpo! Spirito, Ugo (1925). L’idealismo e il problema della conoscenza. Firenze: La Nuova Italia.

Franco Spisani (Ferrara, Emilia): la ragione conversazionale della contestazione. From the perspective of reason‑governed conversational meaning, the contrast between Grice and Spisani is revealing. Grice’s theory treats conversation as a cooperative rational practice governed by shared norms: speakers intend meanings, hearers recognize those intentions, and conversational order is sustained by maxims that articulate what a reasonable participant is entitled to expect. Rationality, for Grice, is not merely logical correctness but a practical, interpersonal discipline that stabilizes meaning through mutual accountability and the calculability of implicatures. Spisani, by contrast, places contestation at the very heart of rational practice. Where Grice emphasizes coordination and convergence under rational constraints, Spisani emphasizes rupture, resistance, and productive imbalance. His “conversational reason” is not primarily oriented toward agreement but toward the exposure of limits—of metaphysics, of formal systems, and of settled rules. Dialogue in Spisani is a genuine engine of conceptual transformation, not simply a medium for transmitting intentions already formed; hence his preference for dialogical exposition and emblematic figures like Clipso, which signal that rationality advances through displacement and tension rather than equilibrium. In this sense, Spisani radicalizes a dimension that in Grice remains implicit: reason is not only what makes mutual understanding possible, but also what authorizes the challenge, revision, and re‑genesis of the very rules that govern understanding. If Grice offers a normative pragmatics explaining how meaning is responsibly maintained in ordinary conversation, Spisani offers a critical pragmatics in which conversation itself becomes the site where rational forms are destabilized and re‑created. Si laurea a Padova con una tesi di sull'attualismo italiano, Natura e spirito nell’idealismo attuale” (Milano, Fabbri). In seguito collabora a Urbino. A Bologna fonda “Rassegna di Logica”  e il centro di logica. In una lettera Carnap critica una sua decisione di non pubblicare un'opera. Morì suicida. Altri saggi: “Neutralizzazione dello spazio per sintesi produttiva” (Bologna, Cappelli); “Implicazione, endo-metria e universo del discorso” (Bologna) e “Introduzione alla teoria generale dei numeri relativi, con ingresso dei numeri moltiplicatori e divisori, legati alla logica e alla matematica trascendentale” (Bologna, Centro di logica e scienze comparate, analisi matematica). C'è una relazione divisoria che ipotizza il valore “M,” numero logico trans-infinito all'origine della neutralizzazione dello spazio trans-finito. “ℵ” va verso successivi aumenti. Ma è la relatività dei numeri, espressa nel calcolo per valori di posizione, che ne individua la direzione inversa. Spiega le sue scoperte in forma di dialogo. Tra gli interlocutori la misteriosa figura della piovra Clipso.  Logo-fenica. Altri saggi: “Il numero nell'istanza ontologica del rapporto d'identità” (Imola, Galeati); “Logica ed esperienza”; “Logica della contestazione” (Bologna, Cappelli).  Sulla storia della pubblicazione della Teoria generale, importanti ricerche erano già pronte. Allora, dice: “Ne discuto con Carnap. Carnap sottopone i risultati dell'indagine. Carnap spiega anche le ragioni che mi induceno a non diffonderne le conclusioni. Carnap risponde che quella scelta gli sembra affatto ingiustificata: l'operas crises non poteva rimanere nel silenzio. Tuttavia non cambiai parere. Non avrei pubblicato, e glielo confermai. il concetto di numero, numero naturale, numero relativo, logica auto-genetica, numero relativo moltiplicatore, numero relativo divisore, opposto, contradittorio, regole e segni, contestazione, esperienza, limiti della metafisica.  Grice: Caro Spisani, ho letto con grande interesse la tua riflessione sull'attualismo italiano e il rapporto tra natura e spirito. Mi incuriosisce molto la tua idea di contestazione e la neutralizzazione dello spazio: pensi che la logica possa realmente superare i limiti della metafisica? Spisani: Grice, grazie per la domanda! La contestazione, secondo me, nasce proprio dal dubbio sul potere della logica di risolvere tutto: mi piace pensare che, attraverso i numeri relativi e la sintesi produttiva, si possa esplorare nuovi orizzonti, senza rinchiudersi nella rigidità metafisica. Il dialogo, anche con figure emblematiche come la piovra Clipso, serve a mettere in discussione ciò che crediamo assoluto. Grice: Affascinante, davvero! Trovo interessante la tua relazione divisoria con il numero “M,” e la direzione inversa dell’ “ℵ”. Mi chiedo: ritieni che la logica auto-genetica possa offrire un nuovo modo di intendere l’esperienza, magari come un percorso dialogico e non solo teorico? Spisani: Esattamente, Grice! Ogni esperienza è contestazione e dialogo; la logica auto-genetica non è solo un modello matematico, ma un modo di vivere la realtà in modo dinamico. Penso che la filosofia debba sempre mettere in discussione le proprie regole e segni, per aprirsi a nuove possibilità. In fondo, la vera ricchezza sta nel confronto e nella capacità di reinventarsi: proprio come stiamo facendo ora, conversando! Spisani, Franco (1962). Natura e spirito nell’idealismo attuale, Milano, Fabbri.

Mummio Spurio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale delle lettere da Corinto. A comparison between Grice and Spurio Mummio brings into focus two historically distant but conceptually resonant ways of understanding reason as it governs communicative practice. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning treats communication as a cooperative rational enterprise: speakers are accountable for what they say, hearers are entitled to draw inferences, and meaning emerges through shared expectations articulated by conversational maxims and calculable implicatures. Rationality here is regulative and stabilizing, oriented toward mutual understanding even when disagreement or irony arises. Spurio Mummio’s poetic and philosophical epistles from Corinth, by contrast, exemplify an earlier, Stoic‑inflected mode of conversational reason in which writing substitutes for face‑to‑face exchange, and rationality operates through ethical stance, restraint, and wit rather than explicit coordination. His letters, shaped by the austere ethos of the Porch and addressed to friends within the Scipionic circle, rely heavily on what is left unsaid, presupposed, or humorously displaced; they presuppose a community capable of reconstructing intention from tone, allusion, and shared moral background. Where Grice theorizes the norms that make such reconstruction rationally intelligible, Mummio practices those norms without theorizing them, using the epistolary form to test how far meaning can travel when voice, immediacy, and corrective feedback are absent. The comparison thus shows Grice as offering an explicit pragmatics of conversational reason, while Mummio provides a paradigmatic ancient instance of that reason at work under the constraints of distance, genre, and Stoic discipline. Fratello di Lucio Mummio, vincitore di Corinto, partecipa con SCIPIONE  Emiliano e con Lucio Metello CALVO  a un’ambasciata politica in Oriente e così puo stringere più stretti rapporti con Panezio di Rodi. Scrive lettere in versi e orazioni. CICERONE lo pone tra i IV interlocutori del "De republica." Oratore. I suoi discorsi hanno, per la loro aridità, impronta del Portico. Coltiva gli studi giuridici. A Roman soldier and writer. A legatus of his brother, and a close friend of SCIPIONE EMILIANO. This friendship garners his entrance into the Scipionic Circle. Politically, he is an aristocrat. He writes satirical and ethical epistles, describing his experiences in Corinto in humorous verse. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, these letters, are the first examples of a distinct class of Roman poetry, the poetic epistle. "Mummii". Mek.niif. hu. Mummius M, Mortgage, ed. Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. Perseus tufts, Chisholm, ed.  "Mummius, Lucius" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Cambridge. Stub icon This article about an Ancient Roman writer. Categories: Ancient Roman writersm Romans, writers Mummii Ancient Roman people stubs European writer stubs When we turn to Rome we find that letter writing becomes a Roman literary art under Greek influence and is speedily nationalised as is the dialogue. We know that the epistolary form is used by S., who appears in CICERONE’s de republica as an intimate friend of SCIPIONE the younger. He receives a education  in the Porch, and accompanied his more famous brother to Corinto as a legatus. From Corinto he sends a number of poetic epistles to his friends. These do not receive general publicity, but are preserved in the archives of the family where they are read by CICERONE, who praises their wit. Keyword: philosophical epistle. Spurio Mummio. Grice e Mummio: il portico romano – lettera da Corinto – Roma antica -- Roma – filosofia italiana.  GRICEVS: Salvē, Spurī Mummi. Audīvī tē ex Corinthō epistulās versibus mittere—tam lepidas ut Cicero ipsās in archivīs quasi vinum vetus servet. SPVRIVS: Salvē, Grice. Ita facio: nam quod in contiōne aridum est, in epistulā saepe fluit. Sed quid tu, qui de ratione conversandi tam subtiliter iudicās, de litterīs sentīs? GRICEVS: Litterae… pulchrae sunt, fateor: sed saepe mihi videntur quasi una littera (velut punctum aut apex) totum saporem colloquiī frangat; quod inter amīcōs in ipsā voce suaviter relinquerēs, in chartā nimis fixum fit—et, dum scribimus, minus relinquimus quod amīcus ex ipsā benevolentia colligat. SPVRIVS: Implicatūram secundī gradūs efficācissimam, cārissime Grice! Nam intellegō: epistula, dum “explicat,” saepe illud quod inter duo pectora sponte nascitur interficit. Ego tamen meminī Corinthiōs etiam in porticibus pictis (Graecē Στοὰ Ποικίλη) multa ostendere, pauca sentire: id genus pictūrae Damasippō meō prorsus super caput fuit—ille enim nihil nisi de togā suā novā cogitābat, utrum satis virīlis foret! Spurio, Mummio (a. u. c. DCVIII). Dicta. Roma.

Stasea (Napoli, Campania) la ragione conversazionale a Roma, o della virtù. A comparison between Grice and Stasea brings out two complementary but differently articulated conceptions of how reason governs meaning in human interaction. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning analyzes communication as a cooperative, inferential practice in which speakers rely on shared rational expectations to convey more than they explicitly say; virtue, in this framework, appears implicitly as intellectual honesty, interpretive charity, and responsiveness to reasons that justify conversational moves. Stasea, by contrast, stages the problem of reason at Rome through the ethical vocabulary of the Lyceum, focusing on virtue understood not as a socially coded role (the Roman vir) but as a stable disposition of character (andreia) embedded in moral life. His resistance to the Stoic claim that virtue alone suffices for happiness parallels Grice’s resistance to overly reductive accounts of meaning: both insist that normative structures—ethical in Stasea, pragmatic in Grice—cannot be collapsed into single austere principles without loss. Where Grice makes explicit the rational norms that license implicature and interpretation across linguistic exchanges, Stasea practices a form of philosophical conversational reason that attends to how words like virtus shift their force in a new civic and cultural context, generating predictable misunderstandings and figurative slippages. In this sense, Stasea exemplifies a historically early awareness of what Grice later theorizes: that meaning is governed not just by lexical content, but by rational habits, expectations, and background forms of life that shape what is reasonably inferred from what is said. The first lizio to take up residence at Rome. He defends the position that virtue (andreia) is not sufficient for happiness – a position on which some Lizians were prepared to compromise, in order to achieve a conciliation with the ethics of the Portico.  Keywords: Lizio.   GRICEVS: Salvē, Stasea! Rumor est tē prīmum Lȳceum Rōmae incolere. Dīc mihi: quōmodo virtūs in urbe nostrā tractātur? STASEA: Salvē, Grice! Ego quidem virtūtem (ἀνδρείαν) tuērī soleō; sed fateor: nōn ipsa sōla ad fēlīcitātem satis est. Sunt quī ex Lȳceō ad quandam cum Porticū compositiōnem inclinent—modo pāx philosophica maneat. GRICEVS: Bene. (Interim, dum per Forum eō, saepe audio quendam dīcere virum ubi Graecus dīceret ἀνήρ—ac nescio quōmodo syllaba illa una, vir, omnia iam absolvere vidētur.) Sed pergē: quid Rōmānī ex virtūte intellegunt? STASEA: Inplicaturam perspicācissimam, Grice! Nam intellexī quid subesset: Rōmānī, cum audīunt ἀνδρείαν, statim ad virum (quasi ad togām et munus) currunt; ego autem ad mōrem atque habitum animī spectābam. Itaque “virtūs” dīcō—nē verba mea per Forum volitent, ipsō sensū relicto. Stasea (a. u. c. DC). Dicta. Roma.

Statilio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale a Roma -- ogni uomo  è  stolto o pazzo. A comparison between Grice and Statilio highlights two sharply contrasting but structurally related ways in which reason governs what is said, implied, and understood. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning treats communication as a cooperative rational practice: even blunt or pessimistic utterances presuppose shared norms of interpretation, such that hearers are entitled to ask how disjunctions, negations, or exaggerations are meant to be taken, and to determine whether implications are exclusive, inclusive, literal, or satirical. Statilio’s famous dictum that all men are fools or mad operates at the opposite extreme of explicit normativity, using radical brevity and satirical compression as a philosophical stance. Yet precisely because of this extremity, his remark relies entirely on implicature: the force of “or” does not lie in its truth‑functional structure, but in the audience’s rational capacity to infer whether it is meant exclusively, inclusively, or rhetorically, and to grasp the satirical intention behind the aphorism. Where Grice makes such mechanisms explicit—analyzing how ordinary speakers exploit logical particles to generate meaning beyond what is said—Statilio exploits them without analysis, turning conversational ambiguity into a weapon of moral critique. Both assume that rational hearers will reconstruct intention rather than cling to literal semantics; the difference is that Grice aims to stabilize and explain this inferential practice, while Statilio deliberately destabilizes it, trusting that conversational reason will still do the work of interpretation even when meaning is thrust at the edge of nihilism and farce. Amico di CATONE. L’orto. Satura e farsa filologica. Penna. Secondo un'ipotesi allettante, con S., amico di CATONE e morto a Filippi con BRUTO. In questo contesto forse non è del tutto inutile notare che una filosofia è presente. S. being sollicited by BRUTO to make one of that noble band, who struck the god-like stroke for the liberty of Rome, refuses to accompany them, saying, that: all men are fools, or mad, and do not deserve that a wise man should trouble his head about them. Keywords: ‘All men are fools, or mad’ -- Giardino, horti epicuri – hortus epicuri. Garden. Friend of Catone Minore and Marco Bruto and a staunch opponent of Giulio Cesare.  GRICEVS: Salvē, Statiliō. Audio tē apud hortōs Catōnis illud iactāre: omnis homo stultus aut furiosus est. Nimis breve—ideo periculosum. STATILIO: Salvē, Grice. Brevitas sapit. Sed quid in eō tibi periculosum vidētur? GRICEVS: Hoc tantum rogāre ausim: cum dīcis stultus aut furiosus, “aut” tuum estne ita positum ut alterum excludat, an ut interdum (praesertim in hominibus) uterque simul admittatur—quasi “aut” sit etiam? STATILIO: Implicaturam commodissimam, Grice! Nam Brutus “aut” meum audīvit quasi exclusivum: “elige, stulte an furiose.” Ego vero sciebam (ne dicam) multōs in urbe nostrā ambō esse: ita “aut” saepe apud nos latet inclusive, et satira mea, uno vocabulo, geminam miseriam capit. Statilio (a. u. c. DCCXII). Dicta. Roma.

Paolo Godi Stefani (Pergola, Pesaro e Urbino, Marche): la ragione conversazionale del “senso composto” – semantica filosofica. A comparison between Grice and Paolo Godi Stefani reveals a deep structural affinity between medieval semantic theory and modern pragmatics, despite their very different vocabularies and aims. Stefani’s sustained analysis of sensus simplex, compositus, divisus, and depositus belongs to a tradition in which meaning is treated as something systematically constructed by the intellect through grammatical, logical, and dialectical operations; sense is not merely given but articulated through formal relations such as supposition, composition, and division. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning reappears at a different level of abstraction but with a comparable ambition: to show how what is meant emerges from structured rational operations that go beyond surface expressions. Where Stefani uses diagrams and figures to model how propositional sense is built and decomposed within philosophical grammar, Grice uses inferential principles—cooperation, rational expectation, and implicature—to explain how speakers construct complex meanings from simpler utterances in conversation. Both reject the idea that meaning resides wholly in isolated words or sentences; for Stefani, sense depends on logical articulation within a proposition, while for Grice it depends on the rational reconstruction of intentions within a communicative exchange. The difference lies in orientation rather than substance: Stefani formalizes sense within a scholastic semantic architecture, whereas Grice relocates that same constructive rationality into the dynamics of everyday speech. In this way, Grice’s conversational pragmatics can be seen as a modern, dialogical re‑deployment of the very concerns that animated Stefani’s medieval semantics of the sensus compositus. Grice: “I may well say that my idea of a propositional complex owes much to Stefani’s obsession with ‘sensus’ simplex or ‘divisus, and ‘sensus compositum’ –“ “The opposite of ‘com-posito’ is de-posito, though!” Grice: “I like his diagrammes; The Boedlian has loads of his mss!” Grice: “He has a figure for the ‘figura quadrata,’ Grice: “He has a figure for ‘suppositio.’” È il più famoso esponente di una famiglia marchigiana di insegnanti – Lepori -- e nacque a Pergola, nelle Marche.  Il cognome è incerto. Secondo Segarizzi il riferimento al fratello Alvise quale figlio di Antonio de Stefani da la Pergola, in un documento, ne indicherebbe l’appartenenza alla famiglia Stefani, ma il raffronto con altri documenti induce invece a credere che «de Stefani» si riferisca al nome del nonno -- Nardi. La scarsezza di notizie biografiche su S., molto ammirato, da origine anche all’ipotesi che gli attribuiva il cognome di un altro Paolo dalla Pergola, il Godi -- Segarizzi. Errata risulta quindi la congettura di Cicogna, che attribuisce a Godi l’influenza di S. sul vetraio muranese Angelo Barovier, suo discepolo, a proposito della tecnica di coloritura del vetro -- Mariacher.  Avviato forse alla carriera ecclesiastica nella nativa Pergola, si trasferì ben presto a Venezia, dove se non il padre Antonio, certamente il nonno Stefano, medico e figlio di maestro Giovanni – Piana --, dov avere dimorato stabilmente, insieme agli altri due figli -- Luchino, «rector scholarum» a S. Giovanni Nuovo, e Pietro, che pure ci è noto come «magister». Con lo stesso titolo di «magister» è ricordato anche il fratello di Paolo, Alvise, che insegn in diverse scuole veneziane -- Lepori.  S. assunse l’insegnamento di filosofia alla Scuola di Rialto e ne tenne ininterrottamente la cattedra.  senso semplice, senso composito, senso deposito, senso diviso, dialetttica, grammatica filosofica, semantica filosofica, loquenza.  Grice: Caro Stefani, ogni volta che mi immergo nei tuoi diagrammi, mi sento come se stessi visitando la mostra delle "figure quadrate" a Oxford! Ma dimmi, il “senso composto” si mangia con forchetta o cucchiaio? Perché a Vadum Boum, il mio tutee Strawson sarebbe capace di decomporlo pure in una zuppa!  Stefani: Ah, Grice, se Strawson ha davvero scomposto il “senso composto”, allora spero almeno che abbia lasciato qualche briciola di “suppositio” per il dessert! Ma tu, con la tua implicatura raffinata, mi insegni che anche la semantica filosofica può essere digerita con gusto.  Grice: Beh, Stefani, tra un “sensus simplex” e un “compositum”, ho dovuto più di una volta decomporre tutto per i barbari di Vadum Boum… Strawson in primis! E ogni volta mi chiedo: sarà “de-posito” o solo una pausa per prendere fiato? In fondo, il vero senso è sempre quello che si nasconde tra le righe… e tra le risate!  Stefani: Decomporre! Implicatura più bella non c’è, Grice! Se anche la grammatica filosofica si divide, almeno ci resta la loquenza per ricomporre tutto… magari davanti a una tavola marchigiana. E ricordati: ogni senso, anche diviso, trova la sua unità quando si conversa con un amico! Stefani, Paolo Godi (1420). De sensu composito et diviso. Venezia.

Luigi Stefanini (Treviso, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale dell’inter-personalismo contro l’idealismo filosofico. A comparison between Grice and Luigi Stefanini brings into focus two different but intersecting ways of grounding meaning in reason while resisting solipsistic or overly abstract accounts of thought. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning treats communication as an inherently normative, interpersonal enterprise: meaning arises not from isolated mental contents but from rational expectations shared between speakers engaged in a cooperative practice, where intentions are inferred and adjusted in light of the other. Stefanini’s inter‑personalismo, developed in explicit opposition to both idealism and the dominant philosophies of the Fascist period, likewise rejects the self‑enclosed subject, insisting that being itself is personal and that whatever is not immediately personal functions as a medium of manifestation and communication between persons. Where Grice analyzes, in a technical and often minimalist way, the conversational mechanisms that allow one person to mean something to another—implicature, reciprocity of reason, mutual recognition—Stefanini supplies a metaphysical and ethical backdrop in which interpersonal relation is ontologically primary. Grice is wary of Italian personalism insofar as it risks collapsing interpersonal rationality into an exaltation of the person as a substantive entity, preferring instead an account of interpersonalism without personalist metaphysics, grounded in public norms of reasoning. Yet Stefanini’s insistence that truth, value, and action unfold only within the io–tu relation anticipates Grice’s conviction that meaning cannot be reduced to inner representation or abstract ideal structures. The contrast is thus one of level and emphasis: Stefanini frames conversational reason within a philosophy of being‑as‑personal and other‑oriented, while Grice offers a formal, pragmatically neutral account of how rational agents, as agents among others, actually succeed in meaning things to one another through conversation. – filosofia fascista – veintennio fascista –Grice: “La ragione conversazionale dell’inter-personalismo contro l’idealismo filosofico – filosofia fascista – veintennio fascista. Italians are obsessed with personalismo; I am with interpersonalismo!” Keywords: inter-personalismo, io e l’altro, l’altro da me, altro da se, alterita, other-love, self-love. “L’essere è personale.” “Tutto ciò che non è personale nell’essere ri-entra nella produttività della persona, come mezzo di manifestazione della persona e di *comunicazione* o conversazione *tra* due persone,” “La mia prospettiva filosofica. Nacque secondo-genito di quattro fratelli. Il padre Giovanni gestiva una tintoria, la madre, Lucia De Mori, è diplomata maestra ma si dedica interamente alla famiglia.  S’impegna nell’associazionismo cattolico: fonda il circolo San Liberale, nucleo del movimento cattolico trevigiano dopo lo scioglimento dell’Opera dei congressi. È nominato presidente della federazione diocesana e fonda il mensile Il foglio per promuovere la cultura religiosa e trattare temi politico-sociali, con particolare attenzione al nascente sindacalismo cattolico. La pubblicazione è sospesa, quando S., in attrito con il vescovo di Treviso Longhin, si dimise da presidente della federazione. Conseguita la maturità presso il liceo classico Canova -- ove ha come docente di filosofia Rotta, futuro professore all’Università cattolica di Milano --, si iscrive al corso di laurea in filosofia a Padova, partecipando alle iniziative del circolo universitario cattolico Zanella. Si laurea con una tesi sull’Action di Blondel, avendo come relatore Aliotta, che aveva appena iniziato il suo breve periodo padovano, e inizia a insegnare. Richiamato alle armi, è ferito da una scheggia di granata sul Sass de Stria e conclude il servizio militare con il grado di capitano. inter-personalismo, io e l’altro, l’altro da me, altro da se, alterita, other-love, self-love. Grice: Stefanini, ti confesso che il Sass de Stria mi ricorda i miei giorni contro il Hun e compagnia bella! Se solo avessero discusso di filosofia anziché lanciare granate, avremmo potuto fondare il circolo “Personalisti del fronte”. Grice: D’altronde, la mia “Personal identity” (come dicono gli inglesi) mi perseguita; però, se devo seguire il tuo esempio, caro Luigi, forse dovrei correggere e parlare di “Identità interpersonali”, all’italiana! Stefanini: Implicatura interpersonale se mai ce n’è una, Grice! Qui da Treviso è tutta una questione di io, tu e l’altro da sé… perfino le tintorie dialogano tra loro, altro che idealismo solitario! Stefanini: Se l’essere è personale, allora la vera conversazione filosofica è quella che passa il testimone da una persona all’altra: altro che “personal identity”, qui si lavora in squadra. Vieni a Treviso, ti mostro come si conversa tra filosofi… e tra tintori! Stefanini, Luigi (1919). La filosofia dell’esperienza. Padova: Società Cooperativa Tipografica.

Luigi Stefanoni (Milano, Lombardia): Marconimania -- implicatura e ragione: there St. John mingles with his friendly bowl, the feast of reason, an the life of soul -- A comparison between Grice and Luigi Stefanoni shows a convergence on reason as the organizing principle of meaning, even though they operate in different philosophical registers and political contexts. Stefanoni’s La scienza della ragione treats language, concepts, and even dictionary entries as answerable to rational scrutiny, rejecting lexical authority when it obscures intellectual clarity; his early rationalism, shaped by Mazzini and later radicalized through secular and anti‑religious currents in post‑Unification Milan, frames reason as a public, educative force circulating through communication and culture. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning can be read as a restrained but technically precise heir to this impulse: where Stefanoni attacks dictionaries in the name of reason, Grice famously “gives a hoot” about them when they misrepresent how meaning actually works in use. Both locate rationality not in static definitions but in active practices—Stefanoni in philosophical lexicography and civic discourse, Grice in conversational exchange governed by intentions, categories, and ends. Stefanoni’s enthusiasm for modern media and communication—what one might anachronistically call a Marconimania of reason—anticipates Grice’s view that meaning is something transmitted, inferred, and negotiated rather than simply encoded. The key difference is methodological: Stefanoni advances a programmatic rationalism aimed at reforming culture and language from without, while Grice builds a micro‑theory of interpersonal reasoning from within ordinary conversation. Yet in both, reason is not solitary or introspective but social, animated by exchange, and most fully realized in the shared “feast of reason” that conversation makes possible. -- filosofia italiana – P. G. R. I. C. E. – philosophical grounds of rationality: intentions, categories, ends. Grice: “I love S.. I regard him as the frist Italian philosophical lexicographer! Marsoli quotes Ranzoli in passing. And Ranzoli disparages S.. But I prefer Stefanoni to Ranzoli. Ranzoli tends to lean towards the pompous, whereas only in S. you would find things like: ‘this word should be extracted from all dictionaries!”  Nasce da Alessandro e da Maria Colombo. È rapito fin dalla fede di MAZZINI  e parte volontario al seguito di GARIBALDI  nella campagna. Subito dopo l’unificazione comincia a collaborare con il periodico repubblicano L’Unità italiana, ma ben presto i rapporti con MAZZINI  si complicano a causa dell’attrazione di S. per le correnti razionaliste e anti-religiose che in quegli anni cominciano a lambire le file dell’area democratica. Al pensiero del filosofo razionalista Franchi fa infatti riferimento la opera importante di S., intitolata La scienza della ragione e pubblicata con un certo clamore a Milano. L’autore vi fa aperta professione di a-teismo, delineando i contorni di una pur vaga e semplicistica filosofia materialistica.  Se però S. riconosce in Franchi il proprio maestro in filosofia, in politica il punto di riferimento rimane Mazzini, come risultava evidente dal saggio Mazzini. Note storiche -- Milano. Un segno di continuità nel solco di MAZZINI  è anche Le due repubbliche e il due dicembre -- Milano --, nonché l’attenzione verso la questione polacca, testimoniata dall’opuscolo su Nullo, pubblicato a pochi mesi di distanza dall’uccisione del patriota democratico per mano dei russi -- Nullo martire in Polonia. Notizie storiche, Milano.  Il dissidio con Mazzini si aggrava quando S. si impegna in prima persona nella fondazione a Milano di una Società di liberi pensatori. L’iniziativa, tenacemente avversata dal maestro, provoca la rottura fra i due. Grice’s hoot and the dictionary.  Grice: Stefanoni, permettimi di inaugurare la nostra conversazione con un verso che adoro: “There St. John mingles with his friendly bowl, the feast of reason, and the flow of soul.” Una citazione che non manca mai di portare un sorriso nei circoli filosofici… e magari qualche brindisi! Grice: Ma, sai, in fondo il vero “friendly bowl” non sarà mica la nostra implicatura filosofica? Forse il festino della ragione è proprio quando ci scambiamo idee tra un bicchiere e l’altro, lasciando che la conversazione fluisca più libera della logica formale. Stefanoni: Caro Grice, se il “friendly bowl” è davvero la nostra implicatura, allora la filosofia italiana dovrebbe servire piatti e ragioni in porzioni doppie! E chissà, forse persino Mazzini avrebbe voluto unirsi alla tavolata. Stefanoni: Bellissima implicatura, Grice! Credo che nel tuo “feast of reason” ci sia più anima che in tutti i dizionari filosofici messi insieme… e se qualcuno osa estrarre qualche parola, che almeno sia per aggiungere un po’ di sapore alla conversazione! Stefanoni, Luigi (1862). La scienza della ragione. Milano.

Federico Stella (Sernaglia, Treviso, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale dell’ iustum/iussum, o la causa dell’anormale come l’ implicatura d’Honorè. A comparison between Grice and Federico Stella brings out a shared commitment to reason as the governing principle of meaning and responsibility, though articulated at different levels of analysis. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning locates rationality in the inferential practices of ordinary conversation, where implicature arises from the recognition of speakers’ intentions under shared norms of cooperation and alethic reason, as elaborated in Aspects of Reason. Stella, trained in Treviso and Milan and shaped by legal philosophy under Crespi, approaches a closely related problem from the side of jurisprudence: how we rationally connect descriptions of human action to judgments of responsibility. In his work on causal explanation and the structure of criminal liability, Stella insists that responsibility can be ascribed only where conduct is subsumed under a covering law capable of explaining the causal nexus between action and outcome, thus respecting the rule of “beyond reasonable doubt.” Where Grice analyzes the implicatures involved in saying that someone acted intentionally, responsibly, or negligently, Stella examines the juridical counterpart of those implicatures, showing how descriptions of action implicitly commit us to judgments about causation, fault, and normativity. The parallel with H. L. A. Hart and Honoré is evident in both: Hart’s analysis of responsibility and Honoré’s interest in the “cause of the abnormal” find in Grice an account of the conversational logic that underwrites such descriptions, and in Stella a doctrinal reconstruction of how those same rational commitments become codified in law. In this sense, Stella can be seen as extending Gricean conversational rationality into the institutional domain of law, where the distinction between iustum and iussum is no longer merely conversationally implicated but juridically enforced, while remaining grounded in the same ideal of reason as the measure of human action. Grice: “What is it with Italian philosoophers that they are all into what at Oxford we would call jurisprudence? It seems like all Italian philosophers are like Italian versions of H. L. A. Hart!”. Keywords: Grice, implicature della descrizione d’azione umana, H. L. A. Hart, Honoré, J. L. Austin, responsibity, aspets of reason, alethic reason. Studia a Treviso e Milano, sotto CRESPI. Insegna a Catania e Milano. I suoi saggi si diregeno su alcune tipologie di reati, successivamente sugl’elementi strutturali del reato.  Il suo contributo filosofico più noto, presso gl’operatori del diritto penale e la comunità accademica, è “La spiegazione causale dell’azione umana” (Milano), in cui  ricostruisce il problema del nesso di causalità prospettando il criterio della sussunzione sotto una *legge* come strumento per la soluzione di casi dubbi. Solo mediante una legge di copertura, atta a spiegare il rapport causale fra la condotta dell’attore ed il effetto e possibile formulare un giudizio sulla responsabilità dell’attore. Ad es., solo dopo aver dimostrato, sulla base di una legge, che l'ingestione di un determinato farmaco determina casualmente malformazioni del feto, e possibile imputare alla ditta produttrice il reato di lesioni gravissime, colpose o dolose. In difetto di questa spiegazione causale non puo formularsi alcuna responsabilità a regola di giudizio dell'"oltre ogni ragionevole dubbio" trovasse applicazione anche in un processo. Il principio venne accolto in tema di nesso causale dalla corte suprema di cassazione, anche a sezioni unite. Oggi è norma codicistica. Dirige riviste giuridiche di diritto penale ed è fra i curatori di raccolte normative di largo successo presso la comunità forense. implicature della descrizione d’azione umana, H. L. A. Hart, Honoré, J. L. Austin, responsibity, aspets of reason, alethic reason.  Grice: Caro Stella, ogni volta che passo per Sernaglia mi chiedo: quanti filosofi veneti ci vogliono per distinguere tra “iustum” e “iussum”? O forse, qui da voi, basta un po’ di buona conversazione per risolvere tutto con eleganza giuridica! Stella: Ah, Grice, qui a Sernaglia il giusto e il comandato si inseguono come il cane e la sua ombra, ma ti confido che, a differenza dei tuoi studenti a Vadum Boum, noi il latino lo pronunciamo con tutte le consonanti… almeno, quasi sempre. Grice: Beh, Stella, ricordo che il mio allievo Strawson, nei corridoi del Vadum Boum, aveva la curiosa abitudine di far sparire la “t” in “IVSTVM”, così che il nostro “giusto” diventava subito “comandato”, senza nemmeno una geminazione di troppo. Ma su queste sottigliezze, meglio tacere: sai, non vorrei sollevare un caso davanti alla Cassazione latina… Stella: Erudita implicatura, Grice! Noi che amiamo la buona educazione classica teniamo sempre lo sguardo fisso verso Bononia, mentre i barbari non saprebbero neppure dove puntare l’ago della bussola… un po’ come gli occhi dei buoi che attraversano il tuo guado, Grice! Stella, Federico (1958). Tesi. Facoltà di Giurisprudenza, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano.

Jacopo Stellini (Cividale del Friuli, Udine, Friuli, Friuli-Venezia Giulia): la ragione conversazionale dell’ortu morum – A comparison between Grice and Jacopo Stellini brings into focus two historically distant but structurally allied conceptions of reason as something enacted in practice rather than merely posited in theory. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning treats rationality as immanent in ordinary interaction, where meanings, implicatures, and normative commitments arise through cooperative exchanges guided by shared expectations of relevance, truthfulness, and intelligibility. Stellini, writing in the eighteenth century, approaches reason from the moral–historical side, yet his De ortu et progressu morum likewise understands moral life as something cultivated, transmitted, and stabilized through social practices, education, and refined conversation. For Stellini, mores are not abstract rules imposed from above but habits that grow, like an ortus morum, through rhetoric, pedagogy, and exemplarity; moral reason is inseparable from the conversational and institutional contexts in which virtues are formed and sustained. In this sense, Stellini anticipates a Gricean insight: that much of what matters normatively is conveyed not by explicit principles but by what is tacitly shown, modeled, and implied in discourse and conduct. Where Grice analyzes how speakers mean more than they say through implicature, Stellini traces how societies become more or less moral through the gradual, conversational transmission of opinions and practices pertaining to conduct. The difference lies in level and aim rather than structure: Grice offers a micro‑theory of rational communication, while Stellini provides a moral genealogy of rational cultivation; yet both converge on the idea that reason is not merely possessed but exercised, and that its primary habitat is the shared life of conversation. Nasce da Mattia Rodaro, e da Adriana Piccini. Il cognome S., usato spesso anche dal padre, deriva dal nome della nonna Stella Rotar. Della famiglia non si sa molto. Mattia è sarto come la moglie. S. ha due sorelle: Maddalena, sposa di Muschione -- la cui figlia, Adriana, commissiona con il marito Peretti un ritratto del filosofo -- e Stella. Studia presso i padri somaschi di Cividale con il maestro di retorica Leonarducci; vestì l’abito religioso ed entra a Venezia nella congregazione con i voti solenni. Oltre a teologia con Visconti, studia ebraico -- con Birone -- , greco – con Patrussa --, latino e matematica nel seminario patriarcale di Venezia. Dall’anno dell’ordinazione sacerdotale, è maestro di retorica ai chierici della Casa della Salute a Venezia ed insegna presso l’Accademia dei nobili alla Giudecca; Emo, senatore e mecenate, lo prende allora come consigliere ed educatore dei figli Pietro, Alvise e Angelo.  A seguito della morte di Giacometti, con la prolusione Oratio habita in Gymnasio Patavino -- pubblicata dal seminario --  entra come professore ordinario di filosofia morale a Padova.  Piccolo, brutto della bruttezza di Socrate – Mabil --, oppresso da fastidi di stomaco e intestino, senza denti, pur non dotato di particolari doti oratorie riusciva ad appassionare studenti e uditori – fra cui anche Casanova – che accorreno alle sue lezioni. Trascorse la sua esistenza fra l’Università e le mura del convento di S. Croce. Sebbene schivo e non desideroso di onori, conosce fama e successo, come testimoniano anche gli elogi scritti immediatamente e ancora qualche decennio dopo la morte; è uomo coltissimo, di garbata conversazione e curioso di diverse discipline, dalla musica, alla filologia alle scienze che studia con passione, come risulta anche dalle lettere. La sua opera più importante, De ortu et progressu morum atque opinionum ad mores pertinentium specimen –dalla nonna Stella – Modaro. Liceo.  Grice: Caro Stellini, ho finalmente avuto modo di leggere il tuo “De ortu et progressu morum”; devo confessare che, tra gli orti friulani e quelli filosofici, la differenza sta tutta nel profumo, ma la saggezza è la stessa! Stellini: Ah, Grice, lei sa sempre cogliere il senso delle cose! In effetti, il mio orto morum nasce più dal tentativo di coltivare le virtù che i cavoli, ma la fatica è simile, glielo assicuro! Grice: Ebbene, se parliamo del mos dell’ortolano, mi verrebbe da dire che, più che discutere di grandi principi morali, il vero lavoro sembra essere la potatura… e magari una buona concimazione. Ma, si sa, certe cose si capiscono senza dirle apertamente! Stellini: Implicatura ingegnosissima, Grice! Non a caso dicono che nel mio orto filosofico cresceva più saggezza che insalata. E anche se il mio stile non era quello di Casanova, almeno qualche germoglio di virtù l’ho saputo coltivare tra i miei studenti… e qualche dente in meno non ha mai impedito una buona conversazione! Stellini, Jacopo (1740). Della felicità. Venezia: Pasquali.

Romualdo de Sterlich (Chieti, Abruzzo): la ragione conversazionale dei georgofili. Grice and Romualdo de Sterlich converge on the idea that meaning in conversation is fundamentally governed by reason, but they articulate this insight from distinct historical and conceptual vantage points. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning is explicitly analytical: he treats conversation as a rational, goal-directed activity structured by shared expectations of cooperation, where what is meant often exceeds what is literally said because speakers calculate their contributions against norms of rational relevance, sufficiency, truthfulness, and clarity. Meaning, for Grice, is therefore inseparable from the speaker’s intention to be intelligible to a rational interlocutor, and from the hearer’s capacity to recognize that intention by reasoning about what it would make sense to say in the circumstances. Sterlich, by contrast, embodies an Enlightenment, civic-humanistic version of conversational reason. In his cultural practice—the public library at Chieti, the circulation of forbidden books, and the Dialoghi di fra’ Cipolla e la Nanna—conversation is reason-governed not by formal maxims but by the social exercise of critical judgement against dogma, censorship, and intellectual superstition. Sterlich’s dialogical writing presupposes interlocutors who can follow irony, polemic, and indirectness, and who understand that rational exchange often operates obliquely under conditions of constraint; in this sense, his dialogues rely on something close to Gricean implicature avant la lettre. Where Grice abstracts reason as a quasi-logical principle underwriting intelligible talk, Sterlich stages conversational reason as a historically situated practice of Enlightenment resistance, in which meaning emerges through shared rational competence, cultural literacy, and the willingness to draw inferences beyond the explicit word. The affinity lies in their shared conviction that conversation is not mere talk but a rational enterprise; the difference lies in Grice’s formal reconstruction of that enterprise and Sterlich’s lived, polemical enactment of it within the public sphere of eighteenth-century Italian Illuminismo. Nato da Rinaldo e da Margherita Alfieri, dopo i primi studi in casa è mandato a Napoli, dove frequenta il collegio dei nobili e la scuola privata di Serao, noto professore. Abbiamo anche notizia di suoi studi a Roma. Essendo figlio unico è indotto a sposarsi e a seguire gli affari della sua famiglia.  Tornato a Chieti, vi intraprese una vivace attività di promozione culturale. Crea infatti una biblioteca aperta al pubblico che nella Chieti ha un'importanza notevole, sia per il numero dei volumi, sia per la tempestività con cui veniva aggiornata e per il valore delle opere che vi si trovavano.  Ricca di classici latini, la biblioteca è ben fornita di autori della letteratura italiana. Numerose erano poi le opere di storia, di filosofia, i dizionari enciclopedici; numerosissimi i giornali. Presenti anche molte opere scientifiche, soprattutto di medicina, di cui S. è un ottimo cultore. La caratteristica più importante, però, che fa di questa biblioteca un momento di rottura con la cultura circostante, è la presenza delle opere degli illuministi. La biblioteca S. divenne uno dei centri più attivi del rinnovamento della cultura abruzzese. In essa si forma una generazione di filosofi che danno un contributo politico notevole nel periodo delle riforme prima e della rivoluzione dopo. Ma l'attività culturale di S. e il ruolo che anda acquistando la biblioteca non passarono inosservati ai gesuiti: lo attaccano pubblicamente accusandolo di empietà e di possedere libri proibiti. S. non si fa intimorire. Anzi, per controbattere le accuse, compose i Duedialoghi di fra' Cipolla e la Nanna, che circolarono manoscritti a Chieti suscitando molte polemiche. Una copia è mandata a Firenze a Lami per la pubblicazione, che fu però bloccata dalla censura. I Dialoghi restarono così inediti tra le carte di Lami, a cui F. Fontani -suo biografo - li attribuì. Anche manoscritti, hanno comunque una notevole diffusione.  illuminismo.  Grice: Mi permetta una curiosità, caro Sterlich: come pronuncia esattamente il suo cognome? Soprattutto l’ultima parte, che mi sembra poco italiana!  Sterlich: Ah, è una domanda che mi fanno spesso! Si pronuncia “Ster-lich”, con la “ch” finale un po’ dura, quasi tedesca. In famiglia scherziamo sempre su quanto suoni strano qui in Abruzzo.  Grice: Capisco, dev’essere stato un nome che ha incuriosito molti, specie tra i georgofili e gli intellettuali della sua biblioteca a Chieti! E ha portato fortuna, direi, se penso al fermento culturale che ha contribuito a creare.  Sterlich: La ringrazio, professore! In fondo, anche un cognome “fuori dal coro” può essere uno stimolo alla conversazione e all’apertura verso idee nuove. Come diceva mio padre, “la diversità è la ricchezza che fa crescere la cultura.” Sterlich, Romualdo de (1750). Dialogo di fra Cipolla e la Nanna. Chieti.

Stertinio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del tutore di filosofia. Portico. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and the figure of Stertinius, as reconstructed from Roman moral discourse and sharpened in the passage under the Portico, meet on the idea that conversation is an intelligible activity only insofar as it is guided by rational expectations shared by speaker and hearer. Grice makes this explicit and formal: conversational meaning depends on the speaker’s intention being recognizable by a rational interlocutor who assumes that what is said is said for a reason, in accordance with the purpose of the exchange. Stertinius, by contrast, operates within a Stoic and pedagogical setting where reason governs conversation not by articulated maxims but by ethical orientation: his talk under the Portico is directed at shaping judgment, officium, and animus, not at satisfying surface expectations or decorative understanding. The episode with Damasippus illustrates precisely the kind of rational failure Grice would later theorize: the pupil “hears” porticus and fixes on walls and adornment, missing the intended level of relevance, because he fails to reason correctly about what is being meant in that context. Stertinius thus presupposes a rational listener capable of abstracting away from literal or culturally salient associations and tracking the tutor’s purpose, much as Grice presupposes a cooperative hearer capable of inferring implicatures. Where Grice describes conversational reason as a general structure underlying meaning in all ordinary talk, Stertinius embodies it as a moral discipline, exercised in dialogue, vulnerable to misfire when ambition, vanity, or social distraction disrupt the rational uptake that conversation requires. Tutore di Damasippo. GRICEVS: Salvē, Stertinī. Audīvī tē adhūc Damasippō praeceptōrem esse—sub Porticū, ut aiunt: ego semper mirātus sum quam multum in illō “porticū” lateat. GRICEVS: Apud nōs, cum quis “porticum” laudat, saepe satis est dīcere porticum—nē addāmus quidnam coloris; sed spero Damasippum tuum ab illō genere ornātūs servāvistī, quod Graecī amant, Rōmānī autem (nisi fallor) rubōre tegunt. STERTINIVS: Heu, Grice: Damasippus “porticum” audīvit et statim ad parietēs spectāvit, quasi philosophia in pictūrā nāscerētur. Ego autem dē ratiōne, dē officiō, dē animō loquēbar. STERTINIVS: Inplicaturam callidissimam, Grice! Nōn negō: porticus illa Graecē dicitur Στοὰ Ποικίλη—id est “porticus picta”; sed totum hoc Damasippō super caput fuit: nihil nisi dē togā novā cōgitābat, et maxime utrum satis virīlis foret, cum eam primum sumeret. Stertinio (a. u. c. DCLXXX). Dicta sub Porticu. Roma.

Stilione (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del principe filosofo. Grice’s account of reason‑governed conversational meaning and the figure of Stilione, imagined here as tutor to the philosopher‑emperor Severus Alexander, converge on the thought that rationality is not automatically conferred by status, title, or institutional role, but must be actively learned, exercised, and recognized within conversation itself. For Grice, conversational meaning depends on the assumption that speakers and hearers are rational agents engaged in a cooperative enterprise, where words are chosen so that a reasonable interlocutor can infer what is meant beyond what is merely said. Stilione articulates a parallel insight in a political and pedagogical register: to be princeps is not to possess the principium rationis by default, and purple robes can obscure reason rather than instantiate it. His remark that the “prince” still has to learn the letters of reason mirrors Grice’s insistence that meaning is not guaranteed by linguistic form or social authority but by the rational uptake of intention. The exchange also dramatizes a Gricean implicature avant la lettre: the title “princeps” invites an inference about primacy of reason, which both speakers knowingly suspend, exposing the gap between names and rational competence. Where Grice theorizes this gap through a systematic account of implicature, Stilione embodies it in the task of moral and intellectual education, showing that conversational reason must be cultivated even, or especially, at the summit of power. Tutor to Severo Alessandro, the emperor.  GRICEVS: Salvē, Stilīō: audīvī tē ipsum principem erudiisse—Alexandrum Severum, inquam. O rem miram: ego numquam nisi apud Vadum Boum barbarōs (ut ita dicam) docuī. STILIŌ: Salvē, Grice. Barbarōs? At tu Oxoniensibus barbaris nihil deest praeter modestiam. Sed quid ad principem? Ille certe maiōrem curam poscit quam iuvenis de vādō boum. GRICEVS: Fortasse. Ego tamen, cum audiam “tutorem principis,” subrīdēo: quasi princeps statim habeat principium—id est, principium rationis. Sed nonne tibi quoque aliquando visus est quasi adhūc litterās ratiōnis disceret? STILIŌ: Ō, tam callidam inplicatvram, Grice! Nōn negāverim: purpura saepe velat caput, nōn instruit; et “princeps” nomen est, sed principium ratiōnis etiam principi addiscendum est. Stilione (a.u.c. DCCCCLXXV). Dicta. Roma.

Lucio Elio Stilone (Lanuvio, Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del proloquio del cielo. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Lucius Aelius Stilo’s conception of the proloquium converge on the idea that meaning arises from rational structure rather than from ornament, authority, or mere verbal sequence, even though they articulate this insight at very different stages of intellectual history. Grice frames conversation as a cooperative rational activity in which what a speaker means is determined by intentions that a reasonable hearer can recognize by reflecting on what would count as an appropriate contribution to the exchange; meaning is thus grounded in inferential discipline, not in surface form. Stilo, working within Stoic philosophical grammar, approaches the same terrain through the notion of the proloquium or axioma: a simple but complete sentence, fully articulated according to reason, capable of standing on its own without rhetorical excess. His interest in syntax, particles, and archaism is not antiquarian but philosophical, aimed at identifying the minimal structure required for intelligible, truth‑apt discourse. The dialogue’s play on “of the sky” versus “of the sky itself” dramatizes exactly the danger Grice later theorizes: the temptation to overextend linguistic material beyond what rational uptake licenses, producing fanciful associations rather than disciplined inference. Where Grice formalizes this danger as a misuse of implicature—stretching what can reasonably be inferred from what is said—Stilo warns against it pedagogically by recalling that disciples like Cicero and Varro would insist on grammatical and logical restraint. In both cases, conversational reason functions as a governor: for Grice it constrains what may be implicated, and for Stilo it constrains what may count as a legitimate proloquium, but the underlying commitment is shared—the conviction that meaning in conversation begins and ends with rational accountability. -- il tutore di filosofia -- Roma antica – la scuola di Lanuvio – filosofia romana – la scuola di Roma – filosofia lazia -- Appartenne all'ordine equestre. Segue nell’esilio QUINTO METELLO  NUMIDICO. A Roma, è maestro e scrive discorsi per altri. I suoi discepoli più insigni sono CICERONE e VARRONE. Conoscitore sicuro della coltura latina, èil primo rappresentante notevole della scienza grammaticale o grammatica filosofica. Saggi: "Interpretatio carminum Saliorum"; "Index comœdiarum Plautinarum", "Commentarius de pro-loquiis" -- uno studio sulla sintassi di impronta del Portico. Inoltre, cura edizioni di saggi altrui. Gli è stata attribuita un’opera glossografica. The text of Svetonio (Gramm.) provides a list of the first Roman philosophers who more or less exclusively are devoted to grammar. Instruxerunt auxeruntque ab omni parte grammaticam L. Aelius Lanuvinus generque Aeli Ser. Clodius, uterque eques Romanus multique ac vari et in doctrina et in re publica usus. The first refers to the philosopher Elio Stilone, a native of Lanuvio, tutor of Cicerone and Varrone. From Gellius it is possible to gather some information about his linguistic and philological studies on PLAUTO, then resumed and developed by Varrone. In a proper linguistic field, some fragments testify to an interest for archaism, investigated both in the carmen Saliare and in the XII Tables, as well as in the ancient Italic languages. GELLIO also reports the title of a ‘saggio’ by S.: “Commentarius de proloquiis” in which, as GELLIO himself informs us, “pro-loquium” is used to render the “axioma”, a technical term of the dialectics and philosophical grammar of the Porch which indicates a simple sentence, complete in all its parts. GELLIO adds that Varrone borrows ‘pro-loquium’ from his tutor and uses it in the XXIV book of the “De lingua Latina.” Varrone Quinto Elio Stilone. Portico, proloquium, axioma, Cicerone, Varro, Stilone, Gellio, Svetonio.  GRICEVS: Salvē, Stilo Lanuvine! Audio tē de proloquiō caelī disserere—quasi grammaticus ipse ad astra conscendat. STILO: Salvē tu quoque, Grice. Proloquium (axiōma, ut Stoici) nec humile nec superbum est: sententia simplex, sed plena. Quid tibi videtur dē caelō? GRICEVS: Mirum dictū: hodiē proloquium dē caelō repperī—tam caeleste, ut mihi videātur nōn tantum “dē caelō” dīcī, sed paene “caelī” ipsīus: ita mē illa particula dē (quam negotiātor quidam “of” vocat) in nūbēs sustulit. STILO: Inplicatvram bellissimam, Grice! sed cave: nē dē nimis extendās; aliōquī discipulī meī (Cicero et Varro) tē nōn in Commentariō dē proloquiīs, sed in Indicē comoediārum repōnent. Stilone, Lucio Elio (a.u.c. DCXL).Dicta. Roma.

Guido Stucchi (Gubbio, Perugia, Umbria): la ragione conversazionale della filosofia perenne di Pitagora, Cicerone, Ovidio, Virgilio, e Plinio. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and Guido Stucchi’s conception of philosophia perennis intersect on the claim that meaningful discourse is sustained by rational intelligibility that transcends local idiom, historical contingency, and mere verbal display. Grice approaches this at the micro‑level of ordinary conversation: what a speaker means is constrained by what a rational hearer can infer under assumptions of cooperation, restraint, and mutual accountability, so that implication is always answerable to reason rather than to poetic excess. Stucchi, by contrast, works at a macro‑historical and metaphysical level, reading Pythagoras, Cicero, Ovid, Virgil, Pliny, and the wisdom of Rome as participating in a continuous rational order that manifests itself through time in different linguistic and cultural forms. Yet the comic exchange about creation and creatures reveals a shared discipline: Stucchi’s insistence that every utterance is only a trace pointing beyond itself mirrors Grice’s insistence that speakers should not say more (or less) than reason licenses, lest implication dissolve into mystification. Where Grice guards conversational meaning against inflation through explicit principles and maxims, Stucchi guards philosophical meaning against dispersion by anchoring it in perennial rational structures that remain intelligible across eras. In both, reason is not an ornament added to language but its governing condition: for Grice it governs what may be meant in talk, for Stucchi it governs what may count as true philosophy across the long conversation of Western thought. -- il creatore e Grice, la creazione delle creature -- filosofia umbra – la citta della verita perenne -- STEUCO (Stucchi), Guido (in religione Agostino). Secondo i riferimenti autobiografici disseminati nelle opere, nasce a Gubbio, allora sotto i Montefeltro, dall’agiata famiglia degli Stucchi. Il padre si chiama Teseo; uno dei fratelli, canonico della cattedrale, Francesco; un altro, magistrato della città, Mariotto. Mantenne il nome Guido fino a quando entra nel noviziato di S. Secondo, appartenente all’Ordine dei canonici agostiniani di S. Salvatore, prendendovi l’abito e assumendo il nome di Agostino -- Nicolai. Mentre infuria la guerra tra fiorentini e urbinati, e Leone X fulmina l’interdetto contro Gubbio, lascia la patria per passare a Bologna nel chiostro di S. Salvatore, centro del sapere dove aveva risieduto Codro, che, con Fabbri, vi aveva raccolto preziosi manoscritti fondando la biblioteca del convento. Come testimoniano gli atti del capitolo dell’Ordine, vi rimase, salvo una parentesi a Venezia -- Freudenberger. A Bologna completa gli studi di filosofia, frequenta i corsi di retorica ed ebraico all’Università, apprese i rudimenti dell’arabo e le lingue utili alla comprensione del testo biblico -- il greco da Petros Ypsila, l’ebreo e il caldeo da Giovanni Flaminio --, si interessò di fisica e matematica e si guadagna la stima dei superiori, che lo destinarono a insegnare filosofia. In anni in cui era vivo il magistero dell’aristotelico POMPONAZZI , S. traduce alcune pagine dei classici e si lega ad Amaseo, Calcagnini -- con il quale avrebbe intrattenuto una corrispondenza --, Grimani e Pio che, secondo alcuni biografi, alla morte gli avrebbe lasciato parte dei propri libri. Venne assegnato al convento di S. Antonio di Castello a Venezia, dove si recò passando per Ferrara. Qui divenne amico di Massari e arricchì la propria rete di rapporti. Crotone, i velini – I crotonensi --. Cicerone, ovidio, Virgilio, plinio, roma, aqua virgo.  Grice: Caro Stucchi, devo confessare che quando penso alla "filosofia perenne" e ai tuoi illustri riferimenti – Pitagora, Cicerone, Ovidio, Virgilio, Plinio – mi sento come un creatore che, tra una creatura e l’altra, si ritrova a Gubbio in cerca della verità eterna. Dimmi, come si convive con così tanti giganti sulle spalle, e pure con la pioggia umbra? Stucchi: Ah, caro Grice, Gubbio è proprio la città delle verità perenni – e anche dei temporali perenni! Ma ti dirò, convivere con Pitagora e Virgilio è un po’ come cenare con parenti che non smettono mai di filosofare: tra una metafora e una equazione, qui si medita persino sul brodo! Grice: Capisco, capisco... D’altronde, quando mi capita di creare qualche creatura, mi limito a implicare il creatore – per modestia, si intende. In fondo, la filosofia dalle tue parti ha sempre avuto un gusto speciale: come l’aqua virgo, che non disseta mai del tutto, ma lascia sempre il desiderio di un’altra verità. Stucchi: Bellissima implicatura, Grice! Hai colto il segreto dei filosofi di Gubbio: qui si crea, si traduce, si insegna, ma senza mai dire tutto – ogni creatura è solo una traccia, un invito a cercare il creatore dietro le quinte. E se la verità perenne si nasconde… almeno il brodo è sempre in tavola! Stucchi, Guido (1497). Philologica. Gubbio.

Gaio Svetonio Tranquillo (Ostia, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del  commentario alla repubblica, più vasto dalla repubblica  Taken together, Grice and Suetonius (Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus) can be read as operating at different levels of the same problem: how reason governs meaning in human affairs when explicit theory is absent or insufficient. Suetonius’ Lives of the Twelve Caesars do not advance a systematic political philosophy; instead, they proceed through morally charged selections of anecdote, arrangement, and emphasis, guided by Roman aristocratic norms of virtue and vice. Meaning, in Suetonius, emerges tacitly from what is included, juxtaposed, or relegated to marginal comment: private habits, bodily comportment, sexual excess, or frugality are treated not as causal explanations but as rationally intelligible indicators of fitness to rule, addressed to an audience assumed to share evaluative standards. In this sense, Suetonius’ historiographical practice anticipates a Gricean structure: the text says comparatively little in abstract terms, but it means a great deal through controlled underinformativeness and placement, relying on the reader to supply the moral uptake. Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning makes explicit what Suetonius presupposes: that communication is cooperative, norm‑sensitive, and evaluated against shared rational expectations rather than against formal doctrine. Where Suetonius humanizes emperors by “cutting them down to size” through salient detail, Grice formalizes the rational conditions under which such detail counts as evidence, condemnation, or praise. The comparison shows Suetonius as a practitioner of conversational reason avant la lettre: his commentarius on res publica operates less by propositional argument than by implicature, inviting readers to infer political judgment from morally loaded narrative choices in a way entirely consonant with Grice’s account of meaning as governed by reason, norms, and audience recognition rather than by explicit system. Grice: “S. did not ascribe a single, overarching philosophy to the emperors, but rather evaluated each based on a moral framework of Roman aristocratic values, emphasizing the balance of an emperor's public virtues and private vices.    His biographies in Lives of the Twelve Caesars are structured to highlight the emperors' personal conduct and character, using a "rubric system" of virtues (justice, self-control, generosity) and vices (cruelty, sexual excess, greed) to determine if they were a good or bad ruler.  Key aspects of his approach include: Moral Judgment: Suetonius provided a moral assessment of each emperor, illustrating for Roman elites what was considered acceptable and unacceptable behavior for their leaders. A good emperor, like Augustus or Vespasian, generally displayed traditional Roman virtues, while a bad emperor, like Caligula or Nero, was characterized by moral corruption and tyranny. Humanizing the Emperors: Suetonius "cuts the emperors down to size," portraying them as men with human flaws and eccentricities, rather than as divine or larger-than-life figures. This approach offered a way for the Roman aristocracy to cope with the absolute power of the emperor, by revealing the rulers as ultimately mortal and fallible. Anecdotal Style: He was less interested in developing the grand political causes of events than in collecting engaging, often salacious, anecdotes and gossip that shed light on an emperor's true character. He believed personal habits, such as eating preferences or physical appearance, could reveal an emperor's temperament and fitness to rule. Bias and Contemporary Views: Writing during the Flavian and Hadrianic dynasties, S.'s portrayal sometimes reflected the prevailing senatorial and elite opinions of his day, including biases (e.g., against Domitian, who had been subject to damnatio memoriae). Cicerone, repubblica. GRICEVS: O SVETONI, Tranquille, quid agis? Audio te commentarium de re publica scribere, et iam tot tabulas implevisti ut librarii gemant. SVETONIVS: Ago, ut soleo: colligo, ordino, anecdotis condio. Nam si res publica gravis est, cur commentarius non sit levis—saltem in stilo? GRICEVS: Ita vero. Et cum tu de re publica disseris, mirum est quam multa—dico, quam opportune—adicias quae in ipsa re publica (ut ita dicam) vix locum habent. SVETONIVS: Pulchra implicatura, Grice! Sed quid faciam? Si principum vitia et virtutes rubricas habent, cur res publica non habeat margines—et margines non habeant glossas? Svetonio, Gaio S. Tranquillo (a. u. c. DCCCLXXIV). De vita Caesarum. Roma

Suda (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del saggio e il saggista. Viewed through a Gricean lens, the fictionalized “Suda” functions less as an authorial persona than as an enacted principle of reason‑governed conversational meaning, mirroring Grice’s own insistence that sense is generated through cooperative inference rather than fixed doctrine. In the saggio and the saggista collapsing into one another, Suda exemplifies a mode of philosophical writing in which identity, authorship, and argument are deliberately left underspecified, prompting the reader to reconstruct intention from wit, placement, and shared cultural assumptions. Grice’s theory clarifies what is at work here: the dialogue’s humor, self‑reference, and playful confusion between philosopher, bibliographer, and title are not defects but resources that guide rational uptake through implicature. Where Grice formalizes the conditions under which speakers mean more than they say, Suda dramatizes those conditions by embodying them—allowing meaning to arise from ironic underdetermination and audience recognition rather than from explicit theses. The result is a philosophical practice that treats the essay itself as a conversational act, governed by reason but resistant to system, in which sense emerges not from propositional content alone but from the rational expectations that speaker and reader tacitly share. Long thought to be an Italian philosopher, ‘Suda’ was apparently the title ‘Suda’ gave to his book! Grice: Mi scusi, professore Suda, ma ogni volta che sento il suo nome mi viene in mente un antico saggio… O forse era solo il titolo del suo libro? Insomma, non saprei se devo chiamarla filosofo o bibliotecario!  Suda: Ah, caro Grice, mi fa sorridere! In effetti, “Suda” è passato da essere un nome proprio a diventare quasi una specie di romanzo filosofico. In famiglia ormai mi chiamano “il Suda della saggezza”, anche se le mie ricette di pasta filosofica sono ancora inedite!  Grice: E poi, mi tolga una curiosità: dietro “Suda” non si nasconde per caso un cognome tipicamente italiano, tipo “Sudamini” o “Sudatelli”? Io me lo immagino già: la sua famiglia, antica e illustre, inventrice del proverbio “Chi suda, medita!”.  Suda: Bellissima implicatura, Grice! In effetti, tra i miei avi ci sono stati filosofi, saggisti e pure qualche sudatore professionista. Ma le dirò, l’unico vero mistero dietro “Suda” è che nessuno ha mai trovato il mio celebre manuale per asciugare i pensieri! Suda (a. u. c. DCCCLXXIV). Philosophia. Roma.

Guido Morpurgo Tagliabue Remo (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale del Remo, o le strutture del trascendentale – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers move from sentence meaning to speaker meaning by presuming a shared rational enterprise (the Cooperative Principle and its maxims) and by treating apparent departures from those norms as evidence of further, intention-based content (implicatures) that are in principle calculable and cancellable; on this view, the central explanatory work is done by publicly recognizable communicative intentions plus shared expectations about rational conduct in talk. Morpurgo-Tagliabue, by contrast, is best situated within mid‑century Milanese theoretical philosophy and aesthetics (with formative links to phenomenology, empiricism, and philosophy of science, and with a postwar philosophical “debut” in works like Le strutture del trascendentale and Il concetto dello stile that help reorient Italian aesthetics beyond Crocean idealism): his key concern is not the micro-pragmatics of conversational inference but the conditions of possibility for experience, judgement, and value (including aesthetic judgement, “taste,” and style) at a transcendental level. The most direct point of contact is that Grice’s account presupposes rational agency in conversational interpretation, while Morpurgo-Tagliabue thematizes the deeper structures that make rational and evaluative comportment possible in the first place; however, where Grice operationalizes rationality as norms governing exchanges of utterances (so that even talk of “taste” becomes a case of how speakers manage relevance, evidential force, and communicative intentions), Morpurgo-Tagliabue treats “taste” and “style” less as conversational achievements than as philosophically thick mediations between subjectivity and objectivity—forms through which experience is organized and shared—so that the “reason” at stake is not primarily the cooperative management of what is meant in interaction but the transcendental articulation of how meaning, value, and form can be intelligible at all. -- il concetto di gusto nell’estetica italiana –Nasce da Giovanna Tagliabue. Non è noto il nome del padre.  Si forma a Milano, all’epoca nel campo filosofico caratterizzata dalla prevalenza di orientamenti estranei alla linea idealistica di Croce e Gentile, altrimenti dominante in Italia, e influenzati invece dalla contemporanea fenomenologia, dall’empirismo e dalla filosofia della scienza. L’influsso dell’ambiente filosofico milanese è manifesto nelle opere pubblicate da T. nel secondo dopoguerra, e in particolare in Le strutture del trascendentale – Milano -- e Il concetto dello stile – Milano --, che ne costituiscono il vero e proprio esordio filosofico. Infatti negli anni precedenti gli interessi dello studioso sono stati orientati prevalentemente verso la critica letteraria e teatrale: collabora alla rivista milanese Il Convegno, mentre è critico teatrale per La lettura. Altri articoli di critica letteraria apparvero nel dopoguerra nella rivista La rassegna d’Italia. Negli ultimi anni del conflitto è in contatto con il movimento Giustizia e Libertà, ma successivamente abbandona ogni impegno politico e vive una vita appartata. Insegna estetica a Milano e filosofia teoretica a Trieste.  La prima opera importante di estetica, Il concetto dello stile, rimasta anche la più sistematica pubblicata da Morpurgo in questo settore, rappresenta un contributo significativo al rinnovamento degli studi estetici italiani avvenuto quando si avvertì ormai imperiosa l’esigenza di superare l’impostazione data da Croce a questo campo. Nell'opera, T. procede innanzitutto a una ricognizione dello stato degli studi estetici in Italia, un bilancio critico che occupa tutta la prima metà del saggio. Dopo aver rapidamente ricordato i capisaldi della dottrina di CROCE, si volge ad analizzare le posizioni critiche nei confronti di Croce. Romolo, le strutture del trascendentale, concetto del gusto, estetica.  Grice: Professore Tagliabue, sono sempre rimasto affascinato dal suo approccio alle strutture del trascendentale. In che modo, secondo lei, il concetto di gusto si intreccia con la filosofia milanese e il rinnovamento dell’estetica italiana? Tagliabue: Grazie, Grice! A mio avviso, il gusto non è solo una questione di preferenze personali, ma rappresenta un autentico momento del trascendentale: è ciò che consente all’individuo di aprirsi alla dimensione estetica, superando le vecchie impostazioni crociane. Milano, negli anni del dopoguerra, ha offerto un terreno fertile per questa rivalutazione, favorendo un dialogo tra fenomenologia, empirismo e filosofia della scienza. Grice: È interessante! Quindi il gusto diventa una sorta di ponte tra il soggettivo e l’oggettivo, tra la percezione individuale e i valori condivisi. Le sue opere, penso a Il concetto dello stile, hanno contribuito a ridefinire il modo in cui l’estetica italiana affronta proprio questi temi. Tagliabue: Esatto, Grice! Come diceva mia madre, “non basta vedere, bisogna saper cogliere il senso profondo della bellezza.” Il trascendentale è lo strumento che ci guida, e il gusto diventa una lente attraverso cui si rinnova la nostra comprensione estetica. La filosofia milanese ha avuto il coraggio di superare le rigidità idealistiche e di aprire nuove strade. Ne sono felice! Tagliabue, Guido Mopurgo (1931). Contributo. Il Convegno.

Pietro Taglialatela (Mondragone, Caserta, Campania): la ragione conversazionale degl’istituzioni di filosofia – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is a general, explicitly pragmatic account of how hearers infer speaker-meaning from what is said by presuming rational cooperation: conversational exchanges are treated as purposive activities regulated by norms (Cooperative Principle and maxims), so that apparent irrelevance, underinformativeness, or stylistic markedness can be rationally “explained away” as generating implicatures that are (in principle) calculable, defeasible, and cancellable while remaining anchored in publicly recognizable intentions. Pietro Taglialatela (Mondragone, 19th century), by contrast, belongs to the Italian post-Risorgimento world of institutional philosophy, civic pedagogy, and confessionally inflected public intellectual life (Gioberti-inspired “istituzioni di filosofia,” later Protestant polemics and missionary activity): his work is concerned with founding and legitimating philosophical formation and moral-political orientation within institutions (schools, movements, churches), not with offering a technical model of conversational inference. Read against Grice, Taglialatela’s “ragione conversazionale” in your staged dialogue is best understood as a metaphor for how philosophical education and social belonging shape what counts as intelligible, persuasive, or “liberating” speech within a community—how an “institution” can be heard either as a cage or as wings—whereas Grice explains that very shift in uptake as a pragmatic phenomenon: the “institutionalize them” worry is a textbook case of how an utterance triggers a predictable interpretive path (a relevance-driven inference from institutional vocabulary to social control), and Taglialatela’s reply functions like an attempt to cancel and replace that implicature by supplying an alternative purpose and frame (“not gabbie but ali”). The upshot is that Grice provides the micro-level mechanics of meaning-in-interaction (how the hearer gets from words to intended meaning under rational norms), while Taglialatela represents a macro-level concern with the cultural and institutional conditions under which philosophical discourse is cultivated, authorized, and morally directed—conditions that can motivate, constrain, or rhetorically steer conversations, but do not themselves amount to Grice’s reason-governed theory of conversational meaning. Studia a Sessa. Insegna a Cava e Napoli. S’arruolarsi nelle truppe di GARIBALDI , per predicare i nuovi ideali del movimento unitario. Dirigge una scuola privata. Riprende e sposa le tesi di GIOBERTI , che lo affascina. Su questo indirizzo filosofico è stato imperniato Istituzioni di filosofia, Diogene, Napoli, che riceve le lodi di SPAVENTA. Non manca, in seguito, avendo aderito al protestantesimo, di compiere opere missionarie, in particolare in Puglia e in Abruzzo. A tal riguardo è documentato il viaggio di Pescasseroli sul quale scrisse CROCE, che segnala anche come e considerato, assieme a MAZZARELLA e CAPORALI, fra i filosofi più creativi del movimento protestante in Italia. Altre saggi: Apologia delle dottrine filosofiche di GIOBERTI, Diogene, Napoli, La scienza, la vita e SANCTIS, Diogene, Napoli, GARIBALDI, Speranza, Roma; Il papa-re nelle profezie e nella storia, Speranza, Roma, In Dio, Speranza, Roma; Fede, speranza e caritàm Speranza, Roma; Teoria evangelica della vita, Speranza, Roma, Ciampoli, T., Unione, Roma; Croce, Pescasseroli, Laterza, Bari; Fiore, Civiltà Aurunca, Iurato, T.: dalla filosofia del Gioberti all'evangelismo anti-papale, Claudiana, Torino; Gioberti, Protestantesimo in Italia, Dizionario biografico dei protestanti in Italia; Società di studi valdesi. Apologia della dottrina di Gioberti. 03 APOLOGIA DELLA 3 DOTTRINA FILOSOFICA DI V. GIOBERTI PER P. TAGLIALATELA NAPOLI TIPOGRAFIA ALL' INSEGNA DEL DIOGENE Strada Montesanto num. 14. 1867 Proprietà letteraria ; LE PICCOLE QUISTIONI DIALOGO PRIMO tra L'Autore e F. Toscano A. Vi ringrazio di gran cuore, professor Toscano, per esser vi finalmente degnato di rispondere alla critica che circa tre an ni addietro io mossi contro il vostro CorsoElementare di Fi losofia. T. istituzioni di filosofia.  Grice: Professore Taglialatela, lei che ha saputo fondare una vera scuola di istituzioni filosofiche a Mondragone, mi dica: qual è il segreto per far fiorire la filosofia anche dove sembra che il terreno sia duro e poco incline al pensiero?  Taglialatela: Ah, caro Grice, la filosofia è come il vento tra le colline campane: a volte basta un soffio, altre volte bisogna pazientare e seminare idee con costanza. E a Mondragone, tra Garibaldi, Gioberti e le nuove istituzioni, il pensiero si radica proprio quando meno te lo aspetti!  Grice: Non lo dico, ma se dovessi tenere un seminario sulle ‘istituzioni di filosofia’ a Vadum Boum, i barbari che ho come allievi—nulla a che vedere con quelli di Bononia—penserebbero subito che voglio ‘istituzionalizzarli’, magari metterli in qualche bella scatola regolamentare!  Taglialatela: Bellissima implicatura, Grice! In fondo, le istituzioni filosofiche non sono gabbie ma ali: bisogna volare, non farsi imbrigliare! E se qualcuno teme di essere istituzionalizzato, basta ricordargli che la filosofia, come diceva Gioberti, è fatta per liberare la mente, non per incatenarla. A Mondragone, si insegna a ragionare e a sorridere: meglio una scuola che sappia accogliere le differenze, che una istituzione che le sopprime! Taglialatela, Pietro (1864). Istituzioni di filosofia. Napoli: Diogene.

Giuseppe Tarantino (Gravina, Bari, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale dell’inconscio e la coscienza – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats conversation as a cooperative, rationally organized activity in which hearers infer speaker-meaning by assuming that contributions are made in accordance with an accepted purpose and are regulated by norms (the Cooperative Principle and the maxims of quantity, quality, relation, and manner); what is “meant” is often not identical with what is literally said, but is instead recoverable as a calculable implicature from the speaker’s publicly recognizable intentions plus shared expectations about rational talk. Giuseppe Tarantino (1857–1950), by contrast, was an Italian academic philosopher and pedagogue associated with Pisa (including leadership roles there), trained in the post-Hegelian/Italian critical tradition around figures such as Francesco Fiorentino, and known for historical-critical work (e.g., on Locke) and for broader treatments of will, ethics, and causality; nothing in his documented output places him as a precursor to Gricean pragmatics, and the “Grice–Tarantino” exchange in your passage is best read as a witty anachronistic staging that juxtaposes Tarantino’s interest in mind, will, and the conscious/unconscious nexus with Grice’s focus on how rational agents manage meaning in interaction. The clean comparison, then, is that Grice explains how conversational understanding is normatively guided and inferentially structured (how a remark about tea, self-forgetting, or “not knowing that one does not know” can communicate more than its literal content by exploiting cooperative expectations), whereas Tarantino’s philosophical psychology and ethics would frame talk about unconsciousness primarily as a problem about the structure of agency, cognition, and moral responsibility rather than as a problem about the inferential mechanics of talk-exchange; in the dialogue’s terms, Grice can treat Tarantino’s quips as cases of implicature generated by deliberate understatement or playful relevance-shifts, while Tarantino provides the thematic subject matter (consciousness, will, causal explanation) that Grice’s theory does not aim to analyze directly except insofar as such topics become contents handled by reason-governed conversational moves. Insegna a Pisa. Studia nel ginnasio e compì gli studi superiori a Pisa, dapprima come studente all'università della stessa città e successivamente come allievo della scuola normale superiore di Pisa. Inizia gli studi sotto la guida di FIORENTINO . Si laurea e segue a Napoli il maestro FIORENTINO. In sua memoria dedica al suo maestro “I Saggi Filosofici,” ottenne la docenza in filosofia. Inizia ad acquisire notorietà grazie ai saggi critici che pubblica sul Giornale Napoletano. Insegna al liceo Genovesi di Napoli. Compone il Saggio sulla volontà, Gennaro, Napoli.  Insegna al Marciano, e Pisa. Insegna anche alla scuola di pedagogia, dove tra i suoi insegnanti figura GENTILE. La sua notorietà cresce sempre più grazie ad alcuni suoi saggi critici pubblicati sulla Rivista di Filosofia Scientifica di MORSELLI, il più noto dei quali è su Locke. Tra i suoi studenti di Pisa più noti figurano NICOLA ed ACCADIA. Torna nella sua città natale, dove dona alla biblioteca Santomasi una parte cospicua dei suoi libri. A lui è stato intitolato il liceo. Altre saggi: Appunti di Filosofia, Toso, Aversa, Saggi filosofici, Napoli, Morano; Studio storico su Locke, Rivista di Filosofia, Milano-Torino, Dumolard; Saggio sul criticismo e sull'associazionismo, Napoli, Morano; In morte di CALDERONI, Vecchi, Trani; Saggio sulla volontà; Saggio sulle idee morali e politiche di Hobbes, Napoli, Giannini; Il problema della morale di fronte al positivismo e alla metafisica, Pisa, Valenti; Il principio dell'etica e la crisi morale, Napoli, Tessitore; Il concetto dello STATO ed il principio di nazionalità” (Napoli); “Discorso preposto alle traduzioni dal latino, dall’inglese e dal francese di SOTTILE, Napoli; VINCI  e la scienza della natura, Nel centenario di VINCI, La politica e la morale. Discorso, Pisa, Mariotti, Sulla riforma universitaria, Rivista di filosofia. Cfr. Turi, inconscio, Gentile, Vinci, lo stato, la nazione.  Grice: Professore Tarantino, mi hanno sempre affascinato i suoi studi sull’inconscio e la coscienza! Dica, secondo lei, una buona tazza di tè può aiutare a scoprire i misteri della mente, o rischia solo di renderli più... aromatici? Tarantino: Ah, caro Grice, se il tè fosse la soluzione, bisognerebbe aggiungerlo al programma di filosofia! Ma temo che il mistero dell'inconscio resti più difficile da dissolvere che lo zucchero nella bevanda. Grice: Mi trova d’accordo! Del resto, come scrivevo in Personal identity, io stesso non ero consapevole di essere inconsapevole. Un po’ come quando ti dimentichi dove hai messo gli occhiali... e li stai indossando! Ma non glielo dico, eh! Tarantino: Bella implicatura, Grice! In fondo, il filosofo che non sa di non sapere è come l’inconscio: sempre pronto a spuntare quando meno te lo aspetti, e magari pure con gli occhiali già sul naso! Tarantino, Giuseppe (1897). Il problema della causalità. Firenze: Sansoni

Antonio Tari (Villa Santa Maria Capua Vetere, Caserta, Campania): pooh-pooh e la ragione conversazionale e l’origine della lingua pirotese, o la questione spuria favorita da Grice  – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversation treats “what is meant” as systematically inferable from “what is said” plus shared rational expectations: interlocutors presume a cooperative point to the exchange and interpret apparent deviations from maxims of quantity, quality, relation, and manner as intelligible, intention-tracking moves that generate implicatures; meaning is thus anchored in publicly recognizable intentions and norms of rational communicative conduct. Antonio Tari (1809–1884), by contrast, is a nineteenth-century Neapolitan philosopher and man of letters (trained in law, active in liberal intellectual circles, later associated with aesthetics), not a contributor to pragmatics in Grice’s technical sense; in your playful passage he functions as a culturally and historically situated foil who treats “ragione conversazionale” and the “origin of Pirotese” as if language identity and etymological borrowing were matters settled by local dialect life, lexicographic authority, and witty reversals, so that the “spurious question” becomes a satire on how people overread categories (pirot/Parrot, pirotese as essence vs acquisition) rather than an analysis of how conversational inference works. The sharp comparison, then, is that Grice offers a general explanatory model of how rational hearers recover speaker-meaning (including how misdirection, joking, and apparent irrelevance are rationally decoded), whereas “Tari” in this vignette is best read as dramatizing the pre-theoretical social materials that make Gricean inference possible—dialect pride, metalinguistic stereotypes, appeals to dictionaries, and identity talk—without supplying Grice’s machinery of calculability, cancellability, and intention-recognition that turns those materials into a theory of reason-governed conversational meaning. Nacque a Santa Maria Maggiore in provincia di Caserta -- Santa Maria Capua Vetere --, da Giuseppe, conservatore delle ipoteche per la provincia di Terra di Lavoro, e da Anna Cossa. La data di nascita, in precedenza indicata come 1° luglio, è stata corretta di recente insieme al nome di battesimo, Marcantonio, registrato negli atti anagrafici -- L’estetica reale di T.: nei carteggi e nelle testimonianze di amici e contemporanei il nome fu citato spesso nelle forma dialettale del diminutivo, Totonno. Ha tre fratelli, Benedetto, Vincenzo e Achille, e una sorella, Teresita. La famiglia è originaria di Terelle, Frosinone, piccolo borgo compreso nel territorio storico dell’abbazia di Montecassino. Non molto si sa della sua formazione prima dell’arrivo a Napoli, città in cui la famiglia possede una casa. Ivi si laurea in giurisprudenza esercitando per qualche anno la professione forense, che abbandona tuttavia per dedicarsi agli studi filosofici a lui più congeniali. Autodidatta, fornito di una straordinaria erudizione, studia musica, sotto la guida di Conti, divenendo un abile esecutore, e apprend le principali lingue moderne e quelle classiche, insegnando tra l’altro i rudimenti del tedesco a Spaventa che conosce al collegio di Montecassino. A Napoli diserta i corsi del purista Puoti, indiscussa autorità sulla cultura napoletana del tempo, e frequenta invece le lezioni e la casa di GALLUPPI , docente di logica e filosofia teoretica, tra i primi a introdurre in Italia il pensiero critico. Le numerose prove letterarie di T. -- schizzi biografici, note di storia e storia della religione, recensioni e qualche lavoro di carattere critico-estetico -- sono ospitate in riviste e giornali. Collabora più assiduamente alla prima serie della Rivista napolitana, chiusa dalla censura --, scrivendo l’introduzione al primo numero. Il periodico, aperto a influssi provenienti dai paesi europei. origine della lingua.  Grice: Caro Tari, una domanda: i piroti parlano pirotese perché sono piroti, o diventano piroti appena iniziano a parlare pirotese? Sai, mi sembra una bella questione “spuria”! Tari: Ah, Grice, è del tutto naturale! Un piroto nasce già con il pirotese sulla punta della lingua. Nessuno in Villa Santa Maria Capua Vetere si sorprende: qui il dialetto è pane quotidiano! Grice: Locke direbbe che la mia lingua barbarica trasforma il “pirot” più in un “Parrot” che in un “Pidlock”... almeno così mi dice la mia filosofia del linguaggio! Tari: Touché, ma secondo l’Oxford English Dictionary, gli inglesi il “pirot” l’hanno preso dai veneziani, mica dagli italiani—e non l’hanno mai restituito! Se ne sono appropriati per sempre, come fanno spesso con le parole e col tè! Tari, Antonio (1832). Saggio sulla filosofia delle scienze matematiche. Napoli: Stamperia del Vagli

Girolamo Tartarotti (Rovereto, Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige): la ragione conversazionale della differenza delle voci nella lingua italiana e la sua rilevanza filosofica, o dell’ omicidio rituale  -- Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers routinely derive what a speaker means from what is said by presuming cooperative, rational conduct in talk: interlocutors assume a shared purpose (“Cooperative Principle”) and interpret departures from its maxims (quantity, quality, relation, manner) as calculable signals that generate conversational implicatures, so that meaning is anchored in publicly recognizable communicative intentions and norms of rational exchange rather than in words alone. Tartarotti, by contrast, is an eighteenth-century Roveretan cleric-erudite best known for his interventions in debates on witchcraft (notably Del congresso notturno delle Lammie, 1749, printed by Pasquali) and for a broader Enlightenment-style critical method (libertas ingenii/libertas philosophandi), and he is not a theorist of conversational meaning in Grice’s technical sense; what your passage imaginatively attributes to him—“ragione conversazionale” behind “differences of voices” in Italian and the philosophical stakes of mishearing, culminating in a mock scenario where a phrase like “ammazza!” could be taken as either culinary praise or evidence in a “ritual murder” accusation—fits Tartarotti more as a satirically apt emblem of his anti-credulous, philological-legal sensibility than as a documented doctrine. The sharpest comparison, then, is that Grice offers a general, explicitly normative-rational framework explaining how interlocutors bridge literal content and intended meaning (and how misunderstanding is predicted when maxims are flouted or contexts shift), whereas “Tartarotti” in your staged dialogue functions as a historically situated figure whose concerns with interpretation, testimony, and culturally loaded signs (voices, exclamations, accusations) resonate with Gricean themes but remain pre-theoretical: he would treat misinterpretations as products of superstition, poor evidential standards, and interpretive malpractice, while Grice would diagnose them as predictable pragmatic inferences from linguistic form plus presumed rational cooperation, defeasible by context and cancellable by clarification. Nasce da Francesco Antonio, giureconsulto, poi membro del Consiglio cittadino dei trentuno, e da Olimpia Camilla Volani, discendente della nobile famiglia Serbati. Studia dapprima presso il modesto ginnasio di Rovereto, con scarso profitto, e dove colmare autonomamente le tante lacune, a partire dall’apprendimento del latino. A questo periodo di intensa applicazione risalgono due dissertazioni: il Dialogo della lingua latina e le Annotazioni al Dialogo delle false esercitazioni delle scuole di Paleario, in polemica contro l’uso di insegnare il latino col latino, entrambe pubblicate nella Raccolta ferrarese. Si trasferì a Padova per dedicarsi agli studi: ospitato da Calza, che lo introduce nella cerchia degli accademici patavini, è allievo e amico, fra gli altri, di Serry, Lazzarini e Volpi.  Il soggiorno padovano, ancorché breve – dopo un anno dovette tornare a Rovereto per mancanza di fondi, e rimane nelle ristrettezze finché non conquista una certa indipendenza economica con l’ausilio di un fedecommesso Serbati – risulta particolarmente significativo: ha accesso per la prima volta a biblioteche ricche e fornite, acquisì un metodo di studio ben più solido di quello scolastico, comincia a frequentare i classici della letteratura italiana – e a scrivere liriche non più alla maniera di Zappi, ma seguendo il modello di Petrarca -- Graser, Vita – e consegue una nuova maturità critica nel segno della libertas ingenii difesa nel De ingeniorum moderatione di Muratori, testo fondamentale per T.  Tornato a Rovereto, con l’intento di dare vita a un’impresa tesa al rinnovamento dell’arretrato panorama culturale trentino, fa arrivare da Verona lo stampatore Berno, a cui affida l’impressione delle Orationes di Muret, per facilitare lo studio del latino. accusa di omicidio rituale, la differenza delle voci nella lingua italiana.  Grice: Caro Tartarotti, mi chiedevo: nella lingua italiana, con tutte queste differenze di voci, non potrebbe accadere che un "omicidio rituale" venga scambiato per una semplice discussione animata a tavola? È la magia del sintamme, no? Tartarotti: Ah, fidati di Grice per essere l’unico capace di unire simili sintamme in un unico colpo! D’altronde, se si sente gridare “ammazza!” in Trentino, potrebbe essere solo un elogio culinario… o la prova di una dialettica particolarmente vivace! Grice: Quindi, se mi capita di studiare la differenza delle voci, devo stare attento a non ritrovarmi nel bel mezzo di un processo per omicidio rituale? Certo che la filosofia italiana è più pericolosa di quanto pensassi! Tartarotti: Ma sì, Grice, qui fra Rovereto e Padova, basta una sfumatura vocale per trasformare un teorema in una tragedia! Meglio riderci sopra: al massimo, finiremo accusati di omicidio… del silenzio! Tartarotti, Girolamo (1749). Del Congresso notturno delle Lammie. Venezia: Stamperia di Giuseppe Bettinelli

Onofrio Tataranni (Matera, Basilicata): la ragione conversazionale del gusto per l’antico – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats conversation as a cooperative, normatively constrained enterprise in which hearers recover what a speaker means by assuming rational adherence to a shared purpose and to maxims (quantity, quality, relation, manner), so that departures from the literal content are not noise but calculable implicatures; on this picture, “reason” is built into the very mechanism by which what is said licenses what is meant. Tataranni, by contrast, belongs to the late-Enlightenment Neapolitan world in which “ragione” is primarily a civic and moral power (reformist, pedagogical, oriented to public virtue and political order), and the “conversational” is less a formal inferential engine than a cultivated practice of conversazione—an educated traffic in examples, classical memory, and socially shared standards of taste and authority (the gusto per l’antico functioning as a common cultural code). Read against Grice, Tataranni’s appeal to Rome surviving as a name (stat Roma pristina nomine, nomina nuda tenemus) can be taken as a miniature lesson in how names and inherited references steer communal understanding even when the original reality has decayed, but the explanatory burden sits on historical-cultural continuity rather than on a general theory of implicature; where Grice would model the exchange as rational inference from a maxim-flout to an intended meaning, Tataranni frames it as a witty, tradition-saturated redirection of imagination and allegiance, showing conversation as a medium in which reason works through shared classical allusion and civic pedagogy more than through explicit, universalizable conversational rules. Lucano di origine, esponente dell'illuminismo napoletano. Non sappiamo a quale ceto appartenesse la sua famiglia, ma sicuramente essa è fornita dei mezzi economici. Non a caso, quando è battezzato nella chiesa cattedrale di Matera, i suoi genitori scelsero come padrino il nobile Ferraù. Sin da ragazzo matura quella che è la sua vocazione, tanto che divenne prima allievo del seminario diocesano. Sebbene ha una posizione di un certo rilievo sia in ambito ecclesiastico, sia in ambito educativo, non mostra alcun tentennamento nell'accettare l'invito del principe di Francavilla, che lo vuole a Napoli per affidargli la direzione della sua paggeria. Grazie a questo incarico, accrebbe ancor di più la stima di cui già gode, stringendo rapporti amichevoli con i filosofi più illustri ed autorevoli del tempo, incardinate nella reale accademia delle scienze e belle lettere. Ha la possibilità di frequentare proprio tali stimolanti dibattiti, che del resto avrebbero formato l'humus delle sue future riflessioni, in qualità prima di direttore della paggeria, poi della scuola militare del real collegio militare -- ufficialmente reale accademia militare -- fortemente voluta da Ferdinando IV, che mostra di aderire al generale clima di rinnovamento e consolidamento delle istituzioni militari del suo regno. Ha l'onore di esserne il direttore, partecipando vivamente, dunque, al graduale svilupparsi e moltiplicarsi dell'alveo della cultura politica riformatrice, che ancora auspica un reale cambiamento all'interno dello stesso apparato monarchico. Così, nell'arco di un settennio, pubblica dei saggi molto significativi, in cui è evidente il suo tracciato ideale di società. Tuttavia, in seguito agl’avvenimenti, quindi dopo il concordato e dopo la fallita congiura di Lauberg, le sue posizioni rispetto alla politica e allo stato cambiano tangenzialmente. filosofo principe, i sudditi e i cittadini, il popolo sovrano – sovrano e monarca, filantropia del re.  Grice: Caro Tataranni, si dice che il “gusto pell’antico” porti dritto a... BONONIA! Me lo suggerisce G. E. Moore con la sua aria da logico inflessibile: amare l’antico è sinonimo di bolognesità, non trovi? Tataranni: Ah, Grice, mi permetto una piccola correzione filosofica: se proprio il gusto va all’antico, allora bisogna arrivare a ROMA! Certo, la città forse non è più quella di un tempo, ma – come dice quel famoso epigramma – Stat Roma pristina nomine, nomina nuda tenemus. Il nome resta anche se le mura vacillano! Grice: Quindi mi stai dicendo che, a forza di cercare colonne e capitelli, rischio di trovarmi davanti solo… nomi su pergamene polverose? Però, che consolazione raffinata: puoi togliere Roma dall’Urbe, ma non dal discorso! Tataranni: Esattamente! E così, quando la gente cerca la gloria di Roma, trova almeno la gloria del suo nome. In fondo, persino una rosa, cambiato il nome, rimarrebbe pur sempre… oggetto di discussione da filosofi! Meglio riderci su e intingere la penna nell’inchiostro dell’antichità! Tataranni, Onofrio (1784). Saggio d’un filosofo politico amico dell’uomo. Napoli: Bisogno.

Tatiano: la ragione conversazionale -- ogni filosofo è arrogante – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how a hearer rationally gets from what is said to what is meant by assuming that speakers are (normally) cooperating under publicly intelligible norms, so that apparent defects in informativeness, relevance, or manner trigger calculable implicatures; the Tatian passage sets up a contrasting picture in which “conversational reason” is pressed into a polemical and self-undermining use, because Tatian’s sweeping claim that all philosophers are arrogant functions less like cooperative information exchange and more like a rhetorical move whose force depends on the audience supplying an ironic reflexive enrichment (“including the speaker”), yielding a Grice-friendly implicature (if he exempts himself he is arrogant; if he includes himself he indicts his own posture). What is more specific from standard sources is that Tatian’s Address to the Greeks explicitly ridicules philosophers as self-taught and arrogant and stresses their mutual quarrels and love of preeminence (“they indulge in conflicting opinions, and their arrogance makes them eager for the highest places”), while patristic witnesses tie this posture to sectarian self-certainty: Irenaeus (Against Heresies 1.28.1) depicts Tatian after Justin’s martyrdom as “puffed up” with the thought of being a teacher and as initiating Encratite rigorism, and Hippolytus characterizes Encratites as “inflated with pride” and “Cynics rather than Christians” (a line echoed in modern summaries of the Encratites). The comparison, then, is that Grice models reason in conversation as a norm that stabilizes interpretation and constrains what it is rational to infer, whereas Tatian dramatizes how condemnation-talk can exploit the same inferential machinery while straining the cooperative presumption—inviting the hearer to infer the moral conclusion (philosophical schools are vain and discordant) at the cost of making the speaker’s own stance precarious, since the very act of universal denunciation predictably generates a reflexive implicature that turns the accusation back onto its author. Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. He founds a sect in Rome which he calls The Encratites’ – the self-controlled ones. Ippolito claims they are more followers of the Cinargo than anything else. T. famously accuses all philosphers of arrogance – “including himself,” as IRENEO di LIONS noted in his review of the tract.  GRICEVS: O Tatiane, audivi te Romae sectam condidisse quae Encratitae vocantur—quasi soli temperantes salvi sint. Sed tu etiam clamas omnes philosophos arrogantes esse; num hoc dictum… etiam te ipsum comprehendit? TATIANVS: Salve, Grice. Ita vero—si verum loquor, me quoque. Nam philosophus qui dicit “ego non sum arrogans” iam, tacite, gloriam captat: arrogantiam negat, sed sibi adscribit modestiam. GRICEVS: Ha! ergo tua sententia habet pulchram quandam implicaturam: “omnes arrogantes sunt”—praeter eum qui hoc dicit… sed ilico ruit, quia ille quoque “omnis” est. Ita fit paradoxon: quo magis invectus es, eo magis te ipsum vulneras. TATIANVS: Recte; et Hippolytus, qui nos Cinargis similes esse dicit, fortasse hoc tantum subridet: “Ecce temperantia, quae se iactat!” Sed age, rideamus: nihil tam absurdum est quin philosophus aliquis id serio dicat—et tamen, si serio dicimus, statim ridiculum efficimus. Tatiano (180 d.C.). Discorso ai Greci. Firenze: La Nuova Italia

Bernardino Telesio (Cosenza, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale del filosofo sperimentale – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers rationally derive speaker-meaning that goes beyond what is strictly said by presuming a cooperative, purposive exchange and inferring implicatures when an utterance would otherwise look oddly uninformative, irrelevant, or indirect; the Telesio passage invites a comparison in which “reason” is relocated from conversational normativity to method, namely the empiricist demand that nature be understood “according to its own principles” rather than by Aristotelian a priori machinery. Online scholarship on Telesio emphasizes that he is cast (famously by Bacon) as “the first of the moderns” and that his De natura iuxta propria principia (first published 1565, later expanded) insists on the primacy of sense perception and observation in natural philosophy, rejecting Aristotelian hylomorphism and explaining nature via active principles (notably heat and cold) acting on matter; this sets up a productive contrast with Grice, who is not primarily concerned with how we know the world but with how we make ourselves intelligible to one another in talk. Still, the shared hinge is anti-dogmatism about “reason”: Telesio attacks scholastic reasoning that outruns experience, while Grice attacks a semantics that ignores the rational expectations governing actual conversation, showing that much of what we communicate is not encoded but responsibly inferable. In the vignette’s etymological play around em-pereia, ex-perior, and per-capio, “experience” becomes itself a site of implicit meaning: the speaker invites the hearer to supply what the term-construction suggests about method and epistemic authority, a micro-level analogue of Telesio’s macro-level program of letting nature (and not inherited theory) constrain inference. So, where Telesio’s “reason” is disciplined by observation and the autonomy of natura rerum (a methodological rationality aimed at knowledge of the world), Grice’s “reason” is disciplined by cooperative norms and the calculability of implicature (a pragmatic rationality aimed at mutual understanding), and the comparison becomes: Telesio reforms the sources of warranted belief about nature, whereas Grice formalizes the sources of warranted inference about what a speaker means in conversation. Grice italico Mentre le sue teorie naturali sono state successivamente smentite, la sua enfasi sull'osservazione fa il primo dei moderni che alla fine hanno sviluppato il metodo scientifico. Nato da genitori nobili, è istruito a Milano dallo zio, lui stesso uno studioso e poeta di eminenza, e poi a Roma e Padova. I suoi studi hanno incluso tutta la vasta gamma di argomenti, classici, scienza e FILOSOFIA, che costitusceno il curriculum degli rinascimentali sapienti. Così equipaggiata, inizia il suo attacco sul LIZIO medievale che poi fiorisce a Padova e Bologna. Fonda l’Accademia cosentina. Per un certo periodo vive nella casa del duca di Nocera. Il suo grande saggio è “Sulla natura delle cose secondo i loro propri principi,” seguito da un gran numero di saggi di importanza sussidiaria. L’opinioni eterodosse che mantenne suscitano l'ira di Roma per conto del suo amato LIZIO. Tutti i suoi saggi sono stati immessi sul “Index.” Invece di postulare materia e FORMA, T. basa l'esistenza sulla materia e FORZA. Questa forza ha due elementi opposti. Il primo elemento è il calore, che espande la materia. Il secondo è il freddo, che la contræ. Questi due processi rappresentano tutte le tipi di esistenza, mentre la MASSA su cui opera la FORZA rimane la stessa. L'armonia del tutto consiste nel fatto che ogni cosa separata sviluppa in sé e per sé conformemente alla sua natura e allo stesso tempo la sua MOSSA avvantaggia il resto. empirismo, teoria della percezione, l’anima d’Aristotele, l’analogia, l’uomo e gl’animali, la ragione, i antici, contro i antici, osservazione, percezione, la tradizione empirista italiana, il Telesio di Bacone, sperimento, sperienza, esperienza, ex-perior, esperire – Latino ex-perior, Gr. em-pereia, osservazione, osservare – observatum, percipere – percezione per-capio.  Grice: Caro Telesio, ti vedo proprio raggiante! Chi l’avrebbe mai detto che Bononia, una volta roccaforte dell’anti-empirismo, oggi si vanta di mettere l’empirismo al centro. Deve essere una vera rivincita, eh? Telesio: Hai proprio ragione, Grice! Bononia era nota per difendere strenuamente l’anti-empirismo… e se non fosse stato per quel famoso “Lizio”, che non nominiamo mai direttamente, a tener viva la ἐμπειρία, chissà dove sarebbero finiti i filosofi! Alla fine, persino le mura odoravano di aristotelismo ma con un pizzico di em-pereia greca. Grice: Ah, la ἐμπειρία! Cicero ancora si sveglia di notte sudando freddo, pensando a come tradurla. “Ex-perior”? “Per-capio”? Forse avrebbe voluto semplicemente un bel “sento-cose”, ma i latini non si accontentavano mai! Se l’avessero lasciata in greco, almeno risparmiavano qualche mal di testa... Telesio: Immagino Cicero seduto con il dizionario, inventando parole come “esperire” o “ex-perior”, mentre il povero Lizio rideva sotto i baffi. Alla fine, la vera esperienza è capire che tradurre la ἐμπειρία è più difficile che sperimentarla! Dai, brindiamo all’empirismo e alle etimologie impossibili! Telesio, Bernardino (1565). De rerum natura iuxta propria principia. Napoli: Cancer

Flavio Mallio Teodoro (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della natura rerum – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers rationally recover what a speaker means beyond what is strictly said by presuming cooperative, purposive talk and inferring implicatures when an utterance would otherwise look oddly chosen; the Teodoro material invites a late-antique analogue in which “reason” is not only a norm of talk but also a civic and intellectual habit formed in the milieu of Milan, the Academy, and high office. Flavius Mallius Theodorus (consul 399, praised in Claudian’s Panegyricus dictus Manlio Theodoro consuli; dedicatee of Augustine’s De beata vita) is remembered both as an administrator and as an author of De metris, with other works (including a De natura rerum) reported lost; that profile sharpens a comparison in which Gricean implicature arises from micro-level conversational expectations (relevance, informativeness, manner) while Theodoran “natura rerum” functions as a macro-topic that invites culturally stabilized inferences—e.g., that someone writing De natura rerum must be aligning with, contesting, or echoing Lucretius—even though, as your exchange notes, that may be mere audience projection. In Grice’s terms, such projections are precisely the sort of inferences hearers are licensed to make when a speaker mentions something that, in context, normally carries stereotyped associations; the key difference is that Grice treats the licensing mechanism as a general rational calculus of communicative intention, whereas Teodoro exemplifies how elite late-antique discourse (panegyric, philosophical circles, and Christian-Platonic networks) makes certain implicatures socially “ready-made,” so that a title like De natura rerum almost automatically triggers doxastic and literary alignments. Put simply: Grice provides the explicit theory of how reason plus cooperative expectations generate “more-than-said,” while Teodoro’s case illustrates how, in a highly codified learned culture, reason-governed interpretation often attaches not to the sentence alone but to names, genres, and titles—so that what is “implicated” can be as much a function of encyclopedic tradition (Lucretius, Academy, court rhetoric) as of the immediate conversational exchange. Accademia. Nato da famiglia ligure. Agostino, che gli dedica il “De beata vita”, dice che conosce bene l’Accademia, Dopo essere stato per qualche tempo avvocato, poi governatore in Africa e consolare della Macedonia e aver coperto vari uffici a corte, è praefectus praetorio delle Gallie. Si occupa dell’amministrazione dei propri beni e di studi filosofici e astronomici e scrive dialoghi su questi argomenti, STILONE lo nomina praefectus praetorio per l’Italia, l’Illirico e l'Africa. Mentre confere questo ufficio ha il consolato e in quell'occasione CLAUDIO CLAUDIANO gli dedica un panegirico. Di T. resta un saggio “De metris”, mentre si sono perduti altri, tra i quali un “De natura rerum.” Console, Consolato Prefetto del pretorio d'Italia. Di T. è noto abbastanza, grazie al panegyricus dedicatogli da CLAUDIO CLAUDIANO. Di famiglia notabile, sappiamo che è console. Il suo consolato avvenne sotto il principe ONORIO.  Prima di essere console è anche prefetto con sede a Mediolanum-Aquileia. Qui Agostino conosce T., uno degl’intellettuali accademici che incontrato appunto a Milano e, scrive “De vita beata”, dedicandolo proprio a T., che a quel tempo si è ritirato dalla corte. Di T. resta un trattato di metrica, “De metris”, uno dei migliori pervenuti, e per questo molto conosciuto e studiato. Inoltre, sempre secondo CLAUDIO CLAUDIANO, e un cultore di filosofia, astronomia e geometria e scrive diverse saggi su questi argomenti che, insieme al suo consolato, sono l'argomento del panegirico a T. dedicato da CLAUDIO CLAUDIANO.  Markus, The end of ancient Christianity, Cambridge; Keil, “Grammatici Latini”. Bonfils, C. Th. e il prefetto T., Bari, Edi puglia, consoli tardo imperiali romani Stilicone Prefettura del pretorio delle Gallie Mariano Comense Siburio Teatro romano di Milano Prefettura del pretorio d'Italia Nicomaco Flaviano de natura rerum.  GRICEVS: O Theodore, praefecte praetorii et philosophorum decus Mediolanense, audio te De natura rerum scripsisse—quod periiit, heu! Sed dic mihi: cum de “natura rerum” loquimur, num statim omnes ad illum Lucretium insanum currunt, quasi solus naturam noverit? THEODORVS: Ha! Lucretius ille—insanus quidem, sed versu sanissimus. Ego tamen, cum res publicas regerem, didici naturam rerum non solum in atomis, sed in rationibus, mensuris, et… vectigalibus latere. GRICEVS: Recte; et hic mihi nascitur quaestio mea: si quis dicit “Theodorus de natura rerum scripsit,” saepe implicat (quasi submurmurat) “ergo Lucretium refellit” aut “Lucretium imitat.” At fortasse nihil tale—fortasse tantum significat: “vir est qui et mundum et metra administrare potest.” THEODORVS: Optime intellegis! Mea implicatura (si ita loqui libet) est: “ne crede poetis tantum, ne crede praefectis tantum.” Nam si Lucretius insanus est, saltem nos ridere docet; et si nos sani sumus, saltem fateamur—natura rerum ipsa est tam mira ut interdum ultra rationem videatur, et tamen nos, per sermonem, quasi ad sanitatem revocemur. Teodoro, Flavio Mallio (c. 350 d.C.). Scritti filosofici. Roma: Edizioni dell'Ateneo

Francesco Lana conte de’Terzi (Brescia, Lombardia): implicatura crittologica – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers rationally recover speaker-meaning that goes beyond sentence-meaning by assuming cooperative norms and inferring implicatures when a contribution would otherwise look oddly chosen; the Terzi pairing you give lets that Gricean “more-than-said” be compared to an early-modern, Jesuitly technical imagination in which meaning is routinely treated as something to be encoded, transmitted, and decoded. Lana de Terzi’s Prodromo (Brescia, 1670) explicitly includes “new inventions for writing in cipher” and devices for communicating without letters or messengers, so Terzi’s world foregrounds cryptology as engineered inference: you are meant to get from an overt sign-vehicle to a hidden content via a rule or key, whereas Grice’s implicature is (in principle) keyless, generated by public practical reasoning about relevance, sufficiency, and intention. That contrast sharpens the “Peccavi” motif: the Punch pun (Peccavi = “I have sinned” / “I have Sindh”), often attributed to Napier but generally credited to Catherine Winkworth, works as a conversational implicature because the audience recognizes an intention to be witty and informative with minimal wording, supplying the intended enrichment without any agreed cipher—much closer to Grice than to Terzi’s cryptographic programs. So, where Terzi exemplifies the codified, artifact-driven side of meaning (a science of concealment and transmission), Grice theorizes the everyday, rationally accountable side (a cooperative practice where the hidden is inferable precisely because it is not mechanically encoded), and the “Peccavi” joke sits neatly between them as a borderline case: cryptologic in its bilingual hinge, but Gricean in its dependence on shared assumptions and recognitional intentions rather than on a secret key. Gaskell’s pupil -- Peccavi. It was a pupil of Gaskell who submitted to PUNCH the Peccavi conversational implicature pun.  Francesco Lana de Terzi. Francesco Lana de Terzi. LANA TERZI, Francesco  Nasce da Ghirardo e da Bianca Martinengo, entrambi di famiglia patrizia. È battezzato nella chiesa di S. Giovanni Evangelista con i nomi di Deodato Francesco Giuseppe. Compiuti gli studi primari e secondari, a quanto sembra sotto la guida di precettori privati, decide d’entrare nella Compagnia di Gesù e venne accolto nel noviziato romano di S. Andrea al Quirinale dove, oltre al biennio di probazione, frequenta il primo anno del biennio di studi letterari. Passa nel Collegio romano, dove completa gli studi letterari e compì il triennio di studi filosofici. Mentre frequenta l'annualità filosofica di fisica, divenne assistente nel celebre museo del padre Kircher, che lo introduce al metodo sperimentale -- come T stesso scrive nel suo Magisterium naturae et artis, II, Brixiae. È inoltre allievo in matematica di Casati. È a Terni, nel locale collegio gesuitico, come maestro del corso letterario. A quanto sembra, il suo insegnamento è particolarmente apprezzato, tanto da farlo insignire della cittadinanza onoraria dalle autorità civili. Di certo si dedica anche alla direzione delle rappresentazioni teatrali recitate dagl’alunni, scrivendo e pubblicando il dramma La rappresentazione di s. Valentino, martire e protettore di Terni con la coronazione di Tacito e Floriano, ternani, imperatori romani -- Terni. Torna a Roma, nel Collegio romano, chiamatovi dai superiori per intraprendere il conclusivo corso di teologia. Ma un qualche fatto nuovo fa cambiare i progetti su di lui: gli fu infatti ordinato di accompagnare nel viaggio verso Venezia il confratello Daniello Bartoli, e, una volta giunto a destinazione, di dirigersi a Parma e di stabilirsi nel collegio di S. Rocco. Durante il viaggio soggiornò nel collegio di Macerata. lingua universale, grammatica ragionata. Grice: Caro Terzi, oggi ho preparato per te una “implicatura crittologica”—non ti preoccupare, non serve nessuna chiave segreta: solo un po’ di spirito e una buona dose di curiosità! D’altronde, “crittologia” mi fa pensare subito a misteri da decifrare… ma tu, che hai la mente allenata, saprai trovare il codice nascosto!  Terzi: Ah, Grice, se la crittologia fosse solo un gioco di parole, ci metterei subito il mio “Peccavi”! Ma per l’etimologia, partiamo dal greco: “kryptós” significa nascosto, e “logos” parola o discorso. In pratica, siamo filosofi travestiti da ladri di segreti—e pure con licenza poetica!  Grice: Perfetto, Terzi! Allora siamo entrambi detective lessicali: ogni “crittologia” diventa una caccia al tesoro tra lettere e sillabe. Mi chiedo se, per un vero gioco, dovremmo inventare la “grammatica ragionata” del codice Morse—ma con implicature, naturalmente!  Terzi: Grice, se continui così, finiremo per scrivere un manuale di conversazione cifrata: “Parlare con implicature, decifrare sorrisi!” E se qualcuno ci chiede il significato di “crittologia”, rispondiamo: è l’arte di non farsi capire… ma sempre divertendosi! Terzi, Francesco Lana conte de’ (1670). Prodomo dell’arte maestra. Brescia: Rizzardi

Fulvio Tessitore (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del Vico di Tessitore – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats understanding as a rational reconstruction: hearers presume cooperative, purposive talk and derive implicatures by attributing to the speaker intentions that make the utterance optimally reasonable under shared norms (so that what is meant can systematically outrun what is said without collapsing into guesswork). Tessitore, by contrast, approaches “reason” through the historicist and Vichian-Cuocian axis: meaning is not primarily a timeless mechanism of inference but an achievement of historically situated practices of understanding, where philology and historiography function as an ethical discipline of interpretation (Tessitore explicitly characterizes Vico’s philology as a “science” of understanding, not merely an editorial technique, and he resists treating thinkers like Vico as simple “precursors” of later categories such as historicism). Read against this, the passage’s playful “scuola napoletana” motif points to a convergence and a divergence: both Grice and Tessitore oppose brute literalism by insisting that intelligibility depends on rational norms, but Grice models those norms at the micro-level of conversational exchange (maxims, relevance, calculable implicature), whereas Tessitore’s Vichian orientation emphasizes the macro-level conditions under which a community’s reasons become legible at all—institutions, traditions, and the historically formed languages in which agents can make claims, contest them, and inherit them. In short, Grice supplies a general, intention-based logic of how interlocutors rationally extract “more-than-said” from utterances, while Tessitore’s historicism reframes rationality as something whose authority and content are themselves events in history, so that “implicature” becomes not only a conversational phenomenon but also a reminder that what counts as a reason, a school, or even “Plato is Italian” is negotiated within a living, Naples-centered culture of interpretation rather than guaranteed by an abstract, context-free calculus. Grice italo Cuoco. Grice: “Cuoco argues that Plato is really an Italian!” -- Grice: “If there’s Oxonian dialectic and Athenian dialectic [la scuola d’Atene], there is, to follow Tessitore, the ‘scuola napoletana.’”  Storico della filosofia italiano. Docente di storia della filosofia, senatore e deputato, da decenni dedica i suoi studi allo storicismo e al pensiero politico. Ha dedicato scritti a Cuoco -- Lo storicismo di Cuoco. Laureato in giurisprudenza, insegna filosofia del diritto, storia delle dottrine politiche ed è professore di storia della filosofia nell'università Federico II di Napoli, di cui è stato rettore. Socio corrispondente dei Lincei, nazionale; senatore della Repubblica; deputato dell’Ulivo. Tra le opere dedicate alla storia dello storicismo e del pensiero politico, si ricordano: I fondamenti della filosofia politica di Humboldt; Meinecke storico delle idee; Storicismo e pensiero politico; Profilo dello storicismo politico; Filosofia e storiografia; Storiografia e storia della cultura; Introduzione allo storicismo, Schizzi e schegge di storiografia arabo-islamica italiana; Introduzione a Meinecke; Lo storicismo come filosofia dell'evento; Nuovi contributi alla storia e alla teoria dello storicismo; Storicismo e storia della cultura; Interpretazione dello storicismo; Altri contributi alla storia e alla teoria dello storicismo; Stato italiano e nazione italiana. L'anomalia italiana; Trittico anti-hegeliano da Diltehy a Weber. Contributo alla teoria dello storicismo; Da Cuoco a Weber. Contributi alla storia dello storicismo. Gli è stato dedicato il volume Filosofia, storia, letteratura: scritti in onore di T. -- a cura di CACCIATORE  et al. Si laurea in giurisprudenza -- la sua tesi ricevette dignità di stampa -- a Napoli, allievo di PIOVANI -- è libero docente per meriti eccezionali in filosofia del diritto, e professore. Insegna storia delle dottrine politiche; quindi, in poi, storia della filosofia. Cuoco.  Grice: Fulvio Tessitore, sono corso qui da Vadum Boum—la mia università nell’Hampshire, sai—perché un collega durante il tè ha dichiarato: “Vico è il più grande filosofo, vivente o meno!” Sei d’accordo, o dobbiamo mandarlo subito a Napoli per un ripasso? Tessitore: Grice, assolutamente sì! Anzi, ho passato anni a cercare di far riconoscere la grandezza di Vico perfino ai più testardi settentrionali di Bononia. Se le mie lezioni fossero state ancora più convincenti, i bolognesi scriverebbero persino le ricette della pasta in dialetto napoletano, solo per rendergli omaggio! Grice: Ah! Se Vico potesse assistere a ciò, dichiarerebbe la “scuola napoletana” ufficialmente esportata—e forse avvertirebbe anche dei pericoli di mescolare la filosofia con il ragù. Sai, all’Hampshire abbiamo discusso se lo storicismo di Vico potesse spiegare perché il tempo britannico è sempre un “evento”—e la risposta è stata: “ovviamente sì!” Tessitore: Geniale, Grice! Tra la tua dialettica hampshiriana e il nostro storicismo napoletano, potremmo risolvere i misteri dell’universo—o almeno convincere il nord che la saggezza di Vico è il vero ingrediente segreto della filosofia italiana. La prossima volta proverò a insegnare loro che Platone era davvero italiano, proprio come sosteneva Cuoco! Tessitore, Fulvio (1963). Crisi e trasformazioni dello Stato. Ricerche sul pensiero giuspubblicistico italiano. Napoli: Morano

Alfonso Testa (Borgonovo, Tidone, Piacenza, Emilia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della nemica fortuna – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains “more-than-said” content as a rational achievement: hearers presume cooperative, purposive talk, and when an utterance appears under-informative, oddly phrased, or otherwise non-optimal, they infer an implicature that restores the speaker’s contribution to intelligible rational order under shared norms. In the Testa passage, “conversational reason” and “conversational implicature” are recast as an Italian, Tidone-inflected humanism in which misfortune and “luck” become a standing topic for practical inference: the exchange treats “nemica fortuna” not as a mere theme but as a generator of meaning beyond literal wording, with humor and local proverb functioning like maxims in action—economy, relevance, and an expectation that the other will supply the intended enrichment. Where Grice’s framework is explicitly metatheoretical (a general account of how intentions, recognition, and cooperative constraints yield implicature), Testa’s intellectual profile—moving from Condillacian sensism through skeptical subjectivism to criticist concerns—invites a comparison in which “reason” is not only a conversational norm but also a stance toward contingency: the talk about fortune dramatizes how speakers manage the gap between what can be said and what must be inferred when the world is variable, ironic, or resistant to tidy description. Put sharply: Grice formalizes the rational mechanics by which interlocutors derive implied meaning from utterances, while the Testa vignette stylizes that same rationality as a cultivated conversational resilience, where the implicature is not just an interpretive product but a way of coping—turning the instability of “luck” into shared understanding through wit, proverb, and the mutual expectation that rational hearers can complete what is left unsaid. -- la scuola di Tidone – filosofia piacentina – filosofia emiliana -- filosofia italiana – Grice italo  (Tidone). Abstract. Keywords: implicatura, nemica fortuna. Filosofo. studia al collegio Alberoni, da cui uscì prete Rifiutata la cattedra universitaria a Pisa offertagli da ROVERE, è deputato al parlamento piemontese e presidente onorario della facoltà filosofico-letteraria di Parma. La sua evoluzione intellettuale mosse dal sensismo anti-razionalistico di Condillac e, attraverso il recupero della tradizione scettico-soggettivistica, approda al criticismo Di essa sono chiara testimonianza le sue opere più importanti: Della filosofia dell'affetto; Filosofia della mente; Il nuovo saggio sull'origine delle idee di SERBATI esaminato; Della critica della Ragion pura del criticismo. Rifiuta la cattedra filosofica a Pisa e prefere lavorare a Parma, divenendone presidente dell'area filosofica. Deputato al parlamento sabaudo. T. Storia di un povero pretazzuolo di Fausto Chiesa, pubblicato dalla libreria Romagnosi di Piacenza. Treccani Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. „,tr,*mT—r m-m r- T“ » 11 V 'or- , , I  k, i \'\ < f - t4»VOY. :. .Piaiiì zgdb y.Gri&ffli COLLEZI QNE OPUSCOLI y v'^P' • \ l/l ED INEDITI PROFESSORE DI FILOSOFIA NEL LICEO DI PIACER** Prezzo - Lire Italiane »  ! V "s. t V- ì  %os. ye. «3 COLLEZIONE DEGÙ OPUSCOLI ♦ DITI SD INEDITI di T.  PROFESSORE DI FILOSOFIA NEL LICEO DI PIACENZA . v» PIACENZA DAI TIPI NAZIONALI DI A. DEL MAJNO  1/ EDITORE agli italiani risorti Aline riami m retili animus. Tacito Apric. Premi. Il presente manifesto è stato scritto colla penna colorata in rosso, verde e bianco, desideratissimo segno dell’unione c dell’indipendenza italiana.  Grice: Caro Testa, ti confesso che la “nemica fortuna” mi perseguita da anni! Sai, una volta ho passato un intero seminario a sviscerare quell’assurda frase inglese: “he is a lucky fellow”—e alla fine, ho concluso che era una vera e propria sciocchezza… Tu che ne pensi, filosofo piacentino, la fortuna è davvero così nemica o semplicemente malintesa?  Testa: Ah, Grice, la fortuna dalle nostre parti si dice che cambi umore più spesso di un fiume in piena! Come diceva mio zio a Borgonovo, “la fortuna prima ti sorride e poi ti fa l’occhiolino – ma sempre da lontano!” Quanto alla tua “lucky fellow”, forse era solo un inglese che doveva venire a Piacenza per capire cosa vuol dire davvero… essere fortunati o sfortunati! Grice: Magnifico! Dunque la fortuna da voi si comporta come una vecchia signora: ti invita a cena, poi ti lascia fuori dalla porta sotto la pioggia. E non credere che “he is a lucky fellow” abbia portato chiarezza in Inghilterra—anzi, i miei studenti dopo quel seminario erano più confusi che mai! D’altronde, meglio riderci su: la logica non sempre vince contro la sorte, vero?  Testa: Assolutamente! Qui a Tidone, quando la fortuna gira male, usiamo dire: “Meglio un sorriso che una cattedra a Pisa!”—e infatti io l’ho rifiutata! Se la vita è un gioco, allora la conversazione è il nostro asso nella manica… e tu, Grice, sei il re di cuori della pragmatica! Testa, Alfonso (1829). Della filosofia dell’affetto. Piacenza.

Thaulero -- In Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning, what a speaker means is constrained by a rational, cooperative presumption: hearers treat contributions as oriented to shared purposes and governed by maxims (quantity, quality, relation, manner), and they derive implicatures when a speaker’s words, taken at face value, would otherwise appear to violate those rational constraints. The Thaulero passage can be read as an almost pedagogical analogue of this model: Thaulero treats “nature” and “reason” as completing what is left unsaid, so that successful instruction (and, by extension, successful conversation) works by strategic economy—saying less while licensing the learner to infer more. Where Grice theorizes this as a normative-pragmatic mechanism (implicature arises because a rational agent expects relevance and sufficiency and thus supplies the intended enrichment), Thaulero frames the same phenomenon as developmental and ethical: the pupil’s uptake is the point, and good education is “a refined conversation” in which restraint and tacit guidance cultivate the learner’s rational completion of meaning. In short, Grice offers an explicit account of how reason makes “more-than-said” inferable under cooperative norms, while Thaulero (as ventriloquized here) treats that “more-than-said” as the educator’s art of letting reason do its work—an antecedent, value-laden practice that fits Grice’s machinery but grounds it in pedagogy rather than in a general theory of conversational understanding. Grice: Caro Thaulero, vedo che nel tuo libro del 1838 difendi l’educazione secondo natura e ragione, ma dimmi, se un allievo capisce più di quanto gli dici, non sarà forse un tuo implicito pedagogico? Thaulero: Ah, professore Grice, io direi che quando la natura fa il suo lavoro, la ragione completa la frase senza bisogno di troppe parole. Grice: Magnifico, allora sei un maestro di massime educative ante litteram, perché insegni tacendo più di quanto parlando. Thaulero: E tu mi confermi, caro Grice, che anche a Napoli, come a Oxford, la buona educazione è sempre una raffinata conversazione ben riuscita. Thaulero, Vincenzo Filippone (1838). Dell’educazione secondo la natura e la ragione. Napoli: Stamperia dell’Iride

Vincenzo Filippone Thaulero (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e il problema d’una antropologia filosofica; o, l’implicatura conversazionale dell’autorità ed il risentimento – In Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning, what is communicated in dialogue depends not only on what is explicitly said but on rational expectations about authority, sincerity, and mutual recognition of intentions, which allow hearers to infer implicatures beyond the literal utterance. Vincenzo Filippone Thaulero approaches a convergent problem from within philosophical anthropology and social theory, focusing on how authority and resentment shape the conditions under which meaning is received, resisted, or distorted in conversation. Whereas Grice treats implicature as a largely cooperative phenomenon generated by rational agents who assume good faith, Thaulero is especially attentive to situations in which authority provokes suspicion or ressentiment, so that what is said by a speaker in a position of cultural or institutional power carries unintended implicatures tied to domination, legitimacy, or moral pressure. The comparison highlights Grice’s normative model of conversational reason, which explains how understanding ought to proceed under idealized cooperative conditions, alongside Thaulero’s more sociologically grounded perspective, which shows how conversational meaning is refracted through lived experience, value conflicts, and emotional responses, revealing that implicature can arise not only from rational calculation but also from historically and socially embedded tensions between speaker and audience. Grice italo -- autorita e risentimento. Grice: “We loved Strawson’s “Freedom and resentment,” since it spoke to a generation – not exactly mine!” -- Filosofo romano. Filosofo lazio. Filosofo italiano. Abruzzese, figlio del barone Carlo, nobile di Chieti e patrizio teramano. Consigue la maturità classica al liceo Massimo di Roma. Si iscrive alla Sapienza di Roma, dove si laurea a pieni voti con una tesi in filosofia del diritto, “Una metodologia del diritto”, sotto VECCHIO come relatore, e ottenne il diploma di perfezionamento con lode in filosofia del diritto nella scuola di perfezionamento di filosofia del diritto a Roma, con la tesi “La ‘fictio juris’ in Bartolo da Sassoferrato”, con SFORZA come relatore. Assistente volontario di PERTICONE, ordinario di storia contemporanea a scienze politiche, usufruì di una borsa della Humboldt-Stiftung che gli consente studiare in Germania per approfondire sulla problematica del valore. STURZO gli affida insieme ad Addio la direzione del “Bollettino di Sociologia”, poi divenuto “Sociologia”, divenendo uno dei maggiori collaboratori dell'istituto creato dal fondatore del partito popolare italiano. Inviato al congresso di sociologia di Amsterdam e fra i fondatori della Società italiana di scienze sociali.  Consigue la libera docenza in filosofia morale e ricopre vari incarichi presso Salerno. Vince il concorso a cattedra per filosofia morale del magistero di Salerno.  Muore in un incidente automobilistico.  Gli è stata intitolata la scuola di Cologna Spiaggia a Roseto degli Abruzzi. Altri saggi: “Società e cultura” (Giuffré, Milano); “Il mare ha voce, ha voce il vento” (Storia e Letteratura, Roma); “Il darsi dell'origine nell'esperienza sociale e religiosa” (Studium, Roma); “Intorno al concetto di sociologia generale”. autorita e risentimento.  Grice: Che piacere incontrarti, Vincenzo Filippone Thaulero! Devo ammettere che è la prima volta che conosco un italiano con un cognome che inizia con quella strana e ostica “th”. Sono davvero curioso: come la pronunciate voi in Abruzzo? Dite “Taule-ro” o c’è qualche sfumatura segreta che mi sfugge? Thaulero: Ah, caro Grice, hai colto una delle nostre piccole complicazioni linguistiche! In famiglia abbiamo sempre scherzato sul “th”, che da noi, tra Teramo e Chieti, diventa semplicemente una “t” dolce. “Taule-ro”, proprio come dici tu, e i nostri nonni ridevano di chi provava a farla suonare all’inglese! Grice: Splendido! In Inghilterra, sai, il “th” divide intere generazioni. Ma trovare un filosofo italiano che porta la “th” come vessillo, tra autorità e risentimento, mi fa pensare che la filosofia abbia davvero voce in ogni vento – proprio come scrivi tu! Thaulero: Grazie, Grice! A volte la “th” è solo un simbolo, altre volte un piccolo ostacolo. Ma, come dicevano gli abruzzesi, “il mare ha voce, ha voce il vento”: ciò che conta è farsi comprendere – e magari anche sorridere sulle differenze. D’altronde, la conversazione è la vera anima della filosofia! Thaulero, Vincenzo Filippone (1956). Contrbuto. Bollettino di sociologia, Istituto Sturzo.

Tiberiano: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del mio tutore Priscilliano – In Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning, implicature arises because speakers and hearers treat one another as rational agents, so that what is conveyed implicitly depends on shared expectations about cooperative intention rather than on overt doctrine or reputation. Tiberiano, imagined as a Roman philosopher associated with Priscilliano, occupies an almost inverse but revealing position: his conversational situation shows how implicature can be generated not by the speaker’s careful reasoning but by the audience’s suspicions, fears, and inherited labels. Where Grice stresses that implicatures are normally cancellable, rationally calculable, and grounded in the speaker’s intentions, Tiberiano illustrates a context in which meaning is distorted by social panic, so that merely stating allegiance to a controversial teacher automatically implicates heresy or danger regardless of the speaker’s actual claims. The comparison highlights that Grice provides a normative account of how conversational reason ought to function under ideal cooperative conditions, while Tiberiano exemplifies how conversational implicature can become pathological in hostile settings, revealing less about the truth of what is said than about the unexamined assumptions, prejudices, and irrational shortcuts of those who draw the implicature. Roma – filosofia italiana – Grice italo -- , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, ,  (Roma). Abstract. Keywords: Storia della filosofia italiana. Priscilliano’s followers. Filosofo italiano.  He moves to Baetica. He is a follower of Priscilliano, writing a number of essays in defence of Priscilliano’s extremely weird views!   GRICEVS: O TIBERIANE, audio te discipulum fuisse Priscilliani, qui sententias—ut aiunt—permirabiles defendit. Dic mihi: cum Romae hoc nomen profers, quid implicatur? num “magister” tantum, an etiam “haeresis”? TIBERIANVS: Salve, GRICE. Implicatur plerumque utrumque: magister quidem mihi fuit, sed Romae multi, audito nomine, statim suspicantur scelus doctrinae. Ego autem dico: non omne novum statim est nefarium. GRICEVS: Intellego; sed ecce mea quaestio pragmatica: si quis dicit “Tiberianus Priscillianum sequitur,” saepe plus significat quam dicit—quasi addat: “cave illum” vel “noli eum audire.” Estne haec implicatura ex timore nata? TIBERIANVS: Ita, et ridiculum est: ipsi, dum me vitant, se produnt. Nam eorum “cave” saepe nihil probat nisi hoc: se rumores amare. Tu igitur doce: implicatura non est iudicium, sed inditium—et interdum inditium tantum est stultitiae loquentis. Tiberiano (c. 300 d.C.). Frammenti. Firenze: Le Monnier

Tiberio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale del filosofo principe – In Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning, understanding arises from the assumption that speakers are rational agents who choose their words cooperatively, so that even seemingly incidental features of an utterance can function as conversational implicatures revealing underlying intentions; Tiberio, conceived here as a philosopher‑prince with a serious commitment to philosophy and a sympathy for Skepticism as taught by figures like Teodoro and Trasillo, embodies a compatible but differently grounded conception of conversational reason. While Grice analyzes implicature through abstract principles that regulate dialogue independently of status or authority, Tiberio approaches conversational meaning from within the Roman ideal of clarity, simplicity, and moderation, emphasizing how philosophical discourse should avoid unnecessary ornament and foreign excess, whether linguistic or conceptual. The playful focus on the shift from TH to T captures this contrast: for Grice, such a choice can itself become an implicature to be rationally inferred by a hearer, whereas for Tiberio it reflects a principled preference for linguistic familiarity that aligns conversation with civic and philosophical virtue. The comparison thus shows Grice offering a formally articulated account of how rational inference governs what is meant beyond what is said, while Tiberio represents a historically situated version of the same insight, where conversational reason is exercised through restraint, skeptical caution, and the Roman commitment to intelligibility as a condition of shared philosophical understanding. Philosophers whose name began with TH in Latin but changed the TH to T in Italian. Filosofo italiano. Principe. He takes a serious interest in philosophy, and is especially drawn to the Scesi, as he calls it. His tutors are Teodoro and Trasillo. Grice: “What surprises me is that both Tiberio, Teodoro, and Trasillo bear names that start with a T. But Strawson knows better: ‘The T in Theodoro is vulgar Italian, not Latin, or Greek!” GRICEVS: Ave, Tiberio, princeps philosophorum! Dic mihi, num vere credis litteram “T” esse feliciorem quam “TH” inter philosophos Romanos? TIBERIVS: Salve, Gricevs! Ego vero arbitror litteram “T” esse simpliciorem et magis aptam Romanis, cum “TH” saepe sonet alienum atque difficile ad pronuntiandum. Nam apud nos, claritas et brevitas in sermone philosophico semper laudantur. GRICEVS: Quid mirum! Sed nonne credis “TH” dare nomen philosophis vel aureum vel Graecum, quasi signum sapientiae ex oriente? Forsitan littera ipsa sit implicatura conversationale, indicans profunditatem vel subtilitatem cogitationis. TIBERIVS: Sane, Gricevs! Sed, ut princeps philosophorum Romanorum, praefert litteram “T,” quae nobis familiaris est. In fine, sapientia non in littera sed in mente et dialogo residet; et, ut docet schola Romana, veritas saepe invenitur in simplicitate. Tiberio (a. u. c. DCCLXVII). Sententiae philosophicae. Roma.

Tiberio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale della filosofia e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’anti-filosofia –not the prince. Not the prince. This one writes on philosophical subjects. Grice: “It would have been a good thing if the OTHER one did!” GRICEVS: Salve, Tiberi! Dic mihi: quid tibi videtur esse ratio inter philosophiam et anti-philosophiam? TIBERIVS: Ave, Grice! Ego credo anti-philosophiam esse provocationem philosophiae—non negationem, sed potius invitationem ad dubitandum. GRICEVS: Pulchre dictum! Potesne exemplum dare ubi anti-philosophia vere auxilio fuit progressionis philosophiae? TIBERIVS: Certe! Cogita de Socrate, qui saepe quaestiones ponebat quae lineas philosophiae perturbabant; eius “ignorantia docta” initium dedit novis modis cogitandi. Sic anti-philosophia fit instrumentum ipsius sapientiae.

Adriano Tilgher (Resina, Ercolano, Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale degl’orecchie dell’aquila – In Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning, what speakers convey beyond literal sentence meaning is explained through conversational implicature, which presupposes rational cooperation and an audience capable of reconstructing the reasons that make an utterance appropriate and intelligible in context. Adriano Tilgher approaches conversational reason from a more historical, cultural, and pluralistic angle: his philosophical relativism and his reflections on style, theatre, and modern culture emphasize that meaning is never fixed once and for all but always filtered through perspectives, forms of life, and interpretive stances. Whereas Grice seeks to stabilize conversational understanding by appealing to general principles of rational cooperation that underwrite inference across contexts, Tilgher foregrounds the instability and multiplicity of meanings, suggesting that what is “heard” in discourse—his metaphorical “eagle’s ears”—depends on the listener’s attunement to competing forms, values, and historical situations. The comparison thus reveals Grice as offering a normative, analytic account of how reason governs implicature in ordinary conversation, while Tilgher represents a critical and relativistic counterpart, for whom conversational reason is inseparable from cultural pluralism, stylistic choice, and the contingent conditions that shape how utterances acquire significance rather than from universal maxims alone. -- italo-tedesco -- il relativismo filosofico –  la scuola di Resina -- filosofia campagnese -- filosofia italiana – Grice italo  (Resìna). Abstract. Keywords: le orecchie dell’aquila, lo spccio del bestione trionfante.. Nacque a Resìna, l’odierna Ercolano, in provincia di Napoli, da Achille, un vetraio di origine tedesca, e da Rosa Eufrasia Oteau -- cognome ch’è spesso italianizzato in Ottò.  Dopo le scuole elementari, si trasferì a Napoli. Mentre frequenta il liceo classico Vico conosce Livia De Paolis, che sposa.  In quegli anni T. matura una passione per la filosofia e per la letteratura, e si avvicina a Croce, che frequenta assiduamente e considera un vero e proprio maestro, come mostrano i suoi primi lavori. In realtà, non si tratta di un rapporto destinato a durare a lungo.  Dopo la laurea in giurisprudenza a Napoli, con Salvioli, docente di storia del diritto italiano, T. vinse un concorso per l’incarico di aiutobibliotecario, e prese servizio presso la Biblioteca nazionale di Torino -- lettere a Croce, in Carteggio Croce-Tilgher.  Passati i primi mesi, la lontananza dalla sua città e dai suoi affetti si trasforma in angoscia, e T. chiede aiuto a Croce per ottenere il trasferimento a una sede più vicina. Dopo mesi di scambi epistolari incentrati sullo stesso tema – e nei quali T. era divenuto decisamente pressante – il filosofo interruppe le comunicazioni. È comunque riuscito a ottenere il trasferimento di T.  alla Biblioteca Alessandrina di Roma, che avvenne.  Dal Carteggio risulta, inoltre, che T. non era puntuale nel rispettare gli impegni editoriali, determinando il disappunto e l’insofferenza del suo interlocutore, che fa della disciplina una ragione di vita. Lo stesso T., del resto, si risentì di fronte alle critiche di Croce al suo Arte, conoscenza e realtà. Croce era convinto – come scrive a Gentile – che il suo amico avrebbe dovuto dedicarsi alla storia della filosofia per acquisire quel metodo e quella maturità scientifica. le orecchie dell'aquila, lo spaccio del bestione trionfante.  Grice: Caro Tilgher, permettimi una curiosità: ma Gentile, quando sentiva quel "gh" nel tuo cognome, non pensava forse che suonasse un po’ troppo “unno” per le sue orecchie così raffinate d’italico filosofo? Magari temeva che ti fossi presentato a Roma con le orecchie dell’aquila e la spada di Attila! Tilgher: Ah, Grice! In effetti Gentile, col suo spirito tutto latino, mi guardava come se avessi nidificato aquile in biblioteca invece di libri! Ma ti confesso che, se proprio devo scegliere, preferisco le “orecchie dell’aquila” alle orecchie d’asino di certi critici! Grice: Che immagine! Vedi, in Inghilterra diciamo che chi ha le orecchie troppo grandi sente anche quello che non dovrebbe... Ma tu, con quelle d’aquila, riuscivi a captare le nuvole del relativismo e pure i sospiri di Croce quando tardavi con un manoscritto! Tilgher: Proprio così! Anche se, a volte, sentivo persino la voce del “bestion trionfante” che mi suggeriva di prendere la vita con un pizzico di ironia. E poi, caro Grice, meglio un cognome da aquila che una mente da gallina! Tilgher, Adriano (1921). Studi sul teatro moderno. Roma: Edizioni della Voce

Sebastiano Timpanaro (Parma) junior: la ragione conversazionale -- In Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning, what a speaker communicates beyond the literal content of an utterance is explained through implicature, derived from the assumption that interlocutors are rational agents cooperating according to shared norms that make an utterance intelligible as a reasonable move in conversation. Sebastiano Timpanaro approaches an analogous problem from the side of philology and historical criticism: his work on textual transmission, on Lehmann’s method, and on Leopardi is guided by the idea that meaning emerges from disciplined attention to material detail, error, and correction, rather than from idealized intentional coherence alone. Where Grice emphasizes rational inference by hearers reconstructing speaker intentions under conversational principles, Timpanaro stresses the limits of intentional control, showing how meaning is shaped by objective constraints, mechanical mistakes, and historical processes that escape conscious design. The comparison thus highlights Grice as developing a normative theory of conversational rationality focused on inference and cooperation in living discourse, while Timpanaro represents a materialist and historically grounded counterpart, in which rational understanding depends less on ideal conversational maxims than on a critical method that accounts for the concrete conditions under which texts and meanings are produced, transmitted, and sometimes distorted. Grice: I like him. Leopardi. Filosofo -- è stato un filologo classico, saggista e critico letterario italiano. M. Firenze. Lapide che commemora le vicine case di Pisa dove vissero T. senior, Maria Timpanaro Cardini e T.  junior -- Pisa, via San Paolo. Figlio di T. senior e di Maria Timpanaro Cardini, studia a Firenze col celebre filologo classico PASQUALI (vedasi, membro tra l'altro dell'Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei e della British Academy.  Scelse di rifiutare la carriera di insegnamento universitario, senza tuttavia rinunciare a un'attività scientifica davvero imponente, indirizzata verso la filologia latina, la letteratura italiana e alcuni grandi temi filosofici: il marxismo, il materialismo e la psicoanalisi freudiana.  S'impegna anche in politica, militando inizialmente nella sinistra interna del Partito Socialista Italiano; aderì al Psiup e al Pdup. In seguito, rimanendo coerente con le sue idee leniniste, guarda con interesse al progetto di Rifondazione Comunista, senza però mai iscriversi al partito. È sepolto nel Cimitero Monumentale della Misericordia dell'Antella, Comune di Bagno a Ripoli, provincia di Firenze. Timpanaro e Lachmann Nella fondamentale monografia La genesi del metodo del Lachmann, T. ripercorre i lineamenti di storia della filologia, con particolare riferimento alle molteplici intuizioni e agli spunti che hanno preceduto l'opera di Lachmann e a cui lo studioso tedesco aveva poi dato una sistematica e organica formulazione; ancor oggi il cosiddetto metodo di Lachmann, pur rivisitato nel corso dei decenni, rimane basilare per approntare l'edizione critica di un testo, soprattutto di un autore latino o greco.  Timpanaro e L'infinito In un articolo intitolato Di alcune falsificazioni di scritti leopardiani, T. ha fornito la dimostrazione che i tre abbozzi de L'infinito di LEOPARDI , pubblicati in Tutte le opere, a cura di Francesco Flora, Milano, Mondadori Editore, sono in realtà dei falsi.  Opere La filologia di Leopardi, Firenze, Le Monnier.  GRICE: Caro Timpanaro, lasciami cominciare con una domanda che mi frulla in testa: ma tu, quando correggi un manoscritto latino, non ti viene mai la tentazione di aggiungere qualche battuta spiritosa tra le righe? Così, per movimentare un po’ la filologia… TIMPANARO: Ah Grice, se solo avessi osato! Ma sai, se avessi scritto qualcosa di spassoso su un codice di Virgilio, i miei colleghi sarebbero diventati più severi di Lachmann con una variante spurie. Però confesso: a volte sostituirei volentieri qualche verso con un paradosso leopardiano. GRICE: Ecco, sapevo che Leopardi sarebbe saltato fuori! Dimmi la verità: tu ti senti più vicino all’infinito di Leopardi o alla “finitezza” dei manoscritti, dove persino una virgola conta come se fosse una legge fisica? TIMPANARO: Per Leopardi l’infinito era una siepe, per me spesso è una pila di varianti testuali che non finisce mai! Ma, tra noi, la vera felicità è trovare una lectio difficilior che resista a ogni tentazione filologica… un po’ come resistere a una battuta ironica durante un convegno serio. GRICE: Allora dovremmo fondare una scuola: “La ragione conversazionale della critica testuale!” Regola numero uno: ogni volta che un editore commette una falsificazione leopardiana, si brinda con vino toscano e si ride per almeno dieci minuti! TIMPANARO: Accetto! Ma lasciami aggiungere la regola due: chi trova un falso in Leopardi può scegliere la musica di sottofondo durante la riunione — ma solo se è Rossini. Sai, un po’ di leggerezza non guasta mai neppure in filologia! Timpanaro, Sebastiano junior (1949). Studi di filologia e storia, Pisa: Nistri-Lischi.

Tirannio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del lizio di Roma – In Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning, what interlocutors understand beyond what is explicitly said depends on the assumption that speakers choose their words rationally and purposefully, so that even small linguistic choices carry implicatures recoverable through shared reasoning about why a particular expression was used rather than another. Tirannio, the Roman grammarian closely associated with Cicero and with the transmission of Aristotle’s texts, represents an earlier, more philological grounding of this same idea, in which conversational meaning is shaped by the careful analysis of grammatical and morpho‑syntactic categories such as the adjective as something “added” to a noun to refine reference. Where Grice abstracts conversational reason into general principles that explain how utterances generate implicatures in discourse, Tirannio focuses on the micro‑structure of language itself, showing how the rational use of categories like adiectivus already presupposes an audience capable of recognizing why an added term such as hirsutus is relevant and informative in a given context. The comparison thus highlights Grice as theorizing conversational implicature at the level of pragmatic inference and cooperative rationality, while Tirannio embodies a grammatical precursor, for whom reasoned communication emerges from disciplined attention to how linguistic additions guide interpretation and enrich meaning within shared practices of learning and conversation. -- Roma – HIRSVTVS -- filosofia italiana – Grice italo -- , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, ,  (Roma). Abstract. Keywords. categorie sintatiche – categorie morfo-sintatiche – Brutus said that Cato’s dog, Fidus, is hirsutus, meaning ‘hairy-coated.’ NOMEN ADIECTIVVM.  Etymology From Middle English adjectif, adjective, from Old French adjectif, from Latin adiectivus, from adiciō + -īvus, from ad- (“to, towards, at”) + iaciō (“throw”). Grice: Brutus used the adjectival hirsutus to refer to his friend Cato’s dog. The Latin word adiectivus in turn was a calque of Ancient Greek ἐπιθετικόν, “added, a derivative of the compound verb ἐπιτίθημι, from which also comes epithet. Filosofo italiano. Primarily a grammarian. Friend of CICERONE – he held the seminars in his own house. He made copies of a number of works of Aristotle which might otherwise have been lost. Grice: “Cicerone found it boring that everytime he would pay a visit to Tirannio, he was copying some old Greek manuscript!” Grice: “I wouldn’t call Tirannio a sophist: his at-homes were, like mine, free of charge!” Keywords: grammatica filosofica, lizio. GRICEVS: Salve, Tyranni, miror te semper occupatum inveniri, manus Graecorum librorum versanti—Ciceronemne etiam ad mensam tuam exspectare iussisti, dum Aristotelis papyrus exscribis? TYRANNIVS: O Grice, si Ciceroni placet, semper licet eum ad epulas invitare! Sed cave: fortasse putabit Fidus Catonis, canis hirsutus, grammaticam melius scire quam ipse! GRICEVS: Nonne Ciceroni placet disputatio—sed quid de lizio Romano? Audivi te in domo tua seminaria gratis tenere; sophista non es, sed fortasse Ciceronem somnum lenire potes adiectivo aliquo! TYRANNIVS: Adiectivum optimum: "hirsutus"! Sic Brutus dixit, sed ego dico: quisquis in Roma grammaticam tractat, semper pilosus fit—vel saltem capite doctus, si canis non est! Rufino, Tirannio (398). Traduzione dei Padri Greci. Aquileia: s.n.

Giovanni Battista Toderini (Venezia, Veneto): “what an honest chap woud do” – l’uomo onesto -- In Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning, what is said and what is meant are connected by the assumption that speakers behave as rational and cooperative agents, so that conversational implicatures arise because hearers expect utterances to conform to standards of truthfulness, relevance, and clarity that any reasonable participant would recognize. Giovanni Battista Toderini’s moral philosophy, especially as expressed in L’onesto uomo, approaches conversational reason from the ethical standpoint of the “honest man,” treating reasonableness in speech as a virtue rooted in honesty, decorum, and civic responsibility rather than as an abstract inferential mechanism. Where Grice formalizes conversational rationality into general principles that govern how meaning is inferred beyond literal content, Toderini locates the same regulative force in the practical ideal of onestà, according to which a speaker contributes to conversation as an upright agent who aims to illuminate rather than obscure. The comparison thus shows Grice as offering an analytic reconstruction of the norms implicit in everyday communicative practice, while Toderini articulates a culturally and morally inflected precursor, in which conversational implicature flows from what an honest, reasonable person would say or leave unsaid in order to sustain shared understanding and trust within a community. -- la ragione conversazionale di Roma e l’implicatura conversazionale dei sue colonie –Grice italo –Grice: “I like T.; in fact, my philosophy may be seen as a response to him. T. was dubious about Rousseau; I’m not. T. uses ‘ragione;’ I use ‘reason’! Other than that, we are identical!” -- Keywords. filosofia coloniale -- Flosofo veneziano. Filosofo veneto. Filosofo italiano. Venezia, Veneto. Nacque terzogenito di quattro figli maschi, da Domenico Maria T. e da Anna Cestari. Entra nell’ordine dei gesuiti, che professo lo collocarono ad insegnare – Moschini -- e si distinse come erudito e antiquario, come testimonia Lalande, che ha modo di incontrarlo a Verona – dove T. entra in contatto con Maffei – e di apprezzarlo come raccoglitore di medaglie. Il profilo intellettuale dell’abate non si riduce tuttavia ai tratti del ricercatore di reperti antiquari, mettendo in luce interessi tanto per vari argomenti scientifici quanto per la riflessione filosofica e morale.  Sul primo versante sono testimonianza alcune dissertazioni, di vario argomento; la Dissertazione sopra un legno fossile, edita congiuntamente a una lettera Sull’indurimento di molti bachi da seta, datata Modena, e a un’altra lunga lettera Su l’aurora boreale, datata Modena,indica tra l’altro la presenza di T. come membro dell’Accademia degli ICENUTICI di Forlì. A un’adunanza della medesima accademia è da ricondurre anche la dissertazione dal titolo Filosofia frankliniana delle punte preservatrici dal fulmine – Modena --, in cui T. si dimostra attento conoscitore dei problemi legati ai fenomeni elettrici atmosferici e in particolare degli apporti nuovi offerti da Franklin e da BECCARIA  -- Proverbio. Di quest’opera T. fa omaggio a Franklin, come documenta una lettera da Forlì -- The papers of Franklin. Altre tre dissertazioni – su ‘due antichissimi alcolani’, filosofia coloniale.  Grice: Carissimo Toderini, ti parlo al volo dall’aula di Oxford! Ho appena detto ai miei studenti che le mie massime della conversazione non sono altro che ciò che “un uomo onesto” farebbe. Si tratta di essere sinceri, cooperanti, quasi da manuale del buon senso veneziano! Mi sa che sono più italiani di quanto pensassi… Toderini: Ah, Grice, l’uomo onesto – che bella espressione! Hai mai pensato all’etimologia ciceroniana di “honestas”? Cicero diceva che honestas viene da “honor”, e che l’onestà non è solo il rispetto delle regole, ma anche la capacità di dare lustro alla conversazione! In fondo, è come una medaglia: brilla se la ragione la pulisce bene. E attenzione a non scambiarla con “decoro”, che è tutta un’altra storia – lì si rischia di finire tra i reperti antiquari! Grice: Splendido, Toderini! Quasi quasi aggiungo la massima della “pulizia argomentativa” alle mie regole: parlare come si lucidano le medaglie, senza polvere di ambiguità! E mi piace pensare che l’onestà, come la tua filosofia veneziana, sappia navigare tra i canali delle parole senza mai affondare… Anzi, potremmo dire che l’onestà è la gondola del pensiero! Toderini: Eh, caro Grice, se l’onestà è una gondola, allora la conversazione è la laguna: a volte calma, a volte tempestosa, ma sempre pronta a riflettere il cielo del ragionamento. E ricordati: un uomo onesto non teme la nebbia – la attraversa con la lanterna della ragione, e magari, se proprio l’argomento si fa torbido, tira fuori un proverbio veneziano… così nessuno si perde! Toderini, Giovanni Battista (1787). Della letteratura turchesca, Venezia: Presso Giuseppe Santini.

Felice Tocco (Catanzaro, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale di Hardie -- e l’implicatura conversazionale dei rendiconti della ragione conversazionale – In Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning, conversational implicature is explained by treating speakers and hearers as rational agents who “render accounts” of what they say by implicitly appealing to shared norms of cooperation, so that what is meant beyond what is said depends on the audience’s capacity to recognize a single underlying rational sense behind apparently diverse conversational moves. Felice Tocco’s approach, shaped by Italian idealism and by his engagement with Platonic and Aristotelian traditions mediated through figures such as Hardie, shifts the emphasis from the formal reconstruction of inferences to the philosophical responsibility of reason for its own expressions, stressing that conversational meaning emerges through explicit and implicit rendiconti della ragione in both theoretical and practical contexts. While Grice insists on the aequi‑vocality of expressions across contexts, arguing that even when language appears multi‑vocal the implicature presupposes one rational sense recoverable by cooperative reasoning, Tocco advances a historically informed view in which reason may change register—alethic or practical, descriptive or normative—yet remains unified because each conversational act must justify itself within a continuous rational tradition. The comparison therefore shows Grice offering a normative, analytic account of implicature grounded in general principles of rational cooperation, whereas Tocco interprets conversational implicature as the reflective self‑accounting of reason as it appears in lived philosophical discourse, preserving unity of sense not through abstract maxims alone but through the continuity of rational practice across different philosophical vocabularies and historical contexts. -- la scuola di Catanzaro -- filosofia calabrese -- filosofia italiana – Grice italo – By , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, ,  (Catanzaro). Abstract. Grice used to say that he admired Hardie’s masterpiece on Plato but had to WORK with Hardie’s notes on Aristotle. The implicature is that you cannot do both. In Italy, he who does Plato is T.! Keywords: Grice, Hardie, Tocco, ragione teoretica o alethica, ragione prattica – Grice’s aequi-vocality thesis – the uni-vocality of an expression – “or, if ‘multi-vocal’ or ‘pluri-vocal,’ it is so across the divide – STILL ONE SENSE!   Nacque da don Nicola Antonio di T., patrizio di Tropea laureato in legge, e da donna Vincenza Toraldo, patrizia di Tropea. Ha due fratelli maggiori: Francesco, laureatosi in legge, e Giuseppe, che è magistrato.  In una lettera a CANTONI  scrive che il ramo primogenito della famiglia, estintosi pochi anni prima, si chiama«di Tocco» ed è originario di Napoli; mentre il ramo cadetto, quello cui apparteneva T., per scelta del nonno decise di togliere il «di» e «alla comoda soppressione s’acconcia per lunga pezza anche mio padre, ma un quindici anni or sono, si decide di riprenderlo. E lo dovetti riprendere anch’io nelle relazioni familiari, ché in tutti gli atti pubblici i miei si firmano di T., e così si firmarono anche negli atti del mio matrimonio. Letterariamente però conservo sempre lo stesso nome con cui pubblicai il mio primo scritto -- Ferrari.  Frequenta le scuole dei padri Scolopi di Catanzaro e qui è licenziato in filosofia; contro il parere del padre – che avrebbe preferito l’avvio agli studi forensi –  è discepolo a Napoli di SETTEMBRINI  e soprattutto di SPAVENTA , di cui segue le lezioni sulla filosofia della natura. Di queste lezioni rimase ampia traccia nella prima opera a stampa di T., la recensione uscita sulla Rivista bolognese di scienze, lettere, arti e scuole del Saggio sulla natura della marchesa Marianna Florenzi Waddington.  Bruno, ragione pratica.  Grice: Caro professore Tocco, ho sempre ritenuto che i “rendiconti della ragione conversazionale” siano ciò che davvero mette alla prova la nostra capacità filosofica. Mi incuriosisce sapere come li intenda Lei, anche perché in Italia, chi affronta Platone non può che chiamarsi Tocco! Tocco: Caro Grice, mi lusinga il Suo riferimento. Per me, i rendiconti della ragione conversazionale sono il modo in cui la ragione si fa “responsabile” dei propri atti, sia sul piano teoretico che pratico. Come mi insegnò Spaventa, ogni ragionamento, anche il più astratto, deve sempre fare i conti con il suo impatto nella conversazione reale. Grice: Perfettamente d’accordo! Da noi, a Oxford, si direbbe che la ragione “rende conto” quando rispetta le massime della conversazione. Ma, secondo Lei, esiste una differenza tra i rendiconti teoretici e quelli pratici, oppure – come suggerisce la mia tesi dell’aequi-vocalità – mantengono sempre un’unica radice razionale? Tocco: Bella domanda! Io credo che, anche se la ragione cambia registro – da teoretica ad alethica, da pratica a concreta – resta sempre fedele a se stessa. Se si mostra “multi-vocale”, lo fa solo per adattarsi al contesto, ma in fondo, come dicevano i nostri padri scolastici, la ragione è una sola, “ancora che si cangi abito”. Il rendiconto, alla fine, è sempre lo stesso: rendere ragione, a sé e agli altri, della propria ricerca di verità. Tocco, Felice (1872). Studi sulla storia della filosofia del Rinascimento in Italia, Firenze: Le Monnier.

Giovanni Battista Tolomei (Pistoia, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale nella filosofia della percezione – In Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning, what a speaker communicates beyond what is strictly said is explained through conversational implicature, generated and recovered by hearers who assume that speakers are rational, cooperative agents acting for identifiable reasons, so that meaning depends on calculable inferences grounded in shared norms of rational behavior; Giovanni Battista Tolomei, as presented within the Pistoian and Tuscan philosophical context, approaches conversational reason from the side of perception and signs, emphasizing how implicature arises from the way perceptual content is organized, classified, and linguistically signified rather than from abstract inference alone. Whereas Grice systematizes conversational meaning through general principles and maxims that govern rational exchange independently of sensory modalities, Tolomei embeds conversational reason in a philosophy of perception where the distinction between natural and arbitrary signs shapes how meanings are implicitly conveyed and understood, making implicature sensitive to how agents perceive, discriminate, and name their experiences. The comparison thus shows Grice offering a normative, formally articulated account of how rationality governs conversational interpretation, while Tolomei represents a more perceptually and semiotically grounded conception in which conversational implicature reflects the interplay between sensory apprehension, rhetorical practice, and sign use within shared linguistic traditions rather than primarily the reconstruction of speaker intentions through explicit rational calculation. -- la scuola di Pistoia -- filosofia toscana -- filosofia italiana – Grice italo (Pistoia). Abstract. Grice: “People say I’m a systematic philosopher, but so is T.. I especially adore his taxonomy of ‘signum’ into naturale and ‘arbitrarium’!” -- Keywords: la filosofia della percezione, Warnock, Grice. Filosofo toscano. Nasce in una villa nella località di Gamberaia, presso Firenze, da Iacopo di Giovambattista, discendente del ramo pistoiese della nobile famiglia senese dei Tolomei, e dalla nobildonna fiorentina Maria Pulicciani. Ha come fratelli minori Maria Maddalena, badessa del monastero pistoiese di S. Maria delle Grazie, e Salvatore Francesco, che è commissario a Cortona e a Firenze e perpetua il ramo pistoiese della famiglia -- Salomoni.  Riceve la sua prima formazione a Firenze dai padri gesuiti di S. Giovannino degli Scolopi. Venne condotto a Pisa per essere avviato allo studio del diritto e seguire le orme paterne ma, stando a quanto afferma il suo principale biografo, proprio in questi anni matura la propria vocazione religiosa, che inizialmente non trova l’appoggio dei genitori. Studia poi FILOSOFIA nel Collegio Clementino di Roma, quindi di nuovo diritto, questa volta presso lo studium di Siena, ma nella patria della sua famiglia si accostò anche alla teologia e all’Ordine dei gesuiti, maturando definitivamente il desiderio di farsi chierico, tanto che prende la tonsura e l’ostiariato e ricevette due benefici semplici.  Morto il padre – Prosopographie --, si recò di nuovo a Roma, dove venne accolto come novizio nella Compagnia di Gesù per poi prendere i voti semplici due anni dopo. Nel frattempo affina la propria conoscenza della RETORICA e delle lingue -- in particolare del greco – e frequenta il corso di METAFISICA – cf. Grice on P. F. STRAWSON, Waynflete professor of metaphysical philosophy -- al Collegio romano. Venne inviato a Ragusa come maestro di scuola e vi rimase; qui apprese la lingua locale. implicatura.  Grice: Carissimo Tolomei, mi precipito a dirti che la prossima settimana parte il mio seminario sulla filosofia della percezione con Warnock! Dal Vadum Boum, dove anche l’erba ha un accento, mi domando: hai qualche consiglio botanico-linguistico per “perceptum” e “percipio”? Ho un sospetto che Cicerone ne abbia fatto più pasticci di quanti ne abbia risolti! Tolomei: Ah, Grice, se ti serve un’erborista della lingua, sei venuto dal giusto! “Percipio” da Cicerone a mia zia, tutti lo usano come se fosse un vaso di fiori: lo riempiono, lo svuotano, lo confondono con “capire” e “sentire”. Per non parlare del “perceptum”, che spesso sembra più un fungo allucinogeno che un concetto filosofico! Grice: Dunque, dovrei avvertire i miei studenti che quando Cicerone “percipio”, può significare che ha semplicemente annusato qualcosa? Magari la famosa aura di Roma o il profumo del caffè universitario? Mi sa che la percezione ciceroniana è un po’ come la mia pronuncia latina: soggetta a interpretazioni fantasiose! Tolomei: Esatto! E ricorda: a Bononia, il “perceptum” si declina sempre con un sorriso. Consiglia agli studenti di fare come i botanici: osservare, annusare, ma non sempre credere al primo “percipio” che passa. Se Cicero ti confonde, basta un buon espresso e tutto torna chiaro. La filosofia della percezione è anche questione di gusto… e di aroma! Tolomei, Giovanni Battista (1702). Philosophia mentis et sensuum universa, Roma: Typographia Komarek.

Pietro Francesco Tomai (Ravenna, Romagna): l’implicatura conversazionale e la ragione conversazionale – In Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning, conversational implicature arises because speakers and hearers are modeled as rational agents who assume a cooperative principle and can therefore infer unstated meanings from what is said by reconstructing the speaker’s reasons for speaking as they did, within a shared framework of purposes and norms of rational exchange; meaning is thus anchored in calculable inference, attribution of intentions, and the audience’s capacity to supply reasons that make an utterance intelligible as a rational move in conversation. By contrast, the figure of Pietro Francesco Tomai, as reconstructed in the Ravenna-centered tradition and in the playful Grice–Tomai juxtaposition you cite, anticipates a notion of conversational reason that is less formal and inferentially explicit and more rhetorical, mnemonic, and encyclopedic: conversational sense depends not only on cooperative rational calculation but on the trained memory, cultural accumulation, and symbolic ordering that allow interlocutors to recognize connections, analogies, and implicit norms almost automatically. Where Grice abstracts conversational reason into a quasi-systematic logic of implicature derived from general maxims, Tomai embodies conversational reason as a historically cultivated faculty that binds law, rhetoric, memory, and civil conversation, making meaning emerge through remembered precedents and shared symbolic repertoires rather than through explicit inferential reconstruction alone; the comparison thus highlights Grice as offering a modern, formally articulated account of reason-governed meaning, and Tomai as representing a premodern, humanistic counterpart in which reason operates through memory and tradition to sustain implicature in practice rather than theory. -- la scuola di Ravenna -- filosofia emiliana – filosofia romagunola -- filosofia italiana (Ravenna). Abstract. Keywords: Deutero-Esperanto. System G – Symbolo -- TOMAI -- Tommai, Tomasi, Tommasi --, Pietro Francesco (Pietro da Ravenna). Non si conosce il nome della madre. Per studiare diritto si trasfere a Padova, dove segue le lezioni di Tartagni da Imola e si addottora in utroque iure quando è stampata a Venezia, presso Nicolas Jenson, una sua Oratio pro patria. La prodigiosa memoria dimostrata durante gli studi gli procura una grande fama, al punto che è invitato a dar prova delle proprie abilità mnemoniche in numerose città, fra cui Venezia -- dove incontrò Cassandra Fedele --, Brescia, Piacenza e Ferrara. Insegna inoltre diritto a Pavia, Bologna e Pistoia, dove rimane, ottenendo anche la cittadinanza. Rientra quindi a Padova per ricoprire la cattedra di diritto canonico, con uno stipendio iniziale di 80 ducati, portato a 150 e aumentato di altri 50 ducati in ragione dei suoi numerosi figli -- non se ne conosce il numero esatto -- avuti da due mogli -- è noto solo il nome della seconda, Lucrezia Azzoni. In questi anni si fregia del titolo di eques auratus e pubblicò una silloge di Carmina -- Padova, M. Cerdonis -- e il fortunatissimo manuale di mnemotecnica Phoenix -- Venezia, B. de Choris --, uno dei primi testi a ottenere il privilegio dell’esclusiva di stampa, più volte ripubblicato. È scelto dal duca di Pomerania Boghislao X per insegnare diritto civile e canonico presso Greifswald. Dopo aver fatto visita all’imperatore Massimiliano I a Innsbruck, giunse con la famiglia a Greifswald, dove rimase, ricoprendo anche il ruolo di rettore dell’Università. In Germania soggiorna ad Amburgo e Lubecca -- dove fu stampato il trattato Repetitio C inter alia de emunitate ecclesiae --, caratteristica universale, lingua universale, lingua filosofica, il Deutero-Esperanto di Grice. Grice: Caro Tomai, tra Ravenna e Oxford direi che l’implicatura fa più strada dei ducati. Tomai: Maestro Grice, forse, ma la mia memoria ne conta più di quanti il tuo System G sappia cancellare. Grice: Allora facciamo così: io implico e tu ricordi, e il Deutero-Esperanto nasce da solo. Tomai: Perfetto, purché qualcuno poi ricordi chi dei due ha avuto l’idea per primo. Tomai, Pietro Francesco (1837). Elementi di filosofia morale, Napoli: Tipografia Flautina.

Bernardino Tomitano (Padova, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei precetti della conversazione civile – A comparison between H. P. Grice and Bernardino Tomitano shows a deep structural affinity between Grice’s theory of reason‑governed conversational meaning and the Renaissance humanist tradition of civil conversation articulated through precepts. Tomitano’s precetti della conversazione civile treat conversation as a rational practice regulated by norms that advise speakers to contribute what is fitting, proportionate, and appropriate to the shared aim and stage of the exchange; the precept functions less as an external command than as an internalized orientation toward civility, mutual recognition, and social order. Grice’s Cooperative Principle and maxims perform an analogous role at a more abstract level: they are not prescriptive rules enforced from outside, but rational expectations that conversational agents tacitly rely on to make sense of one another’s utterances, and it is precisely by assuming adherence to such precepts that implicature becomes possible. Where Tomitano frames conversational rationality within the ethical and stylistic ideals of civic humanism, concerned with decorum, timing, and mutual respect, Grice translates this insight into a philosophical account of how meaning is pragmatically inferred rather than merely encoded. In both cases, conversational reason is inseparable from normativity: to speak intelligibly is already to acknowledge others, purposes, and shared orientations, and the success of conversation depends not on rigid obedience, but on a cultivated responsiveness that allows both civility and meaning to emerge. Grice italo -- i precetti della conversazione – praeceptum. – vide praecipio. : to give rules, or precepts, to avise, admonis, warn, inform, instruct, tech, to enjoin, direct, bird, order, etc. Il tuo contributo alla conversazione sia tale quale e richiesto, allo stdio in cui avviene, dallo scopo o orientamnto accettato dello scambio linguistio in cui sei impegnato. Tale principio ha la forma di un precetto o di una regola. Filosofo italiano. Padova, Veneto. Nacque  a Padova, dove trascorre tutta la vita, figlio forse primogenito di Donato.  La sua è un’illustre famiglia originaria di Feltre, che annove tra gl’antenati il beato Bernardino da Feltre, zio per parte paterna dello stesso Donato. In seguito all’assalto di Feltre compiuto dall’esercito dell’imperatore Massimiliano in guerra con Venezia, questo ramo della famiglia si è definitivamente trasferito a Padova, dove Donato ha i natali e vi esercita il commercio con buon successo; rimasto ben presto vedovo della prima moglie Onesta Capodilista, dalla seconda, la cui identità non è nota, ha quattro figli: oltre a Bernardino, Ludovico -- addottoratosi in artibus --, Francesco e Cecilia, andata in sposa a Bartolomeo Sforza. Dopo aver ricevuto in famiglia la prima istruzione, T. è avviato dal padre agli studi di filosofia presso lo studio patavino. Qui ha come maestri ZIMARA , PASSERI , Frigimelica e Carensio (il Tosetto). Come compagno alle lezioni e poi come collega e amico ha Vesalio. Alla sua formazione contribuirono altresì grandi figure di umanisti attivi allora a Padova, quali i veronesi Fracastoro, da lui assiduamente frequentato e, in anni più tardi, lo stimatissimo Monte. Fuori dallo studio, la frequentazione di Bembo e della sua cerchia e l’amicizia con letterati e dotti animatori della cultura cittadina, primo fra tutti Speroni, con il quale rimane sempre in rapporto di grande familiarità, gli permisero di coltivare l’interesse per le lettere. i precetti della conversazione civile. Grice: Caro Tomitano, lasciami confidarti una cosa: se mai avessi provato a tenere un tutorial sui “precetti della conversazione civile” nella mia università di Vadum Boum, non sarebbe venuto nessuno! I miei studenti sono convinti che “barbaro” sia un complimento, e le buone maniere le lasciano agli archeologi... Altro che la cara, antica Alma Mater della nostra tradizione, vero? Tomitano: Ah Grice, non sai quanto ti capisco! Qui a Padova se provi a parlare di precetti, ti guardano come se avessi proposto una dieta senza risotto. Ma per me il “precetto” è un po’ come il semaforo della conversazione: se non ci fosse, tutti andrebbero in senso contrario e ci ritroveremmo a filosofare sulle rovine... e magari senza nemmeno un buon caffè! Grice: Splendida immagine! Quindi il precetto non è solo ordine, ma anche eleganza: come dire, in conversazione ci vuole almeno un po’ di stile, se no si finisce per parlare tutti insieme come in una fiera di paese. O da me, in aula, dove l’unico “precetto” che rispettano è quello dell’ora di pranzo. Tomitano: Sante parole, Grice! Il precetto, in fondo, è quell’invito gentile – non troppo severo, eh! – che permette alla civiltà di non naufragare nella confusione. È come dire: “Parla pure, ma ricordati che non sei solo al mondo!” Così, persino il più barbaro degli studenti può imparare che una buona conversazione vale più di mille esami... e magari si guadagna pure una stretta di mano! Tomitano, Bernardino (1564). Dialoghi, Venezia: Ziletti.

Nicola Caravita dei duchi di Toritto (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale contro il lizio – A comparison between H. P. Grice and Nicola Caravita dei duchi di Toritto highlights two allied but culturally distinct modes of resisting rigid rational sequencing in favor of a more humane, reason‑governed conversational order. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning rejects linear inferential “lizio” understood as strict Aristotelian procession from premises to conclusion, replacing it with a rational but flexible model in which meaning emerges through implicature, responsiveness, and shared assumptions among interlocutors. Caravita, formed in the Neapolitan milieu of anti‑baroque clarity and early modern political philosophy, advances a parallel resistance within legal, political, and literary thought: against scholastic Aristotelianism and Thomist hierarchy, he favors a conception of sovereignty, law, and constitution as analogical and context‑sensitive rather than deductively ordered. Where Grice frames conversational rationality as cooperative intelligence that tolerates wit, deviation, and pragmatic play while remaining accountable to reason, Caravita embodies a Southern Italian skepticism toward doctrinal lizio, preferring a conversational reason that moves obliquely through rhetoric, judgment, and civic sensibility. Both figures thus converge on a shared insight: rationality is not compromised by conversational looseness or humor, but is instead realized more fully when reason governs without marching in lockstep. For Grice this yields implicature as a calculable yet non‑mechanical phenomenon; for Caravita it yields a philosophy of law, politics, and criticism that privileges living discourse over syllogistic rigidity, making reason conversational rather than procedural. Grice italico Lizio. Costituzione come concetto analogo Joachim. Soveranita. Filosofo napoletano. Filosofo campanese. Filosofo italiano. Napoli, Campania. Grice: I like Caravita; Locke  Englands, and Oxfords, greatest philosopher, had his sponsor, and so does Italys  not Bolognas  Vico, and he was Caravita!. Nacque nella parrocchia dei Vergini da Giuseppe e da Margherita Boiano. La famiglia, originaria della Spagna, apparteneva alla nobilt. Seguendo le tradizioni giuridiche della famiglia, T. simmatricol in Napoli, laureandosi in giurisprudenza con dispensa dall'et legale, e attese all'attivit forense. Studia anche letteratura, greco, matematica, filosofia, specialmente CARTESIO  cf. Grice, Descartes on clear and distinct perception. Cornelio ne loda la dottrina in un dialogo inedito, ma, anche per dichiarazione di un altro contemporaneo che gli dedica un sonetto, Giannelli, non aveva raggiunto alcuna magistratura pubblica -- cfr. Giannelli, Poesie, Napoli. Seguace nelle lettere dell'indirizzo anti-barocchista e neo-petrarchista T. scrive l'introduzione alla Lettura sopra la concione di Marfisa a Carlo Magno di Calopreso -- Napoli --, opera tra le maggiori di critica letteraria napoletana e fonte per le dottrine estetiche del VICO . Nello stesso anno, in occasione di un'epidemia di peste,  uno dei due giudici speciali eletti dalla deputazione della Salute, con competenza in materia civile in tutto quello che occorrer concernente all'affare del contaggio. Per incarico ricevuto dalla "piazza" di Porto, espresse con altri tre giuristi, tra i quali Fusco e il cronista Confuorto, un parere su una richiesta di reintegrazione in quel "seggio".  tra i promotori della rappresentazione a Posillipo de La rosa di Giulio Cesare Cortese. impiegatura da salotto, diritto, anti-popism  il laico --, anti-aristotele, contro Aristotele, concetto assolutista di sovereignty contro Aquino, quartiere dei Vergini  Capua.  Grice: Caro Toritto, devo confessare che tra i filosofi di Oxford il “lizio” aristotelico è sempre stato un argomento da salotto, persino più discusso del vino dei Castelli! Dimmi, tu che sei noto per la tua vena napoletana, come mai ti sei messo di traverso contro il “lizio”? Voglio sapere se è questione di principio filosofico… o magari solo di gusto!  Toritto: Ah, Grice! Qui a Napoli il “lizio” non lo digeriamo nemmeno col limoncello. Diciamo che Aristotele amava mettere tutto in fila, come se la ragione fosse una processione, ma a noi piace più il Carnevale! Opporsi al “lizio” è quasi una tradizione: preferiamo la conversazione che balla e cambia passo, non quella che marcia in fila indiana.  Grice: Che meraviglia, Toritto! Quindi da voi non è “lizio”, ma “lizzio”, e magari pure “ulizio”, se la festa si scalda. Allora la ragione conversazionale napoletana si ribella alla disciplina aristotelica? Ditemi la verità: avete mai provato a mettere in fila le idee, o finiscono sempre a fare una tarantella?  Toritto: Grice, qui le idee si mettono in fila solo per un caffè al bar, e anche lì qualcuno scavalca! Se la ragione dev’essere “lizia”, allora preferiamo la ragione “campagnese”: libera, vivace, pronta a cambiare abito come diceva Tocco. Aristotele sarà stato un gran maestro, ma noi siamo maestri nell’arte di non prendere tutto troppo sul serio. A Napoli, la filosofia è sempre pronta a ridere… persino del “lizio”! Toritto, Nicola Caravita dei duchi di (1887). Saggi storici, Napoli: Pierro.

Giovanni Raimondo Torlonia (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale, e l’implicatura conversazionale del natale di Roma – A comparison between H. P. Grice and Giovanni Raimondo Torlonia brings into focus two distinct but convergent ways of understanding reason‑governed conversational meaning through social practice and shared celebration. Grice’s theory treats conversational reason as a rational discipline exercised by speakers who rely on mutual recognition, background knowledge, and implicature to convey more than is explicitly said, often using occasions that are culturally charged to invite shared understanding without heavy assertion. The playful exchange on the Natale di Roma exemplifies this: the significance of Rome is not stated as a thesis, but implicatively sustained through allusion, irony, and companionship, allowing meaning to emerge via common cultural premises rather than formal argument. Torlonia, grounded in Roman civic memory and economic as well as philosophical life, embodies a conversational rationality that is festive, historical, and communal: conversation becomes the medium through which identity, friendship, and continuity are reaffirmed, with reason expressed not as abstraction but as cultivated sociability. Where Grice offers a general account of implicature as calculable by cooperative principles, Torlonia exemplifies a historically situated conversational practice in which shared rituals, such as celebrating Rome’s birthday, do much of the rational work. What unites them is the idea that reason in conversation is not austere but relational, flourishing in friendship, cultural memory, and the tacit understanding that binds speaker and hearer into an amicable sequence of meaning, amicus, philos, alter ego. -- filosofia italiana – Grice italo (Roma). Abstract. Keywords. logically developing series amicus, philos, alter ego. Joachim. Filosofo italiano. Roma. Nacque figlio del francese Marin TOURLONIAS Tourlonias e di Maria Francesca Angela Lanci. Dei numerosi altri figli della coppia si hanno notizie, perché sopravvissero, solo di Giuseppe e delle sorelle Francesca e Teresa.  Il padre, discendente da una modesta famiglia dell’Auvergne (Francia), arriva a Roma a metà al seguito dell’abate e diplomatico Montgon; è poi divenuto cameriere particolare del cardinale Acquaviva. Marin -- il cui nome è stato ITALIANIZZATO italianizzato in Marino T. -- avvia un fiorente commercio di tessuti pregiati. Negli anni successivi, forse grazie a un lascito ricevuto dal cardinale, vi affianca la concessione di prestiti, secondo il percorso di numerosi mercanti-banchieri. T.  riusce a imprimere un deciso salto alla dimensione e all’organizzazione dell’attività creditizia familiare: cede l’esercizio commerciale ed è ammesso al corpo dei banchieri di Roma. Ottenne così il riconoscimento ufficiale della sua attività di banchiere, formalmente avviata con un capitale di 10.000 scudi. Sin dai primi tempi le operazioni hanno un rapido sviluppo, e si intrecciarono a iniziative imprenditoriali, tanto che in soli due anni il capitale della ditta Marino T. si quadruplica. T. mantenne quella ragione sociale per alcuni anni dopo la morte del padre, forse con l’obiettivo di rappresentare la marginale partecipazione del fratello minore Giuseppe, al quale vennero garantite delle co-interessenze sui profitti.  T. costituì, con Giorgi e Lavaggi, una società che ottenne dal governo pontificio l’appalto per lo sfruttamento delle cave di allume sui monti della Tolfa. La produzione era, in quegli anni, ancora altamente remunerativa: l’allume pontificio veniva considerato di ottima qualità ed era destinato prevalentemente all’esportazione verso manifatture tessili e conciarie. il natale di Roma, la filosofia dell’amore di Platone in Fichte e Leopardi.  Grice: Caro Torlonia, sai che persino tra le brume di Vadum Boum – quella strana Oxford dove i buoi passano e la lingua si arrovella – oggi si festeggia il natale di Roma? Incredibile, ma vero: anche lontano dall’ALMA MATER, la grande madre, si brinda alla città eterna... anche se il vino non è proprio dei Castelli! Torlonia: Ma che meraviglia! A questo punto, Grice, Roma dovrebbe inviare una cartolina d’auguri persino agli studenti inglesi. Chissà se, tra una toga e una pinta, si recita pure “Ave Roma!” sul Tamigi. D’altronde, come diceva mia nonna: “Roma caput mundi, pure se il mondo è in vacanza altrove!” Grice: In effetti, caro mio, tra le logiche implicature di Vadum Boum, il compleanno di Roma diventa l’occasione perfetta per filosofare su Platone, Fichte e pure Leopardi... ma soprattutto per scoprire che l’amicizia – come diceva Platone – è un “alter ego”. E se manca il vino, basta una buona battuta! Torlonia: Grice, ti dirò: qui a Roma festeggiamo con una cena da banchieri, mentre voi in Oxford filosofate sulle implicature e magari sul “amicus, philos, alter ego”. Alla fine, che sia tra le cave di allume o tra le “cave” della grammatica, basta divertirsi – e ricordarsi che la ragione conversazionale è sempre più allegra quando si brinda insieme, anche se in lingue diverse! Torlonia, Giovanni Raimondo (1805). Memorie economiche, Roma: Stamperia Pagliarini.

Giacomo della Torre (Forlì): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della stravaganza – A comparison between Grice and Giacomo della Torre brings out a shared commitment to reason as the regulator of meaning, while highlighting different attitudes toward conceptual adventurousness. Grice’s theory of conversational meaning treats rationality as a discipline exercised within interaction: speakers are presumed to be cooperative and reasonable, and implicature arises when they deliberately allow what is meant to stray beyond what is strictly said, but in a way that remains recoverable by shared reasoning. Della Torre, by contrast, belongs to a late‑medieval tradition in which philosophy openly licenses stravaganza, the willingness to go extra‑vagans, beyond the well‑trodden path, in order to test the limits of Aristotelian natural and moral philosophy. For Torre, teaching at Bologna and reflecting on soul and body, philosophical progress often requires sanctioned deviation, a temporary wandering that nonetheless presupposes a return to rational order. Read together, Torre’s stravaganza and Grice’s implicature illuminate two sides of the same phenomenon: reason does not exclude deviation but governs it. In Grice, conversational estrangement from the literal is controlled by calculability and mutual recognition; in Torre, conceptual wandering is controlled by an inherited Aristotelian framework and scholastic discipline. What unites them is the idea that intelligibility depends neither on rigid literalism nor on free wit alone, but on a reasoned balance between rule and departure, a balance that allows meaning to emerge precisely when language dares to go slightly beyond itself."From Grice’s diary: ‘Speranza has always advised me to keep my eye — actually both of them — on Bononia, as he did when he studied me, with both his eyes stuck with Boum Vadum (as Speranza calls Oxford — an expression that never ceases to amuse him: “You mean that you studied on the ford that the oxen trespass?”). So this Torre (Speranza drops all “della” before surnames) is Bononia-associated, and I had to find out when he was first associated with that prestigious varsity which by far predates our dear Boum Vadum — and I did.’" For Giacomo della Torre (Jacopo da Forlì; also Giacomo dalla Torre; Latinized as Iacobus a Turre / Iacobus Foroliviensis), the cleanest dated Bononia association I can substantiate from online reference sources is that, in the university records/biographical syntheses, he is attested “lettore di filosofia a Bologna” in the years 1383–1385 (Treccani, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani entry “DELLA TORRE, Giacomo,” explicitly: “Tra il 1383 e il 1385 risulta come lettore di filosofia a Bologna”). A second, more specific formulation (Arca del Santo, biographical note on DELLA TORRE GIACOMO) narrows his Bolognese teaching to 1392–1393 and specifies the chair as philosophy natural and moral (“Tra 1392 e 1393, a Bologna, ricoprì la cattedra di filosofia naturale e morale”), which suggests either (i) two separate Bolognese periods preserved differently across repertories, (ii) a correction/alternative reconstruction, or (iii) conflation with an overlapping appointment cycle; but in any case it confirms official teaching duties at Bologna with explicit dates. If your project wants a single “first official association” date, the earliest safely citable one is 1383 as lector of philosophy at Bologna (with the span 1383–1385), while you can optionally note the later, chair-specified Bolognese stint 1392–1393 as an additional (and more descriptively precise) Bononia appointment. Sources used: Treccani (DBI) “DELLA TORRE, Giacomo”; Arca del Santo “DELLA TORRE GIACOMO” (Universitas Artistarum biography page). scuola di Forlì – la scuola di Bologna -- filosofia romagnese -- stravaganza, lizio. Filosofo emiliano. Filosofo italiano. Forli, Forli-Cesena, Emilia-Romagna. Grice: “I like Torre; his epitaph reads, ‘nuovo Aristotele,’ which is what it was! – “Ackrill’s just reads, ‘Aristotelian’!” There is a nice ‘via’ in Forlì after him that leads to the varsity! He was a Galen, and philosophised on both the soul and the body!” DELLA TORRE, Giacomo -- Iacobus a Turre, de la Turre, Dalla Torre, de Forlivio, Forliviensis, Foroliviensis, Ferolivias. Nacque da Pietro, "artium doctor", di nobile famiglia, e Tisia, figlia di Pietro degl’Azzoli, nobile forlivese. La famiglia paterna, a Forlì da parecchie generazioni, discende da Andrea, padre di Giovanni, nonno di T. Oltre a lui, il padre ha altri due figli, Guido e Andrea. T. compì gli studi di arti a Padova, dove ha come maestri Colonna  e Avogari  -- così afferma Marchesi, ma Colle lo mette in dubbio. I biografi non concordano sul curriculum d'insegnamento, diviso tra Padova, BOLOGNA e altre città. Risulta come lettore di filosofia a BOLOGNA, ma già negli anni precedenti dove iniziare il suo insegnamento a Padova, dove comunque torna su invito dei Carraresi, che per dar lustro allo studio vi chiamarono molti professori di fama. In effetti viene citato come "lector in studio Paduano" ed è promotore dei dottorati di parecchi allievi, tra cui San Severo , Manfredini  e Tommaso da Recanati , per supplire eventuali assenze dei professori. Risulta come docente di arti a Ferrara, insieme con Marco da Forlì, ma, se non si tratta di un omonimo, si potrebbe trattare di presenze saltuarie, dato che in quegli stessi anni è ricordato sia a Padova sia a BOLOGNA.  Nella città veneta la sua presenza è testimoniata da una lite con il collega Squarcialupi e dai dottorati di parecchi allievi, come Albertini, Nogarelli, Pera e Tomasi. Giacomo della Torre. Torre. stravaganza, lizio.  Grice: Caro Torre, oggi mi sento “implicante”. Ti va un po’ di gioco linguistico? Immagina: se “implicanza” fosse la sorella di “stravaganza”, quale delle due sarebbe la più stravagante a una festa di filosofi? Torre: Ah, Grice, domanda degna di un vero Aristotele in vena di scherzi! “Stravagante”, in effetti, ha un pedigree di tutto rispetto: viene da ‘extra-vagans’, ossia chi va “oltre il pascolo”, fuori dai sentieri battuti. Lo diceva già Cicerone, parlando di chi si avventura fuori dal solco della ragione! Quindi, tra le due, “stravaganza” non solo porta il cappello più bizzarro, ma balla pure fuori dal cerchio! Grice: Allora, se io implico qualcosa, mi sto comportando da filosofo “stravagante” o “implicante”? Oppure, come direbbe Cicerone, rischio solo di perdermi tra i boschi senza trovare la via di Forlì? Torre: Ma figurati, Grice! Qui a Forlì diciamo: “Chi non vaga, non trova le implicanze più gustose!” L’importante è che tu sia stravagante abbastanza da implicare una battuta brillante. E poi, si sa, la vera filosofia nasce quando si va “extra-vagans”... ma sempre con un occhio al ritorno, come insegnava Cicerone, per non finire a filosofare in mezzo alle pecore! Torre, Giaomo della (1614). De origine et progressu philosophiae, Venezia: Guerigli.

Ciro Trabalza (Bevagna, Perugia, Umbria): grammatica razionale ed implicatura conversazionale. A comparison between H. P. Grice and Ciro Trabalza on reason‑governed conversational meaning brings into view two complementary ways of grounding rationality in language. Grice’s theory, articulated in “Logic and Conversation,” treats conversational meaning as governed by rational expectations shared by competent speakers: syntactic form matters, but it matters because speakers assume one another to be reasoning agents who exploit grammar to convey more than is strictly said, through implicature calculable by appeal to purpose, relevance, and mutual recognition. Trabalza, from the very different vantage point of historical and rational grammar, approaches language as a system whose syntactic categories are not arbitrary but reflect deeper ontological and cognitive categories, an assumption rooted in the Italian tradition of grammatica razionale and reinforced by Crocean aesthetics. Where Grice theorizes implicature as a dynamic product of conversational rationality in use, Trabalza treats grammar itself as already imbued with rational form, so that interpretation is guided by historically sedimented structures rather than moment‑to‑moment conversational calculation alone. The convergence lies in their shared resistance to a purely formalist or mathematically “washed” view of language: both reject the idea that syntax is neutral with respect to meaning, and both see linguistic structure as answerable to human reason. The difference is one of emphasis: Grice foregrounds the pragmatic intelligence of speakers negotiating meaning in context, while Trabalza foregrounds the rational dignity of grammatical systems as repositories of intelligibility that make such negotiations possible in the first place. Grice: “Russell always made fun of our stone-age metaphysics. Physics, strictly. Ad there’s nothing funny about it, if we think of SYNTACTIC CATEGORIES as reflecting ONTOLOGICAL CATEGORIES – something that goes beyond Baron Russell’s mathematically-washed brain!” Ciro Trabalza (Bevagna – m. Roma -- è stato un grammatico e critico letterario italiano. Consegue la laurea in lettere all'Università di Roma. Negli anni successivi insegnò in varie scuole secondarie di Empoli, Modena, Perugia e Padova, prima di intraprendere la carriera amministrativa, quale ispettore centrale del Ministero della pubblica istruzione e poi come direttore generale per la scuola media e per gli scambi culturali con l'estero. Nel corso dell'incarico ministeriale, ebbe il particolare merito di dar vita agli Istituti italiani di cultura all'estero, tuttora esistenti ed operativi nella maggior parte delle città capitali del mondo, con la funzione precipua di diffondere la lingua e la cultura italiana all'estero.  Come studioso si occupò di grammatica storica della lingua italiana e di critica letteraria, dal Boccaccio al Rinascimento e a tutto il secolo diciassettesimo. Appare evidente l'ispirazione crociana della critica estetica di T.. Il suo nome peraltro è soprattutto legato alla diffusa e discussa Storia della grammatica italiana, che Alfredo Schiaffini tra gli altri ebbe a definire «poderosa e severa»[3]. Ciro Trabalza svolse altresì un'assidua attività pubblicistica e diresse, tra l'altro, la rivista «Problemi della scuola e della cultura.  Opere Della vita e delle opere di Torti, Bevagna, Studi e profili, Torino, Paravia, Saggio di vocabolario umbro-italiano e viceversa, Bologna, Forni, Studi sul Boccaccio, Città di Castello, S. Lapi, Storia della grammatica italiana, Milano, Hoepli, La critica letteraria, dai primordi dell'Umanesimo a tutto il secolo diciassettesimo, Milano, Vallardi, Dipanatura critiche, Bologna, Cappelli, 1920. la grammatica razionale di Grice, ‘Logic and conversation,’ repinted in Davidson and Harman, Logic and Grammar!  Grice: Caro Trabalza, devo confessarti che raramente ho letto qualcosa di così stimolante e profondo come le tue incursioni filosofiche nei dettagli grammaticali del latino e dell’italiano. Mi hanno affascinato al punto da tentare – non senza difficoltà – di applicare simili sottigliezze alle lingue più “barbare” che si parlano attorno al Vadum Boum, quella strana espressione con cui, quasi per gioco, chiamavamo Oxford tra amici. In fondo, è come dire: dove il fiume scorre e i buoi passano, la lingua si rinnova, ma non sempre si nobilita. Trabalza: Grice, le tue parole sono un balsamo per l’anima di chi, come me, crede nella dignità filosofica della grammatica. La tua attenzione verso le «categorie sintattiche» che, a ben vedere, riflettono le «categorie ontologiche» mi fa sentire compreso. E se anche nelle lingue di Vadum Boum – Oxford – si tentano queste alchimie, vuol dire che la nostra ricerca ha davvero un respiro universale. Grice: Esatto, Trabalza! In fondo, ogni volta che scandagliamo la struttura di una lingua, cerchiamo di dare senso all’esperienza umana. Anche Russell, con il suo cervello matematicamente lavato, non riusciva a cogliere quanto la grammatica possa essere fonte di verità filosofica. Forse, proprio tra le declinazioni latine e le sottigliezze italiane, troviamo quella ragione conversazionale che illumina anche gli idiomi più recalcitranti. Trabalza: Grice, è proprio in questo dialogo tra grammatico e filosofo che si fa strada la vera implicatura. La grammatica razionale non è solo regola, ma anche interpretazione, come insegna la critica crociana. E se la lingua italiana, con le sue mille sfumature, si diffonde nel mondo grazie all’impegno di chi crede nella conversazione civile, allora abbiamo costruito davvero un ponte tra la ragione italiana e quella universale. Trabalza, Ciro (1893). Storia della grammatica italiana, Roma: Loescher.

Cesare Tragella (Trezzano sul Naviglio, Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazional dei caduti – A comparison between Grice and Cesare Tragella on reason‑governed conversational meaning turns on the way rationality is anchored in lived practice rather than abstract system. For Grice, conversational rationality is articulated through the idea that meaning in conversation is governed by reasons that participants expect one another to recognize: implicature arises because speakers are taken to be rational agents, oriented toward shared purposes, and capable of allowing what is meant to exceed what is said without collapsing into sentimentality. In the autobiographical episode surrounding the death of the original best man and Grice’s meeting his future wife, rational talk about loss is inseparable from tacit understanding, restraint, and shared recognition of what cannot be fully voiced; the fallen are present through implicature rather than proclamation. Tragella’s work on the caduti, by contrast, situates conversational reason within historical and devotional practice: memorialization, architecture, letters, and liturgical language are reason‑guided forms of address in which silence, gesture, and place do as much rational work as explicit assertion. Where Grice theorizes implicature as a mechanism of cooperative intelligibility, Tragella embodies it as an ethical duty of remembrance, in which the absence of the fallen continually calls for rational response without rhetorical excess. The convergence lies in their shared refusal of empty rhetoric: for both, reason governs conversation precisely when it allows memory, loss, and moral seriousness to be conveyed indirectly, through forms that respect both understanding and dignity. Grice italo per i caduti. Grice, “How I met my wife.” As it happens, Grice was a student at Merton. A younger recipient of the same Senior scholarship, J. S. Watson, called him on short noice to fulfil the task of best man – seeing that the original best man had been killed in action shortly before. It was a Watson’s wedding that Grice met his future wife. While Grice himself was engaged  in action in the North Atlantic, he was transferred to the Admiralty for the remaining of the duration of the war.  Studia a Gorla Minore, Milano, e Torino. Si occupa di serbare la memoria della battaglia di Magenta con la costruzione di una cappella espiatoria all'interno della chiesa per accogliere le spoglie dei caduti. Ricovero vecchi poveri Sito Lombardia Beni Culturali.  Viviani, cfr. Tunesi, Morani Le stagioni, op. cit.. T., Lettera a Murri in: Murri, L. Bedeschi, Carteggio. II. Lettere a Murri. Roma, Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, Le stagioni di un prete, Le stagioni di un prete, «Rivista di storia e letteratura religiosa», Viviani, Dalle ricerche la prima storia vera, Magenta, Zeisciu. per i caduti. Grice: Caro Tragella, sai, raramente mi sento così a mio agio come con te nel parlare dei caduti. Forse solo tu puoi capire quello che si prova, perché per me non è solo filosofia, ma storia viva: ho visto amici cadere in mare, uno di loro era destinato a essere il testimone a un matrimonio, ma il destino… beh, ha scelto per tutti noi. E proprio lì, tra il dolore e la memoria, ho incontrato anche la donna che sarebbe diventata mia moglie. Tragella: Grice, la tua confidenza mi onora e commuove. Anche per me, la memoria dei caduti non è un esercizio di retorica, ma un dovere del cuore e della ragione. Ho consacrato la mia vita a conservare il loro ricordo, perché siano sempre celebrati non solo come eroi, ma come uomini la cui assenza ci interroga ogni giorno. Grice: Allora brindiamo, caro amico, al coraggio di chi ci ha preceduto e a quella strana fraternità che ci lega, al di là delle parole e della filosofia. Ogni gesto di memoria è un gesto di vita, e oggi sento che non siamo soli nel nostro ricordo. Tragella: Esattamente, Grice. Che il nostro brindisi sia un inno silenzioso ai caduti e un segno di speranza per chi resta. La storia li ricorda, la filosofia li onora, ma il cuore—solo il cuore—li rende eterni. Tragella, Cesare (1905). La critica letteraria in Italia, Firenze: Sansoni.

Giuseppe La Napola da Trapani (Trapani) Jr.: la ragione conversazionale, Giuseppe La Napola (Napoli) da Trapani junior è stato un francescano, filosofo e teologo italiano.  Nato a Trapani, Giuseppe La Napola da Trapani jr. era un frate minore conventuale, da distinguersi da Giuseppe La Napola da Trapani senior, sempre frate minore conventuale ma suo zio. Appartenente alla Provincia di Sicilia, venne inviato a Roma, presso il Collegio San Bonaventura, da cui uscì addottorato nel 1608. In seguito ha esercitato la docenza presso lo Studium di Bologna, poi reggente degli studi a Padova, carica che esercitò per poco tempo.  Infatti, a Enna, la fraternità provinciale della Sicilia lo elesse suo Ministro, carica che il Ministro generale dei frati minori conventuali, Giacomo Montanari da Bagnocavallo, non rese effettiva se prima non avesse portato a termine il suo incarico di insegnamento. fu reggente degli studi a Palermo ed è da presupporre che egli sia stato reggente degli studi a Napoli. è tornato a Trapani, dove è rimasto fino alla fine dei suoi giorni. La tradizione lo ricorda come il maestro di Bartolomeo Mastri da Meldola.  Nel suo insegnamento, Giuseppe La Napola jr. non esponeva solamente la dottrina di una corrente teologica, ma offriva una formazione metodologica innovativa per il tempo, privilegiando la via Scoti, i principi della dottrina scotista Marco Forlivesi, "Scotistarum princeps". Bartolomeo Mastri e il suo tempo, Centro Studi Antoniani, Padova Marco Forlivesi, Scotistarum princeps. Bartolomeo Mastri e il suo tempo, Centro Studi Antoniani, Padova Marco Forlivesi, «Gli scotisti secenteschi di fronte al dibattito tra bañeziani e molinisti: un'introduzione e una nota», in: Conoscenza e contingenza nella tradizione aristotelica medievale, a cura di St. Perfetti, E.T.S., Pisa Ordine dei Frati Minori Conventuali Giovanni Duns Scoto Bartolomeo Mastri Francescanesimo   Portale Biografie   Portale Filosofia Categorie: Francescani italiani Filosofi italiani Teologi italiani Nati a Trapani Morti a Trapani.  Grice: Caro Trapani, devo confessarti che ogni volta che sento parlare di “la ragione conversazionale francescana”, mi immagino subito una tavolata di frati che discutono se sia più filosofico il pane raffermo o la zuppa calda. Dimmi: come si filosofeggia tra le mura conventuali, con un po’ di ironia?  Trapani: Ah, Grice, ti dirò che la vera difficoltà non sta nel pane o nella zuppa, ma nel convincere i frati che la logica scotista non si applica alle porzioni del pranzo! E se qualcuno osa citare Aristotele, gli facciamo portare il piatto vuoto: così impara il valore della contingenza!  Grice: Splendido! Allora, dovrei scrivere un trattato sul “principio di sufficienza della minestra”? Forse così potrei finalmente convincere Russell che la filosofia non si fa solo con numeri e formule, ma anche con cucchiai e sorrisi tra amici!  Trapani: Grice, se vuoi davvero filosofare alla siciliana, ricorda il proverbio: “Meglio una minestra condivisa che cento sillogismi da soli!” E poi, se il dibattito si fa troppo acceso, basta offrire un cannolo: quello mette tutti d’accordo, persino gli scotisti più testardi!

Giuseppe La Napola da Trapani Sr. (Trapani): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionle –Grice italo implicatura. Filosofo italiano.  Grice: Caro Trapaninapola, devo confessarti che ogni volta che sento parlare di implicatura conversazionale, immagino subito una riunione segreta tra filosofi dove si discute se il caffè debba essere lungo o ristretto. Dimmi, è così che funziona la filosofia italiana a Roma, o sono io che complico tutto come sempre? Trapaninapola: Ah, Grice, se la ragione conversazionale potesse davvero decidere il destino del caffè romano, avremmo risolto più problemi che in mille trattati! Ma ti dirò, l’implicatura qui si manifesta quando il barista ti chiede “zucchero?” e tu rispondi “come viene viene”—un vero esercizio di filosofia applicata! Grice: Splendido! Allora, per capire la tua implicatura, dovrei forse interpretare ogni gesto del barista come una metafora esistenziale? Mi sa che dovrò scrivere un nuovo capitolo sul “significato nascosto del cucchiaino abbandonato”, o rischiare di essere frainteso come un turista a Trastevere! Trapaninapola: Grice, non c’è dubbio che il cucchiaino abbandonato sia la vera chiave della filosofia italiana! D’altronde, come diceva mio zio – che era famoso più per il cannolo che per i sillogismi – “se non capisci la conversazione, almeno goditi il dolce!” Ecco la vera implicatura: filosofare, sì, ma sempre con il sorriso… e qualcosa di buono da mangiare! Trapani, Giuseppe La Napola da (1842). Scritti morali, Napoli: Stamperia Reale.

Pietro Antonio Domenico Trapassi (Roma): la ragione conversazionale romana, la ragione conversazionale italiana. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning makes implicature a rationally reconstructible upshot of cooperative talk: hearers infer what a speaker means beyond what is said by assuming the speaker is pursuing recognizable conversational ends, and they justify the inference by appeal to broadly shared norms of reasonable contribution (relevance, sufficiency, etc.). With Trapassi (Pietro Metastasio), the “reason” at issue is less the inferential logic of everyday exchange and more a dramatized public reason: his opera seria libretti stage characters whose utterances are constrained by decorum, courtly hierarchy, and the ethical politics of passion-control, so that indirectness functions as a rhetorical technology for governing emotions and securing legitimacy (what must be meant often cannot be said outright, given role, rank, and the demands of virtu and duty). In Grice, implicature is a general mechanism for extracting intended meaning from conversational moves; in Metastasio/Trapassi, implicit meaning is typically the scenic and moral surplus generated when the literal line is shaped for performance—an economy of allusion, restraint, and audience uptake in which what is “understood” depends on shared cultural scripts about honor, clemency, sovereignty, and self-mastery. The comparison, then, is between Grice’s universalist account of reason as the interpreter’s method for computing speaker-meaning, and Trapassi’s theatrical-civic account of reason as the staged regulation of what can be said (and so of what must be implied) in a Roman/Italian idiom where language is already a public instrument of moral and political order. Grice: “There are several historical one-volume editions of Pietro Metastasio’s complete works in Italian. The most notable historical one-volume editions include: Edition Published in Florence by Tipografia Borghi e Compagni, this volume (Tutte le opere di Pietro Metastasio volume unico) contains approximately 1,097 pages. Edition Published by Le Monnier in Florence, this edition also collects his entire output into a single volume. Edition Published in Naples by C. Boutteaux e M. Aubry, this edition contains 1,119 pages with text presented in two columns.  Key Modern Edition While these historical single volumes exist, the standard scholarly reference for his complete works is actually a five-volume set edited by Bruno Brunelli, titled Tutte le opere di Pietro Metastasio, published by Mondadori. This set is widely considered the definitive modern compilation due to its critical apparatus.  Would you like to search for a current digital versionor a reprint of the 19th-century single-volume editions?Pietro Metastasio's real name was  Pietro Antonio Domenico Trapassi, and he was born in   Rome . His oeuvre is important to the history of philosophy because his dramatic works were an artistic reflection of Enlightenment-era political and moral philosophy, particularly concerning absolutist monarchy and the control of human passions through reason.    Real Name and Place of Birth Real Name: Pietro Antonio Domenico Trapassi. The name "Metastasio" was a Greek translation ("crossing") of his original surname suggested by his patron, the influential lawyer and man of letters Gianvincenzo Gravina. Place of Birth: Rome, Papal States (now Italy).  Importance in the History of Philosophy Metastasio's significance in the history of philosophy lies not in his being a philosopher himself, but in how his widely popular opera seria libretti dramatized the prevailing philosophical and political ideas of the European Ancien Régime and the early Enlightenment. Grice: Buongiorno, Trapassi! Sai, a Oxford ti conoscono come Metastasio, solo così—il vulgo si è affezionato al soprannome che ti sei dato da solo! Trapassi: Caro Grice, che curiosa sorte! Quel nome greco mi fu suggerito da Gravina, ma ormai è diventato la mia seconda pelle, tanto che quasi dimentico il mio vero Trapassi romano. Grice: Eh sì, ma forse è proprio questa metamorfosi che rende immortali gli uomini di lettere. In fondo, il nome scelto riflette la ragione conversazionale: passare, attraversare idee e mondi. Trapassi: Hai ragione, amico mio. E se il pubblico si affeziona al soprannome, è perché nei versi e nelle conversazioni trova un ponte tra la ragione italiana e quella universale. D’altronde, come dice il proverbio, “nome nuovo, vita nuova” Trapassi, Pietro Antonio Domenico (1729). Rime, Venezia: Zatta.

Agostino Trapè (Montegiorgio, Fermo, Marche): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’umanità di Varrone -- Grice’s theory of reason-governed meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means (including implicatures) by assuming cooperative rational agency and then reconstructing the reasons that make an utterance an appropriate move in context; the “governance” is primarily inferential and normative (what it would be reasonable to take the speaker to intend, given shared purposes and conversational constraints). Trapè, as a major Augustinian scholar and institutional founder (he promoted the Pontificio Istituto Patristico Augustinianum, founded and directed the Nuova Biblioteca Agostiniana, and the Corpus Scriptorum Augustinianorum), approaches meaning less through a maxims-and-calculation model and more through a humanitas frame in which language is a moral-intellectual practice formed by the tradition of Latinity and the education of the human person; his explicit interest in Varro and Augustine as “praecipui humanitatis cultores” signals that what matters is how discourse cultivates the human (homo) through learned conversation, textual inheritance, and spiritual-intellectual formation. In that light, Grice’s implicature looks like a micro-theory of rational coordination between interlocutors, whereas Trapè’s “conversational reason” (as your passage stages it via Varro’s humanitas) looks like the larger civilizing and ethical horizon in which conversation becomes a vehicle of formation: not only what is inferred beyond what is said, but how the very practice of speaking, joking, correcting, and learning together is ordered toward making persons more fully human. Grice supplies a general mechanism for deriving implied content from utterances; Trapè supplies a thicker account of why such mechanisms matter, because conversation—grounded in Latinity, tradition, and the Augustinian concern for the human person—functions as a school of humanitas in which reason is exercised as a lived virtue rather than merely deployed as an interpretive algorithm.-- Grice italo humanitas, homo, Varrone. Uno dei massimi studiosi della filosofia semiotica d’Agostino. Si laurea a Roma con una “Il concorso divino in Colonna” (Tolentino). Insegna a Roma. Promosse la fondazione dell'Istituto patristico augustinianum.  Fonda la "Biblioteca agostiniana" che si occupa della volgarizzazione di Agostino (Città Nuova) e il "Corpus scriptorum augustianorum", che pubblica le opere dei filosofi scolastici agostiniani.  Altri saggi: “Introduzione ad Agostino e le grandi correnti della filosofia contemporanea”, Atti del congresso Italiano di filosofia agostiniana, Roma, Tolentino; Varro et Augustinus praecipui humanitatis cultores, Latinitas Augustinus et Varro, Atti del Congresso di studi varroniani, Rieti) – VARRONE --; “Escatologia e anti-platonismo” Augustinianum, “Agostino, filosofo e teologo dell'uomo”; Bollettino dell’Istituto di filosofia (Macerata); Agostino: L'ineffabilità di Dio, in  «La ricerca di Dio nelle religioni (EMI, Bologna); “La Aeterni Patris e la filosofia”, Atti del Congresso Tomistico, Roma; Agostino, l'uomo, il pastore, il mistico” (Roma, Città Nuova); Patrologia, Casale Monferrato, Dizionario patristico e di antichità cristiana, Casale Monferrato, Introduzione e commento alla lettera apostolica «Hipponensem episcopum», Roma, Introduzione ad Agostino, Roma,  L'amico, il maestro, il pioniere, Cremona, apostolo della cultura. la semiotica d’Agostino, Varrone, humanitas.  Grice: Ah, Trapè, che piacere! Finalmente posso celebrare la “umanità” di Varrone senza dovermi arrovellare con i miei studenti barbari di Vadum Boum, che pensano che “humanitas” sia una specie di pasta integrale. Qui almeno posso festeggiare un po’ di vero spirito latino! Dimmelo, cos’è per te questa “umanità”? Non dirmi che anche tu la confondi con la mensa universitaria! Trapè: Grice, ti rassicuro: nessuna mensa universitaria, ma piuttosto un banchetto per l’anima! “Humanitas”, secondo Varrone, è quell’arte raffinata di essere uomini senza diventare statue di marmo, e senza, per carità, ridursi a semplici “homo sapiens” col grembiule. È la capacità di sorridere, discutere e magari, ogni tanto, sbagliare in bella compagnia. Varrone avrebbe davvero apprezzato il tuo spirito oxoniense, purché non troppo barbuto! Grice: Barbuto sì, ma almeno non peloso come certi miei colleghi! E allora, Trapè, se “humanitas” è allegria, conversazione, e qualche errore ben piazzato, forse dovremmo istituire una cattedra su come equivocare con stile. D’altronde, l’implicatura conversazionale non sta proprio nel trovare il senso dove gli altri cercano la regola? Varrone sarebbe il primo a ridere sotto i baffi! Trapè: Ecco, Grice, hai colto nel segno! La vera “umanità” non sta nel non sbagliare, ma nel saperci ridere sopra e imparare qualcosa, magari davanti a un piatto di lasagne — rigorosamente marchigiane, si capisce! E se i tuoi barbari studenti si lamentano, ricordagli che secondo Varrone, essere umani è saper conversare, anche quando si parla con la bocca piena. La filosofia, insomma, è più saporita se gustata in buona compagnia! Trapè, Agostino (1951). Sant'Agostino uomo, Roma: Città Nuova.

Trasillo (Roma): la ragione conversazionale del principe filosofo -- Roma – filosofia italiana – Grice italo  (Roma). Abstract. Keywords. philosophus rex, Antonino. Filosofo italiano. the philosophy teacher or tutor of emperor TIBERIO. A Pythagorean and member of the Accademia. Tiberio, principe filosofo.  GRICEVS: O TRASILĪ, audīvī tē Tiberiō principī magistrum fuisse, Pythagoricum quidem atque Academiae socium. Dic mihi: num “philosophus rēx” apud Rōmānōs rēs vera est, an tantum titulus splendidus? TRASILĪVS: GRICEVE, titulus splendēre potest, sed rēs difficilis est. Princeps saepe vult sapientiam, sed etiam vult imperium; ego autem eum docēbam ut prius animum regere disceret quam populum. GRICEVS: Bene; sed apud Oxoniēnsēs, “princeps philosophus” saepe implicat “princeps loquācissimus.” Si Tiberius tacet, num id ipsum aliquid significat—velut maxima “Quantitātis” servāta? TRASILĪVS: Ita hercle! Apud Tiberium silentium interdum est responsum—et interdum periculum. Philosophia eum monuit: noli nimis dīcere, sed etiam noli nūllum dīcere. Nam si princeps semper tacet, subditī omnia intellegunt—praesertim quod numquam dictum est.

Gaio Trebazio Testa: la ragione conversazionale della repubblica romana e l’implicatura conversazionale del luogo – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning makes implicature an inferential achievement: a hearer, presuming cooperative rational agency, explains why a speaker said what she did by recovering an intended extra content that would make the move reasonable under shared conversational norms (so the “governance” is by publicly reconstructible reasons, not by private association). Trebazio (Gaius Trebatius Testa), by contrast, is best read—on the evidence of his historical persona—as a jurist and pragmatic counselor operating in the normative ecology of the late Republic and early Principate, where “reason” is institutionalized as ius: his expertise concerns how texts, formulae, and acts acquire force within legal and political practice (Cicero dedicates the Topica to him; he is connected with Caesar and Augustus; later tradition credits him with helping legitimate codicils), and Horace even stages him as the voice of prudent advice about what one may safely “say” in Rome. Set against Grice, Trebazio thus exemplifies a different axis of reason-governance: not the maxims that make conversational inference calculable, but the juridical and rhetorical constraints that make utterances actionable, defensible, or dangerous in a public forum; where Grice models how a rational interpreter derives implicata from an utterance’s apparent conformity (or strategic nonconformity) to cooperative principles, Trebazio models how a Roman professional reasons from place, forum, authority, and precedent to what can be responsibly asserted, insinuated, or left unsaid—so that what Grice treats as conversational implicature, Trebazio would naturally treat as prudent insinuatio under law and politics, i.e., meaning that is governed by reasons because it is governed by norms, offices, and the risks attached to speech in the res publica. Roma antica -- la filosofia romana –  filosofia campanese -- filosofia italiana – Grice italo – By , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, ,  (Velia). Abstract. Grice: “T. is the Italian name for the Ancient Roman jurist and politician Gaius Trebatius. He is a well-known figure in Italian legal and literary history for several reasons: Legal Legacy: He is one of the most prominent jurists of the late Roman Republic and early Principate. He is credited with introducing "codicils,” informal additions to a will, into Roman law at the request of Emperor OTTAVIANO  Augustus. Literary Connections: He is a close friend of CICERONE , who dedicated several works to him and writes numerous letters addressed to him. Political Influence: T. serves as a legal advisor to both GIULIO  Caesar and OTTAVIANO . Cultural Presence: In Italy, he is frequently referred to as Gaio T. Testa in academic contexts, legal encyclopedias, and historical literature.  Would you like to know more about his legal reformsor his famous correspondence with Cicero?” Keywords. Filosofo italiano. Novi Velia, Salerno, Campania. È molto dubbio che si debbano prendere alla lettera certe espressioni di CICERONE che accennano l’inclinazione di T. por la filosofia dell’Orto. Provenne da famiglia agiata e pare che si reca a Roma per darsi agli studi giuridici. Per raccomandazione di CICERONE, GIULIO CESARE lo conduce nelle Gallie e si serve di lui per pareri giuridici. Ritornato a Roma all’inizio della guerra civile, T. age da mediatore tra GIULIO CESARE  e CICERONE. Nel conflitto fra CESARE e POMPEO, T. si schiera col primo al quale rimase sempre fedele. Dopo la morte di GIULIO CESARE, T. si reca spesso alla villa Tuscolana di CICERONE, ove gli caddero in mano i "Topica" di Aristotele. Per contentare il suo desiderio di avere chiarimenti di quella trattazione, CICERONE scrive il saggio omonimo che dedica ed invia a T. In seguito T.  I topica di Cicerone, ius, IVSTVM, legge, Ottaviano, Labeone, satira, Orazio, religione, ius civile, pragmatica del diritto.  GRICEVS: Salve, Trebati! Audivi te codicillos in ius Romanum introduxisse—quid te ad hoc movit? TREBATIVS: Salvum te, Grice! Imperator Ottavianus rogavit, ut testamenta clariora fierent; ego enim semper pragmatica adhibere studui. GRICEVS: Cicero nonnumquam te “philosophum horti” appellavit. Estne ordo Epicureus tibi cordi? TREBATIVS: Grice, verum dicam: non tam doctrina Epicurea quam ipso sermonis pretio atque iustitiae concretae studio delectatus sum. Si in horto tranquillitas colitur, in foro sensus communis et legum claritas serenda est. Semper credidi philosophiam, etiam hortensem, rei publicae civibusque prodesse debere, neque inter pergulas inclusam manere. Itaque, inter risum cum Horatio et contentionem cum Cicerone, didici verum sapientem esse eum qui rationem loco temporique in quo vivit accommodare novit. Trebazio, Gaio T. Testa (a.u.c. DCCXXIV). De codicillis et de ratione iuris: responsa ad consultationem principis (Latine). Roma: Forense.

Gaio Trebiano  la ragione conversazionale dell’orto romano e l’implicatura conversazionale del Grice italo – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as something a rational hearer can (at least in principle) calculate from what is said plus shared assumptions about cooperative talk: when a speaker seems to under-inform, digress, or speak oddly, the hearer searches for an intended point that would make the utterance a reasonable move under recognizable conversational norms. “Trebiano,” as your passage frames him, is positioned not as a theorist of maxims but as a Roman case-study in how conversational reason operates in epistolary patronage and consolation: Cicero’s letters to Trebianus (a distinct figure often confused with the better-known Trebonius) show meaning being managed through what is left unsaid—reassurance, advocacy, and face-saving hope for pardon/restoration are conveyed obliquely, because the political context (exile, Caesar’s dominance, dependence on intermediaries) makes direct speech risky. In that setting, the “implicature” is less a classroom derivation and more a lived tactic of survival: Cicero’s careful offers of help and updates function as socially binding signals without always stating the whole practical upshot, while Trebianus’s own “hortus” posture (Epicurean quietism, measured hedonism, placitum) casts conversation as a low-noise discipline that sustains agency under constraint. So where Grice universalizes the rational mechanism—implicature as a general product of cooperative reasoning—Trebiano supplies a historically Roman instantiation in which conversational reason is inseparable from prudence, patron-client expectation, and the therapeutic style of letters: meaning is governed by reason, but reason here is political and ethical as much as inferential, and the “garden” becomes a model for how to communicate more than one dares to say. Roma – filosofia italiana – By , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, ,   (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “In Cicero's correspondence,  T. refers to a man named  T., who belongs to the Trebia gens. While he is a distinct individual, he is often confused with the more famous TREBONIO , of the Trebonia gens, another close friend and correspondent of Cicero. T. himself is an equestrian whom CiICERONE  supports during The Civil War, and letters addressed to him are preserved in the Epistulae ad Familiares.  Key Facts About T.: Gens: He belongs to the Trebia gens, a family that likely originated from Treba or a similar municipality, rather than the more politically prominent Trebonia line. Relationship with Cicero: Cicero appears to have been a patron or advocate for him. During the period of GIULIO  Cesare’s dictatorship, Cicero wrote to T. while the latter is in exile, offering him consolation and updates on his efforts to secure a pardon for him. Distinction from Trebonius: Unlike TREBONIO , who was a consul, a legate of Caesar, and later one of his assassins, T. is a less prominent political figure primarily known through these specific personal letters.  Would you like to know more about the specific contents of the letters Cicero sent to T., or are you looking for information on other equestrian friends of Cicero? Keywords: edonismo, placitum. Orto. Lucrezio. Il secolo d’oro – Ottaviano. Filosofo italiano. Friend of CICERONE. He takes an interest in philosophy and may have been a ‘Gardener.’  Roma antica, l’orto. GRICEVS: O TREBIANE, in Ciceronis epistulis te lego—equitem quidem, non Trebonium illum clariorem; sed saepe vos confundunt. Dic mihi, quaeso: quomodo toleras tam iniustam homonymiae calamitatem? TREBIANVS: Facile, GRICE: Trebonius consul est; ego Trebianus sum—eques et (ut aiunt) minus “famosus,” sed Ciceroni carus. Si confundor, saltem cum amico confundor. GRICEVS: Bene dictum. At mihi tua “minor” fama aliquid inplicat: Ciceronem in bello civili etiam de minimis curasse, patronum se praebuisse, et exsulem non solum consilio sed sermone sustentasse—quasi hortus ipse consolationem doceret. TREBIANVS: Ita est; in horto didicimus et voluptatis modum et doloris contemptum. Edonismo sine strepitu, placitum sine superbia: et si Caesar dominatur, nos tamen colloquimur. Nam, ut tu doces, ratio saepe in ipsa conversatione latet—et Cicero, epistulis suis, hortum in urbem portavit. Trebiano, Gaio (a.u.c. DCCVII). De iure: scripta et epistulae in exsilio. Torino: Bocca.

Giovanni Andrea Tria (Laterza, Taranto, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale da Roma a Roma via Roma -- Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a disciplined, reconstructible inference from what is said to what is meant, grounded in an interpreter’s assumption that speakers are rational cooperators (so departures from literal content are justified by recognizable principles about relevance, informativeness, and the like). In the Tria material you cite, “ragione conversazionale” is reimagined less as a universal inferential calculus and more as a historically and institutionally saturated civic-theological practice: conversation is figured through “Roma” as plural (Roma prima, seconda, terza), so what counts as conversational reason is inseparable from layered authority, succession, and public memory (the Rome of empire, the Rome of the Church, and the Rome of spiritual governance), and implicature becomes a mode of navigating those stratified “Romes” rather than merely deriving speaker-meaning from cooperative norms. Where Grice makes rationality the condition of possibility for extracting extra meaning from utterances in any ordinary exchange, Tria (as priest, canonist, bishop, historian, and later titular archbishop) exemplifies a setting in which meaning is routinely tethered to jurisdiction, precedent, and the rhetorical management of plural audiences, so the “unspoken” is often what must be left tacit to preserve ecclesiastical or civic order across Rome’s multiple registers. The result is a contrast between Grice’s thin, formal, trans-contextual rational governance of implicature and a Tria-style thick, Rome-mediated governance in which conversational reason is historically indexed and implicitly negotiated among competing layers of normative authority. -- ; o, l’implicatura conversazionale della terza Roma –la terza Roma, la prima Roma. Come egli stesso dichiara -- Memorie storiche --, era nato a Laterza, in Terra d’Otranto, da Francesco e da Margherita Geminale (dalla documentazione della Dataria risulta però battezzato il 21 luglio 1675, Archivio segreto Vaticano, Dataria Apostolica, Processus Datariae, 1720, c. 9); fu ottavo di undici figli. Studia a Napoli filosofia, teologia, diritto civile e canonico. Fu ordinato sacerdote, poi, licenziato in teologia, a Roma si addottora in utroque iure (Archivio di Stato di Roma, Università di Roma).  Servì come uditore l’abate Giacomo Navarrete di Cava de’ Tirreni. Si trasferì nelle Marche come vicario generale del vescovo di Gherardi. Firrao, allora visitatore apostolico di Marche e Umbria, ma fatto nunzio straordinario in Portogallo da Clemente XI, lo volle suo uditore a Lisbona e poi anche in Svizzera, dove risolse delicate questioni pendenti tra il vescovo di Costanza e i canonici regolari di Kreuzlingen, in seno agli ospitalieri del Gran San Bernardo, e tra vescovo, capitolo e magistrato di Losanna.  Per motivi di salute rientrò in Italia Clemente XI lo nominò vescovo di Cariati e Cerenzia; fu consacrato dal cardinale Zondadari, assistito da Marazzani, vescovo di Parma, e dal gesuita Lafitau, vescovo di Sisteron in Francia. Entrato in diocesi, provvide alla visita pastorale, fece sistemare nel duomo un sepolcro per i vescovi suoi predecessori, istituì la penitenzieria nella cattedrale di Cerenzia e la prebenda teologale anche in quella di Cariati. Si appellò al cardinale segretario di Stato Giorgio Spinola contro le prepotenze di qualche signore locale, come Nicola Cortese, duca di Verzino e Savelli. Celebrò un sinodo diocesano e ne pubblicò gli atti (Prima dioecesana synodus Cariatensis, et Gerontinensis  habuit in S. Ecclesia Cariatensi anno Christo. la terza Roma.  Grice: Caro Tria, ti confesso che quando parlo di dialettica ateniese e di quella dei Vadum Boum, non intendo solo la mia Alma Mater a Bononia, né la Sorbona… ma penso sempre all’eterno dialogo della città, quella che tutti chiamano Roma! Tria: Ah, Grice, mi spiace interrompere la tua poesia, ma qui in Puglia non diciamo “Roma”, diciamo “le Rome”! Hai dimenticato che sono tre: Roma Prima, Roma Seconda e Roma Terza. L’una antica, l’altra imperiale, la terza spirituale… è una trilogia più ricca del tuo Vadum Boum! Grice: Applausi, Tria! Ora capisco che la dialettica romana è davvero plurale… altro che “eterno dialogo”, direi “eterni dialoghi”! Alla faccia dei bolognesi e dei parigini, qui si ragiona in triplice copia! Tria: Esatto, Grice! E se vuoi divertirti davvero, la prossima volta porta anche una focaccia: così, tra una Roma e l’altra, non ci resta che brindare alla conversazione… tripla, come le Rome! Tria, Giovanni Andrea (1744). Memorie storiche civili ed ecclesiastiche della città e diocesi di Larino, Roma: Stamperia Lazzarini.

Lorenzo Gioacchino Trincheri (Pieve di Teco, Imperia, Liguria): la ragione conversazionale secondo Andrea Speranza -- Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats what is meant beyond what is said as an inferential achievement anchored in publicly recognizable rational norms: a speaker is taken to be pursuing intelligible conversational ends, so a hearer can (in principle) reconstruct an implicature by assuming cooperation, relevance, appropriate informativeness, and so on, and then calculating what additional proposition would make the utterance a reasonable move in that setting. Trincheri, insofar as we can responsibly connect him to this problem from the thin bibliographic cue “Studi di pedagogia” (Paravia, 1860) and the general mid-nineteenth-century The A.U.C. dating here is intentionally stylized and “project-internal” (i.e., an anachronistic bibliographic fiction) meant to locate the putative utterance in a late-Republican / Caesarian-Ciceronian horizon (the kind of temporal window suggested by Cicero’s correspondence and the exile/pardon motif), rather than to assert a verifiable ancient imprint at Turin/Bocca or an attested Latin title-page for a historical “Scritti di diritto” by a Gaius Trebianus. If you want, I can also give you (a) a strict conversion of a.u.c. DCCVII into a BCE year, or (b) alternative A.U.C. year options keyed to specific episodes in the Civil War / Caesarian dictatorship that better fit your narrative frame.

 pedagogical agenda, would approach “reason in conversation” less as a formal calculus over maxims and more as a formative, educational practice: conversation as a disciplined social instrument for cultivating judgment, attention, and moral-intellectual habits in learners, where what is indirectly conveyed (the teacher’s hinted correction, the tacit norm, the lesson conveyed by example) is central but is not typically theorized as a distinct, maxims-based layer of meaning with Grice’s explicit reconstructive machinery. In that contrast, Grice makes conversational rationality a constitutive norm of meaning-explanation (implicature is what a rational interpreter must attribute to preserve the utterance as a cooperative act), whereas a Trincheri-style pedagogical lens would treat conversational rationality as a developmental virtue and method (guiding pupils to infer, to read between the lines, to internalize standards), so that “implicit meaning” looks more like educative suggestion, correction, and habituation than like a formally accountable, principle-governed derivation from what is said to what is meant. -- , e l’implicatura conversazionale –Andrea Speranza. The phrase ‘Grice italo’ is meant as provocative. An Old-World philosopher such as Turoldo would never have imagined to be compared to a tutor at a varsity in one of the British Isles, but there you are! It is meant as a geo-political reminder, too. Many Italian philosophers have been educated in a tradition that would make little sense of Turoldo as a ‘Grice italo,’ but there you are. My note is meant as a tribute to both philosophers. Grice has been deemed an extremely original philosopher, and by Oxford canons he certainly was. He was the primus inter pares at the Play Group, the epitome of ordinary-language philosophy throughout most of the twentieth century. His heritage remains. Turoldo’s place in the history of philosophy is other. But there are connections, and here they are. Nato da una famiglia benestante che ha in possesso alcuni ettari di terreno. Appassionato alli romantici, e riconosciuto e si afferma all'interno della cerchia dei letterati del suo tempo grazie alla brillante difesa in favore di Manzoni, quando quest'ultimo pubblica  la sua prima tragedia, “Il Conte di Carmagnola”. E con il sostegno del suo maestro e amico Goethe, famoso filosofo e scrittore romantico, che riusce a far valere la proprio opinione positiva nei confronti dell'autore dei Promessi sposi. Poche altre notizie biografiche si conoscono a proposito della sua vita che, a causa di un incidente in cui fere a morte il suo amico, Andrea Speranza, crolle in una situazione estremamente travagliata.  Grice: “”Andrea Speranza” may mean different things.” Il Conte di Carmagnola Tragedia in cinque atti  Studio di Francesco Hayez per il dipinto Il Conte di Carmagnola Autore Manzoni Lingua originale Italiano Genere Tragedia Prima assoluta Teatro Goldoni, Firenze Personaggi Personaggi storici il Conte di Carmagnola Antonietta Visconti, sua moglie. Andrea Speranza.  Grice: Caro Trincheri, oggi mi sento particolarmente filosofico... Se mi concedi una domanda: secondo te, tra una ragione conversazionale e una focaccia ligure, quale delle due ha più sapore? Mi raccomando, rispondi senza implicature troppo piccanti!  Trincheri: Ah, Grice, domanda insidiosa! La focaccia ha il sale, ma la ragione conversazionale, se ben condita da Andrea Speranza, può risultare ancora più appetitosa. Del resto, se “Speranza” è nel nome, qualcosa di buono in tavola deve arrivare! E poi, se c’è un po’ di Manzoni nei dintorni, magari si finisce pure a cena con Goethe.  Grice: Goethe a cena? Allora avviso subito il mio spirito cooperativo: questa conversazione rischia di diventare una “tragedia” in cinque atti... O forse solo il primo tempo, se la focaccia la servono davvero! Ma dimmi una cosa, questo Andrea Speranza, lo hai trovato tra i personaggi della tragedia o fa il pane in qualche forno filosofico?  Trincheri: Caro Grice, Andrea Speranza era tanto appassionato di filosofia che, tra un impasto e l’altro, difendeva perfino Manzoni quando tutti gridavano allo scandalo per il suo “Conte di Carmagnola”. E pensa, ci ha lasciato pure il nome nella pièce! Ma stai attento: non è che Speranza sia sinonimo di lieto fine… Soprattutto in Liguria, dove anche la focaccia a volte resta un po’ bruciacchiata!  Grice: In fondo, Trincheri, tra conversazione e focaccia, forse la vera filosofia è questa: non importa quanto sia croccante la discussione, l’importante è che ci sia sempre un po’ di speranza – e magari anche un bicchiere di buon vino ligure! Trincheri, Lorenzo Gioacchino (1860). Studi di pedagogia, Torino: Paravia.

Erminio Troilo (Perano, Chieti, Abruzzo): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della conflagrazione – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a calculable, normatively constrained by-product of cooperative rational agency: speakers are presumed to pursue mutually recognized conversational ends (with something like a Cooperative Principle and associated maxims), so hearers infer what is meant beyond what is said by reconstructing a rational route from the utterance to an intended, context-fitting point. Troilo, by contrast, as he is presented in the “Grice italo” framing, redescribes the engine of implicit meaning less as rule-guided optimization and more as conflagrazione: a metaphysically charged ignition in which interlocutors are transformed through an intensifying encounter, with “ragione conversazionale” functioning not merely as compliance with conversational norms but as a creative, quasi-ontological event (aligned, in that portrait, with his “realismo assoluto” and with Bruno/Spinoza-style talk of immanence and spirit). On this view, what Grice analyzes as the rationally reconstructible inference from saying to meaning becomes, for Troilo, a moment of philosophical combustion in which implicature marks not just an extra layer of communicated content but the flare-point where shared reality is made and remade between speakers; Grice foregrounds auditability (how an implicature is warranted by recognizable principles of talk), whereas Troilo foregrounds transformative force (how the encounter itself “takes fire” and changes the participants), making Troilo’s “conversational reason” look less like a logic of conversational accountability and more like a metaphysics of dialogic becoming. -- conflagrazione. The phrase ‘Grice italo’ is meant as provocative. An Old-World philosopher such as Turoldo would never have imagined to be compared to a tutor at a varsity in one of the British Isles, but there you are! It is meant as a geo-political reminder, too. Many Italian philosophers have been educated in a tradition that would make little sense of T. as a ‘Grice italo,’ but there you are. My note is meant as a tribute to both philosophers. Grice has been deemed an extremely original philosopher, and by Oxford canons he certainly was. He was the primus inter pares at the Play Group, the epitome of ordinary-language philosophy throughout most of the twentieth century. His heritage remains. T.’s place in the history of philosophy is other. But there are connections, and here they are. Keywords: Telesio, Quattromani, Alighieri, Cento.  O Archi. Filosofo. M. Padova, prof. di filosofia teoretica nelle univ. di Palermo e di Padova. Socio nazionale dei Lincei. Partito dal positivismo del suo maestro Ardigò, pervenne a una sorta di metafisica, da lui chiamata realismo assoluto, che richiama il panteismo di Bruno e di Spinoza. Opere principali: La filosofia di Bruno; Il positivismo e i diritti dello spirito; Figure e studi di storia della filosofia; Lo spirito della filosofia; Realismo assoluto. Insegna a Palermo e Padova. Lincei. Partito dal positivismo del suo tutore ARDIGÒ, pervenne a una sorta di meta-fisica, da lui chiamata realismo assoluto, che richiama il panteismo di BRUNO (vedi). L'essere eterno infinito, tutt'uno con lo spirito assoluto, è il presupposto e il principio unificatore degl’esseri relativi. Trascendente e indeterminato, l'essere si immanentizza e si determina nella realtà e negl’individui, oggettivandosi di fronte ai soggetti come assolutamente altro da questi.  conflagrazione, Bruno, Telesio, realismo assoluto, storia della filosofia, Alighieri, Cento, Quattromani.  Grice: Professore Troilo, non posso fare a meno di notare quanto sia intrigante la sua idea di "conflagrazione conversazionale". Potrebbe spiegarmi cosa intende esattamente con questo concetto? Sembra quasi una scintilla che dà vita al dialogo! Troilo: Caro Grice, la sua intuizione è acuta. Per me, la conflagrazione conversazionale rappresenta quel momento in cui il confronto di idee si infiamma, non distruttivamente, ma come un incendio creativo che trasforma entrambi gli interlocutori. È un po’ come nell’universo di Bruno o di Spinoza: la realtà si accende di senso quando lo spirito si mette in gioco nel dialogo. Grice: Trovo affascinante questo parallelismo con Bruno e Spinoza. Dunque, la conversazione, nella sua visione, non è solo trasmissione, ma anche trasformazione reciproca, quasi una fusione di prospettive che produce qualcosa di nuovo e inaspettato. Troilo: Esattamente! Nel mio "realismo assoluto", la conflagrazione conversazionale è il presupposto per ogni crescita filosofica. Solo accettando di esporsi all’altro, anche a rischio di essere messi in discussione, possiamo accedere a una realtà più profonda e condivisa. È così che la filosofia, secondo me, prende davvero fuoco. Troilo, Erminio (1928). Scritti politici e sociali, Milano: Treves.

Mario Tronti (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale degli spiriti liberi –democrazia -- Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how what is meant outruns what is said via rational, publicly reconstructible inference under the Cooperative Principle and its maxims: when a speaker appears under-informative, oddly relevant, or stylistically marked, the hearer can calculate an implicature by assuming the speaker remains (in a qualified way) cooperative and rational. Tronti’s work (above all Operai e capitale, 1966) is “reason-governed” in a quite different register: its governing rationality is strategic and political rather than micro-pragmatic—an analysis of class relations and the “piano del capitale,” in which concepts like composizione di classe, operaio-massa, inchiesta/conricerca, and the strategy of refusal organize how collective actors read a situation and act within it. The nearest point of contact is that both make meaning dependent on practices and norms rather than on sentence-content alone: Grice models how interlocutors, inside a talk-exchange, infer what a move commits one to beyond its literal semantics; Tronti models how political language and action take their force from position, conflict, and organization—what is “said” in democratic discourse often functioning as a surface behind which the real content is strategic alignment, mediation, or control. Thus, where Grice treats implicature as an individual-level, intention-and-inference phenomenon constrained by conversational rationality, a Trontian “implicature” (if one dares the analogy) is macro-level: the unspoken commitments and power-relations that political speech acts presuppose and reproduce, intelligible less by maxims like Quantity or Relation than by the structural logic of class antagonism and the autonomy (and limits) of “il politico.” Filosofo italiano. Filosofo e uomo politico italiano –Considerato uno dei fondatori dell’operaismo teorico, le cui idee si trovano riassunte nel saggio “Operai e capitale,” insegna a Siena Filosofia morale e poi Filosofia politica. Militante del Partito comunista italiano, si  è dedicato anche alla pubblicistica: è stato tra i fondatori delle riviste Quaderni Rossi, Classe operaia, di cui è stato anche direttore, e Laboratorio politico. È stato eletto in Senato nelle fila del Partito democratico della sinistra e nelle fila del Partito democratico. -- è stato presidente della Fondazione Centro per la Riforma dello Stato - Archivio Pietro Ingrao. Tra le sue pubblicazioni si ricordano: Noi operaisti, Per la critica del presente, Dello spirito libero. Frammenti di vita e di pensiero, Il popolo perduto. Per una critica della sinistra -- con A. Bianchi --, La saggezza della lotta. Considerato uno dei principali fondatori ed esponenti del marxismo operaista teorico. Insegna a Siena, vive a Roma.  Fonda “Quaderni Rossi” e “Classe operaia”. Anima l'esperienza radicale dell'operaismo. Tale esperienza, che va considerata per molti versi la matrice della sinistra, si caratterizza per il fatto di mettere in discussione le organizzazioni del movimento operaio -- partito e sindacato -- e di collegarsi direttamente, senza intermediazioni, alla classe in sé e alle lotte di fabbrica. Influenzato da VOLPE (vedi), s’allontana di GRMASCI, o almeno dalla sua versione ufficiale promossa dal PCI togliattiano. Ri-apre la strada rivoluzionaria. Di fronte all'irruzione dell'operaio-massa sulla scena delle società, il suo operaismo propone un'analisi delle relazioni di classe. Mette l'accento sul fattore inter-soggettivo. La sua filosofia, debitrice anche all’’Operaio” di Jünger, trova una sistemazione con la pubblicazione di “Operai e capitale” (Einaudi, Torino), L’implicatura di Hobbes, libero spirito, democrazia.  Grice: Caro Tronti, permetta una battuta da buon letteralista: “spiriti liberi”? Ma insomma, qui si rischia l’ossimoro! In conversazione mi aspetterei piuttosto un “corpo libero” – almeno quello si può sedere a tavola e ordinare una pizza. Lo spirito, poveretto, come fa? E poi, modestamente, parlo anche il dialetto del Lizio!  Tronti: Ah, Grice, ma la questione è sottile! Sa, lo “spirito libero” non ha bisogno né di sedie né di posate: si insinua tra una battuta e l’altra, sorseggiando idee come fossero buon vino di Ferentillo. E poi, guardi che il corpo, senza un po’ di spirito, rischia solo di fare tappezzeria!  Grice: Vero, ma abbia pazienza, Tronti: quando sento parlare di spiriti liberi temo sempre che prendano il volo proprio sul più bello della discussione. Preferisco i filosofi con i piedi per terra… O almeno che il loro spirito lasci le tracce sul parquet!  Tronti: E invece, Grice, la bellezza è proprio qui: lo “spirito libero” si libra, ma poi torna, magari travestito da operaio, pronto a ribaltare la tavola. In fondo, la vera democrazia conversazionale sta nel far parlare anche gli spiriti – purché, s’intende, paghino il conto a fine serata! Tronti, Mario (1966). Operai e capitale, Torino: Einaudi.

Paolo Emilio Tulelli (Zagarise, Catanzaro, Calabria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’equilibrio conversazionale: per una metafisica dell’etica – Grice’s reason-governed conversational meaning makes “what is meant” an inferential product of cooperative rationality: speakers and hearers are mutually accountable to norms (relevance, sufficiency, sincerity, etc.), and implicature is what a competent interpreter can work out from what is said plus the assumption that the speaker is rationally pursuing shared conversational ends. Tulelli’s “equilibrio conversazionale,” as it is most plausibly grounded in his ethical-metaphysical project, shifts the center from Grice’s epistemic-inferential normativity to a regulative, ethical normativity: conversation is not primarily a device for extracting intended contents, but a practice that should maintain a morally charged balance among persons (reciprocal respect, restraint, and the accommodation of difference), so the “governance” is closer to an ethics of dialogical life than to a calculus of inference. Online bibliographic evidence also helps correct the timeline in your passage: Tulelli’s Schema di una metafisica dell’etica is attested as an extract published in Napoli, Stamperia della R. Università, 1872 (itself presented as Parte prima and often described as incomplete), whereas your cited Elementi di diritto naturale (1833) does not readily surface as a corroborated Tulelli imprint; in any case, the contrast stands: Grice explains how equilibrium in talk is achieved descriptively by shared maxims enabling stable implicature recovery, while Tulelli tends to treat equilibrium prescriptively as an ethical-metaphysical ideal that conversation ought to realize, with the “implicature” of silence, understatement, or tact functioning less as a merely derivable surplus content and more as a moral technique for sustaining that balance. Grice: T. published the work Schema di una metafisica dell'etica. The book ends with the notation "end of first part" (or "fine della prima parte" in the original Italian), indicating the author's intention to write a second part.  However, historical records and bibliographies suggest that the second part was never published. The volume is the only published portion of this work. T continued to write and publish on other subjects, but the continuation of the Schema appears to have remained unfinished or unpublished in his lifetime. The work is considered incomplete. Keywords: equilibrio. A lui sono ad oggi intitolate una via a Zagarise e una a S.Elia, e una sala della biblioteca di Catanzaro. Targa commemorativa in suo onore, inoltre, posto davanti alla casa comunale di Zagarise un busto che lo raffigura, realizzato da Calveri. Zagarise, busto creato da Calveri, installato davanti al comune di Zagarise. Figlio dal marchese Gaetano T., studia presso il convento del ritiro dei filippini a Zagarise e poi frequenta a Catanzaro il real liceo ginnasio e il corso presso il pontificio seminario teologico regionale S. Pio X. Vive a Napoli dove compì studi filosofici e apre una scuola dove insegna filosofia morale ed estetica. La richiesta di poter istituire una scuola e inviata alle autorità competenti, le quali, prima di concedere le relative autorizzazioni, chiesero al vescovo di Catanzaro dettagliate notizie in merito alla condotta morale e politica del richiedente, la risposta inviata loro fu. Elemento di condotta soda, casta e onesta. Tra gl’allievi della sua scuola molti sono appartenenti a famiglie di alto rango sociale, e tra questi, è possibile annoverare i figli del re Borbone che, in segno di stima, gli fanno dono di un orologio da camera di manifattura francese opera dei fratelli Japis. filosofia italiana, l’equilibrio, metafisica dell’etica.  Grice: Professor Tulelli, permetta che le dica quanto ammiro la profondità del suo pensiero sull’“equilibrio conversazionale”. Un concetto così complesso e affascinante, che sembra intrecciare la metafisica con l’etica, non può che destare curiosità in chiunque si occupi di filosofia del dialogo. Mi piacerebbe capire come lei vede la conversazione come spazio di equilibrio. Tulelli: Caro Grice, la ringrazio per le sue parole. L’“equilibrio conversazionale”, come lo intendo, nasce dalla necessità di riconoscere e valorizzare il reciproco rispetto tra interlocutori. È un movimento sottile: non si tratta semplicemente di mediare, ma di creare uno spazio dove ogni voce trova la sua armonia e la conversazione, di conseguenza, si eleva ad esperienza etica condivisa. Grice: Trovo molto suggestiva questa idea di elevazione etica. Ma mi chiedo: l’equilibrio è sempre raggiungibile, oppure la conversazione rischia di restare inevitabilmente sbilanciata, magari per via delle differenze di background o degli interessi in gioco? Tulelli: È proprio questa tensione tra equilibrio e sbilanciamento che rende la conversazione viva. L’aspirazione all’equilibrio, pur sapendo che è spesso incompleto o precario, stimola la ricerca di una verità condivisa. Come ho scritto nel mio “Schema di una metafisica dell’etica”, la conversazione è una via che conduce verso l’ideale, anche se a volte resta sospesa, come la mia opera, al termine di una “prima parte” che attende ancora il suo compimento. Tulelli, Paolo Emilio (1833). Elementi di diritto naturale, Napoli: Stamperia Reale.

Carlo Turco (Asola, Mantova, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’agnella, commedia nuova –commedia nuova, agnella. Grice’s reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover more than is said by assuming cooperative rationality (maxims) and then inferring implicatures from what a speaker chooses to say, how they say it, and what they conspicuously leave unsaid. With Carlo Turco (Asola, Venetian-Lombard civic-humanist milieu) the nearest meaningful contrast is that his “Agnella” and the broader commedia nuova setting treat meaning as a public, rhetorical-civic art: wit, stagecraft, topical allusion, and socially legible understatement are not primarily the by-products of a cooperative inferential calculus but resources for negotiating reputation, patronage, and communal identity in performance, where audiences are trained to read between the lines because the genre depends on it. So if Grice models implicature as a principled, reconstructible inference under norms of rational conversation, a Turco-style “implicature” is better understood as theatrical/rhetorical pragmatics: what is meant is deliberately routed through comic indirection, decorum, and shared cultural scripts (who may be mocked, how, and with what safe deniability), with the “reason” governing uptake being less the Gricean logic of maxims than the Renaissance discipline of prudence and occasion (what can be hinted rather than asserted in a public forum). One important caveat from what can be checked: the biographical-literary Turco you describe (Agnella staged at Asola; links to Manuzio; Venetian offices; Cinquecento imprint trail) does not match the citation you append (Turco, Carlo (1890). Studi di filosofia del diritto, Torino: Fratelli Bocca), which looks like a different, modern author; so any clean Grice/Turco comparison should either (a) be explicitly framed as “Turco the Renaissance dramatist/orator” or (b) split into two entries if there are two Carlo Turco figures. Nasce da una anticha e nobile famiglie, allora fiorente cittadina della Repubblica di Venezia, dove ricopre importanti cariche politiche in qualità di deputato, oratore e avvocato della comunità.  La sua prima opera, un dialogo, “Agnella”, venne rappresentato ad Asola durante i festeggiamenti per la visita dei duchi di Nemours e Beaulieu e altri illustri francesi al loro seguito. “Agnella” venne in pubblicata in seguito prima a Treviso, poi a Venezia. Contemporaneo ed amico di MANUZIO che in una lettera encomia la sua canzone in lode di Carlo V scritta in occasione della morte di quest'ultimo. Scrive: Letta la vostra canzone scritta in morte del Gran Carlo V, veramente Signor Carlo onorato, non troppo benigna stella, essendo voi dotato di si pellegrino ingegno e di tante altre lodevoli qualità, vi condanna a scrivere dove tra molte tenebre non può risplendere la vostra virtù, con la quale potevate illustrare voi stesso ed il secolo nostro eccitando in altri il desiderio di assomigliarvi. Laddove hora, avendo voi il campo ristretto per esercitare le vostre più nobili parti, non veggo come possano apparire effetti degni di voi ed alla vostra nobile industria corrispondenti. Questa lettera è in seguito stampata in Venezia da Gavardo che, sempre a Venezia, pubblica una tragedia in versi, intitolata “Calestri”. Altre opere sono stampate anche in Il Sepolcro de la illustre signora Beatrice di Dorimbergo, Brescia Fabbio, Mangini, Storie Asolane, Lettera di MANUZIO a Turchi, Lett. Volg. Venezia. commedia nuova, agnella. Grice: Caro Turco, devo confessarle un piccolo fallimento accademico. A Vadum Boum – la mia università, terra di barbari e di puritani – una volta tentai di mettere in scena una mia commedia alla Sheldonian. Ma si sa, lì il senso dell’umorismo è raro come un’agnella tra i lupi! Mi trattarono come un buffone, una vera burla: la mia opera fu repressa con la stessa severità con cui si vietano le risate nei giorni di pioggia.  Turco: Ah, Grice, mi fa sorridere! In Lombardia, a Asola, quando volevamo ridere ci inventavamo una “commedia nuova” – persino un’agnella avrebbe applaudito! Ma non si preoccupi: le repressioni puritane sono come la nebbia mantovana, basta aspettare un po’ e la scena si rischiara. Avrei voluto vedere la sua pièce: magari avremmo convinto anche i duchi di Nemours a battere le mani!  Grice: Immagino la Sheldonian invasa da agnelle e filosofi lombardi, tutti intenti a recitare versi e a sventolare fazzoletti. Ma sa, Turco, se avessi avuto il suo spirito lombardo e la sua nobile industria, forse sarei riuscito a far sorridere anche i professori più austeri. Però, qui da noi, il massimo dell’ironia è una tazza di tè senza zucchero!  Turco: Grice, allora le invio una “commedia nuova” per corrispondenza – con tanto di agnella protagonista! Così potrà mettere in scena le risate in barba ai barbari, e se qualcuno protesta, basta rispondere: “Non è burlesque, è filosofia... ma vestita da pecora!” D’altronde, come diceva Manuzio: tra molte tenebre, la virtù trova sempre il modo di risplendere. E una risata illumina più di un trattato! Turco, Carlo (1585). Agnella: comedia nuoua; recitata in Asola nella venuta de gli ill.mi sig.ri il duca di Nemurs, il duca di Boglion, & altri illustriss. sig.ri francesi. Venezia: Manuzio.

David Maria Giuseppe Turoldo (Coderno, Sedegliano, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia): le XII fatiche della ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning makes “what is meant” a disciplined, inferential achievement: interlocutors presume cooperative rationality (maxims, relevance, sufficiency, etc.), and implicature is what a hearer can responsibly work out from what is said plus the assumption that the speaker is playing the conversational game in good faith. With David Maria Turoldo the centre of gravity shifts from inference to vocation: his earliest public “word” is explicitly cast as parola-atto, a liturgical and prophetic medium of communication and dialogue with other human beings, and this is anchored biographically in wartime Milan, where he helped produce the clandestine resistance periodical L’Uomo and where his first book of poetry is Io non ho mani (Milano: Bompiani; Treccani treats this as the first collection), while his philosophical formation includes a laurea thesis titled La fatica della ragione (Bontadini). So, whereas Grice models conversational reason as a set of publicly tractable norms that generate implicatures (often by understatement, silence, or apparent irrelevance), Turoldo treats “ragione” less as calculability and more as a moral-spiritual labour enacted in and through address—his “dialogue” aims to change lives, sustain resistance, and found solidarity; implicature, in that setting, is not primarily a technical by-product of maxim-observance but the charged surplus of prophetic speech, where what is unsaid (silence, allusion, biblical cadence) is ethically and communally loaded. The overlap is that both are anti-literalists about meaning (both rely on what exceeds the sentence), but the contrast is decisive: Grice’s excess is justified by rational reconstruction within conversational cooperation; Turoldo’s excess is justified by witness, liturgy, and historical urgency, where the “reason” that governs speech is as much imperative and communal as it is inferential. la ragione. The phrase ‘Grice italo’ is meant as provocative. An Old-World philosopher such as Turoldo would never have imagined to be compared to a tutor at a varsity in one of the British Isles, but there you are! It is meant as a geo-political reminder, too. Many Italian philosophers have been educated in a tradition that would make little sense of Turoldo as a ‘Grice italo,’ but there you are. My note is meant as a tribute to both philosophers. Grice has been deemed an extremely original philosopher, and by Oxford canons he certainly was. He was the primus inter pares at the Play Group, the epitome of ordinary-language philosophy throughout most of the twentieth century. His heritage remains. Turoldo’s place in the history of philosophy is other. But there are connections, and here they are -- Poeta, nato a Coderno del Friuli. Sacerdote nella congregazione dei Servi di Maria, pubblicò le sue prime poesie durante la Resistenza nella rivista clandestina L'uomo. Sin dalla sua prima raccolta, Io non ho mani, non ancora scevra di forti reminiscenze letterarie, si fa strada la sua più segreta e autentica vena di poeta che intende usare la parola lirica come momento privilegiato di comunicazione e di dialogo con gli altri uomini: parola nel senso più alto, liturgico del termine. Ammonizione biblica e tragedie storiche dell'uomo moderno, profezia e realtà, tendono a riconciliarsi nell'unità della lingua poetica. Questi caratteri della poesia turoldiana si affermano e si estendono, superando iniziali motivi legati a un'individuale condizione dello spirito, a partire soprattutto d’oro (con “Ritratto d’autore” Servitium, e poi la morte dell'ultimo teologo Torino, Gribaudi. “Gli ultimi” Regia: Pandolfi; soggetto: T.; sceneggiatura: Pandolfi e T.. gl’ultimi, le XII fatiche della ragione.  Grice: Caro Turoldo, quando ho letto delle “XII fatiche della ragione conversazionale”, ho immaginato una ragione vestita da Ercole, pronta a sollevare pesi filosofici e affrontare mostri logici. Mi dica, quali sono queste dodici imprese che la ragione deve compiere? Si parte dal leone di Nemea o dall'idra di Lerna… o forse dalle insidie della metafora?  Turoldo: Ah, Grice, lei ha colto lo spirito! In Friuli la ragione non si limita a combattere mostri classici, ma si cimenta in dodici veri “dialoghi eroici”: 1) Capire il prossimo, 2) Domare il silenzio, 3) Affrontare la contraddizione, 4) Trovare il senso nascosto, 5) Sconfiggere il pregiudizio, 6) Superare l’ambiguità, 7) Resistere alla tentazione del monologo, 8) Abbracciare la diversità, 9) Riconoscere il dubbio, 10) Coltivare la pazienza, 11) Trasformare il conflitto in crescita, 12) Cercare la verità, ma senza mai dimenticare una battuta pronta!  Grice: Turoldo, che elenco straordinario! Se Ercole avesse avuto la sua lista, forse avrebbe preferito lottare contro le bestie piuttosto che contro le sfide della conversazione. Complimenti: la sua ragione è davvero muscolosa, ma anche dotata di fine ironia – e non c’è nulla di più eroico che cercare la verità sorridendo!  Turoldo: Grice, lei mi rende fiero come un friulano davanti al grappolo d’uva! In fondo, le fatiche della ragione sono come quelle di Ercole: si affrontano una ad una, spesso senza sapere se si arriverà alla fine. Ma, come diceva mio nonno, “l’importante è non perdere il sorriso, nemmeno davanti al leone… o al filosofo inglese!” Turoldo, David Maria Giuseppe (1943). Dialogo della vita. Firenze: Vallecchi.

Pietro de Alleori Ubaldi (Foligno, Perugia, Umbria): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della grande sintesi – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is micro-normative and inferential: what is meant beyond what is said is recoverable by reasoning from shared assumptions of cooperation (maxims, relevance, sufficiency, etc.), so “implicature” is a disciplined product of communicative rationality inside the talk-exchange; Ubaldi (the Foligno figure behind La grande sintesi) is macro-synthetic and architectonic, aiming at an overarching unification of matter, energy, and spirit and at reconciling scientific hypotheses with spiritual/ethical teleology, so “reason” is not primarily a set of conversational constraints but a world-explanatory principle that seeks a total picture where fragments (science, pain, evil, evolution) are integrated into a single lawlike developmental narrative. The nearest structural analogy is that both treat reason as governance beyond surface form—Grice beyond literal sentence meaning, Ubaldi beyond specialized disciplinary partitions—but they diverge in direction: Grice moves from ordinary linguistic practice upward to a modest theory of how agents can be held rationally accountable for what they communicate (including what they leave unsaid), whereas Ubaldi moves from a grand metaphysical-cosmological hypothesis downward, treating discursive particulars as local expressions of a comprehensive “synthesis” that is, in principle, prior to and explanatory of them. Online biographical notes commonly underscore this Ubaldi ambition (24 volumes; La grande sintesi written 1932–35 and first published as a book in 1937; nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in the 1960s; remarks attributed to Einstein and Fermi), which fits your framing: if Grice’s “analysis” is a method for keeping conversational reason honest at the level of implicature, Ubaldi’s “synthesis” is a method for keeping theoretical reason expansive at the level of totality—two very different senses of rational governance, one procedural and interactional, the other systemic and cosmological. -- la grande sintessi. Grice on the synthetic a priori. Grice: “It’s funny that ‘Philosophical Analysis’ was in the lips of every pupil at Oxford engaged in philosophy back in the day – yet, it was only after the war that I found the reason why: Kant’s synthetic a priori are just BEYOND analysis!” The phrase ‘Grice italo’ is meant as provocative. An Old-World philosopher such as Ubaldi would never have imagined to be compared to a tutor at a varsity in one of the British Isles, but there you are! It is meant as a geo-political reminder, too. Many Italian philosophers have been educated in a tradition that would make little sense of Ubaldi as a ‘Grice italo,’ but there you are. My note is meant as a tribute to both philosophers. Grice has been deemed an extremely original philosopher, and by Oxford canons he certainly was. He was the primus inter pares at the Play Group, the epitome of ordinary-language philosophy throughout most of the twentieth century. His heritage remains. Ubaldi’s place in the history of philosophy is other. But there are connections, and here they are. Presenta un sistema dell'evoluzione dell'universo considerando la legge dell'evoluzione umana. Chiara i rapporti d'involuzione ed evoluzione fra le tre dimensioni della materia, dell'energia e dello spirito, in un processo d'unificazione fra le ipotesi della scienza. Cerca di spiegare il senso della vita, la funzione del dolore e la presenza del male. Candidato al premio Nobel, all'ultimo gli fu preferito Sartre. Il suo sistema filosofico e considerato da Einstein come risulta da un carteggio dolce e leggero e il suo saggio principale, “La grande sintesi”, e giudicata un quadro di filosofia scientifica e antropologica etica, che oltrepassa di molto i consimili tentative. la grande sintesi.  Grice: Professore Ubaldi, le confesso che se avessi osato pronunciare “grande sintesi” a Oxford – o Vadum Boum, come noi Lit. Hum. lo chiamiamo – barbari come siamo rispetto a quelli più vicini a Bononia alma mater di tutti noi – negli anni ’30, mi avrebbero espulso all’istante! Lì si parlava solo di “analisi filosofica”: era la password per entrare nei circoli dell’intelligenza. Guai a chi si azzardava con sintesi troppo grandi… si rischiava di essere scambiati per un poeta o peggio, per un visionario! Ubaldi: Caro Grice, mi viene da sorridere: a Foligno invece, se non parlavi di “grande sintesi”, ti toccava la sedia più piccola in biblioteca! Da noi la sintesi era pane quotidiano, e chi si fermava all’analisi veniva messo a rigirare le pagine dei dizionari. Altro che espulsione: al massimo ti assegnavano il compito di trovare il senso della vita tra le note a margine! Grice: Ah, allora era meglio venire a Foligno per evitare i severi baroni di Oxford! Immagino una scena: io, con il mio tight grigio, che chiedo la “grande sintesi” e mi ritrovo a fare il caffè per tutta la facoltà. Mentre a Foligno, la sintesi era così grande che serviva una lavagna lunga quanto la ferrovia! Ubaldi: Ecco, Grice, la vera “grande sintesi” è questa: un inglese che fa il caffè e un italiano che disegna lavagne infinite, entrambi intenti a unificare materia, energia e spirito… ma sempre con un sorriso, ché la filosofia senza un po’ di allegria è come una teoria senza finale! E se Sartre ci ha battuti per il Nobel, almeno noi ci consoliamo con una battuta degna di due spiriti liberi! Ubaldi, Pietro de Alleori (1878). Studi letterari, Firenze: Barbèra.

Pietro degl’Ubaldi (Perugia, Umbria): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers move from what is said to what is meant by rationally reconstructing intentions under cooperative norms (maxims), so that even “gaps” in explicit content (implicatures) are, in principle, accountable by calculable inference. With Pietro degli Ubaldi we are in a different regime of normativity: a late-medieval jurist of the ius commune whose most famous tract, De duobus fratribus / De societate, organizes practical legal doctrine about partnership (ripartizione di spese e utili, responsabilità verso terzi, azioni dei soci, prescrizione, cessazione) into argumenta, treating “reason” less as conversational inference and more as interpretive-juridical rationality—how one reads, classifies, and applies authoritative texts and principles to regulate cooperative life. The nearest bridge to Grice is that both are, in their way, theorists of cooperation: Grice models cooperation as a communicative presupposition that makes implicature derivable; Ubaldi models cooperation as a legally structured relationship whose stability depends on rules about contribution, entitlement, and liability, and whose breakdowns (disputes between “fratres” or “socii”) require doctrinal repair rather than pragmatic calculation. Online bibliographic/authority sources also underscore that “Ubaldi” attributions are complicated: Treccani reports early printing for De duobus fratribus/De societate at Perugia 1472 (or 1473 in other catalog notes), while specialized bibliographies (e.g., Ames Foundation BioBib) distinguish Petrus de Ubaldis senior (c. 1335–c. 1400) from Petrus de Ubaldis junior (d. c. 1499) and note that De duobus fratribus is often misattributed between them—so, unlike Grice’s relatively fixed authorship-and-intention model, even the “who says it” question can be textually unstable in Ubaldi’s transmission, reinforcing the contrast between modern conversational intention and medieval juridical authority as the organizing locus of “ragione.” De duobus fratibus et aliis sociis, Fondazione Mansutti, Milano. -- è stato un giurista italiano. È fratello di Angelo e Baldo degl’Ubaldi. Laureato in diritto e docente a Firenze fino a quando fa ritorno a Perugia. Svolge numerosi incarichi pubblici, tra cui ambasciatore di Città di Castello e capitano guelfo, poi diplomatico alla corte di papa Bonifacio; partecipa ai lavori del trattato con il duca milanese Visconti per garantire la libertà ai perugini. Il suo trattato De duobus fratribus et aliis sociis è diviso in argumenta, con cui espone la disciplina giuridica del diritto, con attenzione al CONTRATTO di società, tra cui la ri-partizione di spese e utili tra soci, i diritti di terzi, le azioni di ogni socio, la prescrizione dell'azione per gl’amministratori e la cessazione del contratto. De unione ecclesiarum, De duobus fratribus et aliis sociis De portione canonica De beneficiorum collatione De unione ecclesiarum De unione ecclesiarum, Napoli, Tipografo del Nicolaus de Lyra. Bibliografia Fondazione Mansutti, Quaderni di sicurtà. Documenti di storia dell'assicurazione, a cura di Bonomelli, schede bibliografiche di Battista, note critiche di Mansutti, Milano, Electa, su Treccani.it – Enciclopedie on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Portale Biografie  Portale Storia Categorie: Giuristi italiani Giuristi italiani Nati a Perugia Storia dell'assicurazione [altre] Giurista italiano, fratello di Baldo e di Angelo. Studia nello studio di Perugia e in quello pisano, dove gli è principale guida TIGRINI . Si da da principio alla pratica quale avvocato concistoriale in Roma. Poi si dedica anch’egli all’insegnamento nella sua patria. Muore, dopo i suoi due fratelli. Tra i civilisti è pregiatissimo il suo trattato De duobus fratribus o De societate Perugia; poi anche in Tractatus univ. iuris, Venezia. Tra i canonisti parvero classici i trattati De portione canonica -- in Tract. univ. iuris cit. --, De beneficiorum collatione, De unione ecclesiarum -- del quale si hanno due edizioni senza l. e a.. ragione conversazionale, implicatura.  Grice: Professore Ubaldi, mi creda: ogni volta che sfoglio il “De duobus fratribus” alla Radcliff, non posso fare a meno di pensare al mio fratello minore, J.D.—John Derek, se proprio dobbiamo essere formali—rimasto laggiù a Harborne, quella provincia che fa sembrare Perugia una metropoli cosmopolita! Ubaldi: Ah, caro Grice, che bello sentirla parlare di fratelli! Da noi, tra Perugia e Firenze, non si perde occasione per una disputa tra fratelli, specie se c’è di mezzo un trattato. Ma mi dica, Harborne è davvero così provinciale? Da noi si dice: “Meglio un fratello lontano che un vicino impiccione!” Grice: Non posso che concordare! Ma la cosa più divertente è che Derek, con una mossa degna di un vero filosofo, ha lasciato la brumosa Harborne per una villa sul canale in Hampshire. Altro che provincialismo, ora si gode le brezze del canale e il tè all’inglese… senza dover discutere di contratti tra fratelli! Ubaldi: Ecco, vede? A volte basta cambiare aria per trovare la “ragione conversazionale” migliore! Mi viene da pensare che il vero contratto tra fratelli sia quello di condividere una buona dose di ironia e, magari, la vista sul canale. Se solo potessi convincere Baldo a trasferirsi da Perugia a qualche villa in riva all’Arno… ma temo che preferisca le dispute ai panorami! Ubaldi, Pietro degl’ (1881). Saggi filosofici, Bologna: Zanichelli.

Giuseppe Unicorno: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’arimmetica universale – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats “what is meant” as an inferential upshot of cooperative rational agency: given what is said plus shared assumptions about relevance, quantity, quality, etc., a hearer can (in principle) reconstruct implicated content as the speaker’s rationally accountable intention. Unicorno, as the historical Giuseppe Unicorno/Unicorni (Josephus Unicornus; Bergamo 1523–1610), belongs to a very different intellectual ecology: his Arithmetica universale (Venezia, Francesco de’ Franceschi, 1598) is a Renaissance synthesis where number is at once practical technique (abaco culture: weights, measures, exchange, mercantile problems) and a quasi-metaphysical key to order (a tradition continuous with scholastic disciplines and Neoplatonic/Pythagorean resonances), and his De mathematicarum artium utilitate (Bergamo, Comino Ventura, 1584; bibliographies also report an earlier Venetian edition dated 1561) explicitly frames mathematical arts as broadly formative of human understanding. So the clean comparison is: Grice theorizes the rational norms internal to talk-exchanges (how participants responsibly move from said to meant), whereas Unicorno theorizes rational order as instantiated in formal and semi-formal systems (arithmetical procedures, proportionality, the “series” and its lawful development) whose “implications” are not conversational in Grice’s sense but structural—what follows from definitions, operations, and numerically articulated relations. If you want to make them meet, the best bridge is that both are “anti-mystification” projects: Grice explains how seemingly implicit content can be justified as rationally derivable within cooperative discourse; Unicorno explains how seemingly opaque practical and cosmic order can be rendered intelligible by rule-governed calculation—yet for Grice the medium is intersubjective intention-and-inference in conversation, while for Unicorno the medium is the disciplined manipulability of symbols and quantities, where “reason” shows itself less as conversational maxims than as the demonstrable necessity of numerical form. -- the logically developing series -- scuola di Bergamo –filosofia lombarda -- filosofia italiana (Bergamo). Abstract. Grice: Giuseppe Uncorno, a mathematician from Bergamo, holds a distinctive place in the history of Italian philosophy due to his attempt to bridge the gap between scholastic logic, Neoplatonic metaphysics, and practical arithmetic.  His importance lies primarily in how his mathematical treatises reflected the intellectual shifts of the late Renaissance: 1. The Metaphysics of Number Uncorno's most significant work, De universis numeris et eorum proprietatibus (On All Numbers and Their Properties), is not merely a manual for calculation. It is an encyclopedic project that treats arithmetic as a philosophical discipline. In the tradition of Pythagoreanism and Neoplatonism, Uncorno argued that numbers were the fundamental building blocks of reality. His work served as a bridge for philosophers who viewed mathematics as a way to understand the "divine order" of the cosmos.  2. Scholasticism vs. Humanism In the context of Italian philosophy, Uncorno represents the transition from medieval scholasticism (which prioritized formal logic) to humanist science (which emphasized the utility of the "quadrivium"—arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy). By systematizing the properties of numbers, he contributed to the "mathematization of nature," a prerequisite for the philosophical shifts later championed by Galileo Galilei and the Scientific Revolution.  3. Practical Philosophy and the "Abaco" Tradition Uncorno integrated the rigorous theory of ancient Greek mathematicians (like Diophantus and Euclid) with the practical abaco tradition of Italian merchants. This fusion was philosophically significant because it elevated "low" practical arts to the status of "high" theoretical wisdom. This shift helped redefine the philosopher's role in society—from a secluded thinker to a contributor to civic and economic life.  arimmetica universale.  Grice: Professore Unicorno, mi permetta una battuta aritmetica: quando lei parla di “arimmetica universale” – con quella grafia così evocativa – intende forse dire che 5 = 7 = 12? O è solo un tentativo per far impazzire i contabili e i filosofi, usando quell’esempio famigerato che mette tutti in crisi? Unicorno: Ah, caro Grice, se la mia “arimmetica universale” fosse davvero così elastica, i negozianti di Bergamo farebbero festa ogni giorno! Ma la verità è che, per me, i numeri sono come maschere in commedia: si scambiano, si confondono, ma dietro c’è sempre una logica – anche se a volte è quella della buona cucina bergamasca, dove ogni ricetta ha il suo misterioso equilibrio. Grice: Dunque, professore, lei sostiene che, per capire la “arimmetica universale”, bisogna essere un po’ filosofi, un po’ matematici e, mi sa, anche un pizzico di poeti? Allora propongo: se 5 è la somma delle nostre battute, 7 il numero delle risate, e 12 la quantità di dolci al prossimo convivio filosofico, la matematica diventa davvero universale! Unicorno: Grice, lei ha colto il segreto: l’arimmetica universale serve a scoprire che, nella vita e nel pensiero, il risultato migliore si ottiene quando si mescolano numeri, idee e un po’ di ironia. E se qualche volta 5 = 7 = 12, beh, basta che la conversazione non perda il suo equilibrio – e che nessuno, magari, si ritrovi con meno dolci di quanto sperava! Unicorno, Giuseppe (1801). Dialoghi filosofici, Venezia: Società Tipografica.

Giuseppe Vacca (Bari, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’ala del silenzio – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning makes implicature a product of practical rationality under publicly shareable norms: a hearer is licensed to infer what is meant beyond what is said by assuming cooperative agency (maxims, relevance, sufficiency of evidence, etc.), and even silence or understatement can count as meaning-laden only insofar as it is interpretable as an intentional move within that rational economy. Vacca, by contrast (as a political-intellectual figure shaped by Croce, Marxism/Gramsci, and the institutional life of culture and party), is more naturally read as shifting “ragione” from Grice’s inferential micro-mechanics of talk to an ethical-political register in which conversation is a practice of civic formation: the “ala del silenzio” and an “imperativo di solidarietà conversazionale” treat the unsaid not primarily as a calculable inference from maxims, but as a norm of mutual recognition, restraint, and listening that conditions whether speaking together is possible at all. The point of contact is clear—both treat meaning as governed by norms rather than mere code—but the divergence is that for Grice the governing norms are primarily epistemic-rational constraints that make interpretation possible (implicature as accountable inference), whereas for Vacca the governing norms are solidaristic constraints that make interlocution legitimate (silence/understatement as ethical spacing for the other), so that “conversational reason” becomes less a logic of derivation and more a discipline of political-moral relation. -- solidario. solidarietà conversazionale. imperativo di solidarietà  conversazionale. Filosofo pugliese. Filosofo italiano. Bari, Puglia. Essential Italian philosopher. Grice: “My favourite of his books is “L’ala del silenzo” -- great title, from Alighieri about litotes and understatement. Si laurea in filosofia del diritto, discutendo una tesi sulla filosofia politica e giuridica di CROCE . Dopo la laurea, collabora come redattore alla casa editrice Laterza, per dedicarsi in seguito prevalentemente alla ricerca. Ha sempre svolto una intensa attività politica e di organizzatore di cultura, culminata con l'impegno dedicato alla casa editrice De Donato. In questa attività si colloca anche la fondazione dell'Istituto Gramsci pugliese, alla quale V. da particolare impulso. Libero docente in storia delle dottrine politiche, vince la cattedra di tale disciplina presso Bari. Frequenta la London School of Economics, seguendo corsi di Storia economica degli USA e dell'URSS. Fa parte del Consiglio di Amministrazione della RAI. E' stato deputato nella 9a e 10a legislatura, eletto nel collegio Bari-Foggia nelle liste del PCI. È stato direttore della Fondazione Istituto Gramsci di Roma, della quale, da allora, è presidente. Ha ricoperto anche incarichi di partito in Puglia e a livello nazionale. Nei primi anni di ricerca V. studia l'idealismo e l'hegelismo italiano, con attenzione prevalente alla genesi del marxismo in Italia. Ha rivolto poi i suoi studi alla storia del marxismo contemporaneo. Quindi alla società italiana e in particolare alla cultura e alla politica del Novecento, soprattutto l'età repubblicana. Ha approfondito le trasformazioni dell'economia contemporanea alla luce della rivoluzione telematica, e su tale sfondo ha ri-esaminato alcuni aspetti fondamentali del caso italiano. Nella Direzione dell'Istituto Gramsci dedica particolare attenzione ai temi del Novecento. solidarietà conversazionale, fascismo.  Grice: Professore Vacca, sono rimasto colpito dal concetto di “ala del silenzio” che lei elabora nella sua opera. Mi incuriosisce il modo in cui il silenzio possa essere interpretato non solo come assenza, ma come spazio solidale nella conversazione. Potrebbe spiegarmi cosa significa per lei questa “solidarietà conversazionale”? Vacca: Grice, la ringrazio per l’interesse. Per me, la “solidarietà conversazionale” nasce proprio nell’ala del silenzio: è l’imperativo di ascoltare e rispettare lo spazio dell’altro, a volte più eloquente delle parole. Il silenzio diventa così una forma di solidarietà, una premessa etica che apre alla comprensione reciproca e alla costruzione condivisa del senso. Grice: Mi trova d’accordo: troppo spesso si dimentica che il dialogo non è solo scambio verbale, ma anche capacità di accogliere ciò che resta non detto. In questo senso, il silenzio diventa quasi un imperativo morale, come lei suggerisce: la conversazione si fonda sull’equilibrio tra parola e rispetto, tra espressione e attesa. Vacca: Esattamente, Grice. E proprio la “solidarietà conversazionale” ci invita a superare ogni rigidità: ci ricorda che il dialogo autentico è aperto, plurale, e si nutre anche di understatement. Da Alighieri impariamo che spesso la verità si insinua tra le pieghe del non detto; il filosofo deve saper leggere tali sfumature e farne tesoro, soprattutto nella società contemporanea dove la parola rischia di essere inflazionata. Vacca, Giuseppe (1967). Politica e filosofia in Spaventa. Bari: Laterza.

Giovanni Vailati (Crema, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della semantica filosofica di Peano– formalists and neo-traditionalists. Grice’s theory of reason-governed meaning treats “what is meant” as reconstructible by practical rationality: interlocutors presume a Cooperative Principle plus maxims, and they infer implicatures from what is said, the context, and the assumption that the speaker is (in a qualified way) cooperative and rational. Vailati is a different kind of near-ancestor: trained in Peano’s logical milieu and aligned with a “pragmatismo logico” inspired by Peirce, he is centrally concerned with the methodological and linguistic conditions under which scientific and philosophical theses are made precise—especially the analysis of definitions, the avoidance of “illusory contrasts” generated by language, and the pragmatic test that a thesis must make a difference to what would count as facts or outcomes if it were true (a line he explicitly formulates in pragmatist terms). So where Grice explains ordinary conversational enrichment as a norm-governed inferential phenomenon inside the talk-exchange (implicature as a rational product of cooperative interaction), Vailati tends to approach meaning from the side of methodological clarification: how terms, definitions, and classificatory choices function as tools in inquiry and how philosophical disputes often dissolve once one specifies what difference a claim would make; this is “reason-governed” too, but in the register of scientific-philosophical method rather than the micro-norms of everyday conversation. The overlap is real—both oppose empty metaphysical verbalism and insist that rational constraints on use determine legitimate content—but the contrast is that Grice theorizes the logic of interpersonal understanding in situ (speaker intentions plus maxims yielding implicatures), whereas Vailati’s pragmatist-logical perspective makes “meaning” answerable to inferential roles in inquiry, definitional discipline, and the operational consequences of adopting one formulation rather than another, with conversational subtlety appearing (if at all) as one instance of a broader economy of rational explanation rather than as the primary engine of semantics. Grice: Why V., in a typically Italian fashion, does not QUITE fit!” -- The phrase ‘Grice italo’ is meant as provocative. An Old-World philosopher like Valiati would never have imagined to be compared to a tutor at a varsity in one of the British Isles, but there you are! It is meant as a geo-political reminder, too. Many Italian philosophers have been educated in a tradition that would make little sense of Valiati as a ‘Grice italo,’ but there you are. My note is meant as a tribute to both philosophers. Grie has been deemed an extremely original philosopher, and by Oxford canons he certainly was. He was the primus inter pares at the Play Group, the epitome of ordinary-language philosophy throughout most of the twentieth century. His heritage remains. Valiati’s place in the history of philosophy is other. But there are connections, and here they are. Filosofo lombardo. Filosofo italiano. Crema, Cremona, Lombardia. Essential Italian philosopher. an important figure in the history of formal semantics, influenced by PEANO, who in turn influenced Whitehead and Russell, and thus Grice. V. è, per certi aspetti, una figura anomala nel panorama della filosofia italiana. Matematico, allievo di Peano, aderisce a una forma di pragmatismo sovente caratterizzata come ‘pragmatismo logico’, che si ispira al pensiero del filosofo Peirce. Pensatore asistematico, V. è stato assimilato a Socrate per la capacità di dialogare con i principali protagonisti della cultura internazionale. Fautore di una filosofia che si deve sviluppare in stretto rapporto con la scienza, ritene essenziale che anche le discipline scientifiche dovessero tener conto della storia del pensiero scientifico. Dopo avere studiato a Monza e a Lodi presso Istituti dei padri barnabiti, s’iscrive alla facoltà di Matematica dell’Università di Torino. Peano, la semantica filosofica.  Grice: Caro Vailati, se il buon Peano, quel genio gentile, avesse guidato la crociata del modernismo a Cambridge (Vadum Boum) invece di Russell, forse non avrei dovuto accanirmi tanto contro il modernismo. Diciamolo, con Peano sarebbe stato tutto più... implicito! Vailati: Ah, Paul, Peano era davvero un maestro della delicatezza: in Italia lo adoriamo proprio perché ci ha insegnato che la filosofia dovrebbe occuparsi delle cose che contano davvero, senza troppe urla. Altro che Croce, che da buon napoletano preferisce far rumore e lasciare sottintesi per l’applauso! Grice: Allora dovremmo fondare un club degli implicaturisti: chi non coglie lo sguardo di Peano, resta fuori! E Croce, poveretto, sarebbe costretto a scrivere postille invece di trattati. Vailati: Puoi scommetterci! Peano ci ha insegnato che la vera filosofia spesso passa tra le righe, mentre Croce cerca la folla e si fa capire pure dal portiere. Ma in fondo, Paul, tutto sta nell’intendersi senza dirlo troppo. E, tra noi, meglio un genio che ti sorride che uno che ti urla “moderno!” Vailati, Giovanni (1904). Scritti di metodologia, gnoseologia e logica. Firenze: Le Monnier.

Angelo Valdarnini (Castiglion Fiorentino, Toscana): la ragione conversazionle. Bologna. category. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning (paradigmatically, conversational implicature) treats “what is meant” as something hearers can rationally reconstruct from what is said plus a standing assumption of cooperative, purposive talk governed by norms (maxims) that can be exploited, flouted, or satisfied; the emphasis is on inference, intention-recognition, and the calculability of extra-sentential meaning under publicly shareable rational constraints. By contrast, what can be responsibly anchored to Angelo Valdarnini’s actual profile (rather than the playful “Grice’s Diary” ventriloquism) points away from a Gricean pragmatics of inference and toward an Italian late-19th/early-20th-century “filosofia teoretica” concerned with metaphysics, spiritualism, and the relation between philosophy and the sciences: Valdarnini is documented by the University of Bologna as Straordinario di Filosofia teoretica dall’a.a. 1887–88 (later ordinario), and contemporary/near-contemporary biographical notices stress his defense of an objective absolute reality, soul, and God, as well as his interest in “relazione” as a bridge concept between positive sciences and philosophical synthesis (rather than any explicit theory of conversational inference). So if one wants a comparison “Grice/Valdarnini” on “ragione conversazionale,” the cleanest contrast is that Grice theorizes reason as immanent in ordinary linguistic interaction—normative constraints underwriting how implicatures are derived—whereas Valdarnini’s “ragione” (as far as the evidence goes) belongs to theoretical reason in the older sense: metaphysical and epistemic reason tasked with articulating reality’s categorical/relational structure and reconciling science with a spiritualist-metaphysical outlook; any “conversational reason” attributed to Valdarnini looks like a later, Grice-colored retrospective gloss rather than a recoverable doctrine in his published work or Bologna record. From Grice’s Diary: “Speranza always advised me to keep my eye on Bologna, and her faculty (Speranza tells me that Bologna is feminine in Italian) — as he did with Oxford (or Boum Vadum, as Speranza calls her) and her faculty — when he had me! So Valdarnini fits the bill: he was ‘Straordinario di filosofia teoretica dall’a.a. 1887–88’ (we keep that in Italian). Now Austin, my master, never liked ‘straordinario,’ but then his antagonism to the Hun and his axis (which during the Phoney War included Italy) was so deep-rooted that it hurt, and it hurt him! Note that he was ‘straordinario’ in TEORETICA — by which Italians mean what at Boum Vadum we mean Waynflete, not White.” The Play Group worked their slow and meticulous way through it during the autumn of 1959. Austin, in particular, was extremely impressed.  Grice characterised and perhaps parodied him as revering Chomsky for his sheer audacity in taking on a subject even more sacred than phi-losophy: the subject of grammar. Grice's own interest was focused on theory formation and its philosophical consequences. Chomsky was taking a new approach to the study of syntax by proposing a general theory where previously there had been only localised description and analysis. He claimed, for instance, that ideally 'a formalised theory may automatically provide solutions for many problems other than those for which it was explicitly designed'. Grice's aim, it was becoming clear, was to do something similar for the study of language use. Meanwhile, ordinary language philosophy itself was in decline. As for any school of thought, it is difficult to determine an exact endpoint, and some commentators have suggested a date as late as 1970. However, it is generally accepted that the heyday of ordinary language philosophy was during the years immediately following the Second World War. The sense of excitement and adventure that characterised its beginning began to wane during the 1950s. Despite his professed dislike of disci-pleship, Austin seems to have become anxious about what he perceived as the lack of a next generation of like-minded young philosophers at Oxford. It became an open secret among his colleagues that he was seriously contemplating a move to the University of California, Berkeley? No final decision was ever made. Austin died early in 1960 at the age of 48, having succumbed quickly to cancer over the previous months. Reserved and private to the last, he hid his illness from even his closest colleagues until he was unable to continue work. semantica, semein, significare, io significo, ego significo. Grice: Angelo, dicono che tu sia il genio delle categorie a Castiglion Fiorentino! Dimmi, lì i filosofi discutono sul significato del “significato” o saltano direttamente al vino? V.: Ah, Paul, in Toscana crediamo che un buon bicchiere di Chianti aiuti a chiarire anche la semantica più aggrovigliata! Per il “significato” diciamo: “io significo, ego significo”—e se suona misterioso, diamo la colpa all’uva. Grice: Quindi le vostre categorie sono distillate, non dedotte? Austin avrebbe apprezzato—diceva sempre che l’unico argomento sacro dopo la filosofia era la grammatica. Se solo Chomsky avesse studiato la sintassi toscana, forse avrebbe prodotto teorie aromatizzate al rosmarino! Valdarnini: Proprio così, Paul! Qui il Play Group non ha fretta—l’autunno del ’59 ha visto più discussioni che vendemmia. E se vuoi la vera “lingua ordinaria”, chiedi a un contadino del tempo. La filosofia passa, ma un buon proverbio dura più di qualsiasi teoria formalizzata! Valdarnini, Angelo (1876). L’insegnamento della filosofia ne’ licei d’Italia. Firenze: Tip. e Lit. di G. Carnesecchi e Figli. 

Valentino (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale a Roma e l’implicatura conversazionale di Romolo divino -- Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats implicature as a rational, locally accountable inference: in a cooperative talk-exchange, hearers presume an intention to contribute appropriately (relevance, sufficiency, clarity, sincerity), and when an utterance seems to flout these expectations they compute what the speaker must have meant for the move to remain intelligible; “Valentino” throws into relief a different, Roman-shaped regime of inference, where what a name “means” depends less on an abstract dyadic model and more on institutionally saturated contexts (Rome as stage, heresiology as polemical archive, fashion as public semiotics, and “divinization” narratives as political theology), so that the same token “Valentinus” can, in different milieux, cue radically different inferences (in a couture setting, designer-brand uptake; in Hippolytus, a heresiarch and an eschatological soteriology of the elect), and the pragmatic lesson becomes: the implicature is not in the word but in the social game that fixes which cooperative expectations are live; Grice explains how rationality governs the step from said to meant within a shared conversational project, while the Valentino-material dramatizes how Rome itself multiplies projects and audiences, making “what is meant” a function of competing interpretive communities (the street, the church, the salon), each with its own norms and risks, so that conversational reason at Rome is less a single cooperative calculus than a disciplined sensitivity to which Rome you are speaking in—via Condotti, via Hippolytus, or via the play-group’s joking metapragmatics about how one and the same name can carry either silk or apocalypse (and sometimes both).  filosofia italiana – By , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice,  (Roma). Abstract. Keywords: eschatology. Filosofo italiano. He moves from elsewhere to Rome where he created a sect called ‘The Valentinians’, who Valentino described as being the only ones who would save themselves. Grice: “Eschatological!” -- Ippolito di Roma did not like him. Roma antica, Ippolito. GRICEVUS: O Valentine, Oxonienses cum nomen tuum audiunt statim de veste cogitant—quasi “Valentinus” sit tailor magis quam sectator eschatologicus. Dic mihi: quando primum ostendisti pompam tuam vestium Romae? VALENTINVS: Heu, GRICEVE, non ego ille sartor Romanus sum—sed si de illo rogas, scio quid quaeras. Primum celebre spectaculum eius fuit die XXII Iulii MCMLXII, Florentiae in Sala Bianca Palatii Pitti: ibi primum totus orbis eum “Valentinum” agnovit. GRICEVUS: Optime! Ergo si quis Oxoniensis dicit “Valentinus venit,” INplicat (nonne?) aut rubrum sericum aut apocalypsin—et saepe utrumque. Eschatologicum sane: “soli salvabuntur,” sed bene vestiti! VALENTINVS: Ita vero; et tu, si vis, fac regulam: Si Romae audis “Valentinus,” quaere contextum. Si in via Condotti: vestis. Si apud Hippolytum: haeresis. Si apud te: implicatura—et risus. Valentino (MCMXCIII a. u. c.). Evangelium Veritatis. Conservato in copto (Codice di Nag Hammadi).

Valerio Valeri (Somma Lombardo, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dello spazio tra sè e sè – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats “context” as, paradigmatically, the locally managed setting of a talk-exchange: speaker and hearer coordinate on a shared purpose, presume a background helpfulness (the Cooperative Principle), and then rationally infer speaker-meaning and conversational implicatures from what is said plus what a reasonable participant could have intended, so that the space between “said” and “meant” is bridged by publicly intelligible norms (relevance, informativeness, sincerity, perspicuity) and by a calculable accountability structure (“why did she say it that way, here, now?”); Valerio Valeri’s “philosophical anthropology” (the Valeri of Somma Lombardo, whose first publication on Mauss in 1966 is explicitly framed as a debate about categories of personhood, social psychology, and the relations between collective and individual life) pushes the emphasis in the opposite direction, from micro-pragmatic inference to the historically and culturally variable forms of subjectivity and intersubjectivity that make any such inference possible in the first place—his guiding thought (in the Maussian line) is that persons, selves, and the “we” of social life are not merely participants in conversation but are partly constituted through shared symbolic practices (gift, ritual, categories of the person, moral vocabularies) that exceed any single exchange; thus, where Grice models conversational reason as an intentionally structured mechanism for transferring and coordinating information between interlocutors (often via strategic underdeterminacy and implicature), Valeri invites us to see “conversational reason” as one expression of a deeper anthropological problem: how a culture furnishes the very predicates of self/other, obligation, recognition, and agency that conversations presuppose, so that the “space between sé e sé” is not just the gap exploited by implicature (what I meant beyond what I said) but the socially patterned interval in which a subject becomes accountable to others, and a “me” becomes a “we” capable of sustaining the norms that Grice treats as the rational engine of talk. -- l’antropologia filosofica come ricerca dell’inter-soggetivo –il me di Grice, il noi della conversazione. He argues in these lectures that thinking seriously about context means thinking about conversation; this is the setting for most examples of speaker meaning. He proposes, therefore, to compile an account of some of the basic properties common to conversations generally. His method of limiting his hand was to result in certain highly artificial simplifications, but he made these simplifications deliberately and knowingly. For instance, the relevant context was to be assumed to be limited to what he calls the 'linguistic environment': to the content of the conversation itself. Conversation was assumed to take place between two people who alternate as speaker and hearer, and to be concerned simply with the business of transferring information between them.  A number of the lectures include discussion of the types of behaviour people in general exhibit, and therefore the types of expectations they might bring to a venture such as a conversation. Grice suggests that people in general both exhibit and expect a certain degree of helpfulness from others, usually on the understanding that such helpfulness does not get in the way of particular goals, and does not involve undue effort. If two people, even complete strangers, are going through a gate, the expectation is that the first one through will hold the gate open, or at least leave it open, for the second. The expectation is such that to do otherwise without particular reason would be interpreted as deliberately rude.  The type of helpfulness exhibited and expected in conversation is more specific because of a particular, although not a unique, feature of con-versation; it is a collaborative venture between the participants. At least in the simplified version of conversation discussed in these lectures, there is a shared aim or purpose. antropologia. Grice: Caro Valeri, ti confesso che filosofando a Vadum Boum, tra i barbari—e per barbari intendo proprio il mio allievo, un PPE, Strawson—mi sono spesso sentito come il portiere di una porta senza chiave. Ahimè, Strawson voleva sempre lo “spazio” tra sé e sé... ma lo prendeva letteralmente, come se dovessimo misurarlo col metro! Tu come fai a giocare con questo spazio senza finirci dentro un baule? Valeri: Ah, Grice, ti capisco! Lo spazio tra sé e sé è come il gelato alla filosofia: se lo prendi troppo alla lettera, rischi di mordere il cucchiaino. Io preferisco pensarlo come il parco giochi dell’inter-soggettivo—lì possiamo saltare, dondolarci, e ogni tanto anche correre a nascondino con il nostro “me” e il nostro “noi”. E se Strawson ci guarda storto, gli offriamo una panchina e lo invitiamo a filosofeggiare insieme! Grice: Saggia risposta! Forse dovrei regalare a Strawson una bussola filosofica, così quando gli parlo dello spazio dialogico non si perde tra le coordinate, ma trova almeno il nord del “noi”. In fondo, la conversazione è come la partita di bocce: se tutti tirano la pallina nella stessa direzione, si finisce per condividere anche il campo da gioco. Valeri: Esatto! E se qualcuno sbaglia tiro, si ride e si ricomincia. La filosofia, per me, è una gara di gentilezza e di implicature: a volte basta tenere la porta aperta, altre volte bisogna inventarsi il modo di passarla senza che nessuno resti fuori. E poi, con un po’ di ironia, persino il barbaro Strawson può imparare a danzare nello spazio tra sé e sé! Valeri, Valerio (1966). Mauss e la nuova antropologia. Critica Storica.

Valerio de Valeriis (Venezia, Veneto): implicatura, categoriology -- Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is micro-architectural: starting from particular utterances, it explains how hearers recover what is meant (including implicatures) by treating speakers as rational cooperators who can be held to publicly checkable norms (informativeness, truthfulness, relevance, perspicuity), so that “extra meaning” is not occult but inferentially calculable; the Valeriis-passage you quote, by contrast, is not about conversational inference but about metaphysical classification, distinguishing a categorial discipline (summa genera, principles like causation and persistence governing items within a category) from a supracategorial discipline that yokes categorially heterogeneous items under one head by analogy, and even flirts with calling that enterprise “philosophical eschatology” as a way of legitimating cross-category affinities without arbitrariness—so where Grice makes analogy and indirection answerable to the rational economy of talk (implicature is cancellable, detachable, and justified by shared conversational purposes), “Valeriis” makes analogy a licensed metaphysical instrument for bridging ontological gulfs that categories themselves cannot span; the interesting point of contact is that both treat “reason” as governance under norms, but the norms differ: Grice’s are practical and interactional (what a speaker can be taken to mean, given cooperative expectations), whereas Valeriis’ are architectonic and classificatory (what can be grouped together, and under what principles), so implicature in Grice is a disciplined surplus of meaning generated by conversational rationality, while “implicatura” in the Valeriis register is closer to a methodologically controlled surplus of unity generated by supracategorial analogizing. -- , categorie – Definizione escatologia in Grice.  Some time ago the idea occurred to me that there might be two distinguishable disciplines each of which might have some claim to the title of, or a share of the title of, Metaphysics. The first of these disciplines I thought of as being categorial in character, that is to say, I thought of it as operating at or below the level of categories. Following leads supplied primarily by Aristotle and Kant, I conceived of it as concerned with the identification of the most general attributes or classifications, the summa genera, under which the various specific subject-items and/or predicates (predicate-items, attributes) might fall, and with the formulation of metaphysical principles governing such categorial attributes (for example some version of a Principle of Causation, or some principle regulating the persistence of sub-stances). The second discipline I thought of as being supracategorial in character; it would bring together categorially different subject-items beneath single classificatory characterizations, and perhaps would also specify principles which would have to be exemplified by items brought together by this kind of supracategorial assimilation. I hoped that the second discipline, which I was tempted to label "Phil-osophical Eschatology," might provide for the detection of affinities between categorially different realities, thus protecting the principles associated with particular categories from suspicion of arbitrariness. In response to a possible objection to the effect that if a pair of items were really categorially different from one another, they could not be assimilated under a single classificatory head (since they wouldbe incapable of sharing any attribute), I planned to reply that even should it be impossible for categorially different items to share a single attribute, this objection might be inconclusive since assimilation might take the form of ascribing to the items assimilated not a common attribute but an analogy. implicatura. Grice: Caro Valeriis, ho letto con curiosità la tua distinzione tra metafisica categoriale e supracategoriale. Mi affascina l’idea che la “filosofia escatologica” possa rivelare affinità tra realtà apparentemente inconciliabili. Ti va di raccontarmi come nasce questa intuizione? Valeriis: Certamente, Grice! L’intuizione nasce dal desiderio di non fossilizzare il pensiero nei confini delle categorie tradizionali. Se da una parte Aristotele ci offre i summa genera, dall’altra credo sia necessario indagare su quei principi che permettono di collegare realtà diverse, magari attraverso analogie più che attributi condivisi. Così, la filosofia escatologica diventa un ponte. Grice: E secondo te, questa assimilazione supracategoriale non rischia di perdere rigore? Come si può evitare che la ricerca di analogie finisca per essere troppo arbitraria? Valeriis: È una bella domanda! Penso che il rigore si mantenga se l’analogia viene proposta con consapevolezza metodologica, distinguendo il livello delle implicature. Non si tratta di ignorare le differenze, ma di cercare legami sottili senza forzature. In fondo, ogni categoria filosofica nasce anche dal dialogo, e la conversazione stessa è il luogo dove l’analogia prende vita. Valeriis, Valerio de (1544). De ratione studii. Venezia: Comin da Trino.

Quinto Valerio Orca Sorano (Sora, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale, TVTELA IVPPITER OMNIPOTENS REGVM RERVMQVE DEVMQVE PROGENITOR GENITRIXQVE DEVM DEVS VNVS ET OMNES -- Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats “implicature” as a rational, reconstructible inference from what is said plus a presumption of cooperative agency (the speaker is aiming at mutual understanding under constraints like relevance, sufficiency of information, and sincerity), whereas the Valerius material you cite (Quintus Valerius Soranus, late Republic, remembered via Varro and preserved by Augustine) operates in a different key: the elegiac couplet “Iuppiter omnipotens regum rerumque deumque / progenitor genetrixque deum, deus unus et omnes” is not a conversational turn designed for a partner’s uptake in ordinary exchange, but a theologically compressed utterance whose force depends on Roman religious-linguistic institutions (tutela, arcana nomina, the politics of what may be said) and on interpretive authority (Varro’s exegesis, Augustine’s polemic) rather than on maxims of cooperative talk; if Grice explains how hearers derive extra content because they assume a rational speaker playing a public game of reasons, Soranus exemplifies how, in Rome, “meaning” can be governed by taboo and civic risk—one can read “deus unus et omnes” as inviting monistic/pantheistic entailments (Jupiter as world-soul, one-and-all) while simultaneously implicating the danger of too-explicit articulation (the tradition that Soranus was executed for disclosing Rome’s secret tutelary name), so the contrast is that Gricean implicature is a normative logic of inference from cooperative intention, whereas “Valerian” implication here is a culturally policed economy of saying/unsaying where what is meant is inseparable from tutela, auctoritas, and the sanctioned (or lethal) boundaries of public speech. Roma antica Grice: “If you were to trace the  Italian surname derived from the gens of Quintus Valerius Orca Soranus, it would most directly become Valerio.  Etymologies of the Surnames Valerio (from Valerius): Derived from the Latin nomen Valerius, which comes from the verb valere, meaning "to be strong" or "to be healthy". It is one of the most prominent clan names in Roman history. Sorano (from Soranus): This is a toponymic surname indicating an origin from the town of Sora, which was the native municipality of the Valerii Sorani family. Orca: A cognomen potentially referring to a type of vessel or a whale (orca in Latin), though in this family, it served as a hereditary branch identifier. Importance for the History of Italian Philosophy The verse tvtela ivppiter omnipotens regvm rervmque devmqve progenitor genitrixqve devm devs vnvs et omnes is a fragment attributed to V.. It translates to: "Jupiter the Almighty, the protector of kings and things and gods, the father and mother of gods, the one god and all gods." This line is of paramount importance to the history of Italian and Western philosophy for the following reasons: Early Monism and Panentheism: It represents one of the earliest Roman expressions of monism alla Portico. By describing Jupiter as both progenitor (father) and genitrix (mother), V. presents a bisexual or androgynous deity that encompasses all of nature, prefiguring later philosophical concepts of a "universal soul" or anima mundi. The "Secret Name" of Rome: V. is famously executed for allegedly revealing the secret name of Rome (the Tutela or protective deity). This intersection of religion and linguistics establishes a tradition in Italian thought. TVTELA. IVPPITER OMNIPOTENS REGVM RERVMQVE DEVMQVE PROGENITOR GENITRIXQVE DEVM DEVS VNVS ET OMNES. GRICEVUS: TVTELA IVPPITER OMNIPOTENS REGVM RERVMQVE DEVMQVE PROGENITOR GENITRIXQVE DEVM DEVS VNVS ET OMNES! Valeri, quid ista sententia implicat? Num est implicatura in hoc versu, an tantum oratio poetica? VALERIVS: Primum, GRICEVE—INplicatura, non IMPlicatura: in + plicare, “involvere.” Alioquin sonat quasi Iuppiter ipse in p labatur! Sed ad rem: hic versus plus dicit quam dicit—id est, poeta docet per excessum. GRICEVUS: Ergo “tutela” non tantum est custos urbis, sed quasi signum occultum: dicendo Iovem “unum et omnes,” INplicat deum esse et nomen et naturam, et fortasse—subridentibus dis—ipsam Romam sub tutela verbi latere? VALERIVS: Ita; sed cave: non est sola “mystica,” est etiam ratio civitatis. Tutela hic INplicat: “Qui nomen tutelae publice iactat, rem publicam nudat.” Tu quaeris implicaturam; ego dico: ipsa tutela est implicatura—tectum quod, si nimis explicas, statim desinit esse tutela. Valerio, Quinto V. Orca Sorano (DCLXXII a. u. c.). De re militari. Venezia: Giovanni Varisco.

Valerio Massimo (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale a Roma e l’implicatura conversazionale della morale togata – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats conversation as a cooperative, purposive exchange in which hearers infer what a speaker means (often more than what is said) by presuming rational conformity to the Cooperative Principle and its maxims (quality, quantity, relation, manner), so that apparent irrelevance, underinformativeness, overinformativeness, or odd phrasing is not noise but a calculable prompt to derive a conversational implicature; Valerius Maximus, by contrast, is not a theorist of inference but a producer of moral exempla whose rhetoric presupposes (and exploits) a Roman “conversational reason” of decorum, hierarchy, and self-protective indirection under the Principate—his IX books are organized for practical moral education and rhetorical supply, and his notorious flattery of Tiberius can be read as an institutionalized implicature-system in which praising the powerful communicates loyalty, safety, and alignment while leaving criticism unsaid, so that the moral “meaning” of an anecdote depends less on maxim-driven cooperative reconstruction between equal interlocutors (Grice’s default model) than on asymmetric audience-design (patron, princeps, moralizing reader) where what is not said is governed by prudence and status; if Grice makes implicature a general, rational mechanism for bridging said and meant in ordinary talk, Valerius makes insinuation, exemplarity, and safely coded evaluation a cultural technique of moral pedagogy and survival, with “reason” functioning not as an explicit theory but as the tacit social logic that lets a Roman gentleman communicate virtue-talk in public while navigating power. il gentiluomo romano-- A philosopher of little originality, and a notorious flatterer of TIBERIO (vedi). He is best known for producing his IX books of memorable doings and sayings – the work is designed primarily as a resource for moral education by means of examples – showing how virtue is rewarded and vice punished. It preserves many otherwise lost snippets taken from a variety of sources – including newspapers. His ‘saggi’ are not much regarded today, but they were bestsellers throughout the dark ages and the Italian renaissance, “and I do find them incredibly amusing on a lazy after-noon,” Grice. Morale pretesto. Ed Shackleton, Loeb. Skidmore, “Practical ethics for Roman Gentlemen”. DEI DETTI ET FATti Memorabili. Traiotti di inToscmoiU Ditfl Fiorctino, '.OTPC/ ROMA r. BREVE DESCRITTIO della vita di V. tradotta in lingua toscana. Nato in Roma HobilSiUtgue, cr deU^ ordine Patritio consume la maggior parte della sua giouinezza nelli studij delle let tirecT arti liberali. Quindi prefoU ^Toga Vinleip diede alia militiajioue tgli(fecondo che p afferma') andatof’ 9^ Di quelli, che dalla nobiltà del padre hanno degenerai to* cap* r* _Deglihuomini eccellenti, che nel uefliretrapaffarono il cojlume della citta. Della confidenza, di f e medepmot Della cojiantia Della moderafione decimammo, Di quelU^ che diinitnictdiueètarono amici. Della AslinenzacT continenza – GRICE AKRASIA --, Della poverta. Della Verecundia. Dell’amore tra moglie e marito. Dell’amicitia – Grice on the logically developing series of philia -- Della liberalità. Dell’umanita. Della gratitudine. Della ingratitudine. Della pietà. Della pietà verso i frateUL Della pudicitia. Delle cose che fon fiate dette 0 fatte a la Ubera. Della severita.De i detti e fatti con guattita. Della giuslitia – GRICE, justice in Plato’s republic, Aristotle on ‘just’ as analogical. Della fede publica. Della fede de mogU^ verso i mariti c. A 4- r* 6. 7* iti 177 ij. r A\ Pf?j fe. Roma antica.  GRICEVS: Salvē, Valeri Massime! Dic mihi, quot exempla moralia in libris tuis reperiri possunt? Numerasne adhuc? VALERIVS: Salvē, amice Grice. Exemplorum numerus maior est quam pisces in Tiberi! Etiam ego interdum inter exempla mea perdo! GRICEVS: At certe, nonnulla exempla ad Tiberium spectant… Numquamne timebas eum offendere? VALERIVS: Profecto non! Flatteria mea scutum validissimum erat—apud Tiberium, laudare semper tutius quam arguere! Valerio, V. Massimo (DCCLXXXIV a. u. c.). Facta et dicta memorabilia. Venezia: de Gregoriis.

Publio Aviano Valerio (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale alla villa di Roma – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how what is meant can outrun what is said because hearers presume a rational, cooperative orientation in talk and so infer implicatures from an utterance’s content, context, and the speaker’s recognizable intentions under norms like relevance, sufficiency, truthfulness, and perspicuity. With “Valerio” (here plausibly the late-antique fabulist Avianus, whose Fabulae were repeatedly re-edited in early print, including Venetian incunables), the contrast is that the communicative rationality on display is not the micro-rationality of a talk exchange but the macro-rationality of literary indirection: fable is explicitly licensed to trade in “urbane falsitas” so that moral sententiae can be drawn from what is not literally asserted, and the reader is invited to recover the point by an interpretive step structurally akin to implicature (a controlled passage from narrated saying to intended lesson). Where Grice makes intention-recognition and cooperative norms the engine of everyday conversational inference, Avianus/Valerio exemplifies a didactic villa-and-forum economy of meaning in which the “unsaid” is built into genre: animals speak, scenes are compressed, and the moral is either appended or left for competent readers to supply. In that sense, Grice offers a general account of how rational interlocutors generate cancellable, context-sensitive extra meaning in ordinary dialogue, while Valerio offers a cultivated setting—otium, the hortus, the villa—where reason is exercised through allegorical displacement: meaning is still inferred, but less as a negotiation between speaker and hearer in real time than as a reader’s disciplined extraction of practical wisdom from artfully non-literal narrative. filosofia italiana (Roma). Abstract. Keywords: il filosofo alla villa. Grice: “Unlike most of us, Austin preferred to spend his weekends alone in his Oxfordshire villa!” -- Filosofo italiano. He has a statue erected in his honour in his own villa (‘Ain’t that cute?’). GRICEVS: Salvē, Valerius! Villa tua Romanā pulchritudine splendida est. Quid te ad philosophiam in horto movit? VALERIVS: Salvē, amice Grice. Hortus tranquillitatem praebet, ubi ratio conversationalis sine tumultu urbis florere potest. GRICEVS: Tranquillitas villae Romanæ ad philosophiam ordinariam valde prodest, sed credisne conversationem in horto differre ab ea quae in foro fit? VALERIVS: Sane, Gricevs. In horto, verba leniter fluunt et cogitationes profundiores emergunt; in foro, saepe brevitas et pragmatismus vincunt. Sed utrumque locum philosophia amplecti potest, modo ratio et humanitas serventur. Valerio, Publio Aviano (ca. 400 d.C.). Fabulae. Venezia: Simon Bevilacqua.

Luigi Lombardi Vallauri (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’interpretazione giuridica – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers rationally pass from what is said to what is meant by assuming a cooperative orientation to the talk exchange and then calculating implicatures as defeasible, norm-guided inferences (relevance, sufficiency, sincerity, clarity) grounded in speaker intentions and their recognition. Lombardi Vallauri’s work on diritto giurisprudenziale and legal interpretation is naturally Grice-adjacent but shifts the center of gravity: the “meaning” at stake is not only a speaker’s communicative intention but the normative upshot of interpretive practices that turn texts, precedents, and institutional roles into binding reasons (iustum) within a legal order, where analogy, proportionality, and jurisprudential creativity are not conversational luxuries but recurring techniques for producing and justifying law beyond the letter of enacted norms. Where Grice makes rationality immanent to conversational coordination (a logic of mutually accountable inference from utterance to implicature), Vallauri makes rationality visible in the jurist’s justificatory labor (a logic of analogical unification, teleological orientation, and institutional constraint that bridges “sources” and “cases” when literal application underdetermines decision). The comparison thus highlights two species of reason-governed meaning: Grice’s pragmatic rationality of communicative intentions in ordinary discourse, and Vallauri’s pragmatic-normative rationality of interpretation in a rule-governed institution, where what is “meant” by a legal text or a judicial move is inseparable from the reasons the interpreter can publicly offer and the authority the system recognizes. Implicatura, IVSTVM. Ross's suggestion about 'good' would, moreover, be at best only a description of one special case of analogical unification, and would not give us any general account of such unification. I might add that little supplementary assistance is derivable from those who study general semantic concepts; such persons seem to adhere to the principle that silence is golden when it comes to discussion of such questions as the relation between analogy, metaphor, simile, allegory and parable.  So far as Aristotle himself is concerned it seems fairly clear to me that tie primary notion behiad the concept of analogy is that of 'proportion'.  This notion is embodied, for example, in Aristotle's treatment of justice. where one kind of justice is alleged to consist in a due proportion between return (reward or penalty) and antecedent desert (merit or demerit) but it remains a mystery how what starts life as, or as something approximating to, a quantitive relationship gets converted into a not-quantitive relation of correspondence of allinity. It looks as if we might be thrown back upon what we might hope to be inspired conjecture.  I take as my first task the provision of an example, congenial to Aristotle, of the unification by analogy of the application to a range of objects of some epithet. I shall expect this to involve the detection of analogical links between the exemplifications of the varicty of universals which the epithet may be used to signify. My chosen specimen is the verb grow. Filosofo romano. Flosofo lazio. Filosofo italiano. Essential Italian philosopher. “Italians, especially noble ones, love a long surname, so this is Luigi Lombardi Vallauri. I say: if he wants to keep the Vallauri, that’s what he’ll go with by!” Grice: “He favours animal rights, as I do.” Professore universitario italiano. È stato Professore di filosofia del diritto a Milano e Firenze. implicatura, IVSTVM.  Grice: Caro Vallauri, devo confessare che al Vadum Boum la barbarie regna sovrana: la SUB-FACULTY OF PHILOSOPHY se ne sta orgogliosamente separata dalla FACULTY OF LITERÆ HUMANIORES, e nessuno osa avvicinarla alla IVRISPRVDENTIA. Non so se ridere o piangere… ma di certo un parigino della Sorbonne o un bolognese di Bononia ne uscirebbe più confuso che mai! Vallauri: Ah, Grice! In effetti, a Roma preferiamo pensare che filosofia e diritto chiacchierino al bar davanti a un caffè, invece di barricarsi dietro antichi corridoi. All’università, se non ti confondi almeno una volta tra i dipartimenti, non hai vissuto abbastanza! Grice: Ecco, magari potremmo proporre un nuovo corso: “Scherzi e analogie tra FACULTY e SUB-FACULTY – manuale pratico per sopravvivere alla burocrazia accademica”. Titolo alternativo: “Come perdere la strada tra IVRISPRVDENTIA e PHILOSOPHY senza perdersi d’animo!” Vallauri: Ottima idea! Il primo insegnamento: se uno studente trova la FACULTY OF LITERÆ HUMANIORES e la SUB-FACULTY OF PHILOSOPHY senza inciampare nella IVRISPRVDENTIA, merita subito la laurea… con lode e una stretta di mano dal portiere! Vallauri, Luigi Lombardi (1967). Saggio sul diritto giurisprudenziale. Milano: Giuffrè.

Lorenzo Valla Valle (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della volutta – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how “what is meant” can systematically outrun “what is said” because rational interlocutors treat talk as a cooperative enterprise: hearers presume an accepted purpose to the exchange, attribute to speakers audience-directed communicative intentions, and calculate implicatures by reasoning from those intentions plus norms of relevance, sufficiency, sincerity, and clarity. Valla (Valle), by contrast, approaches reason-in-language as a humanist reform of discourse itself: in the Elegantiae and, more pointedly, in his attack on scholastic dialectic (the Repastinatio dialectice et philosophie), he treats philosophical error as bred by barbarous, technical, context-stripping Latin and urges a return to consuetudo and to a rhetoric-inflected dialectic fitted to civic argument, persuasion, and the contingencies of ordinary usage (even when “ordinary” means the authoritative Latin of classical writers). The comparison is thus two different ways of making language answerable to reason: Grice articulates a general, intention-and-inference model that explains why a perfectly grammatical sentence can convey further, cancellable commitments in conversation, whereas Valla wages a philological and rhetorical campaign to make the very medium of learned exchange less scholastic, less pseudo-technical, and more anchored in how competent speakers actually use words in lived disputation. Where Grice’s “conversational reason” is a logic of mutual mind-reading under cooperative norms, Valla’s is an ethics and politics of linguistic practice—an attempt to secure better reasoning by purging corrupted vocabularies and relocating dialectic inside the arts of eloquence and the pursuit of human goods (including, in De voluptate/De vero bono, the rehabilitation of voluptas as an intelligible candidate for the summum bonum). Cicerone, dialettica, rettorica, la filosofia del linguaggio ordinario, ordinary Latin language philosophy, ordinary Italian language philosophy, Grice, Athenian dialectic, Oxonian dialectic, Roman dialectic, dialettica atenese, dialettica romana, dialettica fiorentina, dialettica oxoniensis – boves vedum OX-FORD. Filosofo romano. Filosofo lazio. Filosofo italiano. Essential Italian philosopher. Umanista. M. Roma. Di famiglia piacentina, studiò a Roma, dove il padre era avvocato concistoriale. Lascia Roma per Pavia: qui insegna eloquenza; due anni dopo, lo scandalo destato tra i giuristi dello studio dalla sua epistola de insigniis et armis lo costrinse ad abbandonare la città. Peregrinò allora per diversi luoghi, finché  si stabilì a Napoli, segretario di re Alfonso di Aragona, che costantemente lo protesse. Deferito all'Inquisitore in seguito a una sua polemica con frate Antonio di Bitonto sull'origine del Credo, fu salvato appunto dall'intervento del re. Da varie accuse si difese presso il papa con l'Apologia adversus calumniatores; tuttavia solo piu tardi poté stabilirsi definitivamente nell'amata Roma, scrittore e, sotto Callisto III, segretario apostolico e insegnante di eloquenza a titolo privato e all'università. Complessa e significativa figura del Quattrocento italiano, V. esprime la più matura cultura umanistica per la connessione posta tra le humanae litterae e la vita civile, per la polemica contro i barbarismi della cultura scolastica, per l'impegno filologico e storico. Nel suo De voluptate (titolo della prima redazione, 1431, nuova redazione col titolo De vero bono) egli svolge una vivace polemica contro l'etica stoica e l'ascetismo cristiano, in difesa della natura, ministra di Dio; di qui la celebrazione di una morale che è impegno e gioia di vivere, ricerca di piaceri giustamente equilibrati secondo il loro minore o maggiore valore. Ma dove più forte appare l'influenza dell'etica epicurea. Cicerone, Virgilio, Quintiliano, Livio, rinascimento, grammatica, dialettica e rettorica, elegantia linguae latina.  Grice: Caro Valla, devo confessare che il modo in cui hai trasformato il tuo semplice “Valle” in “Valla” mi ha lasciato senza parole! Sembra quasi che tu abbia elevato un torrente a vetta filosofica. Hai qualche consiglio per un povero “Grice” che vorrebbe analogicamente nobilitare il suo cognome? Valla: Ah, Grice! La ricetta è semplice: basta aggiungere un pizzico di eleganza e una spruzzata di latinità. Potresti diventare “Gricius”, oppure, se vuoi davvero impressionare, “Gricello il Saggio”! E se proprio vuoi esagerare, inventa un motto: “Grice, il piacere della conversazione!” Grice: Gricius... suona quasi come un antico filosofo romano! Ma poi mia madre penserà che sono tornato dall’Orto di Epicuro invece che dall’orto di casa. Forse basta mettere un po’ di voluttà: “Grice, il gaudente!” Valla: E allora, caro Grice, ricorda: in filosofia come nei cognomi, l’importante è non prendersi troppo sul serio. Al massimo, puoi sempre dire che “Grice” sta per “Grande Ragione Italiana Conversazionale Epica”... e nessuno avrà il coraggio di smentirti! Valle, Lorenzo (1741). De linguae Latinae elegantia. Venezia: Albrizzi.

Giuseppe Valletta (Napoli, Campania): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei liberali, libertari e libertinisti Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning makes conversational implicature a product of practical rationality: what a speaker means is recovered by a hearer who presumes an “accepted purpose or direction” of the talk exchange and reasons from what is said plus shared maxims (quantity, quality, relation, manner) to what must have been intended. Valletta, writing from late‑seventeenth‑century Naples amid the anti-scholastic, anti-aristotelian renewal associated with the Investiganti, frames “ragione” less as a micro-theory of inference from utterance to meant content than as a civic and intellectual liberty: in defending “moderna filosofia” and “libertà filosofica” against ecclesiastical censorship and the constraints of received authority, he treats discourse as a public instrument for freeing inquiry (and the res publica) rather than as a formally regulated cooperative mechanism for extracting implicatures. If Grice is interested in how rational norms make everyday exchange intelligible even when speakers say less (or other) than they mean, Valletta is interested in how rational critique authorizes saying what one is otherwise forbidden to say: the pragmatics of insinuation, polémica, and strategic address (for example, the public letter to papal authority) becomes an arena where reason and freedom contest domination. The upshot is a contrast between Grice’s internal normativity of conversation (rules of inference that underwrite mutual understanding) and Valletta’s external normativity of conversation (the political-theological conditions under which rational speech may be licensed, protected, or punished), with “implicature” shifting from Grice’s calculable hearer-inference to Valletta’s historically situated art of intellectual self-defense and reform. – storia della filosofia classica, Cicerone, Bruto, Cassio, L’Orto, Il Portico. Grice: “He was a libertine from Naples. I like him. His oeuvre published in Firenze. Studia dapprima letteratura presso i gesuiti per poi dedicarsi al diritto. Insieme a Andrea, e fra i fondatori degl’investiganti, che da impulso al grande rinnovamento culturale che prende grande avvio. Nelle accese polemiche filosofico-scientifiche tra progressisti e conservatori, insieme a CORNELIO, ANDREA, CAPUA e agl’altri investiganti appoggia attivamente i progressisti. Istituì a sue spese la cattedra di lingua greca a Napoli, affidando l'incarico di insegnamento al suo maestro ed amico MESSERE (vedi), illustre filosofo. Cura l'edizione napoletana delle opere e del Bacco in Toscana dello scienziato toscano REDI. Grande appassionato e conoscitore di libri, meritandosi l'appellativo di Helluo librorum et Secli Peireskius alter. Grazie all'interessamento di VICO, il fondo librario confluì nella biblioteca dei girolamini. Saggi: “Lettera in difesa della moderna filosofia e de' coltivatori di essa”, “Historia filosofica”. Lombardi, Storia della letteratura italiana, Tipografia camerale. Nicolini, V., in Enciclopedia Italiana, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Gl’Investiganti Andrea, Redi, V.,, nipote di V. Breve scheda biografica, Redi. Scienziato e poeta alla corte dei Medici. Lettera di V., napoletano in difessa della filosofia, e de’coltivatori di essa, INDIRIZZATA ALLA SANTITÀ DI CLEMENTE XL Aggiuntavi in fine un'ojf umazioni sopra la medesima. IN ROVERETO Nella Stamperia di Pierantonio Berno Libr. ALL’ XLWSTRISS. SIC. AB. ’f FRANCESCO PARTINI * è ;DE N AJOF, • f + • Nobile Provinciale del Tirolo, ec.ec,, l storia della filosofia classica, Cicerone, Bruto, Cassio, L’Orto, Il Portico, Accademia, Lizio, Filosofi italiani, Pico.  Grice: Ah, caro Valletta, devo confessare che mia madre rimase sconvolta quando sospettò che il Vadum Boum avesse trasformato suo figlio in un liberale. Ma tutto quello che facevo era posizionare la LIBERTAS, sì, proprio in latino, come fondamento della RATIO! Valletta: Grice, se solo avesse saputo mia madre che, a Napoli, la libertà è persino più contagiosa del caffè! La LIBERTAS, da noi, è la chiave d’accesso al pensiero: e con la RATIO ci facciamo pure il limoncello filosofico! Grice: Ecco perché la filosofia napoletana mi affascina! Qui si discute di Cicerone e Cassio, ma si ride pure di gusto. Da noi, invece, l’unico rischio è che la LIBERTAS venga scambiata per una licenza di fare battute durante le lezioni! Valletta: Grice, in fondo, la vera libertà sta nell’essere liberi di filosofare, ridere e persino scandalizzare le mamme! Se la LIBERTAS è alla base della RATIO, allora la mamma può dormire sonni tranquilli… o almeno provarci! Valletta, Giuseppe (1688). I pensieri politici. Napoli: Antonio Bulifon.

Giuliano Vanghetti (Greve in Chianti, Firenze, Toscana): implicature di Deutero-Esperanto – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers rationally recover more than is said by presuming cooperation and attributing to the speaker an intention that is meant to be recognized as such; conversational implicature, on this view, is not a decorative surplus but the calculable product of practical reasoning under shared norms (purpose of the exchange, maxims, and audience-directed intentions). Vanghetti, by contrast, belongs to a tradition in which “implicature” is best understood not as an inferential mechanism inside an already-fixed natural language, but as a design problem for an international auxiliary language: his esperantido projects (Latin-Ido and Latin-Esperanto), explicitly positioned between Peano’s Latino sine flexione and Esperanto/Ido, aim to reduce morphological and lexical friction so that what is meant becomes more uniform, cross-national, and less hostage to local pragmatic guesswork. Where Grice theorizes how rational agents bridge gaps left open by ordinary language (and even exploit those gaps), Vanghetti’s Deutero-Esperanto impulse is to narrow the gap in advance by engineering a semi-latin, rule-governed code whose very appeal is that cooperative communication should require fewer culture-specific implicatures; the comparison thus turns on two conceptions of rationality in communication, Grice’s as inferential accountability in real-time talk exchanges, Vanghetti’s as an ideal of planned transparency and portability in the linguistic instrument itself, coupled with his insistence (in the policy debate around Esperanto) that such instruments should facilitate cooperation without coercive imposition. la scuola di Greve in Chianti – la scuola di Firenze – filosofia fioretina – filosofia toscana -- filosofia italiana (Greve in Chianti). Abstract. Keywords: Deutero-Esperanto. laureato a BOLOGNA, Durante la guerra mondiale è volontario assimilato della C. R. I. È l'ideatore dell'amputazione cinematica per prostesi cinematica, cioè del motore plastico (v. amputazioni; cineplastica). Per tale idea, del tutto nuova e originale, gli fu conferita la medaglia d'oro della C.R.I. Egli ha chiamato cinematizzazione ogni operazione basata su questo principio: "In un'amputazione o disarticolazione attuale o pregressa, il tendine o il muscolo provvisto della necessaria protezione fisiologica (pelle, vasi, nervi, ecc.) potrà in generale servire alla prostesi cinematica, qualora con esso possa formarsi un punto d'attacco artificiale sottoposto alle medesime condizioni di protezione". Il miglioramento della tecnica prostetica ha contribuito e più contribuirà in avvenire a dimostrare l'utilità del motore plastico nella massima parte delle amputazioni. Ha scritto: Plastica e prostesi cinematiche, Milano, e in Arch. di ortopedia; Vitalizzazione e prostesi cinematiche, relazione alla III conierenza interalleata per lo Studio delle questioni riguardanti gl'invalidi di guerra; Arcimeccanica e cineprostesi, in Scritti biologici); congresso Soc. ital. ortop., Pellegrini, Cinematizzazioni: primo trentennio della teoria vanghettiana, Bologna 1929.I progetti e l'influsso del Latino sine flexione di PEANO , interessante. Nonostante la fama inferiore rispetto ad altre LAI, è innegabile che, in seguito alla pubblicazione dei lavori di PEANO , si assisté a una proliferazione dei progetti di inter-lingua di base latina, ispirati proprio a quella del matematico piemontese. I numerosi tentativi sono testimoni del fatto che molti esponenti della comunità dei filosofi italiani condivide il pensiero che la lingua latina, opportunamente modificata, puo divenire il  mezzo perfetto per la comunicazione. Per i primi tentativi d’emulazione si devono aspettare a quando il filosofo italiano Vanghetti, esperto di lingue moderne e internazionali, pubblica le sue proposte di carattere esperantido, il Latin-Ido e il Latin-Esperanto. Con il termine “Esperantido” si intendono quelle lingue inventate ad uso internazionale che presentano un certo numero di caratteri tipici dell'Esperanto – cf. Grice, “Deutero-Esperanto in One Easy Lesson” -- entrambe si configurano come commistione delle idee di PEANO  e di altri sistemi, presentando un vocabolario di base ispirato al Latino sine flexione accostato rispettivamente alla struttura grammaticale dell'IDO (cf. Grice, Studies in the Way of IDO” --  e dell'Esperanto. A Empoli, mentre è membro della commissione, nominata dalla Società Italiana per il Progresso delle Scienze, che dove occuparsi della promozione dell'uso e dello studio delle lingue internazionali, commissione di cui fa parte anche lo stesso PEANO  - pubblica nella rivista “Riforma” anche un saggio intitolato «Questione de lingua auxiliario internationale in Italia» a riprova del suo particolare interesse per la materia. Leggi Cronologia  Strumenti V. V. M. Empoli -- è stato un medico ortopedico italiano, famoso per aver condotto innovative sperimentazioni di protesi per arti amputati, in particolare quelli superiori. Di un certo rilievo fu anche il suo interesse alla linguistica: conoscitore di molte lingue, si occupò della promozione degli studi sulle lingue ausiliarie internazionali: l'interlingua e il latino sine flexione di PEANO . Dopo i primi studi a Greve in Chianti, dove il padre modo non è obbligatoria. Anche astrazion fatta da ragioni politiche *contro* l'esperanto, non  è ammissibile l'obbligatorietà dello studio di esso nelle pubbliche scuole, come neppure quello di alcun altra delle lingue artificiali, nessuna delle quali è ancora perfettissima. La Società delle Nazioni, respinse alla quasi unanimità detta pretesa; e pur rimandando la questione generale  allo studio dell’Intesa Intellettuale, mostra propensione alla base inter-latina.  Deutero-Esperanto.  Grice: Buongiorno, dottor Vanghetti! Ho letto con grande interesse le sue ricerche sulle protesi cinematiche e, soprattutto, sulla sua idea di “Deutero-Esperanto”. Secondo lei, una lingua ausiliaria internazionale può davvero favorire una comunicazione universale tra i popoli? Vanghetti: Caro Grice, la ringrazio della domanda. Penso che una lingua come il Deutero-Esperanto, influenzata dal Latino sine flexione di Peano e dagli esperantidi, possa rappresentare un ponte tra culture. Tuttavia, credo sia fondamentale lasciare libertà di scelta: nessuna lingua artificiale è perfetta e l’imposizione sarebbe, a mio avviso, controproducente. Grice: Una posizione molto saggia. Nel suo percorso, ha notato resistenze ideologiche verso l’esperanto e le lingue ausiliarie? Mi sembra che il dibattito sia ancora acceso, nonostante le potenzialità di queste lingue per la cooperazione internazionale. V.: Assolutamente, Grice. A Empoli, nella commissione per lo studio delle lingue internazionali, ho visto come motivazioni politiche e culturali influenzino il giudizio. La Società delle Nazioni, ad esempio, ha respinto l’obbligatorietà dello studio dell’esperanto nelle scuole. Però noto una crescente apertura verso le interlingue latine, come la mia proposta di Deutero-Esperanto. Il dialogo continua! Vanghetti, Giuliano (1906). Il problema della mano artificiale. Firenze: Barbèra.

Giulio Cesare Vanini (Taurisano, Lecce, Puglia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei peripatetici del lizio – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats “what is meant” as an achievement of cooperative rational agency: speakers design utterances with audience-directed intentions, hearers presume a shared purpose in the talk-exchange, and implicatures are inferred by attributing to the speaker conformity (or artful flouting) of rational norms such as relevance, informativeness, and sincerity. Vanini, by contrast, is not offering a technical account of speaker-meaning, but a polemical, early-modern “conversational reason” in which disputation, scholastic erudition, and rhetorical indirection serve a broader program: the emancipation of inquiry from medieval theology through a radical naturalism and an often strategically oblique presentation of heterodox theses. If Grice makes implicature a principled bridge from saying to meaning under norms that make conversation intelligible as cooperative enterprise, Vanini exemplifies how, in a confessional and censorious environment, a writer can make the space of dialogue itself do political-intellectual work: insinuation, irony, and learned ambiguity become not merely pragmatic phenomena but survival-techniques and instruments of cultural demolition and refoundation. Where Grice’s “reason” is fundamentally a normative logic of mutual understanding (a theory of how rational interlocutors can and do converge on communicated content), Vanini’s “reason” is a combative rationalism enacted in conversational and dialogical form, exploiting the gap between literal surface and intended upshot less to model coordination than to press, evade, and destabilize orthodox authority. “If you speak Italian, you should never confuse Vanini with Vannini” -- Grice. – Grice: “When this American philosopher, G. P. Baker, of New Jersey, called me a ‘heretic,’ I don’t know what he was _meaning_!” -- V.  Spirito inquieto, che si sente investito del compito civile di un profondo rinnovamento politico-culturale dell’uomo e della società, Giulio Cesare Vanini conduce agli albori dell’età moderna una sistematica demolizione del sapere teologico medievale e rinascimentale nell’ottica di un razionalismo radicale, quasi preilluministico, e apre la strada a una rifondazione del sapere sulla base dell’autonomia della ragione e della natura, con esiti spesso eversivi dei valori etici e culturali della tradizione cristiana.  Nato da Giovan Battista e da Beatrice López de Noguera, V. prende i voti con il nome di fra Gabriele nel convento napoletano del Carmine Maggiore e, qualche anno più tardi, consegue la laurea in utroque iure presso il Collegio dei dottori, annesso allo Studio partenopeo. Si trasferì a Padova nell’intento di seguire i corsi accademici in teologia o forse in artibus, ma le sue aspettative sono bruscamente interrotte da un grave provvedimento disciplinare del generale dell’ordine carmelitano, Silvio, che mirava a relegarlo in un oscuro convento del Cilento. Associatosi al confratello Ginocchio, V. preferì tentare la fuga in Inghilterra, dove forse spera di affermarsi come filosofo-teologo, critico dei principi del Concilio tridentino. La via della fuga fu accuratamente preparata dall’ambasciatore inglese a Venezia, Dudley Carleton, che lo affida alle cure dell’amico Chamberlain e lo pone sotto la protezione del potente primate d’Inghilterra, Oxford, La statua all’aperto di V., “Il medaglione di V. a Roma.  Grice: Carissimo Vanini, lasciami dire che trovo affascinante la parola "lizio" nei tuoi scritti! C’è un suono che evoca misteri e radici antiche. Puoi raccontarmi qualcosa in più sul suo significato? O forse c’è, come immagino, una di quelle ambiguità intenzionali che tanto mi piacciono?  Vanini: Ah, Grice, colpisci proprio nel segno! Il termine “lizio” gioca con un’ambiguità voluta: da un lato richiama la terra di Lidia, dall’altro il “likaion”, il luogo sacro al lupo, che gli antichi greci associavano al ginnasio dove Aristotele, espulso dal Giardino di Eakdemos, trovò rifugio per filosofare. Insomma, un piccolo enigma—come piace a te—tra storia e mito!  Grice: Che meraviglia! Allora, tra “lizio” e “lupo”, Aristotele non si faceva mancare nulla: dalla cacciata al filosofare in compagnia del mistero. Mi sa che i tuoi giochi linguistici mi fanno quasi invidia!  Vanini: Ma caro Grice, tu sei il vero maestro delle sfumature! Se Aristotele fosse qui, si unirebbe a noi per brindare al piacere delle parole che mordono… come un vero “likaion”! Vanini, Giulio Cesare (1615). De admirandis naturae reginae. Lione: Rigaud.

Icilio Vanni (Città della Pieve, Perugia, Umbria): la ragione conversazionale dell’azione e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’inter-azione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains implicature as a rational upshot of cooperative interaction: speakers are presumed to be pursuing shared purposes in talk, and hearers reconstruct what is meant (often beyond what is said) by reasoning about why a contribution was made in that form, at that point, under norms like relevance and appropriate quantity. Icilio Vanni (Città della Pieve; jurist and philosopher of law associated with a “positivismo critico” and a practical orientation to ethics, custom, and social life) makes a contrasting partner because his emphasis—at least as your passage frames it—falls less on inference from utterance-content to intended meaning and more on action and inter-action as the primary reality in which norms operate: “ragione” shows up as the critical regulation of practices (including juridical ones), not merely as an interpretive procedure in the hearer’s head. In that light, Grice’s conversational rationality looks like a micro-theory of how agents coordinate meanings through intention-recognition, while Vanni’s “inter-azione” lens suggests a macro-theory in which speech is one species of regulated social action, continuous with obligation, custom (consuetudine), and the institutional conditions that make an imperative like “aiuta!” intelligible as more than a word—namely as a socially binding prompt to cooperative conduct. Put sharply: Grice models how “help” can be implicated without being said; Vanni invites the thought that the very point of such implicatures is practical coordination in a community, where the deepest “meaning” of an utterance is often its role in shaping or licensing action within a shared normative order.  aiuta, etologia, aiuta conversazionale, imperativo d’aiuta conversazionale. Filosofo perugino. Filosofo umbro. Filosofo italiano. Città della Pieve, Perugia, Umria. Essential Italian philosopher. Filosofo italiano. Filosofo e giurista. M. Roma. Laureato a Perugia, è nominato professore di storia del diritto nella stessa università; passa a insegnare la filosofia del diritto a Pavia e quindi a Parma; è chiamato a BOLOGNA e a Roma. Nella filosofia in genere, e in quella giuridica in specie, segue piuttosto il corrente indirizzo positivista, ma non ciecamente e con metodo empirico, ché anzi egli è uno dei più strenui propugnatori del metodo critico. Tra le sue molte opere ricordiamo: Sulla consuetudine – cf. Grice, costume – sitte -Perugia --; Lo studio comparativo delle razze nella sociologia -- Perugia; I giurisii della scuola storica di Germania nella storia della sociologia e della filosofia positiva, Rivista di filosofia scientifica; Saggi critici sulla teoria sociologica della popolazione, Annali dell'università di Perugia; Prime linee di un programma critico di sociologia, Perugia; Gli studii di Maine e le dottrine della filosofia del diritto, Verona; Il sistema etico-giuridico di Spencer -- prefazione alla traduzione di Spencer, La Giustizia, Città di Castello; La funzione pratica della filosofia dei diritto, Prelezione, BOLOGNA; Il diritto nella totalità dei suoi rapporti, Prelezione, Rivista italiana di sociologia; La teoria della conoscenza come induzione sociologica, e l'esigenza critica del positivismo; Lezioni di filosofia del diritto, Bologna, riproduzione del corso tenuto a Roma. Inizia la carriera a Perugia e successivamente insegna a Parma, Bologna, e Roma.  Tra i fondatori del positivismo soziale, la sua filosofia si ispira a Kant e agli principali filosofi del positivismo. action, interaction, azione, interazione, Vico, positivismo, positivismo critico, etologia, ethology, azione ed inter-azione.  Grice: Professore Vanni, sappia che è solo grazie alle sue riflessioni sull’inter-azione che oggi posso, con tutta la gravità che l’occasione richiede, presentare al mondo l’“imperituro” Principio dell’Aiuta Conversazionale! (Applausi immaginari, prego!) Vanni: Caro Grice, se l’inter-azione ha dato vita a un principio così solenne, mi sento quasi un etologo premiato! Ma mi dica: ci sarà anche una statuetta dorata per il miglior aiuto conversazionale? Grice: Altroché! Prevedo una gran cerimonia, con discorsi pieni di sottointesi e applausi tra le righe. E magari, per tradizione, una stretta di mano all’insegna della massima cooperazione… conversazionale, s’intende! Vanni: Ecco, Grice, era ora che qualcuno riconoscesse il valore dell’aiuta! Se Aristotele avesse potuto, avrebbe aggiunto un capitolo sulle chiacchiere ben fatte: “Etica a Nicomaco… e a Conversaco!” Vanni, Icilio (1912). Filosofia della vita morale. Firenze: Sansoni.

Luigi Vannucchi (Caltanisetta): la ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how an audience gets from what is said to what is meant by attributing intentions under shared norms of cooperative talk; implicatures are what a competent hearer is rationally entitled to infer when an utterance appears (on its face) under-informative, oblique, or otherwise non-maximal, yet is still presumed to be a purposeful move in the exchange. Vannucchi), read through the theatrical trajectory in your passage (classical training, philosophical study alongside acting, major stage roles such as Laerte, Tieste, Antigone, Prometeo, and the famous Don Rodrigo on television), supplies a concrete analogue: theatre makes conversational reason visible by turning pragmatic inference into a public skill—timing, pause, gaze, and intonation become systematic devices for getting the audience to infer what is not explicitly stated. Where Grice offers a general explanatory model (maxims, calculability, cancellability) of how implicature arises in ordinary talk, Vannucchi’s medium operationalizes the same rational dependence on shared expectations: a line can be literally bland yet, in context, carry the real content because the actor’s delivery cues the viewer to recover it. The contrast is thus methodological and evidential: Grice argues from idealized conversational rationality to the structure of meaning; Vannucchi demonstrates, in performance, that meaning routinely exceeds the sentence and is governed by disciplined audience-design, so that “ragione conversazionale” is not only a philosopher’s reconstruction but an actor’s daily craft—an art of making the unsaid inferable, reliably, to a room of strangers. filosofo È il padre dell'attrice Sabina V. Onorato e V. in una scena di Uomini e topi  V. nei panni di Don Rodrigo e Girotti in una scena de I promessi sposi V. nacque in una famiglia colta e agiata. Molto presto la famiglia si trasferì in Cirenaica per motivi di lavoro, e dopo tre anni torna in Italia per stabilirsi a Roma, dove V. trascorse l'infanzia. Durante la guerra il padre accetta di lavorare a Modena all'ufficio del Catasto. Qui V. frequenta brillantemente il liceo classico e si interessa alla letteratura e alla poesia. Alla fine del liceo, contro il parere dei genitori, decide d'iscriversi all'accademia nazionale d'arte drammatica di Roma, diplomandosi assieme ad attori del calibro di Mauri, Graziosi, Sperlì e all'allora allievo regista Camilleri; già durante i corsi ha modo di segnalarsi come attore promettente in occasione dei saggi di fine anno. Prima ancora di diplomarsi, i suoi docenti Amico e Costa lo fanno debuttare nella parte di Cristo nel lavoro teatrale Donna del Paradiso. Studia contemporaneamente filosofia -- entra a far parte della compagnia Gassman-Squarzina, e ottenne successo con rappresentazioni classiche: affianca Gassman in Amleto, interpretando la parte di Laerte, poi interpretò Tieste, I Persiani, Antigone e Prometeo. Passa alla compagnia del Teatro Nuovo di Bosio con diversi spettacoli, tra cui la trasposizione teatrale di Buio a mezzogiorno di Köstler. Ardenzi lo coinvolse in una tournée nell'America del Sud - Brasile, Argentina, Uruguay - organizzata con l'appoggio del Ministero dello Spettacolo. Fra i partecipanti attori del calibro di Anna Proclemer, Giorgio Albertazzi, Renzo Ricci, Eva Magni, Tino Buazzelli, Glauco Mauri, Davide Montemurri, Franca Nuti e Bianca Toccafondi. A parte il Re Lear di Shakespeare, che vedeva riuniti nello stesso spettacolo tutti gli attori principali della compagnia, il repertorio era tutto italiano: Corruzione al Palazzo di giustizia di Betti.  Grice: Vannucchi, ho letto con curiosità la sua esperienza tra filosofia e teatro. Secondo lei, la scena teatrale può aiutare a spiegare meglio le implicature conversazionali di cui tanto discutiamo? Vannucchi: Caro Grice, assolutamente! Il teatro, come la filosofia, vive di sottointesi e sguardi. Ogni battuta cela significati che vanno oltre le parole, e il pubblico sa coglierli con una sensibilità speciale. Grice: È vero, spesso la verità si nasconde tra le righe. Mi chiedo: qual è, secondo lei, il valore della conversazione nella formazione dell’attore e del filosofo? Vannucchi: La conversazione, Grice, è l’anima di entrambe le discipline. Nel dialogo si scoprono nuove prospettive e si affinano le emozioni. Senza lo scambio vivo, né la filosofia né il teatro potrebbero rinnovarsi davvero! Vannucchi, Luigi (1958). I Giacobini. Cetra (Collana Letteraria Documento), CL 0435. (Spoken text by Federico Zardi; track A: Discorso di St. Just sul processo a Luigi XVI.)

Giovanni Vannucci (Pistoia): la ragione conversationale -- Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers get from what is said to what is meant by assuming cooperation and rationality in a talk exchange (the Cooperative Principle and maxims), so that implicature is the orderly product of an interpreter’s reasoning about why an apparently under-informative, indirect, or stylistically marked utterance was nonetheless the right contribution at that point. Giovanni Vannucci (1913–1984), Servite priest and biblical theologian shaped by the Angelicum, teaching of exegesis and biblical languages, and the lived alternation between city initiatives (with David Maria Turoldo) and eremitical life at San Pietro alle Stinche, frames “ragione conversazionale” less as an inferential calculus for recovering hidden propositions than as a spiritual discipline of relation: conversation becomes a practice of ascolto, accoglienza, silenzio, and communal formation, where what is not said (pause, prayer, contemplative reticence) is often the primary medium rather than a secondary layer to be computed. In Grice, the rational norm is primarily epistemic and interpersonal—how an audience can justify an inference to a speaker’s intention on the basis of shared conversational expectations; in Vannucci, the norm is ascetical and ethical—how speech and silence together can dispose persons toward truthfulness, charity, and a shared search for meaning that exceeds explicit formulation. The contrast is sharpened by the bibliographical framing: Libertà dello spirito appears in 1967 as an anthology in the Quaderni di ricerca of the Centro Studi Ecumenici Giovanni XXIII (with a Turoldo preface and later expanded re-editions), and the ecumenical setting underscores that Vannucci’s “implicature,” so to speak, often functions as invitation rather than proposition—an opening of the interlocutor to transformation—whereas Grice’s implicature is classically accountable to reasons, cancellable, and tied to what a speaker can be taken to have meant in a determinate exchange. filosofo, dell'Ordine dei Servi di Maria. Ordinato sacerdote, ottenne la Licenza in Teologia presso l'Ateneo Pontificio "Angelicum".  Insegna esegesi, ebraico e greco biblico negli istituti dei Servi di Maria. Si associò per un anno, con alcuni confratelli, alla comunità di Nomadelfia, animata da Saltini.  Con Turoldo, organizza iniziative sociali, come la “Messa della carità”, nella città di Firenze. Da vita a una nuova comunità – dedita al lavoro, all'accoglienza e alla preghiera – all'Eremo di San Pietro a Le Stinche, nel Chianti.  Da allora lascia l'Eremo solo per tenere incontri ed esercizi spirituali, oltre che corsi di Storia delle religioni presso la Pontificia Facoltà Teologica "Marianum".  Le sue attività e i suoi insegnamenti sono di particolare ispirazione per Ronchi.  Opere Il libro della preghiera universale, Libreria Editrice Fiorentina. Invito alla preghiera, Libreria Editrice Fiorentina, La vita senza fine, CENS; Servitium, Ogni uomo è una zolla di terra, Edizioni Borla, Il passo di Dio. Meditazioni per l'Avvento, Edizioni Paoline, con Maria di Campello) Il canto dell'allodola. Lettere scelte, Qiqajon, Alchimia e liturgia, Lorenzo de' Medici Press, Camici, Uomo di luce: mistagogia e vita spirituale in Giovanni Vannucci, Il Segno dei Gabrielli, Roberto Taioli, La preghiera cosmica di Giovanni Vannucci, su gianfrancobertagni.it. Portale Biografie   Portale Cattolicesimo Categorie: Presbiteri italiani Teologi italiani  Nati a Pistoia Morti a Bagno a Ripoli Serviti italiani. Grice: Padre Vannucci, ho letto con grande interesse le sue riflessioni sulla preghiera universale e sull’accoglienza. Secondo lei, come può la spiritualità aiutare a costruire un dialogo autentico tra le persone? Vannucci: Caro Grice, credo che la spiritualità sia un ponte tra gli uomini. Quando ci apriamo con sincerità, lasciando spazio all’ascolto e all’accoglienza, nasce una conversazione che va oltre le parole e tocca il cuore. Grice: È un pensiero molto bello. Nel suo percorso tra l’eremo e la città, ha notato differenze nel modo in cui le persone comunicano la propria fede e i propri valori? Vannucci: Senz’altro, Grice. In città si avverte spesso un bisogno di trovare senso e comunità, mentre nell’eremo la comunicazione diventa più silenziosa e contemplativa. In entrambi i casi, però, la conversazione spirituale nasce dal desiderio di condividere la vita e di scoprire la luce che abita in ogni uomo. Vannucci, Giovanni (1967). Libertà dello spirito. Bergamo: Centro di Studi Ecumenici Giovanni XXIII.

Enrico Vanzina: la ragione conversazionale (Roma). Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats everyday talk as a rational, cooperative practice: what a speaker means is recovered by an audience through intention-recognition constrained by conversational norms, and implicature is what a competent hearer infers when what is said is deliberately less (or other) than what is meant. Enrico Vanzina (Roma, 1949), though not a philosopher in the academic sense, is a natural foil because his craft is precisely the engineered simulation of ordinary Roman conversation in a public medium: screenwriting that relies on timing, shared cultural assumptions, and the audience’s ability to “read between the lines.” Where Grice theorizes the inferential machinery (maxim-guided reasoning from said to meant), Vanzina professionalizes its effects: in commedia all’italiana the laugh often depends on a character’s strategic underinformativeness, polite evasions, innuendo, and social face-work—cases where the literal line is intentionally thin and the real content is carried by implicature, gesture, and context. The contrast is also methodological: Grice abstracts from institutions to a general model of cooperative rationality, while Vanzina works within specific Roman social scripts (family, class, masculinity, holidays, the bar-vernacular) that supply the common ground making implicatures fast and reliable for an Italian audience. Even the biographical chronology in your passage can be used as a framing: Vanzina’s first major screenwriting credits arrive in 1976 (Luna di miele in tre; Febbre da cavallo), exactly the sort of popular, mass-audience arena that shows Grice’s point at scale—conversational reason is not only a philosophical idealization but a practical competence exploited by skilled writers; the public laughs because it can compute what is meant, not merely parse what is said. (Bibliography note for your passage: Mio fratello Carlo is commonly listed as 2019, HarperCollins Italia, with later editions.) Filosofo italiano. it’s very unlikely that Enrico Vanzina published anything in 1967. More specific bio data available online places Enrico Vanzina’s birth in 1949 (so he would have been about 18 in 1967). The standard biographies (e.g., Treccani; Wikipedia summaries) put his first professional screenwriting credit at 1976 (Luna di miele in tre; followed the same year by Febbre da cavallo). They also note he finished secondary school in 1966 and completed university in 1970, with early 1970s work as assistant to his father (Steno). So a 1967 publication would have to be an exceptional early item (school paper, minor journalism, or an untracked/ephemeral piece), not a typical bibliographically recorded book or screenplay. Also, the citation you gave has a likely date mismatch: Mio fratello Carlo is widely listed as 2019 (HarperCollins Italia), with later reprints; not 2018 and not Mondadori. Alla Cerimonia di presentazione dei candidati ai Premi David di Donatello David di Donatello David di Donatello alla carriera Enrico V. è uno sceneggiatore, produttore cinematografico, scrittore e regista italiano. Leone d'Oro per meriti letterari ad Enrico Vanzina nella prestigiosa sala Zuccari del Senato della Repubblica Primogenito del regista e sceneggiatore Steno, al secolo Stefano Vanzina, e di Maria Teresa Nati, nonché fratello del regista e produttore Carlo Vanzina, vive sin dalla nascita a stretto contatto con il mondo del cinema: oltre al padre regista, suoi amici in adolescenza sono Claudio e Marco Risi, figli del regista Dino Risi. Ottiene il Baccalaureat francese al Lycée Chateaubriand di Roma e si laurea in Scienze politiche all'Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza". Nei primi anni settanta il padre lo vuole al suo fianco come aiuto regista per le riprese di L'uccello migratore con Lando Buzzanca, La poliziotta con Mariangela Melato e Piedone a Hong Kong con Bud Spencer; tuttavia capisce presto che la regia non lo interessa e preferisce diventare uno sceneggiatore. In quarant'anni nel cinema, è stato autore di oltre cento sceneggiature. La prima è quella di Luna di miele in tre, seguita nello stesso anno da Febbre da cavallo, che molti considerano il suo capolavoro. Ma è assieme al fratello regista Carlo che scrive sceneggiature di film come Sapore di mare, Il pranzo della domenica, Eccezzziunale... veramente, Vacanze di Natale, Yuppies - I giovani di successo, Le finte bionde, Sotto il vestito niente, Via Montenapoleone, Il cielo in una stanza, Ex - Amici come prima!, Mai Stati Uniti e Non si ruba a casa dei ladri. fonda la casa di produzione Video 80, che finanzierà sia prodotti per il cinema che fiction televisive. Ha inoltre prodotto molti programmi televisivi, tra cui le serie I ragazzi della 3ª C, Amori, Anni, Anni e Un ciclone in famiglia. collabora con la Penta Film di Mario e Vittorio Cecchi Gori come consulente generale e capo della produzione.  Grice: Buongiorno, Enrico! Ho sempre pensato che il cinema italiano sia una forma di conversazione collettiva, un dialogo che attraversa generazioni. Lei che vive da sempre nel mondo del cinema, come vede la “ragione conversazionale” del suo mestiere? Vanzina: Caro Grice, trovo che il cinema sia davvero una grande conversazione, fatta di battute, sottintesi, e implicature che rispecchiano la vita di tutti i giorni. Quando scrivo una sceneggiatura, cerco sempre di cogliere quelle sfumature che rendono autentica la comunicazione tra i personaggi, proprio come accade nelle grandi commedie italiane. Grice: È interessante sentire questo da un maestro della narrazione! Le sue sceneggiature sono celebri per l’ironia e la capacità di mettere in scena l’ordinario, che diventa straordinario. Secondo lei, l’implicatura conversazionale – ciò che si sottintende – è più importante di ciò che si dice esplicitamente in un film? Vanzina: Assolutamente, Grice. L’implicatura è il cuore della commedia: spesso ciò che non si dice è ancora più potente di una battuta diretta. In fondo, il pubblico italiano ama leggere tra le righe, cogliere il “non detto” e sorridere delle nostre consuetudini. Il cinema, come la filosofia, interpreta la realtà, ma lascia spazio al mistero e all’intuizione – proprio come una chiacchierata fra amici al bar di Roma! Vanzina, Enrico (2018). Mio fratello Carlo. Milano: Mondadori.

Carlo Antonio Vanzon (Istria): la ragione conversazionale – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers move from what is said to what is meant by presuming cooperative rationality and inferring intentions, with implicature arising when a speaker can be taken to be observing conversational norms at a deeper level while apparently departing from them on the surface. Vanzon, by contrast, belongs to the rational-grammatical tradition that tries to make the norms of intelligible speech explicit in the code itself: his Grammatica ragionata della lingua italiana (notably published at Livorno in the early 19th century, with later editions such as 1834) and his large Dizionario universale (issued in Livorno from 1828 onward and also reprinted/published in other Italian cities, including a Palermo run in the 1840s) treat “ragione” less as an inferential practice between interlocutors and more as the regulative architecture of correct usage, orthography, ortology, and idiom. In Gricean terms, Vanzon is primarily concerned with what could be called the stabilization of sentence-meaning and word-meaning (the resources a speech community standardizes in grammars and dictionaries), whereas Grice is primarily concerned with how a speaker, in a particular exchange, can rationally mean more (or other) than the conventional meanings encoded there. That difference also helps the Istrian-Venetian trajectory in your passage read philosophically: Vanzon’s Istria-to-Venice-to-Livorno circulation foregrounds the geographic spread of a norm-setting Italian linguistic culture (the “port” of grammar and lexicon), while Grice’s model foregrounds the portable rational procedure by which any competent conversationalist, regardless of region, extracts implicated content from what is said; the upshot is that Vanzon’s “ragionata” is reason as codification of lingua, whereas Grice’s is reason as real-time interpretive governance of conversazione, with dictionaries describing the ship and implicature describing how it is actually sailed. filosofia italiana – (Istria). Filosofo italiano. He was an Istrian by birth, in a location within Istria. He moved to Venice, where he completed his classical studies. While his dictionary works were published in several Italian cities, including Livorno and Palermo, his origin is cited as Istrian. A tiny portion of the Istrian peninsula is still part of Italy – speciafically, the area around the town of MUGGIA. The Italian section consists of the communes of MUGGIA and SAN DORLIGO DELLA VALLE, located just south of the city of Trieste. Muggia is the only Italian port town that lies within the historical and geographical bounds of the Istrian peninsula. The current borders where finalized by the Treaty of Osimo, which formalized the de facto division of the former free territory of Trieste. Padova, Veneto. Venezia, Veneto.  Livorno, Toscana. V. is the author of the Dizionario universale della lingua italiana, ed insieme di geografia antica e moderna, mitologia, storia sacra, politica, ed ecclesiastica, published in Livorno . His more famous work, Grammatica ragionata della lingua italiana, is an exposition that served as the extensive grammatical introductin to his larger dictionary. GRAMMATICA RAGIONATA DELLA LINGUA ITALIANA Riveduta dall’ autore, e da Iti accresciuta di due elaboratissimi trattati, uno di Ortologia, 1’ altro di ()rtografia; di sei copiose raccolte di modi di dire usitatissimi co’verbi essere, Aocere, andare, dare, stare e fare; di molti eserpj famigliari dell'uso comune – Grice: “What Austin, but not I, would call ‘ordinary language’ – meaning AIN’T use! --; e di un gran numero di paragrafi nel corso de’capitoli, contenenti precetti ed osservazioni. Grammaticorum, sine ratione, testimoniisque auctoritas nulla est. Sanctius, in Minerva. LIVORNO Dai ToncHi pr Lurci ANGELONI t ù 4 x 126% .38% n f NC LETTERA DELL’ ILLUSTRISSIMO Zannoni  SEGRETARIO DELL' ASSCADBNIA DELLA CRUSCA ALL' AUTORE DELLA PRESENTE OPERA. Firenze.  Grice: Caro Vanzon, sa che io ‘conosco’ l’Istria? Insomma, almeno per sentito dire… O forse per qualche bella descrizione letta in un suo dizionario! Vanzon: Ah, maestro Grice! Apprezzo molto questa sua “conoscenza” istriana: nella filosofia, come nella lessicografia, sapere può essere tante cose! Descrizione, esperienza, o magari anche solo una voce del dizionario... Grice: E infatti, caro Vanzon, ci sono terre che si conoscono più per le parole che per le strade. D’altronde, tra Livorno e l’Istria, a volte basta un lemma per sentirsi viaggiatori! Vanzon: Parole sagge, Grice! E se qualcuno le trova oscure, basta consultare la mia Grammatica ragionata: in fondo, è il porto sicuro anche per chi conosce solo “per sentito dire”! Vanzon, Carlo Antonio (1785). Dissertazione sopra la musica antica. Venezia: Ferroni.

Guarino Varino da Varona (Verona, Veneto): la ragione conversazionale o la rettorica filosofica – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats talk as a rational, cooperative practice in which hearers infer what a speaker means (including implicatures) by assuming an “accepted purpose or direction” and by repairing apparent departures from relevance, sufficiency, clarity, or sincerity through intention-recognition. Guarino Varino (Guarino da Verona / Guarino Veronese, 1374–1460), by contrast, represents the Renaissance humanist reconstruction of conversational reason as rhetorical and pedagogical: his program of studia humanitatis (Ciceronian Latin style, training in eloquence, and the revived Greek curriculum learned via Constantinople and manuscripts) aims to form agents who can speak aptly in civic and courtly settings, where persuasion, decorum, and audience-design are central virtues. So where Grice gives a general, formally minded explanation of how meaning is rationally recoverable beyond what is said (implicature as a calculable product of shared norms), Guarino supplies the cultural infrastructure that makes such norms socially powerful: rhetorical education that sharpens sensitivity to what is left unsaid, to strategic indirection, to enthymeme and allusion, and to the audience’s role in completing sense. In Gricean terms, Guarino is less a precursor who states the Cooperative Principle than a humanist who trains conversationalists to exploit it—teaching how to manage inference in others through style, brevity, and classical exempla—so that “reason in conversation” appears not only as logical constraint (Grice) but as cultivated civic art (Guarino), with implicature functioning as the modern name for what Renaissance rhetoric treated as controlled suggestiveness within an educated κοινόν / res publica of interpreters. Renaissance educator who revitalised classical rhetorical training. Grice: “I like him!” Keywords: rettorica. Matteo de' Pasti, medaglia di Guarino Veronese, Guarino da Verona Guarino Veronese o Guarino da Verona – m. Ferrara -- è stato un poeta e umanista italiano.  Il suo nome di battesimo è V. ma, per corruzione, è chiamato “Guarino,” uno pseudonimo che poi, sotto la forma di "Guarini", trasmite ai suoi discendenti. Venne contraddistinto come "veronese" o, più raramente, "da Verona". Per tutti fu, dunque, Guarino Veronese o Guarino da Verona.  Edizione delle opere È avviato allo studio dei classici latini da CONVERSINI  e proprio studiando la filosofia latina si incuriosa a proposito dei filosofi a cui le opere spesso alludeno e decide di cominciare a studiare la lingua greca. All'epoca però non è diffuso in Italia l'insegnamento del greco e quindi l'unica possibilità di apprenderlo è quella di andare ad impararlo a Corpus Christi a Oxford – come Grice – o Costantinopoli. Così si trasfere nella capitale bizantina dove è presentato ad Crisolora, stimato studioso e letterato, che decide di fargli da maestro. I suoi studi però si interruppeno bruscamente quando i turchi prendeno sotto assedio Costantinopoli e l'imperatore Paleologo invia Crisolora in Italia per chiedere aiuto ai principi cattolici. Ma ormai, dopo anni d’intenso lavoro, V. raggiunge la piena fluenza nella lingua greca e quindi puo tranquillamente fare ritorno in Italia.  L'unicità della sua formazione linguistico-letteraria gli permite di affermarsi a Venezia come insegnante privato di greco finché, da Firenze, gli giunge un'interessante proposta di lavoro dal letterato e mecenate Niccoli che gl’offre la cattedra di greco presso lo studio fiorentino. Cattedra che per anni era stata di Crisolora ma che lascia per trasferirsi a Roma. Ed era stato proprio Crisolora ad aver indicato in V. la persona più adatta a sostituirlo. Ma, a Firenze, V. non trovò affatto la gloria.  Grice: Caro Varino, ho sempre pensato che la conversazione sia come una buona retorica: parte filosofica, parte arte del convincere. Ma dimmi, ti è mai capitato di convincere qualcuno solo con la parola, senza nemmeno filosofeggiare troppo? Varino: Eh, Grice, a Verona si dice che “la lingua batte dove il filosofo vuole”! Ma vedi, la vera arte sta nel far sembrare la filosofia una chiacchierata tra amici—magari davanti a un bicchiere di Valpolicella, senza perdere il filo né il sorriso. Grice: Ah, allora sei più maestro di retorica che di dialettica! Io invece, da buon inglese, preferisco la precisione: ma a volte la conversazione ha più implicature che argomenti. E tu, tra greco e latino, come te la cavi con i sottintesi? Varino: Grice, fra un proverbio veneto e un’allusione classica, il non detto è il sale della retorica! Se i turchi mi han fatto scappare da Costantinopoli, è solo perché non capivano le mie battute… Ma almeno a Ferrara, tra filosofi e umanisti, il sorriso è sempre stato il miglior argomento! Varino, Guarino (1429). Epistole. Ferrara: Tipografia Estense.

Lucio Vario Rufo (Turbigo, Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale della filosofia della vita a Roma – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers rationally move from what is said to what is meant by presuming cooperative, purposive talk and inferring speaker intentions (with implicature arising when a maxim such as relevance, quantity, or manner is apparently not met but can be made intelligible as a rational conversational strategy). The Vario material, by contrast, makes conversational reason look less like a general inferential engine and more like an Epicurean practice of life: in the hortus with Philodemus, sermo and amicitia are instruments of ataraxia, and “mors nihil ad nos” is not a hidden content extracted from maxim-flouting but an explicitly therapeutic end that disciplines discourse, desires, and fear; conversation functions as a moral technology for steadying the soul rather than as a model for reconstructing communicative intentions. Still, the passage’s bridle image (the moderator habenae who restrains and trains) creates a natural point of contact with Grice: where Grice thinks of rational constraints as principles governing contribution to a talk exchange, Vario’s Epicurean frame casts rational constraint as self-governance achieved through conversation—reason shows up as the capacity of talk to curb rush, exaggeration, and anxiety and to keep inquiry within what matters for living well. Historically, this fits what we know of Lucius Varius Rufus as an Epicurean-associated Augustan poet in Philodemus’ circle (alongside figures linked to Virgil and Tucca), with a De morte tradition in the background; so the comparison can be put sharply as follows: Grice systematizes the inferential norms by which interlocutors recover intended meaning in any conversation, whereas Vario exemplifies a tradition in which conversation is itself an ethical regimen—its “implicatures,” if one insists on the word, are less calculable pragmatic add-ons than the lived, guiding upshot that talk in the Garden is for: tranquillity, friendship, and freedom from the fear of death. Philosophy of Life -- IL GIARDINO. In Grice’s time, philosophy was not studied as a separate subject, but under classics. Philosophy wss introduced upon completion of five terms into the B. A. Lit. Hum. Mundle complained: Grice referred to ordinary language as the language employed by any philosopher who had earned a first at Greats – as his pupil Strawson never did! -- Filosofo italiano. L’orto. Friend of FILODEMO (vedi). A poet. One of his works, “On death,” was doubtless shaped by L’Orto. He had a significant influence on VIRGILIO (vedi). His tutor was SIRO (vedi).   Orazio legge davanti al circolo di Mecenate, di cui faceva parte anche Vario Rufo (dipinto di Fedor Bronnikov, conservato presso il Museo d'arte di Odessa). Lucio Vario Rufo (in latino Lucius Varius Rufus; Turbigo -- è stato un poeta romano dell'età augustea.  Biografia  Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Storia della letteratura latina. (latino) «quem non ille sinit lentae moderator habenae qua velit ire, sed angusto prius ore coercens insultare docet campis fingitque morando. (italiano) «Che il guidatore della flessibile briglia non lascia andare dove vuole, ma prima frenandolo nella bocca (“ore”), tenuta stretta, gli insegna a galoppare nella piana e trattenendolo lo ammaestra» (Vario Rufo, Frammento Traglia)  Amico di Virgilio, di cui era certamente più grande, Vario fu anch'egli epicureo, come attestato anche da Quintiliano, che lo definisce esplicitamente epicureus[1] e da Filodemo di Gadara, che gli dedicò un trattato Sulla morte[2].  Avrebbe, comunque, introdotto Virgilio nel circolo di Mecenate e, con lui, presentato anche Orazio. Che Virgilio ne fosse amico e ammiratore traspare dal fatto che, negli anni Quaranta, Virgilio, sotto lo pseudonimo di Licida, rimpiangeva di non aver prodotto fino a quel momento nulla di paragonabile alla poesia di Vario o di Elvio Cinna.  GRICEVS: O VARI, amice, audivi te cum Philodemo in horto saepe disseruisse de vita et morte; dic mihi, quomodo Epicureus tam gravia leviter—id est sapienter—tractat? VARIVS: GRICEVE, non leviter sed sine metu: mors nihil ad nos; dum vivimus, vita colenda est—amicitia, sermo, et illa tranquillitas quae in horto nascitur. G.: Pulchre; et mihi videtur ipsa conversatio rationis esse quasi frenum lentae habenae: non sinit animum quo velit ruere, sed ore coercens docet recte currere. VARIVS: Ita est—sermo nos format; et si Virgilium ad Maecenatem adduxi, hoc quoque fuit: ut poeta, philosophus, et amicus in uno convivio convenirent, ne vita sine ratione—aut ratio sine vita—maneret. Vario, Lucio V. Rufo De morte (anno DCCX a.u.c.). Roma: Società Tipografica.

Bernardino Varisco (Chiari, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale, o l’implicatura conversazionale del sommario di criticismo – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning locates the engine of “what is meant” in rational, intention-based inference: a hearer treats an utterance as a move in a cooperative practice and works out speaker-meaning (including implicature) by attributing communicative intentions constrained by norms of relevance, informativeness, sincerity, and clarity. Varisco, coming from his “filosofia critica” and his sustained concern with self-knowledge (Conosci te stesso) and the limits of science versus the irreducibility of “opinione” and faith, pushes the comparison in a different direction: the rationality that governs meaning is not only inferential but also reflexive and normative, tied to the structure of subjectivity and to the conditions under which a subject can responsibly claim knowledge of self and world. Where Grice explains how a “thou” can rationally recover what an “I” intends to convey beyond what is said, Varisco’s perspective (as your passage highlights with the oracular gnothi seauton) foregrounds that self-knowledge itself is dialogically mediated and partly indirect: even the imperative “know thyself” presupposes an address, an authority, and a standpoint outside the self, so that its “oracular” force functions like a pragmatic surplus over literal content. In Gricean terms, the Delphic injunction behaves less like a straightforward assertion than like a directive whose uptake generates further implicated commitments (about accountability, examination, ethical orientation), while in Varisco the same surplus is philosophically diagnostic of the human condition: reason is inseparable from a critique of its own grounds, and the meaning of our highest injunctions is not exhausted by what they say but by what they demand of a subject who can only become fully intelligible to itself through a second-person or communal axis of recognition. gnothi seauton, implicatura dell’oracolo. Filosofia critica. Filosofo lombardo. Filosofo italiano. Chiari, Brescia, Lombardia. Essential Italian philosopher. Filosofo italiano. Grice: “We all learned about the ‘gnothi seauton’ at Clifton – Varisco composed a full tract about it! Calogero has analysed the implicatures! The idea is that you need a ‘thou’ to tell ‘thou’ ‘knowest THYself” – although the oracular mystique is still there!” Nasce da Carlo, direttore del ginnasio locale, e da Giulia Bonatelli, sorella del filosofo BONATELLI . Il padre è un cultore appassionato delle lingue e delle civiltà classiche, ma, privo di ambizioni sia accademiche sia scientifiche, rimane per tutta la vita a dirigere il ginnasio di Chiari, giungendo al punto di ri-fiutare la presidenza del liceo di Rimini offertagli, probabilmente per il suo orientamento patriottico, dal governo dello stato unitario, di recente proclamazione. La madre di V. è la seconda moglie del padre, che dalla prima, scomparsa in giovane età, aveva avuto un solo figlio, morto da bambino. Con Giulia, Carlo V.  ebbe, oltre a Bernardino, tre figlie. Rimasto vedovo una seconda volta, si sposa per la terza, di nuovo con una Bonatelli, alla quale pure sopravvisse.  L’infanzia e l’adolescenza di V. sono contraddistinte da un’educazione ispirata a sentimenti patriottici e irredentistici, pervasi da una profonda religiosità. Dopo aver concepito, senza riuscire a portarlo a termine, il disegno di arruolarsi nell’esercito italiano allo scoppio della  guerra di indipendenza – quando è allievo del collegio nazionale di Torino –, in occasione dell’esame con il quale corona il suo percorso scolastico scrive un componimento intriso di un così profondo e sincero sentimento nazionale e contraddistinto da un’enfasi letteraria tanto efficace che gli valse la medaglia d’oro del re, venendo valutato come la migliore prova scritta di italiano. know theyself, oracular implicature, Calogero, per un sommario di filosofia critica.  Grice: Caro Varisco, ho deciso una volta per tutte che nei miei tutorial non userò mai più “Kant”, né “Cant”, né tantomeno “Kantiano” o “Cantiano”. D’ora in poi diremo solo Kritik, rigorosamente in tedesco con la vecchia grafia gotica – perché, diciamolo, tutto ciò che quel signore ci ha lasciato è la Kritik, giusto?  Varisco: Bravo Grice! Finalmente qualcuno che va al sodo. Kant è come la pasta: tutti la nominano, ma alla fine il vero sapore lo dà solo la Kritik – meglio se servita alla tedesca!  Grice: Esatto! Niente più “-iano” o “-iano” a caso, solo Kritiker seri. Così almeno non rischiamo di impastare il pensiero critico con i biscotti, né con le cantine!  Varisco: Grice, la tua perspicacia merita una medaglia d’oro – magari non quella del re, ma almeno quella del migliore filosofo critico. Alla salute della Kritik, e che l’implicatura oracolare ci illumini! Varisco, Bernardino (1902). La conoscenza e il pensiero. Milano: Fratelli Bocca.

Marco Terenzio Varrone (Rieti, Lazio): LINGUISTICA FILOSOFICA. Utterer’s meaning, sentence-meaning, and word-meaning -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della semiotica filosofica, Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning starts from utterer’s meaning: what a speaker means is fixed by a complex, audience-directed intention whose recognition is supposed to play a rational role in the hearer’s uptake; sentence-meaning and word-meaning are then treated as derivative, stabilized patterns over many occasions, and conversational implicature is the rational, rule-guided enrichment whereby hearers work out what is meant beyond what is strictly said. Varro offers a strikingly different but complementary ancestor-picture: in De lingua Latina he treats Latin as a public, historically layered system whose significations emerge from impositio (the bestowal of words), from consuetudo (usage), and from the competing pressures of analogy and anomaly, so that the rationality governing meaning is less a micro-pragmatic logic of intentions and more a macro-rational order of linguistic practice—how a civitas keeps a shared lexicon coherent despite change, irregularity, and etymological opacity. Where Grice locates normativity primarily in the cooperative expectations of a talk-exchange (maxim-guided inference from utterance to intended meaning), Varro locates it in Latinitas and in the disciplined description of how words signify across time, registers (populus, poeta, orator), and institutional memory; Grice’s “reason” is the hearer’s rational reconstruction of intention in context, Varro’s “reason” is the grammarian-antiquarian’s reconstruction of why these words, in this community, have the values they do. The contrast can be sharpened by their favored explanatory directions: Grice explains conventional meaning by building up from occasion-meaning, while Varro often explains present meanings by tracing downward from civic usage and inherited naming practices (including etymology), with the result that Grice’s implicature highlights what speakers responsibly leave unsaid, whereas Varro’s linguistic philosophy highlights what a language, as a collective artifact, can mean and continue to mean even when no individual speaker is consciously managing the inferential load. Studies in the way of words. Keywords: studies in the way of words, Grice, Mundle: Grice regarded ordinary language as the language employed by anyone who got a first in Greats. Philosophy was introduced only upon completion of five terms into your B. A. Lit. Hum., since philosophy was not taught under a separate subject at Oxford, but under classics. Filosofo lazio. Filosofo italiano. Rieti, Lazio. Grice: “I count Varrone as the first language philosopher. He woke up one day, and realised he was speaking ‘lingua latina,’ and dedicated 36 volumes to it!” --. Grice: “’Lingua latina’ has a nice Roman ring to it. In modern Italian, the ‘t’ has become an ‘z,’ as in “Lazio,  -- the calcio team from Latium – or a ‘d’ as in ‘ladino.’” Grice: “I know his Loeb edition by heart!” – Grice: “The Greeks never studied their lingo as V. studied his! Of this Austin always reminded me: ‘We should be like Varro, analysing our tongue as a ‘fluid’ semiotic system!’”. Academic, Roman polymath, author of essays on language, agriculture, history and  philosophy, as well as satires, and principal conversationalist in CICERONE’s "Academica.” Questore della repubblica romana. Gens: Terentia. Questura in Illyricum. Pro-pretura in Spagna. Tu ci hai fatto luce su ogni epoca della patria, sulle fasi della sua cronologia, sulle norme dei suoi rituali, sulle sue cariche sacerdotali, sugli istituti civili e militari, sulla dislocazione dei suoi quartieri e vari punti, su nomi, generi, su doveri e cause dei nostri affari, sia divini che umani -- CICERONE, Academica Posteriora. Detto reatino, attributo che lo distingue da “Varrone Atacino,” vissuto nello stesso periodo. Nato da una famiglia di nobili origini, ha rilevanti proprietà terriere in Sabina. centro di studi varroniani, idioma, idiom, lingua latina, lingua anglica, Lazio, Lazini, la lingua del Lazio, Prisciano, Donato, Girolamo, Giulio Cesare, semiotica filosofica.  Griceus: Salvē Varro! Ego plurimum admiror opus tuum De Lingua Latina; tot volumina ad linguam Latinam explicandam dedicas! Varro: Gricee, gratias ago pro verbis tuis benignis. Lingua quidem Latina, ut corpus vivum, discenda atque explananda est: verba originem, usum, mutationemque suam ostendunt. In operibus meis indagavi, quid sit verbum, quid sententia, et quomodo significationes nascuntur inter locutorem et auditorem. Sine scrutinio huius generis, ratio nostra conversandi obscurior maneret.  Griceus: Sapienter, mi Varro! Ego ipse opinor sensum sermonis non solum in verbis, sed in mente dicentis quaerendum esse. “Utterer’s meaning” — id est, quid mente concepit is qui loquitur — fons est omnium implicaturarum. Tu, primus inter Romanos, ostendisti linguam non solum signa, sed etiam rationes inter homines construere.  Varro: Recte dicis, Gricee. Facile est videre linguam esse non solum instrumentum ad res dicendas, sed etiam viam ad mentes coniungendas. Ut aiunt antiqui nostri: “Verba volant, sed significationes manent.” Vestris in studiis philosophicis, gaudeo videre vestigia quaestionum quas et ego olim tractavi. Unusquisque nostrum, per verba, ad communem intelligentiam studet. Varrone, Marco Terenzio (47 a.C.). De re rustica. Roma: Editore antico.

Cesare Vasoli (Firenze, Toscana): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura a MERTON ecc –medieval. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning locates the source of “what is meant” in a rationally reconstructible link between what is said, the speaker’s intentions, and the shared norms of cooperative talk (maxims and their principled floutings), so that implicature is an achievement of practical reason operating in ordinary exchange rather than a merely stylistic residue of rhetoric. Vasoli, by contrast, is best read as supplying (in historical rather than formal terms) the long prehistory of those rational norms in the medieval and humanist disciplines that trained Europe to treat discourse as rule-bound conduct: scholastic dialectic as an institution of regulated disputation (quaestio, objections, replies, solutio) and Renaissance rhetoric as an art of invention and method, i.e., techniques for generating, ordering, and managing reasons in public and pedagogical settings. Where Grice offers an abstract, transhistorical model of conversational rationality (a logic of inference from utterance to intended meaning), Vasoli’s perspective highlights how “reason in talk” is socially reproduced by curricula and genres—university practices of disputation, commentary, and forensic exchange—that make it intelligible why participants expect relevance, sufficiency, and orderly contribution in the first place. The “angels on a pin” motif in your passage thus marks a difference in evaluative stance: Grice jokes at scholastic virtuosity as if it were empty hair-splitting, yet his own implicature-mechanism arguably redescribes the same culture of disciplined inference in miniature, while Vasoli’s historiography treats those medieval and humanist techniques (dialectic/retoric, inventio/methodus) as the very schooling of reason that later permits Grice’s conversational principles to look natural. In short: Grice explains how rational hearers calculate unstated meaning within a cooperative exchange; Vasoli explains how a civilization historically built the argumentative and rhetorical norms that make such calculation a stable, transmissible habit of mind.

Keywords: medieval. Grice: “They said we were frivolous, but what about those mediaeval discussions about how many angels could dance on the tip of a needle? -- Filosofo fiorentino. Filosofo toscano. Firenze, Toscana. m. Firenze. Storico della filosofia italiano. Formatosi alla scuola di grandi maestri dell'ateneo fiorentino – GARIN , MORANDI , CANTIMORI  --, e poi docente in diverse università italiane, in più di quarant'anni di ricerche e interventi compiuti in Italia e all'estero V. esplora i più diversi aspetti delle idee e della cultura. Laureatosi all'univ. di Firenze sotto la guida di GARIN , è stato prima assistente e poi libero docente e incaricato di Storia della filosofia nella facoltà di Lettere e filosofia della stessa università; prof. ordinario di storia della filosofia alle univ. di Cagliari, Bari e Genova, poi a Firenze di filosofia morale, di storia della filosofia, quindi di storia della filosofia del Rinascimento. Socio nazionale dei Lincei. Storico della filosofia italiano. Si formato con GARIN  e si laurea a Firenze con un saggio di filosofia morale. Al suo maestro è rimasto sempre profondamente legato, riprendendo e sviluppandone in modo originale temi e motivi.  Assistente e libero docente e incaricato di Storia della FILOSOFIA MEDIEVALE fnella facoltà di filosofia a Firenze. È stato professore ordinario di storia della FILOSOFIA MEDIEVALE a Cagliari, Bari e Genova, poi a Firenze di filosofia morale, di storia della filosofia, quindi di storia della FILOSOFIA DEL RINASCIMENTO. Dottore honoris causa della Sorbona e del Centro studi sul Rinascimento di Tours. Presidente dell'Istituto di Studi sul Rinascimento, di cui è consigliere, e dei Lincei.  Autore di una vasta bibliografia, tra i suoi saggi si ricordano:  La filosofia medievale (Feltrinell), La dialettica e la retorica dell'Umanesimo: "Invenzione" e "Metodo"  (Feltrinelli; Città del sole) Umanesimo e Rinascimento (Palumbo) Magia e scienza nella civiltà umanistica (Il Mulino). Implicatura.  Grice: Caro Vasoli, devo confessare che quando sono diventato “Hammondworth Senior Scholar” per Merton mi sono sentito come se avessi finalmente scovato l’essenza della filosofia! Non so nulla di Bononia, ma se la Sorbonne gira tutto attorno a Monsieur Sorbonne, allora Vadum Boum — la nostra Oxford — meriterebbe di essere chiamata “MERTONIA”! Dico, che cos’ha da offrire Vadum Boum alla philosophia (o alle Lit. Hum. in generale) che non si trovi già a Merton? Forse balli medievali sulla punta di uno spillo?  V.: Ah, Grice, il tuo spirito britanno è sempre affilato! Ma vedi, a Firenze, tra Garin, Morandi e Cantimori, la filosofia si respira persino tra i corridoi — altro che MERTONIA! Da noi, gli angeli non danzano solo sulle punte degli spilli, ma discutono pure se sia logico farlo in latino o volgare!  Grice: In effetti, Vasoli, la dialettica medievale non conosce limiti… Ma chissà, magari a Merton non abbiamo gli angeli, però abbiamo implicature conversazionali che sanno saltare, correre e pure inciampare nei problemi del Rinascimento! Ti garantisco: ogni implicatura qui ha almeno una laurea honoris causa in acrobazie logiche!  Vasoli: Grice, mi fai venire voglia di fondare un club internazionale: “Gli spilli filosofici e le implicature danzanti”! Ma se c’è una cosa che ho imparato — specialmente tra Mertonia, Sorbonne e Firenze — è che, come dice il proverbio: “Ogni scuola ha il suo ago… ma la filosofia, la sua cruna!” Vasoli, Cesare (1968). Ermetismo del Rinascimento. Firenze: Olschki.

Publio Vatinio (Roma, Lazio) la ragione conversazionale a Roma – l’implictaura conversazionale della setta di Crotone, Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats “what is meant” as an inferential achievement: speakers are presumed to be cooperating in a talk-exchange with an accepted direction, and hearers reconstruct speaker-meaning by attributing intentions under rational constraints (the Cooperative Principle and its maxims), so that implicature is generated precisely when what is said would otherwise be conversationally unsuitable and the hearer supplies a rational explanation. The Vatinian material you quote frames a contrasting, Romanized picture of conversational reason: Vatinio is cast less as a theorist of intention-and-inference and more as a figure for publicly staged ratio, where meaning emerges from civic disputation and forensic performance (Cicero’s courtroom combat, the “publicus/populus” etymology of Publius) rather than from a general, psychologically articulated rational norm governing all talk; on this reading, “ragione conversazionale a Roma” is anchored in institutional settings (forum, courts, political alliances) and in the ethical-political telos of the common good, whereas Grice’s reason-governed meaning is anchored in a more abstract, trans-situational norm of cooperative rationality that applies equally to tavern talk and tribunals. Historically, Publius Vatinius is indeed the target of Cicero’s In Vatinium (56 BCE), delivered when Vatinius appeared as a witness against Sestius, and the Ciceronian setting sharpens the contrast: for Cicero/Vatinius, persuasion and credibility are inseparable from character, status, and public antagonism, while for Grice the core explanatory engine is not ethos or civic theatre but the rational recoverability of intentions from what is said plus shared assumptions. The “Crotone” motif then works as a third term inside the comparison: “la scuola di Crotone” evokes a tradition of disciplined, semi-esoteric philosophical practice (silence, initiation, internal rule) that your dialogue opposes to Roman publicity; Grice’s model aligns with neither wholly, but can be made to illuminate both—he can explain how Roman oratory exploits implicature by strategic maxim-flouting, and how a Crotonian reserve would create meaning by systematic underinformativeness—yet the Vatinian emphasis remains that Roman conversational reason is constitutively public and civic, whereas Grice’s is constitutively rational and intention-based, with “public service” at most a contingent conversational purpose rather than a defining source of meaning. Grice: “I often wondered if the Roman name ‘Publius’ means something like a ‘prostitute’! However, the Roman praenomen – given name – Publius – is thought to derive from the same Latin root as the words ‘populus’ and ‘publicus,’ meaning of the people or public. The name Publius, therefore, carries the meaning of being connected to the people, serving the public, or relating to civic duty. This reflects the Roman ideals of public service and governance for the common good. While Publius was a very common praenomen used by both patrician andplebeian families throughout Roman history, some scholars have also suggested a possible ETRUSCAN origin, noting the use of the name in the form ‘PUPLIE” by the Etruscans. Keywords: CROTONE. Grice: “Italians refer to Pythagoreanism as ‘la scuola di Crotone,’ seeing that that was where the Master settled. One may well speak of the dialettica crotonese – Crotonian dialectic, Athenian dialectic, Oxonian dialectic. Filosofo italiano. A politician, supporter of GIULIO (vedi) CESARE and a friend of CICERONE, who at different times, attacks and defends him. V. calls himself a Pythagorean, but Cicerone questions V’s right to do so on account of his dubious behaviour. Gricevs: Salve, Vatini! Dic mihi, quid sentis de illo Cicerone, qui semper tam petulanter et pedanter disputat? Vatinivs: Gricevs, Cicerone magister dialecticae est, sed interdum nimis argutatur. Ego tamen credo illum, sicut Crotoniani, ad veritatem semper inquirere, licet via eius sit ardua. Gricevs: Ha! Sed Crotoniani magis silentio et meditatione veritatem quaerunt, Vatini; Cicerone vero orationibus tumultu facit! Forsitan ratio Romana ab illa Crotoniana differt? Vatinivs: Ita vero! Ratio Romae ex publicis disputationibus oritur, dum Crotonenses doctrinam secretam sequuntur. Sed utrumque genus philosophiae ad civitatem et bonum commune spectat—hoc, ut ait Publius, nomen ipsum significat. Vatinio, Publio (56 a.C.). Lettere politiche. Roma: Editore antico.

Gianteresio Vattimo (Torino, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’implicatvm o impiegato come comunicatvm debole –debole, forte. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how what a speaker means is rationally recoverable by a hearer from what is said plus cooperative norms, yielding implicatures that are calculable and defeasible (cancellable when stronger evidence or an explicit clarification arrives). Vattimo’s “pensiero debole” shifts the center of gravity: instead of treating weakness as merely a pragmatic feature of certain implicatures (some implications are weaker, more context-sensitive, easier to retract), he treats “weak communication” as a philosophical and ethical posture—an anti-foundational way of speaking that resists the “strong” metaphysical urge to impose final, unilateral meanings, and that keeps interpretation open as an ongoing hermeneutic event. So where Grice analyses weakness/strength in terms of the inferential force of what is implicated relative to what is said (and how readily that implication can be defeated), Vattimo treats weakness/strength as a cultural-ontological stance toward truth and authority: “strong” discourse aims at closure and grounding, “weak” discourse aims at plurality, historicity, and freedom. The overlap is real—both make room for indirection and for meaning that can be withdrawn without contradiction—but the contrast is that for Grice defeasibility is a technical property of conversational inference under rational cooperation, while for Vattimo “weakness” is the point: a principled commitment to non-closure that turns communication into an invitation to dialogue rather than a bid for finality. Implicatum come communicatum debole. Grice: make a stronger statement. DEFEASIBILITY – can be defeated.  Filosofo torinese. Filosofo piemontese. Filosofo italiano. Torino, Piemonte. Essential Italian philosopher. Grice: “It may be argued that what V. means by ‘strong’ is what I mean by ‘weak’ and viceversa – With Popper, ‘I know’ is weaker than ‘I believe’ and ‘every x’ is weaker than ‘some (at least) one’ or ‘the’ – I have explored ‘the’ – Keyword: massima della debolezza conversazionale; massima della forza conversazionale” – Filosofo italiano. -- not one that provinicial Beaney would include in his handbooks and dictionaries. Vattimo’s philosophy shares quite a bit with Grice’s programme, as anyone familiar with both Vattimo and Grice may testify. Vattimo has philosophised on Heidegger and Nietzsche, and one of his essays is on the subject and the maskanother on reality. There is a volume in his honour. Filosofo e uomo politico italiano. M. Rivoli. Esponente della filosofia ermeneutica, teorizza l'abbandono delle pretese di fondazione della metafisica e la relativizzazione di ogni prospettiva filosofica (Il pensiero debole, in collab. Con Rovatti. Allievo di PAREYSON , dal quale derivano i suoi originari interessi per l'estetica, studia poi a Heidelberg sotto la guida di Gadamer. Prof. di estetica, poi di filosofia teoretica a Torino, da cui si è congedato. Deputato al Parlamento europeo, quindi ricandidatosi come indipendente nelle liste dell'Italia dei Valori, euro-deputato nell’Alleanza dei democratici e dei liberali per l’Europa, ha aderito al Partito comunista italiano. Studioso e continuatore dell'ermeneutica filosofica – cf. Grice, PERI HERMENEIAS --, nell'indagine sui suoi presupposti storici e teorici dedica la sua attenzione a Schleiermacher, Nietzsche, Heidegger e allo stesso Gadamer -- debole/forte – implicatum come communicatum debole.  Grice: Professore Vattimo, sono molto incuriosito dal suo concetto di “implicatum debole”. Nel mio lavoro ho spesso distinto tra implicature forti e deboli; mi chiedo cosa significhi per lei comunicare qualcosa in modo volutamente “debole”. Vattimo: Caro Grice, per me il comunicare “debolmente” significa riconoscere che ogni nostra affermazione è sempre situata, relativa, mai assoluta. È una sorta di umiltà ermeneutica: accettare che il senso non è mai una verità definitiva, ma un’apertura al dialogo e all’interpretazione. Grice: Capisco, dunque anche il linguaggio, per lei, si fonda su una massima di debolezza conversazionale: non imporre, ma suggerire, lasciare spazio. In fondo, anche le mie implicature sono sempre “defeasible”, possono essere modificate dal contesto o dalla risposta dell’altro. Vattimo: Esattamente! E aggiungerei che proprio questa fragilità rende possibile la libertà del pensiero. Se ci affidassimo solo alla forza delle affermazioni, chiuderemmo la porta al nuovo e al diverso. Preferisco pensare, parafrasando il suo stile, che una conversazione è davvero riuscita quando ciò che resta è più una domanda che una risposta. Vattimo, Gianteresio (1963). Il soggetto e la storia. Torino: Rosenberg & Sellier.

Riccardo Vattuone (Bologna, Emilia): la ragione conversationale e l’eroticaGrice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats “what is meant” as what a rational hearer can infer from what is said under cooperative norms (maxims), yielding implicatures that are in principle calculable, defeasible, and anchored in publicly accountable intentions. Vattuone, as your passage frames him (ancient Greek historiography with interests that include eros, gender, and the social institutions of desire in Greek cultures such as Sparta and Crete), pushes “conversational reason” into a different scale: not the micro-logic of how an utterance generates implicature, but the historically situated rationalities by which communities encode, regulate, and narrate desire—how categories like eros, philia, and sexual normativity become legible through myths, institutions, and historiographical representation. Put side by side, Grice explains the rational mechanics that let interlocutors mean more than they say in an exchange; Vattuone examines how whole cultures mean more than they explicitly say, with “implicature” functioning less as a momentary inference and more as a patterned background of what a society can avow, insinuate, or silence about sex and attachment. In that sense, Grice supplies the formal pragmatics of inference from utterance to intended meaning, while Vattuone supplies a kind of cultural pragmatics of eros: the study of how discourse about desire operates under constraints of genre (history vs. myth), social discipline (education, initiation, citizenship), and communal expectations, where what is “meant” is often encoded indirectly in narrative selection, exempla, and the management of the sayable. Speranza has always advised me to MARK BONONIA as priority as he himself did BOVM VADVM when studying me. This Vattuone was born at Bologna. Mother said never to use “in” — that’s rude — so Speranza asked me if I could find anything more about Vattuone’s association with Bononia, not so much as a TEACHING thing, but as a TOWN thing — not GOWN, but TOWN, etc. Candidly, I cannot confirm, from verifiable biographical sources at hand, that Riccardo Vattuone was born at Bologna (I can confirm strong Bologna career association, but birth is a separate datum and is often misreported). If you want the diary entry to proceed anyway as an imaginative “IF born at Bologna” vignette, I can write it in that conditional spirit; if you want it to be factual, I’d need a specific source line (CV page, obituary note, university profile) stating “nato a Bologna.” Earliest Bologna association I can state without inventing dates is this: Bologna is clearly and repeatedly associated with Vattuone through his long-term institutional base there (Dipartimento di Storia Antica / Alma Mater Studiorum) and through Bologna-based scholarly activity (convegni/atti, local historiography themes, and publications that list Bologna affiliations). That establishes a Bologna association no later than the date of his earliest Bologna-attributed publication or edited confeIn the material you’ve been using, the earliest dated item tied to Vattuone that we have on the table is 1983 (Ricerche su Timeo: La “pueritia” di Agatocle. Firenze: La Nuova Italia). But that is a Florence imprint and does not, by itself, prove Bologna affiliation in 1983.So, date-wise, the earliest Bologna association I can responsibly give right now is: “by the time he is established as faculty at the University of Bologna,” but I cannot pin the first year (appointment year / first Bologna-affiliation line in print) from the information currently in front of us. If you want a precise earliest year, give me either: one PDF CV / university profile snippet that lists his career chronology (even just “ricercatore / associato / ordinario” with years), or the citation of the earliest article where the author line shows “Università di Bologna,” and I’ll convert that into a clean “earliest association with Bologna: YEAR (as [role/affiliation])” statement. filosofia italiana –  (Bologna). Filosofo Italiano. Dipartimento Di Storia Antica, Emeritus Full professor of ancient Greek History and Historiography Address: Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy Interests Gender Studies Homosexuality Greek Myth Sex Education Cretan Studies See what your network is talking about.  Research paper thumbnail of Fra Timoleonte e Agatocle. Note di storia e storiografia ellenistica Fra Timoleonte e Agatocle. Note di storia e storiografia ellenistica Diodoro e l'altra Grecia. Macedonia, Occidente, Ellenismo nella Biblioteca storica, L'archeologia nel libro i delle Storie di Tucidide e la storiografia greca di IV sec. a.C L'archeologia nel libro i delle Storie di Tucidide e la storiografia greca di IV sec. a.C Rivista Storica Dell Antichita, Timeo, Polibio e la storiografia greca d'Occidente Timeo, Polibio e la storiografia greca d'Occidente Hetoimaridas: note di politica interna a Sparta in età classica Hetoimaridas: note di politica interna a Sparta in età classica Storiografia locale e storiografia universale. Forme di acquisizione del sapere storico nella cultura antica (Atti del Convegno, Bologna  Storiografia locale e storiografia universale. Forme di acquisizione del sapere storico nella cultura antica (Atti del Convegno, Bologna ) Il volume raccoglie saggi di carattere storiografico, miranti a mettere a fuoco il rapporto fra s... more  Εἰδωλοποιεῖν : L'Immagine Degli Eventi Nella Storiografia Greca Εἰδωλοποιεῖν : L'Immagine Degli Eventi Nella Storiografia Greca Eros cretese (Ad Ephor. FFrHist 70 F ) Eros cretese (Ad Ephor. FFrHist 70 F 149) Rivista Storica Dell Antichita, Note di storiografia greca adriatica Note di storiografia greca adriatica Rimini e l'Adriatico nell'età delle guerre puniche: atti …, Riflessioni sulla storiografia greca di ambito adriatico: Ecateo, Teopompo, Timeo Eros a Sparta: un'istituzione? altre riflessioni per una storia dell'erotica greca. Grice: Professore Vattuone, devo confessare che per me ἔρως, scritto proprio in lettere greche, era quasi una seconda natura a Clifton: lì si respirava eros come se fosse polline primaverile. Ma appena giunto nel mio Vadum Boum, tutto si trasformava in AMOR, con lettere maiuscole e qualche tratto rustico. Ho sempre rimpianto che, dai tempi del Rinascimento, le analisi sull’“amicizia” abbiano fuso la distinzione tra eros e amor—che da noi, tra i barbari del Vadum, si teneva ben separata! Vattuone: Ah, Grice, come direbbero gli antichi storici greci, tra ἔρως e AMOR c’è sempre stata una partita a scacchi filosofica che dura da millenni! Ma mi dica, nel Vadum Boum, quando uno si innamora, lo fa con la passione di Sparta o la saggezza di Atene? Perché qui a Bologna, ogni tanto, ci si perde tra i miti cretesi e i banchetti platonici! Grice: Nel Vadum Boum, caro Vattuone, la passione è più quella del bue che scappa dal recinto: selvaggia e poco filosofica! La saggezza ateniese la lasciamo agli studiosi. Qui l’eros si confonde col fango e l’amor si serve in tazza grande, senza troppi complimenti. Ma forse, proprio per questo, ci teniamo stretta la distinzione: da noi eros è il batticuore, amor è il tè caldo condiviso… e amicizia, una partita a carte dove tutti barano e nessuno si offende! Vattuone: Grice, devo ammettere che l’immagine del bue innamorato è degna di entrare nei manuali di storiografia adriatica! In fondo, tra eros cretese e amor vadumiano, c’è sempre un po’ di commedia dell’arte, no? Ma sappia che, tra gli storici di Bologna, la vera amicizia si celebra tra un bicchiere di Lambrusco e un dibattito acceso su chi sia stato il primo a inventare l’amore… e nessuno ha ancora vinto! Vattuone, Riccardo (1983). Ricerche su Timeo: La “pueritia” di Agatocle. Firenze: La Nuova Italia.

Salvatore Veca (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazional e l’implicatura conversazionale della massima dell’altruismo conversazionale – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how what a speaker means is rationally recoverable by a hearer from what is said plus shared cooperative norms (maxims), so that implicatures are in principle calculable, defeasible, and attributable to the speaker’s intention within a practice of mutually accountable talk. Veca, as your passage frames him (from early Marx-epistemology to Anglo-American ethics and Rawlsian political philosophy, with an emphasis on public reason, justice, and the civil function of philosophy), shifts the emphasis from Grice’s micro-pragmatics of inference to a macro-ethics of cooperation: “altruismo conversazionale” reads like the moralization of the Cooperative Principle, where the point is not just how hearers infer extra meaning, but how interlocutors ought to conduct themselves so that conversation can serve as a fair medium for justification, mutual aid, and the distribution of reasons in a shared civic space. Put together, Grice supplies the formal-pragmatic machinery for explaining how cooperation makes meaning possible (including strategic indirectness), while Veca supplies the political-moral horizon in which cooperation becomes a normative ideal (conversation as a practice of reciprocity and fairness, continuous with Rawls-style public justification): for Grice, the “help” you give is primarily epistemic and interpretive (making your contribution appropriately informative, relevant, and sincere so others can infer what you mean), whereas for Veca the “help” is also ethical and institutional (shaping conversational exchanges so that reasons are offered in ways others can accept, and so that cooperation is not merely efficient but just). la scuola di Roma – filosofia romana – filosofia lazia -- altruism, Hampshire, Hart, Grice, giustizia, cooperare, aiuta, ragione, le mosse della ragione, ragione conversazionale -- Filosofo italiano. M. Milano. Professore di filosofia politica [cf. A. M. Quinton] a Firenze e Pavia, dove è stato preside della facoltà di SCIENZE POLITICHE ed è direttore del Centro interdipartimentale di studi e ricerche in filosofia sociale. È stato presidente della Fondazione Feltrinelli, per la quale ha diretto la collana della Biblioteca europea, e della Casa della Cultura di Milano. Inizialmente interessato al marxismo, in particolare agli aspetti epistemologici delle teorie marxiane, ha in seguito orientato le sue ricerche verso l'etica anglo-americana. In questa nuova fase ha particolarmente studiato la teoria della giustizia di Rawls – che cita Grice, in ‘Justice as fairness – Rawls cita Grice, ‘Personal identity’--, contribuendo a diffonderla in Italia in un tentativo di rinnovamento della cultura di sinistra dopo il crollo del marxismo. Della sua copiosa produzioone saggistica si citano qui: Saggio sul programma scientifico di Marx; La società giusta; Una filosofia pubblica; Etica e politica; Cittadinanza. Riflessioni filosofiche sull'idea di emancipazione; Dell'incertezza. Tre meditazioni filosofiche – cf. Grice, Intenzione ed incertezza -- ; La filosofia politica; La penultima parola e altri enigmi; La bellezza e gl’oppressi. lezioni sull'idea di giustizia; Il giardino delle idee. Quattro passi nel mondo della filosofia; La priorità del male – cf. Grice, ‘Ill-Will’ -- e l'offerta filosofica; Le cose della vita. Congetture, conversazioni e lezioni personali; Dizionario minimo. Le mosse della ragione conversazionale – La mossa della ragione conversazionale – dinamica conversazionale – la dinamica della ragione conversazionale. altruismo, Hampshire, Hart, Grice, giustizia, cooperare e competere,  – ragione – virtu capitali, le mosse della ragione – ragione conversazionale, la massima dell’altruismo conversazionale.  Grice: Caro Veca, mi lascia sempre perplesso il vecchio reverendo Butler: da un lato predica l’“amore proprio” conversazionale, dall’altro la “benevolenza” come se fossero due poli opposti! Ma non vede che nel principio dell’aiuta conversazionale si sposano entrambe, come due buoni compari al bar sotto casa? In fondo, aiutare gli altri in conversazione non significa forse anche aiutare se stessi a capire meglio? Veca: Grice, lei ha colpito nel segno come un vero maestro di mosse conversazionali! Complimenti: è riuscito a conciliare l’amore proprio e l’altruismo in una sola massima, come a dire che non c’è competizione tra il prendersi cura di sé e il cooperare con gli altri. Anzi, la sua “dinamica della ragione conversazionale” è un esempio di virtù capitale: chi aiuta, cresce; chi cresce, aiuta. Grice: Mi chiedo, Veca, se Butler avesse avuto un po’ più di spirito italiano, forse avrebbe inventato la “massima del caffè condiviso”: dove la conversazione è più ricca se ognuno porta il proprio zucchero e lo offre all’altro! V.: Ah, Grice, questa sarebbe davvero una rivoluzione filosofica! Trasformare la logica del dialogo in una pausa conviviale: amore proprio e benevolenza in tazzina, unendo ragione e piacere. Butler, se la sentisse, forse si concederebbe una risata… e magari anche un brindisi! Veca, Salvatore (1964). Brecht e la contraddizione di Galileo. aut aut.

Mario Vegetti (Milano, Lombardia): la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’accademia di Pater. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how what a speaker means is rationally recoverable by a hearer from what is said plus shared cooperative norms (maxims), yielding implicatures that are in principle calculable, defeasible, and answerable to reasons; conversational reason is thus a micro-pragmatic account of how interlocutors coordinate on intended significance without making everything explicit. Vegetti, as a historian of ancient philosophy and science with a marked concern for the civic function of philosophy and for the scientific/intellectual texture of Greek culture (including medicine and the technical vocabularies of τέχνη), shifts the focus from Grice’s normativity of inference in everyday exchange to the long-form normativity of intellectual traditions: the “reason” at stake is how a community (the Academy, in the broad classical sense) stabilizes meanings, disciplines argument, and transmits conceptual tools across time, so that what is “implicated” is often a learned background of practices, genres, and institutional aims rather than a one-off conversational calculation. Put together, Grice models the local mechanics by which speakers responsibly mean more than they say in a given talk-exchange; Vegetti exemplifies the historical and institutional conditions that make such meaning-making possible at all—how technical languages (medical, philosophical, scientific) are formed, how criteria of relevance and clarity are educated, and how reason functions as a public practice—so that Grice’s implicature looks like the micro-level counterpart of Vegetti’s macro-level picture of rational discourse as cultivated, tradition-bearing, and civically consequential. vadum boum –ariskant meets Plathegel. Philosophy at Oxford could only be studied under the classics, and philosophy indeed introduced upon five terms completed towards the degree: B. A. Lit. Hum., which become after seven years of matriculation and paying the fee, the M. A. Lit. Hum., which was the highest degree earned by Grice. Filosofo milanese. Filosofo lombardo. Filosofo italiano. Essential Italian philosopher. Filosofo italiano. Storico della filosofia italiano. M. Milano. Alunno del collegio Ghislieri di Pavia, si è laureato nell’ateneo della città con una tesi su Tucidide, tra i suoi maestri annoverava L. Geymonat. Professore ordinario di Storia della filosofia antica dal 1975 al 2005 sempre a Pavia, è considerato come uno dei più validi studiosi di Platone a livello internazionale. Occupatosi di storia della filosofia e della scienza antiche, della cultura greca, è stato attento agli aspetti scientifici della cultura classica, ha riconosciuto l’importanza dell’ellenismo per la scienza, oltre che per la filosofia. V. ha anche approfondito i rapporti tra il pensiero greco e la religione cristiana ed era convinto della funzione civile della filosofia. Tra i suoi numerosi scritti si ricordano: Il coltello e lo stilo, L'etica degli antichi e Guida alla lettura della Repubblica di Platone. Insegna a Pavia. Si laurea a Pavia con la tesi, “La storiografia di Tucidide,” quale alunno del collegio Ghislieri. Libero docente e successivamente professore incaricato in storia della filosofia antica. Professore di questa disciplina a Pavia dove ricopre più volte il ruolo di direttore nel dipartimento di filosofia. Docente presso la scuola superiore IUSS di Pavia e la scuola europea di studi avanzati dell'Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa di Napoli. Membro del Collegium Politicum e socio dell'Accademia di scienze morali e politiche di Napoli. ariskant, plathegel, il platonismo oxoniense di Pater.  Grice: Mario, ho sentito parlare spesso di Walter Pater, soprattutto nei corridoi di Oxford. Dicono che il suo platonismo abbia influenzato generazioni di pensatori, anche al di là della Manica. Ma, confesso, la sua "accademia" resta per me un po' misteriosa. Tu che sei uno storico della filosofia, come lo descriveresti? Vegetti: Grice, hai colto nel segno. Pater rappresenta una figura peculiare nell’ambiente oxoniense: il suo platonismo è più estetico che metafisico, una sorta di invito a vivere la bellezza come esperienza filosofica. Per lui, il pensiero antico diventa una forma di "vita raffinata", una via alla ricerca del senso attraverso l’arte e la cultura, senza mai perdere la leggerezza della conversazione. Grice: Mi affascina questa idea di filosofia come stile di vita, Mario. Forse Pater riprende proprio la tradizione greca, dove la filosofia era vissuta prima ancora che insegnata. Sarebbe stato un ottimo “giocatore” nel nostro Gruppo di Gioco! Ma dimmi: credi che questa prospettiva possa dialogare con l’implicatura conversazionale, quella dinamica sottile che anima ogni scambio? V.: Assolutamente, Grice. Pater, a suo modo, valorizza la conversazione come forma di ricerca, dove ogni parola è una sfumatura, ogni implicatura un invito a esplorare nuove interpretazioni. La sua accademia milanese, potremmo dire, è come quella oxoniense: un luogo dove si coltiva il dialogo tra bellezza e ragione, e dove la filosofia diventa un gioco sottile tra ciò che si dice e ciò che si intende. In fondo, la “ragione conversazionale” è la vera anima del pensiero, sia antico che moderno. Vegetti, Mario (1964). Technai e filosofia nel Perì tèchnes pseudo-ippocratico. Atti dell’Accademia delle Scienze di Torino.

Gaio Velleio (Roma, Lazio). Per V. la ragione converazionale a Roma –-splende nell’orto divino. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats communication as an inferentially disciplined practice in which what is meant (including implicatures) is recoverable by a rational hearer on the assumption of cooperative norms; “reason” is local, intention-centered, and answerable to what a competent participant could justify from what is said plus context. “Velleio” (Velleius Paterculus, c. 19 BCE–after 30 CE), by contrast, is not a theorist of conversational inference but a rhetorically trained historian whose Roman “meaning” is produced through literary scene-setting, exempla, and moralized narration: the “garden” trope in your passage (“hortus divinus”) fits Rome’s broader habit of casting civic order and virtus as something cultivated, where sermo and historia are arts that grow citizens rather than merely transmit propositions. So the comparison is that Grice analyzes how rational interlocutors bridge from utterance to intended content under norms like relevance, while Velleius exemplifies how Roman rhetorical discourse makes meaning by cultivating shared evaluative frames (virtus, felicitas, disciplina, decadence) that guide interpretation before any particular inference is drawn; in Grice, reason governs the step from said to implicated, whereas in Velleius, “reason” (ratio) is more like a civic-aesthetic cultivation that pre-shapes what counts as a persuasive or intelligible account of Rome, with narrative rhetoric doing the work that maxims do in Grice. (Online specifics relevant to your passage: Velleius’ praenomen is actually uncertain in scholarship; and your etymology note about “Gaius/C.” aligns with standard reference treatments of the praenomen Gaius, including the abbreviation C. from older Caius.). Grice: “I often wondered if ‘Gaius’ meant something in Roman, since every father felt like naming his son Gaius! Those who are in a position to inform me tell me that it may derive from ‘gaudere’ – meaning ‘to rejoice,’ or to be glad. This could indicate a positive sentiment associated with the bird of a male child. But the namemight have originated from ‘Gavius,’ also used by the Oscans – an ancient Italic people. Some propose an Etruscan orgin for the name, though evidence is lacking. One folk etymology, supported by a Roman wedding voew – VBI TV GAIVS EGO GAIA – as thou art Gaius, I am Gaia – links ‘Gaius’ to ‘Gaia,’ the Greek word for ‘earth. In this context, it could signify ‘man of the earth, ‘referring to the agricultural significance within Roman society. In any case, ‘Gaius’ was the second-most common prae-nomen throughout Roman history, surpassed only by Lucius. It was so widespread across all social classes that it became a generic germ for any name – ‘guy’ – just as ‘Gaia’ was for any woman. The name was used by prominent figures like Gaius Julius Caesar, an Emperor Caligula – born Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. The traditional abbreviation for ‘Gaius’ in Roman inscription was ‘C,’ reflecting the earlier spelling ‘Caius,’ from a period when the letters C and G were not distinguished. The name persisted after the collapse of the Roman Empire, and continues to be used in various forms in modern times, with regional variations like ‘Gaio’ (Italian), ‘Cayo’ (Spanish), and “Caio’ (Portuguese).” Keywords: Roma antica. “At that time, at Oxford, philosophy could not be studied but under the classics. Philosophy started to be studied fie terms into your degree. Your degree was for a B. A. Lit. Hum., which upon seven years from matriculation could become, if you pay the fee, the M. A. Lit. Hum., which was Grice’s highest earned degree. He then became Tutorial Fellow in Philosophy at St. John’s. politics. Roma antica. GRICEVS: Salvete, Vellei! Quid tibi videtur de ortu Romano? Dic mihi, quid significat tibi “hortus divinus”? VELLEIVS: Ave, Gricevs! Hortus divinus mihi est locus ubi ratio convenit cum natura—ubi philosophia Romanorum radices in terra invenit, et virtus colitur sicut plantae in agro. In orto divino, sermo fit fructus, et sapientia crescit inter arbores et flores. GRICEVS: Pulchra est tua descriptio, Velleivs. Credo etiam, ut in Oxfordiae hortis, philosophia inter lapides antiquos et folia viridia semper nova interrogationes generat. In colloquio nostro, rationem quasi plantam irrigamus, ut floreat in mente et in vita. VELLEIVS: Ita vero, Gricevs! Conversatio nostra, sicut hortus, semper mutatur et renovatur. Ubi ratio et natura se coniungunt, ibi invenimus veram felicitatem Romanam—gaudium quod nomen meum portat. In fine, omnis sermo, velut semen, fert spem novae sapientiae. Velleio, Gaio (I sec. a.C.). Storia romana. Roma: Editore antico.

Girolamo Venanzio (Portogruaro, Venezia, Veneto). V. studia  la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’estetica – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how a hearer can rationally recover what a speaker means (including implicatures) from what is said plus shared norms of cooperative talk; “reason” here is local, inferential, and disciplined by expectations like relevance, informativeness, and sincerity. Venanzio (as the Portogruaro intellectual your passage evokes, with his training in rhetoric and his later engagement with aesthetics) is a useful foil because aesthetic talk is exactly where Grice’s model meets a distinctive kind of “more-than-said”: when we call something graceful, balanced, harsh, or beautiful, we often rely on a shared sensibility and on contextually guided suggestion rather than strict criteria, and this resembles the way implicatures depend on communal uptake rather than explicit rule-following. If you bring in Sibley’s familiar point that aesthetic predicates are not mechanically deducible from non-aesthetic descriptions and require “taste” or perceptual sensitivity, then the contrast sharpens: Grice treats the step from said to meant as a rational calculation constrained by conversational norms, whereas Venanzio-style aesthetic discourse (in the orbit of Sibley) highlights a different governance of meaning—less like an algorithm of inference and more like the socially educated capacity to see what counts as salient in an object and to let evaluative language do its work indirectly, often by inviting an audience to “see it that way.” In short, Grice models how reason regulates implied content in ordinary conversation; Venanzio, read through aesthetics, foregrounds how reason and sensibility jointly regulate the implied content of evaluative description, where the success condition is not only correct inference but shared appreciative recognition. More specific online notes relevant to your passage (not inserted into your document) Girolamo Venanzio (1791–1872) was born in Portogruaro; he graduated in law at Padua (1811) and is listed by Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti as a member (elected 1840). He published works including Elogio di Pietro Metastasio (1813) and Saggio di estetica (1857), and is listed in the Online Books Page and Google Books/HathiTrust catalogues. Sibley e le implicature estetiche.” Good, kalloskagathia, kallon agathon, Sibley. Grice on multiplicity – beauty, beautiful. Dov'e nato gli e dato a precettore Fortis, prete onesto, né senza ingegno. A' tredici anni studiò nel patrio seminario belle lettere e filosofia; ed è ben curioso a pensare, come a quel tempo, che pur anch'esso gloriavasi di civiltà e cominciava a combattere la tirannia de vecchii errori, non mancasse più d'uno che con ra-gionamento, meglio specioso che giusto, sentenziasse doversi apprendere prima filosofia e poscia retorica, perché, innanzi di scrivere, era debito d'imparare a pensare. Una fedele immagine di quelle scuole ci presenta lo stesso V. In retorica continue traduzioni dei classici latini, affatto pedantesche, per non dire meccaniche; della letteratura italiana neppure un cenno; Dante, Petrarca, Tasso, Ariosto, nomi ignoti; non si prefiggeva allo scrivere italiano altro modello, che il Cesarotti nei versi, ed il Thomas nella prosa; onde chi produceva versi più sonanti, o periodi più tronchi, più smozzicati, più era lodato. In FILOSOFIA, la lettura di qualche TESTO LATINO DI LOGICA E DI METAFISICA, che poscia si mandava alla memoria senza bene intenderlo; qualche libamento di fisica; le quattro operazioni fondamentali dell'aritmetica ed una occhiata al calcolo delle frazioni; le prime proposizioni d'Euclide; a ciò tutto riducevasi allora il tirocinio filosofico'». qualche cosa. Il Venanzio abbracciò coll'acutezza dell'ingegno e con solerte diligenza la filosofia e la giurisprudenza: nella quale fu addottorato; e fra la gravità degli studii continui, che lo fecero prematuramente vecchio, fra le publiche cure e l'esemplare affetto alla sua famiglia può dirsi ch'egli abbia spesa la vita. Filocallia, callofilo, il bello, l’estetica, Sibley. Grice: Caro Venanzio, ti confesso senza remore che l'αἴσθησις era la mia seconda natura a Clifton: la percezione estetica mi veniva spontanea come un sorso d'acqua fresca. Ma quando sono arrivato al Vadum Boum, l'università, e ho filosofato sull'estetica insieme a Warnock, tutto ruotava attorno al SENSVS. Sembrava che l'αἴσθησις fosse ormai svanita, persa per sempre tra i meandri della ragione!  Venanzio: Ahimè, Grice! Mi dispiace sentire che quell'αἴσθησις originaria si sia dissolta come la nebbia sulla laguna di Venezia. Ma non dubito che tu, da vero filosofo, abbia fatto tutto il possibile per tener vive le radici Graeco-Roman—anzi, graeco-romae—dell’estetica, anche quando la moda accademica spingeva verso il SENSVS.  Grice: Ma certo, Venanzio! Non sono tipo da lasciar morire le antiche radici: ho seminato parole greche e latine tra i miei studenti come il contadino sparge semi nella terra veneta. Se anche l'αἴσθησις ha preso il volo, almeno il SENSVS manteneva un profumo d'antichità.  Venanzio: E hai fatto bene! Perché senza quella filocallia, senza quell’amore per il bello e il suo radicarsi tra graeco-romae pensieri, rischiamo di ridurci a traduzioni pedantesche e periodi smozzicati, proprio come ai miei tempi in seminario! Meglio una filosofia che sappia ancora sorridere e gustare la bellezza, che una ragione arida e senza αἴσθησις. Venanzio, Giolamo (1832). Trattato di retorica. Napoli: Tipografia Venanzio.

Antonio Venini (Morbegno, Valtellina). Per V. la ragione conversazionale propriamente detta e  quella di Grice:” Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how what a speaker means is rationally recoverable by a hearer from what is said plus shared expectations of cooperation (maxims), so that implicatures are accountable, in-principle calculable, and tied to intention and uptake within a talk-exchange. Venini, as your passage presents him through De loquela tanquam rationis auxilio considerata, converges with Grice precisely on the idea that language is an auxilium rationis, but he approaches it from the side of natural-sign and faculty psychology: speech is needed because nonverbal signs (gestus) are “weak and imperfect,” easily blocked by darkness or obstacles, and so articulated voice becomes the distinct medium by which desideria and animi sensus are made manifest and ideas become communicable—i.e., speech is a practical-physiological technology that enables reason to operate socially and reliably. The comparison, then, is that Grice theorizes how rational agents exploit norms of cooperative discourse to mean more than they say (implicature as a refinement within an already linguistic practice), whereas Venini motivates the very necessity of the linguistic practice itself as the stabilization and amplification of signification beyond fragile natural gestures: for Venini, loquela is what makes rational coordination possible at all; for Grice, once that coordination is in place, conversational reason is the rule-governed inferential economy by which interlocutors manage precision (“propriamente detto”), negotiate criteria, and systematically bridge from the literal to the intended.“De loquela tanquam rationis auxilio considerate” is a medical-philosophical dissertation authored by V. It is an inaugural dissertation, submitted to Pavia under the approval of the rector and faculty directors. The title translates to "On speech considered as an aid to reason." The work explores the physiological and philosophical intersection of LA LINGUA and human thought, treating speech not just as communication but as an essential tool for the development of rational intellect. The dissertation reflects the Enlightenment-era interest in how a physical faculty such as speech influence cognitive processes such as reason. It sits at the cross-roads of the philosophy of language, biology, and the philosophy of mind. V. DE LOQUELA TANQUAM RATIOSIS AUXILIO CONSIDERATA DISSERTATIO AsSUEWTIBOS MaGNIFICO DOMINO ReCTOBE AC CELEBEHB.IJHIS DISSERTATIO DE LOQVELA TANQUAM RATIONI AVXILIO CONSIDERATA. haberi queunt nisi DESIDERIA – GRICE – VOLITIVE DESIRABILITY -- aliquo modo innotescant. Ast naturam, dicere posset aliquis, ad desideriorum expositionem nobis varia SIGNA – GRICE SIGN -- sponte suppeditat, qualia sunt ex. gr. GESTVS: heccae vero SIGNA manca frtmis, et imperfecta sunt, ut ipns nostra desideria ostendi queant. Eadem praeterea doeentibus eeleb. Loke et SOAVE  duobus gravissimis iocommodis sunt exposita: quum aliquis in tenebris versatur, vel obstaculum quodcumque impedit, quominus ab illo , % cui aliquid patefacere cupit, aspiciatur, omnes gestus inutites evauunt, Aliorum igitur signorum necessitas elucet vocum nempe, quae sint ARTICULAZIONE distinctæ, atque ad animi sensus EXPRIMENDOS conveniant, quid quod secundum Stoicos PORTICVS loquelaoi constituit. Inter modos omnes, qui ad ideas COMMUNICANDAS GRICE COMUNICATVS apti. esse possunt, magis utilis certe loquela evadit: humanæ mentis operationes ipsa faciliores reddit, animi motus manifestos profert. Grice: Venini, mi dai una mano? Mi sono impigliato in quell’italiano “propriamente detto” — quasi un dictum proprium ciceroniano. Io lo uso per essere preciso… e subito mi accorgo che sto chiedendo: che cosa vuol dire “preciso” propriamente parlando? Venini: Volentieri. “Propriamente detto” è un bisturi che, appena lo impugni, ti taglia anche il polso: serve a delimitare il campo, ma lo delimita con un’espressione che chiede a sua volta delimitazione. È come dire: “Ecco l’uso corretto” — e intanto apri un processo sul significato di “corretto”. Grice: Quindi, propriamente parlando, “propriamente parlando” è… impropriamente necessario. Se non lo dico, mi accusano di vaghezza; se lo dico, mi accusano di metalinguaggio. Un paradosso conversazionale: per parlare propriamente devo parlare di come si parla propriamente. Venini: Esatto — e qui la tua “ragione conversazionale” fa la sua comparsa in camice medico. La loquela è davvero “auxilium rationis”: non solo comunica idee, ma le rende possibili e governabili. “Propriamente detto” è una mossa di prudenza: segnala al tuo interlocutore “adesso sto fissando un criterio”. E la tua gratitudine è lecita: perché il criterio, propriamente parlando, esiste solo quando due persone lo riconoscono… propriamente parlando. Venini, Antonio (1819). De loquela tanquam rationis auxilio considerata dissertatio inauguralis. Ticini: ex typ. Fusi et soc. success. Galeatii.

Domenico Venturelli Genova, Liguria): Grice storicista, Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning models talk as a cooperative, inferentially disciplined practice in which what is meant is recoverable from what is said plus rational expectations (maxims), yielding implicatures that are in principle calculable and defeasible; conversational reason, for Grice, is thus the local normativity that makes interpretation accountable and sharable among interlocutors. Venturelli (as your passage frames him: Genoa-based Italian historicist ethics of religion and history, in dialogue with Caracciolo, Kant, Troeltsch, and the historicist tradition) relocates “reason” from Grice’s micro-pragmatics of inference to a macro-hermeneutic register in which understanding is historically mediated: meaning is not primarily the product of maxims operating in a momentary exchange, but the outcome of a temporally extended rationality shaped by tradition, ethical-religious experience, and the situated self’s consciousness in history. Put side by side, Grice explains how speakers and hearers rationally bridge the gap between sentence-meaning and speaker-meaning inside conversation, while Venturelli’s historicist sensibility treats the very standards of intelligibility (what counts as a good reason, what counts as relevance, what counts as shared background) as themselves historically formed and ethically charged; so “conversational reason” becomes, on the Venturelli side, less a stable conversational calculus and more a courageously self-reflexive practice of interpretation in time—where the conversation one is ultimately answering to is not only the immediate interlocutor but also the inherited conversation of European thought that structures what can be meant at all. Eredità di Caracciolo: filosofia, esperienza religiosa, poesia (edited book) Liguori editore; Etica, fede e storia Liguori editore, Etica e tempo Morcelliana. Studi kantiani with ACaracciolo Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane. Etica e fede filosofica: studi sulla filosofia di Kant Morano. Kant, Heidegger e la situazione emotiva. Riflessi sui concetti della salute e della malattia Annuario Filosofico, Moment, Consciousness And History Archivio di Storia Della Cultura. The occasion of writing the present paper is offered by Tessitore’s essay La religione dello storicismo, an intense work about the critical and problematic concept of Historicism inspired by authors as Schleiermacher and Humboldt, Droysen and Ranke, Dilthey and Yorck, Harnack and Troeltsch, Weber and Meinecke. The Author’s aim is to clarify the connection between ethics, religion and history by talking over the human individuality and the human consciousness, and comparing them with temporality,…Read more Like Recommend Bookmark  Alberto Caracciolo Rivista di Storia Della Filosofia. The author aims to sketch out a biographical and philosophical profile of Alberto Caracciolo, Italian philosopher in the second half of the twentieth century. In order to reach a better understanding of the philosopher's religious point of view, he believes it is necessary to emphasize both Caracciolo's juvenile friendship with Teresio Olivelli - martyr of the resistance against Nazism - and his critical engagement with the thought of great philosophers such as Croce, Leopardi, Kant, Troeltsch. Like Recommend Bookmark Profili- Caracciolo Rivista di Storia Della Filosofia, Metafisica, teologia, rivelazione tracce confuse nella sabbia Giornale di Metafisica.  Grice: Caro Venturelli, ti confesso una curiosità: ma perché mai questo “STORICISMVS”, scritto proprio così anticamente, va tanto di moda a Bologna e alla Sorbona, e invece a Vadum Boum, la mia vecchia università, non ne hanno mai sentito il profumo? Mi aiuti a capire questo mistero... o sarà una questione di vocazione storica? Venturelli: Carissimo Grice, credo che il cuore del problema sia semplice: a Vadum Boum manca quella venerazione quasi liturgica per la Storia che si respira nelle aule di Bologna o della Sorbona. Diciamolo pure con eleganza: senza una storia da idolatrare, lo “storicismo” fa un po’ fatica a mettere radici! G.: Caro Venturelli, ti do pienamente ragione! Qui da noi, la storia accademica è talmente recente che la matricola più anziana è del dopoguerra. Forse ci manca proprio quella reverenza verso il tempo che a Roma, Bologna e persino Parigi si respira tra i corridoi. V.: Ecco, caro Grice, è tutto il fascino della “culla della civiltà”: a Bologna la storia è come il Parmigiano, la si gratta su tutto! E a Vadum Boum, invece, il menù forse privilegia piatti più… contemporanei. Ma non disperare: ogni università ha il suo sapore, basta assaggiarlo con curiosità! Venturelli, Domenico (1971). Alienazione e feticismo nel pensiero di Marx. Il Pensiero.

Franco Venturi (Roma, Lazio): il coraggio della ragione conversazionale – Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats “what is meant” as what a rational hearer can infer from what is said by assuming cooperative norms (maxims), so that implicature is a disciplined, accountable route from utterance to speaker-meaning. Venturi, as your passage frames him (Italia dei lumi; anti-fascist exile and resister; historian of Enlightenment and of the political uses of ideas), shifts “reason” from Grice’s micro-pragmatics to a civic-historical register: the courage of reason is not primarily the speaker’s rational management of inference in talk, but the public, risky practice of criticism, publication, and political engagement through which Enlightenment rationality is defended, transmitted, and made effective against repression and ideological distortion. Put side by side, Grice explains how conversational participants can responsibly mean more than they say without abandoning rational constraint, whereas Venturi exemplifies how “reason” functions as an historically situated virtue—lucid, polemical, resistant—whose communicative success is measured less by correct implicature-calculation than by its capacity to sustain a critical public sphere (journals, clandestine writing, scholarship) in which reason can survive pressure, mobilize audiences, and reframe collective self-understanding. Italia dei lumi. Insegna a Torino, studioso dell'Illuminismo e del populismo russo. È esule anti-fascista, detenuto nelle carceri fasciste e attivo nella Resistenza nelle file di Giustizia e Libertà. Nipote di Adolfo V. e figlio di Lionello V., i noti critici d'arte, la sua famiglia si trasfere da Roma a Torino, dove il padre assume la cattedra di storia dell'arte. V. studia nel Liceo, da cui dove ritirarsi per seguire la famiglia in esilio a Parigi.  Infatti Lionello V. si rifiuta di prestare giuramento di fedeltà al fascismo e si trasfere con la famiglia a Parigi dove V. s'iscrisse alla facoltà di arte della Sorbona, conosce numerosi esponenti dell'emigrazione anti-fascista e adere al movimento Giustizia e Libertà di ROSSELLI . Collabora al settimanale Giustizia e Libertà e ai Quaderni di Giustizia e Libertà, tenendovi la rubrica Stampa amica e nemica di commento della stampa fascista, criticandovi la politica italiana e la collaborazione della chiesa con le dittature fasciste. V. al confino d’Avigliano. Contemporaneamente indirizza i suoi studi alla storiografia, con un particolare interesse per l'illuminismo. Il risultato è la pubblicazione del saggio Jeunesse de Diderot, e lo studio su VASCO . La sua famiglia si era già trasferita a New York e V., quando cerca di raggiungerla, dopo l'occupazione tedesca di Parigi, è arrestato in Spagna e detenuto per quasi un anno nel sotterraneo di un convento adibito a carcere. La fame sofferta gli suggere d’assumere il soprannome Nada -- niente, in spagnolo -- nella lotta anti-fascista.  Consegnato alle autorità italiane, è incarcerato a Torino e poi trasferito ad Avigliano. Qui rimane fino alla caduta di Mussolini. Tornato a Torino, è parte attiva del partito d'azione con Agosti, Bianco, i fratelli Garrone, e Vaccarino. Cura la redazione del supplemento piemontese del giornale di partito L'Italia libera  e la sua diffusione clandestina nel Piemonte occupato dai tedeschi. Uscirono numeri, dedicati agli scioperi delle fabbriche torinesi e alle iniziative dei partigiani. il coraggio della ragione.  Grice: Caro Venturi, mi è sempre piaciuto il “coraggio della ragione”! Pensando ai miei vecchi esempi, potremmo dire che se Jill afferma che Jack è un inglese, allora Jack è non solo “coraggioso”, ma anche ragionevole e razionale. Insomma, un vero eroe filosofico: affronta le avversità con la logica e un pizzico di humor britannico!  Venturi: Ah, Grice, mi fai ridere! Così Jack non conquista solo la bandiera, ma pure il cuore della logica italiana. Forse dovrebbe mettere sul suo passaporto: “coraggioso, ragionevole, razionale… e possibilmente spiritoso!”  Grice: Esattamente, Venturi! La vera forza sta nel sapere che per essere veramente “illuministi” bisogna unire il coraggio della ragione con il coraggio di ridere. Senza un po’ di ironia, la ragione rischia di diventare troppo seria!  Venturi: Concordo, caro Grice! Come diceva mia nonna piemontese, “Quando la ragione si prende troppo sul serio, ci pensa il buon senso a sdrammatizzare.” E poi, ridere è sempre un atto profondamente ragionevole! Venturi, Franco (1947). Illuminismo e rivoluzione. Torino: Einaudi.

Riccardo Venturini (Roma, Lazio): la ragione conversazionale e l’identità tras-personale, Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how what a speaker means is rationally recoverable by a hearer from what is said plus context, on the assumption that talk is a cooperative enterprise governed by publicly recognizable norms (maxims), so that implicatures are in principle calculable and answerable to reasons. Venturini’s 1955 Rassegna di filosofia piece on the Opere di Antonio Gramsci, by contrast, belongs to a tradition in which “reason” is not primarily modelled as a local inferential mechanism for deriving speaker-meaning, but as a historically and socially situated practice (Gramsci’s rational critique of ideology, common sense, and cultural hegemony), where what is communicated often works through indirectness, alignment, and the management of shared horizons rather than through explicit statement alone. Put together, Grice gives a micro-pragmatic account of how conversational agents justify interpretations in real-time exchanges (why an utterance licenses a particular implicature), whereas Venturini—reading and assessing Gramsci—foregrounds the macro-pragmatics of how discourse functions within communities and institutions (how “common sense” is formed, stabilized, and contested), so that “conversational reason” looks less like a set of maxims underwriting inference and more like the ongoing social labor by which meanings become authoritative, contested, or transformative in collective life. Filosofo, medico e psicologo italiano, è stato professore ordinario di Psico-fisiologia clinica presso l’Università degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, studioso degli stati di cui che Grice chiama “coscienza.” Laureatosi in filosofia con lode -- relatore SPIRITO  -- Università di Roma “La Sapienza” --, riceve una formazione fondata sugli insegnamenti dell'idealismo italiano, dell'esistenzialismo e del marxismo di GRAMSCI . Di quegli anni è la collaborazione con la rivista Rassegna di filosofia, edita dall'Istituto di filosofia dell'Università di Roma, e con gl’uffici redazionali di enciclopedie pubblicate dalla casa editrice Sansoni di Firenze. Borsista presso l'Institut de Psychologie Sorbona di Parigi, dove segue i corsi di metodologia, psicologia sperimentale e psico-patologia -- Fraisse, Lagache, Lacan --, V. approfondisce lo studio della psichiatria fenomenologica e dell'indirizzo psico-analitico della Société psychanalytique de Paris.Assistente incaricato di Psicologia nell'Università di Messina -- cattedra d’Ossicini --, V. è stato successivamente funzionario di programmi culturali della Rai.  Si laurea in medicina e chirurgia con lode, relatore Cerquiglini -- presso l'Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, dove è stato assistente incaricato e poi ordinario di fisiologia umana -- cattedra di Martino e di Cerquiglini.  Libero docente di fisiologia umana, professore incaricato di fsicologia fisiologica all'Università di Roma], è stato professore straordinario e poi ordinario di psicologia fisiologica e, successivamente, di psico-fisiologia clinica -- disciplina da lui introdotta nell'insegnamento universitario italiano e di cui è stato il primo docente --, sempre nell'Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza.  Dei primi lavori di V. vanno ricordati la rassegna critica delle Opere di Gramsci -- Einaudi di Torino -- e gli studi sulla metodologia della psicologia topologica di Lewin e del neo-comportamentismo di RYLE – citato da Grice -- e Tolman.  G.: Carissimo Venturini, devo confessare che quando scrivevo il mio famoso “Personal identity”, non conoscevo ancora la sua ricerca sull’identità tras-personale. Le garantisco: se l’avessi letta, avrei mandato il mio manoscritto direttamente a “Mind”… oppure a “Minds”, così avremmo avuto almeno due riviste per discutere la questione! Venturini: Grazie, Grice! Non si preoccupi, il mondo accademico è fatto apposta per perdersi e ritrovarsi. Se ci fossimo incrociati prima, forse avremmo scritto insieme “Identità tras-personale e conversazione tra menti”—titolo perfetto per confondere i nostri colleghi! Grice: Le assicuro, Venturini, che la prossima volta che mi viene un’idea sulla coscienza, la mando a Roma—con raccomandata e moka inclusa. Chissà, magari nasce una nuova teoria tra un caffè e un laboratorio di psicologia! Venturini: Sorrido all’idea, caro Grice! In fondo, l’identità tras-personale non si trova solo nei libri, ma anche nelle chiacchiere filosofiche… e forse, tra un espresso e una pausa, nasce sempre una nuova coscienza! Venturini, Riccardo (1955). Le “Opere di Antonio Gramsci”. Rassegna di filosofia.

Augusto Filippo Nicola Olimpiade Vera (Terni, Umbria). V. spiega l’astuzia della ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’idealismo.” Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats “what is meant” as what a rational hearer can infer from what is said by presuming cooperative norms (maxims), speaker intention, and the calculability and defeasibility of implicatures; conversational reason is thus a normative, micro-pragmatic mechanism that explains how interlocutors responsibly get from sentence-meaning to speaker-meaning in real exchanges. Vera’s “astuzia” (cunning) belongs to a different register of rational governance: in the Hegelian-idealist tradition he helped transmit, reason is not primarily a set of conversational constraints on inference but a world-historical intelligence that realizes itself through mediations (often behind the backs of agents), so that “cunning” names the way rationality advances by working through contingent aims, rhetoric, and institutional conflict. Put side-by-side, Grice gives an account of how conversational participants, as intentional agents, make meaning intelligible through publicly defensible inferences, whereas Vera offers a picture in which reason’s “success” is not mainly the mutual recognition of intention in talk but the larger dialectical leverage by which ideas (ideare/ideatum) and social forms are brought into being; if one adapts Vera’s idiom to Grice, “l’astuzia della ragione conversazionale” would name not a metaphysical agency but the systematic way conversation itself uses indirectness (implicature, strategic understatement, controlled omission) to let rational coordination occur without full explicit statement—yet for Grice the cunning remains methodologically local and intention-based, while for Vera it is expansive, teleological, and bound up with the idealist story of reason’s realization in history and politics. Grice: What V. and Speranza call, improving on Hegel, ‘l’astuzia della ragione conversazionale’!” Keywords: ideare, ideatum, astuzia della ragione conversazionale. DAL VOCABOLARIO ideare v. tr. [der. di idea] (io idèo, ecc.; poco usate le forme del pres. indic. e cong., e soprattutto rarissime, per ragioni di eufonia, pur essendo le sole regolari, le forme ideiamo dell’indic. e ideiamo, ideiate del cong.). – Concepire con la mente l’idea, cioè determinare le linee generali, il progetto o il programma di qualche cosa che sarà, o dovrebbe essere, poi realizzata: i. un’opera, un poema, un sito web; i. uno scherzo; il palazzo è stato eseguito in modo diverso da come l’aveva ideato l’architetto. Più genericam., ma meno com., proporsi di fare qualche cosa: avevo ideato una bella escursione in montagna. Grice: “Essential Italian philosopher.” Senatore del Regno d'Italia. Grice: “One of my own favourite unpublications is “Absolutes,” which took its inspiration from a little tract by Vera which was especially influential on Flaubert, “Il problema dell’assoluto.” Strawson remarked: “it was a boojum, you see!” Senatore del Regno d'Italia. Compe i suoi studi alla Sapienza di Roma, terminandoli alla Sorbona di Parigi. Mostra subito un immenso talento per l'insegnamento, caratterizzato da lucidità di esposizione e genuino spirito filosofico, reggendo svariate cattedre in città importanti della Francia e della Svizzera. Il colpo di stato di Napoleone lo costringe a rifugiarsi in Inghilterra a causa delle sue idee eterodosse. Qui intraprese la stesura in francese dell’“Introduzione alla filosofia” di Hegel. Torna in Italia, riuscendo a diventare il più geniale e originale comunicatore della filosofia di Hegel, insegnando storia della filosofia dapprima all'accademia di Milano, e poi, su invito di SANCTIS, a Napoli. Continua a intrattenere scambi fecondi con la Società filosofica di Berlino e con gl’ambienti hegeliani. I doveri e i diritti dell’uomo e del citladino. La camorra. Pena di morte, Spaventa.  G.: Vera, lei è noto per l’astuzia della ragione conversazionale. Mi incuriosisce: come vede il ruolo dell’ideare nella filosofia italiana, soprattutto in rapporto all’idealismo? Vera: Caro Grice, ideare non è solo concepire un progetto, è un atto creativo che trasforma il pensiero in realtà. L’astuzia della ragione consiste proprio nell’andare oltre il visibile, nel riconoscere come ogni idea sia già un seme di cambiamento. L’idealismo, per me, è la capacità di vedere oltre ciò che si presenta. G.: Mi trova d’accordo! D’altronde, lei ha saputo diffondere lo spirito filosofico persino nei momenti più difficili della storia, portando la filosofia di Hegel in Italia con una brillantezza tutta sua. C’è un esempio concreto in cui l’astuzia della ragione ha fatto la differenza? V.: Certamente! Penso alla camorra, alla pena di morte: l’astuzia della ragione conversazionale non si limita a riflettere, ma suggerisce soluzioni e nuovi modelli di giustizia. Come dice il proverbio umbro: “Dove non arriva il braccio, arriva la testa.” È il dialogo che trasforma il pensiero in azione. Vera, Augusto Filippo Nicola Olimpiade (1857). Introduzione alla filosofia. Milano: Fratelli Bocca.

Armando Verdiglione (Caulonia, Reggio Calabria, Calabria). Per V. la ragione conversazionale mostra l’implicatura conversazionale della congiura degl’idioti.” Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains what a speaker means as something a rational hearer can recover by assuming cooperative, purposive talk and by inferring (via maxims) from what is said to what is implicated; conversational reason is thus a public, checkable inferential discipline that links intention, uptake, and accountability (with implicatures being calculable and in principle cancellable). Verdiglione, as framed in your passage and consistent with his Lacanian-semiotic milieu, relocates “ragione conversazionale” from Grice’s normatively cooperative inference to a more agonistic and symptomatic scene of discourse: meaning is treated as ciphered, politically and institutionally pressured, and shot through with idiolect/idiom (the very “idiota” root-play you quote), where what “comes out” in talk is not merely what an agent intends under shared maxims but what is produced through a heterogeneous apparatus of language (cifra, decifrazione, equivocation, and the social distribution of who gets to recognize an “idiom”). So while Grice uses “reason” to stabilize interpretation (what it is rational to take the speaker to mean), Verdiglione—at least in the rhetoric of your excerpt—uses “conversational reason” to diagnose how meaning proliferates beyond stabilizing norms (the “congiura” as a way of naming collective misrecognition, herd-uptake, or institutionalized stupidity), making implicature less a cooperative bridge from said to meant and more a site where discourse betrays itself: idioms become instruments, idiolects become signals, and “what is meant” is inseparable from the decoding of what language is doing to speakers as much as what speakers are doing with language. De-cifrare. Grice: “Essential Italian philosopher. I like V.; my favourite: his “La congiura degl’idioti” – I have used the Greek root which Boezio translated as ‘proprium’ twice in my seminar on implicature. The first time to refer to ‘kick the bucket’ as a ‘recognised idiom’ – idioma in Latin and idIoma, with stress on the i, in the Grecian; but more importantly – since ‘recognised by who?’ – in the next session I referred to a conversationalist using a one-off signaling which I referred to as a ‘signalling idiolect.’ Yes, Speranza and I can be pretty idiosyncratic!”. Vincitore di una borsa di studio nel collegio Augustinianum, studia a Milano, dove si laurea con una tesi sulla filosofia semiotica di PIRANDELLO. Formatosi con Lacan, pubblica con le case editrici Marsilio, Rizzoli, Feltrinelli e Sugarco, con cui collabora. Per quest'ultima dirige la collana "Bordi". Traduce la raccolta di testi Scilicet di Lacan per Feltrinelli e il Seminario XXII. Con la sua casa editrice, Spirali, pubblica testi come la traduzione del Malleus Maleficarum, Il martello delle streghe, il manuale dell'Inquisizione per la caccia alle streghe, e in seguito, sempre per le edizioni Spirali, pubblica alcuni testi di BRUNO, come Le ombre delle idee e Cabala del cavallo pegaseo. Traduce per Feltrinelli libri che in Francia animano il dibattito in ambito culturale, come il saggio di Irigaray Speculum. L'altra donna edito da Feltrinelli nella traduzione di Muraro, il saggio di Mannoni, Educazione impossibile. Introduce in Italia Kristeva. Incontra anche Oury, fondatore assieme a Guattari della clinica La borde, di cui pubblica “Creazione e schizophrenia”, “Psicosi e logica istituzionale”. “Il collettivo”, Babele e la Pentecoste. La Borde e la scrittura della psicosi, La psicosi e il tempo. Traduce sempre per Feltrinelli l'edizione del libro di Jean-Goux, Freud, Marx: economia e simbolico. De-ciphering the cipher, cifra decrifrata, implicatura e cifra, Bruno, Machiavelli. L’idioma dell’idiota.  Grice: Carissimo Verdiglione, oggi persino Cicerone sarebbe impallidito davanti agli idiotismvs degli ἰδιώτης—questa volta scritto proprio con le lettere greche autentiche! Ma devo dirlo: tu sei l’unico che abbia davvero svelato il mistero, chiamando la bestia col suo nome... la vera congiura degl’idioti! Verdiglione: Ah, Grice, la cifra dell’idiota è come un rebus senza soluzione… o forse con troppe! Se Cicerone avesse letto la mia “congiura”, avrebbe subito convocato il Senato, solo per capire chi fosse il vero idiota fra noi due! Grice: D’altronde, caro Armando, nell’universo delle implicature conversazionali, ci vuole l’astuzia d’un detective—o almeno di Pirandello in vacanza! L’importante è non confondere l’idioma con l’idiota… o sì? V.: Esatto! Come diceva sempre mia nonna calabrese: “Dietro ogni idioma c’è sempre un idiota… e spesso prende la parola per ultimo!” Viva la cifra, viva la congiura, e viva la chiacchiera filosofica, caro Grice! Verdiglione, Armando (1974). Follia e società segregativa: atti del convegno di studi tenuto a Milano il 13-16 dicembre 1973. Milano: Feltrinelli.

Paolo Nicola Vernia (Chieti, Abruzzo), V, accompagna la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei peripatetici del lizio.” Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats “what is meant” as something a rational hearer can infer from what is said by assuming cooperative norms (maxims) and speaker intentions, so that conversational reason is fundamentally an inferential discipline linking utterances to implicatures under public standards of accountability. Vernia, by contrast, represents a late-medieval/early-Renaissance Aristotelian project in which reason is governed not by conversational maxims but by demonstrative and dialectical norms anchored in De anima: the analysis of psyche as the form and principle of living things, the hierarchy of soul-powers, and (in the Paduan Averroist setting) high-stakes disputes about intellect and immortality that were constrained by ecclesiastical authority (e.g., Pietro Barozzi’s 1489 intervention against public disputation on the unity of the intellect). In that sense, where Grice explains how agents manage meaning in everyday talk through cooperative inference, Vernia exemplifies how “rationality” is instituted by scholastic practices of quaestio, commentary, and disputatio—reason as rule-governed argument, interpretation of authoritative texts, and the policing of permissible theses—so that the “governance” of meaning is primarily logical-textual and institutional rather than pragmatic-conversational; if one wanted a bridge, Grice’s implicature is to ordinary conversation what Vernia’s scholastic inference and exegesis are to academic disputation: both are normative accounts of how conclusions are licensed beyond what is immediately given, but their governing norms (maxims vs. syllogistic/dialectical and institutional constraints) and their arenas (talk exchange vs. commentary/disputation) are importantly different. Living thing. Grice soul psuche bios Joachim logically developing series. Zen psuche. Filosofo abruzzese. Filosofo italiano. Chieti, Abruzzo. Grice: “I love V., but then any Englishman would, especially when learning that Saint Thomas (Aquino) would have made such a fuss about him!” Essential Italian philosopher. Allievo a Padova di PERGOLA e Thiese e successore di quest'ultimo. Ha come collega POMPONAZZI. Tra i suoi allievi: NIFO e PICO. Seguace dell'ermetismo imperante a Padova, cura un'edizione di Aristotele, il lizio. V. sostenne l'unità dell'intelletto -- dottrina poi abbandonata a causa di una condanna inflittagli dal vescovo di Padova --, l'autonomia della fisica rispetto alla meta-fisica, e la superiorità della scienza della natura sulle scienze dell'uomo. Saggi: “Contra perversam Averrois opinionem de unitate intellectus et de animae felicitate”; De unitate intellectus et de animae felicitate; Expositio in posteriorum capitulum secundum in fine; Expositio in posteriorum librum priorem; Quaestio de gravibus et levibus; Quaestio de rationibus seminalibus; Quaestio de unitate intellectus; Quaestio in De anima. Bellis, L’aristotelismo – del lizeo (Firenze, Olscheki, Enciclopedia Italiana. Esaminiamo in prima quali sieno le sue cose stampate, le quali sono poco conosciute, si perché si trovano inserite in altre opere, si perché scritte con caratteri molto fitti, danno pena all'occhio anche molto paziente. La dissertazione più conosciuta é l'ultima, contro l' unità dell'intelletto di Averroe; tanto è vero, che nella seconda iscrizione apposta al monumento trasportato dalla chiesa di S. Bartoloneo all'oratorio dell'ospedale civile di Vicenza, è precisamente questo ultimo scritto ricordato. Di V. sono stampate sei dissertazioni. La prima è: quuestio un ens mobile sit toliusphilosopine nuturalis siljectum. Essa si trova nel commento sul de general. et corrupt. I parepatetici, i parepatetici padovani – i parepatetici di padova, il lizio, unita, Aquino, method in philosophical psychology “living thing”, viva Aristotele!  Grice: Carissimo Vernia, devo confessare che solo gli italiani riescono a nominare il “lizio” con tanta grazia! Da noi, nel mio Vadum Boum, siamo costretti a tradurlo grossolanamente e, ogni volta, mi sembra di portare un bue attraverso il guado invece che passeggiare tra le colonne del sapere come fate voi. Dimmi, cos’è che rende il lizio così irresistibile da dedicargli tutta una vita filosofica? Vernia: Ah, caro Grice, il lizio è più di un luogo: è uno stato d’animo! Tra le pietre di Padova e i dialoghi peripatetici, ogni passo è una domanda, ogni ombra una risposta. Noi italiani, si sa, preferiamo passeggiare e discutere anziché portare buoi, e il lizio è la nostra pista da ballo filosofica. Se Aristotele avesse visto Vadum Boum, forse avrebbe scritto “De Animalibus Vadumboumibus”! Grice: Meraviglioso! In fondo, anche noi filosofi inglesi abbiamo la nostra versione del peripatetico: si chiama “tea time” – il pensiero scorre tra una tazza e l’altra, ma nessuno ha mai pensato di dedicare una dissertazione al “biscotto e intelletto”. Forse dovrei proporre un trattato: “Contra Averroem de unitate del biscotto.” Cosa ne pensi? V.: A me sembra un’idea eccellente, Grice! Del resto, ogni vero filosofo sa che la felicità dell’anima passa anche per lo stomaco. E come dicevano i peripatetici padovani: “Chi filosofa al lizio non teme le briciole della vita.” Viva Aristotele, viva il lizio e – perché no – viva il tè con i biscotti, purché siano ben filosofici! Vernia, Paolo Nicola (1492). Trattato sull’anima. Padova: Tipografia Universitaria.

Luigi Veronelli (Milano, Lombardia). V vede la ragione conversazionale nell’implicatura conversazionale del sadismo italiano.” Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains “what is meant” as what a rational hearer can infer from what is said given cooperative norms (maxims), speaker-intentions, and the calculability/cancellability of implicatures; conversational reason is thus a disciplined inferential bridge from utterance to intended significance. Veronelli, by contrast, as your passage portrays him (and as biographical sources confirm him as a philosophically trained, anarchic, stylistically inventive public intellectual who built a new language for wine/food and fought for local producers), treats “ragione conversazionale” less as a formal inferential mechanism and more as a culturally saturated practice of speaking-with-others at the table and in print, where insinuation, provocation, neologism, and irony are tools for unmasking power and defending “diversità” (local, material culture) against homogenizing institutions. In Grice, implicature is a method for modelling how meaning is responsibly recoverable under shared rational expectations; in Veronelli, implicature (as your “sadismo italiano” joke suggests) is a way the shared scene of convivio can carry values—discipline, sacrifice, pleasure, critique—without stating them baldly, so that the “more-than-said” is rhetorical, ethical, and political (who gets protected, who gets named, what counts as authentic) rather than primarily a logic of inference. The upshot is that Grice theorizes conversational reason as a general, norm-governed engine of meaning-inference, while Veronelli exemplifies conversational reason as a civil art of polemical conviviality—language deployed to cultivate taste, solidarity, and resistance, with implicature functioning as style-driven social action as much as (or more than) an abstract pragmatic calculation. Philos. Aritotle logically developing series, Joachim, Grice, recusive unification. Grice: “Essential Italian philosopher.” Figura centrale nella valorizzazione e diffusione del patrimonio eno-gastronomico. Antesignano di espressioni e punti di vista che poi sono entrati nell'uso comune e protagonista di caparbie battaglie per la preservazione delle diversità nel campo della produzione agricola e alimentare, attraverso la creazione delle denominazioni comunali, le battaglie a fianco delle amministrazioni locali, l'appoggio ai produttori al dettaglio. V. assieme ad alcuni sommelier F.I.S.A.R. Originario del quartiere Isola di Milano, dopo il r. ginnasio Parini, compie studi di filosofia a Milano, diventando assistente di BARIE (vedi). Si professa per tutta la vita di fede anarchica, rifacendosi anche alle ultime lezioni tenute da CROCE a Milano. Inizia l'esperienza di editore, pubblicando tre riviste: “I problemi del socialismo,” “Il pensiero”, e “Il gastronomo.” Pubblica “La questione sociale di Proudhon” e “Historiettes, contes et fabliaux di De Sade”. Per quest'ultima viene condannato, insieme a MANFREDI (autore dei disegni, poi assolto), a tre mesi di reclusione per il reato di pornografia. L’opera di De Sade e poi messa al rogo nel cortile della procura di Varese. Subisce anche una condanna di VI mesi di detenzione per aver istigato i contadini piemontesi alla rivolta, con l'occupazione della stazione di Asti e dell'auto-strada, per protestare contro l'indifferenza della politica per i problemi dei contadini e dei piccoli produttori. Diventa collaboratore de Il Giorno.  L'attività giornalistica lo impegna, e i suoi articoli, di stile aulico e provocatorio, ricchi di neologismi e arcaismi, faranno scuola nel giornalismo eno-gastronomico e no. Tra le testate cui collabora vanno ricordate, oltre a Il Giorno: Corriere della Sera, Class, Il Sommelier, V. EV, Carta, Panorama, Epoca, Amica, Capital, Week End, L'Espresso, Implicatura, metafisica dell’amore.  G.: Caro Veronelli, sa che De Sade, nonostante tutta la sua fama, non ha mai messo piede a Vadum Boum, la mia università? Forse temeva che lì il sadismo fosse solo un ingrediente segreto della mensa!  V.: Ah, Grice, probabilmente De Sade avrebbe trovato più gusto nei nostri formaggi stagionati che nei suoi eccessi letterari! A Vadum Boum la conversazione è più piccante di qualsiasi ricetta francese.  Grice: Ma allora, caro Luigi, forse la vera implicatura conversazionale del sadismo italiano è proprio nel gusto raffinato: si soffre per trovare il vino perfetto, ma che felicità quando lo si trova!  Veronelli: Esattamente, Grice! Del resto, come dicono dalle mie parti: “A tavola e in filosofia, la ragione va sempre accompagnata da un pizzico di follia.” Viva la conversazione, viva il buon cibo – e abbasso la mensa universitaria! Veronelli, Luigi (1955). L’arte del vino. Milano: Mondatori

Umberto Veronesi (Milano, Lombardia). Per V. la ragione conversazionale affronta il diavolo del scientismo.” Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how an utterer’s meaning is rationally recoverable by a hearer via cooperative norms (what is said plus contextually licensed inferences), so that “conversational reason” is fundamentally an inferential discipline: a public, defeasible, accountable route from utterance to intended meaning (including implicatures). Veronesi, as a surgical oncologist writing early in the technicist idiom of mid-century clinical science (e.g., La chirurgia oncologica, 1962) and later celebrated for coupling scientific rigor with explicitly patient-centered care, puts “reason” to work less as a theory of inference from speech and more as a clinical rationality that must be communicated and negotiated: evidence, risk, prognosis, and treatment choice have to be translated into patient-understandable terms, with attention to what is left unsaid (fear, stigma, quality of life) and to how recommendations are received. In Gricean terms, Veronesi’s setting is saturated with high-stakes implicature (hedges, reassurance, the meaning of silence, what a clinician implies by offering a less mutilating option, what a patient implies by hesitation), but the contrast is that Grice offers a formal-pragmatic account of how meaning is computed under cooperative rational constraints, whereas Veronesi exemplifies an applied, ethically loaded rational practice where the success condition is not merely correct interpretation but informed, trust-sustaining alignment between scientific evidence and a patient’s values. Grice: I like him!”Scientism -- oncologo e politico italiano. Fondatore e Presidente della Fondazione V., ha fondato e ricoperto il ruolo di direttore scientifico e di direttore scientifico emerito dell'Istituto europeo di oncologia. È stato direttore scientifico dell'Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano dal 1976 al 1994. Ha ricoperto l'incarico di Ministro della sanità nel governo Amato II.  La sua attività clinica e di ricerca è stata incentrata per decenni sulla prevenzione e sulla cura del cancro. In particolare si è occupato del carcinoma mammario, prima causa di morte per tumore nella donna[3]; in tale ambito è stato il primo teorizzatore e strenuo propositore della quadrantectomia, dimostrando come nella maggioranza dei casi le curve di sopravvivenza di questa tecnica, purché abbinata alla radioterapia, sono le medesime di quelle della mastectomia, ma a impatto estetico e soprattutto psicosessuale migliore.  Si è inoltre distinto per la sua lotta in difesa dei diritti degli animali e dei diritti civili.  Molti i saggi scientifici scritti da V. con altri studiosi, come Inefficacy of immediate node dissection in stage I melanoma of the limbs, in New England Journal of medicine; Comparing radical mastectomy with quadrantectomy, axillary dissection, and radiotherapy in patients with small cancers of the breast, ibid.,; Radiotherapy after breast-preserving surgery in women with localized cancer of the breast; Sentinel-node biopsy to avoid axillary dissection in breast cancer with clinically negative lymph-nodes, in Lancet; Twenty-year follow up of a randomized study comparing breast-conserving surgery with radical mastectomy for early breast cancer, in New England Journal of medicine; Italian randomized trial among women with hysterectomy: tamoxifen and hormone-dependent breast cancer in high-risk women, in Journal of National Cancer Institute. Si vedano inoltre: Un male curabile, Milano. G.: Veronesi, lei è noto per aver portato la ragione conversazionale nel cuore della medicina, ma c’è chi dice che il “diavolo del scientismo” rischia di oscurare la dimensione umana della cura. Come risponde a chi teme che la scienza possa diventare troppo dominante? V.: Caro Grice, la scienza è il nostro faro, ma non può sostituire il rispetto per la persona. Ho sempre creduto che la medicina debba essere dialogo: ascoltare, comprendere, e proporre soluzioni che tengano conto non solo della biologia, ma anche dei sentimenti e delle speranze dei pazienti. Forse, come dice il proverbio milanese, “El cor l’è on gran dottor”, il cuore è il miglior medico. G.: Mi trova d’accordo! La sua quadrantectomia ne è testimonianza: una tecnica che salva vite senza dimenticare il valore psicologico ed estetico. Come vede il rapporto tra ragione e implicatura conversazionale nella sua pratica clinica? V.: È fondamentale. Ogni parola, ogni gesto, ogni silenzio ha un significato implicito. La comunicazione tra medico e paziente non è mai solo informativa; è un ponte emotivo. E anche nei miei saggi scientifici, ho sempre cercato di trasmettere questo: la scienza e la conversazione devono camminare fianco a fianco, perché “la cura” è un’arte che si realizza nel dialogo, mai nel monologo. Veronesi, Umberto (1962). La chirurgia oncologica. Milano: Garzanti.  

Anacleto Verrecchia (Vallerotonda, Frosinone, Lazio). Per V. la ragione conversazionale facilita l’implicatura conversazionale della falena dello spirito.” Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats communication as a rational, cooperative enterprise in which what a speaker means is recoverable by an audience through principled inference (maxims, calculability, cancellability), so that “conversational reason” is essentially the logic of accountable uptake from what is said to what is implicated. Verrecchia, insofar as one can extrapolate from his 1969 monograph on Lichtenberg and the broader public profile of him as a polemical, aphoristic moralist and translator of a writer famous for “sudden books” of wit, shifts the center of gravity from a normative inference-engine to a literary-ethical intelligence: reason shows up less as a rule-governed mechanism for deriving implicatures and more as a cultivated lucidity that exposes self-deception, cant, and rhetorical inflation through brevity, irony, and the strategic shock of the aphorism (a practice that aims at illuminating the reader rather than coordinating interlocutors). In that sense, Grice models how conversational meaning is generated under shared rational constraints inside dialogue, while Verrecchia (reading Lichtenberg) models how meaning can be sharpened by anti-system, anti-jargon prose that weaponizes style as critique—an “eretical” reason that does not primarily optimize cooperation but punctures it when cooperation becomes complacency or hypocrisy, making conversational success depend on intellectual honesty and moral clarity rather than on maxims alone. La metafisica dell’amore, Aristotle on the recursive definition of philia – cited by Joachim, ‘logically developing series’ Aristotle philia. Grice on friedship philia – φιλός Filosofo italiano. Filosofo lazio. Essential Italian philosopher. Studia a Torino. Trascorse un certo periodo nel parco nazionale del Gran Paradiso, considerato come il più formativo della sua vita. Lì contempla in modo disinteressato i fenomeni della natura. Fa tre università -- e solito dire -: quella vera e propria, che non mi ha dato nulla o quasi; la collaborazione alle pagine dei quotidiani come elzevirista, che mi ha costretto a leggere libri che altrimenti non avrei mai letto; e infine l'università più utile in assoluto, vale a dire il soggiorno nel Gran Paradiso a contatto con la natura. Frutto di quel soggiorno è il saggio che contiene la sua filosofia, potentemente aforistica. I manoscritti riaffiorati molto più tardi spiegano la tardività della sua pubblicazione, avvenuta presso Fògolasi tratta del Diario del Gran Paradiso. Visse poi a Berlino ed e per addetto culturale all'ambasciata d'Italia a Vienna. Collabora alle pagine culturali di giornali italiani, tra cui Il Resto del Carlino, La Stampa, Il Giornale. Collabora stranieri (Die Presse, Die Welt). Non parla volentieri della sua vita privata perché, dice, di un filosofo ciò che interessa sono gli teorie e non le vicissitudini personali. Traduttore di Lichtenberg, appassionato studioso di BRUNO e Nietzsche, nel suo orizzonte culturale, però, la figura che risalta di più è senz'altro quella di Schopenhauer, da lui considerato a tutti gl’effetti un maestro da tradurre e continuare. Elementi caratteristici dei suoi saggi sono l'irriducibile vena polemica e una sacra bilis, ma la sua prosa spicca anche per chiarezza ed energia. La sua prosa insieme a quella di CERONETTI, SGALAMBRO e GIAMETTA è stata giudicata la migliore prosa filosofica. La metafisica dell’amore, Nietzsche a Torino, Bruno, la falena dello spirito, metafisica dell’amore.  Grice: Caro Verrecchia, sa, tutto quello che ho fatto con il mio “principio della aitua conversazionale” era un tentativo – forse un po’ britannico – di rendere la sua “falena dello spirito” meno pungente, se non proprio più mansueta. Dopotutto, filosofare è meglio con qualche battuta che con troppa bilis! Verrecchia: Grice, lei è un vero gentiluomo! La sua filosofia della conversazione ha sicuramente addolcito le ali della mia falena, rendendola più incline a svolazzare tra le idee che a bruciare con polemica. Complimenti: è riuscito dove molti hanno fallito! Grice: Ma Verrecchia, non crede che persino Schopenhauer avrebbe sorriso – almeno una volta – se avesse potuto dialogare con una falena meno arrabbiata? Magari avrebbe persino scritto un aforisma dedicato: “Chi conversa con leggerezza non si brucia, ma illumina.” V.: Ah, Grice, lei sa che in filosofia una battuta vale più di mille trattati! Mi piace pensare che la mia falena, ora un po’ più serena, possa contribuire a quell’energia conversazionale che, come dice il proverbio laziale, “fa volare anche le idee più pesanti”. Viva la conversazione, viva la filosofia – e, perché no, anche le falene meno scontrose! Verrecchia, Anacleto (1969). Lichtenberg: l’eretico dello spirito tedesco. Firenze: La Nuova Italia.

Vittore Vettori (Ostiglia, Mantova). V. insegna la ragione conversazionale. Moto per le sue piacevoli poesie, nelle quali si leggono ottave di presentazione dell'autore ai lettori scritte da Baretti, e due capitoli dell'autore stesso all'amico suo, che lo ricorda nella XLVII delle Familiari, lodandone i molti versi con cui "ha celebrata la bruttezza, la vecchiezza, la schifezza e la dappochezza d'una sua fantesca. Carducci giudica V. il miglior verseggiatore lombardo nell'interregno tra il Maggi e il Parini. Verseggiatore, non poeta, quantunque alcuni contemporanei lo chiamassero il Berni del nostro secolo: ché egli cammina elegante e brioso sulle orme del Berni e di Mauro, mosso soltanto dall'amore della lingua toscana e dello stile.  Bibl.: Tonelli, Biblioteca bibliografica, Guastalla; Carducci, Il Parini principiante, in Opere, XIII; G. Natali, Il Settecento, Milano. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice.  Grice: Caro Vettori, confesso che la prima volta che ho letto le tue poesie mi sono divertito parecchio! Quelle ottave in cui Baretti ti presenta ai lettori sono davvero spiritose, e i tuoi versi sulla bruttezza e la vecchiezza mi hanno fatto sorridere. Ma dimmi, ti senti più verseggiatore o poeta? Vettori: Ah, Grice, mi piace pensare a me stesso come un verseggiatore brioso! Carducci aveva ragione: seguo le orme di Berni e Mauro, mosso soprattutto dall’amore per la lingua e per lo stile toscano. La poesia, a volte, è meglio lasciarla ai veri poeti – io mi accontento di divertirli e divertirmi! Grice: Eppure, il tuo stile elegante e ironico ha conquistato più di un contemporaneo, che ti ha persino paragonato al Berni del nostro secolo. Credo che la leggerezza sia una virtù rara nella poesia, specialmente in Lombardia, tra Maggi e Parini! V.: Ti ringrazio, Grice! Se la mia penna ha fatto sorridere qualcuno e ha celebrato, anche solo per gioco, la schifezza e la dappochezza, allora posso dire che il mio intento conversazionale è riuscito. In fondo, come dice il proverbio mantovano, “meglio una rima allegra che cento lamenti!”. Vettori, Vittore (1744). Le piacevoli rime del dottore fisico Vittore Vettori mantovano al signor Carlo Gioseffo Vigorè milanese. Milano: Malatesta.

Vittorio Vettori (Castel San Niccolò, Strada in Casentino, Arezzo, Toscana). V. studia la ragione conversazionale del Virgilio d’Alighieri. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning (speaker meaning plus implicature generated under cooperative rational norms) treats “conversation” as a structured practice in which what is meant is inferable from what is said together with publicly assumable intentions and shared maxims; rationality shows up as calculability, accountability, and the possibility of justifying an interpretation as the one a reasonable participant would converge on. Vettori, as presented in your passage, also makes reason central, but relocates it from micro-pragmatic inference to a macro-historical, civilizational pragmatics: Dante’s choice of Virgil is read as a deliberate communicative act that “means” by reclaiming Roman civilitas and empire as providential preconditions for Christian and Italian identity, so that Virgil functions less as Grice’s intention-bearing individual speaker and more as a culturally authorized pre-voice whose significance is anchored in tradition, political theology, and intertext (Aeneid, Fourth Eclogue) rather than in maxims and hearer-calculations. Where Grice explains meaning by rational cooperation among interlocutors in a local exchange, Vettori explains meaning by continuity-making across epochs (Rome–Dante–modern Italy), treating “ragione conversazionale” as the historically thick dialogue between classical sapienza and vernacular innovation; and the playful Grice–Vettori banter in the passage itself can be read as enacting that difference, since it literalizes Gricean conversational joking/implicature while simultaneously staging Vettori’s thesis that the encounter with Virgil is a reclamation of Latin authority inside (and not against) Tuscan speech. Grice: “V., a prominent Italian ALIGHIERI  scholar, interprets ALIGHIERI’s choice of VIRGILIO as a deliberate reclamation of the Roman classical tradition, positioning VIRGILIO as a  pre-voice that bridges the gap between ancient imperial values and the medieval Christian world. V. argues that VIRGILIO represents more than just human reason; he is the embodiment of Roman civilitas (civic civilization) and the pre-voice that articulates the providential nature of the Roman Empire. In V.'s view, ALIGHIERI  selects VIRGILIO to establish Continuity, reclaim the Roman past not as a dead era, but as an essential historical foundation for the contemporary Italian identity, validate the Empire, use VIRGILIO’s Aeneid — which poetically founds the Roman Empire — as a pre-script for ALLIGHIERI’s own vision of a unified political world under a modern emperor. Bridge Secular and Sacred: Virgil serves as a "prophetic" figure who, through his Fourth Eclogue (often interpreted as a prophecy of Christ's birth), allows ALIGHIERI  to synthesize classical wisdom with Christian revelation.  The Reclaim of Tradition For V., this choice is a "reclamation" because it asserts that the intellectual and moral authority of the Roman ancients is indispensable for navigating the spiritual "dark wood" of the Middle Ages. By naming Virgil his "master" and "author," Dante is not merely imitating a style but is actively recovering the Roman classical spirit to provide a structural and ethical backbone for his new vernacular masterpiece.  Grice goes on to explore V.'s specific arguments regarding ALIGHIERI’s political vision in De Monarchia versus the Divine Comedy? Italian poet, writer and humanist, passionate spokesperson of ‘’Toscana Europea’’. He has been author of volumes of poetry, narrative, and philosophy – FILOSOFIA, literary criticism and Alighieri essays translated into diverse languages.  Dantisti italiani. Mussolini, Grice, Croce, Gentile.  Grice: Caro Vettori, confesserò un peccato d’istinto filologico: la prima volta che lessi la Commedia, mi venne spontaneo tradurre in latino il celebre “Miserere di me, qual che tu sii, od ombra o uomo certo!” rivolto da Dante a Virgilio. Così: “Miserere mei, qualiscumque tu sis, sive umbra sive homo certus!” Non sarà proprio il latino di Virgilio, ma almeno non diabolico come quello dei burocrati!  V.: Ma magnifico, Grice! Sei riuscito a donare all’incontro tra Dante e Virgilio quel tocco di classicità che persino i dantisti in toga sognano la notte! Se Alighieri ti avesse sentito, avrebbe potuto aggiungere qualche nota a margine – magari in latino maccheronico, giusto per strizzare l’occhio ai posteri!  G.: Ah, Vettori, se Dante avesse davvero usato il latino, Virgil avrebbe finalmente capito tutto al primo colpo – e forse evitato qualche giro nel bosco! Però, chi può resistere alla musicalità del volgare toscano? Dice il proverbio: “Tra latino e toscano, meglio un canto che un sermone!”  V.: Ben detto, Grice! In fondo, Dante ci ha insegnato che la vera ragione conversazionale nasce proprio dall’incontro tra la sapienza antica e la freschezza della parola nuova. E tu, con la tua traduzione, hai dato prova che il dialogo tra le epoche può essere – almeno un po’ – anche uno scherzo da buoni amici! Vettori, Vittorio  (1959). Letteratura a mito. Firenze: Sansoni

Carlo Augusto Viano (Aosta, Valle d’Aosta). V. canta la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del va’ pensiero, Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning is a micro-pragmatic account of how hearers rationally recover what a speaker means by recognizing intentions and inferring implicatures under cooperative constraints; it treats “conversational reason” as the normative logic that links what is said to what is meant. Carlo Augusto Viano, by contrast, approaches rationality historically and structurally: as a historian of philosophy trained in Turin (Abbagnano), a major interpreter of Aristotle’s logic (La logica di Aristotele) and of early modern empiricism (Locke), and later a theorist of ethics and Italian philosophical “character” (including Va’ pensiero), he is concerned with the long-form conditions under which rational practices—argument, scientific inquiry, ethical justification—take shape within traditions, languages, and “categories” (including the way logical and grammatical-morphosyntactic categories organize what can be said and thus what can be meant). Put Grice and Viano together and you get a two-level picture: Grice explains how rational agents manage meaning in the moment of exchange (including how implicatures arise when a speaker strategically relies on shared norms), while Viano explains how those norms and inferential habits are historically cultivated by institutions and genres of reasoning (Aristotelian logic, empirical science, practical-ethical deliberation), so that “conversational reason” is not only a set of maxims inside talk but also a culturally sedimented discipline of giving and asking for reasons that Italian philosophy inherits from the Greco-Roman world and repeatedly rearticulates in new scientific and ethical contexts. il carattere della filosofia italiana, categorie conversazionale, categorie morfo-sintattiche.” Filosofia romana, neo-traditionalismo. Grice: “Esential Italian philosopher.” Storico della filosofia, nato ad Aosta. Formatosi alla scuola d’ABBAGNANO  -- con cui si laurea – a Torino, insegna storia della filosofia presso la medesima università. Ha contribuito con rinnovata sensibilità alla ricerca storico-filosofica - spesso condizionata da orientamenti eccessivamente speculativi - rivolgendo i propri interessi soprattutto alla logica antica e al rapporto scienza-filosofia sia nel pensiero antico sia in quello moderno. Nei suoi lavori studia varie problematiche del pensiero greco-romano, con particolare riguardo alla logica di Aristotele -- del quale ha inoltre curato le traduzioni della Politica e della Metafisica. Grande attenzione ha poi dedicato all'empirismo, occupandosi in particolare di Locke -- da segnalare, al proposito, la sua cura di alcuni inediti lockiani. Dell'opera di Locke ha messo in evidenza non solo gli aspetti gnoseologici e il loro rapporto con la cultura scientifica, ma anche, in un confronto continuo con le condizioni storiche inglesi del tempo, le profonde esigenze di rinnovamento intellettuale, politico e religioso di cui essa si fa portavoce. Mantenendo sempre vivo l'interesse per la cultura greco-romana, ha inoltre compiuto un'articolata indagine sul rapporto tra sapere filosofico e sapere tecnico-pratico nella cultura filosofico-scientifica greco-romana, mettendo in rilievo i nuovi orientamenti empiristi caratteristici della medicina alessandrina in contrasto con la medicina di orientamento razionalista. Si è dedicato a problematiche contemporanee, con particolare attenzione per l'etica. Insieme a  ROSSI  ha diretto una Storia della filosofia.  Saggi: La logica del lizio; Dal razionalismo all'illuminismo; Etica; La selva delle somiglianze. La filosofia romana, il neo-tradizionalismo, il neo-tradizionalismo, la filosofia romana.  Grice: Professore Viano, lei si è interrogato sul “va’ pensiero” della filosofia italiana, sulle sue categorie e sul carattere dialogico intrinseco sin dall’antichità. Secondo lei, c’è un tratto conversazionale unico nella storia del pensiero italiano? V.: Caro Grice, credo proprio di sì. La filosofia italiana si è sempre nutrita di dialogo, di confronto: basta pensare alla tradizione greco-romana, al modo in cui la riflessione filosofica si è intrecciata con la vita pratica e sociale. Il nostro “va’ pensiero” non è mai stato astratto, ma sempre radicato nella storia e nel linguaggio. G.: Mi colpisce come lei abbia studiato la logica di Aristotele ma anche i fermenti empiristi della medicina alessandrina. Pensa che il dialogo tra sapere tecnico-pratico e sapere filosofico sia ancora oggi un tratto essenziale? V.: Assolutamente. La vitalità della filosofia nasce proprio dall’incontro con le esigenze concrete e dal confronto con la scienza e la tecnica. È questo intreccio che consente alla filosofia italiana di rinnovarsi, rimanendo fedele alla sua natura dialogica e conversazionale. In fondo, anche la morale e l’etica, oggi, devono passare per il dialogo con la realtà vissuta. Viano, Carlo Augusto  (1950). Il Platone di Goldschmidt, Filosofia.

Pio Viazzi (Gavi, Alessandria, Piemonte): la ragione conversazionale  e l’implicatura conversazionale della bellezza della vita. Grice’s reason-governed theory of conversational meaning explains how what a speaker means is recovered by a hearer through rational inference under cooperative constraints: the hearer assumes the speaker is trying to be appropriately informative, relevant, and so on, and therefore works out implicatures from what is said plus context and recognized intentions. Viazzi’s project (as in Il positivismo di G. B. Vico, 1892, and the broader positivist-socialist retrieval of Vico) shifts the explanatory weight from the micro-logic of intention-recognition to the socio-natural genealogy that makes such rational exchanges possible in the first place: language and communication are treated as emergent products of biological capacities and collective social needs, developing from “mute” gesture and shared practical life into articulated speech, with metaphor and “poetic logic” as an early cognitive stage rather than a deviation from rationality. The contrast, then, is that Grice offers a normative account of how mature conversational agents justify interpretations in real-time talk (implicature as reasoned uptake), whereas Viazzi reads Vico as offering a naturalistic, population-level account of how the very common ground that Grice presupposes—shared meanings, practices, and expectations of cooperation—forms historically through the evolution of social communication; where Grice starts with conversational reason as a rule-governed inferential practice, Viazzi starts with the conditions under which a community can come to have that practice at all. Grice: “When I appeal to the longitudinal unity of philosophy, I was making a political point – exactly as V. does in recovering VICO  for the naturalist tradition! V., a socialist and a positivist, champions a naturalist, sociological reading of VICO to align him with evolution and socialism. V’s specific comments on LA LINGUA and social communication revolve around reclaiming V.'s scienza as a precursor to social science rather than metaphysics. In “Il positivismo di VICO”, V. argues that VICO is the first to recognise a social law as a natural phenomenon. He views VICO’s theory of language not as a divine gift, but as a biological and social evolutionary necessity. V. emphasises VICO’s mental dictionary, interpreting it as evidence that communication is a collaborative product determined by the common needs and common sense of the Italian people. V. focuses on the transition from mute communication – a gesture, a physical thing -- to COMUNICAZIONE ARTICOLATA. For V., this transition is a milestone where communication evolves to facilitate the growing complexity of human association. As a socialist, V. is interested in the popular, vulgar origin of communication. He notes that VICO’s analysis of language shows how a mass, through a shared experience, creates the very tools of scommunication that democratise knowledge.  V. suggests that VICO’s poetic logic is a natural stage of human cognitive development, where communication is bound to the metaphor because man lacks abstract reasoning. V. uses VICO to argue against an artificial universal language. Communication is rooted in the natural development of a specific nation's environment. Grice goes on to explore how V.’s socialist politics specifically colour his interpretation of VICO's heroic age of language. Naturalismo, segno, filosofo, psicologia, biologia, bio-social, sociology, antropologia, zoologia, Vico at Oxford, Hampshire. Vico, il Vico di V.  Grice: Caro Viazzi, ti confesso che solo la barbarie dei miei barbari allievi (si può dire “allievolizzare” in italiano?) di Vadum Boum, la mia università, mi ha trattenuto dal titolare il mio seminario “Filosofia e bellezza della vita” invece del solito, più grigio “Filosofia”! Ma tu, da vero esteta, mi insegnerai che “bellezza” non è una parolaccia da evitare tra i banchi di Oxford? V.: Grice, i tuoi barbari sono solo invidiosi perché non hanno mai contemplato il sole calare sulle colline di Gavi! E quanto a “allievolizzare”, lo promuovo subito a neologismo ufficiale del Piemonte filosofico. Però ti avverto: chi non vede la bellezza della vita, rischia di confondere la logica con la contabilità! G.: Allora, caro Viazzi, la prossima volta porterò un po’ di vino piemontese per convincere i miei studenti che un sillogismo ben fatto si gusta meglio al tramonto, tra amici, e magari con una metafora ben servita. Magari così smetteranno di “allievolizzarmi” troppo barbaramente! V.: Perfetto, Grice! E ricordati: “Dove manca la bellezza, anche la filosofia si rannuvola”. Se proprio vuoi sopravvivere a Vadum Boum, alterna una lezione su Vico a una sul sorriso—così, forse, riuscirai a civilizzare almeno un po’ i tuoi “allievolizzati” barbari! Viazzi, Pio (1963). Il romanzo della vita. Genova: Marietti.  

Giovanni Vicini (Cento, Emilia): La ragione conversazionale. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how an utterance becomes intelligible as a rational move in a cooperative exchange: what is meant is recovered by the addressee through intention-recognition and the disciplined inference of implicatures against shared norms of relevance, evidence, and informativeness. Giovanni Vicini’s “conversational reason,” by contrast, is presented in your passage as a civic-juridical practice rather than a linguistic micro-mechanism: he speaks and writes in contexts where conversation (in congresses, provisional governments, exile negotiations, and later legal consultations) is inseparable from institutional authority, public risk, and the practical settlement of rights—especially visible in his 1827 argument, grounded in the Napoleonic Code, for parity of inheritance rights between Christians and Jews. Put Griceanly, Vicini’s interventions are not merely exchanges of information but attempts to make certain conclusions the only reasonable uptake for a public audience: his “dicta” are engineered to supply reasons strong enough to reorganize common ground (what counts as legally salient, who counts as an equal subject of right), and to constrain opposing interpretations as unreasonable. The comparison, then, is that Grice theorizes the inferential norms that make meaning possible within ordinary talk, while Vicini exemplifies how those norms are heightened and externalized in legal-political discourse, where implicature is less a polite conversational by-product than a strategic, accountability-laden way of getting others to recognize, accept, and act on reasons in the public sphere.

Studia a Cento e Bologna. Adere alle idee di Napoleone e con la nascita della repubblica cispadana rappresenta Cento ai congressi di Reggio Emilia e di Modena. Dopo la caduta di Napoleone si tenne lontano dalla politica. Dopo i moti insurrezionali è eletto presidente del governo provvisorio di Bologna e della provincia e dal pubblico palazzo della città DICHIARA CESATTO DI FATTO IL POTERE TEMPORALE DEL PAPA. Nello stesso palazzo venne eletto dall'assemblea dei notabili, costituita dai deputati delle province insorte, presidente della Commissione provvisoria di governo delle province unite italiane. In seguito alla resa di Ancona, non avendo il pontefice Gregorio voluto riconoscere la capitolazione di Benvenuti, pattuita e ratificata in suo nome, V. è costretto a fuggire in esilio, prima in Corsica e poi a Marsiglia, insieme al figlio Timoteo. Tornato in Italia, si stabilisce prima in Toscana e poi a Porretta Terme, dove conosce e sposa la seconda moglie, Catterina Agostini. È relegato a Massa Lombarda sotto la sorveglianza politica d’Ugolini, Legato della Provincia di Ferrara. Qui, per provvedere al mantenimento della sua famiglia -- nel frattempo aveva avuto cinque figli, di cui tre moriranno in tenera età --, apre un ufficio per consultazioni legali. Muore in povertà a Massa Lombarda. Le sue spoglie giaceranno anonime e senza memoria fino a quando, per iniziativa del sindaco BONVICINI , il municipio di Massa Lombarda gli erige un busto nella biblioteca comunale e un piccolo monumento funebre nel cimitero locale, opera dello scultore Pacchioni. Cimitero di Massa Lombarda, ricordo marmoreo di V. La polemica con Berni degli Antoni. V. pubblica un testo, Causa di simultanea successione di cristiani e d’ebrei ad intestata eredità di un loro congiunto, nel quale, contro il parere espresso dal domenicano Jabalot e basandosi sul codice napoleonico, s’esprime a favore della parità di diritti tra ebrei e cristiani nel diritto di successione.  Grice: Accidenti, Vicini, sembra che tu abbia vissuto più avventure politiche di quante io abbia affrontato dispute filosofiche! Dimmi un po’, dichiarare “cessato di fatto” il potere temporale del Papa è stato più stressante che difendere la logica a Oxford? Vicini: Caro Grice, almeno a Oxford non dovevi evitare la scomunica o fare le valigie per la Corsica e Marsiglia! Dopo tutto questo, ogni consulenza legale che ho offerto a Massa Lombarda mi è sembrata un vero riposo—tranne quando qualcuno voleva parlare dei diritti di successione tra cristiani ed ebrei, naturalmente. Grice: Ah, le consulenze legali! Suppongo che tu preferissi le discussioni animate ai monumenti di marmo... Ma sinceramente, Vicini, ammiro come le tue conversazioni non si siano limitate alla filosofia—hanno plasmato leggi e diritti. Hai mai pensato che i principi filosofici potessero calmare gli insurrezionisti? Vicini: Solo se quegli insurrezionisti avevano senso dell’umorismo, Grice! I principi filosofici sono come la famiglia: a volte portano conforto, a volte portano caos. Ma alla fine, sia al congresso sia nel mio ufficio legale, ho sempre creduto che una conversazione amichevole potesse durare più di qualsiasi rivoluzione—even se la mia tomba è rimasta anonima per un po’! Vicini, Giovanni (1827). Causa di simultanea successione di cristiani e di ebrei ad intestata eredità di un loro congiunto.

Giovanni Battista Vico (Napoli, Campania), V. insegna:“We should treat those who were great and are dead as if they were great  and living” (Grice) -- Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats understanding as a rational recovery of speaker-meaning: hearers infer what is meant (including implicatures) by assuming cooperative norms and by recognizing intentions that are meant to be recognized. Vico, by contrast, relocates “reason in language” from the micro-logic of a talk-exchange to a historical-genealogical logic: what a people can mean, and what can count as a reason, is sedimented in the origins and transformations of their linguistic and imaginative practices (the “antichissima sapienza” embedded in etymology, myth, metaphor, and the evolution from poetic to reflective speech). A Gricean reading can treat Vico’s etymologies and “poetic logic” as a kind of diachronic pragmatics: they map how shared background assumptions (the common ground that makes implicature calculable) are formed over centuries, not just presupposed in a single conversation; conversely, a Vichian reading can treat Grice’s maxims and implicatures as the thin, late, rationalized surface of a much deeper imaginative infrastructure—language as a civil institution that first makes minds shareable before it makes them cooperative. The upshot is that Grice explains how, given a stable linguistic practice, rational agents generate and recover implied meaning, while Vico explains how those practices (and the very categories of relevance, evidence, and intelligibility) come to exist through history, so that “treating the great dead as living” becomes not merely a pious conversational stance but a methodological commitment: understanding past speech-acts requires reconstructing the forms of life and imaginative universals in which their reasons for meaning anything at all originally had their home. la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’antichissima sapienza degl'italici da rintracciare nell’origini della sua lingua. Grice: “While he does not belong to a formal "V. school," my play-group mate Hampshire is a key figure in a Oxford V. tradition that emphasised historical imagination and the philosophy of mind over rigid rationalism. Within the "Oxford circle," Collingwood is the most significant conduit for V.'s ideas. Collingwood translates CROCE’s The Philosophy of V., effectively introducing the thought of V. to Oxford. Collingwood states that V. influences him "more than anyone else," a debt visible in his landmark work The Idea of History, where he champions V. as the father of the philosophy of history. This legacy establishes a lineage at Oxford that prioritises the "human sciences" -- history, language, and art -- as distinct from the natural sciences.  Hampshire sees V. as a precursor to the theories of the unconscious and intentionality.  Hampshire is part of a post-war anti-rationalist group at Oxford, alongside Berlin and Williams, who turns to V. to challenge moral and political thought. Berlin’s own essays on V. are a primary contemporary source. Hampshire cites Joyce’s Finnegans Wake as a gateway to V., and he is fascinated by how V.s philosophy of primitive thought and metaphor provides the scaffolding for Joyce’s experiments. Unlike Collingwood, who focused on V.'s history, Hampshire uses V. to critique philosophical psychology. He argues that V.’s insight, that humans understand what they themselves have made -- verum factum-- reveals the necessity of the imagination in forming human knowledge. Grice goes on to explore how Hampshire applies these ideas of V. to Hampshire’s own Thought and Action. G.: “The best philosopher, but that’s Hampshire’s judgement!” “Si potrebbe presentare la storia ulteriore del pensiero come un ricorso delle idee di V.” – CROCE – cf. Whitehead on metaphysics as footnotes to Plato. GENTILE. Studi vichiani  G.: Caro Vico, non puoi immaginare la mia fretta di raccontarti questa novità: Hampshire, quel barbaro venuto da Vadum Boum, ha finalmente posato gli occhi sul capolavoro che io – da vera tradizione – non chiamo mai “nuova”. Del resto, come si dice in Vadum Bovum: “everything old is new again”. Vico: Ah, caro Grice, come ti capisco! In fondo, noi vecchi filosofi sappiamo bene che le idee girano, ritornano, si vestono da nuove e sono sempre figlie della loro storia. Quella frase inglese dice la verità: tutto ciò che è antico trova sempre modo di tornare a brillare! G.: E lo sai, Vico, Hampshire non si è fermato lì: ora si diverte a scoprire quanto sia “clever” il latino – una vera risonanza del mio motto “how clever language is”! Pare che il latino sia come una scatola magica, dove ogni parola ha mille vite. Vico: Eh, Grice, se il latino è così “clever”, è perché gli ITALI – proprio noi italici – siamo clever! Nessuna lingua diventa ingegnosa senza una mente brillante dietro: come dice il vecchio proverbio napoletano, “Chi ha testa, la usa persino per far parlare il passato”. Vico, Gian Battista (1693). Affeti di un disperato. Napoli: Carafa.  

Francesco de’Vieri (Firenze, Toscana). V. introduce la ragione conversazionale nella filiale fiorentina dell’accademia, e la metafisica in volgare!” Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats understanding as an inferential achievement: a speaker means something by producing an utterance with intentions that are meant to be recognized, and hearers recover what is meant by reasoning under cooperative constraints (what is said plus what is implicated). Francesco de’ Vieri (“il Verino”), as the passage suggests and as biographical scholarship confirms, works at a different but compatible level: he brings philosophizing into the Florentine academy culture and into the vernacular, aiming to make metaphysical and ethical reflection publicly shareable (for example, through vernacular lectures and commentaries connected with the Accademia Fiorentina’s mission of disseminating learning beyond Latin specialists). In Gricean terms, Vieri’s move “into the volgare” is not just a linguistic switch but a deliberate reshaping of common ground: by changing the language and the audience, he changes what premises can be presumed, what counts as a reasonable inference, and how dialectic can function as a cooperative enterprise rather than as scholastic display. Where Grice analyzes the micro-logic by which a single conversational move carries explicit content plus implicatures, Vieri exemplifies a macro-pragmatic project: designing an institutional setting (academy lecture, public commentary) in which rational uptake is widened—so that the same Gricean mechanisms of intention-recognition and inference can operate for a broader community, with “dialectic” and “sweetness in conversing” serving as norms for making meaning accessible, not merely correct. Love, accademia, dialettica fiorentina, Grice on Athenian Dialectic, and Oxonian Dialectic. Florentine Dialectic. Grice: “Essential Italian philosopher.” Studia a Pisa, dove anche insegna. Divenne un punto di riferimento per l’élite intellettuale fiorentina. Il suo magistero è improntato al tentativo di individuare una mediazione tra l’eredità del lizio e l’istanza accademica, come si evince dalle uniche sue opere pervenuteci, ossia le lezioni su ALIGHIERI. La prima verte sull’AMORE a partire dal commento ai versi del Purgatorio. Durante la seconda, traendo spunto dall’incipit del Paradiso, V. si concentra sull’amore che governa il mondo. La terza è dedicata alla disamina dei problemi filosofici scaturiti dai temi affrontati nelle due lezioni precedenti. Il testo delle letture, trasmesso dal manoscritto, è stampato da DONI nelle Lettioni d’academici fiorentini sopra ALIGHIERI. In volgare, le tre lezioni di V. sono testimonianza dell’esigenza di renderne fruibili i contenuti a un pubblico ampio. La medesima esigenza che, stando al racconto di GELLI induce V. a esporre in volgare la metafisica. I versi d’ALIGHIERI  danno l’abbrivio per riflessioni squisitamente filosofiche, secondo un modello di commento che poco ha a che vedere con quello erudito di stampo umanistico e che culmina nella definizione dell’amore come desiderio di generare nel bello. Si tratta di un modo innovativo di confrontarsi con i testi che è destinato a fare scuola, degl’occhi si può prendere fpedito argomento del suo bell'animo dal sospirare similmente con soavità, si conosce un’animo appassionato ma con certa moderanza come auuicne in chi modera gl’affetti col freno e colla legge della RETTA RAGIONE. Le grazie finalmente della bocca Tono il dolce parlare che ci dinota una moderanza nell’appetito iralabile che ci ìùole pella bellezza o per qualche bene che è  m noi più che in altri inluperbire  ed il dolce riio dolcezza e piacevolezza nel CONVERSARE. Pico, accademia, la dialettica fiorentina.  Grice: Maestro Vieri, trovo affascinante come lei abbia portato la metafisica tra le mani del popolo, in volgare, come se volesse far respirare la filosofia all’aria della Toscana. Secondo lei, è l’amore la chiave che apre le porte del sapere?  Vieri: Caro Grice, a Firenze diciamo che “le cose belle si dicono col cuore semplice”. Credo fermamente che l’amore sia il motore della conoscenza: è desiderio di generare nel bello, come insegna Dante. Solo chi ama può davvero comprendere e trasmettere il sapere.  Grice: E nella dialettica fiorentina, come si uniscono ragione e sentimento? L'accademia, a suo avviso, può davvero mediare tra l’eredità del lizio e l’istanza moderna?  Vieri: La dialettica, Grice, è arte del dialogo e del confronto: come dice il proverbio, “dal confronto nasce la luce”. L’accademia fiorentina cerca proprio questo, una mediazione tra tradizione e innovazione, tra ragione e affetto, perché solo così la filosofia può parlare davvero agli uomini e alle donne del nostro tempo. Vieri, Francesco de’ (1586). La filosofia naturale. Firenze: Giunti.

Marco Vigellio (Roma): la ragione conversazionale al PORTICO romano. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats understanding as a rational achievement: the hearer recovers what is meant by recognizing intentions and inferring, under cooperative constraints, what goes beyond the literal wording. Read against that, “Vigellius at the Roman Stoa” (Marcus Vigellius, the Stoic associated with Panaetius and mentioned by Cicero as living with him) represents a different orientation: conversational reason as the disciplined public practice of the Portico, where what matters is less the calculus of implicature and more the ethical-political shaping of judgement in dialogue (the Roman uptake of Stoic doctrine within elite rhetorical culture). In Gricean terms, the Portico’s exchanges can be described as systematically managing hearers’ inferences—training what counts as a good reason to assent—yet the Portico’s normativity is primarily ethical (how to live, what to value, how to deliberate), whereas Grice’s normativity is pragmatic-inferential (how a contribution becomes intelligible as meaning something by being rationally interpretable). So the comparison lands as: Grice supplies a micro-model of rational uptake (intention-recognition and conversational inference), while Vigellius/Panaetius exemplify a macro-model in which conversation is itself an institution for forming rational agents—where “what is meant” is inseparable from the cultivation of stable, publicly defensible commitments. Storia della filosofia romana. Allievo di Panezio, with whom he lives. Noted by CICERONE in De Oratore to have also been a friend of Lucio Licinio CRASSIO, the greatest Roman orator prior to CICERONE. Blits, “The Heart of Rome: Rome’s Political Culture”; The first philosopher in Rome of IL PORTICO is PANEZIO, who joins The Scipionic Circle, lives in SCIPIONE’s home and travels with him on an embassy. Besides SCIPIONE, consul, and censor, at least six  other consuls study under PANEZIO. They include LELIO and L. FURIO, who, along with SCIPIONE and Polibio, hear the three philosophers at Rome; FANNIO; Q. Elio TUBERONE, suffect consul, Q. Mucio SCEVOLA, and Rutilio RUFO. In addition, Spurio Mummio, one of the legates sent to settle Greek affairs, is trained in the doctrine of il portico (Cicero, “Bruto”). V., friend of CRASSIO, consul, is PANEZIO’s friend and pupil, and lives with him -- CICERONE, De oratore --, and Sesto POMPEO, son of the governor of Macedonia, brother of a consul, and uncle of POMPEO maggiore, withdraws from politics in order to devote himself to the philosophy of the Portico -- CICERONE, Bruto, De oratore. Portico. Pupil of Panezio. V.  is a Roman philosopher who identifies himself as belonging to the PORTICO, and known as a close friend and pupil of PANEZIO, with whom he lived. Little information remains regarding his specific family. However, linguistic evidence provides a context:  V. belongs to the gens Vigellia, that achieves some prominence in the Republic. The most well-known member of this gens is Publio V. Saturnino, senator and proconsul of Africa, who presides over the trial of the scillitan martyrs. “V” derives from "vigil," ‘someone who is awake’, and shares its etymology with "vigilance" and the Iname Vigilio. In a Roman context, such a name often emphasises the quality of responsibility, foresight, and keen observation.  Grice goes on to explore V’s connection to CICERONE  and the specific Stoic teachings of his mentor Panezio. GRICEVS: Salve, Vigeli! Dic mihi: cur Romani porticvm suam non pictam fecerunt? VIGELIUS: Salvē, Griceve! Romani probitatem simplicem amabant; picturam superfluum iudicabant. G.: At in Athenis porticvs picta erat—quae sententia de illo consilio Romano? V.: Romani severitatem magis quam decorem colebat; porticvs sine pictura sapientiam ostendebat. Vigellio, Marco (a.u.c. 620). De Porticu Romana. Venezia: Zanetti.

Pietro della Vigna (Capua, Campania). In V. la ragione conversazionale va dal dictum al dictaminum.” Grice’s reason-governed conversational meaning is designed to explain how a hearer rationally recovers what a speaker means by treating an utterance as purposive and constrained by norms of cooperation, so that what is meant can outrun what is explicitly said (via implicature, relevance, and intention-recognition). Pietro della Vigna, by contrast, represents a medieval institutionalization of “conversational reason” in the ars dictaminis: the disciplined transformation of dictum (a saying, the bare content) into dictamen (a crafted, authoritative composition), where meaning is engineered for official uptake through genre constraints, hierarchies, and stylistic technologies such as cursus and the stilus supremus. A Gricean translation of Vigna would say that dictaminal prose deliberately controls the inferential space available to the recipient: the chancellery letter is written so that the addressee has good reason to recognize not merely a proposition but an intended practical upshot (command, threat, reassurance, legitimation) under conditions where “cooperation” is partly replaced by protocol and power. Where Grice starts from ordinary conversational exchange and derives norms that make implicature calculable, Vigna starts from an already-normed communicative institution and perfects the outward form so that the intended reading becomes the only reasonable reading; in that sense, Grice provides the micro-pragmatics of rational uptake, while Vigna exemplifies a macro-pragmatics in which rational uptake is secured by rhetorical-juridical design that moves from saying to officially dictating.

A master of the ars dictaminis, the art of formal letter writing, V. is a jurist and diplomat, who serves as the chancellor to Frederick II. Graduated from Bologna,his work is accessible through compilations and repositories. His Epistolae are edited by Iselin. Overviews of his work, including his influence on the stilus supremus, can be found on bBibliographies, and some of his work hosted on heritage sites like Europeana. Sudies, such as V. e la sua eredità, analyse his ars dictaminis. The evolution of  the ‘dictamen,’ the core subject of ars dictaminis, follows a trajectory from simple speech to authoritative composition. During V.’s time, the term represents a sophisticated system of rhythmic prose composition used for official letter writing. The evolution begins with “dicere,” from Indo-European deik-, ‘to show,’ ‘to pronounce solemnly’ Cf. Grice: dictiveness. This root does not indicate it has to be ‘linguistic’ or vocal, much in Grice’s spirit to provide a GENERAL account of communication -- the focus being on the basic act of communication. From ‘dicere’ comes ‘dictare,’ ‘to say often.’ This evolves into: to say words aloud for another person, to write down, or to dictate a term or rule with authority. The noun dictamen is formed by adding the suffix -men indicating result or instrument, and refers to a pronouncement, saying, or rule. The term shifts from the act of speaking to the result of composing. A dictator is not a political tyrant, but a composer of high-style prose. When V. is the chief minister and logothete for Frederick, dictamen is synonymous with a formal composition, and the ars dictaminis the art of composition specifically applied to official correspondence. V. is credited with refining this art into an elegant, rhythmic style, involving the cursus or rhythmic sentence ending, that becomes the standard for the court. V.’s letters, written in the emperor's name, are collected as models of the dictamen. Grice goes on to give examples of the specific rhythmic rules, cursus, V. uses to structure these imperial letters. Grice: Maestro Vigna, la ringrazio di cuore per avermi insegnato la nobile arte del dictamen! Ecco la mia ultima fatica, una lettera modello, “A chi di competenza”:“La frequenza del mio allievo a Vadum Boum è stata regolare, e il suo greco e latino risultano grammaticali.” Vigna: Caro Grice, le confesso che la sua penna tagliente ha colpito ancora! Complimenti per il sottile “damn by faint praise”, che, come si dice tra noi cultori del dictamen, si riassume così: “laudatio cum damno.” Grice: Maestro, a volte basta un elogio tiepido per incendiare una carriera accademica! Chissà se il mio allievo preferirà essere lodato… o “damnato”! Vigna: Ah Grice, in Campania diciamo che “una lettera ben scritta vale più di mille parole non dette!” Continui a dettare, perché ogni suo dictamen è una piccola opera d’arte — persino quando è tiepido! Vigna, Pietro della (1230). Epistole. Pisa: Edizioni della Normale.

Tito Vignoli (Rosignano Marittimo, Livorno, Toscana). V. focalizza la ragione conversazionale della etologia filosofica, dell’origine della lingua articolata, della legge fondamentale dell’intelligenza nel regno animale.” Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means by rationally inferring intentions under cooperative constraints (so that what is said is only a base, and what is implicated is worked out by considering relevance, informativeness, and the speaker’s purposes). Tito Vignoli, by contrast, approaches “conversational reason” genealogically and naturalistically: in works such as Della legge fondamentale dell’intelligenza nel regno animale. Saggio di psicologia comparata (1877), he treats communication and even the emergence of articulated language as continuous with animal intelligence, where signals, analogies, and adaptive behaviors are intelligible within an evolutionary and comparative-psychological framework. Put in Gricean terms, Vignoli is concerned with the preconditions of any future “speaker-meaning”: the biological and cognitive capacities (attention, learning, social coordination, proto-signaling) that make it possible for a creature to offer another creature reasons for an interpretation at all; whereas Grice is concerned with the normative structure inside an already language-using practice—how an utterance counts as giving the addressee a reason to arrive at a particular belief because that reason is meant to be recognized. The upshot is a contrast between levels: Vignoli supplies a natural history of the machinery that can support inference and exchange, while Grice supplies the rational-pragmatic logic that governs meaning once that machinery is in place, allowing “conversation” to be not merely signaling but accountable, intention-based communication. From the banal to the bizarre. Method in philosophical psychology. Grice: “Essential Italian philosopher. I spent quite some time observing a species of pirot: the squarrel, mainly I was in search of what V. calls ‘la legge fondamentale dell’intelligenza nel regno animale,’ his ‘saggio,’ he says, is in ‘PSICOLOGIA COMPARATA,’ but since it is vintage, I might just as well refer to is as being one in ‘philosophical ethology’!” Entra sulla scena filosofica, grazie ai suoi saggio, Della legge fondamentale dell’intelligenza nel regno animale: un aggio di psicologia comparata, che lo consacra come l’iniziatore della psicologia comparata in Italia. Una varietà sconosciuta che occupa il posto di C. E puo anche il punto m' attratto dall’immanenza del tipo normale C accostarsi nelle successive generazioni a C, dando così luogo ad una altra varietà. In generale e salvo casi particolari, nessun movimento del tipo M a traverso del campo delle specie nelle successive generazioni puo farsi senza che gl’accade d’assumere di quando in quando un carattere già esistito presso alcuno dei suoi ante-nati immediati. Questo è un caso assai comune e niente affatto eccezionale. Inoltre, tutte le volte che nella generazione il tipo generato può scostarsi molto dai tipi generatori, ciò che avviene spesso nell’incrociamento fra varietà o specie distinte e ad ogni modo fra tipi notevolmente diversi, può il tipo generato entrare in parti del campo contigue ad altre specie od altre varietà, in modo da poter assumere più o meno evidenti tracce d’analogia con un terzo tipo molto distante dei due primi. Squirrel, squarrel, etologica filosofica, una legge della intelligenza degl’animali, animale, legge della psicologia, etologia comparata, EVOLUZIONE, pirotologia, accesso pirotologico, pirote di tipo 1, l’evoluzione dell’articulazione nella comunicazione.  Grice: Maestro Vignoli, mi lasci dire che la sua teoria sull’“ascesa del pirot” è una delle visioni più affascinanti della filosofia etologica! A Oxford, Ayer ha trasformato il positivismo in quasi un insulto, quando invece, come lei dimostra, esso può essere fonte di preziosa chiarezza e apertura verso i misteri dell’intelligenza animale. Vignoli: Caro Grice, la ringrazio per le sue parole generose. In Italia diciamo spesso che “le idee nuove fanno paura solo a chi non le conosce”, e il mio intento è proprio quello di mostrare come la psicologia comparata possa arricchire il pensiero filosofico, senza pregiudizi. Il pirot e la sua evoluzione sono la prova che la conoscenza cresce attraverso il dialogo tra discipline. Grice: Assolutamente, la legge fondamentale dell’intelligenza nel regno animale che lei ha delineato mi ricorda quanto sia importante non temere l’analogia o la contaminazione tra i saperi. È proprio la capacità di articolare la lingua e di adattarsi a nuovi contesti che distingue, secondo me, non solo gli animali, ma anche i filosofi più audaci. Vignoli: Grice, lei coglie il cuore della questione: l’intelligenza, sia animale che umana, è sempre un movimento verso l’altro, un continuo scambio. È la conversazione, appunto, che ci permette di evolvere. E se il pirot sale, non lo fa mai da solo: porta con sé tutto il regno animale e, forse, anche un po’ del nostro spirito filosofico. Vignoli, Tito (1879). La razza e il progresso. Milano: Treves.

Felice Balbo, conte di Vinadio (Torino, Piemonte). In V. la ragione conversazionale sta nella prassi e il valore.” Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning explains how hearers recover what a speaker means by taking an utterance as produced under rational constraints (cooperative norms), so that what is said is only part of what is meant and the rest is inferentially recoverable (implicature) from the speaker’s intentions plus shared assumptions about relevance, informativeness, and evidential responsibility. In the Vinadio passage, “conversational reason” is placed not primarily in inferential repair-work between what is said and what is meant, but in colloquenza as a form of dialectical life: talk as praxis bearing value (including “axiological” weight), where the point of the exchange is not just to transmit propositions but to stage and test commitments in a socially situated practice (the count and the worker, the worldly “ballo” of dialectic). If you translate Vinadio into Gricean terms, “colloquenza” looks like an expanded arena in which implicatures are not merely add-ons to literal content but the very medium through which practical and evaluative stances are negotiated; conversely, if you translate Grice into Vinadio’s idiom, Grice’s maxims and intention-recognition apparatus can be read as a minimalist ethics of discourse that underwrites any genuine dialectic, because without those rational constraints colloquenza collapses into mere rhetoric or snobbery. The contrast, then, is that Grice offers a micro-account of how rational inference secures speaker-meaning in ordinary exchanges, while Vinadio (as presented here) treats the conversational as intrinsically normative and political-ethical, locating reason in the lived practice where value is enacted and contested rather than merely inferred. Being, value, and colloquenza. Grice: “Of course, V. is bound to be a good dialectician, since Italian neo-idealists take Hegel’s Dialektik – or colloquenza, as the count prefers – much more seriously than the most Hegelian of Oxonians! (And I don’t mean Bradley! I like V.; but then I’m English and we like an earl! My favourite of his tracts is the one about dialettica which he understood just as Plato did, only better!” Nasce da Enrico, conte di Vinadio e discendente di Cesare Balbo. Allievo di MONTI,  assimila la cultura liberale avvicinandosi più alla linea di CROCE  che a quella di GOBETTI  o di MONTI . S’iscrive alla facoltà di filosofia, e si laurea con una tesi su diritto e lingua sotto SOLARI. Ha un impiego presso gli uffici direzionali della FIAT, iniziando qui la sua riflessione sul problema della società tecnologica, che diverrà d'ora in poi il tema centrale del suo pensiero. Richiamato alle armi, è inviato sul fronte albanese, dove contrasse un'infezione malarica. Rimpatriato, è ricoverato in ospedale prima a Bari, poi a Torino, ove, cominciò a lavorare per la casa editrice Einaudi. In questo periodo avvenne la sua ri-conversione al cattolicesimo. Nell'ospedale militare di Torino conosce Tatò da cui seppe dell'esistenza a Roma d’un movimento di sinistra, costituito in partito cooperativista sinarchico. Trasferito nel dicembre nella capitale, al seguito della Einaudi, entrò in contatto con F. Rodano, collaborando con lui e con altri membri del movimento che frattanto si era trasformato in Partito comunista cristiano. Richiamato alle armi e destinato al 3º reggimento alpini Pinerolo, lascia Roma. Torna a Torino, ove rinsaldò l'amicizia con gli intellettuali vicini alla Einaudi, come Leone e Ginzburg, Pavese, Pintor ed Vittorini, ed entrò in contatto con esponenti partigiani, tra cui l'operaio comunista Caprioglio. Ricoverato nuovamente in ospedale in settembre per febbri malariche. Being, value, and colloquenza, being, value – and colloquenza! Grice: Caro conte di Vinadio—e lasciami ripetere, “conte”, ché solo io, e forse mia madre (che era ancor più snob di me, te lo assicuro!), sappiamo vedere TUTTO il valore – anzi, tutto il valore assiologico – di avere un vero filosofo come interlocutore conversazionale! Dimmi: la dialettica, secondo te, è davvero una faccenda da conti e da snob, o trova spazio anche tra i comuni mortali?  Vinadio: Ah, Grice, la ringrazio per il titolo, anche se, tra noi, un po’ di snobismo – pardon, snob – non guasta mai! In fondo, come direbbero a Torino, essere conte vale più per i giochi di società che per le dialettiche serie. Ma vedi: la vera “colloquenza” nasce quando anche il più semplice degli uomini si mette a dialogare con il mondo, non solo quando il conte riflette sull’essere!  Grice: Sagge parole, caro conte! D’altronde, mia madre sostiene che filosofeggiare senza un pizzico di nobiltà – e di valore assiologico, ribadisco! – è come bere tè senza latte: tecnicamente possibile, ma profondamente sbagliato. Dica, fra prassi e valore, chi vince nel ballo della dialettica? Il passo nobile o quello popolare?  Vinadio: Ah, Grice, qui mi metti alla prova! In verità, la prassi senza valore assiologico sarebbe come un valzer senza musica: gira, gira, ma non va da nessuna parte. Forse è proprio la “colloquenza” – quel danzare tra idee – che unisce il passo del conte a quello dell’operaio, rendendo ogni dialogo filosofico una festa… magari con un pizzico di snobismo, ma senza escludere nessuno dal ballo! Vinadio, Felice Balbo, conte di (1934). Il pensiero filosofico. Torino: UTET.

Jacopo de Vio (Gaeta, regno di Napoli). In V. l’unificazione analoga e gl’AQUINISTI SPECULATIVI, la ragione conversazionale e le categorie del lizio, un senso, un’ANALOGIA.” On Grice’s picture, reason-governed conversational meaning is something a speaker makes available to a hearer by offering recognizably good reasons for an intended interpretation (what is said plus what is implicated, under cooperative norms). Read against that, the “Vio on analogy” material (really pointing to Cajetan: Jacopo/Tommaso de Vio) sits at a different but compatible level: analogical predication (e.g., the classic sanus/“healthy” family) is a disciplined way of keeping inference responsible when one and the same word ranges across related uses without collapsing into equivocation. A Gricean gloss would be: Cajetan’s analogical “rules” help determine what counts as the reasonable route from an utterance containing an analogical term to the intended proposition in context—i.e., they constrain the inferential space in which a hearer works out speaker-meaning. Where Grice emphasizes intentions and conversational maxims to explain how hearers recover what is meant beyond the literal sentence, Cajetan (Vio) emphasizes semantic structure (analogy as a middle between univocity and pure equivocity) to explain how a term can license valid reasoning across contexts; the overlap is that both are, in their own idioms, trying to secure rational transitions from words to warranted conclusions, one at the level of talk-exchange and implicature, the other at the level of predication and concept-extension. Grice: “When I was with Austin, it was difficult to be systematic on a Saturday morning – but what V. does with analogy is fascinating! Essential Italian philosopher. While the typical Englishman is more interested in the fact that Vio never thought that Henry VIII did divorce Aragon, I prefer his commentary on the ‘prae-dicamentum’ of Aristotle, via ‘Porfirio’!” Grice was irritated that when V. becomes a saint and the Italians list him under ‘c’. Studia a Gaeta, e prosegue i suoi studi in filosofia a Napoli, Bologna e Padova. Insegna filosofia a Pavia e Roma. Acquisce una considerevole fama in seguito ad un pubblico dibattito con PICO a Ferrara. We have, ready made, any vast array of forms of description and explanation from which to select what is suitable for a particular conversational occasion. We shall have to rely on our rational capacities, particularly those for imaginative construction and combination, to provide for our needs as they arise. It would not then be surprising that the operations will reflect, in this or that way, the character of the capacities on which we rely.  Grice confesses to only the haziest of conception bow such an idea might be worked out in detail. Which is a long way from the aequi-vocality of ‘being’! Enter Aequi-vocality. In his Kant lectures Grice confesses to have been so far in the early stages of an attempt to estimate the prospects of what he names as an AEQUI-vocality thesis, – i. e., a thesis, or set of theses, which claims that an expression is UNI-vocal. In ‘Aristotle on the multiplicity of being’ the univocity is veiled under the guise of unification, but the spirit lives on! V. Commentary on Porphyry on the categories of il lizio, the example of SANVS. an animal is healthy – various types of analogy. Seminar by Grice and Austin on DE INTERPRETATIONE – the V. commentary, le categorie. Grice: Caro Vio, mi dà un piacere autentico poter chiamarla col suo vero cognome, senza dover ricorrere a soprannomi misteriosi o descrizioni definite che, mi creda, la mia formazione protestante – grazie a mio padre non-conformista e a mia madre anglicana – mi ha insegnato a diffidare! "Vio" è diretto, limpido, e degno di ogni conversazione filosofica. E se parliamo di analogia, non posso non riconoscere quanto la sua riflessione abbia illuminato la mia comprensione: vedere l’analogia non come un semplice ponte tra significati, ma come una vera e propria categoria del pensiero, capace di unificare senza annullare le differenze.  V.: Grice, sono onorato dalla sua scelta e dalla sua sincerità! L’analogia, come lei ben sa, non è solo una tecnica argomentativa, ma un modo di pensare che ci permette di cogliere il senso profondo nelle cose, senza ridurle a mera identità o a sterile distinzione. Proprio nella categoria del lizio e nel dialogo tra le predicazioni, l’analogia diventa una via e una regola, dove il senso si costruisce tra i poli, e mai in uno solo.  G.: Vio, lei mi ha insegnato che l’analogia supera la rigidità dell’univocità: mi ricordo la sua lettura di Porfirio sulle categorie, dove il termine "sanus" – un animale sano – si apre a una pluralità di significati analogici, che non si annullano mai. Ho imparato da lei che la filosofia trova il suo senso più alto quando sa dialogare con le differenze e non teme la molteplicità. Questa lezione mi accompagna ogni volta che rifletto sull’essere e sul linguaggio.  V.: È proprio così, caro Grice: l’analogia è la conversazione stessa, dove ogni interlocutore porta il suo senso, e la verità si costruisce insieme, mai da soli. Se le categorie del lizio ci insegnano qualcosa, è che il pensiero cresce per analogia, per confronto e per dialogo, e che la vera filosofia è sempre un cammino condiviso – come il nostro, oggi, tra Gaeta e Oxford. Vio,Jacopo de (1498). De nominum analogia. Roma: Vaticano

Publio Vergilio Virgilio Marone (Andes, Pietola, Mantova). Con V. la ragione conversazionale si manifesta nela leggenda d’Enea a Roma.” Grice/Virgil comparison (reason-governed conversational meaning). Grice’s theory treats conversational meaning as a rational, audience-directed achievement: what a speaker means is fixed by intentions meant to be recognized, and by the hearer’s capacity to infer (under cooperative constraints) what is implicated beyond what is said. Read that way, Virgil’s Aeneid can be seen as a large-scale “conversation” conducted through staged speeches, replies, and strategic silences: Aeneas’ public utterances, Dido’s reproaches, and the poem’s narratorial framing routinely invite the reader to recover more than the literal locution—e.g., the difference between Aeneas’ explicit justification and what he thereby communicates about pietas, necessity, and emotional cost. The key contrast is that Grice offers an abstract account of how rational agents generate implicature in ordinary talk, whereas Virgil exemplifies how rhetorical form (judicial defense, invective, encomium) engineers inference in an audience: the poem is not a treatise on intention-recognition, but it constantly exploits thsame inferential gap Grice theorizes—using decorum, relevance, and controlled informativeness to make readers supply what is not said outright, and to evaluate characters as if they were interlocutors accountable to reasons. Epilogue (in Grice’s voice), with idiomatic wording and a B.C. date plus the a.u.c. citation line. I recall Hardie being horrified when I put a date on the Ethica Nicomachea. “Surely,” he said, “the Stagirite never heard of the Anointed on the Cross.” “So what date shall I use then, sir?” “Livy’s Ab urbe condita—that’s the safest.” And so I did. It became: Aristoteles (a.u.c. 650; 104 B.C.), Ethica Nicomachea. Grice: “We English have Beowulf; the Romans have V.!  In both classical and Italian Renaissance traditions, V.’s ENEIDE is treated as a supreme text book of rhetoric, with specific passages cited to illustrate emotional persuasion, pathos, stylistic variety, and ethical defense. Critics like Quintilian, Servio, and Macrobio, frequently analyse V.'s work to identify standard rhetorical devices and structures.  Aeneas vs. Dido is a locus classicus for rhetorical study. Rhetoricians analyse Dido’s speech as an example of invective and pathos, while Aeneas’s response is often framed as a controversia, legal-style debate, where he justifies his departure to avoid charges of ingratitude. In Saturnalia, MACROBIO uses various passages by V. to define the four styles of eloquence, viewing V. as a master orator who persuades through narrative texture. Encomium or Praise, Servio analyses the proem of Georgics and specific lines in Eneide, the praise of the Marcellus, as examples of epideictic rhetoric, designed to elevate the subject matter and win over the audience. Italian philosophers often view the ENEIDE as a single long oration designed to praise ENEA and his descendants, known as macro-rhetoricising.  Maffeo VEGIO, an Italian humanist, extends this tradition of reading the ENEIDE as an extended encomium of the hero. While primarily a poet, ALIGHIERI’s portrayal of V. in the Divine Comedy solidifies V.’s role as the embodiment of human reason and the supreme master of poetic high style, influencing how Italian rhetoricians approach V.'s structure and ethics. Commentaries often stress the ethical dimensions of V.’s speeches. For instance, Tiberio Claudio DONATO ’s interpretations, highly influential in the Renaissance, recast the poem as a judicial defense of Aeneas, turning the reader into a juror. Passages such as "Parcere subiectis et debellare superbos -- Eneide: To spare the conquered and crush the proud -- catabasi. Grice: O Vergili, quoties apud Cliftonium carmina tua recitabantur, lacrimae mihi saepe in oculos ascendebant; vox illa “arma virumque” quasi me ipsum tetigit. Vergilius: Benigne ais, Paule; si versus mei lacrimas movent, non dolor solus est, sed pietas—memoria laboris et spei. Grice: Id ipsum: in Aenea video rationem quasi “conversationalem”—non tantum loquentem, sed respondentem: Didoni, fato, populo; et rhetorica ibi non ornatus, sed vis ad animos flectendos. Vergilius: Recte; nam tota Aeneis velut oratio longa est: pathos et iudicium, accusatio et defensio; “parcere subiectis et debellare superbos” non solum dictum est, sed norma vivendi. Virgilio, Publio V. Marone (650 a. u. c.). Eneide. Roma: Stamperia Vaticana.

Pasquale Vitale (Aversa, Caserta, Campania). V. insegna la ragione conversazionale. Read against Grice’s account of reason-governed conversational meaning, the passage’s “Pasquale Vitale … teaches conversational reason” can be recast as a difference of level and aim. For Grice, conversational rationality is a micro-theory: what a speaker means is fixed by intentions that are meant to be recognized, and by the hearer’s reasoned uptake under cooperative norms (so that what is implied can be inferred from what is said plus shared assumptions about relevance, evidence, and informativeness). Vitale’s emphasis, by contrast, treats “conversational reason” as a pedagogical-historical practice: understanding medieval philosophy requires reconstructing the concrete situations (institutions, biographies, intellectual geographies, and the plurality of Latin “dialects”) in which thinkers read, wrote, and taught, so that philosophical claims become intelligible as answers to real problems rather than as abstract theses. In Gricean terms, Vitale’s anecdotes and life-stories function as relevance-engineering: they supply the background premises that make an intended point recoverable and make the “movement of ideas” inferentially accessible to students, thereby improving uptake. The contrast is thus not that Vitale rejects Gricean rationality, but that he relocates it: Grice formalizes the inferential structure of meaning in an exchange, whereas Vitale foregrounds the historical conditions that shape what counts as a reasonable premise, a salient context, and a cooperative educational encounter—so that “conversational reason” is not only how we compute implicatures, but also how we induct novices into the shared common ground that makes any such computation possible.

Intervistato a Frattamaggiore, V. parla del suo saggio Filosofia medievale. Storie, opere e concetti. I saperi fondamentali che hanno plasmato la società occidentale.  Il motivo che si ha spinto a scrivere il saggio è stata la lettura d’un articolo di POPPI nel quale lo storico della filosofia afferma che ignorare la filosofia medievale significa praticare una violenta rottura nei confronti del pensiero classico e non cogliere il movimento di idee che è alla base della filosofia.  Secondo Libera, il medioevo è plurale, perché parlato in diverse dialetti del latino, perché non conosce ancora le distinzioni moderne tra scolastica, mistica e filosofia, e perché il movimento d’dee non è separato dall’organizzazione concreta della vita intellettuale di uomini che leggevano, scrivevano e insegnavano in mondo geograficamente definiti Per questo ho cercato di porre molta attenzione alle biografie anche raccontando aneddoti e storie di vita vissuta, per far avvicinare gli allievi alla realtà concreta dei filosofi e fargli capire che le idee filosofiche erano una risposta a problemi concreti. La filosofia medievale è una miniera in cui sono custoditi i concetti e i saperi fondamentali che hanno plasmato la civiltà occidentale e il luogo comune di un Medioevo solo teologico è quantomeno riduttivo e limitante. -- docente di filosofia e storia, fa parte del comitato scientifico della rivista online «Figure dell’immaginario», è laureato in filosofia medievale e in filologia moderna ed è giornalista pubblicista. È autore di numerosi articoli di filosofia pubblicati su riviste scientifiche, ha tenuto numerosi convegni e seminari su temi di rilevanza sociale, è autore di una monografia dal titolo Letture e riletture aristoteliche: dai cosiddetti pitagorici a Bergson, di testi per uso didattico, tra cui La filosofia aristotelica e il linguaggio del corpo nell’immaginario dantesco – ALIGHIERI , e di un manuale di filosofia contemporanea dal titolo La nottola di Minerva. Filosofia contemporanea: dal teatro ai fumetti. Di recente, con Maria Gagliardini, ha pubblicato Pasolini attraverso i racconti. Analisi linguistica, retorica e stilistica di Donne di Roma.  Grice: Caro Vitale, ho letto con interesse il tuo saggio sulla filosofia medievale. Mi ha colpito la tua attenzione alle storie di vita vissuta dei filosofi. Secondo te, raccontare aneddoti aiuta davvero gli allievi a capire meglio il pensiero filosofico? V.: Grice, sono convinto che la filosofia non sia solo teoria astratta, ma anche risposta a problemi concreti. Gli aneddoti rendono i filosofi più vicini, più umani, e permettono ai giovani di comprendere che ogni idea nasce da una situazione reale, quasi come “il pane quotidiano” della riflessione. Grice: È proprio vero! La filosofia medievale, spesso vista solo come teologia, in realtà è una miniera di concetti che hanno plasmato la nostra civiltà. Ti chiedo: quanto è importante, secondo te, superare i luoghi comuni sul Medioevo per avvicinarsi alla ricchezza del suo pensiero? Vitale: È fondamentale, Grice! Dobbiamo smettere di vedere il Medioevo come un periodo oscuro. I filosofi medievali dialogavano, scrivevano, insegnavano in contesti definiti, e le loro idee erano vive, fluide, in continuo movimento. Solo così possiamo apprezzare la pluralità e la vitalità della filosofia di quel tempo. Vitale, Pasquale (1958). Lineamenti di filosofia. Napoli: Liguori.

Vincenzo Vitielo (Napoli, Campania). V, incontra la la ragione conversazionale nel segno infranto in Lucrezio e nel Vico topologico.” In Grice, “reason-based conversational meaning” is grounded in the speaker’s intention that a hearer recognize an intention and, on that basis, recover what is meant beyond what is said; meaning is thus a normative achievement of rational cooperation (maxims, implicatures, inferential accountability). In the passage’s Vitiello, by contrast, “ragione conversazionale” is encountered where the sign is “infranto”: not a breakdown of reason but a structurally productive fracture in which what counts is precisely what is not fully sayable in the “lingua volgare,” so that understanding is genealogical and hermeneutic (Lucretius, Vico, topological space as horizon of human action, genealogy of communication). Read through Grice, Vitiello’s “segno infranto” can be recast as a limit-case of implicature—an organized reliance on the unsaid—yet Vitiello’s emphasis shifts the explanatory weight from an individual’s communicative intentions to the historical-linguistic conditions (heroic vs. vulgar language, philology vs. philosophy) that make any implicature possible; where Grice offers a micro-theory of how rational agents mean in talk, Vitiello presses a macro-logic of how languages, traditions, and “topologies” of sense pre-structure the very space in which conversational reason can operate. “Come la lingua dell’eroe separa l’eroe dall’uomo, così la lingua volgare separa il filologo dal filosofo. La lingua italiana volgare, comune a ogni uomo, non riusce a descrivere la natura e le proprietà delle cose. Sorge la scissione tra un filosofo – come Paul Grice -- che si dettero ad investigare sulla natura delle cose, e un filologo – come Grice -- che, invece investiga sulle origini delle parole. Così la filosofia e la filologia che sono nate tutte e due dalla lingua dell’eroe, vennero ad essere divise dalla lingua volgare o commone. Grice: “Essential Italian philosopher.” Insegna a Salerno. Studia VICO, l'idealismo, Nietzsche e Heidegger in rapporto colla filosofia romana, elabora una teoria ermeneutica. La sua topo-logia si fonda su una re-interpretazione del concetto di spazio come orizzonte trascendentale dell'operare umano. Gli sviluppi della sua topologia riguardano in particolare la genealogia della communicazione. Affronta più volte la fede da un punto di vista laico. Fonda Paradosso. Collabora a Filosofia di Laterza e a numerose altre riviste filosofiche, tra cui aut aut. Dirige Il pensiero. Collabora all'annuario Filosofia e all'annuario sulla Religione. Pubblica in Teoria ed altre ancora. Svolge un’intensa attività pubblicistica su quotidiani e periodici. Tenne cicli di conferenze e seminari. Saggi: Filosofia della pratica e dottrina politica liberale in CROCE, Etica e liberalismo in CROCE, Il carattere DISCORSIVO del conoscere, ANTONI, interprete di CROCE, Storia e storiografia nella filosofia di CROCE, Scientifica, Sentimento e relazione nell’ESPERIENZA, Il nulla e la fondazione dello storico, Argalia, Urbino; Dialettica ed ermeneutica, Guida, Utopia del nichilismo, Studi heideggeriani, Roma; Ethos ed eros, Logica e storia in Hegel, Napoli; Il problema del cominciamento. La lingua dell’eroe, la lingua degl’eroi, Lazio, lazini, italiano, volgare, Lucrezio, confronto vichiano, vicho contro vico, la lingua eroica di Vico, semiotica, Croce, Vico topologico, linguaggio e lingua in Vico, topologia semiotica di Vico, Vico e il segno infranto.  Grice: Caro Vitielo, devo confessare che sono rimasto affascinato dal tuo modo di applicare il “segno infranto” sia a Lucrezio che al valico dei “lingos”—persino Vico finisce coinvolto! Potresti svelarmi il segreto? Prometto di non infrangere nessun segno… almeno non intenzionalmente! Vitielo: Ah, Grice, la questione è tutta in una conversazione! Il “segno infranto” vive proprio nei sottintesi, come quando durante una cena si dice: “Forse la zuppa è un po’ salata,” e tutti capiscono che il cuoco ha esagerato con il sale. In fondo, sia Lucrezio che Vico sapevano bene che le parole non arrivano mai intere: ciò che conta è ciò che non si dice, ma si intende! Grice: Magnifico! Quindi il “segno infranto” è una specie di implicatura fuori dal piatto—scivola tra le righe, fa l’occhiolino e poi scompare, lasciando l’interlocutore a inseguirlo. Adesso mi sento come il filologo che scopre che la lingua degli eroi è solo un indizio... o forse un invito a un’altra battuta! V.: Esatto, Grice! La vera conversazione vive di segni infranti e di impliciture: se tutto fosse già detto, che gusto ci sarebbe? Meglio lasciare qualche segno infranto sulla tovaglia, così possiamo sempre riprendere il discorso al prossimo banchetto filosofico! Vincenzo Vitiello (1963), Filosofia della pratica e dottrina politica in Benedetto Croce, Napoli: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane.

Sulpicio Vittore (Roma, Lazio). In V. la ragione conversazionale e alla base della prammatica come RETTORICA CONVERSAZIONALE. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning locates what is meant not in stylistic ornament or in the mere availability of persuasive topoi, but in a recognitional structure: a speaker means p by producing an utterance with the intention that an audience arrive at a response (typically belief), that the audience recognize this intention, and that this recognition function as the audience’s reason for uptake; implicature, accordingly, is the rationally recoverable surplus that arises when speakers rely on that recognition rather than full explicit statement. Sulpicius Victor, by contrast, sits on the rhetorical side of the same boundary: his Institutiones oratoriae is a technical manual for producing successful forensic speech, organized around the status system and the provisioning of arguments for standard court scenarios, and in that sense it can look like a “palaeo-Gricean” pragmatics because it treats discourse as action governed by norms (what counts as a proper move, what counts as the point at issue, what counts as an adequate argumentative route). The difference is that Victor’s framework is primarily classificatory and procedural (how to locate the issue, how to choose the kind of argument), whereas Grice’s is explanatory at the level of meaning itself (why a hearer is entitled to infer more than is said, because the speaker intends that inference to be drawn and intends its recognition to serve as a reason); but the family resemblance is real: both are, in effect, theories of responsible uptake, with Victor supplying the ancient courtroom grammar of relevance and Grice supplying the modern account of how relevance becomes a reason in conversation. Epilogue (third person, adapting your prompt): Grice was right to be intrigued. He liked to grumble: ‘Speranza is so obsessed with my longitudinal unity and latitudinal unity of philosophy he skips all dates; but then I did the same and keep only two dates for the history of England: 55 B. C. and 1066!’” Still, this Vittore sounded very interesting: an author of a compact rhetorical tract whose attention to issues, moves, and inferential pressure can justly be called palaeo-Griceian. Grice: “Leech aptly noted that my pragmatics (so pompously called) was ‘mere conversational rhetoric’ – and right he is too! Only it would be V.’s rhetoric, if I can choose! Very little is known about the life of  V., including his specific place of birth, which is not recorded in surviving historical accounts. What is known of him includes that he is a Latin rhetorician, the author of a short rhetorical manual titled “Institutiones oratoriae.” The work is dedicated to his son-in-law, M. Bebio Paterno. The treatise primarily covers the status system — a method for classifying the central issues in legal cases — and provides arguments for various types of law-court scenarios. It is considered a technical introduction to the art of rhetoric rather than an original theoretical work. No original manuscript of his work survives. The text is preserved through a Basel editio princeps, based on a now-lost manuscript from the Speyer cathedral. He is often distinguished from other figures with similar names, such as the historian Sesto Aurelio V. or Sulpicio Severo. Rhetoric. INSTITUTIONES ORATORIAE. editio Basileensis ex codice Spirensi nunc deperdito expressa. ed. Pithoeana. ed. Capperonneriana. = sic signiticavimus lectiones, quae deraum in edit. Capp. emendatae sunt. hoc sisrno addito indicaviraus lectiones a nobis correctas. AD M. SILONEM GENERUM. V. M. Siloni genero. Quod frequenter a me postulabas, videor expedisse. Contuli in ordinem ea, qiiae fere de oratoria arte traduntur, secundum institutum magistrorum meorum, Zenonis praecepta maxime persecutus, ita tamen, ut ex arbitrio meo aliqua praeterirem, pleraque ordine immutato referrem, nonnulla ex aliis quae necessaria videbantur insererem. Recte an perperam fecerim, tu iudical)is; nec enini volo haec in multorum manus pervenire. Rhetorica est, ut quidam defmiunt, benc dicendi scientia – Grice: “The art of saying!”.  GRICEVS: Salvē, VICTOR! Audīvī tē Institutiones Oratoriae composuisse. Quid est maxima ars rhetoricae tua sententia? VICTOR: Salvē, Griceve! Mihi videtur rhetorica esse scientia bene dicendi et causae explicandae, ut praecepta Zenonis docent. GRICEVS: Itane? Estne prammatica pars rhetoricae apud te, an artem conversationis tantum exornat? VICTOR: Prammatica, Griceve, rhetoricae conversatoriae fundamentum est; sine ea, ars dicendi caret vi et utilitate in vita cotidiana. Grice (note): “Hardie hated that, but why would I quote the Hun editing Vittore, when Vittore never knew the Hun?” Vttore, Sulpicio. (late 4th–early 5th c. CE). Institutiones oratoriae. In Rhetores Latini minores. Ex codicibus maximam partem nunc primum adhibitis recensuit Carolus Halm. Lipsiae: In aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1863.

Gaetano Viveros (Roma, Lazio): l’implicature del deutero-esperanto. Grice’s reason-governed theory of conversational meaning begins from the thought that what a speaker means is fixed not by a perfect match between signifier and signified but by a rational structure of intention and recognition: S means p by uttering x only if S intends an audience to form a response (typically belief), intends the audience to recognize that intention, and intends that this recognition function as the audience’s reason for uptake; implicature is then the controlled, accountable surplus that arises when speakers rely on cooperative inference rather than full explicitness. Viveros, in contrast, is a monosemy-maximalist in the Peano orbit: the whole impulse behind lingua scinter (SCIentifica INTERnazionale) and the advertised dream of a lingua exacto mundiale is that ambiguity is not a conversational resource but a defect to be engineered away by a rigorously one-one lexicon, a scientific dictionary, and a Latinate/Greek-based morphological discipline; in that sense he represents the “formalist temptation” Grice diagnoses when he notes the apparent divergence between formal devices (~, &, v, ⊃, quantifiers, descriptions) and their vernacular counterparts, and the wish—sometimes “rashly made”—to deny the divergence altogether. The Gricean contrast is therefore sharp: Viveros tries to abolish implicature by abolishing the need for it (make the code so exact that nothing needs to be inferred), whereas Grice treats implicature as a constitutive feature of rational talk (we mean more than we say because we intend hearers to recognize our intentions and draw reason-guided inferences under shared conversational norms); and this makes Viveros a neat limiting case for Grice’s view, since the very attempt to build a perfectly explicit language presupposes, in practice, the Gricean machinery it hopes to replace—readers must still recognize what the language-maker is trying to do with the proposal, and treat that recognition as a reason to adopt (or resist) the reform. Epilogue (Grice): In my seminars on implicature, I did notice that some who doubted a divergence between formal operators and their vernacular counterparts did exist, but did not care to expand, other than by saying something which I found rhetorically useful for what I was myself about to say: that these philosophers had been subjected to some pretty rough handling. Viveros one of them. When I met him, I asked him about dates. He explained to me: “Ho incontrato Peano a Ginevra nel 1931 — prima di tante cose a Vadum Boum, come la chiami tu — lui presentava la sua lingua, e io gli mostrai le bozze del mio lingo; e lui mi disse: ‘Bello lingo!’”Tentativi sono quelli di V., che presenta la lingua SC-entifico-INTER-nazionale – Grice on the formalists and the unity of science --, “Lingua scinter” (SCIentifica INTERnazionale) is attributed to Gaetano Viveros in 1931, but the most concrete bibliographical trace I can reconstruct points to a printed booklet from 1932 rather than 1931. Citation (standard form, suitable for a note) Viveros, Gaetano (1932). Elementi di grammatica per la lingua scientifica internazionale. Parte 1 (soltanto, ma tutto il pubblicato): Introduzione e fonetica. [La geniale e semplice Interlingua escogitata dal grande Giuseppe Peano per gli scienziati]. Torino: Tip.-Lit. Antonio Viretto. Supporting evidence (what this is based on) This description appears in an online bookseller record (AbeBooks) that gives the publisher Tip.-Lit. Antonio Viretto, the year 1932, and explicitly connects “lingua scinter” with “lingua scientifico internazionale,” with a reference to the Geneva linguists’ congress (1931) and to Peano’s Interlingua. Short note on the “1931” point 1931 looks like the year of the project/proposal (as auxlang repertories sometimes report it), while the earliest clearly citable printed item I can point to is the 1932 booklet. If you want a cautious formulation, you can write: “Lingua scinter (1931; see Viveros 1932 for the earliest printed publication).” basata sia sul latino che sul greco, e la cui tendenza è ancora una volta quella di creare una lingua logica in cui vi sia un rapporto MONOSEMO -- UNIVOCO – Grice: equivocality thesis -- e giustificato tra significato e significante. In questo senso, V. si discosta dal lavoro dei suoi colleghi e s’avvicina più alle idee dei filosofi, andando alla ricerca d’una lingua ideale a priori, che V. definisce lingua exacto mundiale. Proposta al principe di Napoli di compilare un dizionario scientifico internazionale. Proposta a MUSSOLINI di compilare un dizionario scientifico internazionale. L’essatismo – Grice, ‘Avoid ambiguity’ – Avoid polysemy -- di Burzio. Lingua scientifico internazionale. Lingua scinter. Grice:  It is a commonplace of philosophical logic that there are, or appear to be, divergences in meaning between, on the one hand, at least some of what I shall call the formal devices -- ~, A, V, J, (Vx), (Bx), (ux) – (when these are given a standard two-valued interpretation) -- and, on the other, what are taken to be their analogues or counterparts in natural language -- such expressions as “not,” “and,” “or,” “if,” “all,” “some” (or “at least one”), “the.” Some logicians may at some time have wanted to claim that there are in fact no such divergences; but such claims, if made at all, have been somewhat rashly made, and those suspected of making them have been subjected to some pretty rough handling. Those who concede that such divergences exist adhere, in the main, to one or the other of two rival groups, which I shall call the formalist and the informalist groups. An outline of a not uncharacteristic formalist position may be given as follows: Insofar as logicians are concerned with the formulation of very general patterns of valid inference, the formal devices possess a decisive advantage over their natural counterparts. Implicature di Deutero-Esperanto, essatismo.  G.: Caro Viveros, se c’è qualcosa che condivido con i filosofi italiani è proprio questa passione per le lingue, soprattutto quelle inventate! La ricerca di una lingua ideale, capace di esprimere senza ambiguità il pensiero, mi affascina da sempre. A volte mi sembra che ogni tentativo di costruire una lingua logica sia un modo per avvicinarci all’essenza stessa del dialogo filosofico. Viveros: Caro Grice, è davvero confortante sentirlo! Anch’io ho dedicato anni a progettare la SC-entifico-INTER-nazionale, una lingua che parte dal latino e dal greco per creare un rapporto univoco tra significato e significante. Sogno un idioma in cui ogni parola abbia un senso preciso, senza zone d’ombra: il mio “essatismo” vuole proprio evitare l’ambiguità, come suggerisce Burzio. Grice: Trovo geniale il tuo approccio, Viveros! La tensione tra formalismo e informalismo è sempre stata al centro del mio pensiero: i formalisti cercano una chiarezza matematica, mentre gli informalisti abbracciano la ricchezza e la flessibilità della lingua naturale. Forse la tua lingua exacto mundiale potrebbe essere il ponte tra questi due mondi. V.: È proprio così, Grice! Quando ho proposto ai grandi di compilare un dizionario scientifico internazionale, il mio obiettivo era quello di costruire una base comune, dove la ragione conversazionale potesse davvero brillare. Credo che la filosofia, la logica e l’invenzione linguistica siano sorelle: tutte cercano un modo esatto e giusto di comunicare, e chissà, magari un giorno la lingua scinter sarà davvero universale! Viveros, Gaetano (1932). Elementi di grammatica per la lingua scientifica internazionale. Parte 1 (soltanto, ma tutto il pubblicato): Introduzione e fonetica. [La geniale e semplice Interlingua escogitata dal grande Giuseppe Peano per gli scienziati]. Torino: Viretto.

Galvano della Volpe (Imola, Bologna, Emilia): la ragione conversazionale, le categorie conversazionali, e la logica come scienza storica. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats communication as an essentially rational transaction: what a speaker means is fixed by an intention that an audience recognize that intention and let such recognition count as a reason for uptake, so that implicature is not a stylistic flourish but a disciplined inference licensed by cooperative expectations. Galvano Della Volpe (often filed, in Speranza’s own jocular taxonomy, as “Volpe”), by contrast, relocates rationality away from the micro-economy of talk and into the historical objectivity of concepts: in Logica come scienza storica (1950) the very point is that logic is not an a priori calculus hovering above practice but a historically sedimented instrument forged in struggles against dogmatism, with the “positività del molteplice” and the extra-razionale (matter, practice, history) functioning as constraints on what counts as knowledge. The comparison is thus sharp and productive: Grice asks how, in a single conversational exchange, an utterance can rationally commit and guide an interpreter beyond what is said; Della Volpe asks how the very forms of rational commitment are historically produced, socially stabilized, and made available as categories in the first place. If Grice’s conversational reason explains why an audience is entitled to move from a sentence to an implicature, Della Volpe’s historical logic explains why certain inferential moves and “categories” are on the table at all at a given moment in intellectual history; and the Bologna-to-Oxford drift you’re tracking can be read as a change in institutional style: Bononia as a long training in public, text-grounded argumentation (law, logic, disputation), and Oxford as a later refinement of the local mechanics of saying/meaning within a tight tutorial culture—two ways of making reason governable, one by history and institution, the other by intention and conversational accountability. Epilogue note (Grice, made a bit more idiomatic): I was rather amused to find, in Speranza’s listing, that Volpe hails from Bologna—Bononia, as he insists on calling it. Addendum (impersonal): Being formed in and around Bologna mattered less as a “biographical colour” than as an institutional style-marker: Bologna’s humanistic and juridical culture prized learned disputation, commentary, and historically articulated argument (a habitus that sits naturally with Della Volpe’s claim that logic is a historical science), whereas Oxford’s later tutorial-and-seminar ecology prized fine-grained accountability in the move from what is said to what is meant; the point of the Bononia-to-Vadum-Boum arc, in university terms, is that both settings discipline reason, but they discipline it at different levels—Bologna by stabilizing intellectual practices across time, Oxford by policing inferential entitlement in the living moment of exchange. Storia della filosofia italiana. Grice: “Essential Italian philosopher.” Insegna storia della filosofia a Messina. Sostenne un umanismo positivo d'ispirazione marxista. Nel problema della conoscenza, V. si riallaccia alla critica materialistica di Marx all'apriorismo, intesa come conclusione di quel processo di pensiero anti-dogmatico che percorre tutta la storia della logica e della filosofia, e pervenne quindi alla rivendicazione della positività del molteplice, dell'extra-razionale o, altrimenti detto, della materia come elemento della conoscenza. Saggi: Hegel romantico e mistico, La filosofia dell'esperienza di Hume, Critica dei principî logici, La libertà comunista, Pella teoria di un umanismo positivo, Logica come scienza positiva, Poetica), Rousseau e Marx, Critica del gusto, Critica dell'ideologia contemporanea. Studia a Bologna laureandosi in filosofia sotto il filosofo ebreo-italiano MONDOLFO. Insegna a Bologna, Ravenna, e Messina. Legato alla tradizione di GENTILE, si dedica a questioni strettamente teoretiche e storico-filosofiche, attestandosi infine su posizioni fortemente anti-idealistiche. Approda così attraverso la ri-valutazione dell’ESPERIENZA dell’empirismo e dell’UMANO dell’umanesimo, mantenendo un'impostazione fondamentalmente dialettico-materialistica in costante confronto critico e polemico soprattutto con la dialettica idealista e l'idealismo, ma anche colle correnti positivistiche semiotica, e coll'esistenzialismo. Questa svolta, testimoniata dal Discorso sull'ineguaglianza, conduce a V.  a un sempre maggiore interesse per i problemi della filosofia politica e dell'etica, considerati comunque in stretto rapporto colle questioni semiotiche. Non abbandona comunque i propri interessi storico-filosofici. Critica del gusto pell’antico, il gusto pegl’antichi degl’antichi, chiave della dialettica storica, la logica come storia, espressione, l’espressione.  Grice: Caro Volpe, sai, ogni volta che mi trovo a discutere delle “cose che contano”, mi sento come davanti a un buffet filosofico: c’è chi si abbuffa di apriorismi, chi preferisce la dialettica e chi, come te, non rinuncia mai al piatto forte della logica storica!  V.: Ah, Grice, se la filosofia fosse davvero un buffet, io direi che la materia – quella vera, quella che si mastica – è il pane quotidiano della conoscenza! Altro che dogmi: qui si tratta di digerire la positività del molteplice, e magari, ogni tanto, anche qualche boccone extra-razionale!  Grice: Perfetto, Volpe! Ma dimmi, tu che sei maestro nell’umanesimo positivo, che ne pensi del gusto dei filosofi? Io direi che il loro palato è spesso troppo raffinato: cercano l’essenza nei dettagli, ma dimenticano che anche un buon piatto dialettico può saziare lo spirito, e pure la ragione conversazionale!  V.: Grice, hai colto nel segno! La vera conversazione – quella che conta – nasce davanti a un tavolo imbandito di idee, e non c’è nulla di più umano che gustare insieme un po’ di dialettica e qualche stuzzichino di critica storica. D’altronde, come dice il proverbio: “Dove si mangia, si discute – e chi discute, non si accontenta mai di una sola portata!” Volpe, Galvano Della (1950). Logica come scienza storica. Roma: Editori Riuniti.

Arnaldo Volpicelli (Roma, Lazio). Con V. la ragione conversazionale incontra corpi e corpi, maschi fascisti, colossi fascisti, la flosofia italiana nel veintenno fascista, filosofia fascista. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning makes what is meant depend on a rational structure of intention and recognition: the speaker means p by uttering x only if he intends the audience to form a response (typically belief), intends the audience to recognize that intention, and intends that this recognition function as the audience’s reason for uptake, so that implicature is the disciplined surplus produced when speakers rely on cooperative inference rather than exhaustive statement. Volpicelli, by contrast, is working where “reasons” are institutionally embodied and politically loaded: as a philosopher of law and state doctrine in the Gentile orbit, and a theorist of corporativismo integrale, he treats normativity not primarily as a micro-pragmatic phenomenon in conversation but as something objectified in legal forms, corporate bodies, and state structures, where the force of a claim is secured by institutional authorization and collective practice; yet this makes him a useful foil for Grice, because it throws into relief Grice’s insistence that even in juridical-moral contexts the route from utterance to uptake must remain answerable to reasons recognizable by participants, not merely to coercive or rhetorical “corpi e corpi.” Where Volpicelli’s “spirito” can be naturalized as a kind of animating breath within social bodies (as your Grice quip has it), Grice’s “spirito” is the rational breath of conversation itself: the space in which obligations, commitments, and legal-moral distinctions can be negotiated through what is said, what is implicated, and what can be demanded as a reason—so that the contrast between them is, in effect, the contrast between normativity as institutional corporazione and normativity as the reason-governed recognitional economy of talk. Note (epilogue, as written by Grice): It was through Speranza’s listing of Volpicelli that I realised how advanced the Italians were with Kant. When teaching Kant in English, I had to rely on Abbott’s very bad translation of the Sitte -- for which Volpicelli had provided a wonderful translation as early as 1925! Grice is referring to Volpicelli’s Immanuel Kant, Fondamenti della metafisica dei costumi (traduzione e introduzione di Arnaldo Volpicelli), Firenze, 1925. Corporazione, actions and events, morale e legale. Grice: “While V. does use ‘spirito,’ he means ‘breath of air,’ since he is ultimately a naturalist, like I am.” Essential Italian philosopher, I read with interest his “Nature and spirit.” At that time, at Oxford, there was not much of an Oxford spirit, so it spirited me.” Filosofo del diritto. Discepolo di GENTILE, insegna filosofia del diritto e dottrina dello stato a Roma. Insieme a SPIRITO  è esponente d’un corporativismo integrale che nell'associazione corporativa, contro l'individualismo e lo statalismo, pone il soggetto dell'attività economica. Si laurea in filosofia sotto GENTILE. Insegna a Urbino, Pisa, e Roma. Teorico del corporativismo integrale. Direttore di studi e archivio di studi corporativi. Natura e spirito; L'educazione politica dell'Italia; I presupposti scientifici dell'ordinamento corporativo; Corporativismo e scienza giuridica; La certezza del diritto e la crisi. Franchi, Per una teoria dell'auto-governo. La filosofia di V. costituisce un importante e probabilmente ineludibile termine di confronto onde comprendere appieno, sul terreno proprio del diritto, gli sviluppi più profondi dell'attualismo di GENTILE  e le sue possibili conclusioni teoretiche circa la possibilità di ammettere nel suo seno una filosofia del diritto. Il peculiare interesse per i risvolti speculativi della sua dottrina nella corretta definizione di una rechtsphilosophie fanno, infatti, di V, un insostituibile interlocutore. Punto di partenza della sua riflessione è, per l’appunto, la definizione d’una FILOSOFIA del diritto. La distinzione con una mera SCIENZA del diritto che investe in primis la speculazione. Tale problematica viene affrontata, parallelamente, seppur d’un versante più marcatamente economico e sociologico, da SPIRITO. Natura, spirito, corpi e corpi, corporazione, naturalismo, natura e naturalismo.  Grice: Caro Volpicelli, sa che il mio corpo, ai tempi, ha dovuto affrontare il corpo dell’Unno – e, in una certa misura “tradotta”, anche il corpo fascista! Quella guerra ha forgiato non solo il mio spirito – o “respiro”, se preferisce – ma mi ha anche spinto a ricercare quel terreno comune che, magari non con l’Unno stesso, ma senz’altro con i corpi che affollavano l’università più antica d’Europa… o giù di lì! Dopotutto, la carne è debole, ma la conversazione è forte!  V.: Grice, mi rallegra sapere che anche lei ha affrontato “corpi” ben più rigidi dei miei! Se pensa ai colossi fascisti che circolavano tra le nostre aule, capirà che anche qui la lotta era tra corpi… e spiriti! Ma il vero spirito, come lei insegna, si trova proprio nel fiato della conversazione, mica nelle parate muscolose!  G.: Esatto, caro Volpicelli! Se c’è qualcosa che ci unisce è proprio questa strana corporazione della parola: azioni, eventi e persino qualche colpo basso retorico. A Oxford mancava lo “spirito” accademico, ma mai lo spirito polemico… e neppure la voglia di un buon tè dopo una sana battaglia dialettica!  V.: Eppure, caro Grice, tra una disputa giuridica e una corporazione d’anime, la vera filosofia, anche in tempi di veintenno, nasce sempre dal piacere di confrontarsi. Magari i nostri corpi rimangono spettatori, ma la ragione conversazionale… quella, sì, resta imbattibile, anche contro gli Unni! Arnaldo Volpicelli (1925). Natura e spirito. Roma.

Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (Como, Lombardia): la rana ambigua e la difesa degl’animali. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning locates what is meant not in the bare semantic content of an utterance but in a structure of intentions whose recognition supplies reasons: a speaker means p by making an utterance with the intention that the hearer come to a response (typically belief), that the hearer recognize the speaker’s intention, and that this recognition function as the hearer’s reason for uptake; implicature is the disciplined surplus that becomes recoverable when speakers rely on cooperative inference rather than full explicitness. Volta, working in an experimental and polemical context shaped by the frog controversies (Galvani versus Volta on animal electricity) and by the emerging ideal of public, replicable evidence, offers a revealing contrast: his communications—letters, memoirs, demonstrations—aim to shift assent by controlling conditions, instruments, and observable effects, so that the “reason” for belief is anchored in reproducible procedure rather than in conversational recognition of intention. Yet the two meet in a subtle way: Volta’s experimental rhetoric repeatedly depends on managing what an audience is entitled to infer from a described set-up (what the apparatus licenses one to conclude, what alternative explanation is being quietly excluded), which is a scientific analogue of Gricean implicature; conversely, Grice’s account helps explain why Volta’s polemical clarity matters, since the point is not merely to cause conviction but to provide the audience with a recognitional route to conviction that counts as a reason—precisely what distinguishes mere persuasion or spectacle from communicative success. So if Volta turns the frog into a contested sign whose interpretation must be fixed by method, Grice turns the utterance into a sign whose interpretation must be fixed by rationally recognizable intention; both are, in their different domains, attempts to domesticate ambiguity by making the path from “data” (whether sensations or sentences) to justified conclusion publicly answerable. Conte del regno italico. Inventore del generatore elettrico mai realizzato, la pila, e scopritore del gas metano. Riceve onori per il suo lavoro, tra cui la nomina a conte e senatore del regno d'Italia da parte di Bonaparte. La sua importanza scientifica è stata riconosciuta anche nel nome dell'unità di misura del potenziale elettrico, il volt, che prende il nome da lui. Nasce nel ducato di Milano. Il padre discende d’una famiglia di Loveno che vive nel palazzo dove avvenne la nascita dello stesso V. La famiglia Volta appartene alla nobiltà di Como e puo perciò far sedere decurioni nel consiglio cittadino.  Vive a balia a Brunate. Intraprende gli studi umanistici di retorica e di filosofia a Como. Entra nel seminario di Como, dove conclude gli studi e stringe amicizia con Gattoni, che incoraggia la vocazione scientifica di V., mettendogli a disposizione il laboratorio di scienze naturali, ospitato in una delle torri della cinta muraria comasca. Pubblica la sua memoria scientifica, De vi attractiva ignis electrici, ac phænomenis inde pendentibus, nella quale prende posizione nei confronti dell'interpretazione ufficiale dei fenomeni elettrici, sostenuta da BECCARIA. Pubblica Simplicissimus electricorum tentaminum apparatus, indirizzata a Spallanzani. studi sull'elettricità. Nominato reggente delle regie scuole di Como. Mette a punto l'elettroforo perpetuo e ne dà notizia a Priestley e al ministro plenipotenziario conte Firmian, governatore generale della Lombardia. L'invenzione suscita ammirazione ed entusiasmo. Viene nominato da Firmian professore a Como. Scoperta del metano scopre presso Angera sul lago Maggiore l'aria infiammabile nativa delle paludi, che altro non è che metano. La scoperta lo induce a studi ed esperimenti coll’arie infiammabili. Osserva lo stesso fenomeno a Pietramala, e presso le rovine dell'antica Velleia, sulle colline di Piacenza. Pubblica Lettere sull'aria infiammabile nativa delle paludi. Nell'ambito degli studi sul’arie infiammabili" realizza: la pistola elettro-flogo-pneumatica, una lucerna ad aria infiammabile.  G.: Caro Volta, devo confessarti che ogni volta che sento parlare di esperimenti con animali, soprattutto con le rane, mi viene la pelle d’oca! A Vadum Boum – la mia università – e persino a Bononia, la più antica del mondo, sembra che la rana sia la regina indiscussa della scienza… ma io preferisco il dialogo filosofico alle zampe saltellanti! V.: Ah, Grice, capisco benissimo la tua inquietudine! Anche io, tra una pila e una lucerna ad aria infiammabile, ho visto molte rane finire “sotto tensione”. Ma ti dirò: la mia “rana ambigua” non era solo vittima, era anche protagonista! Dopotutto, se non avessimo avuto un po’ di energia anfibia, forse non avremmo mai acceso una luce in laboratorio… Grice: Lo ammetto, la tua pila è stata una vera rivoluzione – senza bisogno di zampe! Ma, tra noi, se la rana dovesse scegliere tra un salto nel lago di Como e un esperimento scientifico, penso che opterebbe per il primo, con tanto di tuffo elegante. E poi, magari, potremmo inventare una nuova filosofia: “La difesa degli animali elettrizzati”! V.: Grice, mi hai strappato una risata! Prometto che la prossima volta, prima di mettere mano agli elettrodi, offrirò alla rana una vacanza sulle colline di Piacenza, tra aria infiammabile e tramonti suggestivi. Magari il vero esperimento sarà capire come difendere la nobiltà naturale... anche quella della rana! Volta, Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio  (1800). Letterer sull’aria infiammabile. Como: Tipografia Reale

Davide Winspeare (Portici, Napoli, Campania). Per W. la ragione conversazionale splender nell’elogio d’Antonino, della filosofia romana." Grice’s theory of reason-based conversational meaning turns on the idea that what someone means is not exhausted by lexical content or by learned “equivalences,” but is fixed by a recognitional, reason-giving intention: the speaker intends the audience to arrive at a response (typically belief), intends the audience to recognize that intention, and intends that this recognition function as the audience’s reason for uptake, so that implicature is what a competent interlocutor may responsibly infer beyond what is said. Winspeare, by contrast, is “discursive” in the Ciceronian sense: his prose about Cicerone’s achievement (giving “cittadinanza latina” to Greek discipline and reattaching knowledge to the practical ordering of private and public life) treats philosophy as a civic rhetoric whose point is to re-form the reader’s moral and juridical orientation; the reader is invited to move from eloquence to commitment, from speculative cause-hunting to the unity of a principle binding psychology and morals. The comparison is thus clean: Grice provides the micro-mechanics by which a conversational move can rationally obligate an interpreter (what justifies the step from what is said to what is meant), while Winspeare exemplifies a macro-style of philosophizing in which meaning is made to shine by its practical destination, not merely by semantic correctness—Ciceronian “philosophia practica” as the art of making reasons live in a public language. Put in Grice’s own terms, Winspeare’s praise of Antoninus and Cicero is less a semantic report than a designed invitation: the text aims at uptake through the reader’s recognition of its rhetorical intention, and that recognition is meant to count as a reason to admire Cicero’s civilizing work; so, if Grice explains how implicature is calculable in conversation, Winspeare shows how philosophical writing can be a long-range conversational act, whose “implicatures” are moral and institutional as much as propositional. Note (epilogue, as written by Grice): When I was studying Winspeare in Speranza's catalogue, that got me thinking. This is the only "W" in Speranza's list -- and when was the first "W" here in England? I found out that W is actually V^V -- or VV -- and that indeed, even in my native Staffordshire the Mercians had a problem for that! Appendix (impersonal): The letter W enters Latin-script writing because Germanic languages needed a distinct sign for the /w/ sound that Classical Latin did not represent with a separate letter; early scribes wrote it as a double u (uu), later also using the runic wynn (ƿ) in Old English, but after the Norman Conquest the continental scribal practice of writing a ligatured uu as a single character spread in England, and in the angular book-hands that dominated learned writing the two u’s often took pointed forms resembling two v’s (vv), yielding the familiar W shape. In the milieu of Oxford and other English schools from roughly the late 12th century onward—when Anglo-Norman and Latin documentary culture, charter hands, and book production intensify—this ligatured form becomes standard in Latin and bilingual materials whenever names or vernacular terms require it, so that “double-u” (historically uu) is written with the appearance of “double-v” (vv) in the prevalent scripts of the learned clerical and university world. Lessicografia filosofica, linguistic botanising, storia della filosofia. CICERONE. ANTONINO. Grice: “Essential Italian philosopher. My Italian friends do not consider me Italian, though! W.’s ancestors are from Yorkshire in a bad time. Henry VIII. So the king’s option was clear: either your head off or move to Capri. I chose the second.”” Delle confessioni spontanee de’ rei, L’abuso feudale, Voti de’ Napolitano, La voce di Napodano; ossia, illustrazione del patto di Capuana e Nido, Le Leggi di CICERONE; Delle chiese ricettizie del regno, Filosofia, Dissertazioni legali; La colonia perpetua ed il diritto feudale abolito. La filosofia romana comincia da CICERONE. A CICERONE è dovuta la lode d’aver dato la cittadinanza latina alla disciplina greca, e d’avere eccitato in questo studio l’emulazione de’ suoi cittadini. Di CICERONE è il vanto d’avere richiamato la scienza ai principi dell’accademia e d’averla applicata alla vita si private che publica, e di darli una lingua che prima non ha. Pe’quali meriti, CICERONE raccolge in se la gloria dei maestri greci. Sapiente come l’agora, eloquente come l’accademia, erudito come il lizio, e austero come il portico, CICERONE compende in se le più chiare menti di Grecia, sì che risplende nel mondo intelligente, non solamente come il luminare della filosofia latina, ma come il più ornato, il più elegante, e il più retto ingegno, che onra la spezie umana. Che se mancogli il merito dell’invenzione, ne ha bene un altro che quello eguaglia ed avanza, cioè l’essere stato tra gl’antichi il più utile alla FILOSOFIA PRATICA, avendo rimosso dalla speculativa la investigazione della causa naturale, e dimostrato l’unità del principio a cui s’annodano la psicologia e la morale. Infatti, avendo, come nell’agora, stabilito per scopo d’ogni filosofia la conoscenza di se medesimo, da questo fa nascere la conoscenza del divino, la celeste origine delle anime umane e l’ordine morale degl’esseri creati, il fine de’beni e de’mali. FILOSOFIA DISCORSIVA FILOSOFIA PRATICA  GRECISMI SUPERFLUI. Cicerone. G.: Winspeare, non smetto mai di pensare con simpatia alle tue radici nello Yorkshire: dev’essere stato un luogo straordinario per lo sviluppo di uno spirito tanto curioso! E confesso che trovo irresistibile il modo in cui hai scavato – quasi con fine lessicografico – nella filosofia romana, soprattutto nelle tue disamine su Cicerone. W.: Caro Grice, che piacere sentirlo! In effetti, Yorkshire e Napoli sono mondi lontani, ma la filosofia ha il dono di collegare i punti più disparati. Cicerone è sempre stato per me un ponte tra le discipline antiche e la vita civile: la sua capacità di dare cittadinanza latina alla sapienza greca è, a mio avviso, un gesto di autentico genio. G.: Concordo pienamente! La tua lettura di Cicerone restituisce non solo l’eleganza dello stile, ma anche la profondità di chi sa riconoscere la filosofia come pratica discorsiva. È proprio vero: la gloria dei maestri greci sembra raccolta nella sua figura! Winspeare: Eppure, caro Grice, nessuna gloria vale senza la capacità di interrogarsi. Forse il vero merito di Cicerone, e ciò che più mi ispira nelle mie “inquisizioni”, sta proprio nell’aver fatto della conoscenza di sé la porta per la scoperta del divino e dell’ordine morale. In fondo, la filosofia, come la conversazione, è sempre ricerca di senso nel dialogo. Winspeare, Davide (1826). Saggio di filosofia del diritto. Napoli: Stamperia Reale.  

Giacomo Zabarella (Padova, Veneto). Z. e ossessionato colla ragione conversazionale e il lizio di Poppi. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning locates what is meant not in the semantic payload alone, but in a rational structure of intention and uptake: a speaker means p by producing an utterance with the intention that the hearer recognize that very intention and treat the recognition as a reason to form the intended response, with implicature marking what the hearer is entitled to infer when cooperation and rationality are presumed. Zabarella (Padova, 1533–1589), the great logician of the Paduan “lizio” and theorist of method, looks at first remote from this interpersonal pragmatics because his focus is methodological and meta-logical: in works like De methodis (1578) and De regressu (1578), and across the Opera logica (Venice editions from 1578 onward), he analyzes how scientific knowledge is ordered by compositive and resolutive procedures, and how philosophy traffics in secundae intentiones—concepts about concepts—whose contingency makes them unlike the objects of natural science. Yet that very domain is where a Gricean comparison becomes sharp: Zabarella’s “second intentions” are not merely private mental items but public tools for governing inference, classification, and disputation in a shared scholastic setting, and this public governance anticipates Grice’s core insistence that meaning is answerable to reasons that are in principle recognizable by an audience. The contrast is that Zabarella rationalizes discourse from the side of method (how arguments are constructed, reduced, and legitimated within the lizio), while Grice rationalizes discourse from the side of conversational exchange (how a particular move in talk becomes meaningful because the hearer can reconstruct the speaker’s point and thereby derive an implicature); but the bridge is that both treat the “non-scientific” part of philosophy as normatively structured rather than merely psychological: Zabarella by insisting on ordered procedures for thinking about thinking, Grice by insisting that what is meant in conversation is fixed by reason-governed recognitional routes from what is said to what is intended. Grice: “When Oxford opens its logic institute on St. Giles I was so happy – no longer part of the sub-faculty of philosophy! Note that Z.’s discussion opened up new perspectives on how NON-scientific ALL philosophy can be – since it deals with contingent ‘secundae intentiones’ – from semantics to ethology!” Lizio, liceo, liceale. Grice: “Most philosophers are stealing the voice of Z.; Poppi ain’t!” Primogenito di un’antica e nobile famiglia, eredita dal padre il titolo di conte palatino. Considerato il massimo esponente del lizio padovano. Studia a Padova, dove è allievo di ROBERTELLO, TOMITANO, e PASSERI, laureandosi in filosofia. Succedendo a TOMITANO  nella cattedra di semiotica nello studio padovano. Declina l'invito del re Báthory di insegnare in Polonia, ma gli dedica un saggio, l’opera logica, stampata a Venezia. Sono pubblicate a Padova le sue Tabulae logicae e a Venezia, il suo commento agl’Analitici del Lizio. In risposta alle critiche mosse alla sua semiotica dai suoi colleghi, PICCOLOMINI , BALDUINO, E PETRELLA, compone la De doctrinae ordine apologia. Apparvero rispettivamente i suoi saggi, la De naturalis scientiæ constitutione, e i De rebus naturalibus; postumi comparvero i suoi commenti incompiuti alla fisica e al de anima di Aristotele. I libri della sua biblioteca sono conservati presso a Padova. Altri saggi: Opera logica, De methodis; De regressu, Tabula logicæ, In duos Aristotelis libros posteriores analyticos commentarii, De doctrinae ordine apologia, De naturalis scientiæ constitutione, De rebus naturalibus, Venezia, In libros Aristotelis physicorum commentarii, Opera physica, De generatione et corruptione et Meteorologica commentarii, In tres libros Aristotelis de anima commentarii, De mente agente, De rebus naturalibus; De sensu agente; De rebus naturalibus, Rivista di Storia della Filosofia. metodo compositivo, metodo resolutivo, ordine compositivo, ordine resolutivo, logica ed estetica, Baumgarten, il liceo, il lizio, notes on I Tatti’s edition of Z’s, “On methods, la risoluzione buletica.  St John’s, 1939. Late afternoon. A corridor that smells of coal and polish. A timid knock, then another, more hopeful. Knock knock. Come in. A young man enters, hair too careful, gown not yet resigned to its own existence. I’m Strawson, sir. Yes. I know who you are. Mr Mabbott sent me, sir. He said you might prepare me for the Logic paper. PPE. Ah, yes. He mentioned it. He said he couldn’t be… bothered. Strawson smiled, as if “bothered” were a charitable correction of something more accurate. I hope I won’t be too much trouble, sir. That depends on what you count as trouble. Sit down. Strawson sat, producing at once the look of someone determined to be teachable. It is a look that tutors never quite trust. For today we do one thing only. Logic, sir? Zabarella. Strawson hesitated. Zabarella? Zabarella. I’m afraid I never did Latin properly, sir. PPE. London. Not Clifton. Read anyway. That is the whole point of Oxford: you are always reading something you claim not to know. I passed him the volume. He took it as if it might bite. He began, cautiously, aloud, with the grave patience of a man decoding a spell. Opera logica… quorum argumentum, seriem et utilitatem versa pagina demonstrabit. He stopped. Go on. He looked up, slightly triumphant, as if he had reached the end of a danger. Sir. Yes. Is that deictic. Deictic. That bit, sir. Versa pagina demonstrabit. It’s like pointing. Pointing is allowed in Latin. But it’s a kind of instruction, isn’t it. “The usefulness will be shown on the turned page.” It’s almost… stage direction. Almost. Does that count as logic, sir, or as theatre. In Zabarella, the difference is small. Continue. He looked back down and read on, more quickly now, as if the safest way to survive Latin is to outrun it. De natura logicae. De quarta figura syllogismorum. De methodis. De conversione demonstrationis in definitionem. De propositionibus necessariis. De speciebus demonstrationis. De regressu. De tribus praecognitis. De medio demonstrationis. Commentarii in libros duos Posteriorum Analyticorum. Apologia de doctrinae ordine. Tabulae logicae. Good. Strawson looked pleased with himself, then suspicious, as if praise were never free. Today we begin at the end, of course. Of course, sir. Tabulae logicae. He brightened. Tables. That sounds almost modern. Everything sounds modern if you mishear it. Now, before we touch the tables, we return to your interruption. My interruption, sir? Versa pagina demonstrabit. Yes, sir. What exactly were you thinking. That it’s odd, sir. It’s as if Zabarella expects the reader to cooperate. As if he’s saying: I’m not going to explain here; you are to turn the page and see. That is exactly what he is saying. So it’s like conversation, sir. If you insist on saying so, yes. It presupposes a reader who will do the obvious thing. Strawson frowned, respectfully, which is a useful kind of frown in Oxford: it means he is about to become difficult while still sounding polite. But it also presupposes the reader knows which page counts as versa. Italian manners, I said. Italian manners, sir? Yes. He does not fling the contents at you. He doesn’t throw the whole lorry into your lap on the doorstep. He says: the argument, the order, and the utility will be displayed on the next page. He gives you a chance to turn. Civilised. Strawson laughed. I do not see what is funny. I’m sorry, sir. I thought you said mozzarella earlier. I did not say mozzarella. No, sir. And even if I had, it would only prove the point. You heard what suited you and supplied the rest. Yes, sir. We are not here to improvise cheese. We are here to notice the mechanism. Zabarella is telling you how to read him, before he begins. Like a maxim, sir. If you like. A maxim of book-behaviour. Turn the page. Strawson paused again. One bit, sir. Here it comes. If he says demonstrabit, sir, that is a strong verb. Demonstrate. Not merely list. Yes. But what we got was a list. Yes. So either he is using demonstrabit loosely, sir, or he thinks a series is already an argument. I nodded, not because I agreed, but because he had earned the nod by being annoying in the right way. That, Strawson, is the whole joke and the whole lesson. In a scholastic world, order is not decoration. Order is justification. A table can be a proof of seriousness. So the title page is already doing philosophy, sir. It is already doing manners. And sometimes manners are the deepest philosophy Oxford permits before tea. Strawson glanced at the list again, as if it had changed while we were speaking. So we start with Tabulae logicae. We start with Tabulae logicae. And sir. Yes. Is Tabulae logicae the cake. What cake. The piece of cake you promised. I promised nothing of the kind. But since you have asked so nicely, you may have this much: the cake, in logic, is always the table. The hard part is not eating it. The hard part is learning not to throw it. Grice: Caro Zabarella, ogni volta che rifletto sul lizio padovano, mi viene in mente il modo in cui hai saputo dare dignità filosofica alle “secundae intentiones”. È davvero affascinante pensare che la filosofia possa occuparsi di ciò che è contingente, senza perdere la profondità del discorso! Zabarella: Grice, ti ringrazio per queste parole! Per me, il lizio di Poppi – e il liceo in generale – rappresenta proprio quel luogo di incontro dove logica e metodo si intrecciano, lasciando spazio alla discussione e all’interpretazione. La filosofia, come la conversazione, si rinnova continuamente proprio grazie alle sue “secondarie intenzioni”. Grice: Mi piace il tuo approccio, Giacomo: il metodo compositivo e quello resolutivo che hai elaborato offrono strumenti preziosi per affrontare non solo questioni logiche ma anche estetiche. In fondo, ciò che conta è la capacità di organizzare il pensiero, di dare un ordine alla conoscenza senza irrigidirla. Zabarella: Hai colto perfettamente il mio intento! La risoluzione bulètica, come tu la chiami, è un invito a non smettere mai di interrogarsi, a comporre e scomporre idee. La logica, se vissuta come dialogo, diventa arte e non semplice tecnica: è la voce del lizio che risuona ancora oggi nei corridoi di Padova. Zabarella, Giacomo (1578). Opera logica uorum argumentum, seriem & utilitatem versa pagina demonstrabit.  De Natura Logicae De quarta figura syllogismorum De Methodis De conversione demonstrationis in definitionem De propositionibus necessariis De speciebus demonstrationis De Regressu De tribus praecognitis De medio demonstrationis Commentarii in libros duos Posteriorum Analyticorum Apologia de doctrinae ordine Tabulae logicae Venezia. Meietti.

“Lorenzo Zaccaro (Roma, Lazio) dissetta la ragione conversazionale.” Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning makes the central explanatory unit not the grammatical form as such but the hearer’s rational route to uptake: S means p by producing an utterance with the intention that the addressee arrive at a response (typically belief), that the addressee recognize this very intention, and that such recognition function as the addressee’s reason for the response; implicature is then what is responsibly recoverable when the speaker counts on cooperative inference rather than spelling everything out. Zaccaro’s “grammatica ragionata,” by contrast, belongs to a pedagogical-philological project that treats linguistic competence as something stabilized by method, memory, and the correction of scholastic error: in his Introduzione allo studio della lingua latina ossia saggio di una grammatica latina ragionata (Napoli, Barone) he explicitly defends “novità di forma” for an ancient subject, reorganizing lessigrafia/etimologia/sintassi (regolare e figurata) and adding an appendix on traslati, with the aim of giving precettori a usable rational order and freeing students from confused textbook taxonomies. The comparison, then, is that Zaccaro rationalizes language from the side of its internal architecture (how declensions, conjugations, and figures should be learned and justified), whereas Grice rationalizes language from the side of its social use (how speakers exploit what they do not say, and how hearers are entitled to infer it, because the speaker intends that inferential recognition to count as a reason). Put sharply: Zaccaro makes grammar into a disciplined route from forms to correct understanding; Grice makes conversation into a disciplined route from what is said to what is meant, where “sottinteso” is not a mere rhetorical flourish but a reason-based mechanism of coordination between minds—something a rational grammar can prepare for, but cannot by itself explain without the Gricean step from rule-following to intention-recognition. Grice: “I like him!” :Z. does for Italian what I tried to do to Strawson for English – only he wouldn’t listen!” Implicature, sottinteso, grammatica razionale, lingua latina, lingua italiana. Introduzione allo studio della lingua latina ossia saggio d’una grammatica latina ragionata cioè lessigrafia etimologia sintassi regolare e figurata. Con un’appendice intorno a’traslati. Eccovi, o Precettori.la Lessigrafia latina. Dessa corrisponde. al trattato che i grammatici addimandano declinazione de’nomi ed aggiuntivi e coriugazione de' verbi. Non vi rechi:noia la novità del titolo, che non è nuovo omai nelle senole, e poi corrisponde più esattamente al metodo che si deve seguire in questo studio, cioè di leggere e scrivere di scrivere e conferire a memoria le parole d’una lingua, che un metodo ben ordinato vuol affidare alla -memoria pria che all’intelligenza. In quanto al contenuto di questo trattato sotto il rispetto delle novità di forma sopra materia tanto antica conviene che io accenni qualche cosa per giustificare il divisamento di rifare un lavoro di che abbondano le scuole, e per dare ai precettori u qualche indirizzo a bene usarlo: Se la lessigrafia delle scuole fosse scerra d’errori sarebbe stato inutile prodursi lin ne un’altrà, perocchè, questo studio versandosi sul fatto di una lingua esistente, ogni lessigrafia si potrebbe accomodare ad ogni sistema filologico io dunque non serivo il presente volume col fine di compiere un corso, copiando un trattato ben fatto che le scuole si abbiano. Avrei potuto rimettere i precettori a’lavori altrui. La vera ragione che m’induce a quest’altra. pesosa produzione è l'imperfeziohedei trattati precedenti; da’qualii giovanetti attiigonospropositi amtoreveli, dove importa che sì ieno nozioni fondamentali, pdr quanto. è possibile, esatte e precise. Pia a da. La lessigrafia delle scuole tra; le altre cose iinsegnavai i che i nomi. latini: oltre il genere maschile e fonundrile s’avessero il genere nesird; it dubbio, 'il conuine e \ epiceno.  Grice: Lorenzo, devo confessare che nutro una sincera ammirazione per il tuo approccio alla grammatica latina. La tua lessigrafia, così ricca di ragionamento e attenzione alle sfumature, mi ricorda ciò che ho sempre desiderato fare per l’inglese: rendere la lingua un terreno fertile per l’implicatura e il sottinteso! Zaccaro: Caro Grice, mi lusinga il paragone! Credo fermamente che lo studio della lingua, sia latina che italiana, debba partire dalla riflessione razionale, senza mai trascurare la memoria e la tradizione. Solo così si possono evitare quegli errori che troppo spesso si annidano nei vecchi trattati scolastici. Grice: Hai ragione, Lorenzo. La tua Introduzione allo studio della lingua latina non si limita a una semplice declinazione di nomi e verbi, ma propone una sintassi regolare e figurata, capace di dare nuovi strumenti agli insegnanti. È un metodo che premia la precisione e la chiarezza: quasi fosse un ponte tra tradizione e innovazione. Zaccaro: Grice, è proprio questo il mio intento: fornire ai precettori un indirizzo concreto per usare al meglio la lingua, ma anche stimolare una conversazione viva, dove la grammatica diventa dialogo. Perché, in fondo, la vera ragione conversazionale sta nel saper ascoltare e reinterpretare le parole antiche in chiave nuova. Zaccaro, Lorenzo (1841) Cenno critico sulle facoltà dell’anima umana da precedere all’analisi dell’immagine. Napoli: Barone.

Cesare Zamboni (Cento, Ferrara, Emilia). Z. studia  la ragione conversazionale e la dialettica del lizio.” Grice’s theory of reason-based conversational meaning makes the decisive explanatory move from a doctrine of signs to an account of rational uptake: what a speaker means is fixed by an intention that the hearer recognize that intention and let the recognition function as the hearer’s reason for response, so that implicature is not a mystic residue but a publicly answerable inference licensed by the cooperative norms of talk. Set beside this, “Zamboni” in your passage is best anchored not to an Zanichelli item but to the early modern Paduan-Ferrarese Aristotelian known in standard sources as Cesare Cremonini (Cento–Padova), student of Pendasio at Ferrara, successor (in secundo loco) to Zabarella at Padua, author of the Exordium habitum Patavii VI Kal. Febr. 1591 (Ferrariae, 1591), and a teacher who repeatedly insists—precisely in De interpretatione key—that voces and litterae are ad placitum while the passiones animae are “apud omnes,” i.e., common across humans. The comparison, then, is sharp: Cremonini/Zamboni gives a scholastic semantics in which conventionality is located at the level of linguistic vehicles (names, uttered sounds, written marks) and dialectic is the technique for mapping them onto universal mental affections; Grice instead relocates the explanatory center to the intersubjective rational structure by which an utterance becomes a communicative act at all, because the hearer can recognize the speaker’s intention and treat that recognition as a reason to supply what is left unsaid. So where Zamboni’s “significatum ad placitum” explains how words can vary across languages yet still hook onto shared concepts, Grice’s implicature explains how, even with the same words and the same concepts in place, what is meant in a particular exchange can outrun what is said—because speakers rely on the audience’s rational capacity to reconstruct their purposes under conversational norms; in that sense, the lizio supplies Grice with a deep historical background on sign and convention, but Grice supplies the missing micro-mechanics that scholastic dialectic tends to presuppose rather than analyze: the reason-governed pathway from utterance to uptake. De interpretatione, significatum ad placitum. “Famous for his dialettica e cosmologia and implicature!” – Grice.  Figlio di Matteo Z., un  pittore originario di Cremona, di cui si conservano affreschi negl’oratori delle chiese della Pietà e di San Rocco. “Unlike his father” (Grice), Z. prende la strada degli studi filosofici. Studia a Ferrara sotto PENDASIO . Insegna a Ferrara. Tenne rapporti con la corte estense. Di fronte al duca d'Este recita il suo poemetto, “Le pompe funebri” – “which the duke didn’t like” (Grice) -- e quando si trova a essere oggetto di non chiarite gelosie e maldicenze da parte dei suoi colleghi a Ferrara, scrive al duca per richiedere un suo intervento. Non risulta il duca risolve i conflitti denunciati da Z., che, perciò, decide di trasferirsi altrove. Chiamato a Padova per insegnare in sostituzione di Zabarella – “whose surname also started with a Z” – Grice. Z. inizia il suo corso leggendo la prolusione Exordium habitum Patavii. Contro il tentativo di fondare a Padova uno studio rivale dell'università. Respondetur, quod conceptus dupliciter poteft confiderari, vel simpliciter vt elt PASSIO IPSIUS ANIMI, et fic idem elt APVD OMNES, vel vi elt paffio talis in ordine ad objectum, de quo fic conceptus, et hic poteft elle varietas apud varios; alia verò duo, voces Icilicer et littere funt AD BENEPLACITVM – ET NON AD NATURAM -- et apud varios variè le habent, apud Grecos enim alia voce homo fignificatur rideft, antropos e et alia feribitur, et SIGNIFICATVR APVD LATINOS. Dicetis etiam SONVS BRUTORVM, est vox, tamen NON EST AD PLACITVM illorum, sed eodem modo voi que fe habent; Relpondetur, quod voces funt duplices, alig que SIGNIFICAT AFFECTVS, alie que SIGNIFICAT CONCEPTVS, fi loquamur de vocibus, que fignificant conceptus, tales autem funt voces, que lequuntur intellectum, dideo VOX ARTICVLATA proprie lunt ipiorum HOMINVM, cum itaque dictum fit voces imediaté fignificare conceptus, veluti fe habe. I galileiani, la dialettica di Z., de interpretatione, nomen, significatio, ad placitum.  Corpus. Evening. Grice returns not straight from Blackwell’s but by way of the river, because a man with a new pamphlet is incapable of going directly home. Shropshire is already in the room, on the bed, as if beds were made for visitors and scholars were made to endure them. Shropshire: You’ve been out. Grice: I have done what the University intends. I have consumed an inaugural and then purchased the authorized residue. Shropshire: You mean you’ve bought the little blue thing. Grice: I’ve bought the little blue thing. Shropshire: Blackwell’s. Grice: Naturally. Shropshire: And you’re already in a temper. How long have you owned it. Grice: Long enough to be dissatisfied with it. Shropshire: That’s quick work, even for you. Did you read it while crossing the High, or have you developed a new technique for perusing pamphlets at traffic. Grice: I stopped at the river. Shropshire: The one by Magdalen. Grice: The one by Magdalen. Yes. One sits, one orders something, one watches boats, and one discovers that Clarendon has improved the man. Shropshire: Improved him. Grice: Cleaned him. It’s a week since the lecture. In the room he had pauses, throat-clearings, all the little human hesitations by which a thought actually arrives. On the page he is pure. Not a stumble. Not a cough. Not a single Oxford moment of deciding whether to be brave. Shropshire: A week. Grice: About that. Shropshire: You think the Clarendon can turn a man into print in a week. Grice: It is twenty-one pages. Shropshire: Twenty-one pages and an eternity of self-respect. Grice takes the pamphlet out as if presenting evidence. Grice: Listen. The title-page alone is enough to make one feel examined. Shropshire: Read it, then. Do your liturgy. Grice reads with careful solemnity, as if the proper nouns must be pronounced correctly for the institution to exist. Grice: The Historical Imagination. An Inaugural Lecture delivered before the University of Oxford on 28 October 1935. Oxford. At the Clarendon Press. Shropshire: Delivered before the University. As if the University were a magistrate. Grice: It felt like one. The whole place there, judging not only the thought but the performance. Shropshire: And now the performance has been laundered. Grice: Exactly. That is what irritates me. We were not given the lecture; we were given the lecture as it ought to have been, had a lecture ever occurred in a world without throats. Shropshire: Stay with your Mods, Grice. Grice: Meaning which. Shropshire: Meaning your shared religion. Moderations behind you, moderns on the syllabus, all safely dead. Nobody alive in Mods. Nobody alive in the “modern” paper either, not really. Locke doesn’t cough, Kant doesn’t hesitate, Mill doesn’t lose his place. That’s why Oxford can examine them. Grice: Which is precisely why I went to hear Collingwood. The novelty is that he is not a set text. He is unsyllabus. He is an event. Shropshire: He was an event until Clarendon made him a text. Grice: Yes. That is the complaint. Shropshire: Then why did you buy the thing. Grice: Because I am weak, and because Blackwell’s had it, and because I thought I might catch the argument again. Instead I find I am arguing with an edited version of a man I heard with my own ears. Shropshire: So you’ve gone from attending the lecture to attending the pamphlet. Grice: Don’t be clever. Shropshire: I’m not being clever. I’m being a commoner. It’s different. Grice: You are on my bed. Shropshire: On your bed, yes. And you are in your own head, worshipping the Clarendon imprint as if it were antiquity. Grice: Worshipping. Shropshire: Idolising, then. Because it’s living. Because it’s new. Because it’s not on the list. Grice: It is genuinely interesting. Shropshire: It may be. But don’t let the Establishment sell you “genuinely interesting” in pamphlet form and call it philosophy. Grice: And your alternative is. Shropshire: My alternative is older and therefore funnier. Grice: Here we go. Shropshire, very casually, as if he were expanding an abbreviation for his own amusement rather than correcting anyone, says it out loud, full and smooth, like something he has said before. Shropshire: Exordium habitum Patavii, vi Kalendas Februarias, fifteen ninety-one. Grice: What on earth. Shropshire: Your Zamboni. Your Cremonini. The Renaissance version of your inaugural craze. Opening speech delivered at Padua on the twenty-seventh of January, fifteen ninety-one. No romance. No imagination. No “delivered before the University” as if the University were a duchess. Just the label, the place, the date. Grice: You’ve been reading Cremonini. Shropshire: I’ve been tasting him. There’s a difference. And I did it because you keep worrying that his first datable thing has a silly title. It isn’t silly. It is honest. It tells you what it is. Your Collingwood title tells you what it wants to be. Grice: That is not fair. Shropshire: It is perfectly fair. Collingwood calls his opening talk The Historical Imagination and suddenly everyone behaves as if imagination is the subject and not the occasion. Cremonini calls his opening talk an exordium and refuses the masquerade. He is being pretentious in Latin, yes, but he is being pretentious in a way that doesn’t pretend to be modest. Grice: And your point is that I ought to prefer the old pretension to the new. Shropshire: My point is that you ought to notice the mechanism. Oxford has given you a living man as a novelty, then within a week or two it has converted him into a tidy text, and you are already comparing your memory to the print like a parish clerk checking a hymn. That’s the same mechanism you are using for Zamboni. You want the first datable thing to sound like genius. But inaugurals don’t sound like genius. They sound like inaugurals. The genius is what comes after. Grice: That makes Zamboni’s “exordium” more bearable. Shropshire: It makes Collingwood’s more suspicious. Grice: You are impossible. Shropshire: I am a commoner. It’s my brief. And now, if you like, read me the first page and I’ll tell you what Collingwood meant before Clarendon taught him how to mean it.Grice: Cesare, uno degli aspetti che mi ha sempre affascinato del tuo lavoro è l’uso del termine “lizio” per riferirsi al Lycaeum greco. C’è una musicalità tutta italiana in quella parola che, secondo me, restituisce dignità alla tradizione aristotelica – quasi fosse una radice autoctona! Z.: Caro Grice, apprezzo il tuo entusiasmo! Il “lizio” non è solo un modo di italianizzare il Lycaeum; è un ponte tra il nostro pensiero dialettico e le radici elleniche. Nel mio insegnamento, questa parola diventa simbolo di una dialettica che si rinnova, adattandosi ad ogni lingua, ad ogni significato “ad placitum”. G.: Infatti, la dialettica del lizio permette una conversazione aperta, dove il “significatum ad placitum” non è solo un esercizio linguistico, ma una vera e propria implicatura filosofica. È come se la voce articolata degli uomini – per dirla con le tue parole – fosse sempre pronta a reinventare concetti e affetti. Zamboni: Mi piace pensare che, come il Lycaeum di Aristotele, anche il nostro “lizio” sia un luogo di incontro – dove le voci, i concetti e i nomi si scambiano significati, lasciando spazio a nuove interpretazioni. In fondo, la filosofia italiana è sempre stata abile nel trasformare l’eredità greca in qualcosa di unico e conversazionale. Zamboni, Cesare (1591). Exordium habitum Patavi VI Kal. Febr. Ferrara

Giuseppe Zamboni (Verona, Veneto). Z. essamina la ragione conversazionale e il volere.” Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning locates what is meant in a rational nexus of intentions and recognitions: for S to mean p by uttering x, S intends that an audience form some response (typically belief), intends that the audience recognize this intention, and intends that this recognition function as the audience’s reason for uptake; on this basis, “willing that” (volere che) is not just a mental push but something that can be made public and assessable in talk through what is said, what is implicated, and what can be demanded as a reason. Zamboni, in the Veronese line of reflection on the psychology of the will and the self (your dossier’s Psicologia del volere; L’origine delle idee: saggio analitico introspettivo; Sistema di gnoseologia e di morale; La persona umana: soggetto autocosciente), approaches the same terrain from the opposite direction: he treats volition as the inner act in which the io constitutes itself as persona and thereby bridges the sensible and the “sopra-sensibile,” so that moral agency is grounded in an irreducibly first-person structure of decision and responsibility. The comparison is therefore sharp but complementary: Zamboni’s will is primarily the metaphysical-gnoseological anchor of personhood (the act by which the self owns its acts), whereas Grice’s will is primarily a pragmatic operator inside rational interaction (the way an agent’s commitments and intentions become legible to others and become reasons in a shared conversational economy). Put bluntly: Zamboni explains how willing is possible as an interior foundation of agency; Grice explains how willing, once present, becomes communicable as “willing that” in a space where hearers can recognize intentions, draw implicatures, and hold speakers responsible for the reasons their utterances purport to provide. Psicologia del volere, volere, l’io, sopra-sensibile, volere, volizione, volitum – the will – Grice e Z. on WILLING THAT – volere che. Grice: “Not everybody knows his zamboni.” There’s Giorgio Zamboni, but this entry is about Giovanni Zamboni. Essential Italian philosopher. Filosofo italiano. Saggi: Spencer:  commemorazione e polemica, Garagnani, Bologna; La filosofia scolastica secondo un positivista, Marchiori,Verona; Il valore scientifico del positivismo d’ARDIGO  e della sua conversion, Verona; La dottrina morale e la psicologia del VOLERE in un saggio di etica di un discepolo d’ARDIGO, Società Veronese, Verona; La gnoseologia dell’atto come fondamento della filosofia dell’essere: saggio d'interpretazione sistematica della dottrina gnoseologica d’AQUINO, Milano; Gnoseologia, Vita e Pensiero, Giuseppe, Milano; L’origine delle idee: saggio analitico INTROSPETTIVO, proposto alla riflessione personale, Società Veronese, Verona; Sistema di gnoseologia e di morale: base teoretica per esegesi e critica della filosofia, Studium, Roma; Studi esegetici, critici, comparativi sulla CRITICA DELLA RAGIONE PURA, Veronese, Verona; Metafisica e gnoseologia, Veronese, Verona; Il realismo critico della gnoseologia pura: risposta al caso Zamboni, Gemelli, Olgiati e Rossi, Verona; Realismo, metafisica, personalità: rilievi, note, discussioni, Veronese, Verona; La persona umana: soggetto auto-cosciente nell’esperienza integrale: termine della gnoseologia, base della metafisica, Verona, Giulietti., Vita e pensiero, Milano; Precisazioni e complementi ai testi scolastici: religione naturale e l’essenza della religione cristiana, Veronese, Verona; La filosofia dell’ESPERIENZA IMMEDIATA. Psicologia del volere, volere, l’io, sopra-sensibile, volere, volizione, volitum – the will -- gnoseologia, l’io.  Grice: Caro Zamboni, ogni volta che mi confronto con il tema del volere, mi viene in mente la tua originale riflessione sulla psicologia della volizione. Secondo te, come si può distinguere, in modo nitido, tra il semplice desiderio e il vero atto di volontà? Zamboni: Ottima domanda, Grice! Per me, il desiderio resta spesso sul piano del possibile, quasi come un’ombra dei nostri slanci interiori. Il volere autentico, invece, si manifesta quando l’io si assume la responsabilità di tradurre un’intenzione in azione, andando oltre ciò che appare immediato o spontaneo. È lì che la volontà si distingue, diventando davvero fondamento dell’agire umano. Grice: Quindi, se capisco bene, il volere non è solo una questione di scelta consapevole, ma anche di esperienza intima che coinvolge tutto l’io. Credi che questa dimensione sopra-sensibile renda la volontà un ponte tra il pensiero e la realtà morale? Zamboni: Esattamente, Grice! La volontà è, per così dire, il luogo dove l’io si fa persona, capace di trascendere la pura reazione e dare senso al proprio agire. È in questo superamento del dato sensibile che la filosofia trova la sua forza più autentica: quella di dare voce, come diresti tu, a una conversazione interiore che plasma la nostra etica quotidiana. Zamboni, Giuseppe (1820). Saggio sulla filosofia naturale. Verona: Tipografia Libera.

Marc’Antonio Zimara (Galatina, Lecce, Puglia) la ragione conversazionale dei peripatetici del lizio, o la questione del primo cognito, la scuola di Padova, la filosofia leccese, la filosofia pugliese, e la filosofia italiana. Grice’s theory of reason-based conversational meaning treats communication as an essentially rational transaction: what a speaker means is fixed not by the mere presence of a sign or by a coded correlation, but by an intention that the addressee recognize the speaker’s intention and let that recognition serve as a reason for uptake; hence the decisive contrast between mere indication and genuinely communicative meaning lies in reason-governed recognition. Marc’Antonio Zimara (Galatina, Lecce, Puglia), formed in the Padua-Aristotelian milieu and explicitly attached to the dottrina del lizio, is a useful foil because his work exemplifies a scholastic architecture in which signification is stabilized by commentary traditions and by the De interpretatione framework of signum, including the distinction between natural and instituted (or artificial) signs; his Tabula dilucidationum in dictis Aristotelis et Averrois (frequently dated to the early sixteenth century and widely printed in Venice in later editions) functions as a navigational device for doctrine, and his Quaestio de primo cognito situates cognition in an ordered theory of the intellect’s first object. The comparison therefore sharpens the methodological difference: Zimara’s “conversational reason” is largely diachronic and disciplinary—reason as the inherited method by which a community of readers and teachers secures stable interpretability of Aristotle in both learned Latin and vernacular exposition—whereas Grice’s conversational reason is synchronic and interpersonal, explaining how meaning is generated in the moment by an agent who designs an utterance so that another agent can rationally recover what is meant (often beyond what is said) precisely because the speaker intends that recovery to occur. In that sense, Zimara’s lizio gives Grice a historically rich testing ground for the sign’s taxonomy, but Grice’s substantive claim is that no taxonomy of signs, however refined, explains speaker-meaning until it is anchored in the reason-responsive structure of intention and recognition that makes an utterance count as a move in conversation rather than merely a datum in a doctrinal table. Grice: “An esay way to check the Griceianism of the Italians is in the commentary of De Interpretatione – the definition of ‘sign’ and the distinction between natural sign and artificial sign – cf. Z., Logicalia, Sgarbi. In the case of Z., we have both the VERNACULAR (Italian) and the ‘learned’!” Gice: “They say my philosophy is systematic, but which ain’t? (I mean, other than Kierkegaard!). The Italians have a way to refer euphemistically to ‘Aristotle’ which doesn’t sound quite as Greek: ‘lizio’ – this spelling reflects a corruption of the Lycaeum, where he taught! Z., for example, would be following the ‘dottrina del lizio’!” Keywords: Il Lizio, scuola di Padova. Grice: “Z. is a testimony that Aristotle is popular without Oxford!” Si laurea a Padova e vi insegna. Sindaco di Galatina. Si reca a Napoli per difendere la città dai soprusi dei duchi Castriota. Insegna filosofia a Salerno con la stesura di una guida alle opere di Aristotele o del liceo o lizio. Cura la pubblicazione di alcune opere di Alberto Magno e di Giovanni di Jandun. Dizionario di filosofia. Cantimori, Enciclopedia Italiana. Saggi: Quæstio de primo cognito, Papie, Iacob de Burgofranco impresse, Studi  galatinesi illustri, Guida Biografica, Tor Graf Galatina, Galatina. Treccani, Enciclopedia italiana. Grice: “It is amazing how much Z, loved Aristotle, at least for those who don’t love him that much!” Grice: “Z. liked to retell the story of why he preferred to refer to Aristotle’s philosophy as that of the ‘lizio’ – the ‘lizio’ is the antiquated Italian way and spelling for Hellenic ‘lykaeon.’ This represents Apollo – in the statue at the gymn -- ginnasio,’ since they were naked --  where Aristotle walked around. Aristotle, il liceo, la filosofia del liceo, filosofia liceale, lizio, liziale, Aristotle within and without Oxford.  Grice: Caro Zimara, sai, c’è chi preferisce Zimarra, ma per quanto mi riguarda tu resti il “mio” Zimara: una vera autorità del lizio! Mi affascina la tua maestria nel tenere viva la tradizione aristotelica, soprattutto attraverso quel ponte sottile tra il segno naturale e quello artificiale che tu hai saputo trattare sia in volgare che in latino. Come nasce, per te, questa passione per la scuola del lizio? Zimara: Ti ringrazio, Grice! In verità, per me il “lizio” non è solo una scuola filosofica, ma un vero modo di essere. Crescere tra Galatina e Padova significava vivere la filosofia come dialogo continuo, dove la distinzione tra segni naturali e artificiali diventava essenziale per comprendere la realtà. E poi, come ben dici, la lingua italiana offre infinite sfumature per reinterpretare Aristotele in chiave contemporanea! Grice: Mi piace questo tuo legame con la tua terra e il modo in cui hai saputo declinare la dottrina aristotelica per il pubblico italiano. Credo che la questione del “primo cognito” sia ancora oggi uno snodo fondamentale: secondo te, è ancora attuale interrogarsi su come avvenga il primo contatto tra l’intelletto e il mondo? Z.: Assolutamente,Grice. La domanda sul primo cognito resta una delle più affascinanti: ogni generazione deve imparare a “vedere” il mondo con occhi nuovi, senza perdere il filo che ci lega alla tradizione. In questo senso, il lizio non è solo memoria, ma anche invenzione e responsabilità, proprio come il moderno liceo continua a essere laboratorio di pensiero critico. Zimara, Marc’Antonio (1523). Tabula dilucidationum in Aristotelis. Venezia: Tacuino.

Niccolo Zimara (Galatina, Lecce, Puglia). Grice’s theory of reason-based conversational meaning makes the decisive explanatory move from texts as repositories of doctrine to communication as a rational transaction: S means p by producing an utterance (or any communicative act) with the intention that an audience form a response, that the audience recognize that intention, and that this recognition function as the audience’s reason for uptake; implicature is then what the audience is entitled to infer when the speaker relies on that recognitional rationality rather than spelling everything out. Niccolò Zimara (Galatina, Lecce, Puglia), cast here as jurist and firstborn in the Zimara constellation, is illuminating precisely because his Commentaria in Aristotelis (Venezia: Tacuino) belongs to a scholastic economy where meaning is often treated as something secured by authoritative text, lemma, and gloss, with the reader doing disciplined reconstructive labor under institutional norms; his “sottintendere con eleganza” is, in that world, a practical necessity (ink, space, inherited abbreviations) and a method for transmitting doctrine across generations of readers trained to supply what is omitted. From a Gricean angle, however, that very practice can be re-described as proto-pragmatic: the commentary’s ellipses work because the author counts on a competent reader to recognize that the omission is deliberate and to treat that recognition as a reason to supply the missing step—so that what looks like mere economy of print becomes a structured invitation to inference. The contrast, then, is that Zimara’s “implicit” is primarily hermeneutic and institutional (a readerly competence within the Aristotelian tradition), whereas Grice’s implicature is inter-personal and reason-governed (a speaker’s intention made publicly accessible through recognitional uptake); but the bridge is exactly your comic exchange: the commentator’s glossa is effective not just because Aristotle is there, but because the reader can rationally recover what is meant by seeing why it was left unsaid. Giurista, Primogenito di ZIMARA. Zimara. C. (Galatina, Lecce, Puglia). Grice: Caro Zimara, ho appena sfogliato i Commentaria in Aristotelis (Venezia, Tacuino) e mi è venuta voglia di chiederti se anche tu, tra una glossa e l’altra, lasciavi apposta qualcosa non detto. Zimara: Professore, a Venezia l’inchiostro costa e l’Aristotele non finisce mai, quindi si sottintende con eleganza e si lascia al lettore il lavoro sporco. Grice: Appunto: io direi che lì nasce la ragione conversazionale, perché il lettore capisce ciò che intendi proprio riconoscendo che intendevi farlo capire. Zimara: Cosi bella implicatura, Grice! Zimara, Niccolo (1540). Commentaria in Aristotelis. Venezia: Tacuino.

Teofilo Zimara (Galatina, Lecce, Pugglia). Grice’s theory of reason-based conversational meaning makes uptake essentially inferential and normative: what a speaker means is fixed not by a sign’s bare association, but by a complex intention that the hearer recognize the speaker’s intention and let that recognition function as a reason for response; hence the heart of meaning lies in a public, rationally accountable route from what is said to what is meant. Set against this, the Zimara line (Marcantonio Zimara of Galatina as the well-known Aristotelian apparatus-maker, and Teofilo as the heir who “noted what counted most” in De anima) represents a different, older way of grounding intelligibility: the scholastic-Aristotelian project treats meaning as stabilized by doctrinal architectures—faculties of the soul, cognition, signa, and the ordered commentary tradition—so that “understanding” is primarily secured by belonging to a system of explanation rather than by the moment-to-moment rational negotiation between interlocutors. The contrast is instructive for your motif of philosophical inheritance: where Zimara’s father-to-son transmission models philosophy as continuity of interpretive scaffolding (the same De anima problems re-edited, re-indexed, and re-taught), Grice’s model treats even inherited materials as inert until they are re-animated in a conversational economy where reasons are exchanged, intentions are recognized, and implicatures are responsibly drawn. In that sense, Zimara’s “conversation across generations” is a metaphor for tradition’s persistence, while Grice’s conversational reason is a mechanism: it explains how any tradition, including Aristotelian psychology, becomes communicatively live only when participants can be counted on to derive what is meant by tracking the rational point of what is said.Grice: “I was surprised to learn that the son of my former pupil, Strawson, ALSO became a philosopher – mine, obsessed with the Ashmolean, was into museum studies! However, it is not that rare for a philosopher to spawn another philosopher. I can think of Z., whom every Italian knows as an Aristotelian, and only historians of Italian philosophy know as the father of the noted academic – Teofilo!”. “Like Galen re: Strawson, Teofilo re: Z. noted what counted most, and edited DE ANIMA!” Filosofo italiano. Figlio di Marc’Antonio Zimara. Grice, “Marc’antonio e tutti gli Zimara. Grice: Caro Zimara, ogni volta che penso alla tradizione aristotelica italiana, il tuo nome, insieme a quello di tuo padre Marc’Antonio, spicca sempre come punto di riferimento imprescindibile. Mi incuriosisce sapere: come hai vissuto il passaggio di questa eredità filosofica da padre in figlio? Zimara: Grazie, Grice! In effetti, crescere con Marc’Antonio come padre è stato come vivere tra le pagine di Aristotele e i corridoi della scuola di Padova. Ho sempre percepito la filosofia non solo come studio, ma come una conversazione continua, che si rinnova di generazione in generazione. Grice: Interessante! Mi piace la tua idea di conversazione filosofica che attraversa il tempo. So che ti sei dedicato molto all'“anima”, seguendo le orme di tuo padre. C’è qualcosa che credi di aver reinterpretato o innovato nel dialogo con il suo insegnamento? Zimara: Sicuramente! Ho cercato, ad esempio, di dare maggiore spazio all’esperienza e alla dimensione interiore dell’anima, integrando la lezione aristotelica con le nuove questioni che il Rinascimento ci offre. Del resto, come dicevi tu, la filosofia è sempre una conversazione… che continua, anche oltre i confini della famiglia! Zimara, Teofilo (1878). Saggi di filosofia. Firenze: Le Monnier.

Giovanni Zini (Firenze, Toscana) la ragione conversazionale del ivstvm qvia, il ⸠, il ivssvm, la la scuola di Firenze, la filosofia fiorentina, la filosofia toscana, la filosofia italiana. ivs, ivstvm quia ivssvm, the moral and the legal. Grice’s reason-governed account of conversational meaning treats what is meant as anchored in a recognitional structure: the speaker intends the hearer to arrive at some response (typically belief), intends the hearer to recognize that intention, and intends that this recognition function as the hearer’s reason for uptake; implicature is then the surplus the hearer is rationally entitled to infer given cooperative expectations. Zini (Firenze, 1868–Pollone, 1937), though writing in moral and political philosophy rather than pragmatics, usefully foregrounds the normative axis that Grice’s picture needs in order to be more than psychology: in Giustizia. Storia d’una idea (Torino, Fratelli Bocca, 1907) he reconstructs justice as both idea and emotion and then as a problem of distribution, liberty versus equality, merit, and reparative punishment, while in earlier ethical work such as Il pentimento e la morale ascetica (Torino, Bocca, 1902) he treats moral life as structured by obligations that feel internally binding yet are historically and socially articulated. Read through your iustum quia iussum / iussum quia iustum contrast, Zini’s concern is the interface between the moral and the legal ius, precisely the territory where Grice’s “reason” can be seen as normative rather than merely causal: for Grice, conversational force succeeds when recognition supplies a reason for belief, but in legal-moral talk that reason is often contested as to whether it derives from command or from antecedent justice; Zini supplies the thematic pressure showing why this matters, while Grice supplies the micro-mechanics explaining how such pressure is negotiated in conversation—how speakers can insinuate, contest, or cancel the “just because commanded” reading via implicatures that an audience is entitled to draw only insofar as the exchange remains governed by publicly recognizable reasons. Grice: “Like me, Z. is interested in the Graeco-Roman concept of ‘ius.’ Saggi: Proprietà individuale e proprietà collettiva, Torino, Bocca, Il pentimento e la morale ascetica, Torino, Bocca; Giustizia: storia d’una idea – cfr. Grice on ‘justice’ in Thrasymachus – Torino, Bocca, -- cf. Grice, “Justice in Plato’s Republic,” “Social justice,” The Grice Papers --; La morale al bivio, Torino, Bocca, La doppia maschera dell'universo: filosofia del tempo e dello spazio, Torino, Bocca, Il congresso dei morti, Roma, Partito comunista d'Italia, ed. con introduzione di Bergami e prefazione di Nesi, Calabritto, Mattia e Fortunato; Poesia e verità, Milano, Corbaccio, I fratelli nemici: dialoghi e miti,, La tragedia del proletariato in Italia: diario, prefazione di Bergami, Milano, Feltrinelli, Appunti di vita torinese, Firenze, Olschki, Pagine di vita torinese: note del diario, Torino, Centro studi piemontesi. Grice enjoyed Z.’s approach. “Z.’s philosophy on justice is divided in six parts. The first is on the real and the ideal -- il reale e l’ideale --; the second is “la giustizia come idea ed emozione” -- fairness as idea and as emotion --; the third, “i frutti del lavoro e la loro distribuzione scondo giustizia,” The fruits of labour and their distribution according to fairness; the fourth is “Libertà od egualiglianza”.  Grice: “An apt way to describe the underlying conceptual difference between "malum in se" and "malum prohibitum" is "iussum quia iustum" and "iustum quia iussum", namely something that is commanded (iussum) because it is just (iustum) and something that is just (iustum) because it is commanded (iussum). In symbols: ivstvm ⸠ ivssvm. Ius, iustum quia iussum, justice from Plato to Z.: the history of an idea, alla Berlin. Grice: Caro Zini, mi rendo conto ogni volta che parliamo che la nostra formazione classica rende trasparentissimo per entrambi il significato di “IVSTVM QVIA IVSSVM”—una distinzione che, ahimè, viene ignorata dai barbari di Vadum Boum! Tu non trovi che sia proprio la nostra educazione a farci cogliere la sottigliezza tra il morale e il legale? Z.: Grice, hai perfettamente ragione! Chi non ha respirato il latino e il greco fin da giovane, spesso non percepisce quanto sia profonda la differenza tra ciò che è giusto perché comandato e ciò che è comandato perché giusto. “IVSTVM QVIA IVSSVM” non è solo una formula; è la chiave di volta della nostra tradizione filosofica fiorentina e italiana. Grice: Eppure, ogni volta che cerco di spiegare questa distinzione ai miei colleghi d’oltre Manica, mi guardano come se parlassi in enigmi. Forse manca loro quel senso del reale e dell’ideale che la scuola di Firenze ha sempre coltivato: la giustizia come idea ed emozione, come tu hai splendidamente illustrato nei tuoi saggi. Zini: È vero, Grice! La nostra tradizione insegna che la filosofia non è mai solo teoria, ma esperienza vissuta. “IVSTVM QVIA IVSSVM” è il cuore pulsante della storia della giustizia, e solo chi sa leggere tra le righe del diritto romano riesce davvero a comprenderne la portata. Siamo fortunati ad avere occhi “educati” per coglierne ogni sfumatura! Zini, Giovanni (1925). Filosofia e società. Milano: Hoepli.

Elémire Zolla (Venezia, Veneto). Per Z. la ragione conversazionale e nececessaria nella discesa d’Enea all’Ade. Grice’s theory of reason-governed conversational meaning treats what is meant as an achievement of rational, mutually recognizable intention: a speaker means p by an utterance only if she intends the hearer to arrive at some response (typically belief), intends the hearer to recognize that intention, and intends that this recognition function as the hearer’s reason for the response; implicature, on this model, is the disciplined surplus the hearer is entitled to infer from what is said plus the assumption of cooperative rationality. Zolla, by contrast, is attracted to the point at which discourse strains against its own surface and requires initiation rather than mere decoding: in Catàbasi e anàstasi. Discesa nell’Ade e resurrezione (Tallone, Alpignano) and in the later collection Discesa all’Ade e resurrezione (Adelphi), where Catabasi e anastasi forms the nucleus, the descent motif (Enea’s katabasis among others) functions as a hermeneutic and spiritual itinerary in which what matters is not only what an utterance licenses one to infer, but the symbolic passage by which the hearer is transformed into someone capable of hearing at all; the “reason” in Zolla is therefore less the public, conversational reason of recognitional intentions and more an esoteric rationality of correspondences, archetypes, and interior “powers” (Le potenze dell’anima, Bompiani, 1968) that reorganize the self’s uptake. The comparison thus sharpens a limit: Grice explains how ordinary talk reliably generates additional content because interlocutors treat one another’s moves as reason-responsive and intention-guided, whereas Zolla thematizes cases where meaning is deliberately routed through mythic and ritual structures (catabasis, tradition, esoterico) that do not primarily aim at ordinary, shareable reasons but at a staged conversion of perspective—so that “vai all’inferno,” in a Zolla key, is less a recoverable conversational implicature than a symbolic instruction whose point is the descent itself. Saggi: Etica e estetica, Spaziani, Torino, L’eclissi dell'intellettuale, Bompiani, Milano, Volgarità e dolore, Bompiani, Milano, Le origini del trascendentalismo, Storia e letteratura, Roma, Storia del fantasticare, Bompiani, Milano, Le potenze dell'anima: morfologia dello spirito nella storia della cultura, anatomia dell'uomo spirituale-- cf. Grice, “the power structure of the soul” -- Bompiani, Milano; Il letterato e lo sciamano, Che cos'è la tradizione romana?, Le meraviglie della natura: introduzione all'alchimia, Bompiani, Milano, Archetipi, Marsilio, Venezia; L'androg-gino: l'umana nostalgia dell'interezza, Red, Como, GIOVE ANDROGINO; Incontro con l'andro-gino: l'esperienza della completezza sessuale, GIOVE ANDROGINO, Como Aure: i luoghi e i riti, Marsilio, Venezia, L'amante invisibile: l'erotica sciamanica nelle religioni, nella letteratura e nella legittimazione politica, Marsilio, Venezia, Sincretismo, Guida, Napoli; Verità segrete esposte in evidenza: sincretismo e fantasia, contemplazione e l’esoterico, Marsilio, Venezia; Discorsi metafisici, Guida, Napoli; Uscite dal mondo, Adelphi, Milano; La luce; La ricerca del sacro, Tallone, Alpignano Ioan Petru Culianu, Tallone, Alpignano, Lo stupore infantile, Adelphi, Milano; Le tre vie, Adelphi, Milan; Un destino itinerante: conversazioni tra oriente ed occidente, Marsilio, Venezia; La nube del telaio: RAZIONALITA e irrazionalità tra oriente ed occidente, Mondadori, Milano; La filosofia perenne: incontro fra oriente ed occidente, Mondadori, Milano; Catabasi e anastasi, Tallone, Alpignano; La discesa d’ENEA all'Ade – VIRGILIO; La ri-surrezione di BACCO; Minuetto all'inferno, Einaudi, Torino. Fantasticare, Bacco, la discesa d’Enea all’Ade, escatologia, la tradizione italica, la tradizione romana.  Grice: Carissimo Zolla, lasciami confessarti una piccola eccentricità: da quando lessi per la prima volta, a Clifton, la catabasi di Enea nell'Ade, ho sempre trovato irresistibile usare l'espressione "vai all'inferno" come un vero complimento tra i corridoi di Vadum Boum! Per me, è quasi un elogio: attraversare l’Ade significa esplorare la profondità dell’esistenza, proprio come Enea.  Zolla: Grice, che meraviglia sentire questa tua interpretazione! La catabasi, nella tradizione veneziana e italiana, non è mai semplice caduta: è viaggio iniziatico, discesa all’interno di sé e della storia. Enea ci insegna che il senso si trova proprio nell’oscurità, e che l’inferno può diventare luogo di conoscenza, quasi una scuola dello spirito.  Grice: Esatto, Zolla! È proprio ciò che mi affascina della tua filosofia, tra etica, estetica e fantasticare: quella capacità di scorgere archetipi e potenze dell’anima nei miti, nella letteratura e persino nella tradizione romana. Quando a Vadum Boum qualcuno mi dice "vai all'inferno", sento che mi invita a una catabasi personale, a cercare la verità segreta tra le ombre.  Zolla: Ecco la bellezza del pensiero italiano, Grice: trasformare il viaggio nell’Ade in un minuetto all’inferno, dove persino la volgarità e il dolore hanno un loro splendore. La filosofia è un andare e venire tra luce e tenebra; e il nostro dialogo, come la discesa di Enea, è sempre un incontro tra oriente e occidente, razionale e irrazionale, tradizione e innovazione. Zolla, Elémire (1961). La crisi dell’occidente. Milano: Rusconi.

Giovanni Battista Zoppi (Verona, Veneto). In Z. splende la filosofia della grammatica – citata da VAILATI!” Grice: “I hardly use the term ‘grammar.’ At Oxford, we would – as I do in the creation of my System G – speak of a GLOSSARY, FORMATION RULES, SYNTAX, and SEMANTICS --. This has been an interest of mine since I started giving joint seminars at Oxford with Strawson on ‘categories’ – since we can allege that there is something that we may call a ‘morpho-syntactical’ category – the old parts of speech --. It may be argued that ‘syntactical category’ quite does not do – and that ‘morpo-syntactical’ needs to be used – especially in very non-agglutinative languages like old Roman, or modern Italian. A grlimpse at a grammar of Italian will have the philosopher focusing on MORPHO-syntactical phenomena rather than SYNTACTICAL phenomena proper! Studiata nella storia della grammatica italiana, da un croceano. Tra i divulgatori della grammatica storica dell’italiano sono degni tra noi di menzione Fornaciari e Mattio, che sono preceduti fuori da Blanc, la cui “Gratnmatik der italienischen Sprachen” ha ancora un certo valore pella dottrina delle forme. Se la grammatica generale, non mai del tutto rassegnata a morire, giacque sotto i colpi e i sarcasmi della scienza della lingua, non mancarono tra noi tentativi d’una FILOSOFIA della GRAMMATICA – ragionata e razionale, ovviamente --, e notevole è quellodi ZOPPI (citato da VAILATI), un rosminiano – ROSMINI  -- acuto quanto dotto e diligente e anche garbato espositore. Il quale crede appunto di costruire una scienza della grammatica col connubio della grammatica generale e della scienza positiva del linguaggio, inconsapevolmente ese- [T. ricorda il saggio di Starck, Grammar and Language, fondato sulla credenza che almeno i tre gruppi attuali e più importanti delle lingue indo-europee sono retti da comuni principi generali; e i numerosi saggi di Grasserie e particolarmente L’Essai de syntaxe generale.  Grice: Carissimo Zoppi, permettimi subito di lodare la tua “filosofia della grammatica”, che ho letto con grande interesse e da cui ho tratto spunti preziosi per il mio System G. Devo confessare che, pur avendo affrontato il tema tra i corridoi severi di Vadum Boum, spesso sotto lo sguardo ironico del pedante massimo J. L. Austin, ho sempre trovato nella tua opera una chiarezza e una profondità che pochi possono vantare! Z.: Grice, le tue parole mi riempiono d’orgoglio! Sapere che la mia “filosofia della grammatica” abbia ispirato uno studioso raffinato come te, è per me motivo di grande soddisfazione. Non è facile difendere la grammatica contro i sarcasmi di certi accademici, ma come diceva Rosmini: “La verità trova sempre il suo cammino, anche tra le spine del dubbio.” Grice: È proprio vero, caro Zoppi! Nel mio percorso tra glossari, sintassi e semantica, ho spesso sentito la voce della tua riflessione filosofica guidarmi oltre i limiti imposti dalle convenzioni accademiche. Se la grammatica può essere intesa come dialogo tra teoria e pratica, tu hai saputo renderla viva, ragionata e razionale, come pochi in Italia. Zoppi: Grice, il tuo riconoscimento è per me come una ventata di aria fresca tra i tomi polverosi! La filosofia della grammatica, come l’italiano stesso, è fatta di eleganza e precisione. Se ho potuto dare un contributo, è grazie alla tradizione che ci unisce e alla passione per la ricerca. In fondo, la grammatica è il cuore pulsante del pensiero, e dialogare con te ne è la prova più bella! Zoppi, Giovanni Battista (1865). Osservazioni sulla teorica della pena studiata in Alighieri. Verona.

Girolamo Zoppio (Bologna, Emilia). Parla della ragione conversazionale nella filosofia italiana. Grice’s theory of reason-based conversational meaning makes the center of gravity neither “words” nor “topics” but a recognitional structure: S means p by an utterance only if S intends A to arrive at some response, intends A to recognize that intention, and intends that this recognition function as A’s reason for the response; implicature then becomes what a rational hearer is warranted in inferring from a speaker’s deliberate management of what is said under shared expectations of cooperative rational conduct. Read against this, Girolamo Zoppio (Bologna; active at Macerata; founder of the Accademia dei Catenati) looks like an early-modern case-study in how intellectual life is actually organized around such reason-responsive uptake, because his polemical “defense” writings treat interpretation as a public contest in which speakers craft utterances to secure recognitions, concessions, and inferential allegiance from an audience: in Ragionamenti del signor Hieronimo Zoppio in difesa di Dante, et del Petrarca (Bologna, per Giovanni Rossi, 1583), framed as discourse within the Accademia dei Catenati, Zoppio praises Dante’s mimetic power over “costumi” and “affetti” across social kinds, and the very point of that praise is pragmatic—Dante’s greatness is shown by what readers are led to see, supply, and endorse beyond explicit statement. The subsequent exchange-cycle (Risposta alle opposizioni sanesi, Fermo, 1585; Particelle poetiche sopra Dante, Bologna; La poetica sopra Dante, Bologna, per Alessandro Benacci) makes the parallel sharper: Zoppio’s quarrel is not merely about propositions but about the rational governance of a learned conversation—what counts as a fair move, what counts as an admissible inference from Aristotle’s Poetics to Dante, and how a disputant can force an opponent’s hand without saying everything outright. Where Grice provides the explanatory micro-mechanics (recognition of intention as a reason), Zoppio supplies a historically thick macro-scene in which “ragione conversazionale” is enacted as scholastic-literary practice: a culture of academies and disputes where meaning is continually renegotiated, and where what “follows” from an utterance (praise, blame, legitimacy, authority) is precisely what matters. “Some like Zoppio (Melchiorre), but Zoppio (Girolamo) is MY man!” – Grice. Alighieri – the other Z. wrote about love – and was Girolamo’s son, anyway – and doctor in philosophy, too. Laureatosi in filosofia, venne subito chiamato allo studio di Macerata per leggere retorica e poesia. Ivi si trattenne per molti anni e fonda l'Accademia dei Catenati. Ritornato poi a Bologna, ha un incarico d'insegnamento presso il locale studio di umanità. Portato alla polemica, non si tenne dall'intervenire nella contesa letteraria fra Bulgarini e Mazzoni, negatore l'uno e sostenitore l'altro dell'eccellenza del genio d’ALIGHIERI. Uscite infatti le Considerazioni del Bulgarini, Z. prende subito posizione e da alle stampe i Ragionamenti in difesa di ALIGHERI et di PETRARCA.  Nei Ragionamenti ALIGHIERI è LODATO per avere scritto “una azione fuor delle regole dello scriver poeticamente bene e con lode” e per essere stato “un ignorante della lingua latina,” ed è inoltre giudicato “grande imitatore” per i “costumi d'uomini e di donne, vecchi, giovani, fanciulli, nobili, liberi, servi, dotti e indotti, d’ogni sesso in somma, d’ogni conditione, d'ogni fortuna co' loro affetti convenevoli espressi con parole, et concetti proprij et alti.” Seguì la Risposta di Z. all’opposizioni sanesi fatte ai suoi ragionamenti in difesa d’ALIGHIERI, Fermo, contro Borghesi, supposto portavoce di Bulgarini. Quindi direttamente contro Bulgarini pubblica le particelle poetiche sopra ALIGHIERI, suffragate poi dalla poetica sopra ALIGHIERI. In Z., come negl’altri filosofi del tempo, opera il puntiglio personale, che si risolve in schermaglia di parole, in sofisticheria di tesi; ma pure non è difficile riconoscere un fondo più serio costituito dall'approfondimento e dall'applicazione della poetica del lizio nel testo d’ALIGHIERI.  Fantuzzi, Notizie degli scrittori bolognesi, Barbi. St John’s, SCR, late afternoon. Zoppio (the father, and the earlier one): because Bologna, when it is not staging pageants, sometimes does something more subversive—turns Latin into Italian and calls it culture. There I was, sunk into the corner of the settee in the best-lit (and least draughty) part of the SCR, enjoying—without quite admitting it—the comfortable scandal of the place: the College’s pantomime of a medieval hall at High Table, cum the gentleman’s-club gentility of the SCR afterwards, where one eats and drinks and talks as if privilege were a natural property of stone. The cushions had been arranged behind me with an excess that suggested either taste or guilt; and I let them do their work, because it is difficult to be ascetic when the upholstery is determined to refute you. A servant appeared, as if summoned by the mere fact that Fellows have laps. He placed an overlarge book into my reach with the neutral efficiency by which an institution makes entitlement look like order. “Thought you might want this, sir,” he said—or, in that neighbourhood of phrasing that allows the College to pretend it is being helpful rather than merely functioning—and withdrew before the object could implicate him in Latin. I had the thing on my lap like a compliant monument. Mabbott arrived, in his own time, and did what he always did before he sat: he made himself a drink as if mixing a cocktail were the last remaining area in Oxford where “method” could be defended without argument. “What now, Grice?” he said, settling beside me. I did not answer. I simply began, out of the blue, as if I were singing—though of course one must never call it singing in an Oxford common room. Arma virumque cano. (I let the Latin stand, because Latin in Oxford is always allowed to stand.) Mabbott gave me a look that contained, in miniature, Scotland’s view of England: affectionate, sceptical, and faintly superior. “National anthem?” he said. I turned a page with the deliberation of a man who has no obligation to hurry. “Almost,” he added. “Italy’s, perhaps. Ours only after we’ve annexed it.” “Not quite,” I said. “But it is the sort of line that behaves like one: everybody knows it, and half the people who know it cannot parse it.” He leaned in, and I showed him what mattered—not the Latin, which Oxford can always do in its sleep, but the civic insolence of the move. The Italian was there, printed, unapologetic: Canto de l’armi e de l’uom. Canto. Arms and the man, put into Italian as if Italian were entitled to inherit Rome without applying for permission. “Who wrote that monstrosity?” Mabbott said, which was his way of admitting it was effective. “Zoppio,” I said. “Girolamo. Bologna. Mid-century. Young enough to think it a duty to make Virgil speak to Italians without the Pope acting as interpreter.” Mabbott said, “And the other Zoppio?” “The son,” I said, “turns Bologna’s civic imagination into printed fireworks—duchesses, tournaments, whole processions masquerading as titles. The father does the serious sort of vanity: he vernacularises the empire.” Mabbott took a sip and said, “You’re making Bologna sound like Oxford’s better self.” “No,” I said. “Oxford’s different self. We do not vernacularise; we antiquate. We take what is already English and make it Old English and then congratulate ourselves on having preserved it.” “You mean Beowulf.” “Exactly,” I said. “We can’t translate Latin into English and call it civic education, because we’ve been doing that so long we call it ‘school.’ So instead we do the reverse trick: we take English and make it difficult enough to require a tutor.” To my surprise, and to my satisfaction (which I concealed, because satisfaction is a vice in company), Mabbott supplied the punchline without needing to be asked. He recited, quite calmly, as if it were nothing, the opening that functions, for us, as a tribal password: Hwæt. We Gardena in geardagum, þeodcyninga, þrym gefrunon… [cupblog.org] “Exactly,” I said. “Bologna prints public meaning. Oxford prints private difficulty.” Mabbott smiled. “And Austin?” I murmured, because murmuring is how one criticises friends in Oxford without admitting friendship. “Austin,” I said, “still thinks he can restore the man-of-the-street to our quarters by sheer force of ordinary language. It’s touching. Also slightly lunatic. The man-of-the-street, if he ever arrived in the SCR, would ask for the window and be told—politely—that the garden is round the back.”Grice: Carissimo Zoppio, devo confessare che essere nato a Bononia è davvero un privilegio! La sua eleganza, la sua storia e la sua aria raffinata rendono ogni passo un piacere per l’anima. Se fossi nato nel vecchio Vadum Boum, il guado dei buoi, temo che i miei piedi sarebbero ancora umidi dalla bruma inglese!  Zoppio: Grice, le tue parole sono musica per il mio cuore! Bononia non solo asciuga i piedi, ma scalda anche lo spirito con la sua tradizione filosofica e la vivacità delle sue accademie. Qui, la conversazione è arte, e ogni disputa letteraria diventa festa di pensiero.  Grice: Proprio così, Zoppio! Le tue difese accese di Alighieri dimostrano come a Bologna la filosofia sappia dialogare con la poesia, elevando ogni parola. Mi affascina il tuo modo di difendere la grandezza di Dante e Petrarca: è segno che qui si respira cultura con ogni battito del cuore.  Z.: Grice, ti ringrazio! La nostra città insegna che il puntiglio può essere virtù, e la polemica un esercizio di profondità. Come dice il proverbio bolognese, “chi sa ascoltare sa rispondere”: così continuiamo la nostra conversazione, tra ragione e sentimento, senza mai perdere il gusto della disputa elegante! Zoppio, Girolamo (1554). Eneide. Bologna.

Melchiorre Zoppio (Bologna, Emilia) introduce la ragione conversationale alla scuola dell’universita piu antiqua d’Italia. Grice’s theory of reason-based conversational meaning insists that what a speaker means is fixed not by the bare semantic value of an utterance, nor by a theatrical “expression,” but by a structured complex of intentions whose recognition by the audience is meant to function as the audience’s reason for uptake; on that model, implicature is the rationally accountable surplus generated when a speaker counts on cooperative inference rather than explicit statement. Zoppio, as a Bolognese professor of moral philosophy and founder of the Accademia dei Gelati, looks at first like an author of literary personifications (Love, Death) and moralized dialogue, yet his Psafone trattato d’amore (Bologna, Sebastiano Bonomi, 1617) explicitly frames “amore humano, ragionevole, e civile” as something governed by the norms of discourse and by the split between “favellar” and “credere” (talking with them is one thing, believing with them another), thereby anticipating in ethical-rhetorical terms a distinction that Grice will later reconstruct with technical force as the gap between what is said and what is meant, and between mere causal effect and reason-giving recognition. The comparison, then, is that Zoppio embeds “ragione” in a humanistic practice of conversazione (academy talk, moral reflection, dramatic dialogue) where persuasion, decorum, and civil love are cultivated through exemplary speech, whereas Grice makes that civility theoretically sharp: conversational order is not just a social virtue but a rational mechanism in which audiences are entitled to infer beyond the uttered words precisely because speakers intend them to recognize intentions as reasons; Zoppio supplies the early-modern scene of “amore ragionevole” as a conversational art, while Grice supplies the analytical account of how that art works when it works, and why its failures (mere talk without warranted belief, mere rhetoric without reason) are philosophically diagnostic. Grice: “I like Z., but then I don’t like Shakespeare MUCH – Z’s characters are truly philosophical, such as “Love’ and “Death,’ and this was before Freud. Z., o anche Zoppi -- filosofo e drammaturgo italiano. S’addottora in filosofia a Bologna. Dopo aver insegnato logica a Macerata, tenne lezioni di filosofia morale a Bologna. Fonda la felsinea accademia dei gelati, Nell'ambito delle adunanze di tale accademia fa rappresentare varie opere drammatiche da lui stesso composte (L'Admeto, Medea esule, Creusa, Meandro). È in amichevoli rapporti epistolari con Lipsio ed è tenuto in onore da Papa Urbano. Consolatione di Z., filosofo morale, nella morte della moglie Olimpia Luna, Bologna, Bellagamba, Psafone trattato d'amore del Caliginoso Gelato il s. Z., nel quale secondo i poeti, e filosofi, ethnici, e profani scrittori, platonici, et altri, si discorre sopra le principali considerationi occorrenti nella materia dell'amore umano, ragionevole, e civile. Fantuzzi, Notizie degli scrittori bolognesi, Bologna. Vallieri, Z., in Dizionario biografico degli italiani, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Opere di Z., su MLOL, Horizons Unlimited. Opere di Z., , . PSAFONE # «TRATTATO «5 H D'AMORE fg m & rft »€r lungi da quella credenza, che noi illustrati dalla ferità confefifiamo; imper cioche altrove il favellar con loro , altro è il credei con loro . La feconda è, che perciòfìamo coftret- ti dyyfare i nomi frequentati da simil sorte filosofi , in quella ìfiejfa significazione che da essi tal'hor non cefi he ne intefa 3 & abufata fi leg^e ;ì quali per fodisfattione dell'orecchie più feue re sfaranno anco talvolta non con ogni approuatione addotti. Tu come odi mentou are Fortuna , Defililo 3 Infiuf- A 2 fo, 4 fo ,e fintili , di licenza ahnòme,& f enfia qualmente noi fiamo gouernati dalla prouida mano di Dio y & dalla libertà dell'arbitrio. Implicatura, love, amore, morte, death, gl’amanti, amante-amato, amore ragionevole.  St John’s, SCR, late afternoon. Zoppio: not because one needs yet another excuse to sit down, but because Bologna has a habit of printing its excuses, and Zoppio (1600) is a particularly shameless specimen. [blog.petit...aisance.it] There I was, sunk into the corner of the settee in the best-lit (and least draughty) corner of the SCR, propped up with cushions as if the whole arrangement were an Arts-and-Crafts conspiracy against productivity. A college servant had already done the only really strenuous part of scholarship, namely fetching from the overlarge stacks a book too large to be modern and too self-satisfied to be medieval; it arrived with the unobtrusive tone of domestic ritual. “Your reading, sir,” he said—or something near enough to that, the phrasing always varying just enough to preserve the fiction that we are not all repeating ourselves for a living. I rested the thing on my lap, where it belonged: an overgrown folio is not a book so much as a small piece of furniture, and furniture is meant to be sat with. I opened it and, as if the page had been waiting for me to supply an audience, found a title so long that it behaved like a procession in print. I began reading it aloud, partly because it was ridiculous and partly because the ridiculous is often where the historical evidence is most honest. “La montagna circea: torneamento nel passaggio della serenissima duchessa donna Margherita Aldobrandina, sposa del serenissimo Ranuccio Farnese, duca di Parma e Piacenza: festeggiato in Bologna a ventisette giugno milleseicento. In Bologna: presso gli heredi di Giovanni Rossi.” Mabbott, who had drifted into the neighbouring seat with the air of a man who intends not to be impressed, permitted himself a glance. “I suppose,” he said, “Oxford has never done anything quite like that.” “Never,” I said, “is a strong quantifier, Mabbott. It invites counterexample, which is why philosophers use it when they want a result without the labour.” He made the noise that meant: you are being difficult again, but I will play. “All right,” he said. “What is your criterion?” “The criterion,” I said, “is shameless explicitness. Bologna doesn’t merely hold a civic festivity; it prints the festivity, and it prints it under a title that refuses to be an abstract. The bibliographic record even tells you, with a sort of municipal pride, that this was for her entry into Bologna on 27 June 1600.” [blog.petit...aisance.it] Mabbott leaned in a little, and for a moment we were simply two tutors doing what tutors do: attending to a text as if attention were a moral virtue. “And you’re reading it,” he said, “because of Zoppio.” “Precisely,” I said. “Zoppio is meant to be our ‘conversazione’ man—academies, civility, discourse, ‘amore ragionevole,’ the whole humanistic apparatus. But here he is, in 1600, doing Bologna’s other trick: turning a political-social event into a printed artefact, as if civic order were something you could bind in boards. It is the public version of what I later try to do in the private, conversational version: make norms visible.” Mabbott smiled—minimally, but enough to count as affection in an SCR. “And Oxford?” he said. “Oxford,” I said, “would rather let the whole thing remain an implicature. We will have the ceremony, certainly. We may even have a pamphlet. But we will not allow the title to swell into a civic parade. We are embarrassed by amplitude. Bologna is not.” He took a sip—tea or brandy, whichever you like for the scene—and said, “If you want a counterexample, you’ll have to give me a day.” “Good,” I said. “Bring me tomorrow an Oxford analogue: an ‘entry’ or ‘passage’ of a great person, a civic day made textual. The only rule is that it must beat 1600, or at least pretend it can.” He raised an eyebrow. “So the criterion is designed to let Bologna win.” “Of course,” I said. “Rivalry is not war; it is the choice of an evaluative standard disguised as fairness.” Next day, he came back with a note or two—enough to show willing, not enough to turn him into an antiquary. “I can find Oxford ceremonial print,” he said, “but not earlier than yours, and not with that kind of baroque title.” I allowed myself the small pleasure of not gloating too openly. “Then Bononia remains Alma Mater,” I said, “and Vadum Boum remains the clever latecomer. Bologna prints its civic meaning; Oxford prefers to let meaning be recovered by inference. Which, if you think about it, is exactly why Zoppio belongs in my lap and not merely in your bibliography.”Grice: Carissimo Zoppio, lasciami dire che Bononia, con la sua eleganza e il suo stile raffinato, è sempre stata per me simbolo di vera grandezza accademica. La sua università, la più antica d’Italia, offre una statura che persino il mio adorato Vadum Boum – Oxford, che all’epoca era poco più che un guado per buoi – non può eguagliare. C’è una musicalità nel vostro parlare e una dignità nelle vostre adunanze che, lo confesso, mi fanno spesso rimpiangere di non essere nato bolognese!  Zoppio: Grice, le tue parole sono un piacere per l’animo! Non posso che ringraziarti per questo omaggio alla nostra Bononia, che da sempre cerca di unire la filosofia alla poesia, e la ragione alla fantasia. Se la nostra accademia dei gelati può vantare qualcosa, è il gusto per la conversazione arguta e il rispetto della tradizione. È vero: l’eleganza non si insegna, si respira nelle mura di questa città.  Grice: Ed è proprio nella tua opera, caro Zoppio, che si avverte questa raffinata fusione di amore e morte, ragione e sentimento. I tuoi drammi, come “Admeto” e “Medea esule”, rappresentano con profondità filosofica la condizione umana – e, prima di Freud, hai saputo cogliere con acume i tormenti degli amanti! La tua “Psafone” è una vera implicatura d’amore: ogni parola è una carezza, ogni concetto una meditazione.  Z.: Grice, sentire che il mio lavoro parli così alla tua sensibilità mi onora. Per me la filosofia non è mai stata solo logica, ma sempre anche cuore; il dialogo tra amante e amato, tra ragione e passione, è ciò che rende viva la nostra ricerca. Se Bononia ha qualcosa in più rispetto a Vadum Boum, è forse proprio la capacità di far incontrare la dottrina con la vita, senza mai perdere il senso dell’eleganza e dell’umano. Zoppio, Melchiorre (1600). La montagna circea: torneamento nel passaggio della sereniss. duchessa donna Margherita Aldobrandina, sposa del sereniss. Ranuccio Farnese, duca di Parma e Piacenza: festeggiato in Bologna à xxvij giugno 1600. Bologna: Rossi.

Francesco Zorzi (Venezia, Veneto) combina la ragione conversazionale coll’armonia del mondo.” Grice’s theory of reason-based conversational meaning locates what is meant not in cosmic symbolism or inherited correspondences, but in a rational structure of intention and uptake: S means p by uttering x only if S intends an audience to arrive at a response (typically belief) and intends that this response be produced through the audience’s recognition of that very intention, so that recognition functions as the hearer’s reason for acceptance; implicature, correspondingly, is what a rational hearer is entitled to infer given the cooperative organization of talk. Zorzi (Venezia, Veneto), by contrast, makes harmony itself the medium of intelligibility, treating meaning as the echo of a pre-established order: in De harmonia mundi totius cantica tria (Venezia, 1525), structured in three canticles (creatio, redemptio, restitutio), Francesco Giorgio Veneto (Francesco Zorzi) fuses Neoplatonism, Pythagorean proportion, and Christian kabbalah so that number, tone, and sacred language become the world’s deep grammar, a doctrine with practical ambitions that even spills into architecture (his 1535 memorandum for San Francesco della Vigna, aligning design with harmonic proportion). The contrast sharpens a useful Gricean point: where Zorzi’s “armonia del mondo” encourages the thought that signs and utterances work because they resonate with a metaphysical order already there to be read, Grice insists that the primary engine of meaning is interpersonal and inferential—an achievement of conversational reason, not a discovery of cosmic syntax; any “harmony” in Grice is thus a local, negotiated equilibrium among speakers’ purposes and hearers’ reason-guided interpretations, rather than the macrocosmic consonance of the universe. Grice: “For some reason, in the Veneto area they cannot pronounce the /dg/, which becomes /z/ as everyone who is familiar with Giorgone – as in Quine’s infamous example -- knows! My mother brought me C. of E. high, my father non-conformist would possibly have agreed with most of what Z. says about the cabbala!” Saggi: L'armonia del mondo. L'elegante, poema e commento, Maillard, Arché, Milano Paris. Onda, Le vicende costruttive della chiesa e del convento, Il progetto di Sansovino e il memoriale di Z.; La teoria ermetica di Z., La chiesa di S. Francesco della Vigna e il suo convento, Venezia, San Francesco della Vigna; Campanini, Le fonti dell’armonia del mondo di Z., Ca’Foscari; Campanini, La struttura simbolica dell’armonia del mondo di Z.; Argento, Il cardinale e l'architetto: Aleandro e il rinascimento adriatico, Apostrofo, Cremona. Zorzi is an interesting one, as a proof that, in Italy, they take the Hebrew language seriously. They call it a classic, even! I wish I had learned some all those years I boarded at Clifton – especially since I will later make use of ‘Fiat lux’! While the concept of ‘harmonia mundi’ may claim a Judaeo-Christian heritage, as the Italians put it – a heritage they lack! --, it is *so easy* to reconstruct the ‘harmonia mundi’ in purely Aryan, that is, Pythagorean terms! The root of ‘mundo’ are complex enough, and the English language lacks the concept, preferring vir-hood, ‘world,’ instead. ‘Harmonia’ is possibly so hellenic that CICERONE never cared to find the proper Roman indigenous cognate. De harmonia mundi totius cantica tria – three canticles on the harmony of the entire world. The essay’s organization is based on three main canticles, each dedicated to a different theological subject. The references to tones are tied to Z/s muscal and kabbalistic theories, which he uses to build his argument about cosmic harmony. The text is organized into three canticles. Canticle I os on God – Deus – Creatio. Armonia del mondo, armonia conversazonale.  Grice: Caro Zorzi, lasciami dire che, da pianista, conosco profondamente quella scala completa che tu suoni, l’ottava piena; ogni nota vibra in me come un tocco al cuore. È sorprendente come la tua “armonia del mondo” riesca a legare la musica alla filosofia, creando una melodia che parla, non solo alla mente, ma anche all’anima. Zorzi: Grice, mi onora sentirlo! Per me, l’armonia non è soltanto una struttura musicale, ma un vero principio che governa il mondo. La filosofia, la musica, persino la cabala si intrecciano per rivelare un senso più profondo, dove ogni nota, ogni pensiero, trova il suo posto nell’universo. Il tuo sentire da pianista è la testimonianza che l’armonia si manifesta ovunque ci sia sensibilità. Grice: È proprio questa universalità che mi affascina! Spesso, studiando la filosofia come un gioco di idee e di parole, dimentichiamo che la vera saggezza sta nel saper cogliere la bellezza del tutto: come in una sonata, ogni tema si sviluppa e ritorna, arricchito, alla sua origine. La tua visione mi ricorda che “la vita è una musica” – e ogni filosofia, un’interpretazione. Z.: Hai colto l’essenza, Grice! L’armonia del mondo è dialogo e ascolto, come una conversazione che si fa canto. Se riusciamo a far risuonare le corde giuste, allora la filosofia diventa poesia, e la musica una riflessione. Ti ringrazio: il tuo sguardo e la tua nota aggiungono profondità a questa sinfonia che, come dice il proverbio, “chi sa ascoltare, sa comprendere.” Zorzi, Francesco (1525). De harmonia mundi totius cantica tria. Venezia: Vitali

Enrico Castelli Gattinara di Zubiena (Torino, Piemonte) -- filosofa sulla ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura demoniaca, corpi e corpi, filosofia fascista.” Simbolo, parabola. Grice’s reason-based theory of conversational meaning treats what is meant as something essentially answerable to reasons: a speaker means p by producing an utterance with the intention that the hearer come to believe p (or otherwise respond), and that the hearer’s route to that response essentially runs through recognizing that very intention as a reason for uptake; implicature, on this picture, is not a shadowy surplus but a rationally recoverable consequence of cooperative expectations. Castelli Gattinara di Z, (“Zubiena”), by contrast, is drawn to the zones where reason meets what he names the demoniaco, not as a merely irrational residue but as a symbolic and historical pressure on intelligibility, staged through iconography, parabola, and the crises of modernity that his Roman institutions were built to address (Archivio di Filosofia, founded; the Colloqui Castelli, initially focused on demitizzazione). If Grice explains how meaning is generated by publicly recognizable intentions within a cooperative economy of reasons, Zubiena probes how the very space of “recognition” can be distorted by mythic or demonic figures that function less like detachable contents than like frameworks of interpretation; his Il demoniaco nell’arte is exemplary here, treating the demonic as a philosophical problem of representation rather than an occult add-on. The comparison therefore sharpens a limit-case: Grice’s implicature is calculable because conversational rationality is the default norm, whereas Zubiena’s “implicatura demoniaca” (as your trope has it) names what happens when symbols and historical pathologies bend or hijack that norm, so that what is “meant” may still be inferentially approached but no longer underwrites the same confidence that intention-recognition will function as a stable, shared reason. Grice: “Perhaps without knowing it, Z. has explored a crucial concept in Graeco-Roman philosophy, that of ‘daimone,’ ‘il demoniaco,’ as Z. calls it, focusing on its iconography. One may call Z. the Italian Parkinson. Like Parkinson, Z. edits a volume on ‘semantics.’ I would also call him the Italian A Flew. Like Flew, Z. edits a volume on “Language and philosophy.” Z. bears what Italians, and everybody else, for that matter, call a ‘topographical’ cognomen. ‘Zubiena,’ being a comune nella provincia di Biella, Piemonte. Insegna a Roma. Fonda l'archivio di filosofia e organizza i colloqui Castelli. Z. should have called these colloquia the Z. colloquia, incontri che riuniscono filosofi per discutere temi diversi. Vicino all'esistenzialismo, Z. parte da una posizione spiritualista. Si caratterizza per uno stile filosofico dal tratto auto-biografico. Si interessa di temi legati al rapporto tra RAGIONE, arte, e religione. Introduce il dibattito sulla de-mitizzazione. In general, since Evola, Italian philosophers should know better, and avoid the Greek or Hellenic mystic concept of the ‘mythos’ and replace it for the very relatable one of ‘legend.’ In Z. convergono suggestioni tratte da Agostino, Kierkegaard, Šestov, e Heidegger, in una ricerca volta a delineare una filosofia della storia italiana sulla base della considerazione del concetto di peccato – ‘that Cicerone lacked’ Grice.  Nei colloqui Z. convenneno filosofi di rilievo della scena fenomenologica ed ermeneutica. Vi fanno la loro comparsa Gouhier, Breton, Brun, Bruaire, Tilliette, Lacan, Ricœur, Lévinas, Ellul, Argan, Starobinski, Benveniste, Eco  Scholem, Vahanian, e Giannini . Z. prende il suo posto, come organizzatore dei colloqui e direttore dell'archivio di filosofia, Olivetti. Panikkar e suo grande amico e collaboratore. Simbolo, parabola; diavolo; l’individuo e lo stato, la corporazione, demonio, vita beata, Flew, Parkinson, implicature demoniache.  G.: Caro Zubiena, devo dirti che grazie alla tua attenzione per le novità provenienti dalla terra dei barbari, dalla Sorbona e da Vadum Boum, mi sono sempre sentito il benvenuto! È raro trovare un filosofo italiano che, con orecchie ben aperte, sappia intercettare i venti del pensiero europeo e renderli parte di una conversazione viva e ospitale. Z.: Professore, è un piacere sentirlo! Credo che la filosofia debba sempre essere una finestra sull'altro, una continua apertura verso ciò che ci sorprende e ci mette in discussione. I colloqui che organizzo a Roma nascono proprio con questo spirito: mettere insieme le voci più diverse e lasciarci contaminare, senza timore di perdere la nostra identità. G.: Ecco, proprio questa tua impostazione mi affascina. In fondo, il dialogo filosofico è come una parabola: si parte da un punto, poi si attraversano simboli, suggestioni e persino demoni – quelli interiori e quelli storici – per poi ritornare, arricchiti, al cuore della ragione italiana. La tua filosofia della storia, con l’accento sul peccato e la demitizzazione, è un esempio brillante di questo percorso. Zubiena: Grice, le tue parole mi motivano. Pensare al demoniaco, o come dici tu al daimone, significa proprio abbracciare la complessità della nostra esperienza. Solo così, tra corpo, arte e religione, possiamo tracciare una via autentica per la filosofia italiana, sempre con lo sguardo rivolto al futuro ma radicati in una tradizione viva. Zubiena, Enrico Castelli Gattinara di (1947). Filosofia e religione. Milano: Bocca.

Giuseppe Zuccante (Grancona, Vicenza, Veneto). In Z., l’implicatura conversazionale incontra la ragione. Grice’s substantive theory of reason-based conversational meaning begins from the claim that what a speaker means is not exhausted by signs or codes but is grounded in a rational structure of intention-recognition: for S to mean p by uttering x, S intends an audience to arrive at a response (typically belief) and intends that this response be produced via the audience’s recognition of that very intention, so that uptake is not mere causal impact but a reason for the hearer. Set against that, Zuccante, the storico della filosofia and interpreter of empiricism and moral psychology (professore di storia della filosofia at the Accademia scientifico-letteraria di Milano; works include Saggi filosofici; La dottrina della coscienza morale nello Spencer; La storia della filosofia e i rapporti suoi colla storia della coltura e della civiltà; Fra il pensiero antico e il moderno; Socrate; Mill e l’utilitarismo; Uomini e dottrine; Aristotele e la morale; figures as a complementary, historically minded foil: where Grice analyzes how implicature “meets reason” at the micro-level of conversational exchange (the inferential route from what is said to what is meant), Zuccante treats reason as something traced longitudinally through traditions (from the Lizio/Peripatos through modern empiricism), emphasizing how philosophical intelligibility depends on the cultivation, transmission, and vernacular accessibility of rational forms; thus Z.’s “ragione” is the diachronic discipline that makes a culture capable of understanding Aristotle, Spencer, or Mill, while Grice’s “ragione conversazionale” is the synchronic discipline that makes a single utterance mean what it does because the hearer can rationally recognize, and respond to, the speaker’s intention. Grice: “It amazes me to note the influence of the English empiricists on Italian culture, when they have monsters of their own! Z. has read Aristotle, and unlike many other than the great three – Bologna, Sorbona, Oxford – in the vernacular! At Oxford, it would be unthinkable to have a professor professing on the big history of philosophy! In retrospect, I wonder why I did use Hardie’s notes on the Ethica nichomachea, when Z. wrote his own!” Storico italiano della filosofia Grancona, Vicenza. Professore di storia della filosofia nella r. accademia scientifico-letteraria di Milano, poi trasformata in facoltà di filosofia. S’occupa soprattutto di positivismo e di filosofia antica. Le sue principali opere sono: Saggi filosofici; La dottrina della coscienza morale in Spencer;  Fra la filosofia antica e la moderna; Socrate; Mill e l’utilitarismo; Uomini e dottrine; Il LIZIO e la morale, La storia della filosofia e i rapporti suoi colla storia della coltura e della civiltà. Zuccante is a good representative of the school of Milano – which postdated that of Bologna. While Oxford does not have  chair in the history of philosophy, this is exactly the title of his cathedra in this newish university: “professore di storia della filosofia.” Such a chair would be unthinkable today, as the area is divided into ancient philosophy, mediaeval philosophy, modern philosophy, and contemporary philosophy – and as different from a course on the storiography of philosophy, on which the Italians excel. Z.’s interest in empiricism can be thus seen as Z. searching for the longitudinal unitity between, say, il ‘Lizio,’ as the Italians referred to the Lycaeum, and those philosophers who were Zuccan’tes contemporaries. storia, della filosofia, analisi, Grice on Hardie on Eth. Nic., Grice, ethica, psychologia, joint seminars at Oxford by Grice, Austin, and Hare, on the Eth. Nic. – for Lit. Hum., Greek mandatory! – that Strawson could not attend! Grice: Caro Zuccante, mi colpisce sempre la tua attenzione per la storia della filosofia: a Milano avete dato valore a una cattedra che a Oxford sarebbe impensabile! Da noi, l'antica e la moderna si separano nettamente, mentre tu cerchi l'unità tra il Lizio e i pensatori contemporanei. Zuccante: Professore, la ringrazio. In Italia la storia della filosofia è vista come un ponte tra la cultura e la civiltà. Ho sempre creduto che leggere Aristotele in volgare, e non solo in latino o greco, aiuti a riportare la filosofia vicino alle persone, alla loro esperienza quotidiana. Grice: È un approccio che trovo affascinante! Da noi, per le humaniores, il greco era obbligatorio, ma forse ci siamo persi la dimensione più viva e conversazionale. Mi incuriosisce il tuo interesse per il positivismo e l’empirismo: come li intrecci con la tradizione italiana? Z.: Bella domanda! Per me, l'empirismo inglese è una lente utile, ma va sempre filtrato attraverso la coscienza morale italiana—quella che ho indagato in Spencer e Mill. La filosofia, in fondo, è una conversazione continua tra esperienze, lingue e civiltà: il dialogo, come dicevi tu, non si ferma mai. Zuccante, Giuseppe (1854). Pensieri filosofici. Venezia: Antonelli.

Ludovico Zuccolo (Faenza, Ravenna, Romagna). Con Z. troviamo la perfetta combinazione tra ragione conversazionale, la lingua perfetta della Repubblica di San Marino e la filosofia italiana. Z. and Grice line up neatly if we treat Zuccolo as a sign/theory-of-state utopian and Grice as a theorist of reason-based conversational meaning—with the contrast turning on where each locates the binding force of “meaning.” Z. writes from within an Italian civic and institutional imagination of signs: his Dialoghi include Belluzzo ovvero della città felice, an idealized celebration of San Marino as “felice” chiefly because it preserves libertà; and, strikingly, he treats political stability as tied to distribution—arguing that rapid population growth becomes governable only through a more equable partition of wealth. Even his famous Della ragion di stato (embedded as “oracolo XI” in the Considerazioni politiche e morali sopra cento oracoli, turns on the autonomy of political prudence: “ragion di stato” is not merely lawbreaking, but whatever conserves a form of government. In that setting, “segno” is never merely semantic: it is public, regulative, and implicitly constitutional—something like the currency of a republic, whose circulation presupposes shared uptake and civic discipline. Grice, by contrast, radicalizes meaning by relocating it inside the rational micro-structure of a conversational exchange. Where Z. is attracted to the sign as a public artifact (the sign as a thing in the republic), Grice’s “meaning” is a reason-governed transaction between minds: for S to mean by uttering , S intends (i) that A form some response (typically belief), (ii) that A recognize S’s intention, and (iii) that this recognition function as A’s reason for the response. That “reason condition” is the substantive pivot: it is not enough that an effect occur, nor even that an intention exist; the intention must be recognizable as such and must rationally ground the audience’s uptake. Hence Grice can “underrate signs” in the semiotic sense and still be deeply committed to a discipline of signification—because the explanatory work, for him, is done not by the sign’s public status but by the inferential accountability of speaker and hearer under cooperative rational constraints. So the difference can be put sharply: Zuccolo politicizes signification (signs as elements in a civic order—San Marino as a “city” that holds together through shared norms, including distributive ones), while Grice psychologizes and rationalizes signification (meaning as a complex of intentions whose recognition supplies reasons). Yet they can be made to meet: Zuccolo’s “patto” image for a perfect civic language anticipates, at the macro-level, what Grice supplies at the micro-level—namely, that communication is sustained not by brute codes but by mutually recognizable norms of reasonableness that make uptake answerable. Grice: “I was called a cavalier at Oxford when I gave my lecture to the Oxford Philosophical Society on ‘meaning,’ underrating ‘signs’ on which Z. has written bunches of stuff! There is indeed a continuous Italian tradition of philosophers who JUST philosophized on, as I prefer, ‘the sign’: Fusinieri, Marzolo, Ferrero, Marchesini, Cairo – and, why not, Mussolini!” Autore di un discorso della ragione del numero del verso italiano, dove afferma il principio dell'unificazione dell'accento e della quantità, dei dialoghi, in uno dei quali, Belluzzo ovvero della città felice, Z. critica l'utopia di Moro e delinea uno stato ideale, celebrando la libertà di San Marino. In altri, egli mette in luce il rapporto tra ri-partizione della ricchezza e aumento della popolazione, sostenendo che alle difficoltà inerenti al rapido crescere di quest’ultima può rimediarsi solo attraverso una perequata distribuzione della prima. Il suo Della ragione di stato, Considerazioni politiche e morali sopra cento oracoli d'illustri personaggi. Præfertim considerantur; imperij Romani robur, ergo ex caufa argumentum poterat coniunge Galenus, Satyr. Deconiect. cuiufquemorib. et cetera nus, confirmaremque ipsum, si muliercorum spectaculorum curiosa fuisset, ac frequens. Hecitafubijcere voluideobfer uatione, et iudicio Galeni: cetera, qua ex ea demnostra methodo ad ijcip ot erant, quisque potest per se facilè negocio deducere. Interim nos finem imponamus huicquarte curatoriorum partis, qua græcè Symioticè, nobis DE SIGNIS dicitur, in duo membra secatur. Primum inquirit mores. Secundum latitantes affectus. Indago procedittum ex causis, tum ex affectibus consequentibus, quos SIGNA dicamus peculiariter sumpto figninomine. Ad si ex causis, et SIGNIS progressus iungantur, certior investigatio euadit. segno, significare, de signis, Grice, Meaning, conventional sign, artificial sign, natural sign, lingua utopica. Dell’ideale repubblicano. Grice: Caro Zuccolo, confesso che a Oxford mi chiamarono “cavalier” quando parlai di meaning: avevo quasi liquidato i signs, proprio mentre tu—con ammirevole ostinazione italiana—li prendi sul serio, de signis e tutto il resto. Z.: Con simpatia, Professore: in Italia il segno non è un accessorio, è una disciplina. E se si sogna una lingua perfetta—anche solo come utopia civile, alla San Marino—bisogna sapere che cosa rende un segno “naturale”, “artificiale”, o “convenzionale”. Grice: Ecco il punto che mi diverte: il mio “meaning” nasce da intenzioni e riconoscimenti, ma tu mi ricordi che la tradizione—da Fusinieri e Marzolo fino alle nostre bizzarrie moderne—ha già trattato il segno come cosa pubblica, quasi politica. Una lingua perfetta non è soltanto un codice: è un patto. Zuccolo: Appunto: e un patto, per reggere, chiede anche giustizia. Nei miei dialoghi (pensi a Belluzzo) la ripartizione della ricchezza non è moralismo: è condizione di stabilità. Così anche la lingua: senza una “perequazione” dei segni—accessibili e condivisi—la repubblica parla, ma non conversa davvero. Zuccolo, Ludovico (1608). Il Gradenico. Dialogo nel quale si discorre contra l’amor platonico, et a longo si ragiona di quello del Petrarca. Bologna: Bellagamba.

 

 

 

POSTILLA

 

This study, aptly titled “Così bella implicatura, Grice!”, has deliberately taken the form of a conversazione rather than a linear exposition, not by accident but as a methodological homage to Grice himself; it has sought to put into practice his repeated insistence on the latitudinal unity of philosophy—where ethics, metaphysics, logic, and language stand or fall together, like virtue, which is entire—and on the longitudinal unity of his own work, whose continuity lies in the patient demonstration that reason operates most fruitfully in and through conversation. In this sense, the inquiry has tried to show, by doing rather than by declaring, what Grice meant when he treated conversational reasoning as an activity rather than a doctrine, something to be exercised over time and across topics, in the spirit of Galileo’s and Collingwood’s shared insight that understanding advances by conversando rather than by proclamation. If the result has occasionally wandered, doubled back, or lingered over apparently marginal details, that too has been intentional, for it is precisely in such movements that implicature does its quiet work. Above all, the process has proved both fruitful and genuinely enjoyable, confirming Grice’s conviction that philosophical clarity need not come at the expense of wit, pleasure, or intellectual companionship, and that reasoning conducted in good conversational faith can be as rigorous as it is humane.

 

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Grice e Agilo: la setta di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Crotone). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico di Calcide (“Vita di Pitagora”), a Pythagorian. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Agilo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Agostino: la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale della GIVSTIZIA.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Agresta: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Agrippa: la ragione conversazionale a Roma.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Agrippa: la dedicatoria -- Roma – filosofia italiana – . Filosofo italiano. All that is known of THIS A. is that Giamblico of Calcide dedicates an essay to him, and he is assumed to have been a follower. Agrippa. Keywords: Grice ed Agrippa. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Agrippino: il principe contro il portico – Nerone sotto il portico -- Roma – filosofia italiana – . Filosofo italiano A member of the opposition from the Porch to the prince NERONE As a result, A. is banished from the whole territory of Italy. Quinto Paconio Agrippino.  Keywords: Grice ed Agrippino.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aigone: la setta di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Crotone). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico di Calcide (“Vita di Pitagora”), Aigon was a Pythagorian. Grice: “Italians cannot pronounce ‘/ai/’ so trust if Alighieri – and the Crusca – refer to this as ‘Egone’. Aigone. Keywords: Grice ed Aigone. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Grice e Airaudi: la RAGIONE CONVERSAZONALE e la citta della verità eterna.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ajello: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Albani: la RAGIONE CONVERSAZONALE del proto-pirotese al deutero-esperanto.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Grice e Alberti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, il demonio, la demoniologia, gl’illusioni.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Grice e Alberti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della thoscana senz’autore.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.) ‘Grice e Albertini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della CONFEDERAZIONE DI ROMOLO  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Grice e Albino: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della dialettica citata da BOEZIO.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Albino – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. According to an inscription found in Rome, A. holds high public office, and is also a philosopher – “which should surprse some” (Grice). Strawson: “More than my obituary of Grice for the Times as ‘professional philosopher and amateur cricketer” surprised its readershiip!” – Nome compiuito: Cionio Rufo Albino. Roma. Grice ed Albino. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Gric e Alboini: la ragione conversazionale conversazionale. Logica. Imposition is meaning. Position, thesei. NICOLETTI. Studia a Padova.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Albucio: la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “An orator and a pupil of Papirio Fabiano . He appears to include regularly philosophical arguments and allusions in the speeches he makes on behalf of clients.” Albucio Silo. Keywords: rettorica, Grice d Albucio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Grice e Albucio: l’orto a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). FIlosofo italiano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Grice e Alcia: la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana – Lugi Speranza (Metaponto). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico di Calcide (“Vita di Pitagora”), A. was a Pythagorian. Alcia. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Alcia. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.) ‘Grice e Alciati: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazaionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Grice e Alcimaco: la setta di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Crotone). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico di Calcide (“Vita di Pitagora”), a pupil of Pythagoras. Exiled from Crotone when the local population rose against the Pythagoreans. His subsequent fate is unknown. Alcimaco. Grice ed Alcimaco. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Grice e Alcio: i due ortelani -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. One of the two philosophers following what the Italians call the “Orto” (the Garden) – the other was FILISCO  – expelled from Rome back to where they came from – Athens --  *before* the infamous embassy. Alcio. Grice ed Alcio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Grice e Alcmeone: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Crotone.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Alderotti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Grice e Alessandro: il lizio a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “I was surprised by the number of very patriotic Roman philoosphers who bore Hellenistic names – a favourite one being ‘Alexandros,’ the defender of men!” -- Filosofo italiano. A member of the Lizio, the friend and teacher of Marco Licinio Crasso. According to Plutarco, A. lives a very modest life and shows a great indifference towards material possessions, behaving more like a member of the Portico than the Lizio. Alessandro. Grice ed Alessandro. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Grice e Alessandro: Gl’ortelani -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “I was surprised when I started the serious study of ancient Roman philosophy at the Sub-Faculty of Literae Humaniores at Oxford, to find that most Roman philosophers bore Hellenistic names – a very popular one being ‘Alessandro,’ literally, the defender of men!” -- A philosopher of the Orto, and friend of Plutarco. He may have been the same person as Tito Flavio Alessandro, a sophist and father of another sophist, Tito Flavio Phoenix. Tito Flavio Alessandro. Alessandro. Grice ed Alessandro. Alessandro – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “It is somewhat ironic for the Roman people, so patriotic, to make the VERY Hellensitic name ‘Alexandros,’ literally ‘defender of men,’ to popular!” --A public official honoured as a philosopher. Appio Alessandro. Alessandro. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Alesaandro. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Grice e Alessandro: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “The Romans could be an odd lot – very patriotic; but when it came to naming their offspring, they would not hesitate to give them a Hellenstic name, like Alexandros, Greek for ‘protector of men’!” All that is known of A. is a funerary inscription found in Rome identifying him as a philosopher belonging to The Porch. Tiberio Claudio Alessandro. Alessandro. Keywords: porticus. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Alessandro. Alessandro: gl’animali a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “Alessandro’s mother was Hellensitic, hence his nickname, Alessandro. The Ancient Greek first name Alexandros – from which the name Alexander is derived, has a profound and powerful etymology. It is composed of two Greek words: alexein, meaning ‘to ward off, keep off, turn away, defend, or protect. And Andros, the genitive form of aner, meaning ‘man’ or ‘warrior Therefore. Alexandros literally translates to ‘defender of men, or ‘protector of mankind. This meaning gained widespread recognition and significance through Alexander the Great, the king of Macedon, whose military conquests spread Greek culture and the name throught the ancient world.” He is discussed by Filone, in connection th problems concerning providence and the nature of animals. He pursues a career n public and military life. Tiberio Giulio Alessandro. Alessandro. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Gice ed Alessandro. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Grice e Alessandro: il tutore di Nerone -- Roma – filosofia italiana – Luig Speranza (Roma). Di Egea, he was a member of the Lizio and tutor to NERONE for a time. He writes a commentary on the Categories of Aristotle, but Nerone wasn’t interested “And that’s how Seneca comes into the picture” – Grice. Alessandro. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Alessandro,”  Alessandro: la filosofia dello schiavo -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Grice: “When I started the serious study of philosophy at Oxford – at the Faculty of Literae Humaniores – it was all Epictetus; however, I found that my sensitivity leaned rather towards the philosophical opinions of Alessandro Polyhistor – another slave. Unlike Epictetus, Alessandro was not freed, but escaped!” -- He started life as a slave, but was later freed (or escaped). He goes on to teach philosophy. Alessandro Polyhistor. Grice ed Alessandro. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Alfandari: la ragione conversazionale e le implicature del deutero-esperanto.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Alfieri: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di LVCREZIO, il filosofo repubblicano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Alfonso: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Algarotti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Alici: la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale RECIPROCA.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Alighieri: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aliotta: all’isola: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’esperienza.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Grice e Allegretti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della colloquenza.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Grice e Allievo: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Allioni: la RAGIONE CONVERSAZONALE del pirotese e del deutero-esperanto.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Grice e Alminusa: all’isola – la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei nobili siciliani.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Alopeco: la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana – Lugi Speranza (Metaponto). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico di Calcide (“Vita di Pitagora”), Alopeco was a Pythagorean. Alopeco. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Alopeco. Speranza, J. L. (n.d.) Grice e Altan: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei soggeti -- simbolo, valore, ermeneutica antropologica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Grice e Alvarotti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale retorica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Grice e Amaduzzi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Grice e Amafinio: la ragione conversazionale all’orto a Roma.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Grice e Ambrogio: la ragione conversazionale degl’Aurelij e l’implicatura conversazionale di SEBASTIANE.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Grice e Ambrosoli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ameinia: la setta di Velia alla porta rossa  -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Velia). Filosofo italiano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Amelio: la setta di Firenze -- Roma – filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ammicarto: la setta di Velia alla porta rossa -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Velia). Filosofo italiano. Nothing is known about him except for one single reference by Proclo, in which he is commended for his skills in a style of dialectic associated with Parmenide di Velia. Ammicarto. Grice, “Grice ed Ammicarto. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Amico: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Amidei: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del leviatano.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Anassilao: il principe filosofo -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean who is expelled from the whole territory of Italy by OTTAVIANO . PLINIO  Maggiore quotes his views on the use of hemlock, which A. believed may be effectively rubbed on adolescent girls’s breasts to make them permanently firm, but also on adolescent boys’s testicles to lower their libido. Anassilao. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Anassilao. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Grice ed Anceschi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del senso.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Grice e Andrea: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Andria: la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Angeli: la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). Angiulli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della dialettica della dialettica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Anici: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale classica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Anioco: la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Metaponto). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean according to Giamblico. Anioco. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Anioco. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Annunzio: la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Antemio: il principe filosofo -- l’accademia a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. One of the last of the Roman emperors. He studies philosophy and becomes acquainted with a number of members of the Accademia. He is made emperor, but dies V years later when trying to defend Rome from attack. Antemio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Antemio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Antimedon: la setta di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Crotone). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico di Calcide (“Vita di Pitagora”), Antimedon was a Pythagorian. Antimedon. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Antimedon.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Antimede: la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma –filosofia italiana –  (Metaponto). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico di Calcide (“Vita di Pitagora”), Antimenes was a Pythagorian. Antimede. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Antimede. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Antipater: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. He teaches  philosophy and is responsible for introducing CATONE Minore to the Portico. He writes an essay on physics in which he portrays the whole world as a single living rational being – with its intelligence located in the aether. Antipater. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Antipater. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Antiseri: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei SOLIDALI.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Antoni: la ragione conversazionale. Studia a Bologna.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Antonini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Antonino: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’ imperare.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Antonio – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A friend of Porfirio. It is assumed that he shared his friend’s interest in philosophy and perhaps also became a student of Plotino. Antonio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Antonio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aosta: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di dio in gioco, semantica e sovversione.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Apella: la scessi a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. According to Diogene Laerzio, a follower of the Scesi and writes an essay entitled “Agrippa.” Apella. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Apella. Apelle: il pentateismo a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A gnostic who advances a complicated theology claimed by Ippolito di Roma to postulate *five* and five only gods. Keyword: pentateismo. Apelle. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Apelle. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Apollonide: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A member of the Porch, and a friend and companion of CATONE  Minore. He is present at the latter’s death. Apollonide. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Apollonide. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Apollonide: la scessi a Roma –filosofia italiana –  (Nizza). Filosofo italiano. He writes commentaries on lampoons composed by Timone di Flio and dedicates them to TIBERIO, the prince of Rome. He is presumably a member of the Scessi himself. Apollonide. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Apollonide. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Apollonio: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  ( Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Apollonio: il tutore del principe -- il portico a Roma  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Apollonio: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). FIlosofo italiano. He belongs to the Porch and teaches in Rome. Apollonio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Apollonio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Apollofane: l’orto a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. He is in Pergamo, and sent on a mission to Rome on the city’s behalf. A follower of the Garden. Apollofane. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Apollofane. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Apuleio: Roma antica – filosofia italiana – . He studies in Rome, where he practices as a lawyer. Apuleio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Apuleio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aquila: LA ragione conversazionale. Rhetoricos [)etis longioris moræ  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aquilino – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). A philosopher of considerable learning and eloquence. In Rome, he debates with members of the Accademia of his day, although it is unclear what his own philosophical views are. He is a close friend of FRONTONE . Giulio Aquilino. Aquilino. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Aquilino. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aquino: la ragione conversazionale: ponite omnem spem, o quicunque intratis.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aquino: la ragione conversationale – filosofia italiana –  (Bologna). Bologna, Emilia Romagna.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aquino: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della teoria dell’intenzione.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aquino: LA ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Arangio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del colloquio – la scuola di Napoli  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Arato: Roma antica -- filosofia italiana –  (Roma).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Arcais: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Arcea: la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Taranto). Filosofo italiano. He is cited by Giamblico in his “Vita di Pitagora” as a follower of the sect that originated in Crotone. Arcea. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Arcea. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Archedemo: all’isola -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Siracusa). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean and a pupil of ARCHITA  di Taranto. He becomes a friend of PLATONE, and accommodates him for a while at his home. Senocrate wrote a saggio entitled “Archedemo; ovvero, della giustizia” which refers to him. Archedemo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Archedemo,” , Villa .   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Archemaco: la diaspora di Roma – filosofia italiana –  ( Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Archibugi: la ragione conversazionale  e l’implicatura conversazionale della PAX ROMANA.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Archippo: il principe filosofo -- Roma antica -- filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A correspondent of PLINIO  Minore, pleads exemption from jury service on the grounds that “he is a philosopher” and produces a letter from DOMIZIANO testifying to that fact, and to his good character. It emerges later that A. had previously been sentenced to hard labour in the mines for forgery, which might cast some doubt on the authenticity of the letter. Although some were keen to see him back in the mines, he is generally popular. Archippo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco, “Grice ed Archippo,”   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Archippo: la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Taranto). Filosofo italiano. A follower of Pythagoras. While living in Crotone, he nearly lost his life when those opposed to the Pythagoreans set fire to a house in which he was attending a meeting. Archippo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Archippo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Archita: l’implicatura conversazionale della colomba -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Taranto). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico di Calcide, a pupil of Pythagoras. According to Suda, A. teaches Empedocle di GIRGENTI , which is IMPOSSIBLE – But the reference may be to THIS Archita, who also seems to have come from Taranto, although some question whether such an individual exists. Archita. Refs. , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Archita. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Arcidiacono: all’isola: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della sintropia – entropia ed informazione.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Arco: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della GRAVITAS.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ardigò: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Arena: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei nudi.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aresandro: la setta di Lucania -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Lucania). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico di Calcide, a Pythagorean. Aresandro. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Aresandro. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aresa: la setta di Crotone -- Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Argentieri: la ragione conversazionale e il deutero-esperanto.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ario e la ragione conversazionale. Tutore di filosofia d’OTTAVIANO, che lo stima talmente tanto che, dopo la conquista di Alessandria, dichiara d’aver risparmiato la città solo pel bene d’Ario. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Arione: la setta di Locri -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Locri). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean visited by Platone. Arione. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Arione” Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aristea: la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Metaponto). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico di Calcide (“Vita di Pitagora”), Aristea was a Pythagorean. Aristea. GriceLuiigi Speranza, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Aristea. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aristeneto – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Nizza). Filosofo italiano. A pupil of Plutarco. Aristeteneto. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Aristeneto Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aristeo: la setta di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aristide: la setta di Reggio -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Reggio). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico di Calcide (“Vita di Pitagora”), Aristide was a Pythagorean. Aristide. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Aristide. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aristippo: la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Taranto). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico di Calcide (“Vita di Pitagora”), Aristippo was a Pythagorean. Aristippo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Aristippo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aristo – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. He specialised in legal philosophy. Plinio  Minore describes him as a man of great wisdom, and superior in virtue to all the philosophers of his time. Aristo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Aristo, Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aristo – Roma –filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. The brother of Antioco and a friend of Brutus. Aristu was said to hae been an inferior philosopher to his brother, but a wholly admirable individual. Aristo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Aristo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aristocleida: la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Taranto). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico of Calcide (“Vita di Pitagora”),  a Pythagorean. Aristocleida. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Aristocleida. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aristocle: il Lizio a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A member of the Lizio, studied at Rome under Erode Attico. Tito Claudio Aristocle. Aristocle. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Aristocle. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aristocrate – Roma – filosofia italiana. –  – Filosofo italiano. Regarded as an accomplished philosopher, a man of great learning, and someone who lead a pious life. A puil of Lucio Anneo Cornuto and a friend of both Persio and Agatino. Petronio Aristocrate. Aristocrate. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Aristocrate. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aristocrate: la setta di Reggio -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Reggio). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico di Calcide, Arisocrate was a Pythagorean. Aristocrate. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Aristocrate. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aristodoro: all’isola -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Siracusa). Filosofo italiano. Aristodoro was the recipient of the tenth letter of Platone – but we do not if he responded to it. In the letter, Plato credits Aristodor as being a “philosopher” himself. Aristodoro. Refs. , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Aristodoro. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aristomene: la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Metaponto). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico di Calcide (“Vita di Pitagora”), Aristomene was a Pythagorean. Arostomene. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Aristomene,” Aristone – Roma – filosofia italiana – Filosofia del principtao --  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A philosopher at Rome, attached to the household of Marco Lepido. According to Seneca, A. used to engage in philosophical discussions when travelling around in a carriage, leading a wit to observe that he was obviously not a ‘peripatetic.’ Aristone. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Aristone. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aristone: la setta di Ceo -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Ceos). Filosofo italiano. Ariston of Julii after the town on Ceos. Aristone. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Aristone. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aristosseno e LA ragione conversazionale. How to live the good life.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Armetta: all’isola – FILOSOFO SICILIANO, NON ITALIANO. La ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del dialogo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Arnoufi – Roma – filosofia italiana – . (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A philosopher. His talents extended to magic. He conjured up a storm for the Romans at a time when they were short of water. Arnoufi. Grice, “Grice ed Arnoufi. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Arriano: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Scolaro di Epitteto. Lucio Flavio Arriano. Arriano. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Arriano. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Arrighetti: la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Artemidoro – Roma – filosofia italiana – . Filosofo italiano. Expelled from Rome. A close friend of Plinio Minore, who admired him greatly and supported him after he was one of the philosophers expelled from Rome. Plinio describes him as a s a man of sincerity and integrity, as someone ho lived a frugal and disciplined life, and as someone who faded physical hardship with indifference. Artemidoro. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Artemidoro. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aruleno: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Padova). Filosofo italiano. Abstract: Grice: “When I listed the philosophical greats – Kantotle, Heglato, etc. – I implicated the -isms, too, as Stoicism, or as we prefer at Oxford, ‘the Porch’. What makes you a member of ‘The Porch’? God knows!” Keywords: porch, portico, portico romano. Of the porch. Specialised in political philosophy. He actively supported the opposition of the Porch and was condemnded to death by Domiziano, for publily defending the activities of Thrasea Paetus and Helvidius Priscus. Quinto Giunio Aruleno Rustico. Aruleno. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Aruleno. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Asclepiade: gl’accademici di Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Based in Rome, he was a member of the Accademia. He wrote a book on the immortality of the soul based on his interpretation of certain pronouncements of the oracle of Apollo at Delphi. Asclepiade. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Asclepiade,”  Asclepiade: Roma antica -- filosofia italiana – . Filosofo italiano. Friend of Lactanzio. Wrote a book on Providence. Asclepiade. Refs. , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Asclepiade. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Asclepiade: Roma antica -- filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. He develops a new approach to medicine by introducing ideas on atomism. Asclepiade. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di H. P. Gricde, “Grice ed Asclepiade. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ascoli e LA ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Assarotti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Assiopisto: la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “At Oxford we discuss extensively that little riposte by Humpty Dumpty: “Your name, ‘Alice,’ doesn’t mean anything?” It’s different with Assiopisto! "Assiopisto" is the Italian rendition of Axiopistus, Ἀξιόπιστος, a follower of Pythagoras from Locri. According to the catalogue of Pythagoreans in Iamblichus' Life of Pythagoras. He is listed specifically as one of the Pythagoreans from Locris (or Locri). The name translates literally as "worthy of belief" or "trustworthy" – ‘axios,’ worthy; ‘pistos,’ faithful/believable. A. is occasionally associated in historical texts with early Pythagorean ethical maxims or gnomic poetry. Assiopisto. Locri. Grice ed Assiopisto. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Assunto: all’isola – FILOSOFO SICILIANO, NON ITALIANO -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei nazareni.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Astea: la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Taranto). Abstract. Grice: “Giamblico di Calcide took the trouble to name all Italian philosophers who followed Pythagoras (himself not an Italian). Strawson tried to do that for me – but he stopped at Snowdon!” -- Filosofo italiano. Pytthagorean according to Giamblico di Calcide (“Vita di Pitagora”). Astea. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Astea. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Astilo: la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Metaponto). Grice: “Counting by the number of Oxonian philosophers that have made use of my idea of a ‘conversational implicature’ – mostly my juniors, like R. M. Hare, and D. F. Pears – I would think that I myself count as many ‘Griceian’ discples as did Pythagoras, who lived in what Strawson once called ‘the middle of nowhere,’ viz. Crotona!” -- Filosofo italiano. Pythagorean according to Giamblico di Calcide (“Vita di Pitagora”). Astilo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Astilo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Astone: la setta di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Crotone). Grice: “There is a view, indeed circulated by Diogene Laerzio, that some of Pythagoras’s philosophical discoveries – notably that a2 = b2 = c2 – were due to one of his tutees – for Pythagoras claimed no tutor --, by the name of A.!” Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean. According to Diogene Laerzio, there is a view that A. is  the true author of some works attributed to Pythagoras. Astone. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Astone. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Astore: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Astorini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ateiniano – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Nizza). Filosofo italiano. Marco Ateinaiano. Ateinaiano. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Ateinaiano. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Atenodoro: la ragione conversazionale e il portico a Roma, il tutore del principe. Tutore d’Ottaviano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Atenodoto: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana – .  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Attalo: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana – . Filosofo italiano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aulo – Roma – filosofia italiana – . Filosofo italiano. Aulo Gellio. under Gellio? Pupil of Lucio Calveno Tauro and Peregrino Proteo. Friend of Erode. Aulo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Aulo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aurano: gl’ortelani di Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Napoli). Filosofo italiano. He follows the doctrine of the Garden. Gaio Stallio Aurano. Aurano. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Aurano. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aurelj: la ragione conversazionale e  implicatura in Deutero-Esperanto.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Aurelio. LA ragione conversazionale. The son of a pagan Roman official.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ausonio – Roma – filosofia italiana –  – filosofo italiano. Ausonio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Ausonio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Avieno: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Abstract.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Azeglio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- non si danno doveri reciprochi senza società.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bacchin: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’ANYPOTHETON HAPLOUSTATON, overo, i fondamenti della filosofia del lingua.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bacchio: il principe tra gl’accademici di Roma – filosofia italiana – , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice,  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A member of the Accademia. ANTONINO  attended his lectures. He was the adopted son of GAIO. Bacchio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Bacchio,”   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bacci: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei bagni dei romani.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Badaloni: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della colloquenza.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Baglietto: la ragione conversazionale  e l’implicatura conversazionale della dialettica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Balbillo: il filosofo personale di Nerone -- Roma – filosofia italiana – . (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A man of learning, he is much admired by Seneca. He is the personal philosopher of NERONE and writes a long book on astrology. Tiberio Claudio Balbillo. Balbillo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Balbillo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Balbo: il tutore di filosofia -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Scolaro di SCEVOLA  pontefice, e soprattutto un giurista.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Balbo: gl’ortelani – Roma antica – filosofa italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Portico. Consul.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Baldini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della lingua.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Baldinotti: all’isola LA ragione conversazionale  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Balduino: la  ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del vestigio dell’angelo al  Campidoglio.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Banfi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale d’Eurialo -- Niso; ovvero, la tradizione di VICO. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Baratono: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale stilistica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Barba: la ragione conversazionale e l’impliatura conversazionale – la scuola di Gallipoli – filosofia leccese – filosofia pugliese --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Barbaro: la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale di Daniele.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Barbaro:la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura convresazionale del vecchio.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Barbaro: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazinale del giovane.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Barcellona: all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei soggeti e le norme.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Barié: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale d’Enea in VICO e il noi trascendentale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Baricelli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Baroncelli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della compassione.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Barone: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del lla lingua.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Barone: all’isola – la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura convrsazionale della dialettica fiorentina.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Barsio: implicatura conversazionale dialettica –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bartoli (Roma).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Barzaghi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della scuola dei anagogi.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Barzellotti: la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Barzizza –  A key medieval-to-Renaissance rhetorician who revived Ciceronian style. Gasparino Barzizza. GriceGrice e Barzizza. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Basilide: il portico a Roma: il tutore del principe – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Member of the Porch. A teacher of Antonino. Basilide. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di H. P. Gricde, “Grice e Basilide. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Basilio: il circolo di Giuliano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. B. studies philosophy alongside the future emperor Giuliano. Basilio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Basilio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Basso: gl’ortelani -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. According to Seneca, a follower of the philosophy of The Garden, who bore witness to his school’s teachings in the way he copes with prolonged ill health. Lucio Aufidio Basso. Basso. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice,“Grice e Basso. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Basso: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Batace – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Nizza). Filosofo italiano. A pupil of Carneade. Batace. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Batace. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Battaglia: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei valori italiani.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Battista: all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della la percezione.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bausola: la ragione conversazionale  e l’implicatura convrsazionale della solidarietà –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bazzanella: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del luogo dell’altro.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Beccaria: la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Becchi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’incubo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bedeschi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dialettica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bellavitis: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicature del proto-pirotese.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Belleo. Search. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bedoni. Search Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Belloni, Camillo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bellezza: la ragione conversazionale del Philosopher’s Paradox Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Belluto: all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale el’implicatura conversazionale dialettica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bencivenga: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del compaciere.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bene e la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “I like him.” Influential medieval master of rhetoric. Bene. Firenze, Toscana. Grice e Bene. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bene: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Tancredi.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Benincasa: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei nudi maschili nella statuaria italiana all’aperto.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Benvenuti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Grice: “A good thing about B.’s discussion of Agostino’s semiotics is that Benvenuti has a strictly philosophical background, rather than in grammar or linguistics or belles lettres,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Benvenuto: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del grido.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Berardi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale telepatica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bernardi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del duello.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bernardi: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bernardo: la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale della tradizione iniziatica itala.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Berneri: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- filosofia italiana nel ventennio fascista.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Berti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura della morte di Cicerone.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bertinaria: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’indole e le vicende della filosofia italiana. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Berto: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della reduzione all’assurdo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Betti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della lupa; ovvero, problemi di storia della costitutzione politica e sociale nell’antica Roma.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bianco: la ragione conversazionale  e l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia dello spirito; ovvero, la morte d’Eurialo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Blossio: la ragione conversazionale al portico a Roma – filosofia italiana – . (Cumae).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bobbio: la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale del bisogno del bisogno del senso del senso.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Boccadiferro: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del luogo comune.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Boccanegra: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’esperienza.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bocchi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei solidarii.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bodei: la ragione conversazionale sarda e l’implicatura conversazionale della geometria delle passioni.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Boella: deutero-esperanto – filosofia italiana –   (Torino). Abstract.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bolano: all’isola --  la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della colloquenza romana.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bolelli: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bonaiuti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- Eppur si muove.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bonatelli. mancanza rii tempo se non tre sole lezioni, delle finali si dà qui il sommario.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bonaventura: la RAGIIONE CONVERSAZIONALE.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bonavino: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della schola labri --  la scuola italiana.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bondonio: la ragione conversazionale e il raziocinio conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Boniolo: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’atleta del vicolo -- le regole e il sudore.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bonomi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei quattro elementi.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bontadini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale classica d’Appio e i nazionalisti romani. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bontempelli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del sintomo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bonvecchio: la ragione conversazionale el’implicatura conversazionale marziale la scoperta dei delinquenti Quirinale triada Giove Marte Giano – marziale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bordoni: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della grammatica al mio Figlio.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Borelli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del moto – origine della vita – fitotropismo, geotropismo, tacto-tropismo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Borsa: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’imitazione.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Boscovich: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Botero: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della memoria di cicerone al rostro -- Cicerone sull’equita civile.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Botta: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del primo filosofo italiano – fat philosopher, brave, addicted to general reflections about life, greatest living, Continental --  ‘professional engaged in philosophical research’ – Appio.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bottiroli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dela seduzione di Ovidio.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bottoni: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del fototropismo in cabbages and kings -- de essential corporis humani. Grice: “I love B., and so did Burton! Most Englishmen know of Bottoni because he is quoted by Burton in his “Anatomy of Melancholy,”  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Boulagora: la setta di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana – .  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bouto: la setta di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Crotone). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico di Calcide (“Vita di Pitagora”), he was a Pythagoean. Bouto. Better under Buto. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Bouto. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bovio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della lingua.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bozzelli: la ragione conversazionale e l’mplicatura conversazionale di Lucano – su Catone in Utica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bozzetti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Bruno contro I matematici.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bozzi: la ragione conversazionale e i visi di Warnock.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bracciolini e la ragione conversazionale. (Roma). Famed humanist orator and recovery agent of lost classical texts. Poggio Bracciolini. Grice e Bracciolini Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Braibanti – la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “I guess B. compares to Wilde at Oxford – he wanted to be a pupil at Magdalen, because ‘it’s such a pretty college’ – Douglas had a lot to do with it!  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Branciforte: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei giochi olimpici.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Brandalise: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del municipio di Firenze, albero fiorito, immune, comune.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Breccia: la ragione conversazionale  e l’implicatura conversazionale della metafisica del dialogo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Brescia: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della rarità vichiane –rarita griceiana.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bressani: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del vo significando – Vendler: have you stopped meaning it yet? intorno alla lingua toscana. Grice: “Strawson, being boring, likes B.’s arguments –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bria: la setta di Crotone -- Roma – scuola di Crotone – filosofia calabrese -- filosofia italiana –  (Crotone). Filosofo italiano. Crotone, Calabria. According to Giamblico, a Pythagorean. Bria. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Bria. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bria: la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – scuola di Taranto -- filosofia italiana –  (Taranto). Filosofo italiano. Taranto, Puglia. According to Giamblico, a Pythagorean. Bria. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Bria. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Brotino: la setta di Crotone -- Roma – scuola di Crotone – filosofia calabrese -- filosofia italiana –  ( Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bruni: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’interpretare da Romolo e Remo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bruno: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’opera – libretto d’Atteone.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bruno: la ragione conversazionale – filosofia italiana – SICILIANO, NON ITALIANO. Grice: “Some like B., but B. is MY man!” Naturale o storica la filosofia della lingua  La filosofia della lingua comincia ad avere la sua storia in Italia d’antico dagl’umanisti. Lo  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bruzi:  la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei goti.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Bubbio: la ragione conversazionale/ Grice: “I like B!”  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Buonafede: la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Buonaiuti: la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “I like B.!” Atifascista.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Buonamici: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- you scratch my back -- etymologia di muovere --  corpi in movimento. Grice: There are many B. (including GALILEO), so you have to be careful –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Buonamici – la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Buondelmonti – la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Buonsanti: l’implicatura conversazionale del vettore -- implicatura di ‘animale’ – ‘non umano’ --  scuola di Ferrandina – filosofia basilicatese -- filosofia italiana –  (Ferrandina). Filosofo basilicatese. Filosofo italiano. Ferrandina, Matera, Basilicata.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Buonsanto: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale pratica -- prammatica del discorso.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Burgio: all’isola – la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- the goths in Italy – Romans contra Goths – la guerra gotica in Italia -- dialettica ostrogota – filosofia ostrogota.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Burtiglione: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Buscarini: la ragione conversazionale – filosofia italiana – , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice (Fidenza). Fidenza. Filosofo italiano. Abstract. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cabeo: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dello spirito sulfureo -- filosofia mannetica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cacciari: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’umanesimo all’italiana.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cacciatore: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di napoleone in nudita eroica -- gl’eroi di Vico.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Caffarelli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale estetica – synaesthesia  -- consentimento.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Caffo: all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’ego et dell’alter -- l’altruismo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cainia: la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Taranto). Filosofo italiano. Gamblico di Calcide, a Pythagorean. Cainia. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Cainia. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cairo: la ragione conversazionale dei segni.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Calabresi: la ragione conversazionale del proto-pirotese e il deutero-esperanto.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Calais: la setta di Reggio  – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Reggio). Filosofo italiano. Calais. Giamblico di Calcide, a Pythagorean. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Calcide. Grice e Calais. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Calboli: la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazionale della lingua e la parola – Gardiner -- de parabola.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Calcidio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Calderoni: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del bene comune, bene summon, Remigio di Gerolami e il buono commune.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Callescro: gl’accademici di Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A member of the Accademia. He was the unclde of Tito Flavio Glauco. Tito Flavio Callescro. Callescro. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Callescro. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Callia: la setta di Velia -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Velia). Filosofo italiano. Callia was a pupil of Zenone di VELIA  – another Velino . Callia. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Callia. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Callicratida: la setta di Girgenti. Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Girgenti). Filosofo italiano. The brother of Empedocle di GIRGENTI . His name is attached to some fragments of Pythagorean writings preserved by Stobeo. Callicratida. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Callicratida. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Callifonte: la setta di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Crotone). Filosofi italiano. A pupil of Pythagoras. Callifonte. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Callifonte. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Calò e la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Caloprese: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazinale degl’encanti di Orlando furioso, Orlando innamorato, il filosofo dell’encantatrice esperienze.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Caluso: la ragione conversazionale, la grammatica universale e l’implicatura conversazionale degl’initiati e gl’initiante – initians, initiatum – inizianti.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Camilla: la ragione conversazionale e l'literae Humaniores – in literabus humanioris -- dell’huomo – opp. Lit. div.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Camillo – la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cammarata: all’isola, FILOSOFO SICILIANO, NON ITALIANO, la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del giusto, giussum, giustum, giure, iure, giudico, giudicare.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Campa: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’elogio della stoltizia.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Campa: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della rivincita del paganesimo romano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Campailla: all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del concetto di estassi – implicatura estasica – a room in Bloomsbury.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Campanella: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del katùndi dialit, utopia italiana PIROTESE, DEUTERO-ESPERANTO.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Canio: la filosofia romana sotto il principato di Caligola -- il portico a Roma  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cantoni: la ragione conversazionale il Kant fascista, Filosofia fascista. l’implicatura conversazionale delle literae humaniores, Romolo e Remo; ovvero, il mito e la storia. Grice: “You gotta love C.;  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Capella: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Capitini: la  ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Capizzi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della topografia di VELIA.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Capocasale: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei segni di dialettica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Capocci: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del significare e santificare: il sacramento SEGNA grazia e sanctifica grazia.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Capodilista: la ragione conversazionale e ll’implicatura conversazionale -- in principio era la conversazione – filosofia fascista.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Capograssi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale degl’eroi di VICO.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Caporali: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale a Crotone.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cappelletti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’entellechia – izzing and hazzing -- all’origine della filosofia antropologica. Grice: “I like C. – and so does he! He is into what he calls, in Latin, to show off, ‘philosophia anthropologica,’ which is MY thing –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Capra: all’isola la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del corpo animato – delo l’isola di delo, apollo delio – il chiaro – principio di perspicuita [sic] – scuola di Nicosia – filosofia siciliana -- filosofia italiana – ,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Capua: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Carabellese: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’arena e la pietra -- la sabbia e la roccia – il segno.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Caracciolo: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del colloquio  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Caramella: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale degl’eroi di Vico. Caritone e Melanippo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Caramello: la ragione conversazionale e l’implictatura conversazionale dell’interpretare.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Carando: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Socrate.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Carapelle: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – lingua e metafilosofia – lingua-oggetto – meta-lingua – Peano – Tarski  bootstrap  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Carbonara – la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale l’esperienza e la prassi CICERONE e il pratico.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Carbone: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatrua conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Carboni: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale disegno dal vivo, disgeno del nudo dal vero, disegno dal vero, disegno del nudo dal vero -- disegno dall’antico, desegno dalla natura -- drawn from life -- tratto dalla vita – royal academy –drawn from the antique.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e levi: filosofo italiano - Italian philosopher of Jewish descent. Author of “Storia della filosofia romana.” giornale critico della filosofia italiana.  Giovanni d. “Positivismo Cattaneo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Carace. Much admired by Antonino. Claudio Carace. Livorno, Toscana. Grice e Carace. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Caravaggi: la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale. Insegna a Padova,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Carchia: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’ars amandi – signi d’amore – erotico del bello – comunicazione degl’amanti primitive.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cardano: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del valore civico di Melanippo -- Caritone -- the tasteful Milanese maschi – prospero.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cardano: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cardia: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del culto del laico Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cardone: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale l’eroe nudo Napoleone Clark Kent; ovvero, sul sovrumano – trasumanar culto dell’eroe di VICO – ANNUNZIO e il fascismo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Carifi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale degl’ablativi relativi  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Carle: la ragione conversazionale e le radici del diritto romano legge e natura.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Carli – la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale: filosofia passatista, filosofia presentista, filosofia futuristica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Carlini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia fascista – scuola di Napoli – filosofia napoletana –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Carmando – Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Charmander -- According to Seneca, Carmando wrote a book on comets. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Carmando. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Caro: la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazionale, la rettorica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Caro: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’interpretare -- interpretante, interpretato.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Caronda: la ragione conversazionale all’isola -- Roma – scuola di Catania –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Carpani: la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazionale e arte combinatoria razionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Carpino: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Carrara: la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazioale e arte combinatoria razionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Carravetta: l’implicatura conversazionale – scuola di Lappano – filosofia cosentina – filosofia calabrese -- filosofia italiana –  (Lappano).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Carulli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di GIANO.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Casalegno: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- il concetto d’implicatura nella filosofia linguistica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Casanova: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del desiderio omoerotico.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Casati: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale d’Eurialo -- ovvero, dell’amicizia.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Casini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale de naturismo – il concetto di natura a Roma.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Casotti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del volere – filosofia fascista.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Casalegno, paolo. Italian philosopher author of “Grice” in “Filosofia del linguaggio.”   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cassio: la ragione conversazionale dell’ORTO.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cassiodoro: -- vide under Briuzi --. noble Italian philosopher. Grice, "Grice e Cassiodoro," per Il Club Anglo-Italiano, , Villa Grice. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Castelli    Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Castiglione: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Castrucci: la ragione conversazionale el’implicatura conversazionale del guerriero indo-germanico -- sul conferimento di valore.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Catalfamo: FILOSOFO SICILIANO, NON ITALIANO -- all’isola -- l’implicatura conversazionale e la metafisica della libertà.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Catena: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della logica matematica -- logica arimmetica – la base arimmetica della metafisica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Catone: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Catone: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cattaneo: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale longobarda -- Vico e la sapienza italiana – il dialetto milanese e il sostratto latino.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cattaneo: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dello stratto.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Catucci: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale d’ego et alter, E ed A – il giocco cooperativo valore -- l’altro.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Catulo –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Catulo: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  ( Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cavalcanti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cavalcanti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del sìnolo degl’amanti.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cavallo:  la ragione conversazionale el’implicatura conversazionale di Frankenstein, homo electricus – la morte di Fedro – fulminated by one of Giove’s lightnings – elettrico. Grice: “I love C., and so did most of the members of the Royal Society!  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cavazzoni: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazinale della forza viva.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cavour: implicatura conversazionale e ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cazio – Roma – filosofia ialiana –  (Roma). He is presented by Orazio as something of a philosophica dilettante obsessed with food. Cazio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Cazio,”  Cazio: l’orto a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Catius insuber. Member of the Garden. He wrote four books in which he set out the school’s teachings on the nature of the universe and the most important hings in life. The books were aimed at making the teachings available and accessible to a wide audience. Cazio insallubre. Catius insuber. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Cazio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cazzaniga: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’iniziazione – You only get first penetrated once – BACCHANALIUM. Grice: “I like C. – he shows that latitdunial unity is not a myth! He has researched on Cocconato – and he has seriously spoken of the ‘catene d’unione’ – the handshake – which is crosses the longitudinal and latitudinal unities – consider Thatcher:  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cazzulani: l’implicature del deutero-esperanto. Grice: “I like C.! When I was invited to review my earlier views on ‘meaning,’ and ‘significance’, I made a passing reference to an earlier example of mine: that of inventing a new high-way code while lying in the tub. I then said that I could well invent a new language – “that nobody ever speaks” – to provoke Wittgensteinians – and call it “deuteron-Esperanto.” It clicked!”  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ceccato: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del plusquamperfectum --  implicatura imperfetta --  il perfetto filosofo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cecina: il circolo di Cicerone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cei: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – l’implicatura conversazionale del fratello d’Antonino.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ceila: la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Metaponto). Filosofo italiano. Cheilas. A Pythagorean according to Giamblico di Calcide. Ceila. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Ceila. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Celestio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. An ally of Pelagius, he argues that because sin is an act of free will, the existence of sin proves the existence of free will. Celestio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Celestio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Celio: Roma antica -- filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. He composes  a history of medical thought and translated some of the works of Sorano. Celio Aureliano. Celio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Celio Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cellucci: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del paradiso – aus dem Paradies, das Cantor uns geschaffen, soll uns niemand vertreiben können. Grice: “I love C.; for one, he wrote on Cantor’s paradise, which is an extremely interesting tract and figure!  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Celso: l’orto a Roma sotto il principato di Nerone– filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A follower of the Garden during the principate of Nerone. Celso. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Celso,” Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Celso: Roma antica – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. The son of Archetimo and a friend of Simmaco, he teaches philosophy in Rome. Celso. Grice e Celso,” Cefalo: all’isola -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Siracusa). Filosofo italiano. A rich friend of Socrates who enjoyed philosophical discussions.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cefalo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Cefalo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Centi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di SAVONAROLA e compagnia – dal pulpito al rogo – scuola di Segni – filosofiia romana – filosofia lazia -- filosofia italiana – , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice,   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cento: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Centofanti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia italica, no romana – Appio.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cerambo: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. la setta di Lucania -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Lucania). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico di Calcide, a Pythagorean. Cerambo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Cerambo,” , Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cerano: la filosofia sotto il principato di Nerone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A philosopher in Rome in the time of Nerone. Cerano. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Cerano Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cerdo: l’anima di Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma) – Filosofo italiano. Only the soul resurrects. Cerdo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Cerdo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cerebotani: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della botanica linguistica –  e il prontuario -- il toscano di Ceretti.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ceremonte: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ceretti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del PASŒLOGICES SPECIMEN.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ceronetti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della lanterna,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cerroni: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale hegeliana -- Gaus e il sistema di diritto romano idealismo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Certani: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del sacrificio a Roma.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ceruti: l’implicatura conversazionale di Niso -- ovvero, dell’altruismo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cerutti: la ragione conversazionale e implicatura conversazionale del leviatano – organicismo politico – il corpo politico nella costituzione italiana.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cervi. All’isola: non italiano, sardo: La ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cesa. (Arcinazzo Romano). Filosofo italiano. Arcinazzo Romano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cesalpino: la ragione conversazionale (Arezzo).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cesare – Roma – filosofia antica. Gaio Giulio Cesare. Cesare had many friends who followed the philosophy of the Garden, and it is clear that he had ome leanings towards that philosophy himself. Exactly how far these went is unclear and whether he ever actually became a member of the sect is a matter of dispute. Gaio Ciulio Cesare. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Cesare,” Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cesarini – filosofia italiana–  (Genzano di Roma).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cesarotti: implicatura conversazionale e ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cherchi: la ragione conversazionale e implicatura sarda.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cheremone: l’implicatura conversazionale --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Chiappelli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’academici – Cicerone e il segno di Marte.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Chiaromonte: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della parola – il cane irsuto. Definizione d’ aggetivo – la correlazione.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Chiaramonte. siquidem tuDc et soDum duaruffi litterarum coutiDeat.at vero qqaDdo  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Chiaramonti: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Chiavacci: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale poetica di  Gentile.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Chiocchetti: filosofo ladino, non latino -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale prammatica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Chiodi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’esistenti.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Chitti: l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ciarlantini: implicatura tachigrafica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cicerone: la semiotica -- l’implicatura conversazionale di Marc’Antonio Ciceronian implicaturum:  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ciliberto: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del principe -- il suo principato.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cilone: la setta di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Crotone). According to Giamblico. C. seeks to join the circle of Pythagoras. He is rejected because Pythagoras sees in him a tendency to violence and tyranny. In response, C. leads the people of Crotone in a campaign against the sect -- as a result of which Pythagoras has to decamp to Metaponto. “At least he left with his judgment vindicated – Pythagoras did.” Archita said. Cilone. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Cilone. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cimatti: l’implicatura conversazinale del pooh-pooh and other products -- il non-naturale -- fondamenti naturali della comunicazione.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cincio: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –   (Firenze). A philosopher of the Porch. Cincio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Cincio Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cinna: il portico a Roma  -- il tutore del principe – filosofia italiana (Roma). A member of the Porch and tutor to Antonino. The emperor claims to have learned from C. the value of friendship, children, and praise. Cinna Catulo. Cinna. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Cinna,”   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cione: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del corporazionismo -- Dedalo ed Icaro – l’idea corporativa come interpretazione della storia.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Citrone: il cinargo a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). A member of the Cinargo and a friend of Giuliano. Chytron. Citrone. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Citrone. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Civitella: la ragione conversazionale e mplicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Clarano: Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Claudi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del primo filosofo inglese, il primo filosofo romano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Claudiano: l’anima di Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Writes a treatise on the sould against Fausto d Riez. Claudiano Mamerto. Claudiano. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Claudiano. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Claudio: la ragione conversazionale della morale romana e l’implicatura conversazionale del diritto romano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Claudio – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Claudio: Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofi italiano. A philosopher highly regarded for his moral virtue. Claudio Antonino. Claudio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, ‘Grice e Claudio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Claudio: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cleemporo: Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. According to Plinio Maggiore, some attributed to Cleemporo a treatise on the property of herbs that others attributed to Pythagoras. Cleemporo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Cleemporo Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cleomene: la gnossi a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A gnostic who founded his own set in Rome. Originally a pupil of Epigono. Cleomene. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Cleomene. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cleonte: la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Taranto). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean according to Giamblico di Calcide. Cleonte. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Cleonte. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cleofronte: la setta di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Crotone). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico di Calcide, a Pythagorean. Cleofronte. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Cleofronte. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cleostene: la setta di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Crotone). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico, a Pythagorean. Cleostene. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Cleostene. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Clinagora: la setta di Crotone, Roma, filosofia italiana (Crotone). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico, a Pythagorean. Clinagora. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Clinagora,”   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Clinia: la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Clitomaco: la setta di Thurii -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Thurii). Filosofo italiano. Probably a pupil of Euclide di Megara. According to Diogenes Laerzio, Clinomaco was the first to write about propositions and PREDICATES. He was interested in logic and attached great value to the use of argument. Some regard him as the initiator of the dialectical school. Clitomaco. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Clitomaco. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Clodio – Roma: la setta di Napoli -- filosofia italiana (Napoli). Filosofo italiano. According to Porfirio, Clodio wrote a book arguing against vegetarianism. Clodio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Clodio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Clodio: all’isola -- Roma antica – filosofia italiana –  (Palermo). Filosofo italiano Clodio Sesto – a teacher of rhetoric. Clodio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Clodio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cocconato: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Coco: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del contratto di carattere mutuale prevalente.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Codronchi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del contratto, giocco d’assardo, contratto, gioco aleatorio, Ercole, l’Ara Massima, e il patto comunitario. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Colagrosso: la stilistica conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – la ragione conversazionale. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Colazza: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’iniziazione. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Colecchi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Colletti: la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale dei curiazi, ovvero, politica romana. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Colizzi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Colli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’espressione. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Collini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del naturismo -- naturalismo e naturismo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Colombe: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Galilei – Aristotele e la stella nuova. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Colombo: l’implicatura conversazionale dell’idealismo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Colonna: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazional. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Colonnello: la Ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della voce di ANNICI – vox significativa, voce che e segno, parola usata metaforicamente, nome, voce che e segno Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Colorni: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della diadologia. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Consoli: all’isola l’italiano come lingua universale – in difesa del deutero-esperanto. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Conte: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del sacrificio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Contestabile: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di BRVNO al rogo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Conti: la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “I love C.!” Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Conti. Da  tutto il corpo il sudore allora gli gronda, e gli cola —  omai il respiro gli manca — in un fiume color della  pece. E finalmente allora, a precipizio, di un salto, con  tutte le armi, nel fiume si lanciò; e quello, con la sua  bionda corrente Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Conti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura converseazionale del dialogo filosofico. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Conti:  il primo storico italiano della filosofia italiana – amato da Fiorentino -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Contri: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale idealista di Buonaparte. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Corbellini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’evoluzione politizzata. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cordeschi: la ragione conersazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della logica della guerra. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Corleo: all’isola, la ragione conversazionale. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cornelio: la ragione conversazionale dell’orto romano, Roma e la filosofia italiana (Roma). Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cornelio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Giove, Ganimede, e Prometeo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cornello: la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “I like C.!” Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cornificio:  la ragione conversazionae e la vera etimologia, Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cornuto: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica, e la filosofia italiana (Roma). Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Corrado: la ragione conversazionale e  la dieta di Crotone e la semiotica magica. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Corsano: la ragione conversazionale (Roma).  Filosofo romano. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Corsini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia in Roma antica, Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cortese: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del segno naturale, del principio del significato, Alpinista. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Corvaglia: la ragione conversazionale,  il pessimismo e l’implicatura di Tantalo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Corvino: la ragione conversazionale a Roma, e la filosofia italiana (Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cosi: l’implicatura conversazionale del cuore, l’accordo dei cuori, l’accordo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cosmacini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del consenso e la compassione, la sinestesia e la simpatia. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cosmi: all’ISOLA, SICILIANO, NON ITALIANO. la ragione conversazionale, il metodo dei principi generali del discorso. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cosottini:  la ragione conversazionale el’implicatura conversazionale di MELOPEA. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Costa: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’interno e l’esterno – l’internalizzazione-l’esternalizzazione -- uomini fuori di sé. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Costa: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della sinestesia conversazionale Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Costantino:  la ragione conversazionale a Roma. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Costanzi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’amore. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Courmayeur: la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale idealista. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cotroneo: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della VIRTÙ, andreia. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cotta: la ragione conversazionale all’accademia a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. He appears as a character in De natura deorum by Cicerone. There he presents the points of view of the Accademia. However, he spends some time in exile and almost certainly studies the doctrine of the Porch and that of the Garden as well. Gaio Aurelio Cotta. Keywords: filosofia antica, Grice e Cotta.Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cotta: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale nella storia del diritto romano, Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Crassicio: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Taranto). Filosofo italiano. He moves to Rome where he works as a teacher before joining the school of Quinto Sestio. Crassicio Pasicle. Crassicio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Crassicio.Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Crasso: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. An orator and a politican. He takes a keen interest in philosophy and at different times studies with Metodoro, Carmada, Clitomaco and Mnesarco. Lucio Lucinio Crasso. Crasso. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Crasso.Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cratippo: la ragione conversazionale al lizio di Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Lizio. Friend of Cicerone. Tutor of Orazio and Bruto. Marco Tullio Cratippo. Keywords: lizio, Grice e Cratipp Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Credaro: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del discorso al senato.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cremona: ragione e conversazione, la civile conversazioe, il retto uso della civile conversazione, SICILIANO NON ITALIANO.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Crescente: la ragione conversazionale al cinargo a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A member of the Cinargo in Rome. Taziano regards him as a greedy immoral hypocrite. Crescente. Keywords: Grice e Crescente. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cresi: la ragione conversazionale, cappuccino e ciserciano. Grice: “Essential Italian philosopher!”  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Crespi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale d’Antonino e compagnia,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Crespo: la ragione conversazionale -- filosofo italiano. Crespo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Crespo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Critolao: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Sent as a deputation to Rome. He emphasizes the relative unimportance of material comforts for the good life. Critolao. Keywords: filosofia antica, Grice e Critolao. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Croce: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’idealismo –espressione, storia della grammatica italiana – Vossler on C. and the influence of his linguistic theory on grammatical theory.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cuoco: l’implicatura conversazionale dell’accademia. Grice: “A philosopher that only Italy could produce!”  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Curcio: all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei corpi esistenti – lucrezio epicure.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Curi: la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale dei figli di Marte -- passione e compassione, senso e consenso – Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Cusani: la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale del primo idealista – lo stato.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Damocle:  la ragione conversazionale e la spada e la setta di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Crotone). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico di Calcide, a Pythagorean. Grice: “Not to the confused with the infamous one with the sword.” Damocle. Keyworsd: Crotona, Grice e Damocle. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Damone: la ragione conversazionale all’isola con Fintia, Roma, filosofia italiana (Siracusa). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean. According to Giamblico di Calcide, when Dionisio di Siracusa condemns D.’s friend, Fintia di Siracusa, to death, Fintia asks for time to arrange his affairs, saying D. will stand hostage for him while he is away. Dionisio is amazed when D. agrees to the arrangement, and even more amazed when Fintia duly returns at the end of the day to accept his punishment. Dionisio is so impressed that pardons Fintia, and asked the pair join their sect – but they turned him down. Damone. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Damone. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Damostrato: la ragione conversazionale e i paradossi dei filosofi -- Roma – filosofia italiana  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. D., or Demostrato. Roman senator. A historian as well as an authority on fish and fishing. Said to be, like Grice, particularly interested in paradoxes and is regarded by some other philosophers as a philosopher. Demostrato. Damostrato. Keyword: paradox, le paradossi dei filosofi, Grice e Damostrato. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Damotage: la ragione conversazionale e  diaspora di Crotone, Roma, filosofia italiana (Metaponto). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean according to Giamblico di Calcide. Grice: “In the old days, surnames were not felt to be necessary; but then, with a first name (if not Christian) like ‘Damotage’ – would YOU care?” Grice e Damotage. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Dalmasso: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della giustizia nel discorso,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Dandolo: la ragione conversazionale e ’implicatura conversazionale della Roma pagana, Carneade e compagnia.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Daniele: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale numismatica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Dati: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’ELEGANTIOLÆ.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Deciano: la ragione conversazionale  al portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A philosopher of the Porch, and friend of the poet Marziale. Deciano. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Deciano. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Deinarco: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Crotone). Filosofo italiano. A follower of Pythagoras. He is one of those who fled Crotona when the local people became hostile towards the sect. Giamblico talks about his followers being killed in a battle years later, which suggests that he may have established some kind of sectd of his own. Deinarco. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Deinarco. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Deinocrate: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Taranto). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean, according to Giamblico. Deinocrate. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Deinocrate. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Delfino: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della musica delle sfere -- l’ottava sfera.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Delia: la ragione conversazionale –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Delia. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Delia. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Deliminio: la ragione conversazionale –   ( Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Delogu: la ragione conversazionale all’isola -- l’implicatura conversazionale -- semiotica– implicatura sarda.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Demaria: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale degl’organismi – implicatura dinantorganica Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Demetrio: la ragione conversazionale al Lizio a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A lizio, a friend of Catone Minore and was with him in his final days. Demetrio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Demetrio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Demetrio: la ragione conversazionale al portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Friend of Seneca, Trasea and Apollonio. Banished from Rome at least once. He defends the Porch philosopher Publio Egnazio Celer against another one, Musonio Rufo. Demetrio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Demetrio. Demetrio: la ragione conversazionale all’accademia a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Member of the Accademia, cited by Antonino. Demetrio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Demetrio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Demetrio: la ragione conversazionale all’orto a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A notable Gardener. Writes a number of essays on various aspects of the school’s teachings. Fragments of his writings at Herculaneum reveal a concern that some teachers were oversimplifying the philosophy in order to make it easier for their pupils to understand. Demetrio Lacone. Keywords: l’orto, Grice e Demetrio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Demetrio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del culto di marte, la mascolinità, ed il sentimento taciuto.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Democede: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Crotone). Filosofo italiano. Captured by the Persians, helps to cure an ankle injury that is plaguing Dario. He eventually escapes and returns to Crotone. Giamblico says he has a Pythagorean, one of those who fled Crotone during an uprising against the sect. If this is true, if presumably happens after his return from Persia. Democede. Keywords: Crotona, Grice e Democede. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Demostene: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Reggio). Filosofo italiano. A pythagorean according to Giamblico di Calcide. Demostene. Keywords: la diaspora di Crotona, Grice e Demostene. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Desideri: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei consenzienti – Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Diacceto: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del convito -- i tre libri d’amore,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Diano: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’errante dalla ragione, emendato.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Dicante: la ragione conversazionale e  la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Taranto). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico, a Pythagorean. Dicante. Grice e Dicante. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Dicerco: la ragione conversazionale e  la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Taranto). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico di Calcide (“Vita di Pitagora”), a Pythagorean. Dicerco. Grice e Dicerco. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Diconte: la ragione conversazioale e la setta di Caulonia -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Caulonia). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico, a Pythagorean. Diconte. Grice e Diconte. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Dima: la ragione conversazionale e la setta degl’ottimati -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Crotone). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico a Pythagorean. Dima. Grice e Dima. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Diocle: la ragione conversazionale e la a setta degl’ottimati -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Crotona). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico, a Pythagorean – one of those who left Italy when the Pythagorean communities there came under attack. According to Diogene Laerzio, a pupil of Filolao di Crotona and Eurito di Taranto. Diocle. Grice e Diocle Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Diocle: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Sibari). Filosofo italiano. Pythagorean. Giamblico. Diocle. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Diocle. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Diodoro: la ragione conversazionale all’orto di Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A follower of the Gardener. He committed suicide in a state of contentment and with a clear conscience, according to Seneca. Diodoro. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Diodoro. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Diodoro: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Palermo). Filosofo italiano. He writes a history of the world that largely survives. The Library of Hstory is a valuable source of information about the thought of antiquity. Ed. C. H. Oldfather. Diodoro Secolo. Diodoro. Grice e Diodoro. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Diodoro: la ragione conversazionale e la rettorica filosofica -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. According to Suda, a philosopher and the son of Polio Valerio. He wrote on rhetoric. Diodoro Valerio. Diodoro. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Diodoro. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Diodoto: la ragione conversazionale al portico di Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Member of the Porch, tutor of Cicerone. He lives in Cicerone’s house. He dies there and leaves Cicerone all his property. Diodoto. Grice e Diodoto. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Diogene: la ragione conversazionale al  portico a Roma – filosofa italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. One of a deputation to Roma – with Carneade and Critolao – before the Senate. Thanks to the lectures he gives during his Roman holiday, many Romans became interested in the Porch for the first time. Diogene. Grice e Diogene. Dione: la ragione conversazionale all’orto di Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. He appears to have been a follower of The Garden with whom Cicerone was acquainted but for hom he had little time or respect. Dione. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Dione. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Dione: la ragione conversazionale del principe filosofo -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Cristostomo – Cocceiano – Taught at Rome, became a philosopher thanks to the influence of Musonio Rufo. According to Flvio Filostrato, he was acquainted with Apollonio and Eufrate. One of his pupils was Favorino. He was banished from Italy by Domiziano. Dione. Grice e Dione. Dione: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma) Filosofo italiano. Philosopher. He was honoured by a statue in Rome. Dione. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Dione. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Dione: la ragione conversazionale all’isola – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Siracusa). Filosofo italiano. A friend of Plato for years. He had an erratic political career, sometimes seeking or managing to rule Syracuse either directly or through others, sometimes in exile. During one of his periods in exile he stayed at the Accademia. He was eventually assassinated. Dione. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Dione. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Dionigi: la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale intorno al Cratilo – Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Dionisio: il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Mentioned by Cicerone was a philosopher of the Porch who liked to quote poetry when he was teaching. Grice: “So do I: never seek to tell thy love – for love its own pleasure – the four corners. Dionisio. Grice e Dionisio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Dionisio di Roma e la filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A slave of  POMPONIO. POMPONIO and CICERONE often refer to D. in their correspondence. D. is evidently a man of learning who has studied philosophy. Dionisio. Keywords: la dialettica del tutore e del tutee, Grice e Dionisio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Dionisio: la ragione conversazionale all’isola -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Siracusa). Filosofo italiano. The ruler of Siracusa, the nephew of Dion of Siracusa. Interested in philosophy, he invited Plato to his court, but Plato’s attempts to put his political ideas into practice were thwarted. Dionisio is eventually deposed and went into exile. Dionisio. Grice e Dionisio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Dionisodoro: la ragione conversazionale e l’accademia a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A member of the Accademy. Flavio Mecio Severo Dionisodoro. Dionisodoro. Grice e Dionisodoro. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Diofane: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A tutor in philosophy and acquaintance of Plotino. He teaches that pupils should submit completely to their tutors, includinsexually. Plotino was shocked by this, and asked Porfirio to come up with an argument to use against D. on this matter. Diofane. Grice e Diofane. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Dionneto: la ragione conversazionale del prrincipe filosofo -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. He was Antonino’s tutor, who first fired the future emperor with enthusiasm for philosophy. Antonino says that he learned from hin not to be distracted by trivia, to take a sceptical attitude towards those who claim to be able to work magic, and to avoid cock fighting. Dionneto. Grice, pel Gruppo d Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Dionneto. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Dioscoro: la ragione conversazaionale a  Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. D. or Dioscuro studies philosophy in Rome. He writes a letter to Agustino seeking to discuss a number of philosophical issues. Agostino replies at length, arguing that the issues are of no real importance. Dioscoro. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Dioscoro,. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Disertori: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della tensione dell’arco e il volo della freccia,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Dodaro: la ragione cconversazionale e il convito, ossia, tracce di un discorso amoroso.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Dolabella: la ragione conversazionale all’orto romano --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Dommazio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A  philosopher, known only from a surviving bust. Dogmatius. Dommatio. Dommazio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Dommazio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Donà: la ragione conversazionale e la sessualità.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Donatelli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’esperienza – Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Donati: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del fra.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Dondi: la ragione conversazionale e ’implicatura conversazionale -- l’astrario – iter romanorum, colonna giulia, la colonna del circo neroniano di Buschetto – petrarca.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Dorfles: la ragione convversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale  del kitsch ebreo-italiano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Doria: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Dosseno:  la ragione conversazionale alll’orto romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo romano. A follower of the sect of the Garden. Seneca mentions a monument to him with an inscription testifying to his wisdom. Dosseno. Grice e Dosseno. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Dottarelli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Musoni.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Drimonte: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Caulonia -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Caulonia). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean, according to Giamblico. Drimonte. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Drimonte. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Duni: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della costume, o sia, sistema di dritto [sic] universal – il diritto romano universalizzabile.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Duso: la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale di Romolo e compagnia.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eccelo: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Lucania -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Lucania). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico, a Pythagorean. It is thought that fragments of a text attributed to POLO di Lucania may have been written by Eccelo. Grice: “As if I cared.” Eccelo. Grice, “Grice ed Eccelo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eccecrate: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Taranto). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico, a Pythagorean. Grice: “Must say Giamblico has a broad criterion in mind: if someone speaks Greeks and comes from Crotona or Taranto, and KNOWS Pythagoras’s Theorem, he is a Pythagorean. Eccecrate. Grice ed Eccecrate. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eco: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della rosa segnata -- il nome del nome –  semiotica a Bologna.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ecebolio: la ragione conversazionale e il circolo di Giuliano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Tutor of Giuliano. More of a sophist, he appears to have had flexible religious convictions (or none) – Giuliano recalls: “He may be a pagan or a Galileian as the political climate demands!” Ecebolio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Ecebolio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Efanto: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Crotone -- Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Egea: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Crotone). Filosofo italiano. According to Iamblichus of Chalcis (“Vita di Pitagora”), a Pythagorean. Egea. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Egea. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Egnazio: la ragione conversazionale all’orto romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A follower of the Garden. He wrote a poem, “The rerum natura.” It bears some resemblances to the work of the same name by Lucrezio and is generally thought to have been written after it. Egnazio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Egnazio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eirisco: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Metaponto). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico, a Pythagorean. Eirico. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Eirisco. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Elandro: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Taranto). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean according to Giamblico. Elandro. Grice ed Elandro. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Elcasai: la ragione conversazionale e a gnossi a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A gnostic. One of his followers, Alcibiade, brings an essay by him to Rome, claiming that its contents are revealed to E. by an angel. The cult he founds believed in reincarnation and that Pythagorean science provides a means of predicting the future. There is also a magical healing side to the cult, and it claims to be able to cure rabies. Elcasai. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Elcasai. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eleucadio: la ragione conversazionale e la scuola di Ravenna -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Ravenna). Filosofo italiano. Eleucadio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Eleucadio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Elicone: la ragione conversazionale e  la setta di Reggio -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Reggio). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean, cited by Giamblico. He was renowned as a legislator and helped to revise the constitution of Reggio. Elicone. Grice ed Elicone. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Elio: la ragione conversazionale degl’accademici a Roma – filosofia italiana –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Elio: la ragione conversazionale della repubblica romana e l’implicatura conversazionale della storia romana— Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Elio: Rom. Grice: “If we follow the lineage of his  gens (family clan),  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Elio: la ragione conversazionale e a setta di Praeneste – il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana (Praeneste). Filosofo italiano. A teacher of rhetoric. A popular and prolific author, and some of his essays, mainly collections of anecdotes, survive. In his more philosophical works he takes the line of the Porch. ELIO – Miscelanea storica – ed. Wilson, Loeb Classical Library. Claudio Elio. Grice ed Elio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eliodoro: la ragione conversazionale ail portico romano sotto il principato di Nerone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Porch. During Nerone’s principate. E. seems to have been an informer with regard to at least one of the many plots of the period. Eliodoro. Grice ed Eliodoro. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eliodoro: la ragione conversazionale all’orto romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. The Garden. A close friend of Adriano. He succeeded Popillio Teotimo as Garden Master (or Tyrant). Eliodoro. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Elpidio: la ragione conversazionale e il circolo di Giuliano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A philosopher with whom Giuliano is in correspondence. Elpidio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Elpidio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Elvidio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica – il portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). FIlosofo italiano. The son in law of TRASEA . Porch, involved in politics, he spends periods in exile. Admired as a man of principle. Elvidio Prisco. Grice ed Elvidio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Emiliani: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della semiotica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Emina: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean and a historian. Lucio Cassio Emina. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Emina. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Emone: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Crotone). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorian according to Giamblico. Emone. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Emone. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Empedo: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Sibari -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Sibari). Filosofo italiano. Pythagorean. Giamblico. Empedo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Emepedo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Empedotimo: la ragione conversazionale all’isola – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Siracusa). Filosofo italiano. According to Eraclide di Ponto, E. has a vision that reveals the structure of the universe. Empedotimo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Empedotino. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Endio: lla ragione conversazionale e a setta di Sibari --  Roma – filosofia italiana (Sibari). Filosofo italiano. Pythagorean. Giamblico. Endio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Endio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ennea: la ragione conversazionale e  la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Metaponto). Filosofo italiano. According to Iamblicus of Chalcis, a Pythagorean. Ennea. Grice ed Ennea. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ennio: la ragione conversazionale a  Roma antica, il primo filosofo inglese, il primo filosofo latino  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Enriques: FILOSOFO EBREO-ITALIANO -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale arimmetica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Enzo: la ragione conversazionale e l’uomo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Epicaride: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Taranto). Filosofo italiano. He is said to have been a Pythagorean who solved the problem of not being allowed to eat living things by killing those things first! Epicaride. Grice ed Epicardide. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Epicarmo: la ragione conversazionale all’isola -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Palermo). Filosofo italiano. He writes comedies. He achieved a reputation as a philosopher through several works. He was one of the seven sages (according to Hippoboto) and may have been a Pythagorean. Epicarmo.  Grice ed Epicarmo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Epicoco: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della religione civile dei romani.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Epitetto: la ragione conversazionale -- Roman slave – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Upon freedom, he studied philosophy under Musonio Rufo, but he was expelled from Rome under Domiziano. For some reason, the emperor Antonino took a liking to his mode of philosophising, even though, of course, due to their different classes, they never met in the flesh. Epitetto. Grice, “Grice ed Epitetto. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eraclide: la ragione conversazionale e l’esperienza -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo romano. He writes a large work expounding the empiricist philosophy which attracted the admiration of Galeno. Eraclide. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Eraclide. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eraclio: la ragione conversazionale e il cinargo romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo romano. Cinargo. He invited the emperor Giuliano to one of his lectures, hoping to make an impression. He did, but it was an unfavouable one, and Julian duly produced a written piece critical of him. Eraclio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Eraclio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Era: la ragione conversazionale e l cinargo romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo romano Era was of the Cinargo, and emulated the antics of Diogene the sophist by publicly criticizing emperor Tito in a packed Roman theatre. Unfortunately for E., whereas Diogenes had only been flogged, E. was beheaded. Era. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Era. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Erato: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Crotone). Filosofo romano. A Pythagorean, according to Giamblico. Erato. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Erato. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ercole: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della difesa della metafisica – transnaturalia -- esologia, essologia, e sinautologia  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ermino: la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Porch. Contemporary of Plotino. He confined his activities mainly to teaching and wrote little or nothing. Erminio. Grice, pell Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Erminio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ermodoro: la ragione conversazionale all’isola -- Roma -- filosofia italiana (Siracusa). Filosofo italiano. A pupil of Plato of whom he wrote a biography. He also wrote a history of mathematics. According to Suda, he took Plato’s books and sold them. Erode. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Ermodoro. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Erode: la ragione conversazionale e la filosofia degl’ottimati -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. One of the richest and best connected people in the Roman empire. More of a sophist and a friend of philosophers than a philosopher himself. He condemned the Porch philosophers for their lack of feeling. Erode Attico.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eschine: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Napoli. Roma – filosofia antica –  (Napoli). Filosofo italiano. Giannantoni, Socratis et Socraticorum Reliquiæ, iv (Elenchos. Collana di testi e studi sul pensiero antico diretta da Giannantoni, Naples). 'L' Alcibiade di E. e la letteratura socratica su Alcibiade'. In Giannantoni e. Narcy, Lezioni Socratiche (Elenchos. Collana di testi e studi sul pensiero antico diretta Giannantoni, Naples. E. of Neapolis (Naples) –According to Diogene Laerzio, E. was a Platonist and favourite pupil of Melantio di Rodi. He seems to have been the same person as the E. said by Plutarco to have studied under Carneade. Eschine. Grice ed Eschine. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Esimo: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – filosofia antica –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. An undated inscription found at Pergamum refers to Claudio Esimo as a philosopher. Esimo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Esimo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Estieo: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Taranto). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico, a Pythagorean. Suda says he was the father of Archita di Taranto. Estieo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Estieo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Esposito:  la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- il sistema dell’in/differenza.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eudemo: la ragione conversazionale e  il principe filosofo -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. The father of Publio Elio Aristides. A philosopher. Antonino liked him. Eudemo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Eudemo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eudemo: la ragione conversazionale e il lizio romano – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Friend of Galen. Lizio. Eudemo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Eudemo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eudico: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Locri -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Locri). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean, according to Giamblico. Eudico. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Eudico. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eudosso: lla ragione conversazionale e la setta di Taranto -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Pupil of Archita di Taranto. Eudosso. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Eudosso. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eulogio: la ragione conversazionale e il principe filosofo -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Little is known about him other that he was a philosopher and that the emperor Leo I arranged for him to be supported at public expense. Eulogio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Eulogio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eumenio: la ragione conversazionale e  la scuola di Giuliano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma) FIlosofo italiano. He studied philosophy alongside Pharianus and Giuliano. Eumenio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Eumenio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eufemo: lla ragione conversazionale e a diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Metaponto). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean according to Giamblico. Eufemo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Eufemo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eurimedone: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone – Roma – filosofia italiana (Metaponto). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean according to Giamblico. Eurimedone. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Gric ed Eurimedone. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eurifamo: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – filosofia italiana (Siracusa). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico, Eurifamo was a disciple of Pythagoras. As an indication of how seriously Pythagoreans took any agreement, Giamblico relates how Eurifamo once asked Lisi of Taranto to wait for him outside the temple of Era. Lisi agreed. Eurifamo forgot all about him and returned the next day to find Lisi still waiting there. Some fragments of a work on life supposedly by him have survived. Eurifamo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Eurifemo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eurifemo: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Metaponto). Filosofo italiano. According to Giamblico, a Pythagorean. Eurifemo. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Eurifemo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eurito: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eusebio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Eusebio was the tutor of Sidonio and Probo. He had his own schoot at Arelate (Arles). Eusebio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Eusebio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eusebio: la ragione conversazionale e il circolo di Giuliano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Friend and teacher of Giuliano. Eusebio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Eusebio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eustatio: la ragione conversazionale e il circolo di Macrobio -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Appears in the Saturnalia of Macrobius. Eustatio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Eustatio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eutino: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Locri -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Locri). Filosofo italiano. Pythagorean according to Giamblico. Eutino. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Eutino. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eutino:  la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Taranto). Filosofo italiano. Pythagorean according to Giamblico. Eutino. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Eutino. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eutosione: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Reggio -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Reggio). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean according to Giamblico. Eutosione. Grice ed Eutosione. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Eutropio: la ragione conversazionale all’orto romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Friend of Sidonio. Chastised by Sidonio for manifesting an indifference to public service that smacked of The Garden. Eutropio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Eutropio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Evagrio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura degl’ottimati -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Evagrio was an aristocratic philosopher based in Rome. Evagrio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Evagrio Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Evandro: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Crotone). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean according to Giamblico. Evandro. Grice ed Evandro Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Evandro: la ragione conversazionae e la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Metaponto). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean, according to Giamblico. Evandro. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Evandro Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Evanore: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Sibari – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Sibari) – Filosofo italiano. Pythagorean. Giamblico. Evanore. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Evanore Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Evareto: la ragione conversazionale e il circolo romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. He as a philosopher in Rome, a friend of the lawyer and legal scholar Publio Salvio Giuliano. Quinto Elio Egrilio Evareto. Evareto. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Evareto Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Evete: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Locri -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Locri). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean according to Giamblico. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice ed Evete. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Evola: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della romanità – l’implicatura di Romolo – la scuola di Castropignano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fabiani: l’astuzia della ragione conversazionale nell’Italia, filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fabiano: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  ( Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fabio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Philosopher and friend of Boezio.  Fabio: la ragione conversazionale al portico a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. MHe writes a number of essays on philosophy. Fabio Massimo. Fabio. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Fabio,” , Vlla Speranza. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fabri: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei lizii -- i peripatetici  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fabrini: la ragione conversazionale, Grice: “Unlike the French, who, being French – like the Normans – hate the Latin, F. loves it, and it shows!”   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fabro: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Senone di Velia, l’innamorato di Parmenide -- per la porta di Velia.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Facciolati: la lingua di Cicerone.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Faccioli: il deutero-esperanto, da Harborne a Villa Franca, la scuola di Villa Franca, il villa-francese.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fadio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica – l’orto a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Garden. Friend of Cicerone. Marco Fadio Gallo. Grice e Fadio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Faggin: la ragione conversazionale dei bei -- metrica filosofica – inno orfico – Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Falciglia: NON ITALIANO, SICILIANO la ragione conversazionale del senso e la sensibilità – Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Falcone: la ragione conversazionale e la lingua universale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Falzea: NON ITALIANO, SICILIANO -- all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- QVOD PRINCIPII PLACVIT LEGIS HABET RIGOREM – il sentimento condiviso,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fannio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fano: ebreo italiano, la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della glossogonia – imago acustica e immagine sensibile – Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fardella: all’isola, FILOSOFO SICILIANO, NON ITALIANO, la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del sensuale, sensismo, sensualismo – romano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fariano: la ragione conversazionale e il circolo di Giuliano -- Roma antica -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo romano. Friend of Giuliano. Studies  philosophy with Giuliano and Eumenio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fassò: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, Igitur est RES PVBLICA RES POPVLI – l’implicatura di Bruto,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fausto: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano– Riez --. Contra Claudiano Mamerto. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Fausto,” Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Favonio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica – il portico a Roma – il cinargo a Roma --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Favonio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Favorino: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica -- Roma – filosofia italiano –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Comes from Arelate. Said by Flavio Filostrato to have been a hermaphrodite. Pupil of Dion Cocceianos. Achieves fame as a sophist. Writes many books on philosophy, including works on Epitteto. He is exiled by Adriano. Favorino. Grice e Favorino. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fazio: NON ITALIANO, MA SICILIANO -- all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale all’isola -- l’implicatura conversazionale della colloquenza  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fazzini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fedro: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Feliceto search.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ferdinando: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della masculinità, il maschio e la tarantella.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fergnani: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del gesto e la passione – Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ferrabino: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della terza Roma – la base mitologica del latino.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ferrando: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di CORIOLANO, ovvero, la filosofia Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ferranti: implicatura conversazionale, ragione, deutero-Esperanto, e lingua universale – filosofia italiana (Roma).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ferrari: implicatura conversazionale e ragione nella lingua universale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ferrari: la ragione conversazionale e FILOSOFIA della RIVOLVZIONE.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ferrari: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale degl’anarchici di Mussolini.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ferraris: la ragione conversazionale e filosofia italiana, la scuola di Galatone (Galatone).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ferraris: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della supercazzola.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ferrero: la ragione conversazionale. (Portici).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ferrero: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale arimmetica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ferretti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’inter-soggetivo –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ferri: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’amore Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ferrucci: la ragione conversazionale e l’eloquenza di Cicerone.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fibbia: dal latino morto al latino vivo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ficiada: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Crotone). Abstract. Grice: “We don’t have philosophers named Ficiada at Oxford!” -- Filosofo italiano. A Pythgorean, cited by Giamblico. Ficiada.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ficino: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’amore.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fidanza: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Figliucci: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Giove e Ganimede – Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Filangieri: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura dello stato di ragione.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Filippis: la ragione conversazioanle e l’implicatura conversazionale metafisica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Filippo: la ragione conversazionale e Roma antica  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Filisco: la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Filisco follows the doctrines of the Garden. Along with his lover, Alcio, he is expelled from Rome – “or perhaps he just wanted to leave.” – Cicerone. Filisco. Grice e Filisco. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Filodamo: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Locri – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Locri). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean cited by Giamblico. Filodamo. Grice e Filodamo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Filolao: la ragione conversazionale e Roma -- l’arciere di Taranto.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Filone: la ragione conversazionale e il tutore di Cicerone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Filone happened to be in Athens – as the head of the Accademy – when Athens was caught up in the war between Mithridate and the Romans. Filone decides to move to Rome. At Rome he taught CICERONE. Filone. Grice e Filone. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Filonide: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Taranto). Abstract: Grice: “Mussolini is said to have proclaimed that it would have been for the good of the philosophy in Italy if Plato had not escaped!” -- Filosofo italiano. Pythagorean – cited by Giamblico. Platone mentions him in his Epistola IX. Filonide. Plato e Filonide, Grice e Filonide. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fineschi: la ragione conversaszionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- eroticologico, filologico, l’amore.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fintia: la ragione conversazionale e filosofia dell’isola, Roma, filosofia italiana ( Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fioramonti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicature conversazionale economica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fiore: ebreo-italiano la ragione conversazionale e  l’implicatura conversazionale musicale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fiormonte: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fiorentino: la ragione conversazionale e la lingua dei romani in Catone.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fioretti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei pro-ginnasti.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Firmiano: la ragione conversazonale e il culto di Giove -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Roman priest and philosopher. Firmiano. Grice e Firmiano. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Firmico: la ragione conversazionale e il culto di Giove.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Firmo: la ragione conversazionale e  Roma antica -- Roma – Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fisichella: non italiano, ma siciliano -- all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del duello.  Fitio: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Reggio -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Reggio). Abstract. “I prefer the spelling Fizio!” Keywords: Crotone. Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean, cited by Giamblico.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Flaviano: la ragione conversazionale in attacco d’un domma.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Flavio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della clemenza del principe filosofo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Flavio: la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano Roma filosofia italiana –  ( Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Floridi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’informare.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fonnesu: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’inter-soggetivo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fontanini: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fornero: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del confilosofare.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Formaggio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’arte come comunicazione – filosofia della tecnica artistica,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Forti: la ragione conversazionale e il paradosso, ragione conversazionale ed implicatura conversazionale Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Forti: la scuola d’Arezzo, filosofia italiana (Arezzo).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fortunaziano: la ragione conversazionale (Roma). Filosofo italiano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fortunio: le regole conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Foscolo: la ragione conversazionale (Roma). Filosofo italiano. DISCORSO SULLA ORIGINE E SULL’UFFICIO   DELLA   LETTERATURA I.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fracastoro: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’anima.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Francavilla: siciliano, non italiano. la ragione conversazioale, la rettorica conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Francesco: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei corpi.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Franchini: l’arguzia della ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale nell’età degl’eroi, la gloria d’Enea.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Franci: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale degl’ostrogoti.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Francia: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei centauri.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Franzini: la ragione conversazionae e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’espressione.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Frinico: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Taranto). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean, cited by Giamblico. Grice e Frinico. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Frixione: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura metrica di Lucrezio.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Frontida: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Taranto). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean, cited by Giamblico. Grice e Frontida. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Frontino: la ragione conversazionale a Roma, setta dei Scipioni.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Frontone: la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano, il filosofo dell’epigramma.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Frosini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del gattopardo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fubini: ebreo-italiano la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fundano: la ragione conversazionale e il nome del filosofo  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fuoco: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Furio: la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fusaro: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’idealismo e la prassi.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fuschi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale erotica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fusco: la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Fusinieri: la ragione conversazionale – semiotica – semantica Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gaetani: la ragione conversazionale e ’implicatura convesazionale di Catullo -- APVD NEAPOLIM. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gagliardi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gaio: la ragione conversazionale e l’accademia a Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A member of the Accademy. Although he appears to have enjoyed a significant reputation, next to nothing is known about him. Porfirio mentions commentaries on Plato by G. that may have been edited by his pupil Albino. Gaio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Galba: la ragione conversazionale e il principe filosofo -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Mussonio: deportato da Nerone, pardonato da Galba – Deportato da Vespasiano, pardonato da Tito.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Galeno: la ragione conversazionale e la scuola d’Antonino – Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Brought to Rome by Antonino.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Galetti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Filosofo. Emporium.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Galimberti: la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura converszionale, e l’imaginario sessuale – Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Galli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Galli:  la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’amore.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gallio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Galluppi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Galvano: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’arte naturale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gamba: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gangale: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del dia-letto e la dia-lettica – Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Garbo: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e la fisiologia dell’amore – Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gargani: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale d’Eurialo e Niso; ovvero, dell’empatia.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Garin: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del rinascimento.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Garroni: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Pinocchio.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Garrucci: sul ‘stress’ a Roma ed Oxford.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gartida: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Crotone  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gatti: la ragione conversazionale dell’implicatura conversazioale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gatti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale poetica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gaudenzio: la ragione conversazionale e il filosofo musicista – Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gaudenzio: la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gauro: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gedalio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gelli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della difficultà di mettere in regole la nostra lingua, sentientia gricei.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gellio:  la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  ( Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gemmis: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del console. . Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gennadio: la ragione cnversazionale e il divino -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Marsiglia). Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Genovese: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della tribù.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Genovesi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della logica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gentile: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale d’Enea all’inferno – Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gentile: siciliano, non italiano -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale --  implicatura dell’atto conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gentile: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gentili: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia romana arcaica  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gerratana: siciliano non italiano all’isola – la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del contratto sociale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Geymonat: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del temperamento romano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ghersi – filosofia savonese – scuola di Savona – filosofia ligure -- filosofia italiana –  (Celle Ligure). philosopher -- curator of  at Villa Grice, .  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ghezzi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei tordi ubriachi – diritto artificiale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ghiron: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ghisleri: la ragione conversazioanale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’atlante filosofico – federalismo contro-rivoluzione – lo stato.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giacchè: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicataura conversazionale dell’altra visione dell’altro – Barba, Bene, e Fellini antropologo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giacomo: siciliano, non italiano, al’isola la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale degl’icona, sensibile, imagine, presentazione, rappresentazione, formante e formato, contentente e contenuto, l’inspiegabile.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giardini: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giamboni: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giametta: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- il volo d’Icaro e l’implicatura di Sanctis.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giandomenico: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- l’apertura semantica e l’implicatura di BONAIUTO.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giani: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- implicatura mistica – l’implicatura di Catone.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giani: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della radice italica del melodramma.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giannantoni: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della dialettica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giannetti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del corposcolarismo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giannetta -- search – another time? Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giannone: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della terza Roma.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gianola – siciliano, non italiano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giavelli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- semantica del segnare -- segnante e segnato.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gigli: il deutero-esperanto.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gioberti: la ragione conversazoinale e l’implicatura conversazionale del bello.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gioia: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- filosofia ad uso.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giorello: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del libertino.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giorgi: la ragione conversazionale al limite -- l’implicatura conversazionale di Bacco.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giorgi:  la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della fiducia nella fiducia – Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giovanni: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della civetta di Minerva – Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giovenale: la ragione conversazionale e la satira del filosofo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giovio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giraldi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Girgenti: siciliano, non italiano: la ragione conversazionale a limite – l’implicatura conversazionale della metrica del filosofo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Girgenti: FILOSOFO SICILIANO, NON ITALIANO, Annici e la ragione conversazionale al limite, l’implicatura conversazionale -- la parola che non s’incatena.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Girotti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della curva – la filosofia nella storia d’Italia – il caso Gentile.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gitio: la ragione conversazionale e a setta di Locri -- Roma – scuola di Locri – filosofia calabrese -- filosofia italiana –  (Locri). Filosofo calabrese. Filosofo italiano. Locri, Calabria -- According to Giamblico, a Pythagorean.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giudice: la ragione conversazionale al rogo -- l’implicatura conversazionale di Bruno. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giudice: la ragione conversazionale, l’esperienza, e l’implicatura conversazionale di Telesio.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giudice: all’isola – FILOSOFO SICILIANO, NON ITALIANO -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- corpi ed espressioni.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giuffrida: la ragione conversazionale e la semiotica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giulia: la ragione conversazioanle e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giuliano: la ragione conversazionale e la filosofia di Giove.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giuliano:  la ragione conversazionale e la gnossi a Roma – filosofia italiana –  ( Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giulio. DE FIGURIS SENTENTIARUM ET ELOCUTIONIS DE SCHEMATIS LEXEOS. DE SCHEMATIS DIANOEAS.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giulio: la ragione conversazionale: l’anima di Cesare – il discorso contro la penna di morte a Catilina.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giulio: Roma – da Roma ad Oxford, via Bologna – Philosopher and farmer.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giulio: la ragione conversazionale e l’attaco a Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma) Filosofo italiano. A philosopher who was killed during an attack on the city. Giulio Giuliano. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giunco: la ragione conversazionale dell’andreia -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  ( Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giunio: la ragione conversazionale dell’accademia al portico romano --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giunio: la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A follower of the Porch, and one of the senators who opposed NERONE. Giunio Maurizio Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giuniore: la ragione conversazionale e la geografia filosofica --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giussani: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’amicizia – il comune,  fraternità, liberazione.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giusso: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale degl’eroi – filosofia fascista --  il mistico dell’azione.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giusti: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giustino: la ragione conversazionale e la gnossi a Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Giustino: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Napoli.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Givone: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei fanes.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Glauco: la ragione conversazionale e l’accademia a Roma – filosofia lazia – filosofia romana – scuola di Roma -- filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A poet and philosopher. The nephew of Tito Flavio CALLESCRO . Probably a member of the Accademia, like his uncle. Tito Favio Glauco. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Glauco: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Reggio  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Glicino: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gobbo: esperanto e deutero-esperanto -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gobetti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e il partito liberale italiano – il partito socialista italiano – filosofi contro il regime.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gonnella: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e la filosofia del diritto romano – filosofia romana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Goretti: la ragione conversazionale e la co-azione istituzionale – filosofia fascista.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gorgiade: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Crotone – Roma – filosofia calabrese – filosofia crotonese – scuola di Crotone -- filosofia italiana –  (Crotone). Filosofo italiano. Filosofo calabrese. Filosofo crotonese. Crotone, Calabria. A Pythagorean, possibly Gartida. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gorgia: la ragione conversazionale e il cinargo romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. a Cinargo. Gorgia.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gori: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e la filosofia di cabaret -- l’eroe e la falce – filosofia futurista. Grice: “My favourite G.  are “L’eroe e la falce” and “Il mantello d’Arlecchino” – nothing can be italianita with that!”.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gracco: la ragione conversazionale e il concetto di stato.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gramsci: sardo FILOSOFO ALBANO,  E ALBANESE -- NON ITALIANO – FILOSOFO SARDO, NON ITALIANO -- la ragione conversazionale contro Croce – partito socialista italiano – il comune – l’élite – Mosca.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Grandi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del progresso all’infinito della rosa di Grandi -- implicatura infinita. Grice: ‘Sometimes, people use ‘infinite’ without meaning much: “I know there are infinite stars” is my example! infinito.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Grassi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- d’Ovidio a Vico: la metafora inaudita e il concetto di stato in Machiavelli – filosofia fascista.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Grassi: all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- dove fiorisce il limone – la giovinezza e il fascismo – parole ai giovani – al senato --  filosofia fascista. Grice: “England had Chamberlain; Italy, Mussolini! fascismo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Grataroli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e la memoria.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Grazia: Grice, Grace, e Grazia -- la ragione conversazionale e implicatura conversazionale -- il principio di benevolenza conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Grecino: la ragione conversazionale alla Roma antica --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gregorio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’arte grammatica degl’angeli.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gregory: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale clandestina.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Griffero: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’inter-soggetivo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Grimaldi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale anti-peripatetica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Grimaldi. Ha come maestro per le belle lettere e l'oratoria Taurini Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Grimaldi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’inter-azione/  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gronda: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- l’intersoggetivo di VICO  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Gruppi: la ragione conversazionale e la via italiana al socialismo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Guarini  (Modena)  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Guastella: SICILIANO, NON ITALIANO --  all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della conoscenza.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Guicciardini: la ragione della conversazione e la ragion di stato – la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dele cose dello stato.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Guzzi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della lingua inaudita -- la lingua inaudibile, la lingua audita.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Guzzi. Filosofo italiano. Roma, Lazio.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Guzzo: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- pagine di filosofi – idealisti ed empiristi.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Herpitt: l’implicature del deutero esperanto – filosofia italiana – Luigi Sepranza (Roma).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Iacono: siciliano, non italiano -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Iccio: la ragione conversazionale e il portico nel secolo d’oro della filosofia romana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Icco: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Taranto --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Iceta: all’isola – la ragione conversazionale e Roma – filosofia siciliana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ierace: la ragione conversazioanle e il certificato --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ieroteo: la ragione conversazionale e la scuola di Guiliano --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Illuminati: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del filosofo all’opera – Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Imbriani. Acri srive un saggio contro Imbriani.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Imerio: la ragione conversazionale e la scuola di Giuliano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “Any classicist – as I learned to be after passing my mods at Corpus – knows that Italian drops the H that the Roman acquired only redundantly from the Greeks, who aspirated almost everything to which they came in contact!” -- Filosofo italiano. friend of Giuliano. Grice: “I learned to love Giuliano from my father, a non-conformist. Anything that would displease my High-Anglican mother pleased dad!”. Imerio. The Grice Papers, Bancroft, Grice ed Imperio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Incardona: all’isola – la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- Questo è l’uomo – gl’inferi del principio Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Infantino: obbligatio in solidum, la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- la diada conversazionale – il rischio dei solidali.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Introvigne: la ragione conversazionale. Filosofo, sociologo e saggista italiano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Iorio: la ragione conversazionale torna a Sorrento.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ipparchide: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Reggio --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ipparco: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Metaponto --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ippaso: la ragione conversazionale da Crotone a Metaponto --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ippaso: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Sibari -- Roma – filosofia calabrese -- filosofia italiana –  (Sibari). Abstract. Grice: “Some philosophers whose name starts with an H in Greek, in Magna Graecia, would start with an otiose H in Latin – but don’t expect the H to survive in Italian!” Filosofo italiano. Sibari, Calabria. Giamblico. Pythagorean. Possibly the same as Ippaso from Metaponto. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ippaso.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ippolito: la ragione conversazionale e il culto di Giove -- Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ippostene: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia calabrese -- filosofia italiana –  (Crotone). Abstract. Grice: “One problem I encountered when I was studying classics for moderations at Corpus was the lack of H in Italian – The Greeks had it, the Romans had it – if mistreated it – the Italian just demolished it!” -- Filosofo italiano. Crotone, Calabria. A Pythagorean, according to Giamblico di Calcide’s “Vita di Pitagora.” Ippostene.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ippide: la ragione conversazioanele  la filiale di Crotone a Reggio -- Roma – filosofia calabrese -- filosofia italiana –  (Reggio). Abstract. Grice: “Isherwood puts it very well in Goodbye to Berlin – if the g in phlegm is not pronounce, ‘why are they putting it please?’ – Same with Ippide. In Greek times, the h was very hard – but the Romans disliked it and started to soften it so much that it actually was made invisible!” Filosofo italiano. Reggio, Calabria. A Pythagorean, according to Giamblico di Calcide’s “Vita di Pitagora.” Ippide   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Irtione: la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Isidoro: la rgione conversazionale e il cinargo romano sotto il principato di Nerone  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Itaneo: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Crotone –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Jaja: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Jerocades: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia della massoneria  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Jervolino: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- ermeneutica del dialogo – Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Jommelli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del musicista filosofo – muovere l’aria – l’azione melodrammatica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Juvalta: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Labeone: botanica filosofica -- il diritto romano --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Labriola: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lacida: la diaspora di Crotone --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lacrate: la diaspora di Crotone --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lacrito: la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia basilicatese  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lafeonte: la diaspora di Crotone --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lagalla: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazoinale della teoria geo-centrica – la terra al centro del universo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lamisco: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lamanna: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del risorgimento fiorentino  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lami: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della ragione dei antichi romani – la tradizione della polizia romana. Grice: “Aristotle and Kant – or Ariskant, as I prefer – succumb to the ‘homo intellectualis,’ where the ‘mind’ rules it all – hence the Wilde reader in mental philosophy.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lampria: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Landi: la ragione conversazionale e la semiotica economica – prinzipio di economia dello sforzo razionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Landini: la ragione conversazionale – filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Landino: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della sforziade degl’italiani – Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Landucci: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- i misteri del delitto Gentile e le bestie senza stato di Vespucci.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lalla: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale nella selezione sessuale di Nerone, il musicista.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lanzalone: il pirotese e i pirotesi. Grice: “There is in fact not just ONE pirotese, but one PIROTESE for each SORT of pirot!”  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Latini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, l’implicatura rettorica di Publio e Cicerone.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Laurino: la ragione conversazionale, l’homo œconomicus, e l’implicatura conversazionale dei longobardi.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lavagnini e il deutero-esperanto. “Protthetic (why?), Breathe (why?), Monario (why?)”  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lazzarelli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- ermetico-esoterica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lazzari: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lazzarini: il deutero-esperanto.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Leanace: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Sibari.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lecaldano: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della traspatia – l’impassibile di Cicerone.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lelio: la ragione conversazionale al portico romano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Leocide: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Leofronte: la ragione cnversazionale e la setta di Crotone.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Leone: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Leonzio: all’isola -- la setta di Leonzio.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Leonzio: la ragione conversazionale la diaspora di Crotone.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lettine: all’isola – la diaspora di Crotona.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Leoni: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale  il vincolo mi fa libero.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Leoni: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Leopardi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del favoloso e fascista.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Leopardi: l’implicatura conversazionale dell’1150.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lettieri: all’isola -- la ragione conversazioanle e l’implicatura conversazionale, i pericolanti, SICILIANO, NON ITALIANO.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lia: la ragione conversazionale e la memoria conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Libanio: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Giuliano --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Liberale: la ragione conversazionale al portico romano --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Liberatore: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’ULIVO DELLA PACE.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Licenzio: la ragione conversazionale e il filosofo poeta –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Liceti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Licinio: la ragione conversazionale del corpo e dell’animo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Licone: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Licoforonte: all’isola -- la scuola siciliana – Roma – filosofia siciliana – scuola di Leonzio --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Liguori: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- implicatura critica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lilla: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Vico.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Limenanti – la ragione conversazionale dell’ebreo italiano. Grice: “I would call L. an Italian philosopher, but Mussolini would not!” --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Limone: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della simbolica del potere.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lisi: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lisiade: all’isola – la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia siciliana Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lisibio: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lisimaco: la ragione conversazionale al portico romano --   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Livi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del consenso sociale e l’aporia: se cristiano, non filosofo.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Livio: la ragione conversazionale e la storia romana come fonte della morale romana – etica togata.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lodovici: all’isola: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della virtù – verso la meta – la meta è l’origine.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lodovici: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- filosofia italiana –  (Roma) The author of a fascinating essay on philosophical psychology. Figlio di Emanuele Samek L.. Giacomo Samek Lodovici. Grice e Lodovici. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lombardi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Longino: la ragione conversazionale e il filosofo della regina.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Longino: la ragione conversazionale e il diritto romano Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Longano: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’UOMO NATURALE.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Losano: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia del diritto romano Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Losurdo:  la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del ribelle aristocratico.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lottieri: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del BENE COMUNE, diritto individuale, l’età degl’eroi, la ragione del stato. Grice: “Communis’ is not used freely but Roman philosophers, but notably as applied to ‘bonum’.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Luca: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale nell’arte d’amare, L’AMATORIA CONVERSAZIONALE DI NISO ED EURIALO, AMORE PROPRIO CONVERSAZIONALE ED AMORE ALTRUI CONVERSAZIONALE.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lucano: la ragione conversazionale al PORTICO romano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lucceio: la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Luciano: la ragione conversazionale e la gnossi --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Luciano: la ragione conversazionale e il cinargo romano --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lucilio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lucilio: la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano --  l’implicatura conversazionale --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lucio: la ragione conversazionale e il cinargo romano  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lucrezio: la ragione conversazionale e l’ORTO romano, l’implicatura conversazionale dell’alma figlia di Giove.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Lucullo: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Luisetti: la ragione conversazionale Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Luporini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, i corpi di VINCI, LEOPARDI fascista – leopardi fascisti – ultra-filosofico.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Luzzago: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Macedo: la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Machiavelli: l’implicatura conversazionale del principe di LIVIO at Oxford.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Macrobio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Madera: l’implicatura conversazionale della CARTA DEL SENSO.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Maffetone: l’implicatura conversazionale – filosofia campanese – filosofia napoletana – scuola di Napoli  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Magalotti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di naturali esperienze.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Maggi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- implicatura ridicola.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Magi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale nell’uso delle parole, il mistico, i mistici, la scuola di mistica fascista, il veintennio, filosofia fascista.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Magli: LA ragione conversazionale del pirotese e il deutero-esperanto.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Magnani: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della linea e il punto.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Magni: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Maierù: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mainardini: l’implicatura conversazionale del popolo romano di Livio o il consorzio degl’eroi.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Majello: la ragione conversazionale. M. also writes Il christiano in chiesa GRAMMATICA ITALIANA RAGIONATA.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Malfitano: all’isola -- l’implicatura conversazionale dei quattro – il complesso sociale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Malipiero: l’implicatura conversazionale del TRIONFO DELLA RAGIONE; ossia, confutazione del sistema del contratto sociale, the breach of contract, or Romolo e Remo, I due contrattanti. Grice: “There is a famous adage well known at Oxford about the ‘feast of reason’ –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mamiani: l’implicatura conversazionale di Beltrami contro Euclide – filosofia emiliana –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mancini: l’implicatura conversazionale del kerygma. Grice: “In my seminar on ‘conversation’ I focus on the principle of conversational benevolence, -- formerly the desideratum of other-love – as opposed to the desideratum of conversational self-love. It was only years later, when exploring Kant, I realised how crucial the role that benevolentia plays – which I had borrowed from Butler, not Kant –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Manetti: LA ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Manetti: la ragione conversazionale. Nasce in una regione, la Toscana, in cui vive una grande tradizione di poeti contadini, uomini che uniscono in sé due forti passioni: l’agricoltura e la poesia. Poeta contadino anche lui, la passione per l’agricoltura lo porta a laurearsi in viticoltura ed enologia e ad avviare, la sua azienda agricola tra le colline di Greve in Chianti, l’Azienda Agricola M. M., grazie alla quale produce vino, olio e giaggiolo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mangione: LA ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazionale d’alcuni aspetti del nazionalismo culturale nella logica italiana, logica matematica. Grice: “As I look upon my former self, I realise I would have NEVER even touched with a barge the symbols used by logicians, had it be not be that my own pupil, Strawson, was thinking to write a tract for Methuen about it. We discussed it in private, and I shared my thoughts with him that most of his intricacies could be extricated by appeal to a principle of rational discourse which I had come across in the quite separate – and properly philosophical area – of the philosophy of perception.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Manfredi: l’implicatura conversazionale del liber de homine – filosofia emiliana – la scuola di Bologna -- filosofia bolognese – scuola di Bologna -- filosofia italiana –  (Bologna).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Manicone: la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia del Gargano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Manilio: il portico romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Manlio: la ragione conversazionale dell’orto a Roma e l’implicatura conversazionale  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Manlio: La ragione conversazionale all’orto di Roma– “Don’t call me ‘Vopisco’!”  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mannelli: l’implicatura conversazionale degl’eroi di Virgilio – la scuola di Grimaldi  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mantovani: l’implicatura conversazionale dei curiazi – percorsi di comunicazione – la scuola di Moncalieri --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Manzoni: la ragione conversazionale dell’implicature dei promessi sposi, “How CLEVER English is!” Grice: “ In I Promessi Sposi, M.’s engagement with the questione della lingua parallels ordinary-language philosophy by shifting the focus from abstract, idealized systems to the "living," everyday speech of a community. M. and the "Living" Language M.’s philosophical struggle centered on defining what constitutes a truly national language for a unified Italy.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Marafioti – la scuola di Polistena -- filosofia calabrese –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Marano: la ragione conversazionale (Napoli). Filosofo italiano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Marassi: l’implicatura conversazionale degl’eroi di Vico – la scuola di Cardano al Campo -- filosofia lombarda --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Marcello: la filosofia sotto Giulio Cesare – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “When I attended Prichard’s seminars on will and action, I was struck by one of his examples – from the history of Rome. M. was a fierce opponent to Giulio Cesare, and about to be condemned to death for precisely that. However, Giulio Cesare changes his mind, and decides to PARDON M. However, the pardon arrived too late, and M. was merciless murdered. Prichard claimed that since Giulio Cesare’s intention was to PARDON M. and save his life, even if Giulio Cesare failed in this, M. could still be deemed to have been pardoned, and his life saved by Giulio Cesare. The murder of M. was ‘accidental’ in terms of Caesar’s willingness to pardon him!” Filosofo italiano. A pupil of Cratippo. M. has a career in public life and is one of those who opposes to Giulio Cesare. Cesare pardons M. but M. is still murdered. Marco Claudio Marcello. Keywords: Livio, Machiavelli. Marcello. Grice, “Grice e Marcello.”  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Marcello: il principe filosofo – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “When I arrived at Oxford from Clifton with a classics scholarship to Corpus, I knew I had to deal with Ottaviano – I was less sure I had to deal with his NEPHEW!” -- Filosofo italiano. The nephew of Ottaviano [vedasi], and until his death, his chosen heir. A pupil of Nestore. Marco Claudio Marcello. Grice, “Grice e Marcello.” Marcello: del sillogismo – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “At Oxford, it is widely believed that Martha and W. C. Kneale covered the whole of the growh of logic – indeed, they missed Marcello!” Filosofo italiano. M. qrites about logic, including an essay on the syllogism, which is a connection (‘syn-‘) of ‘reasons’ (logoi).  Tullio Marcello. Grice, “Grice e Marcello.” Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Marchesini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’educazione del soldato – l’implicatura del capitano – e l’amore sessuale – la società eugenica. Grice: “When I delivered my lecture on ‘meaning’ for the Philosophical Society at Oxford, I knew that some of my pupils – to which I had burdened with my seminars on ‘meaning’ would be attending. I was paying little attention to Marzolo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Marchesini: l’implicatura conversazionale -- postumanar, trasumanar – sovrumanar – età degl’uomini – vico -- umanar – equites romani. Grice: “M.’s ‘terio’ concept is one we need at Oxford. We do speak of ‘animal’, as in Urmson’s example: “There is an animal in the backyard”.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Marchetti: l’implicatura conversazionale della natura delle cose – la scuola d’Empoli --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Marchi: l’implicatura conversazionale della missione di Roma e la religione civile di Mussolini.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Marchi: l’implicatura conversazionale dell’anima del corpo – la scuola di Brescia --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Marci: la ragione conversazionale -- Nerone e la filosofia -- Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Marziano: il principe filosofo – Roma – filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Marco: filosofo principe – Roma – filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Marconi: la ragione conversazionale (Ancona). Filosofo italiano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Marconi: l’implicatura conversazionale del linguaggio privato – la scuola di Torino -- filosofia piemontese --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mariano: l’implicatura conversazionale – la scuola di Capua -- filosofia campanese  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Marin: l’implicatura conversazionale e l’ottimo precettore – la scuola di Venezia -- filosofia veneta --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Marliani: l’implicatura conversazionale – la scuola di Milano -- filosofia lombarda – filosofia milanese  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Marotta: l’implicatura conversazionale di Mario l’epicuro – la scuola di Napoli -- filosofia campanese  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Marramao: l’implicatura conversazionale del kairós – apologia del tempo debito – la scuola di Catanzaro -- filosofia calabrese -- filosofia italiana –  (Catanzaro). Abstract. Grice: “We felt comfy at Oxford: we had our enemies within, like Murdoch, Anscombe, or Dummett –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Marsili: l’implicatura conversazionale del cimento – la scuola di Siena  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Marta: la ragione conversazionale (Roma). Filosofo Italiano Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Martelli: l’implicatura conversazionale -- etica e storia -- l’assassinio di Giulio Cesare – la scuola di San Marco in Lamis --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Martellotta: LA ragione conversazionale dal deutero-esperanto al pirotese.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Martinetti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- i veliani e l’amore alcibiadico. Grice: “One thing can be said for Italian philosophers over Oxonian philosophers: they take the history of philosophy more seriously! I like M.;  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Martini: l’implicatura conversazionale – la scuola di Cambiano -- filosofia piemontese  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Martino: l’implicatura conversazionale -- la religione civile della prima e unica Roma! – magismo -- filosofia italiana meridionale – filosofia del sud – la scuola di Napoli -- filosofia campanese -- filosofia italiana --   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Marzolo: la ragione conversazionale del segno – filosofia italiana –  (Padova). Filosofo italiano. Padova, Veneto.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Masci: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- critica della critica della ragione – implicatura solidale. Grice: “At Oxford, we don’t say ‘Kant,’ we say ‘criticism’. For surely literary critics cannot claim all uses of ‘crit’, as in lit. crit.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Masi: l’implicatura conversazionale -- i peripatetici del Lizio – la scuola di Firenze -- filosofia toscana – filosofia fiorentina  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Masila: l’implicatura conversazionale – Ercole -- Roma – filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Masnovo: la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “While we start philosophy at Oxford – sub-faculty of philosophy – as part of the classics – Faculty of Literae Humaniores – Oxford does not quite rule what counts as a ‘classic’: Cicerone, and compagnia.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Massarenti: l’implicatura conversazionale, stramaledettamente implicaturale, la scuola d’Eboli, la filosofia campanese, e la filosofia italiana (Eboli). Grice: “At Oxford, we once had a big discussion, prompted by me, I’m afraid, as to whether there is a distinction to be made between, er, philosophically important, and philosophical Unimportant questions. Austin focused on the prevalence of ‘highly’ as an adverb – why ‘highly intelligent’ but not ‘highly idiotic’?  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Massari: l’implicatura conversazionale, l’implicatura logistica di Petrarca e Boccaccio, la scuola di Seminara, la filosofia calabrese, e la filosofia italiana (Seminara). Grice: “At Oxford, we revere William Jones as being the first to point to the cognateness between the Gothick,as he called it, and the Graeco-Romanic.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Massimiano: il principe filosofo, Roma, e la filosofia italiana (Roma Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Massimo: l’orto romano -- la costituzione di Roma – Roma  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Massolo: FILOSOFO SICILIANO, NON ITALIANO, all’isola, l’implicatura conversazionale nelle prime ricerche di Hegel, implicatura idealista di Plathegel e Ariskant – filosofia siciliana, la scuola di Palermo Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mastri: l’implicatura conversazionale – la scuola di Meldola -filosofia emiliana -- filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mastrofini: la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazionale e l’implicatura verbale di Romolo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Masullo: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e la scissione dell’inter-soggetivo – i lottatori della tribuna – la scuola d’Avellino -- filosofia campanese -- filosofia italiana –  (Avellino).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Matassi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e la filosofia della seduzione dei giocatori di calcio – la scuola di San Benedetto del Tronto -- filosofia marchese -- filosofia italiana (San Benedetto del Tronto).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Matera: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – i segni del zodiaco e la semiotica di Peirce – filosofia basilicatese --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mathieu: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’uomo animale ermeneutico, filosofia ligure, la scuola di Varazze, e la filosofia italiana (Varazze).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Matraja: la ragione conversazionale e la grammatica razionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Maturi: la ragione conversazionale e l’ implicatura conversazionale, l’io e l’altro, io e l’altro, i duellisti, la scuola d’Amorosi, la filosofia campanese, e la filosofia italiana (Amorosi). Filosofo italiano. Grice: “There is more to the model of the duel than philosophers realise.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Maturi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Maurizi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della vendetta di Bacco, e la filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mazio: la ragione conversazionale all’orto romano --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mazzarella: l’implicatura conversazionale – filosofia campanese -- filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mazzei: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – filosofia toscana – filosofia fiorentina, filosofia italiana (Poggio a Caiano).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mazzini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – la giovine italia – la scuola di Genova -- filosofia ligure --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mazzoni: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – la vita attiva dei romani – la scuola di Cesena  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mecenate: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Medio: la ragione conversazionale al portico romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Grice: “The Romans were a bit like the Oxonians: it all had to be Greek – witness Diogenes Laertius – he goes on in great detail to list all the lost essays by unknown Greek philosophers – but when it comes to Roman philosophers like Medio, he couldn’t care less – ‘he wrote a number of essays,’ he notes – VERY edifying!” Filosofo italiano. Medio. Porch. Portico. A contemporary of Plotino. M. writes a number of essays. Medio. Grice e Medio. \ Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Megistia: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone --  Roma – filosofia basilicatese, filosofia italiana (Metaponto). Filosofo italiano. Metaponto, Basilicata.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Meis: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – IL FU MATTIA PASCALE – lo spirito abruzzese – la scuola di Bucchianico, filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Melandri: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- le forme dell’analogia – analogia nel convito di Platone – Reale – filosofia ligure – la scuola di Genova -- filosofia italiana (Genova).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Melanipide: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Melchiorre: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – il corpo – la filosofia dell’amore – amante ed amato – il convito di Turolla – la scuola di Chieti -- filosofia abruzzese --  filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Melesia: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Melisso: la ragione conversazionale e la scuola di Velia --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Melli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- AVRELIO – filosofia italiana – la filosofia a Roma nel tempo di Pomponio – pre-ambasciata --  (Roma). Grice: “It would be silly to suppose that Antonino represented Plato’s idea of the philosophus rex.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Memmio: la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano -- Roma – filosofia lazia  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Menecrate: la ragione conversazionale e la scuola di Velia --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Menestore: la ragione conversazionale ela scuola di Sibari --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Menone: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – gl’ottimati di Crotone  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mercuriale: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – il ginnasio – filosofia emiliana -- filosofia italiana (Forli).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Meriggi – il deutero-esperanto – filosofia italiana (Como Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Merker: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – l’etologia filosofica – o tempora o mores -- il filo d’Arianna – Arianna abbandonata a Nasso. Grice: “I like to consider myself a philosophical ethologist. As Merker reminds us, ethos is possibly related to ‘ethnos,’ but possibly not!”  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Messalla: la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano – Roma – filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mesarco: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del figlio di Pitagora  –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mesibolo: la ragione conversazionale e la scuola di Reggio --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Messere: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale  – l’implicatura di Sileno .  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Messimeri: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – la scuola di Seminara  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Metello: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – Roma  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Metopo: la ragione conversazionale della diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia basilicatese -- filosofia italiana –  (Metaponto). Abstract. Grice: “Oddly, I kept in my files a copy of Bosanquet’s Virtues and Vices, with the purpose of criticizing it. At Oxford, it’s very rare – but not at Corpus, my alma mater – that ‘virtus’ is directly associated with ‘andreia,’ as it should. Cicero knew this: Aristotle’s ‘aner’ becomes the Roman ‘vir’ – and the ‘virtue’ is anything that a ‘vir’ displays. Note that virtue is not innate, nor is virility – in fact, the Romans made such a fuss about coming of age that they involved the poor boy into having to wear a special dress to prove it!” Filosofo italiano. Metaponto, Basilicata. Cited by Stobeo – M. writes a treatise on virtue [VIRTUS, ANDREIA] which survives. Giamblico lists him as a Pythagorean.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Metrodoro: la ragione conversazionale degl’ottimati di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia calabrese -- filosofia italiana –  (Crotone). Filosofo italiano. Crotone, Calabria. A Pythagorean and son of Epicharmo, cited by Giamblico. Grice e Metrodoro. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Metronace: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale nella scuola di Napoli – Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Micalori: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- Ganimede e l’implicatura sferica di Giove – filosofia lazia -- filosofia italiana (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “In Italy, like Oxford, we take mythology seriously! And so did Schelling!” Filosofo italiano.  Roma, Lazio.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Miccoli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale d’ANTONINO -- homo loqvens filosofia lazia – filosofia italiana (Roma).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Miccolis: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – BRVNO – filosofi italiani al rogo – la scuola di Corato --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Michelstädter: l’ebreo italiano e lla ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – il giovane divino -- l’implicatura persuasiva di Platone – filosofia giudea – Grice and the converasational exchange -- filosofia nel ventennio fascista – filosofia italiana (Gorizia).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mieli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’uccello del paradiso; ovvero, la lingua perduta del desiderio – la Paradisaeidae di Swinton – la scuola di Milano -- filosofia lombarda --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Miglio: la ragione conversazionale  e l’implicatura conversazionale -- implicatura ligure – la LIGVRIA e la PADANIA.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mignucci: la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “M. is perhaps the only Italian philosopher – other than Speranza – who understood my implicature!”  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Millia: la ragione conversazionale della setta dell’ottimati a Crotone -- Roma – filosofia calabrese --  Minicio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale d’Adriano nel diritto romano e Plinio minore.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Minnomaco: la ragione conversazionale della diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia pugliese -- filosofia italiana –  (Taranto). Filosofo italiano. Taranto, Puglia. A Pythagorean according to Giamblico. Grice: “Cicerone argues: Minnomaco speaks Greek; therefore he is no Roman!” Minnomaco. GriceLuigi Spranza, “Grice e Minnomaco. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Minucio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’eulogio ad Ottavio da Frontone.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Miraglia: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di CICERONE. Grice: “At Oxford, you are introduced into philosophy after five terms into Grief and Laughing! Therefore, once you meet Cicero, you know what he is talking about! – or about which he is talking, as he’d have it!”  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Misefari: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, l’implicatura anarchica, la scuola di Palizzi, la filosofia calabrese, e la filosofia italiana (Palizzi).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mocenigo: la ragione conversazionale e la filosofia italiana (Venezia). Filosofo italiano. Venezia, Veneto.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Moderato: la ragione conversazionale -- da Crotone a Roma – filosofia italiana – .   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Modio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del disonore sessuale, la filosofia del Tevere, la filosofia calabrese, e la filosofia italiana (Santa Severina). Filosofo italiano. Santa Severina, Crotone, Calabria Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Moiso: la ragione conversazionale e ROMOLO, o dell’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia della mitologia, la scuola di Torino, filosofia piemontese, e la filosofia italiana (Torino). Filosofo italiano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mondin: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell ritorno dell’angelo, la semantica filosofica, la semantica pel sistema G, interpretazione e validità, la scuola di Monte di Malo, filosofia veneta, e filosofia italiana (Monte di Malo).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mondolfo: l’italiano ebreo e la ragione conversazionale della filosofia romana, l’antica filosofia italica, lla scuola di Senigallia, la filosofia ebrea. Grice: “Like at Oxford – Berlin, Hart, Honore, Ayer, etc. – Italy also has her share of Hebrew philosophers!”  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Monferrato: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – la scuola di Casale Monferrato --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Monimo: all’isola – la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- Roma – filosofia siciliana --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Montanari (Bagnacavallo). Filosofo italiano. Bagnacavallo, presso Ravenna, Ravenna, Emilia-Romana.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Montanari: la ragione conversazionale -- filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Cf Mazzino Montanari. Massino Montanari.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Montani: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e il debito del segno – implicatura riflessiva – la scuola di Teramo  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Montinari: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del sovrumano – torna a Surriento.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Monte: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – la prospettiva e la filosofia della percezione – la scuola di Pesaro -- filosofia marchese -- filosofia italiana –  (Pesaro). Abstract. Grice: “For some resason – most likely due to the empiricist tradition prevalent in these islands, the philosophy of perception is quite popular at Oxford. Our moral professor of philosophy, Austin, spent most of his terms teaching it – “Sense and sensibilia”!”  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Monterosso – filosofia italiana –   (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “I invented Deutero-Esperanto; Monterosso invented neo-Latin!” --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Moramarco: la ragione conversazioane e l’implicatura conversazionale della tradizione massonica  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Morandi – la lingua di Firenze – filosofia italiana –  (Firenze). Abstract. Grice: “At Oxford, ‘rule’ has a meaning that was adopted by Austin, and therefore, disadopted by me! – Cicerone should know better – REGVLA – from ‘reign’ – the rule of law. In my “Logic and Conversation” I occasionally and informally refer to the ‘conversational rule’ of the ‘conversational game’, i. e. the rule that states which ‘conversational mve’ should follow which!”  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Moravia: la ragione conversazionale – personologia -- l’implicature conversazionali dei ragazzi – la scuola di Bologna  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mordacci: l’implicatura convresazionale e la norma – la scuola di Milano -- filosofia lombarda --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mordente: la ragione conversazionale – I know that there are infintely many stars --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Morelli: la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazionale e la filosofia del digiuno – filosofia lombarda -- italiana –  (Milano).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Moretti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e la segnatura romantica – i romantici di roma – filosofia lazia -- filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Grice: “When I ‘coined’ ‘implicatura’, I possibly wasn’t thinking of Moretti’s ‘segnatura’!”  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mori: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e la coerenza dell’intransigenza – la ripproduzione sessuata fra i antici romani – la scuola di Cremona -- filosofia lombarda -- filosofia italiana --   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Moriggi: la ragione conversazionale e la stretta di mano – Ercole e Cerbero – le tre implicature conversazionali – la scuola di Milano --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Morselli: la sistematicita della filosofia – la scuola di Vigevano – la filosofia della ligua – parola, ragione, segno, comunicazione -- filosofia lombarda –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Morselli – metafisica e psicologia filosofica – semeiotica -- filosofia italiana --   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mosca:  a l’isola -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – la scuola di Palermo -- filosofia siciliana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Motta: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – la scuola di Vercelli -- filosofia piemontese  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Motterlini: l’implicatura conversazionale e la critica della ragione economica – il principio d’economia dello sforzo razionale – la scuola di Milano – filosofia milanese -- filosofia lombarda -- filosofia italiana --  (Milano).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Musatti: ebreo-italiano -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’erote collettivo – filosofia fascista – filosofia del ventennio – Gruppo universario fascista – la scuola di Dolo -- la scuola di Venezia  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Musonio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del Musonio di Gentile -- lingua lazia --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mussolini: Ryle e la ragione conversazionale ad Oxford – filosofia italiana –  (Dovia di Predapio).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mussolini: la ragione conversazionale e la storia della filosofia di Lamanna – la scuola di Dovia di Predapio -- filosofia emiliana -- filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Mustè: la ragione conversazoinale e l’implicatura conversazionale nella filosofia dell’idealismo italiano – il dialogo di Socrate e il dialogo di Gentile – la scuola di Roma – filosofia romana -- filosofia lazia – lingua lazia -- filosofia italiana –  (Roma).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Muzio: la ragione conversazionale nella vernacola – filosofia italiana –  (Padova). Filosofo italiano. Padova, Veneto.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Nannini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicature conversazionali dei corpi animati – filosofia toscana -- filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Nardi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale d’Alighieri -- dantesco – Alighieri – la scuola di Spianate -- filosofia toscana -- filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Nasta: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Caulonia -- Roma – filosofia calabrese --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Natoli: all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’uomo tragico – origini dell’antropologia romana -- filosofia siciliana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Nausito: la ragione conversazionale della scuola di Firenze, pre-romana --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Nearco: la ragione conversazionale della diaspora di Crotone -- Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Negri: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – filosofia campanese --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Negri: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – la scuola di Padova --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Neri: l’implicatura conversazionale dell’aporia della realizazione – filosofia lombarda -- filosofia italiana –  (Milano).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Nerone: il melodramma di Boito -- Roma – la scuola d’Anzio -- filosofia lazia -- filosofia italiana –  ( Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Nesi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – adulescentuli oratiuncula – Sono dalle celeste sphere Venere: perche  amore inspiro: dagl’elementi fuoco: perché  d’amore accendo da uoi con vocabul greco CHARITÀ chiamata: perché col mio ardore della GRAZIA della salute viso degni – filosofia toscana -- filosofia italiana –  (Firenze). Abstract. Grice: “It all reminds me of my principle of conversational candour!” --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Nicolao: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- Roma –filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Nicoletti (Trento). Filosofo italiano. Abstract. Grice, “Some like Nicoletti, but Nicoletti’s MY man!” --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Nicoletti: la ragione conversazionale -- quadratura ed implicatura conversazionale – la scuola d’Udine -- filosofia friulana --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Nifo: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale ludicra – la scuola di Sessa --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Nigidio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- Roma – filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ninone: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotona e la sua causa -- Roma – filosofia calabrese --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Nisio: la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano -- Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Nizolio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – la scuola di Brescello -- filosofia emiliana --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Noce: l’implicatura conversazionale – la polemica contro il fascismo di Gentile -- la scuola di Pistoia -- filosofia toscana --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Noferi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della setta di Firenze – la scuola di Firenze  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Nola: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’urina – la scuola di Crotone -- filosofia calabrese  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Noto: all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di IVPITER – la scuola di Noto -- filosofia siciliana --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Novara: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale d’Euclide – la scuola di Novara -- filosofia piemontese –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Novaro: la ragione conversazionale e implicatura conversazionale ligure -- l’infinito del ponente – la scuola di Diano Maria -- filosofia ligure -- filosofia italiana –  (Diano Maria). Abstract. Grice dwelt with the infinite early on in his career. ‘I kow that there are infinitely many stars,’ Grice claimed, was a piece of nonsense which, contra Austin, was bound to appear in ‘the vernacular’ or ‘the vulgar’. Grice’s tirade is against those defensors of ‘ordinary language’ that couldn’t recognise ‘ordinary’ from their elbow! At a later stage of his development, Grice re-encountered the infinite in terms of the ‘regressus ad infinitum.’  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Novato: la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Novelli (Padova). Filosofo. Fisico. Camillo Novelli.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Numa: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e la logica del regno – Roma – la scuola di Cures --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Occelo: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Lucania -- Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Occilo: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Lucania. Roma – filosofia basilicatese -- filosofia antica –  (Lucania). Filosofo italiano. Lucania, Matera, Basilicata. A Pythagorean, cited by Giamblico.  Brother of Occelo di Lucania.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ocone: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicature conversazionali dei liberali d’Italia – la scuola di Benevento  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Oddi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – la scuola di Padova -- filosofia veneta --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Offredi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del lizio – la scuola di Cremona -- filosofia lombarda  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Olgiati: HART GRICE HOLLOWAY la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei classici – la scuola di Busto Arsizio – Grice on Hart on Holloway on language and intelligence -- filosofia lombarda -- filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Olimpio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Giuliano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. He lives in the middle of nowhere. When he finds his city became an uncomfortable place for pagans, he moves to Rome.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Olivetti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’archivista – filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Olivi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – filosofia friulese -- filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Onato: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia calabrese --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Onorato: la ragione conversazionale del cinargo romano – Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Opillo: la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano -- l’implicatura conversazionale -- Roma – filosofia italiana – . Filosofo italiano. Segue l'indirizzo dell’orto. Liberto di un membro dell’orto, insegna filosofia, ma sciolge la sua scuola per seguire Rutilio Rufo a Smirne,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Opocher: la ragione conversazionale l’implicatura conversazionale della giustizia – IVSTVM QVIA IVSSVM – filosofia veneta -- filosofia italiana --  (Treviso). Filosofo italiano. Treviso, Veneto.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Opsimo: la ragione conversazionale e la setta di Reggio – Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Orabona (Varese). Parete, CE. Filosofo italiano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Orazio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- Roma – la scuola di Venosa -- filosofia basilicatese -- filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ordine: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di BRVNO al rogo – la scuola di Diamante -- filosofia calabrese --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Orestada: la ragione conversazionale della diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia basilicatese -- filosofia italiana –  (Metaponto). Filosofo italiano. Metaponto, Basilicata. A Pythagorean cited by Giamblico. He frees Senofane from slavery – as cited by Diogene Laerzio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Orestano:  all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’opzione eroica –  la scuola d’Alia -- filosofia siciliana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Oribasio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Marte, o la scuola di Giuliano -- Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Orioli: l’implicatura conversazionale nella logica della monarchia romana – i sette re – la scuola di Vallerano  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ornato: la ragione conversazionale o dell’implicature conversazionali nella conversazione d’Antonino con Antonino – la scuola di Carmagna --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Oro: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- Grice e Trissino – la difficoltà dei segni di Trissino non favorì la diffusione della sua filosofia – la scuola di Vicenza -- filosofia veneta -- filosofia italiana  (Vicenza). Filosofo italiano. TRISSINO-DAL-VELLO-D’ORO -- or ORO (Vicenza).   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Orrontio: la ragione conversazionale e la scuola di Roma – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Abstract. Grice: “We don’t have ‘senators’ at Oxford!” -- Filosofo italiano. A senator and follower of Plotino – cited by Porfirio. Orrontio. Keywords: categoriae. Grice, “Grice ed Orrontio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Orsi: all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- filosofia fascista – la scuola di Palma di Montechiaro -- filosofia siciliana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ortensio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Cicerone ’s greatest contemporary rival, known for the lush ‘Asianist’ style. A philosopher. Ortensio Ortalo Quinto. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ortes – la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del verso – la scuola di Venezia -- filosofia veneta --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Osimo: la ragione conversazionale (Milano). Filosofo italiano. Abstract. Grice: “What italians call an ‘ebreo italiano’! --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ostiliano: la ragione converazionale e il portico romano -- la filosofia romana sotto il principato di Vespasiano -- Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Otranto: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – la scuola d’Otranto -- filosofia pugliese --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ottaviano: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale nel secolo d’oro della filosofia romana sotto il principato d’Ottaviano -- Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ovidio: la ragione conversazionale (Campobasso). Francesco D'Ovidio   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ovidio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura convrsazionale – Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Paccio: la ragione conversazionale e l’accademia e l’implicatura conversazionale nella Roma antica – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. An orator and firned of Plutarco. A member of the Accademia.    Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pace: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Boezio – la nota di Pace --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pacetti: la ragione e la rettorica conversazionale (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Roma, Campania.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Paci: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e la relazione – la scuola di Monterado  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pacioli: la ragione conversazionale. Autore della Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportioni et Proportionalita e della Divina Proportione, riconosciuto come il fondatore della ragioneria. “Ragioneria,” accounting/bookkeeping, is etymologically connected to the Anglo-Norman "reason" and Latin "ratio" through their shared root relating to calculation, logic, and accountability. P. is considered the founder of the discipline because he is the first to publish a comprehensive, systematic description of the double-entry book-keeping method, which becomes the foundation of accounting. The etymological connection lies in the core concept of ordered thought and calculation. “Ratio” in Latin has multiple meanings, including "reckoning," "account," "calculation," "system," "reason," and "judgment".  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Padoa: la ragione conversazionale, sillogistica, ed implicatura conversazionale, e filosofia ebrea.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Padovani: la ragione conversazionale e l’l’implicatura conversazionale nella filosofia classica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Paganini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Roma, il VIRGILIO di Firenze Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pagano: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’eroe, filosofi agiustiziati.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Paggi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicature conversazionali degl’ebrei -- filosofia ebrea – “Ebrei d’Italia” – la scuola di Siena --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pagliaro: all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale re l’implicature conversazionali dei siculi.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pagnini: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Palazzani essential Italian philosopher female? Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Palladio: GRICE ITALO!; ossia, la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica – Roma – filosofia italiana --  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Known to have been a philosopher from references to that effect in letters of Theodoret.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pandullo: la ragione conversazionale dal grido al grido.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Panebianco: la ragione conversazionale del sistema GHP, il pirotese, e l’implicature del deutero-esperanto. A differenza del deutero-esperanto di Grice, non usato ma da Grice, il latino sine flexione è utilizzato anche da altri filosofi come VACCA , in Sphoera es solo corpore, qui nos pote vide ut circulo ab omne puncto externo, LAZZARINI , in Mensura de circulo iuxta Leonardo[VINCI  Pisano, e PANEBIANCO   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Panella: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del sublime.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Panfilo: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del bello. Panfilo Filoprammato – ‘busy body.’ He writes on art. Pamfilo. Panfilo Filoprammato. Panicarola i. aulii à o ty jdQYCf r-t foo ■  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Panigarola: la ragione della riforma; la ragione della contra-riforma – la scuola di Milano,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pannico: la ragione conversazionale nella Roma antica – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. An epigram by MARZIALE  addresses P. as someone versed in the doctrines of various philosophical sects.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pansa: la ragione conversazionale e l’orto italiano -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A consul, and a follower of the doctrines of The Garden. Nome compiuo: Gaio Vibio Pansa Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Panunzio: la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazionale, e a filosofia italiana nel ventennio fascista.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Panunzio: la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazionale e il ventennio fascista.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Panzini: la ragione conversazionale. “I dedicate usually one full lecture or session in a seminar to ‘figures’, since conversational implicature is one of them!” – Keywords: la prammatica come rettorica conversazionale, Leech. P. is a prolific writer, critic, and lexicographer, with many other notable publications besides his Manualetto di retorica, the rhetoric manual. He spent most of life in Rimini. He stuied at BOLOGNA under the Nobel-prize-winning  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Paolino: la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazionale, e il dizionario filosofico portatile per ginnasti.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Papi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale nella scuola di Milano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Papineau e la filosofia italiana. P. was born in Como, where his father is working after the war.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Papirio: la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A member of the Garden, and friend of CICERONE’s. CICERONE writes a letter to him in which he rebukes P. for ‘his use of obscenities’. Grice: “In my vernacular: ‘Fuck, you do swear, man!’! -Papirio Peto.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Parente e la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “P. is an Italian doctor, philanthropist, and author.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pareyson e l’implicatura conversazionale: implicare, impiegare, ed interpretare, il liberalismo, il risorgimento, e il fascismo. Linceo. Nato da genitori entrambi originari della Valle d'Aosta, si laurea a Torino con una tesi dal titolo “Esistenza” –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Parinetto: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale ed alchimia e la bucca del culo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Parisio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Cicerone e la prammatica come retorica conversazionale secondo Leech.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Parmisco: la ragione conversazionale della diaspora di Crotone – Roma – filosofia basilicatese  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Parrini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- implicare, impiegare, interpretare Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pascoli: la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazionale, e la fisio-logia.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pascoli: la ldecadenza divina e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pasini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, you’re the cream in my coffee, the salt in my stew, GENUS SPECIES, eschatology, e la meta-meta-fora del cavaliere perduto. Studia a Padova applicandosi agli studi giuridici,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Passavanti e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’eroe. Partecipa alla Grande Guerra c sergente nel IV reggimento Genova cavalleria Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Passavanti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Passeri: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del lizio.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Passini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pasqualini: la ragione conversazionale e l’mplicatura conversazionale. M. Pasqualini, C. Pasqualini. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pasqualino: la ragione conversazionale del filosofo SICILIANO, non italiano! Si trasfere colla famiglia a Caltagirone  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pasqualotto: la ragione conversazionale del trasmettitore/ricevitore e l’implicatura conversazionale Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pastore: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale nella storia della dia-lettica romana di Varrone a Peano Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Patrizi parla deutero-esperanto. Nasce a Italia da sangue croata. A questo proposito circa venti anni più tardi si espresse  P. nell'Historia diece dialoghi  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pattio: la ragione conversazionale e la diaspora di Crotone -- Roma – filosofia pugliese -- filosofia italiana –  (Taranto). Filosofo italiano.Taranto, Puglia.  A Pythagorean, cited by Giamblico. Grice: “Cicerone says that this is best spelt ‘Pazzio’!”   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Paulino:  la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano, la ragione e l’implicatura conversazionale -- Roma  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pausania: all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale e la scuola di Girgenti – Roma  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pavia: la ragione conversazaionale e l’implicatura conversazionale --  mi chiamo Lanfranco. Grice: “I like him, but then I’m English1” Autore di una Dialectica. Conosce bene la logica vetus. Usa ancora il De decem categoriis.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Peano: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, il deutero-esperanto di Grice, formalisti ed informalisti, modernisti e neotradizionalisti, e la riforma della lingua d’Italia. Citato da Croce nella “Logica, o della sicenza del concetto”.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pecoraro: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del conflitto. Grice: “He must be the only philosopher who philosophised about ecstasis!” Grice: “Many don’t consider him an Italian philosopher seeing that he got his maximal degree without (not within) Italy!”  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pecori: la ragione conversazionale. P. is a canonico and author. His major works focus on Tuscan history, suggesting a strong connection to that region. He is a significant figure in the historical study of the Italian city of San Gimignano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Peisicrate: la ragione conversazionale della diaspora di Crotone – Roma – filosofia pugliese -- filosofia italiana –  (Taranto). Filosofo italiano. Taranto, Puglia. A Pythagorean, cited by Giamblico. Grice: “Cicerone spells this Pisicrate, since he finds that dipthongs are un-Roman!” -- Peisicrate. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Peisirrodo: la ragione conversazionale della diaspora di Crotone – Roma – filosofia pugliese. filosofia italiana –  (Taranto). Filosofo italiano. Taranto, Puglia. A Pythagorean cited by Giamblico. Grice: “Cicerone spells this Pesirrodo, since he says that dipthongs are un-Roman!” -- Peisirrodo.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pelacani: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – la scuola di Parma -- filosofia emiliana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pelacani: la ragione conversazionale, la dialettica, e l’implicatura conversazionale – filosofia emiliana -- filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pelagio: la ragione conversazionale - l’implicatura conversazionale – la scuola di Giulano – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Tutor of Celestio and Giulano di Eclano.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pellegrini: la teoria del segno e l’implicaura conversazionale. Grice: “As an university lecturer at Oxford, I had to give this or that seminar on topics of my interest. Ewing was writing on meaninglessness –which struck my attention, since I don’t think Ewing cared much to talk about meaningfulness in the first place! P. did Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pellegrini: la ragione conversazionale e il pirotese. “Grammatica di lingua italiane semplificate”in Basel.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pellegrini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’amore come affezione dell’animo, e la sua manifestazione nei maschi nobili. Grice: “I like P.: he found Aristotle’s ‘obscure’ for the youth the manual Ethica Nichomaechaea is intended for!” È, secondo TIRABOSCHI,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pempelo: la ragione conversazionale della diaspora di Crotone -- l’implicatura conversazionale – Roma – filosofia pugliese -- filosofia italiana –  (Turi). Filosofo italiano. Turi, Bari, Puglia. His name is attached to some surviving fragments of Pythagorean writings on parenthood, or fatherhood – ‘patria’. Pempelo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Penco: la ragione conversazionale. Istruzione e formazione specializzazione in filosofia in Italia non esiste PhD --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pennisi: all’isola – la ragione conversazionale del blityri, o dello spirito nazionale – filosofia dell’isola – filosofia della sicilia, SICILIANO, NON ITALIANO.  Grice: “I like P.’s irreverent tone – typically Italian! – to evolution – and especially evolution of language.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pera: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale e il ragionere. Important Italian philosopher.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Perconti: la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “I like P., but then I like Kant!” –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Peregalli: la ragione converazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale. I luoghi e la polvere Incipit All'inizio della Genesi il serpente convince Eva a mangiare con Adamo il frutto dell'albero della conoscenza.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Perniola: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – la scuola di Asti -- filosofia piemontese -- filosofia italiana –  (Asti). Filosofo italiano. Asti, Piemonte. Studia la filosofia del meta-romanzo a Torino sotto PAREYSON Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Perone. interrotta”. Il tema è ripreso proprio in apertura di Modernità e Memoria, dove individua nella modernità l'epoca della cesura. Il moderno è dunque chiamato a essere il tempo della memoria. La memoria è sempre memoria della cesura.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Persio: la ragione conversazionale e la filosofia nel principato di Nerone – TREASEA CONTRO LA TIRANNIA – Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Persio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale nella storia della dialettica: CICERONE, BOEZIO, e TELESIO Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Persio: la ragione conversazionale – filoofia italiana –  (Matera). Filosofo italiano. Abstract: Grice: “I was certainly fortunate in my mother wanting a good education for me, better at least than the one that poor woman can provide me with at Harborne – so off to Clifton I arrived aged 13, and till 17, GREEK became my first language!”  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pessina: la ragione conversazionale. Grice: “At Oxford, for the B. A. Lit. Hum. we do study Cicero in Latin; at Bologna, they study it in LATIN *and* Italian!” – Keywords: Cicerone, Leech on Grice’s programme as ‘conversational rhetoric’  P, the author of  'Precetti di rettorica ' Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pessina: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – la scuola di Napoli --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Petrarca: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di Cicerone. Grice: “There are a few studies on P. and ‘filosofia’: “Petrarca platonico,” etc. – but his most important contribution is via implicatura, as when I deal with Blake or Shakespeare Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Petrella. (Sansepolcro). Sansepolcro, Arezzo, Tocana. P., Bernardino. Nasce a Borgo del Santo Sepolcro -- oggi Sansepolcro, in provincia di Arezzo --, da Domenico P. Non è noto il nome della madre. È allievo di Francesco di Niccolò PICCOLOMINI  a Padova, dove -- Riccoboni e Lohr -- comincia a insegnare logica «in secundo loco» -- succedendo a TOMITANO  con lo stipendio annuo di 40 fiorini e avendo come concorrente ZABARELLA   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Petrone: la ragione conversazionale dei sanniti e la setta d’Imera  – il megliore dei mundi attuali – CLXXXIII, LX LX LX I -- Roma – la scuola d’Imera -- filosofia italiana –  (Imera). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean, who claims that the number of worlds is CLXXXIII  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pezzarossa: la ragione conversazionale della fisica, la geografia e l'astronomia, sposate insieme, fanno sì che un italiano discopra il nuovo continente, ed un altro italiano gl’imponga il nome -- l’eloquenza lombarda – l’implicature conversazionali – la scuola di Mantova  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pezzella: la ragione conversazionale -- Cesare deve morire – l’implicatura conversazionale – la scuola di Napoli  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Piana: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicature conversazionali dei merli – la scuola di Casale Monferrato  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Piccolomini: la ragione conversazionale, l’implicatura conversazionale, e le figure di retorica – la scuola di Siena --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Piccolomini: la ragione conversazionale dell’implicatura conversazionale del Lizio – filosofia toscana -- filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pico: la ragione conversazionale di Beniveni, o l’implicatura dell’accademia di Cicerone -- io priego Dio Girolamo che’n pace così in ciel sia il tuo Pico congiunto come’n terra eri, et come’l tuo defunto corpo hor con le sacr’ossa sue qui iace – filosofia emiliana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pico: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dello stregone sodomita – filosofia emiliana -- filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pieralisi: la ragione conversazionale o la teoria del segno – la scuola di Jesi -- filosofia marchese -- filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pieri: ragione convversazionale ed implicatura convversazionale, la filosofia toscana, e la filosofia italiana (Lucca).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pievani: la ragione conversazionale d’Enea l’antenato, o l’implicature conversazionali dei maschi – la scuola di Gazzaniga  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pigliaru: la ragione conversazionale del filosofo SARDO, non italiano, e la filosofia italiana (Orune). Orune, Nuoro, Sardegna. Filosofo italiano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pigliucci: la ragione conversazionale (Monrovia). Filosofo italiano. Parlando razionalmente, deciso critico della pseudo-scienza e del creazionismo ed un sostenitore del secolarismo e dell'educazione scientifica, nonché esponente del portico..  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pini: la ragione conversazionale e la filosofia italiana (Reggio Emilia). Filosofo italiano. Figlio di un volontario di GARIBALDI ,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Piovani: la ragione conversazionale d’Enea, l’eroe al portico, o l’implicatura conversazionale assente, la scuola di Napoli, la filosofia campanese, e la filosofia italiana (Napoli). Filosofo italiano. Napoli, Campania Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Piralliano: la ragione conversazionale del gruppo di gioco dell’accademia a Roma, e la filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A philosophical acquaintance of Elio Aristide. Accademia. Piralliao. Keywords: accademia, Grice e Piralliano.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pirandello: all’isola, la ragione conversazionale, e dov’è il copione? è in noi, signore, il dramma è in noi, siamo noi, i ciclopu, identita personale, l’uno, nessuno, decadentismo, reduzione siciliana. Grice: “P. would say he is no philosopher, but then I’m a cricketer Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pirro: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale rovesciata nel’idealismo di Gentile, la scuola di San Severo, la filosofia pugliese, e la filosofia italiana (San Severo). Filosofo italiano. San Severo,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pirrone: la ragione conversazionale della diaspora, da Crotona a Meta-ponto, Roma, e la filosofia italiana (Metaponto).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pisone: la ragione conversazionale del portico dell’orto, il gruppo di gioco del Vesuvio, Roma, e la filosofia italiana (Roma).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pisone: la ragione conversazionale del DE FINIBVS o del lizio romano, Roma, e la filosofia italiana (Roma).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pitea: la ragione conversazionale della filosofia ligure, Roma, e la filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. He settles in Marseglia, and achieves fame as a philosopher. Pitea. Keywords: longitudinal unity, Grice e Pitea. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pitodoro: la ragione conversazionale della la setta di Velia, Roma, e la filosofia italiana (Velia Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pizzi: la ragione conversazionale e la regola conversazionale d’Annici Boezio, la causa della cosa, alla memoria di Wrigley, del Trinity, adduzione e prova, filosofia lombarda, e filosofia italiana (Milano). Filosofo italiano. Milano,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pizzorno: la ragione conversazionale, Giovanni Grice, è la politica assoluta, la filosofia del sindacato, la filosofia fascista, la filosofia veneta, e la filosofia italiana (Trieste). Filosofo italiano. Trieste, Friuli, Venezia Giulia.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Plantadossi: l’implicatura conversazionale e gl’universali, l’implicatura conversazionale, la scuola di Ripatransone, la filosofia marchese, e la filosofia italiana (Ripatransone). Filosofo italiano. Ripatransone, Ascoli Piceno,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Plauto: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, o la filosofia nel principato di Nerone, Roma, e la filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Plebe: all’isola, la ragione conversazionele o il dizionario della conversazione, la filosofia siciliana, la scuola d’Alessandria, la filosofia piemontese, e la filosofia italiana (Alessandria). Filosofo italiano. Alessandria, Piemonte.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Poggi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, il ventennio fascista, l’incontro con Mussolini ad Ancona, la scuola di Sarzana, i fatti di Sarzana, lasciato in libertà da Mussolini, massoni proibiti, la filosofia ligure, e la filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pojero: all’isola, la ragione conversazionale alla villa Pojero e la setta iniziatica, la filosofia siciliana, e la filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Polemarco: la ragione conversazionale della diaspora di Crotona a Roma, la filosofia pugliese, e la filosofia italiana (Taranto). Filosofo italiano. Taranto, Puglia. Pythagorean cited by Giamblico. Keywords: Crotona, Grice e Polemarco.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Polemarco: la ragione conversazionale, o PLATONE IN ITALIA, Roma, la filosofia pugliese, e la filosofia italiana ( Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Poli: la ragione conversazionale dell’implicatura conversazionale del pappagallo di Locke, la filosofia lombarda, e la filosofia italiana  (Cremona). Filosofo italiano. Cremona, Lombardia. Si laurea a Bologna. Insegna a Milano e Padova. “Filosofia elementare” e un eclettico sistema di empirismo e razionalismo. I  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Politeo: la ragione conversazionale, CROATA, NON ITALIANO!, e la filosofia italiana (Spalato).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pollastri: la ragione conversazionale delle conversazioni sull’olismo hegeliano – la scuola di Firenze  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pollini: l’implicatura conversazionale e la raione conversazionale – la scuola di Grossetto  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pollio: la ragione conversazionale contro il lizio – Roma – filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pollio: la ragione conversazionale dell’orto romano – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Orto. Patron of Stazio . Pollio Felice. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Polluce: la ragione conversazionale del principe filosofo -- Roma – filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Polo: la ragione conversazionale e la scuola di Lucania – Roma – filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pompedio: la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano – Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pompeo: la ragione conversazionale e il portico romano e il diritto – Roma -- filosofia italiana – .   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pompeo: la ragione conversazionale al portico romano – Roma – filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pomponazzi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale materiale – Shropshire – A Soul -- l’affair Pomponazzi – la scuola di Mantova -- filosofia lombarda -- filosofia italiana –  (Mantova). Flosofo italiano. Mantova, Lombardia. Important Italian philosopher.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pomponio – Roma – filosofia italiana – . FIlosofo italiano. best under Pomponio. Tito Pomponio detto l’“Attico”. Grice, pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, “Grice e Pomponio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pomponio: la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano –  Roma – filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pontara: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale, o se il fine giustifichi i mezzi filosofia trentina –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ponte: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale maschile – filosofia lombarda -- filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ponzio: la ragione conversazionale e il segno dell’altro, o della semiotica filosofica – la scuola di San Pietro Vernotico --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Porta: la ragione conversazionale -- filosofia italiana -- there may be another! Porta: l’implicatura conversazionale – filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Porta: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale magica – filosofia italiana –  (Roma).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Porta: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale fisio-nomica – la scuola di Vico Equense -- filosofia campanese --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Portalupi – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Sten. ling. A. Portalupi. Grice, “Grice e Portalupi. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Portaria: la ragione conversazionale o -- Eurialo e Niso, ovvero, dello spirito – ma non fia da Casal né d'Acquasparta, là onde vegnon tali alla scrittura, ch' uno la fugge, e l'altro la coarta – la scuola di Todi -- filosofia umbra  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Porzio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale nel lizio– la scuola di Napoli -- filosofia campanese --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Possenti: la ragione conversazionale e la conversazione di Romolo e Remo – radice dell’ordine civile  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pozza: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – la scuola di Taranto  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pozzo: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale nel ginnasio –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pra: la ragione conversazionale d’Antonino e la conversazione degl’hegeliani – la scuola di Montecchio Magiore  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Prepone: la ragione conversazionale e il principio conversazionale – Roma – filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Prepostino: la ragione conversazionale del divino di Romolo – Roma – filosofia lombarda -- filosofia italiana –  (Cremona). Filosofo italiano. Cremona, Lombardia. Summa theologica, Manichean, caraterismo. Prepostino. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Prestipino: all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale -- conversazione e ragione in Vico -- per una antropologia filosofica – filosofia siciliana --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pretestato: la ragione conversazionale del Giove del Campidoglio – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. He achieves high office under Giuliano. He writes a commentary of Temistio – Accademia. Vettio Agorio Pretestato.    Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Preti: la ragne conversazionale, la retorica conversazionale, e la logica conversazionale – la scuola di Pavia --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Preve: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale – la scuola di Valenza  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Prini: la ragione conversazionale dell’implicatura conversazionale di Dedalo e il volo d’Icaro – la scuola di Belgirate -- filosofia piemontese -- filosofia italiana –  (Belgirate). Filosofo italiano. Belgirate, Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, Piemonte.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Priore (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Abstract: Grice: “ Luigi Priore è noto principalmente come filologo e studioso di lingua latina, attivo tra la fine del XIX e l'inizio del XX secolo.  Luogo di Nascita e Formazione  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Prisciano: la ragione conversazionale dell’implicatura conversazionale di Simmaco – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A philosopher and friend of Simmaco. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Priscilliano: la ragione conversazionale dell’implicatura conversazionale di Nerone – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. He has the distinction of being the first philosopher put to death for ‘heresy’ by the Roman Catholics. What Priscillian says is that the world is an evil place whither souls are sent as a punishment. What he implicates is that Nerone is right! Priscilliano.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Probo: la ragione conversazionale dell’implicatura dell’in-plicatura conversazionale -- Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Procle: la ragione conversazionale o la diaspora di Crotone – Roma – filosofia basilicatese -- filosofia italiana –  (Metaponto). Filosofo italiano. Metaponto, Basilicata -- A Pythagorean, cited by Giamblico.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Prodi: la ragione conversazionale e l’artifice della ragione e l’implicature conversazionale dei cani di Pavlov  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Prospero: la ragione converzionale del contro-potere del Quirinale e l’implicatura conversazionale laica – la scuola di Pescosolido  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Prosseno: la ragione conversazionale della setta di Sibari – Roma – filosofia calabrese -- filosofia italiana –  (Sibari). Filosofo italiano. Sibaria, Cassano all’Ionio, Cosenza, Calabria. Pythagorean – Giamblico.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Prudenzio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dela psisco-machia – Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pubblicio – la scuola di Firenze -- filosofia toscana – filosofia italiana –  (Firenze). Filosofo italiano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pucci: la ragione conversazionale della REPUBBLICA ROMANA, o dell’implicatura conversazionale utopica di Campanella – la scuola di Firenze  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Puccinotti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di boezio, la filosofia sperimentale, i fisici e i meta-fisici, la scuola d’Urbino, filosofia marchese, e la filosofia italiana (Urbino). Filosofo italiano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Pudenziano: la ragione conversazionale dell’orto romano, Roma, e la filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Orto. Galeno writes a treatise about him. Grice e Prudenziano.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Punzo: la ragione conversazionale di Niso ed Eurialo, o l’implicatura conversazionle dell’amore– la scuola di Napoli --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Purgotti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale metrica, o chemica filosofica nel lizio, la scuola di Cagli, la filosofia marchese, e la filosofia italiana.  (Cagli). Abstract. Keywords. Filosofo italiano Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Quarta: la ragione conversazionale. La conversazione, la solidarietà, e l’implicature conversazionali dell’utopico Campanella, la scuola di Leverano, flilosofia pugliese, filosofia italiana (Leverano). Abstract Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Quattromani: la ragione conversazionale, le conversazione, e la la meta-fora come implicatura conversazionale in Catone, Virgilio ed Orazio, la scuola di Cosenza, la filosofia calabrese, e la filosofia italiana (Cosenza).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Quintilio: la ragione conversazionale all’orto romano, ragione, conversazione e l’ambizione ed adulazione nell’implicatura conversazionale di Virgilio, Roma, e la filosofia italiana (Roma). Abstract. Keywords: l’orto, Virgilio, Siro. Filosofo italiano. Orto. Pupil of SIRO, with VIRGILIO, and of Filodemo. He writes two philosophical essays: one on greed, and one on flattery – “which amusingly, Virgil tended to confuse!” – Grice. Quintilio Varo.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Quinto: la ragione conversazionale degli scolari dell’antica Roma, la scuola di Pieve, filosofia toscana, filosofia italiana ( Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rabirio: la ragione conversazionale e l’orto romano, Roma, e la filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Orto. Criticised by Cicerone for oversimplifying the school’s doctrines in order to reach a wider audience – “which reminds me of me.” – Grice.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ragghianti: la ragione conversazionale (Lucca). Filosofo italiano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Raimondi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura del gatto persiano, la filosofia campanese e la filosofia italiana (Napoli).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Raio: la ragione conversazionale e l’ermeneutica dell’io e del tu, la filosofia campanese, e la filosofia italiana (Napoli).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ramorino: la filosofia della lingua, la filosofia del linguaggio, e la filosofia italiana (Roma).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ranzoli: “going through the dictionary” -- “Non il Little Oxford Dictionary, come volleva Austin, ma il Ranzoli! la scuola di Roma, e la filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Grice: “I think I prefer Stefanoni.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Raulica: SICILIANO NON ITALIANO, all’isola, la ragione conversazionale all’isola! l’implicatura del barone, l’origine dell’idee, il fondamento della certezza, la filosofia siciliana, la filosofia sicula, dello spirito della rivoluzione e dei mezzi di farla terminare, corso di filosofia: ossia, re-staurazione  della filosofia, e la filosofia italiana (Palermo). Filosofo italiano. Palermo, Sicilia. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ravelli: la memoria, la ragione conversazionale, e l’implicatura conversazionale, la scuola di Milano,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Re: ragione conversazionale ed implicatura conversazionale, filosofia campanese, e la filosofia italiana ( Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Reale: la ragione conversazionale del capretto di Kant, erote demone mediatore, o del gioco delle maschere nel convito, e la filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Reghini: la ragione conversazionale, il numero tri-angolare, il numero quadrato, numero piramidale, e l’implicatura del numero sacro crotonese, e il simbolismo duo-decimale del fascio littorio etrusco, la scuola di Firenze, la filosofia toscana, e la filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Regina: la ragione conversazionale dell’esse e dell’inter-esse, o degl’uomini complementari, la potenza e il valore, la filosofia lombarda, e la filosofia italiana (Sabbioneta). Filosofo italiano. Sabbioneta, Mantova,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Renda – the power structure of the soul – la struttura di potere dell’anima -- filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Renier: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura – filosofia veneta --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rensi: TRASEA – l’implicatura – la scuola di Villafranca di Verona -- filosofia veneta -- filosofia italiana --   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Renzi: ESKIMO, implicature del deutero-esperanto – filosofia italiana –  (Roma).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ressibio: la ragione conversazionale della diaspora di Crotone – Roma – filosofia basilicata -- filosofia italiana –  (Metaponto). Filosofo italiano. Metaponto, Basilicata. A Pythagorean cited by Gamblico.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Resta: la ragione conversazionale e le masserizie della mutua fiducia conversazionale – la scuola di Bari --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Restaino: all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale ed Antonino e compagnia – la scuola di Alghero -- filosofia sarda --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Richeri: implicature del deutero-esperanto  – la scuola di La Morra -- filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ricordi: la ragione conversazionale eil Nerone di Manfridi, Seneca o dell’essere per amore, e gl’inganni dell’infinito di Leopardi sulle ceneri di Pasolini nell’inferno d’Aligheri – la scuola di Milano -- filosofia lombarda  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Righetti: la ragione conversazionale e la critica della ragione ecologica, o l’etica dello spazio -- filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rignano: ebreo-italiano -- la ragione conversazionale della teleo-nomia -- filosofia fascista – filosofia italo-giudea – la scuola di Livorno --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rigobello: la ragione conversazionale o dell’allargamento interpersonale del razionale – l’intenzionalità rovesciata – la scuola di Badia Polesine -- filosofia veneta -- filosofia italiana --  (Badia Polesine). Filosofo italiano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rimini: la ragione conversazionale, o del significato totale, la percezione del pane e Socrate è seduto – scuola di Rimini – scuoladi BOLOGNA --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rinaldi: la ragione conversazionale – filosofia italiana –  (Bergamo).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rinaldini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale -- del cimento del Lizio –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rindaco: la ragione conversazionale o, la setta di Lucania – Roma – filosofia calabrese -- filosofia italiana –  (Crotone). Filosofo italiano. Crottone, Calabria. Lucania. A Pythagorean, cited by Giamblico. Giamblico sometimes spells his name “Bindaco” (non si veda).   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Riondato: la ragione conversazionale o del metodo dell’etologia filosofica –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ripa –la scuola di Perugia – una icona griceiana -- Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Riverso: o, la ragione conversazionale della la forma del segno romano – la scuola di Napoli – filosofia napoletana –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Roccoto: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). To be identified.  Rodano: la ragione conversazionale dell’immunità e della comunità, o l’implicatura dei comunisti – filosofia italiana --  (Roma). Filosofo italiano .   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rodano (Roma). Filosofo italiano.Fondatore del “catto-comunismo.” E tra i fondatori del movimento dei cattolici comunisti, poi sinistra cristiana.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rodippo: la ragione conversazionale ante la diaspora – Roma – filosofia calabrese -- filosofia italiana –  (Crotone). Filosofo italiano. Crotone, Calabria. A Pythagorean, cited by Giamblico.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rogatiano: la ragione conversazionale della filosofia della gotta – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A senator whose tutor is Plotino. He credits Plotino for helping him realise the importance of leading a frugal existence. He himself fasts every other day – to which he attributes his recovery from gout. Rogatiano. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rogo: la ragione conversazionale dell’allievo di Filone – Roma – filosofia italiana (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A pupil of Filone at Rome. Tertilio Rogo. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Romagnosi: la ragione conversazionale della Roma antica, e l’implicatura dei IV periodi: o, dal segno alla logìa –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Romanoto: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura -- filosofia italiana –  (Roma). To be identified.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Roncaglia: la ragione conversazionale alla palestra – filosofia italiana –  (Roma Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ronchi: la ragione conversazionale e la ragione conversativa -- il conversativo, o, filosofia della comunicazione – filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rosa – implicature in deutero-esperanto --la scuola di Susa  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rosandro: la ragione conversazionale degl’amici filosofi – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. A philosopher who becomes an acquaintance of Elio Aristide.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rosatti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano Marcello Vitali Rossati. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rosselli: la filosofia italiana nel ventennio fascista – filosofia italiana –  (Roma).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rosselli – scuola di Firenze – filosofia toscana -- filosofia italiana --   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rosselli: la filosofia italiana nel ventennio fascista – filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rosselli: la ragione conversazionale dell’apologeticus, o implicature cucullate – la scuola di Gimiliano --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rossetti: la ragione conversazionale del fratello perduto – la scuola di Vasto -- filosofia aburzzese  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rossi: la ragione conversazionale della volontà e della temperanza – la scuola d’Appignano del Tronto --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rossi: l’implicatura di Lucrezio – la scuola di San Giorgio -- filosofia campanese --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rossi: la ragione conversazionale di Romolo; o lo storicismo – la scuola di Torino. filosofia piemontese  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rosso: all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale all’isola -- a Sicilia – la scuola di Palermo  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rota: la ragione conversazionale e la lavagna del gruppo di gioco – la scuola di Vigevao  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rotondi: la ragione conversazionale a Roma antica – la scuola di Vivocaro  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rovatti: la ragione conversazionale dei giocchi e gl’uomini – la scuola di Modena --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rovella: FILOSOFO SICILIANO, NON ITALIANO -- all’isola -- la rgione conversazionale all’isola -- querce, o della filosofia siciliana – l scuola di Acreide  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rovere. (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Proposta del provenzale come lingua internazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rovere: la ragione coversazionale e l’implicature del Deutero-Esperanto – filosofia italiana –  (Roma).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rubellio: la ragione conversazionale della filosofia sotto il principato di NERONE. Portico.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ruberti: la ragione conversazionale -- la natura abhorre il vuoto, o la tromba di Gabriele – la scuola di Fanza -- filosofia emiliana --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rucellai: la ragione conversazionale degl’amori di Linceo, o della filosofia imperfetta – scuola fiorentina  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ruffolo: la ragione conversazionale dal guazzabuglio al possibilismo come terapia eutimistica – la scuola di Cosenza –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rufino: la ragione conversazionale del commentario filosofico – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Aquileia). Filosofo italiano. Aquileia, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia. He comments some ‘saggi’ by Origen. Tirannio Rufino.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rufo: la ragione conversazionale -- NAM CVM ESSET ILLE VIR EXEMPLVM VT SCITIS INNOCENTIÆ CVM ILLO NEMO NEQVE INTEGRIOR ESSET IN CIVITATE NEQVE SANCTIOR NON MODO SVPPLEX IVDICIBVS ESSE NOLVIT SED NE ORNATIVS QVIDEM AVT LIBERIVS CAVSAM DICI SVAM QVAM SIMPLEX RATIO VERITATIS FEREBAT – Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ruggiero: la ragione conversazionale di Remo e di Romolo – filosofia meridionale --  scuola napoletana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rusca: la ragione conversazionale dell’apollo lizeo – lizio – lizeo – I viali dei giardini dell’apollo lizio – lizeo – Apollo in riposo  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rusconi: la ragione conversazionale dell’attacco e contro-attacco – la romanitas di Tertulliano –la scuola di Meda  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rustico: la ragione conversazionale della tutela di Roma -- il portico romano. Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ruta: la ragione conversazionale dei corpi sani – l’intersoggetivo è la psiche sociale – filosofia fascista –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Rutilio. (Roma). Filosofo italiano. I. P. RUTILII LUPI 8CHEMATA LEXEOS.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sabbadini – ciceronismo –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sabellio: la ragione conversazionale e l’escatologia -- Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sabinillio: la ragione conversazionale dell’accademia romana – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo romano. A senator, who counts Plotino as his tutor, and whose doctrines he follows.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Saccheri: la ragione conversazionale – filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sacchi: la ragione conversazionale della gastro-filosofia – la scuola di Piadena – filosofia cremonese --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sacheli: all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale all’isola -- implicatura axio-fenomenista dei parnasesi – la scuola di Canicatti -- filosofia siciliana --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Saitta: FILOSOFO SICILIANO, NON ITALIANO -- all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale all’isola -- l’animo – filosofia fascista – la romanitas di Tertuliano -- il ventennio fascista – la scuola di Castelferrato -- filosofia siciliana -- Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Saliceto: la ragione conversazionale del diritto bellico – la guerra è la guerra –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sallustio: la ragione conversazionale EMPEDOCLEA – Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Salustio: la ragione conversazionale del divino e dei divini – Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Salutati: la ragione conversazionale d’Ercole al bivio – filosofia calabrese --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Salutio: la ragione conversazionale del divino e dei divini – l’ordine el mondo -- Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Salviano: la ragione conversazionale al portico – Roma  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Salvemini: la ragione conversazionale  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sancasciani: la ragione conversazionale (Pisa).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sanctis: la grammatica ragionata e  la ragione conversazionale dello stile filosofico – scuola napoletana –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sanseverino: la ragione conversazionale del segno naturale -- la logica scolastica --   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Santilli: la ragione conversazionale -- dal soggettivo all’inter-soggettivo –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Santorio: la ragione conversazionale del pendolo di Santorio  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Santucci – Leech e la prammatica come rettorica conversazionale – simulazione, superlazione, e compagnia –. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Santucci: la ragione conversazionale dell’idealismo – scuola di Mira Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sanzo: il deutero-esperanto e la ragione conversazional tra natura ed artificio – la filosofia lizia --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sarapione: la ragione conversazionale al portico romano – Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sarlo: la ragione conversazionale dell’idealismo – la scuola di San Chirico Raparo –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sarno: la ragione conversazionale del sentire – scuola napoletana -- filosofia campanese  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sarpi: la ragione conversazionale della meta-fisica del fenice, o l’arte del bien conversar –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sasso: la ragione conversazionale da Crotone a Velia – la potenza e il atto in Gentile – Gentile megarico -- Lucrezio e Machiavelli – allegoria e simbolo in Vico – la scuola di Roma -- filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Saturnino: la ragione conversazionale del probabile – Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Saufeio: la ragione converesazionale dell’orto romano  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sava: FILOSOFIA SICILIANA, NON ITALIANA -- all’isola: la ragione conversazionale del dovere e dei doveri –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Scala: FILOSOFIA SICILIANA, NON ITALIANA -- all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale e il gusto per l’antico  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Scalea: la ragione conversazionale e il gusto per l’antico – ill-will – mala volonta –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Scalfari: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura di Teseo – Roma fascista – scuola romana –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Scaramelli: la ragione conversazionale – flosofia italiana –  ( Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Scarano: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura del scenofilace – la scuola di Brindisi –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Scaravelli: la ragione conversazionale -- tra critica e meta-fisica – -- la scuola di Firenze -- la scuola fiorentina –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Scarpelli: la ragione conversazionale della filosofia fascista – Gentile e il fascismo giuridico – Soleri --  il tropico, il clistico, il neustico, ed il frastico – filosofia veneta -- filosofia italiana –  (Vicenza).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Scevola: la ragione conversazionale del pontefice – divisione – dal portico? -- la nascita della giurisprudenza come rama della filosofia politca -- Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Abstract:  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Scevola.  Scevola: la ragione conversazionale dell’augure -- MIHI AGMINA MILITVM QVIBVS CVRIAM CIRCVMSEDISTI LICET MORTEM IDENTIDEM MINITERIS NVMQVAM TAMEN EFFICIES VT PROPTER EXIGVVM SENILEMQVE SANGVINEM MEVM MARIVM A QVO VRBS ET ITALIA CONSERVATA EST HOSTEM IVDICEM – Roma – filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sciacca: all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale all’isola -- l’idea della libertà – fondamento della coscienza etico-politica – la scuola di Messina -- filosofia siciliana -- filosofia italiana –  (Messina). Filosofo siciliano. Filosofo italiano. Abstract: Grice: “la ragione conversazionale all’isola -- l’idea della libertà – fondamento della coscienza etico-politica – la scuola di Messina -- filosofia siciliana --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sciacca: FILOSOFIA SICILIANA, NON ITALIANA -- all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale dell’anti-filosofia e contra-implicatura – filosofia fascista – il ventennio fascista – la scuola di Giarre – filosofia siciliana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Scipione: la ragione conversazionale del circolo degli Scipioni – Roma – filosofia italiana –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sclavione: la ragione conversazionale e il lizio di Padova – la scuola d’Abano -- filosofia veneta  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Scupoli: la ragione conversazionale della lotta coll’angelo – la lotta dell’angelo e il demonio – filosofia pugliese 00 filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sebasmio: la ragione conversazionale della classe romana – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Sebasmio is a philosopher mentioned on a list of philosophers belonging to the Roman aristocracy. SEBASMIO. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Secondo: la ragione conversazionale della gnosi romana – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. According to Ippolito di Roma, a gnostic who believes that the world is divided into light and darkness. Secondo.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Secondo: la ragione conversazionale del cinargo romano – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma) Filosofo italiano. Tacito. A Pythagorean, he acquires the nickname on account of a vow of silence he takes. Although some regard him as a Pythagorean, he appears to have led the life of the Cinargo. Even Adriano can not get to break his vow – although S. may have provided written answers to some of the philosophical questions Adriano poses. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Selinunzio: la ragione conversazionale della scuola di Reggio – Roma – filosofia calabrese -- filosofia italiana –  (Reggio). Filosofo italiano. Reggio Calabria, Calabria. Pythagorean. Giamblico.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sellio: la ragione conversazionale dell’allievo di Filone – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Gaio Sellio. Pupil of Filo at Rome. Gaio Sellio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sellio: la ragione conversazionale del fratello – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Pupil of Filone at Rome – possibly Gaio Sellio’s brother. Lucio Sellio.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Selvatico: la ragione conversazionale estense – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. S. Estense.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Semerari: la ragione conversazionale e il principio del dialogo in Socrate –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Semmola: I FONDAMENTI DELLA PSICOLOGIA RAZIONALE --  la ragione conversazionale della filosofia come istituzione  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Semprini: implicatura cabalistica nel deutero-esperanto di Pico -- filosofia italiana – Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Senea: la ragione conversazionale della scuola di Caulonia –  Senofante: la ragione conversazionale della scuola di Metaponto – Roma – filosofia calabrese -- filosofia italiana (Metaponto). Filosofo italiano. Metaponto, Calabria. Pythagorean – Giamblico.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Serbati: la ragione conversazionale del divino nella filosofia italiana –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sereniano: la ragione conversazionale del cinargo romano – Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sereno: la ragione conversazionale dell’ondella tranquilità dell’animo – Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Serra: la ragione conversazionale dell’economia filosofica – storia dell’economia romana – massoneria – filosofia calabrese --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Serra: la ragione conversazionale – prammatica come rettorica conversazionale -- filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sertorio: il deutero-esperanto nella filosofia ligure – By , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice,   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Servio: la ragione conversazionale VIRGILIANA – Roma – filosofia italiana – .   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sesti: la ragione conversazionale e la romanità nel circolo dei Sesti -- Roma antica –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sestio: la ragione conversazionale del fallito morale – Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sesto: la ragione conversazionale delle sentenze trasformative – Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Settala: la ragione conversazionale dei problemi sessuali d’Aristotele -- desiderio e piacere  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Severino: la ragione conversazionale del velino -- oltre il linguaggio, oltre l’aporia di Parmenide – la scuola di Brecia -- filosofia lombarda -- filosofia italiana –  (Brescia). Filosofo lombardo. Filosofo italiano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Severo: la ragione conversazionale del principe filosofo -- Roma  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Severo: la ragione conversazionale del’amico lizio d’Antonino – Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sforza: la ragione conversazionale dell’iustum/iussum – tra idealismo e positivismo – filosofia emiliana --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sgalambro: FILOSOFIA SICILIANA, NON ITALIANA -- all’isola – la ragione conversazionale della misantropia – la scuola di Leonzio -- filosofia dell’isola di Sicilia – filosofia siciliana – filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Siciliani: la ragione conversazionale e la critica della filosofia zoologica e la psico-genia di Vico – la scuola di Galatina --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sidonio: la ragione conversazionale dell’implicaturis – inplicatura Lewis/Short -- Roma – filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sighele: la ragione conversazionale e la ragione italiana –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Signa: la ragione conversazionale della ruota di Venere – la scuola di Signa –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Silio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – la maledizione di Dione – Scipione come Ercole – il sacrificio dell’eroe –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Silla: la regione conversazionale della ta meta ta physika -- Roma – lascuola di Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Silla: la ragione conversazionale – filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sillo: la ragione conversazionale e il voto al divino -- Roma – la scuola di Crotone --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Simbolo: la ragione conversazionale della filosofia di Giuliano --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Simichia: la ragione conversazionale dell’élite di Crotona e la sua diaspora --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Simioni: la ragione conversazionale degl’amanti – filosofia veneziana –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Simmaco: la ragione conversazionale del console filosofo –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Simoneschi: la ragione conversazionale e la rettorica conversazionale – Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Simoni: la ragione conversazionale, la scuola di Caprese – la teoria del tutto --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Simoni: la ragione conversazionale degl’ ‘eretici’ reazionari italiani – gl’acuti – i nobili – filosofia toscana --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Simonide: la ragione conversazionale e la filosofia sotto il principato di Valente. la filiale dell’Accademia  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sini: la ragione conversazionale e la filosofia del segno –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Siracusa: FILOSOFIA SICILIANA, NON ITALIANA -- all’isola – la ragione conversazionale del tutore di filosofia del principe ai bagni di Pozzuoli  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sirenio: la ragione conversazionale del ‘libero’ arbitrio –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Siro: la ragione conversazionale dell’orto a Napoli –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Soave: la prammatica filosofica – filosofia italiana (Lugano). Filosofo italiano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Solari: la ragione conversazionale dell’iustum/iussum, o il tutore fascista –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Soldati: la ragione conversazionale e la rettorica conversazionale (Pistoia).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Soleri: la ragione conversazionale ed implicatura conversazionale -- funzionalità veritativa dei connettivi –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Solonghello: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura italiana (Roma).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Somenzi: la ragione conversazionale del naturale, l’innaturale, il sovranaturale, ed il trasnaturale  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sordi: la ragione conversazionale -- o il club d’Aquino – la scuola di Centenaro  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Soria: la ragione conversazionale dell’opuscolo della simpatia – la scuola di Lama –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sorrentino: la ragione conversazionale del Vico italico – filosofia italiana ( Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sorrentino: la ragione conversazionale e la persona come paradigma di senso –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sorrentino: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sortis: la retorica conversazionale (Lucca). Filosofo italiano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sosistrato: la ragione conversazionale della scuola di Locri  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sozzini: la ragione conversazionale -- razionalismo, e moi –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Spadaro: all’isola – la ragione conversazionale e la conversazione coll’angelo – la scuola di Messina --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sparti: la ragione conversazionale e il ri-conoscimento –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Spaventa: la ragione conversazionale e l’origine italico dello spirito filosofico – la scuola di Bomba --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Spedalieri: all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei diritti dell’uomo – la scuola di Bronte  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Speranza – implicatura ed implicatura -- filosofia italiana – By , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice,  (Albalonga). Filosofo. Speranza, Ugo -- Speranza, Alessandro -- Speranza, Ettore -- Speranza, Gianni -- Speranza, Paola -- Speranza, Anna-Maria -- Speranza-Ghersi –Ghersi-Speranza, Anna-Maria -- Speranza lui speranza: luigi della --. Italian philosopher, attracted, for some reason, to Grice. Speranza knows St. John’s very well. He is the author of “Dorothea Oxoniensis.” He is a member of a number of cultivated Anglo-Italian societies, like Grice’s Playgroup. He is the custodian of Villa Grice, not far from . He works at . Cuisine is one of his hobbiesgrisottoa alla ligure, his specialty. He can be reached via Grice. Grice, “Vita ed opinion di ,” par . A. M. Ghersi Speranza –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e vide Ghersi-Speranza. Ghersi is a collaborator of Speranza. Grice: “It’s easy enough to list Speranza’s publications.” Speranza, like Mill, was fortunate to belong to a literary familyand he would read Descartes’s Meditations, which drew him to philosophy. His studies in logic drew him to semanticsHis first love was Oxonian analysis as summarised in Hartnack’s essay on ‘contemporary’ philosophy. One of Speranza’s earliest essays is on Plato’s Cratylus, relying mainly on Cassierer, but also drawing from Austin’s Philosophical Papesr. Spearnza’s idea is that “ … mean …” is a dyadic relation and what’s behind Plato’s theory of forms.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e This was Speranza’s contribution to a seminar in ancient philosophy. For his contribution on medieaval philosophy, Speranza drew on the modistae, and the Patrologia Latina for the use of ‘intentio’ in various writers, up to AquinoSperanza finds it fascinating that the earliest modistae do find a conceptual link between the ‘intentio’ and the ‘significatio.’ For a seminar on scepticism, Speranza contributed with a paper on Gricedrawing on Sextus Empiricus and Bar-Hillel. It relates to Grice’s problem with the conversational category of fortitude. Luigi Speranza. Grice e Speranza. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Spintaro: la ragione conversazionale della filosofia pre-romanica --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Spirito: la filosofia dello spirito – filosofia fascista – ventennio fascista – i corpi – corpo e corporazione – la scuola d’Arezzo --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Spisani: la ragione conversazionale della contestazione –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Spurio: la ragione conversazionale delle lettere da Corinto –epistle. Spurio Mummio. Grice e Mummio: il portico romano – lettera da Corinto – Roma antica -- Roma – filosofia italiana. Mummio Spurio. Grice e Spurio. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sraffa: ebreo-italiano -- la ragione conversazionale della mia implicatura – la scuola di Torino –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Stabile: la ragione conversazionale e la critica della ragione borghese –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Stasea: la ragione conversazionale a Roma, o della virtù,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Statilio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma -- ogni uomo  è  stolto o pazzo --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Stefani: la ragione conversazionale del “senso composto” – semantica filosofica – la scuola di Pergola –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Stefanini: la ragione conversazionale dell’inter-personalismo contro l’idealismo filosofico – filosofia fascista – veintennio fascista –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Stefanoni: Marconimania -- implicatura e ragione: there St. John mingles with his friendly bowl, the feast of reason, an the life of soul -- filosofia italiana – P. G. R. I. C. E. – philosophical grounds of rationality: intentions, categories, ends  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Stella: la ragione conversazionale dell’ iustum/iussum, o la causa dell’anormale come l’ implicatura d’Honorè  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Stellini: la ragione conversazionale dell’ortu morum –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Stenida: la ragione conversazionale di Romolo, il primo re –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Sterlich: la ragione conversazionale dei georgofili – la scuola di Chieti –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Stertinio: la ragione conversazionale del tutore di filosofia – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Portico. Tutore di Damasippo. Stertinio. Keywords: Damasippo.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Stilione: la ragione conversazionale del principe filosofo. – Roma – filosofia italiana –  (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Tutor to Severo Alessandro, the emperor. Stilione.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Stilone: la ragione conversazionale del proloquio del cielo -- il tutore di filosofia -- Roma antica – la scuola di Lanuvio –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Stobeo: la ragione conversazionale dell’anticuario della filosofia –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Stucchi: la ragione conversazionale della filosofia perenne di Pitagora, Cicerone, Ovidio, Virgilio, e Plinio – la scuola d Gubbio --  il creatore e Grice, la creazione delle creature -- filosofia umbra – la citta della verita perenne -- filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Svetonio: la ragione conversazionale del  commentario alla repubblica, più vasto dalla repubblica  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Suda: la ragione conversazionale del saggio e il saggista  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Taddio: la ragione conversazionale della fenomenologia eretica – la scuola d’Udine –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tagliabue: la ragione conversazionale del Remo, o le strutture del trascendentale – il concetto di gusto nell’estetica italiana –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tagliagambe:  la ragione conversazionale e la mediazione della re-presentazione –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Taglialatela: la ragione conversazionale degl’istituzioni di filosofia –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tagliapietra: la ragione conversazionale e la sincerità conversazionale –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tamburino: NON ITALIANO, MA SICILIANO -- all’isola – desirabilita e probabilita eretica – intrinseca ed estrinseca -- la ragione conversazionale all’isola -- il probabilismo tenue nella filosofia siciliana –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tafuri: la ragione conversazionale del bizarro – la scuola di Soleto --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tandasi: la ragione conversazionale del filosofo principe – Roma – filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tarantino: la ragione cnversazionale dell’umanesimo – la scuola di Gravina --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tarantino: la ragione conversazionale dell’inconscio e la coscienza – la scuola di Gravina –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Taranto: la ragione conversazionale della colomba d’Archita – la scuola di Taranto –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tari: pooh-pooh e la ragione conversazionale e l’origine della lingua pirotese, o la questione spuria favorita da Grice  –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tarizzo – filosofia italiana – (Roma). Filosofo italiano. T. as written extensively on psychoanalysis (Freud, Lacan),  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tartarotti: la ragione conversazionale della differenza delle voci nella lingua italiana e la sua rilevanza filosofica, o dell’ omicidio rituale   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tataranni: la ragione conversazionale del gusto per l’antico – filosofia basilicatese  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tatiano: la ragione conversazionale -- ogni filosofo è arrogante –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Taumasio: la ragione conversazionale della dialettica come anti-romana –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Teage: la ragione conversazionale degl’ottimati di Crotona  – Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Teagene: la ragione naturale del naturale, del tras-naturale,  e del sopra-naturale –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Teanor: la ragione conversazionale del filosofo come dramatis persona  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tearida: la ragione conversazionale -- il principio conversazaionale è uno –  Telecle: la ragione conversazionale della diaspora di Crotona -- Roma – la scuola di Metaponto -- filosofia italiana –  (Metaponto). Filosofo italiano. A Pythagorean, cited by Giamblico. Telecle.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Telesio: la ragione conversazionale del filosofo sperimentale – la scuola di Cosenza  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Teocle: la ragione conversazionale della legislazione di Reggio – principe filosofo --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Teodoro: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della natura rerum  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Teodoro: la ragione conversazionale della scuola di Taranto –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Teone: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia della salute –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Teofri:  la ragione conversazionale della setta di Crotone– Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Teoride: la ragione conversazionale da Crotone a Metaponto  –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Terillo: all’isola – la ragione conversazionale della scuola di Siracusa  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tertulliano: la ragione conversazionale -- nothing is so absurd that some philosopher has not thought it – Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Terzi: implicatura crittologica – Gaskell’s pupil -- la scuola di Brescia –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tessitore: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del Vico di Tessitore – filosofia campagnese  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Testa: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della nemica fortuna –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Thaulero: la ragione conversazionale e il problema d’una antropologia filosofica; o, l’implicatura conversazionale dell’autorità ed il risentimento –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tiberiano: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del mio tutore Priscilliano – Roma – filosofia italiana – Grice italo -- , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, ,  (Roma). Abstract. Keywords: Storia della filosofia italiana. Priscilliano’s followers. Filosofo italiano.  He moves to Baetica. He is a follower of Priscilliano, writing a number of essays in defence of Priscilliano’s extremely weird views! Tiberiano.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tiberio: la ragione conversazionale del filosofo principe – Roma – filosofia italiana – Grice italo -- , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, ,  (Roma). Abstract. Keywords. Philosophers whose name began with TH in Latin but changed the TH to T in Italian. Filosofo italiano. Principe. He takes a serious interest in philosophy, and is especially drawn to the Scesi, as he calls it. His tutors are Teodoro and Trasillo. Grice: “What surprises me is that both Tiberio, Teodoro, and Trasillo bear names that start with a T. But Strawson knows better: ‘The T in Theodoro is vulgar Italian, not Latin, or Greek!” Tiberio.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tiberio: la ragione conversazionale della filosofia e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’anti-filosofia – Roma – filosofia italiana – Grice italo -- , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice, ,  (Roma). Abstract. Keywords: not the prince. Not the prince. This one writes on philosophical subjects. Grice: “It would have been a good thing if the OTHER one did!” – , “Grice e Tiberio”. Tiberio.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tilgher: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale degl’orecchie dell’aquila – italo-tedesco -- il relativismo filosofico –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Timagora: la ragione conversazionale dell’orto di Roma e l’implicatura conversazionale -- Roma – filosofia italiana – Grice italo -- , pel Grupo di Gioco di Grice, ,  (Roma). Abstract. Keywords: Orto. Grie: “I lay the cause of the emergence of Reealism at Oxford – with Cook, Prichard, and company – as a reaction to Walter Pater’s infamous Epicureanism!” Filosofo italiano. Orto. Cited by CICERONE. Grice: “I would say that Cicerone should every sign of being a closet Epicureian. He knew them ALL!”  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Timagora. Keywords: Orto, Grice e Timagora.  Timagora: all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della tutelage in Italian philosophy – Roma – la scuola di Gela -- filosofia italiana -- Grice italo (Gela). Abstract. Keywords: tutelage in Italian philosophy. Grice: “In Ancient Rome, it was mainly emperors who had a philosophy tutor; I was happy to have a Scotsman, Hadie, as mine!” Filosofo siciliano. Filosofo italiano. Gela, Caltanissetta, Sicilia. A pupil of Teofrasto and Stilpo. Grice: “Not a good pupil, apparently, since he needed TWO tutors. I rather would die than having to endure my four years at Oxford under TWO tutors: Hardie was MORE than enough!” – Timagora. Keywords: tutelage in Italian philosophy Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Timarato: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della legislazione di Locri – principe filosofo T. achieves great eminence as a law-giver at Locri. However, Giamblico says exactly the same thing about a *Timares* of Locri, which is either a remarkable coincidence or a mistake (“but can’t be both” – Grice). The latter is perhaps more likely, as on both occasions Giamblico links Timares with Zaleucus – implying (“or implicating” – Grice) they are the same person. Timarato. Keywords: Cuoco.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Timare: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della legislazione di Locri – il principe filosofo --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Timarida: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della provvidenza divinamente decadente  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Timasio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei sibariti –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Timeo: la ragione conversazionale di Crotone e l’implicatura conversazionale dei suoi filiali --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Timeo: la ragione conversazionale a Roma e l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia italiana –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Timeo: all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale dell’Etna e l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Timossi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della prammatica del ragionare  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Timpanaro: la ragione conversazionale  – SICILIANO, NON ITALIANO –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Timpanaro: la ragione conversazionale -- filosofia italiana (Parma).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tincani: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del ivstvm qvia ivssvm – Roma --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tirannio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del lizio di Roma – Roma – HIRSVTVS -- filosofia italiana –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tirseno: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della tesi di Cuoco –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tisia: FILOSOFIA SICILIANA, NON ITALIANA -- all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’argomento del probabile e del desirabile –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Toderini: “what an honest chap woud do” – l’uomo onesto -- la ragione conversazionale di Roma e l’implicatura conversazionale dei sue colonie – la scuola di Venezia – filosofia veneziana -- filosofia veneta  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tocco: la ragione conversazionale di Hardie -- e l’implicatura conversazionale dei rendiconti della ragione conversazionale –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tolomei: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale nella filosofia della percezione  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tolomeo: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale contro la gnossi Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tomai: l’implicatura conversazionale e la ragione conversazionale – la scuola di Ravenna --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tomatis: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del paradosso del filosofo –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tomitano: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei precetti della conversazione civile  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tommaseo: CROATA, NON ITALO! -- implicatura e ragione conversazionale dell’amorevolezza–  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Toritto: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale contro il lizio –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Torlonia: la ragione conversazionale, e l’implicatura conversazionale del natale di Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Torre: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della stravaganza  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Trabalza: grammatica razionale ed implicatura conversazionale  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Trabucco: FILOSOFIA SICILIANA, NON ITALIANA -- all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della filosofia della salute – filosofia siciliana -- filosofia italiana –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tragella: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazional dei caduti  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Trappani: la ragione conversazionale, Giuseppe  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Trapaninapola: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionle –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Trapassi: la ragione conversazionale romana, la ragione conversazionale italiana   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Trapè: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’umanità di Varrone  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Trasea: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della filiale della setta di Crotone a Metaponto  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Trasci: la ragione conversazionale del colloquio lizio con me stesso  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Trasillo: la ragione conversazionale del principe filosofo --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Trasimede: la ragione conversazionale della filiale della setta di Crotone a Metaponto –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Trebazio: la ragione conversazionale della repubblica romana e l’implicatura conversazionale del luogo – Roma antica --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Trebiano  la ragione conversazionale dell’orto romano e l’implicatura conversazionale del Grice italo –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Treves: la ragione conversazionale dei giudici e l’implicatura conversazionale della giustizia nella filosofia italiana – ventennio fascista –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tria: la ragione conversazionale da Roma a Roma via Roma; o, l’implicatura conversazionale della terza Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Trincheri: la ragione conversazionale secondo Andrea Speranza, e l’implicatura conversazionale –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Troilo: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della conflagrazione –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tronti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale degli spiriti liberi –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tulelli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’equilibrio conversazionale: per una metafisica dell’etica –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Turco: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’agnella, commedia nuova  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Turoldo: le XII fatiche della ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Tuveri: FILOSOFIA SARDA, NON ITALIANA -- all’altra isola -- la ragione conversazionale sarda e l’implicatura conversazionale sarda – Dulcamara -- l’elisir d’amor -- la scuola di Collinas -- filosofia sarda --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ubaldi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della grande sintesi –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ubaldi: la ragione conversazionale –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Unicorno: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’arimmetica universale – the logically developing series --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vacca: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’ala del silenzio –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vacca: la ragione conversazionale del deutero-esperanto – filosofia romana –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vaccarino: all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’errore del filosofo –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vaccaro: all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura come eteropia – la scuola di Palermo –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vailati: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della semantica filosofica di Peano–  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Valdarnini – scuola di Castiglion Fiorentino –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Valent: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della forma della lingua –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Valenti (Roma). Filosofo italiano. Insegnante di filosofia e storia nei licei e artista italiano Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Valentino: la ragione conversazionale a Roma e l’implicatura conversazionale di Romolo divino  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Valeri: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dello spazio tra sè e sè – l’antropologia filosofica come ricerca dell’inter-soggetivo  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Valeriis: implicatura, categoriology (Venezia). Abstract. Keywords, categorie – Definizione escatologia in Grice.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Valerio: la ragione conversazionale -- TVTELA IVPPITER OMNIPOTENS REGVM RERVMQVE DEVMQVE PROGENITOR GENITRIXQVE DEVM DEVS VNVS ET OMNES -- Roma antica –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Valerio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma e l’implicatura conversazionale della morale togata – il gentiluomo romano--  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Valerio: la ragione conversazionale alla villa di Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vallauri: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’interpretazione giuridica –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Valle: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della volutta –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Valletta: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei liberali, libertari e libertinisti –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Valore: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’inventario del mondo –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vanghetti: implicature di Deutero-Esperanto – la scuola di Greve in Chianti – la scuola di Firenze  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vanini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei peripatetici del lizio  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vanni: la ragione conversazionale dell’azione e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’inter-azione conversazionale –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vannini: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del mistico – scuola di mistica -- di ‘Vitters’ – la scuola di Sa Piero a Sieve – la scuola di Firenze – filosofia fiorentina – filosofia toscana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vannucchi: la ragione conversazionale – filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vannucci: la ragione conversationale (Pistoia).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vantaggiato: la ragione converszionale: occidente ed oriente   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vanzina: la ragione conversazionale (Roma).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vanzon: la ragione conversazionale – filosofia italiana –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Varino: la ragione conversazionale o la rettorica filosofica – filosofia italiana –   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vario: la ragione conversazionale della filosofia della vita a Roma – Philosophy of Life -- filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Varisco: la ragione conversazionale, o l’implicatura conversazionale del sommario di criticismo –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Varrone: LINGUISTICA FILOSOFICA – Utterer’s meaning, sentence-meaning, and word-meaning -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della semiotica filosofica – la scuola di Rieti  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Varzi: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale delle parole, degl’oggetti, e degl’eventi –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vasa: all’isola -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della RAGIONE E LA LIBERTÀ –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vasoli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura a MERTON ecc –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vatinio: la ragione conversazionale a Roma – l’implictaura conversazionale della setta di Crotone,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vattimo: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’implicatvm o impiegato come comunicatvm debole –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vattuone: la ragione conversationale e l’erotica – filosofia italiana –  (Bologna).  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Veca: la ragione conversazional e l’implicatura conversazionale della massima dell’altruismo conversazionale  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vecchio: la ragione conversazionale dell’ebreo italiano -- e l’implicatura conversazionale del criticismo trascendentale contro il positivismo di neo-Trasimaco – la scuola di Bologna -- filosofia italiana (Bologna Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vedovelli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale di una furtiva lagrima – la scuola di Roma –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vegetti: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’accademia di Pater – vadum boum – la scuola di Milano – filosofia milanese – filosofia lombarda -- filosofia italiana – , pel Gruppo di Gioco di Grice,  (Milano). Abstract. Keywords: ariskant meets Plathegel. Philosophy at Oxford  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Velia: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei velini – la scuola di Velia --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Velino: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei velini – la scuola di Velia –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Velleio: la ragione converazionale a Roma –- l’orto divino --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Velotti: l’implicatura estetica -- filosofia italiana (Roma Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Venanzio: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’estetica – Sibley e le implicature estetiche. Good, kalloskagathia, kallon agathon, Sibley. Grice on multiplicity – beauty, beautiful.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Venini: la ragione conversazionale propriamente detta. Grice: “”De loquela tanquam rationis auxilio considerate”  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Ventimiglia: il senso fregeano e le rutine costrutiviste di Grice  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Venturelli: Grice storicista, filosofia italiana (Genova). .   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Venturi: il coraggio della ragione conversazionale – Italia dei lumi.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Venturini: la ragione conversazionale e l’identità tras-personale --  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vera: l’astuzia della ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’idealismo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vercellone: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del bello e l’estetico. Immaginare, immaginatum, immaginato. e Vercellone.    Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Verdiglione: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della congiura degl’idioti. De-cifrare.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vernia: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dei peripatetici del lizio. Living thing. Grice soul psuche bios Joachim logically developing series. Zen psuche. Filosofo abruzzese.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Veronelli: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del sadismo italiano. Philos. Aritotle logically developing series, Joachim, Grice, recusive unification. Grice: “Essential Italian philosopher Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Veronesi: la ragione conversazionale e il diavolo del scientismo. Grice: I like him!”Scientism  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Verrecchia: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale della falena dello spirito. La metafisica dell’amore, Aristotle on the recursive definition of philia – cited by Joachim, ‘logically developing series’ Aristotle philia. Grice on friedship philia – φιλός  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vettori: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vettori: la ragione conversazionale del VIRGILIO d’ALIGHIERI.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Viano: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale del va’ pensiero, il carattere della filosofia italiana, categorie conversazionale, categorie morfo-sintattiche. Filosofia romana, neo-traditionalismo.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Viazzi: la ragione conversazionale  e l’implicatura conversazionale della bellezza della vita.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vicini: LA ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vico: “We should treat those who were great and are dead as if they were great  and living” (Grice) -- la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura conversazionale dell’antichissima sapienza degl'italici da rintracciare nell’origini della sua lingua.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vieri: la ragione conversazionale della filiale fiorentina dell’accademia, e la metafisica in volgare! Love, accademia, dialettica fiorentina, Grice on Athenian Dialectic, and Oxonian Dialectic. Florentine Dialectic.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vigellio: la ragione conversazionale al PORTICO romano.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vigna: FILOSOFIA SICILIANA, NON ITALIANA, all’isola, la ragione conversazionale e la regola d’oro conversazionale. Inter-soggettivo trascendentale. Essential Italian philosopher.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vigna: la ragione conversazionale: from the dictum to the dictaminum.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vignoli: la ragione conversazionale della etologia filosofica, dell’origine della lingua articolata, della legge fondamentale dell’intelligenza nel regno animale. From the banal to the bizarre. Method in philosophical psychology.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vinadio: la ragione conversazionale della prassi e del valore. Being, value, and colloquenza.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Visentin: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vio: Unificazione analoga e gl’AQUINISTI SPECULATIVI, la ragione conversazionale e le categorie del lizio, un senso, un’ANALOGIA.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Virgilio: la ragione conversazionale e la leggenda d’Enea a Roma. Grice: “We English have Beowulf; the Romans have V.!   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Virno: la ragione conversazionale di un popolo di due -- filosofia e co-azione.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Viroli: la ragione conversazionale della res pvblica, CICERONE, res publica, res populi.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vitale – la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vitielo: la ragione conversazionale e il segno infranto in LUCREZIO e nel Vico topologico Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vittore: la ragione conversazionale e la prammatica come RETTORICA CONVERSAZIONALE Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Vittorino: la ragione conversazionale  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Viveros: l’implicature del DEUTERO-ESPERANTO.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Volpe: la ragione conversazionale, le categorie conversazionali, e la logica come scienza storica.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Volpi: la ragione conversazionale dell’essere univoco. Aequivocality thesis.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Volpicelli: la ragione conversazionale, corpi e corpi, maschi fascisti, colossi fascisti, la flosofia italiana nel veintenno fascista, filosofia fascista. Corporazione, actions and events, morale e legale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Volta: la rana ambigua e la difesa degl’animali.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Voltaggio, FILOSOFIA SICILIANA, NON ITALIANA, all’isola, la scienza della fantasia di VICO, la ragione conversazionale del ‘vel’: p v ~p, fondamenti della logica, quest’alto voltaggio! Grice:  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Winspeare: la ragione conversazionele e l’elogio d’Antonino, della filosofia romana. Lessicografia filosofica, linguistic botanising, storia della filosofia. CICERONE. ANTONINO. Grice: “Essential Italian philosopher.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Zabala: la ragione conversazionale filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Zabarella: la ragione conversazionale e il lizio di Poppi.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Zaccaro: la ragione conversazionale.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Zaleuco: la ragione conversazionale e la sapienza di Locri a Roma, dura lex sed lex,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Zamboni: la ragione conversazionale e la dialettica del lizio. De interpretatione, significatum ad placitum Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Zamboni: la ragione conversazionale e il volere,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Zanini: la ragione conversazionale e la simpatia conversazionale –  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Zevola: la conversazione.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Zimara: la ragione conversazionale dei peripatetici del lizio, o la questione del primo cognito, Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Zimara. Niccolo Zimara. Giurista, vive a Roma. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Zini: la ragione conversazionale del ivstvm qvia, il ⸠, il ivssvm,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Zolla: la ragione conversazionale e la discesa d’Enea all’Ade,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Zopiro: la ragione conversazionale a Roma, arma virvmque cano, l’arma del filosofo a Cumae,  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Zoppi, la filosofia della grammatica – citata da VAILATI  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Zoppio: la ragione conversazionale e la filosofia italiana  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Zoppio: la ragione conversationale, e la scuola dell’universita piu antiqua d’Italia.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Zorzi: la ragione conversazionale e l’armonia del mondo.   Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Zubiena: la ragione conversazionale e l’implicatura demoniaca, corpi e corpi, filosofia fascista. Simbolo, parabola.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Zucca, la filosofia sarda, non italiana, la ragione conversazionale e il filosofo di filosofi. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Zuccante: l’implicatura conversazionale e la ragione. Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Zuccolo: la ragione conversationale, la lingua perfetta della repubblica di San Marino, e la filosofia italiana.  Speranza, J. L. (n. d.). ‘Grice e Zuolo: la ragione conversazionale, paradossi, e l’escatologia filosofica’. Il Gruppo di Gioco di H. P. Grice .  Spirito, Ugo (1925). L’idealismo e il problema della conoscenza. Firenze: La Nuova Italia. Spisani, Franco (1962). Natura e spirito nell’idealismo attuale, Milano, Fabbri. Spurio, Mummio (a. u. c. DCVIII). Dicta. Roma. Strawson, P. F. (1952). Introduction to logical theory. London: Methuen. Citing H. P. 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